Summary of common micro and micro nutritional deficiencies.
\\n\\n
Dr. Pletser’s experience includes 30 years of working with the European Space Agency as a Senior Physicist/Engineer and coordinating their parabolic flight campaigns, and he is the Guinness World Record holder for the most number of aircraft flown (12) in parabolas, personally logging more than 7,300 parabolas.
\\n\\nSeeing the 5,000th book published makes us at the same time proud, happy, humble, and grateful. This is a great opportunity to stop and celebrate what we have done so far, but is also an opportunity to engage even more, grow, and succeed. It wouldn't be possible to get here without the synergy of team members’ hard work and authors and editors who devote time and their expertise into Open Access book publishing with us.
\\n\\nOver these years, we have gone from pioneering the scientific Open Access book publishing field to being the world’s largest Open Access book publisher. Nonetheless, our vision has remained the same: to meet the challenges of making relevant knowledge available to the worldwide community under the Open Access model.
\\n\\nWe are excited about the present, and we look forward to sharing many more successes in the future.
\\n\\nThank you all for being part of the journey. 5,000 times thank you!
\\n\\nNow with 5,000 titles available Open Access, which one will you read next?
\\n\\nRead, share and download for free: https://www.intechopen.com/books
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:null},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Preparation of Space Experiments edited by international leading expert Dr. Vladimir Pletser, Director of Space Training Operations at Blue Abyss is the 5,000th Open Access book published by IntechOpen and our milestone publication!
\n\n"This book presents some of the current trends in space microgravity research. The eleven chapters introduce various facets of space research in physical sciences, human physiology and technology developed using the microgravity environment not only to improve our fundamental understanding in these domains but also to adapt this new knowledge for application on earth." says the editor. Listen what else Dr. Pletser has to say...
\n\n\n\nDr. Pletser’s experience includes 30 years of working with the European Space Agency as a Senior Physicist/Engineer and coordinating their parabolic flight campaigns, and he is the Guinness World Record holder for the most number of aircraft flown (12) in parabolas, personally logging more than 7,300 parabolas.
\n\nSeeing the 5,000th book published makes us at the same time proud, happy, humble, and grateful. This is a great opportunity to stop and celebrate what we have done so far, but is also an opportunity to engage even more, grow, and succeed. It wouldn't be possible to get here without the synergy of team members’ hard work and authors and editors who devote time and their expertise into Open Access book publishing with us.
\n\nOver these years, we have gone from pioneering the scientific Open Access book publishing field to being the world’s largest Open Access book publisher. Nonetheless, our vision has remained the same: to meet the challenges of making relevant knowledge available to the worldwide community under the Open Access model.
\n\nWe are excited about the present, and we look forward to sharing many more successes in the future.
\n\nThank you all for being part of the journey. 5,000 times thank you!
\n\nNow with 5,000 titles available Open Access, which one will you read next?
\n\nRead, share and download for free: https://www.intechopen.com/books
\n\n\n\n
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-signs-new-contract-with-cepiec-china-for-distribution-of-open-access-books-20210319",title:"IntechOpen Signs New Contract with CEPIEC, China for Distribution of Open Access Books"},{slug:"150-million-downloads-and-counting-20210316",title:"150 Million Downloads and Counting"},{slug:"intechopen-secures-indefinite-content-preservation-with-clockss-20210309",title:"IntechOpen Secures Indefinite Content Preservation with CLOCKSS"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-to-all-global-amazon-channels-with-full-catalog-of-books-20210308",title:"IntechOpen Expands to All Global Amazon Channels with Full Catalog of Books"},{slug:"stanford-university-identifies-top-2-scientists-over-1-000-are-intechopen-authors-and-editors-20210122",title:"Stanford University Identifies Top 2% Scientists, Over 1,000 are IntechOpen Authors and Editors"},{slug:"intechopen-authors-included-in-the-highly-cited-researchers-list-for-2020-20210121",title:"IntechOpen Authors Included in the Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020"},{slug:"intechopen-maintains-position-as-the-world-s-largest-oa-book-publisher-20201218",title:"IntechOpen Maintains Position as the World’s Largest OA Book Publisher"},{slug:"all-intechopen-books-available-on-perlego-20201215",title:"All IntechOpen Books Available on Perlego"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"2041",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Advanced Understanding of Neurodegenerative Diseases",title:"Advanced Understanding of Neurodegenerative Diseases",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Advanced Understanding of Neurodegenerative Diseases focuses on different types of diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, frontotemporal dementia, different tauopathies, Parkinson's disease, prion disease, motor neuron diseases such as multiple sclerosis and spinal muscular atrophy. This book provides a clear explanation of different neurodegenerative diseases with new concepts of understand the etiology, pathological mechanisms, drug screening methodology and new therapeutic interventions. Other chapters discuss how hormones and health food supplements affect disease progression of neurodegenerative diseases. From a more technical point of view, some chapters deal with the aggregation of prion proteins in prion diseases. An additional chapter to discuss application of stem cells. This book is suitable for different readers: college students can use it as a textbook; researchers in academic institutions and pharmaceutical companies can take it as updated research information; health care professionals can take it as a reference book, even patients' families, relatives and friends can take it as a good basis to understand neurodegenerative diseases.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-307-529-7",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-6611-5",doi:"10.5772/2451",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"advanced-understanding-of-neurodegenerative-diseases",numberOfPages:456,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,hash:"b56de330191b07690544d005fe678de7",bookSignature:"Raymond Chuen-Chung Chang",publishedDate:"December 16th 2011",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2041.jpg",numberOfDownloads:50598,numberOfWosCitations:17,numberOfCrossrefCitations:14,numberOfDimensionsCitations:29,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:60,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"February 23rd 2011",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"March 23rd 2011",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"July 28th 2011",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"August 27th 2011",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 25th 2011",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,editors:[{id:"33396",title:"Dr.",name:"Raymond Chuen-Chung",middleName:null,surname:"Chang",slug:"raymond-chuen-chung-chang",fullName:"Raymond Chuen-Chung Chang",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/33396/images/system/33396.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Chang is the Lab Chief for the Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases in the School of Biomedical Sciences, member in The State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences. He is also the Founder and Secretary of HKU Alzheimer’s Disease Research Network, organising International Alzheimer’s Disease Conference every year since 2000.\nDr. Chang’s research interest is pathophysiological changes of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and the risk factors leading to AD. He has published over 120 peer-reviewed papers and 14 book chapters in these areas. His h-index is 34 by Scopus, 43 by Google Scholar. He is a member in the Scientific Advisory Board of International AD/PD Symposium, Scientific Review Committee in Alzheimer Association, Senior Editor for Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology, and Editor-in-Chief for ‘American Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Dementias. He is the member of editorial board of more than 20 different journals, and grant reviewer for different grant agencies/Foundations.",institutionString:"University of Hong Kong",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"3",institution:{name:"University of Hong Kong",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1056",title:"Neurology",slug:"neurology"}],chapters:[{id:"25200",title:"Alzheimer's Disease: Definition, Molecular and Genetic Factors",doi:"10.5772/29027",slug:"alzheimer-s-disease-definition-molecular-and-genetic-factors",totalDownloads:4071,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:5,signatures:"Eva Babusikova, Andrea Evinova, Jana Jurecekova, Milos Jesenak and Dusan Dobrota",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/25200",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/25200",authors:[{id:"76260",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Eva",surname:"Babusikova",slug:"eva-babusikova",fullName:"Eva Babusikova"}],corrections:null},{id:"25201",title:"Evidence for an Infectious Etiology in Alzheimer’s Disease",doi:"10.5772/29247",slug:"evidence-for-an-infectious-etiology-in-alzheimer-s-disease",totalDownloads:2444,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,signatures:"Brian Balin, Christine Hammond, C. Scott Little, Denah Appelt and Susan Hingley",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/25201",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/25201",authors:[{id:"77061",title:"Prof.",name:"Brian",surname:"Balin",slug:"brian-balin",fullName:"Brian Balin"},{id:"81928",title:"MSc.",name:"Christine",surname:"Hammond",slug:"christine-hammond",fullName:"Christine Hammond"},{id:"81932",title:"Prof.",name:"Scott",surname:"Little",slug:"scott-little",fullName:"Scott Little"},{id:"81935",title:"Prof.",name:"Susan",surname:"Hingley",slug:"susan-hingley",fullName:"Susan Hingley"},{id:"81936",title:"Prof.",name:"Denah",surname:"Appelt",slug:"denah-appelt",fullName:"Denah Appelt"}],corrections:null},{id:"25202",title:"Amyloid Hypothesis and Alzheimer's Disease",doi:"10.5772/28947",slug:"amyloid-hypothesis-and-alzheimer-s-disease",totalDownloads:2428,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:4,signatures:"Xiaqin Sun and Yan Zhang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/25202",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/25202",authors:[{id:"75952",title:"Dr.",name:"Yan",surname:"Zhang",slug:"yan-zhang",fullName:"Yan Zhang"}],corrections:null},{id:"25203",title:"Structure-Toxicity Relationships of Amyloid Peptide Oligomers",doi:"10.5772/30503",slug:"structure-toxicity-relationships-of-amyloid-peptide-oligomers",totalDownloads:2858,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Patrick Walsh and Simon Sharpe",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/25203",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/25203",authors:[{id:"82845",title:"Dr.",name:"Simon",surname:"Sharpe",slug:"simon-sharpe",fullName:"Simon Sharpe"},{id:"84096",title:"Dr.",name:"Patrick",surname:"Walsh",slug:"patrick-walsh",fullName:"Patrick Walsh"}],corrections:null},{id:"25204",title:"Disruption of Calcium Homeostasis in Alzheimer’s Disease: Role of Channel Formation by β Amyloid Protein",doi:"10.5772/31229",slug:"disruption-of-calcium-homeostasis-in-alzheimer-s-disease-role-of-channel-formation-by-amyloid-protei",totalDownloads:3146,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Masahiro Kawahara, Hironari Koyama, Susumu Ohkawara and Midori Megishi-Kato",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/25204",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/25204",authors:[{id:"86144",title:"Dr",name:null,surname:"Kawahara",slug:"kawahara",fullName:"Kawahara"}],corrections:null},{id:"25205",title:"Recent Developments in Molecular Changes Leading to Alzheimer’s Disease and Novel Therapeutic Approaches",doi:"10.5772/31349",slug:"recent-developments-in-molecular-changes-leading-to-alzheimer-s-disease-and-novel-therapeutic-approa",totalDownloads:1729,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Vijaya B. Kumar",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/25205",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/25205",authors:[{id:"86693",title:"Dr",name:null,surname:"Kumar",slug:"kumar",fullName:"Kumar"}],corrections:null},{id:"25206",title:"Clinical Profile of Alzheimer’s Disease Non-Responder Patient",doi:"10.5772/28823",slug:"clinical-profile-of-alzheimer-s-disease-non-responder-patient",totalDownloads:2166,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,signatures:"Alessandro Martorana, Roberta Semprini and Giacomo Koch",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/25206",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/25206",authors:[{id:"75495",title:"Dr.",name:"Alessandro",surname:"Martorana",slug:"alessandro-martorana",fullName:"Alessandro Martorana"},{id:"83407",title:"Dr.",name:"Roberta",surname:"Semprini",slug:"roberta-semprini",fullName:"Roberta Semprini"},{id:"83408",title:"Dr.",name:"Giacomo",surname:"Koch",slug:"giacomo-koch",fullName:"Giacomo Koch"}],corrections:null},{id:"25207",title:"Construction of Drug Screening Cell Model and Application to New Compounds Interfering Production and Accumulation of Beta-Amyloid by Inhibiting Gamma-Secretase",doi:"10.5772/27974",slug:"construction-of-drug-screening-cell-model-and-application-to-new-compounds-interfering-production-an",totalDownloads:1990,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Xiao-Ning Wang, Jie Yang, Ping-Yue Xu, Jie Chen, Dan Zhang, Yan Sun and Zhi-Ming Huang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/25207",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/25207",authors:[{id:"72252",title:"Dr",name:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"yang",fullName:"Yang"}],corrections:null},{id:"25208",title:"Therapeutics of Alzheimer’s Disease",doi:"10.5772/27990",slug:"therapeutics-of-alzheimer-s-disease",totalDownloads:2267,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Marisol Herrera-Rivero and Gonzalo Emiliano Aranda-Abreu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/25208",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/25208",authors:[{id:"72314",title:"Dr.",name:"Gonzalo Emiliano",surname:"Aranda Abreu",slug:"gonzalo-emiliano-aranda-abreu",fullName:"Gonzalo Emiliano Aranda Abreu"},{id:"75464",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Marisol",surname:"Herrera-Rivero",slug:"marisol-herrera-rivero",fullName:"Marisol Herrera-Rivero"}],corrections:null},{id:"25209",title:"Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration",doi:"10.5772/28174",slug:"frontotemporal-lobar-degeneration",totalDownloads:2543,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Johannes Schlachetzki",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/25209",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/25209",authors:[{id:"72961",title:"Dr.",name:"Johannes",surname:"Schlachetzki",slug:"johannes-schlachetzki",fullName:"Johannes Schlachetzki"}],corrections:null},{id:"25210",title:"From Protein Tangles to Genetic Variants: The Central Role of Tau in Neurodegenerative Disease",doi:"10.5772/29839",slug:"from-protein-tangles-to-genetic-variants-the-central-role-of-tau-in-neurodegenerative-disease",totalDownloads:1657,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Heike Julia Wobst and Richard Wade-Martins",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/25210",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/25210",authors:[{id:"79578",title:"Dr.",name:"Richard",surname:"Wade-Martins",slug:"richard-wade-martins",fullName:"Richard Wade-Martins"},{id:"84292",title:"MSc.",name:"Heike Julia",surname:"Wobst",slug:"heike-julia-wobst",fullName:"Heike Julia Wobst"}],corrections:null},{id:"25211",title:"Gut Hormones Restrict Neurodegeneration in Parkinson’s Disease",doi:"10.5772/28028",slug:"gut-hormones-restrict-neurodegeneration-in-parkinson-s-disease",totalDownloads:2782,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,signatures:"Jacqueline Bayliss, Romana Stark, Alex Reichenbach and Zane B. Andrews",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/25211",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/25211",authors:[{id:"72486",title:"Dr.",name:"Zane",surname:"Andrews",slug:"zane-andrews",fullName:"Zane Andrews"},{id:"83720",title:"Ms.",name:"Jacqueline",surname:"Bayliss",slug:"jacqueline-bayliss",fullName:"Jacqueline Bayliss"}],corrections:null},{id:"25212",title:"Grape Secondary Metabolites – Benefits for Human Health",doi:"10.5772/29800",slug:"grape-secondary-metabolites-benefits-for-human-health",totalDownloads:2773,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,signatures:"Teodora Dzhambazova, Violeta Kondakova, Ivan Tsvetkov and Rossitza Batchvarova",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/25212",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/25212",authors:[{id:"79386",title:"Dr.",name:"Teodora",surname:"Dzhambazova",slug:"teodora-dzhambazova",fullName:"Teodora Dzhambazova"},{id:"79394",title:"Dr.",name:"Violeta",surname:"Kondakova",slug:"violeta-kondakova",fullName:"Violeta Kondakova"},{id:"79398",title:"Dr.",name:"Ivan",surname:"Tsvetkov",slug:"ivan-tsvetkov",fullName:"Ivan Tsvetkov"},{id:"79436",title:"Prof.",name:"Rossitza",surname:"Batchvarova",slug:"rossitza-batchvarova",fullName:"Rossitza Batchvarova"}],corrections:null},{id:"25213",title:"Computational Studies of the Structural Stability of Rabbit Prion Protein Compared to Human and Mouse Prion Proteins",doi:"10.5772/28858",slug:"computational-studies-of-the-structural-stability-of-rabbit-prion-protein-compared-to-human-and-mous",totalDownloads:1583,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Jiapu Zhang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/25213",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/25213",authors:[{id:"75641",title:"Dr.",name:"Jiapu",surname:"Zhang",slug:"jiapu-zhang",fullName:"Jiapu Zhang"}],corrections:null},{id:"25214",title:"The Effects of Trimethylamine N-Oxide on the Structural Stability of Prion Protein",doi:"10.5772/28885",slug:"the-effects-of-trimethylamine-n-oxide-on-the-structural-stability-of-prion-protein",totalDownloads:1660,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Barbara Yang, Kuen-Hua You, Shing-Chuen Wang, Hau-Ren Chen and Cheng-I Lee",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/25214",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/25214",authors:[{id:"75732",title:"Prof.",name:"Cheng-I",surname:"Lee",slug:"cheng-i-lee",fullName:"Cheng-I Lee"},{id:"83542",title:"Prof.",name:"Hau-Ren",surname:"Chen",slug:"hau-ren-chen",fullName:"Hau-Ren Chen"},{id:"83546",title:"BSc.",name:"Barbara",surname:"Yang",slug:"barbara-yang",fullName:"Barbara Yang"},{id:"127247",title:"Mr.",name:"Kuen-Hua",surname:"You",slug:"kuen-hua-you",fullName:"Kuen-Hua You"},{id:"127249",title:"BSc.",name:"Shing-Chuen",surname:"Wang",slug:"shing-chuen-wang",fullName:"Shing-Chuen Wang"}],corrections:null},{id:"25215",title:"Modeling Spinal Muscular Atrophy in Mouse: A Disease of Splicing, Stability, and Timing",doi:"10.5772/29013",slug:"modeling-spinal-muscular-atrophy-in-mouse-a-disease-of-splicing-stability-and-timing",totalDownloads:2210,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Thomas W. Bebee and Dawn S. Chandler",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/25215",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/25215",authors:[{id:"76188",title:"Dr.",name:"Dawn",surname:"Chandler",slug:"dawn-chandler",fullName:"Dawn Chandler"},{id:"83973",title:"Mr.",name:"Tom",surname:"Bebee",slug:"tom-bebee",fullName:"Tom Bebee"}],corrections:null},{id:"25216",title:"Wallerian Degeneration in Injury and Diseases: Concepts and Prevention",doi:"10.5772/31927",slug:"wallerian-degeneration-in-injury-and-diseases-concepts-and-prevention",totalDownloads:3847,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,signatures:"Bruno S. Mietto, Rodrigo M. Costa, Silmara V. de Lima, Sérgio T. Ferreira and Ana M. B. Martinez",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/25216",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/25216",authors:[{id:"89363",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana",surname:"Martinez",slug:"ana-martinez",fullName:"Ana Martinez"},{id:"90591",title:"Prof.",name:"Sergio",surname:"Ferreira",slug:"sergio-ferreira",fullName:"Sergio Ferreira"}],corrections:null},{id:"25217",title:"Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy for Apoptosis After Spinal Cord Injury",doi:"10.5772/29332",slug:"mesenchymal-stem-cell-therapy-for-apoptosis-after-spinal-cord-injury",totalDownloads:2488,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,signatures:"Venkata Ramesh Dasari, Krishna Kumar Veeravalli, Jasti S. Rao, Dan Fassett and Dzung H. Dinh",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/25217",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/25217",authors:[{id:"77333",title:"Dr.",name:"Dzung",surname:"Dinh",slug:"dzung-dinh",fullName:"Dzung Dinh"},{id:"77346",title:"Dr.",name:"Venkata Ramesh",surname:"Dasari",slug:"venkata-ramesh-dasari",fullName:"Venkata Ramesh Dasari"}],corrections:null},{id:"25218",title:"Modelling Multiple Sclerosis In Vitro and the Influence of Activated Macrophages",doi:"10.5772/30525",slug:"modelling-multiple-sclerosis-in-vitro-and-the-influence-of-activated-macrophages",totalDownloads:3240,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"E.J.F. Vereyken, C.D. Dijkstra and C.E. Teunissen",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/25218",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/25218",authors:[{id:"82930",title:"Dr.",name:"Charlotte",surname:"Teunissen",slug:"charlotte-teunissen",fullName:"Charlotte Teunissen"},{id:"82936",title:"Dr.",name:"Elly",surname:"Vereyken",slug:"elly-vereyken",fullName:"Elly Vereyken"},{id:"82937",title:"Prof.",name:"Christine",surname:"Dijkstra",slug:"christine-dijkstra",fullName:"Christine Dijkstra"}],corrections:null},{id:"25219",title:"Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis",doi:"10.5772/28194",slug:"amyotrophic-lateral-sclerosis",totalDownloads:2718,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:4,signatures:"David S. Shin, Ashley J. Pratt, Elizabeth D. Getzoff and J. Jefferson P. Perry",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/25219",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/25219",authors:[{id:"73022",title:"Dr.",name:"John",surname:"Perry",slug:"john-perry",fullName:"John Perry"},{id:"84681",title:"Ms.",name:"Ashley",surname:"Pratt",slug:"ashley-pratt",fullName:"Ashley Pratt"},{id:"84683",title:"Dr.",name:"David",surname:"Shin",slug:"david-shin",fullName:"David Shin"},{id:"124767",title:"Prof.",name:"Elizabeth",surname:"Getzoff",slug:"elizabeth-getzoff",fullName:"Elizabeth Getzoff"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"745",title:"Neurodegenerative Diseases",subtitle:"Processes, Prevention, Protection and Monitoring",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3d5795dad33257368f0b7848c22d5dd4",slug:"neurodegenerative-diseases-processes-prevention-protection-and-monitoring",bookSignature:"Raymond Chuen-Chung Chang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/745.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"33396",title:"Dr.",name:"Raymond Chuen-Chung",surname:"Chang",slug:"raymond-chuen-chung-chang",fullName:"Raymond Chuen-Chung Chang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7581",title:"Neuroprotection",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0a01b892051ad12c316ddf17801b962e",slug:"neuroprotection",bookSignature:"Raymond Chuen-Chung Chang and Yuen-Shan Ho",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7581.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"33396",title:"Dr.",name:"Raymond Chuen-Chung",surname:"Chang",slug:"raymond-chuen-chung-chang",fullName:"Raymond Chuen-Chung Chang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1191",title:"Neuromuscular Disorders",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6f634511340dcd5fe321e13e83a62531",slug:"neuromuscular-disorders",bookSignature:"Ashraf Zaher",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1191.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"66392",title:"Prof.",name:"Ashraf",surname:"Zaher",slug:"ashraf-zaher",fullName:"Ashraf Zaher"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3278",title:"Neurodegenerative Diseases",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"aa717c2801cf98db641d48414cef8ced",slug:"neurodegenerative-diseases",bookSignature:"Uday Kishore",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3278.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"155691",title:"Dr.",name:"Uday",surname:"Kishore",slug:"uday-kishore",fullName:"Uday Kishore"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"434",title:"Alzheimer's Disease Pathogenesis",subtitle:"Core Concepts, Shifting Paradigms and Therapeutic Targets",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"49f4c7dbf69e8a9eaf780e37f4aae1ab",slug:"alzheimer-s-disease-pathogenesis-core-concepts-shifting-paradigms-and-therapeutic-targets",bookSignature:"Suzanne De La Monte",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/434.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"29111",title:"Dr.",name:"Suzanne",surname:"De La Monte",slug:"suzanne-de-la-monte",fullName:"Suzanne De La Monte"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3296",title:"Understanding Alzheimer's Disease",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b040d696d429a2a6dc90cd236f160778",slug:"understanding-alzheimer-s-disease",bookSignature:"Inga Zerr",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3296.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"26013",title:"Prof.",name:"Inga",surname:"Zerr",slug:"inga-zerr",fullName:"Inga Zerr"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3437",title:"Mood Disorders",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"62c54b70da87ce48e712c07601105311",slug:"mood-disorders",bookSignature:"Nese Kocabasoglu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3437.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"91417",title:"Prof.",name:"Nese",surname:"Kocabasoglu",slug:"nese-kocabasoglu",fullName:"Nese Kocabasoglu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1062",title:"Dystonia",subtitle:"The Many Facets",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"81069e5ab5b7c4bb52cf7bd16d0c4cb2",slug:"dystonia-the-many-facets",bookSignature:"Raymond L. Rosales",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1062.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"70147",title:"Prof.",name:"Raymond",surname:"Rosales",slug:"raymond-rosales",fullName:"Raymond Rosales"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1360",title:"Mechanisms in Parkinson's Disease",subtitle:"Models and Treatments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"823c4dc5acbf952ba3723cae01f7f67a",slug:"mechanisms-in-parkinson-s-disease-models-and-treatments",bookSignature:"Juliana Dushanova",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1360.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"36845",title:"Dr.",name:"Juliana",surname:"Dushanova",slug:"juliana-dushanova",fullName:"Juliana Dushanova"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1359",title:"Underlying Mechanisms of Epilepsy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"85f9b8dac56ce4be16a9177c366e6fa1",slug:"underlying-mechanisms-of-epilepsy",bookSignature:"Fatima Shad Kaneez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1359.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"31988",title:"Prof.",name:"Kaneez",surname:"Fatima Shad",slug:"kaneez-fatima-shad",fullName:"Kaneez Fatima Shad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"65666",slug:"erratum-metrology-organic-solvents-in-the-shoes-industry-to-sfax-city-tunisia",title:"Erratum - Metrology Organic Solvents in the Shoes Industry to Sfax City (Tunisia)",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/65666.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/65666",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/65666",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/65666",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/65666",chapter:{id:"62241",slug:"metrology-organic-solvents-in-the-shoes-industry-to-sfax-city-tunisia-",signatures:"Imed Gargouri and Moncef Khadhraoui",dateSubmitted:"October 10th 2017",dateReviewed:"May 4th 2018",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"January 30th 2019",book:{id:"6671",title:"Paint and Coatings Industry",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Paint and Coatings Industry",slug:"paint-and-coatings-industry",publishedDate:"January 30th 2019",bookSignature:"Faris Yilmaz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6671.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"36900",title:"Dr.",name:"Faris",middleName:"Sad",surname:"Yılmaz",slug:"faris-yilmaz",fullName:"Faris Yılmaz"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"186371",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Imed",middleName:null,surname:"Gargouri",fullName:"Imed Gargouri",slug:"imed-gargouri",email:"imed.gargouri@fmsf.rnu.tn",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Sfax",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Tunisia"}}},{id:"230836",title:"Dr.",name:"Khadhraoui",middleName:null,surname:"Moncef",fullName:"Khadhraoui Moncef",slug:"khadhraoui-moncef",email:"montunisia@yahoo.com",position:null,institution:null}]}},chapter:{id:"62241",slug:"metrology-organic-solvents-in-the-shoes-industry-to-sfax-city-tunisia-",signatures:"Imed Gargouri and Moncef Khadhraoui",dateSubmitted:"October 10th 2017",dateReviewed:"May 4th 2018",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"January 30th 2019",book:{id:"6671",title:"Paint and Coatings Industry",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Paint and Coatings Industry",slug:"paint-and-coatings-industry",publishedDate:"January 30th 2019",bookSignature:"Faris Yilmaz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6671.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"36900",title:"Dr.",name:"Faris",middleName:"Sad",surname:"Yılmaz",slug:"faris-yilmaz",fullName:"Faris Yılmaz"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"186371",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Imed",middleName:null,surname:"Gargouri",fullName:"Imed Gargouri",slug:"imed-gargouri",email:"imed.gargouri@fmsf.rnu.tn",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Sfax",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Tunisia"}}},{id:"230836",title:"Dr.",name:"Khadhraoui",middleName:null,surname:"Moncef",fullName:"Khadhraoui Moncef",slug:"khadhraoui-moncef",email:"montunisia@yahoo.com",position:null,institution:null}]},book:{id:"6671",title:"Paint and Coatings Industry",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Paint and Coatings Industry",slug:"paint-and-coatings-industry",publishedDate:"January 30th 2019",bookSignature:"Faris Yilmaz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6671.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"36900",title:"Dr.",name:"Faris",middleName:"Sad",surname:"Yılmaz",slug:"faris-yilmaz",fullName:"Faris Yılmaz"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"7257",leadTitle:null,title:"Agricultural Waste and Residues",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book is dedicated to the reuse of waste and residues from the agricultural sector. Plant residues, as well as animal manure and residues from animal breeding, contain useful elements that can be processed for production of fertilizers, compost for soil recultivation, and biofuels. The emerging energy and resources crisis calls for development of sustainable reuse of waste and residues. This book contains eight chapters divided into four sections. The first section contains the introductory chapter from the editor. The second section is related to the preparation of fertilizers and compost for soil amelioration from agricultural residues and waste water. The third section considers the use of agricultural waste for solid biofuels and biogas. The fourth section discusses sustainability and risk assessment related to the use of agricultural waste and residues.",isbn:"978-1-78923-573-9",printIsbn:"978-1-78923-572-2",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83881-793-0",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.74361",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"agricultural-waste-and-residues",numberOfPages:148,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e101e6110b6a7bfbeae1169dbc2ba319",bookSignature:"Anna Aladjadjiyan",publishedDate:"August 29th 2018",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7257.jpg",keywords:null,numberOfDownloads:7232,numberOfWosCitations:21,numberOfCrossrefCitations:18,numberOfDimensionsCitations:39,numberOfTotalCitations:78,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"January 31st 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"February 21st 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"April 22nd 2018",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"July 11th 2018",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"September 9th 2018",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"3 years",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"89899",title:"Prof.",name:"Anna",middleName:null,surname:"Aladjadjiyan",slug:"anna-aladjadjiyan",fullName:"Anna Aladjadjiyan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89899/images/238_n.jpg",biography:"MSc in Physics of Semiconductors, PhD in Physics of Condensed Matter, DSc in Agriculture. Former Head Department Physics and Mathematics in the Agricultural University , Plovdiv. Former Vice-Rector (International and Public Relations) of the AU. Professor of Physics.\n\nFormer member of the Editorial Board of the Journal of Central European Agriculture (2001-2007) and member of the Editorial Board of the Journal of Environmental Protection and Ecology (2002-2009). \n\n Actively participates in international projects and events. Coordinator of 15 international education and scientific projects for Bulgaria : Altener, Thermie, PECO, Bulgarian Research Fund, Socrates-Erasmus Institutional Co-ordinator (2000-2007), Quality Culture (2003-2004), Round II, Quality Culture Round III (2005 ), ISEKI-FOOD (Erasmus Network; 2005 –2012 ), FP7, Horizon2020. \n\nEuropean Expert for evaluation of ALTENER proposals in 2002 and European Expert for evaluation of ERASMUS proposals in 2006 – 2009. \n\nShe has published over 150 scientific papers.",institutionString:null,position:"Co-founder",outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:null}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"146",title:"Waste Management",slug:"environmental-sciences-waste-management"}],chapters:[{id:"62538",title:"Introductory Chapter: Agricultural Waste as a Source of Raw Materials",slug:"introductory-chapter-agricultural-waste-as-a-source-of-raw-materials",totalDownloads:680,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"89899",title:"Prof.",name:"Anna",surname:"Aladjadjiyan",slug:"anna-aladjadjiyan",fullName:"Anna Aladjadjiyan"}]},{id:"61756",title:"Physical Properties of Soils Affected by the Use of Agricultural Waste",slug:"physical-properties-of-soils-affected-by-the-use-of-agricultural-waste",totalDownloads:1159,totalCrossrefCites:7,authors:[{id:"137040",title:"Prof.",name:"Jose",surname:"Navarro-Pedreño",slug:"jose-navarro-pedreno",fullName:"Jose Navarro-Pedreño"},{id:"137041",title:"Prof.",name:"Ignacio",surname:"Gómez",slug:"ignacio-gomez",fullName:"Ignacio Gómez"},{id:"246299",title:"Dr.",name:"Mª Belén",surname:"Almendro-Candel",slug:"ma-belen-almendro-candel",fullName:"Mª Belén Almendro-Candel"},{id:"246300",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonis",surname:"Zorpas",slug:"antonis-zorpas",fullName:"Antonis Zorpas"}]},{id:"61414",title:"Chromium Species and 3D-Fluorescence Spectroscopy in a Soil Irrigated with Industrial Wastewater",slug:"chromium-species-and-3d-fluorescence-spectroscopy-in-a-soil-irrigated-with-industrial-wastewater",totalDownloads:523,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"32987",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose",surname:"Ramos",slug:"jose-ramos",fullName:"Jose Ramos"},{id:"245981",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",surname:"Fuentes-Rivas",slug:"rosa-maria-fuentes-rivas",fullName:"Rosa María Fuentes-Rivas"},{id:"251204",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",surname:"Martin-Romero",slug:"francisco-martin-romero",fullName:"Francisco Martin-Romero"},{id:"251206",title:"Dr.",name:"Reyna Maria Guadalupe",surname:"Fonseca-Montes De Oca",slug:"reyna-maria-guadalupe-fonseca-montes-de-oca",fullName:"Reyna Maria Guadalupe Fonseca-Montes De Oca"}]},{id:"61104",title:"Biochar and Animal Manure Impact on Soil, Crop Yield and Quality",slug:"biochar-and-animal-manure-impact-on-soil-crop-yield-and-quality",totalDownloads:1176,totalCrossrefCites:4,authors:[{id:"174916",title:"Dr.",name:"George",surname:"Antonious",slug:"george-antonious",fullName:"George Antonious"}]},{id:"62260",title:"Significance of Agricultural Residues in Sustainable Biofuel Development",slug:"significance-of-agricultural-residues-in-sustainable-biofuel-development",totalDownloads:1278,totalCrossrefCites:4,authors:[{id:"27470",title:"Prof.",name:"Nassereldeen",surname:"Kabbashi",slug:"nassereldeen-kabbashi",fullName:"Nassereldeen Kabbashi"},{id:"164367",title:"Dr.",name:"Abass",surname:"Alade",slug:"abass-alade",fullName:"Abass Alade"},{id:"191616",title:"MSc.",name:"Nurudeen Ishola",surname:"Mohammed",slug:"nurudeen-ishola-mohammed",fullName:"Nurudeen Ishola Mohammed"}]},{id:"61640",title:"Bio-Drying of Biodegradable Waste for Use as Solid Fuel: A Sustainable Approach for Green Waste Management",slug:"bio-drying-of-biodegradable-waste-for-use-as-solid-fuel-a-sustainable-approach-for-green-waste-manag",totalDownloads:735,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"245869",title:"Mr.",name:"Mutala",surname:"Mohammed",slug:"mutala-mohammed",fullName:"Mutala Mohammed"}]},{id:"61654",title:"Post-Treatment and Microbial Risk Assessment of Compost for Food Production",slug:"post-treatment-and-microbial-risk-assessment-of-compost-for-food-production",totalDownloads:444,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"202308",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamidatu",surname:"Darimani",slug:"hamidatu-darimani",fullName:"Hamidatu Darimani"},{id:"252825",title:"Prof.",name:"Ryusei",surname:"Ito",slug:"ryusei-ito",fullName:"Ryusei Ito"}]},{id:"62236",title:"Sustainable Animal Manure Management Strategies and Practices",slug:"sustainable-animal-manure-management-strategies-and-practices",totalDownloads:1240,totalCrossrefCites:3,authors:[{id:"92457",title:"Dr.",name:"Stephen",surname:"Bolu",slug:"stephen-bolu",fullName:"Stephen Bolu"},{id:"217809",title:"Dr.",name:"Gabriel",surname:"Malomo",slug:"gabriel-malomo",fullName:"Gabriel Malomo"},{id:"239081",title:"Dr.",name:"Aliyu",surname:"Madugu",slug:"aliyu-madugu",fullName:"Aliyu Madugu"},{id:"239083",title:"Mrs.",name:"Zainab",surname:"Usman",slug:"zainab-usman",fullName:"Zainab Usman"},{id:"261008",title:"Dr.",name:"Umar",surname:"Bunjah",slug:"umar-bunjah",fullName:"Umar Bunjah"}]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"177731",firstName:"Dajana",lastName:"Pemac",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/177731/images/4726_n.jpg",email:"dajana@intechopen.com",biography:"As a Commissioning Editor at IntechOpen, I work closely with our collaborators in the selection of book topics for the yearly publishing plan and in preparing new book catalogues for each season. This requires extensive analysis of developing trends in scientific research in order to offer our readers relevant content. Creating the book catalogue is also based on keeping track of the most read, downloaded and highly cited chapters and books and relaunching similar topics. I am also responsible for consulting with our Scientific Advisors on which book topics to add to our catalogue and sending possible book proposal topics to them for evaluation. Once the catalogue is complete, I contact leading researchers in their respective fields and ask them to become possible Academic Editors for each book project. Once an editor is appointed, I prepare all necessary information required for them to begin their work, as well as guide them through the editorship process. I also assist editors in inviting suitable authors to contribute to a specific book project and each year, I identify and invite exceptional editors to join IntechOpen as Scientific Advisors. I am responsible for developing and maintaining strong relationships with all collaborators to ensure an effective and efficient publishing process and support other departments in developing and maintaining such relationships."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1409",title:"Food Production",subtitle:"Approaches, Challenges and Tasks",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7933eb5ca47ad08829f5308ab50a9a0c",slug:"food-production-approaches-challenges-and-tasks",bookSignature:"Anna Aladjadjiyan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1409.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"89899",title:"Prof.",name:"Anna",surname:"Aladjadjiyan",slug:"anna-aladjadjiyan",fullName:"Anna Aladjadjiyan"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6476",title:"Sewage",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"77e161585d14c5343840a876d68c8594",slug:"sewage",bookSignature:"Ivan X. Zhu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6476.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"139789",title:"Dr.",name:"Ivan",surname:"Zhu",slug:"ivan-zhu",fullName:"Ivan Zhu"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"314",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",subtitle:"Cells and Biomaterials",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb67e80e480c86bb8315458012d65686",slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"52778",title:"Childhood Obesity",doi:"10.5772/65914",slug:"childhood-obesity",body:'\n
Obesity is a chronic disorder of the state of nutrition characterized by an increase in body weight due to excessive adipose tissue, which occurs when the calorie intake exceeds the caloric needs of a body with low energy expenditure. Obesity is currently a significant public health problem, as we have witnessed a dramatic increase in the number of obese and overweight children worldwide in the last years. Children’s risk of obesity varies by age and sex groups, ethnic/racial groups, socioeconomic status, geographic and rural/urban regions. The obesity etiology is complex, involving genetic, environmental, psycho-socio-cultural, neuroendocrine and metabolic factors. Complications of pediatric obesity occur during childhood and adolescence and increase the risk for morbidity and mortality in adulthood.
Obesity is an important pediatric public health problem associated with risk of complications in childhood and increased morbidity and mortality throughout life. Overweight and obesity predispose people to noncommunicable diseases such as heart disease, diabetes mellitus, musculoskeletal and psychological disorders and certain types of cancer [1].
\nWithout intervention, obese infants and young children will likely continue to be obese during childhood, adolescence and adulthood [1–3].
\nThe methodological problem of inconsistency between criteria of childhood obesity classification is a major obstacle in studying global trends for younger age group. The body mass index [BMI: weight (kg)/height (m)2] is the parameter used for the screening of overweight and obesity in childhood because it is easy to determine, it tends to correlate well with body fat, and it has been widely used in adults to define obesity. It decreases until the period called “adiposity rebound” when body fat is at the lowest level (between 3 and 7 years) and after then BMI increases again until the adulthood [4, 5].
\nThe child’s BMI must be plotted on nationally recommended BMI—for age charts. The classification of overweight and obesity varies among guidelines, such as those from Centre for Disease Control (CDC), International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) and World Health Organization (WHO).
\nFor example, in UK (IOTF BMI values) the cut off points for and are the BMI >91st and >98th percentile, respectively.
\nThe definition of overweight and obesity using BMI percentiles in the USA: children aged 2 years and older with a BMI between the 85th and 95th percentile is overweight, and those with a BMI greater than the 95th percentile for a specific age and sex subgroup are obese [4–6].
\nAccording to WHO, for children aged between 5 and 19 years, overweight is >2 standard deviations and obesity is defined as a BMI-for-age >1 standard deviation, above the WHO growth reference median [1].
\nThe IOTF BMI values represent standard international references that allow the screening of adiposity in children and adolescents worldwide under the same criterion, without variations depending on geographic, social and secular trends [5].
Currently, the prevalence of obesity among children and adolescents and related complications is considered one of the most important nutritional problem globally. The obesity epidemic among children is the result of excess energy intake and inadequate energy expenditure [2]. The prevalence of childhood overweight and obesity has increased worldwide in recent decades, and the numbers of those affected continue to rise at an alarming rate [6].
\nIn recent years, the epidemiology of overweight and obesity is well described in many European countries and the data showed the increasing trends in the prevalence of childhood obesity. The current prevalence of childhood obesity is ten times higher than it was in the 1970s [5].
\nThe incidence of overweight and obesity increased progressively from infancy through adolescence [5, 6]. High prevalence of obesity in 0- to 6-year-old children is warning signs and risk for increased rates of obesity in adolescence and adulthood reported.
\nNorth America and some countries in Europe have shown consistent year-on-year increases in prevalence of overweight (20–30%) and obesity (5–15%), although recent surveys indicate that the rising trends are easing, with a plateau in prevalence levels shown since around 2005 [6].
\nChildren’s risk of obesity varies by age and sex groups, ethnic/racial groups, socioeconomic status, geographic and rural/urban regions. The key reason for the variations is due to the considerable socioeconomic and lifestyle differences and the differences in differing criteria for obesity and overweight definition [4, 7].
\nSeveral countries of Southern Europe appear to be showing high prevalence of childhood obesity (20–35%) in the Italy, Greece, Malta, Portugal and Spain. The highest levels of overweight and obesity were in Southern Italy (30.1 and 33.1% in preschool boys and, respectively, girls) and in various regions of Spain (29.4% in both sexes, increasing to 32.6% among children aged 7- to 10-year old), followed by Greece (19.1 and 23.6% in boys and, respectively, girls) [7–9]. Children and adolescents residing in countries surrounding the Mediterranean Sea show the highest rates ranging from 20 to 40%, too [7]. Studies concerning obesity with regard to its prevalence in Portugal reported a rate of overweight in children under the age of 6 years, 13.6% in boys and 20.4% in girls, and, obesity varied between 6.5% in boys and 6.9%, respectively, in girls [10]. The very high prevalence of childhood obesity in Mediterranean countries could be secondary to lifestyle changes (switching from a healthy Mediterranean diet to a fast food type of diet and lower physical activity levels) [7].
\nIn children and adolescents residing the Scandinavian countries and Central Western European countries, the prevalence of overweight and obesity is far lower (10–20%). Scandinavian countries have the lowest prevalence of obesity in all age groups, except Finland which reported the prevalence of overweight and obesity in school children of 23.6 and 19.1% for boys and, respectively, girls [7, 11]. It is important to note that among preschool children, the highest prevalence rates of overweight and obesity were in Ireland (26 and 29% in boys and, respectively, girls), United Kingdom (24.1 and 21.4% in boys and, respectively, girls). In school children, the prevalence of overweight and obesity has increased to 32.7% and, respectively, 29.2% in 2007 the United Kingdom [7]. In developed countries, an increasing number of studies suggest that children of lower-income families are vulnerable to becoming obese, possibly due to poor dietary habits and limited opportunities for physical activity [7, 12]. In the UK, the prevalence of overweight and obesity in 11- to 12-year-old children was 25%, with higher rates in girls (29%) and students from lower socioeconomic backgrounds (31%), and the highest rates was observed in black girls (38%) [13].
\nData from Eastern European countries indicate the prevalence rate is smaller (15%), but rising. In Lithuania, the Russian Federation, Slovakia and Poland, the overweight and obesity prevalence ranges from 8.46 to 15.8% in children aged 6–12 years. It is likely that the huge economic burden and the associated poverty following the political transition in the 1990s may have contributed to the relatively low obesity prevalence in Eastern Europe [7].
Obesity is a multifactorial disease with a complex etiology being involved genetic, environmental, psycho-socio-cultural, neuroendocrine and metabolic factors, intestinal microbiota. The factors involved in its etiology included the ‘obesogenic’ environment, and the unhealthy dietary behaviors and patterns of physical activity [14].
\nThere is growing interest in the role of experience in early life in the risk of becoming overweight or obese. In children, prenatal life may be a critical period when the long-term regulation of energy balance is permanently ‘programmed’. The perinatal parameters and factors implicated in the etiology of obesity include maternal obesity, excessive weight gain in pregnancy, gestational diabetes, and maternal smoking, duration of breastfeeding, rapid infancy weight gain and other cultural or familial factors associated with childhood eating patterns and activity levels [14, 15].
\nMaternal obesity is a strong predictor of overweight and obesity in children. Obesity in pregnant women was found to be associated to high newborn weight and also causing obesity and metabolic syndrome risk in later life of the individual. Intrauterine growth restriction is associated with the development of central adiposity and adult-onset cardiovascular risk [4, 14].
\nChild\'s exposure to passive smoking, since the product conception stage, predisposes to the development of obesity and obesity related diseases as a result [14, 16, 17].
\nBreastfeeding could help infants to better recognize satiety signals and hence to better self-regulate energy intake. The prevalence and duration of breastfeeding is higher in countries with relatively lower prevalence of childhood obesity such as Sweden, Finland and Austria, in comparison to countries such as Italy, Greece and the UK, where is less [7, 14, 15].
\nEthnicity is associated with differences in eating behaviors, preferences, and cultural influences may contribute to obesity among children and youth in minority populations.
\nThe environmental factors are represented by: over-nutrition (high fat, high sugar diets), sedentary lifestyle, short sleep duration, abuse of drugs (antibiotics, corticosteroids, anti-epileptics drugs), smoking and alcohol. Almost all obesity in children is strongly influenced by environmental factors, caused by a sedentary lifestyle or a caloric intake that is greater than needs. However, this explains only a part of obesity risk, but is important targets for treatment such they can be modifiable.
\nSugar-sweetened beverages—the literature evidence suggests that consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages is an important factor in the development of obesity in some individuals. In the United States, sugar-sweetened beverages supplied an average of 270 kcal/day, representing 10–15% of total caloric intake. In a separate randomized trial on children aged 5–12 (primarily normal weight), consuming one serving of a sugar-free beverage daily was associated with less weight gain and fat accumulation than consuming one serving of a sugar-sweetened beverage. Other studies have found that dietary salt intake is associated with increased intake of sugar-sweetened beverages, perhaps because of increased thirst [18, 19].
\nTelevision viewing is an environmental influence on the development of obesity in children. Contact of a child with television begins in the newborn stage and tends to increase continuously. In the first year of life, children react to the screen characters with mimics and voice. Toddlers spend approximately 1 h a day watching television, and from the 4th year of life the exposure to other type of media expands and rises significantly to reach 7 out of 24 h per day. The presence of a television in a child\'s bedroom and any time spent in watching television are directly related to the prevalence of obesity in children and adolescents. A significant association between advert exposure and childhood obesity has been demonstrated in a cross-cultural study which included data from the USA, Australia and eight European countries [18, 20–22].
\nVideo games—the use of PC or console games has been associated with obesity in children. Half of American children have either a DVD, video or game console in their bedroom and, third, a computer with access to Internet [22, 23].
\nSleep—there is a reported association between shortened sleep duration and obesity. A causal association arises from a short-term experimental study in which sleep deprivation for 1 week was associated with increased food intake, weight gain and higher leptin levels as compared to the child\'s usual sleep. Moreover, sleep may have an association with insulin resistance, independent of its association with obesity. The mechanism between sleep duration and obesity has not been well-known, but may comprise dysfunction in serum leptin and/or ghrelin levels, both are involved in the regulation of appetite [4, 18]. A meta-analysis found that sleep is positively associated with fat mass in toddlers. A positive association between nighttime sleep and BMI
Medications that may cause weight gain in children include cortisol and other glucocorticoids, sulfonylureas, tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), monoamine oxidase inhibitors, such as phenelzine, oral contraceptives, insulin (in excessive doses), thiazolidinediones, risperidone, clozapine [25].
\nOther environmental factors that have been proposed as possible contributors to obesity include the influences of gut microbiota, toxins and viruses. Due to the influence of gut microbiota, it has been suggested that there exists a relationship between the resident intestinal bacteria and the potential for weight gain. Effect of microbiota may be partially responsible for increased rate of obesity in children born via cesarean section. Intestinal bacteria seem to influence several factors leading to development of obesity complications such us non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, cardiovascular disease and insulin resistance in humans [26]. It has been suggested that obesity can be triggered or worsened by exposure to a virus. Adenovirus 36 increases body fat in several animal models [18].
\nOther epidemiologic studies highlight the possibility that obesity could be triggered or exacerbated by exposure to environmental endocrine disrupting chemicals (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane—DDT and bisphenol A—BPA). Some studies in adults and children establish an association between urinary BPA levels and obesity or obesity related diseases, as well as diabetes and cardiovascular disease [18].
\nEndocrine disruptors can disturb every level of the endocrine system. They can interrupt the action of enzymes involved in steroidogenesis. The endocrine disruptors inducing obesity are called obesogens and have been revealed to target transcription regulators that function to control intracellular lipid homeostasis as well as proliferation and differentiation of adipocytes. The main group of regulators that are targeted represent a group of nuclear hormone receptors recognized as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARα, δ and γ). PPARγ is considered to be the master regulator of adipogenesis and plays key roles in nearly all aspects of adipocyte biology. Other endocrine disruptors are known to promote adipogenesis, but probably do not act through PPARγ, these include BPA, organophosphate pesticides and monosodium glutamate [27].
\nHormonal disorders associated with childhood obesity include growth hormone deficiency, growth hormone resistance, hypothyroidism, leptin deficiency or resistance to leptin action, glucocorticoid excess (Cushing syndrome), precocious puberty, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), prolactin-secreting tumors. Furthermore, in obese individuals, dysfunction in the gut-brain hypothalamic axis and ghrelin/leptin hormonal pathway has been proposed to have a role in excess energy intake and abnormal appetite control [28].
\nSpecific syndromes and single gene defects that are linked to obesity in children have been identified. These are very rarely causes of obesity, Generally, monogenic forms of childhood obesity are very rare, accounting for <1% in children. Mutations in only a few genes are known to cause the development of severe obesity in early childhood. Single gene disorders that can cause obesity include deficiency in leptin or its receptor, mutation in leptin gene, deficiency of proopiomelanocortin (POMC), haploinsufficiency receptor 4 and accessory protein receptor 2 of melanocortin, also disorders of protein convertase 1 [4, 18]. The leptin/leptin receptor system regulate food intake through reduce feeding and increased energy expenditure. Some forms of monogenic obesity like congenital leptin deficiency benefits from leptin substitution therapy that leads to significant decrease in weight [29].
\nMoreover, children with genetic syndromes associated with obesity typically have early onset obesity and characteristic signs on physical examination, including dysmorphic features, developmental delay, short stature or intellectual disability, retinal changes or deafness. The Prader Willi syndrome is the most common among obesity syndromes and is characterized by hypotonia and feeding difficulties during infancy, hyperphagia and obesity developing during early childhood and developmental delay. Other syndromes associated with childhood obesity are Pseudohypoparathyroidism, Laurence Moon Biedl (Bardet Biedl) syndrome, Cohen syndrome, Down syndrome and Turner syndrome [30].
Complications of pediatric obesity occur during childhood and adolescence and increased the risk for morbidity and mortality into adulthood.
\nObesity, particularly abdominal, has been shown to be an important risk factor for a number of chronic diseases in adults. Associated with obesity in childhood is a wide range of health serious complications and increased risk of premature onset year of illnesses. The most important organic complications are dyslipidemia, arterial hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, polycystic ovaries syndrome, orthopedic and respiratory complications. The metabolic syndrome (central obesity, hypertension, glucose intolerance and hyperlipidemia) increases risk for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The most frequent psychological complications are disorders concerning body image, eating habits and depression [4, 19].
\nInsulin resistance is defined as a decreased response of tissue to the action of insulin, and due to lowering of the capacity of insulin to stimulate glucose utilization by muscle cells and fat cells and to suppress hepatic glucose production, and insulin resistance in the protein and lipid metabolism. The association of obesity with insulin resistance is well-known: the factors and the mechanism by which the insulin resistance compensation is produced by beta islet cells and those that lead to the "failure" of the pancreatic beta cells in obese patients. It seems that microvascular changes associated with diabetes begin early stages still hyperinsulinemia with normal glycaemia or impaired oral glucose tolerance test. A central role in regulating central nervous system appears to have fat in the body\'s glucose metabolism by integrating information neural hormonal and nutritional. Insulin via the insulin receptor in the central nervous system regulates food intake and energy homeostasis. Adipose tissue seems to play a role in insulin resistance by metabolites, hormones and adipocytokines influencing different stages of insulin action. Fat distribution is an important determinant of insulin resistance, abdominal fat tissue lipolysis is easier and is less sensitive to insulin anti-lipolysis than subcutaneous adipose tissue. Total fat in children correlates well with the visceral and the relationship of visceral adipose tissue and the cardiovascular risk factors demonstrated in adults appears to differ [4, 31].
\nResearch on elucidating the relationship between obesity and atherogenic dyslipidemia appears to show a close relationship with insulin resistance. Three major events are based on atherogenic dyslipidemia of obesity with insulin resistance: excessive production of very low density lipoprotein-cholesterol, lipoprotein catabolism and defective catabolism of high density lipoprotein-cholesterol. Visceral fat is associated with impaired insulin-glucose homeostasis, the plasma lipoprotein, in particular increased triglycerides and decreased high density lipoprotein-cholesterol [4].
\nArterial hypertension is recognized as an important component of metabolic syndrome in adults, but in children, its role is not very clear. While some studies hypertension is considered the direct effect of obesity, insulin resistance in others, it is considered a predictor of hypertension, independent of BMI. Arterial hypertension in the pathogenesis of obesity and insulin resistance may play a role in which leptin resistance physiological actions of insulin that leptin central nervous system vessels and kidneys should be changed. Studies suggest the involvement of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis and hypertension by stimulating reactive oxygen species by the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system [32].
Obesity is more complicated to diagnose in children than in adults because children increase in height, weight and body fat naturally as they grow. The criteria for defining obesity in children are the fat mass assessment, the distribution of the body fat measure by age and sex and a centile cut off to define the point in the body fat measure distribution corresponding to obesity [33].
\nInitial assessments of these patients should include taking a careful history (investigating comorbidities, family history and potentially modifiable behaviors) and physical examination with BMI plotted on a BMI-for-age chart.
\nThe careful history includes as follows: elements of perinatal life (gestational diabetes, maternal obesity, birth weight, infant feeding, medications—glucocorticoids, some antiepileptics, antipsychotics), weight history (onset of parental and child obesity, current eating behaviors, management interventions), complications (psychological, sleeping disorders, gastrointestinal and orthopedic complications, menstrual disturbances in girls), family history (ethnicity, history of obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, dyslipidemia, obstructive sleep apnea, polycystic ovary syndrome, bariatric, surgery, eating disorders) and lifestyle history (detailed exploration of family eating, nutritional, and activity patterns, sleep) [34].
\nPhysical examination should include the following: anthropometric data (weight, height, BMI, abdominal circumference), adiposity distribution (central versus generalized), assess blood pressure, markers of comorbidities and physical stigmata of a genetic syndrome, endocrine disorders, congenital or acquired hypothalamic alterations (fewer than 5% of cases) [4, 34].
\nThe child’s BMI must be plotted on nationally recommended BMI—for age charts. Children and adolescents with a BMI ≥99th percentile are even more likely to have comorbidities [4].
\nAbdominal circumference (AC) is also used for assessing excess fatty tissue is an indirect method for assessing abdominal fat tissue. Given the strong association between body fat distribution and risk of metabolic complications, it is helpful to calculate in all children with excess weight from the age of 5 years and upwards the relationship between waist circumference and height.
\nOther methods of measuring fat, such as bioelectrical impedance, and total body water measurement are used in research, but not in clinical evaluation [4].
\nCareful screening for hypertension using an appropriately sized blood pressure cuff is important (e.g., hypertension is diagnosed if systolic or diastolic blood pressure falls over 95th percentile for age, gender and height in at least three occasions) [35, 36].
\nEndocrine problems must be considered carefully on signs suggesting hypothyroidism (goiter), insulin resistance (acanthosis nigricans), polycystic ovary syndrome (hirsutism, excessive acne) and Cushing syndrome (violaceous striae, moon face) [36].
\nSymptoms of polyuria, nocturia or polydipsia may be the result of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Depending on their durations, overweight and obesity are important potential risk factors for respiratory complications (asthma, sleep apnea), abdominal pain or hepatomegaly (gastroesophagial reflux, nonalcoholic fatty liver), musculoskeletal problems (hip or knee pain, genu valgum, slipped capital femoral epiphysis, Blount disease) and psychological disorders (depression, body dissatisfaction, bulimia nervosa impaired social relationships and decreased health-related quality of life depression) [4, 37–39].
\nReproductive system and Tanner stage disturbance can reveal premature puberty, apparent micropenis (but normal penis may be hidden in fat), undescended testis/micropenis (Prader Willi syndrome) and must be evaluated [4].
\nThe degree of investigation is dependent on the patient\'s age and severity of obesity, the findings on history and physical examination, and associated familial risk factors.
\nFirst-line investigations recommended in cases of childhood obesity include fasting plasma glucose, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, liver function tests and, possibly, insulinemia [4, 34, 35].
\nThe investigations for overweight children include the fasting lipid screening test. If this children present risk factors represented by hypertension, dyslipidemia and family history of diabetes, it is necessary to evaluated the serum levels of fasting glucose, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) to every 2 years (increased value of ALT and AST is associated with possible non-alcoholic fatty liver disease) [36].
\nIn obese, children is necessary to evaluated serum levels of fasting lipids, glucose, ALT and AST every 2 years, and insulinemia [4, 34, 35].
\nSecond-line investigations may include liver ultrasound, an oral glucose tolerance test, more detailed endocrine assessment and polysomnography [4, 34].
\nPatients with fasting blood glucose >100 mg/dL or overweight children (BMI 85th to 95th percentile) who have a family history of diabetes mellitus or signs of insulin resistance (acanthosis nigricans), polycystic ovary syndrome, or metabolic syndrome should also be evaluated with an oral glucose tolerance test [4, 34, 35]. If the result of oral glucose tolerance test is more than 126 mg/dL, counseling and repeating test is necessary because pediatric obesity can lead to impaired glucose tolerance. The value of HbA1c of 40 mmol/mol (5.8%) is an appropriate screening tool for diagnosing impaired glucose tolerance [40, 41].
\nLiver ultrasound is recommended for all obese children and adolescents. In children with confirmed ALT >40 IU/L or palpable liver, more thorough diagnostic tests are advisable with gamma-GT and differential diagnosis of hepatitis [41].
\nOther laboratory tests such as thyroid function tests (if there is a faster increase in weight than height), pelvic ultrasound and hormonal doses in cases of suspected polycystic ovary syndrome have been recommended [4, 41].
\nPsychological and psychiatric evaluations are essential to identify psychological disturbances including depression, loss-of-control eating, unhealthy and extreme weight control behaviors, and decreased health-related quality of life which are warning signs of bulimia nervosa and binge-eating disorder [39].
\nIn patients with hypertension more diagnostic tests should be done: cardiac exam: ECG and echocardiogram, standard urinalysis, microalbuminuria, creatinine and potassium levels [4, 41].
\nWe should realize screening for diagnosis of metabolic syndrome in the presence of at least three of the following situations: BMI indicate obesity or waist circumference/height ratio >0.5, systolic and/or diastolic blood pressure >95th percentile, fasting blood glucose >100 mg/dL, serum level of triglycerides >95th percentile, serum level of HDL cholesterol [4, 41].
\nAccording to International Diabetes Federation (IDF), the consensus definition of metabolic syndrome in children (older than 6 years) and adolescents are as follows:
\nfor children aged 6–10 years:
obesity mean a waist circumference >90th percentile
in case of metabolic syndrome that cannot be diagnosed, the measurements should be made if there is a family history of metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, cardiovascular disease, hypertension or obesity.
IDF suggests for weight reduction to use an appropriate message in patients with abdominal obesity.
for children aged 10–16 years:
obesity mean a waist circumference >90th percentile (or adult cut-off if lower).
serum triglycerides level >1.7 mmol/l
serum HDL cholesterol level <1.03 mmol/l
systolic blood pressure >130 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure >85 mmHg
blood glucose >5.6 mmol/l (oral glucose tolerance test recommended) or medical history of type 2 diabetes mellitus
for children >16 years:
should use the IDF criteria for adults. According to the recent IDF definition, a person with metabolic syndrome must have central obesity (defined as waist circumference using ethnicity-specific values) and any two of the following four factors:
serum triglyceride levels >150 mg/dl (1.7 mmol/l) or specific treatment recommended for this abnormality
reduced serum HDL cholesterol level <40 mg/dl (1.03 mmol/l) in males and <50 mg/dl (1.29 mmol/l) in females, or specific treatment for this lipid abnormality
raised blood pressure: systolic blood pressure >130 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure of 85 mmHg or treatment for previously diagnosed hypertension
raised fasting plasma glucose >100 mg/dl (5.6 mmol/l) or previously diagnosed type 2 diabetes (if above 5.6 mmol/l or 100 mg/dl, the oral glucose tolerance test is strongly recommended but is not necessary to define the presence of this syndrome) [32, 42].
Vitamin D deficiency is common in obese children and is associated with risk factors for type 2 diabetes in obese children, but they are not still recommended by national clinical practice guidelines as routine measures [43].
Prevention is the best cost/benefit approach for the management of obesity in children and, in the future, of adulthood. Childhood obesity is a multifaceted problem embedded in physiological, behavioral, genetic, socioeconomic, environmental and political contexts, and the actions to prevent childhood obesity must therefore be taken in multiple settings. Public awareness campaigns, social marketing and behavior-change communication related to nutrition and physical activity implemented in countries together are very important strategies regarding childhood obesity prevention. The critical periods of pediatric obesity characterized by important changes in adiposity growth velocity or obesity related behavior are represented by the first year of life, the preschool (“adiposity rebound”) and adolescence years. The transition period from childhood to adolescence is characterized by important behavioral changes and decreased physical activity [44]. The obesity primary prevention begins in pregnancy period (healthy food diet), continuing with promoting the breastfeeding in the first 2 years of life, and then with support for healthy eating habits (low sugar consumption, eat breakfast every day, eat at home with family, avoid fast—food meals, avoid television in the first years of life and limit television to less than 2 h per day after then, etc. [4, 41, 45, 46].
\nManagement of obesity should be based on risk factors, including age, severity of overweight and obesity and comorbidities, as well as family history and support. Management intervention strategies are available and include nutrition, physical activity, behavior and lifestyle changes, medication and surgical considerations. Treatment largely focuses on sustained lifestyle changes with family involvement. There are several broad principles of conventional management: management of comorbidities, family involvement, taking a developmentally appropriate approach, the use of a range of behavior change techniques, long-term dietary change, increased physical activity and decreased sedentary behaviors. The primary goal for all children with uncomplicated obesity is the long-term improvement of physical health through healthy lifestyles. In obese children with a secondary complication, specific treatment of the complication is an important goal. Effective weight reduction is one of the key elements in the treatment of comorbidities. In morbid obesity, bariatric surgery and laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy have been used in adolescence [4, 34, 41].
\nIn order to plan a developmentally appropriate approach, it is essential to consider the developmental age of the patient and the resultant level of parental engagement that will be required. Most successful interventions have been family based and take into account the child’s developmental age. In preadolescent children, a parent-based program, without direct engagement of the child, might be more appropriate than a child centered approach.
\nDepending on the age of the child, the present of parents must be or not compulsory. For example, if we talk about adolescents, the present of parents in not recommended. However, the parents must participate at counseling session that are designed for them.
\nBecause obesity is multifactorial, not all children and adolescents will respond to the same approach. Behavior therapy, healthy diet and increasing physical activity are the great sections of obesity treatment. Referral to multidisciplinary, comprehensive pediatric weight—management programs is ideal for obese children whenever possible [4, 34].
\nBehavior modification strategy has a large effect on weight reduction. The set of techniques employed to change thought processes and actions associated with eating, physical activity and sedentary are components of behavior strategies. For the obese adolescent, there are several ways to help him acquiring a healthy lifestyle: to log daily his physical effort and food intake; to participate to motivational interview; to receive permanent psychological support for positive lifestyle changes [34, 41, 46].
\nDietary interventions are usually part of a broader lifestyle change program can be effective in achieving relative weight loss in children and adolescents. Dietary interventions should follow national nutrition guidelines which have an emphasis on:
\nat least five meals over the day (three meals + two snacks)
restrict/replace specific high calorie foods with others less rich in calories
the protein content: it is suggested the 14 meals per week: meat, three to four times a week; fish, three to four times a week; legumes, three to four times a week; cheese and eggs, once a week.
carbohydrates should account for at least 50% of total calories, preferring low glycemic index foods: cereals such as pasta, barley and whole wheat products—twice a day; legumes; fruit and vegetables (not canned or pureed) five servings a day) and by limiting foods that combine a high glycemic index to a high glycemic load (bread, rice, potatoes, sweets, sugar, fruit juices, sweet drinks).
the total fat in the diet should account for no more than 30% of total calories.
the adequate intake of fiber in grams/day: five servings a day of fruits and vegetables in season, not canned or pureed, and legumes four times a week are recommended.
decreased portion sizes.
drinking water as the main beverage and reduction in sugary drink intake.
involvement of the entire family in making sustainable dietary changes [34, 41].
Increasing physical activity can decrease risk for cardiovascular disease, improve well-being and contribute to weight loss:
\nwalking or cycling for transport,
undertaking household chores and playing,
organized exercise programs,
limiting television and other small screen recreation to less than 2 h per day is particularly strategic, but may be challenging,
is recommended at least 60 min of moderate exercise.
Parental involvement is vital and may include monitoring and limiting television use, role modeling of healthy behaviors and providing access to recreation areas or recreational equipment.
\nExisting recommendations on management of pediatric obesity suggest that drug therapy can be used in the treatment of severely obese adolescents. Orlistat can be useful as an adjunct to lifestyle changes in severely obese adolescents and metformin can be used in older children and adolescents with clinical insulin resistance [4, 34, 41].
\nBariatric surgery should be considered in adolescents with complete or near-complete skeletal maturity, who are severely obese with a body mass index of more than 40 kg/m2 or weight exceeding 100% of ideal body, and a medical complication resulting from obesity, after they have failed 6 months of a multidisciplinary weight management program. Preoperative care and counselling is very important if we want to have good long-term results for bariatric surgery patients. This care must be provided by specialist in various medical fields: endocrinology, gastroenterology, cardiovascular, pneumology, etc. All this effort must by sustained with nutritional and psychological support [4, 34, 41,47, 48].
\nChildhood obesity treatment is based on sustained lifestyle changes with family involvement. Behavior therapy, healthy diet and increasing physical activity are the great sections of obesity treatment.
Childhood and adolescent obesity is a major health problem. The prevalence of childhood obesity in Europe is ten times higher than it was in the 1970s. The increasing occurrence in children of disorders, such as type 2 diabetes, is a consequence of this obesity epidemic. Initial assessments of these patients should include taking a careful history (investigating comorbidities, family history and potentially modifiable behaviors) and physical examination. The degree of investigation is dependent on the patient\'s age and severity of obesity, the findings on history and physical examination, and associated familial risk factors. The increased prevalence of obesity in childhood and adolescence highlights the need for effective treatment approaches. There are several broad principles of conventional management: management of comorbidities, family involvement, the use of a range of behavior change techniques, long-term dietary change, increased physical activity and decreased sedentary behaviors. Pediatric patients and their families should be counselled on nutritional interventions including limiting sugar-sweetened beverages, eating nutrient-dense breakfasts, limiting eating out at fast food restaurants, families eating together, increased exercise and decreased time in front of computer and TV screens. For adolescents with severe obesity, lifestyle changes are mandatory. This change must be supported with medical therapy (the only drugs approved by the health organizations are Orlistat and Metformin; these treatments do not exclude metabolic surgery). Finally, given the high prevalence and chronic nature of obesity, coordinated models of care for health service delivery for the management of pediatric obesity are needed.
Bariatric surgery (BS) has proven to be an effective treatment for weight loss, reducing obesity associated comorbidities, improving quality of life, and reducing mortality rates [1, 2]. The increasing amount of evidence on the benefits of BS has contributed to its increased popularity over the last decade [1]. Despite the proven benefits of BS, it also carries the risk of short- and long-term complications. An important complication is the nutritional and micronutrient deficiencies. Nutritional deficiencies can present with a wide range of clinical manifestations, depending on the specific nutrients/micronutrients that are involved, the severity, and the duration of the deficiency states. Additionally, these deficiencies can worsen over time, leading to severe consequences, such as anemia (iron, folate, B12), peripheral neuropathy (folate, B6, B12, copper), Wernicke encephalopathy (B1) and metabolic bone disease (vitamin D, calcium). Therefore, lifelong screening of individuals who had undergone bariatric surgery is critical to identify these complications and treat them effectively to ensure long-term success. This chapter will provide a comprehensive review of these nutritional complications. The chapter will also furnish information about the recommended micronutrient supplementations and nutritional follow-up.
Nutritional deficiencies often exist prior to BS [3, 4, 5]. Subjects with obesity typically adopt an unhealthy high calorie, low quality diet with unbalanced nutritional composition [6]. For instance, one study showed that in female BS candidates, despite consumption of high-caloric diet (2801 ± 970 kcal/day), 66% of them had at least a single micronutrient deficiency [7]. Prior to BS, low iron, ferritin, vitamin B12 and hemoglobin were observed among 12.6%, 8.7%, 10.6% and 7.7%, of patients respectively [7]; and the incidence of folate deficiency before BS was 26.8% [8]. Vitamin D deficiency is the most common deficiency in patients undergoing BS with a prevalence as high as 78.8% [7, 8].
Research found that low preoperative levels of hemoglobin, vitamin B12, and ferritin were independently associated with reduction in the levels of micronutrients postoperatively [8]. Moreover, vitamins D and B1 and albumin deficiencies before BS predicted deficiencies one year after surgery [8].
Such findings highlight the need for complete nutritional assessments and adequate correction of pre-existing deficits before BS. Therefore, all BS candidates must undergo appropriate nutritional evaluation, including micronutrient measurements at least once preoperatively. Screening should include iron studies, and vitamins D and B12 and folic acid levels. The repetition of the tests until surgery should be individualized as clinically indicated [9, 10]. In comparison with purely restrictive procedures, more extensive nutritional evaluations are required for malabsorptive procedures. For instance, thiamine and vitamins A and E levels may be assessed in patients prior to Roux en Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch (BPD/DS) [10].
Deficiencies found on screening prior to BS should be treated accordingly to avoid worsening of the symptoms post-surgery [9]. For vitamin D, there is a lack of solid evidence regarding the cutoff value where treatment should be started. A group of experts advocated supplementation in all patients with values below 20 ng/mL, and in an individualized manner for values between 21 and 30 ng/mL [9].
Several factors and mechanisms contribute to the development of nutritional deficiencies post BS. Below are some examples:
Nonadherence to the recommended nutritional supplementation is recognized as a critical factor that leads to nutritional deficiency after BS. Compliance with multivitamins tends to be good in the early post-surgery period and decreases on the long term. For instance, a study of 16,620 patients post BS showed that the pharmacy dispensing of micronutrient supplements by patients significantly decreased between the first and fifth years for iron (from 27.7 to 24.5%), calcium (from 14·4 to 7·7%), but increased for vitamin D (from 33·1 to 34·7%) [11]. Barriers to vitamin adherence post BS include forgetting to take the supplementation and difficulty in swallowing the pills [12].
Despite clear international guidelines, long-term follow-up after BS is poor. A study assessed the follow up with the bariatric surgeon after RYGB and demonstrated a significant increase in the time between follow ups (13.3 ± 7.8 vs. 86.9 ± 39.9 months) in the long-term [13]. The same study demonstrated that a shorter time since last surgeon visit was independently predictive of multivitamin use (p = 0.001) [13]. Research also reported that male sex, younger age, absence of type 2 diabetes and poor 1-year follow-up were predictors of poor 5-year follow-up [11].
Other contributing factors include pre-operative deficiencies, post-surgery food intolerance, poor eating habits, vomiting, changes in taste and eating patterns [14].
The underling mechanisms that contribute to micronutrient deficiency following BS include reduced food intake due to restrictive effect of surgery, rerouting of nutrient flow which affect absorption, and changes in gastrointestinal anatomy/physiology post-surgery. It is important to note that the anatomical changes and the mechanisms of action of the various procedures dictate the frequency and severity of nutritional deficiencies after BS. For instance, micronutrient deficiencies are less common in restrictive procedures such as gastric banding (LAGB) and laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG), where there are no alterations of the intestinal continuity and normal digestive processes. However, micronutrient deficiencies are more common after surgical procedures that cause malabsorption such as RYGB, one-anastomosis gastric bypass (OAGB), single anastomosis duodeno–ileal bypass with sleeve gastrectomy (SADI-S) and BPD/DS [10, 15].
Vitamin B1 is absorbed in the jejunum and therefore may be excluded from absorption after RYGB and BPD/DS [16]. Additionally, the storage of thiamine is low in the human body and can become rapidly devoid without regular and adequate intake [8]. These characteristics might explain why thiamin deficiency is observed subsequent to a short period of persistent vomiting after surgical complications such as band slippage post LAGB [17], stomach oedema after LSG [18], or stoma stenosis after RYGB [19]. Cases of thiamine deficiencies have also been reported after BPD/DS [20].
The manifestations of thiamine deficiency include peripheral neuropathy, Wernicke’s encephalopathy (WE), Korsakoff’s psychoses and cardiomyopathy [14, 10] (Table 1). These clinical conditions could be severe or even fatal if they are not recognized and treated promptly. Borderline deficiency may cause less severe symptoms that could be missed. Therefore, oral or parenteral thiamine supplementation should be initiated in any bariatric patient presenting with persistent vomiting severe enough to interfere with adequate nutrition, even before obtaining confirmatory laboratory data [10, 14]. In symptomatic patients, oral supplementation may be used only after 1–2 weeks of parenteral administration and continued until symptom resolution [10].
Mico/micro deficiency | Clinical features and complications | Management |
---|---|---|
Vitamin B1 Thiamin | Wernicke encephalopathy (confabulations, ophthalmoplegia, ataxia) Korsakoff syndrome Dry Beriberi (polyneuropathy, paresthesia) Wet Beriberi (cardiomegaly, tachycardia, CHF) | Oral: 100 mg 2–3 times daily until symptoms resolve IV: 200–500 mg once or twice daily for 3–5 d, followed by 250 mg/d for 3–5 d or until symptoms resolve, then 100 mg/d orally, indefinitely, or until risk factors resolve IM: 250 mg once daily for 3–5 d or 100–250 mg monthly |
Vitamin B12 Cobalamin | Macrocytic anemia, peripheral and central neuropathy, myelopathy, memory disturbance, dementia, depression, delusions | 1000 μg/d to achieve normal levels and then resume dosages recommended to maintain normal levels |
Folate | Macrocytic anemia, leukopenia peripheral neuropathy, myelopathy, glossitis, fetal neural defects. May aggravate B12 deficiency | Oral dose of 1 mg of folate daily to reach normal levels and then resume recommended dosage to maintain normal levels |
Vitamin A | Ocular xerosis, night blindness, decreased immunity, scaling skin | Vitamin A deficiency without corneal changes: 10,000–25,000 IU/d of vitamin orally until clinical improvement Vitamin A deficiency with corneal changes: 50,000–100,000 IU of vitamin A IM for 3 d, followed by 50,000 IU/d IM for 2 weeks |
Vitamin D | Osteomalacia, bone demineralization, increased risk of fractures | Vitamin D3 at least 3000 IU/d and as high as 6000 IU/d, or 50,000 IU vitamin D2 1–3 times weekly |
Vitamin E | Hemolytic anemia, peripheral neuropathy, loss of deep tendon reflexes, ataxia, diminished perception of vibration and position ophthalmoplegia, myopathy, rash | Optimal therapeutic dose of Vitamin E for bariatric patients is not defined Potential antioxidant benefits can be achieved with supplements of 100–400 IU/d Additional dose may be required for replacement |
Vitamin K | Coagulopathy, excessive bleeding or bruising | Parenteral dose (10 mg) for symptomatic patient acute malabsorption A dose of either 1–2 mg/d orally or 1–2 mg/week parenterally recommended for patients with chronic malabsorption |
Iron | Microcytic anemia, fatigue glossitis, nail dystrophy | Oral: 150–200 mg of elemental iron daily to amounts as high as 300 mg 2–3 times daily (ferrous sulfate, fumarate, gluconate) Vitamin C supplementation may be added to increase iron absorption IV iron infusion (ferric gluconate or sucrose forms) for patients with severe intolerance to oral iron or refractory deficiency Blood transfusion for severe iron deficiency anemia |
Calcium | Fatigue, arrhythmia, myopathy, bone demineralization | Repletion of calcium deficiency varies by surgical procedure BPD/DS: 1800–2400 mg/d; LAGB, LSG, RYGB: 1200–1500 mg/d |
Zinc | Hair loss, pica, dermatitis, chronic diarrhea, dysgeusia, hypogonadism or erectile dysfunction (in males) | Optimal therapeutic dose is unknown. Treatment should target normal biochemical levels. For every 8–15 mg/day elemental zinc provided, 1 mg/day copper should be supplemented to avoid inducing a copper deficiency |
Copper | Anemia, neutropenia, myeloneuropathy sensory ataxia, impaired wound healing | Treatment varies with severity of deficiency Mild–moderate: 3–8 mg/d oral copper gluconate or sulfate until indices return to normal Severe: 2–4 mg/d intravenous copper can be initiated for 6 d or until serum levels return to normal and neurologic symptoms resolve Copper gluconate or sulfate is recommended |
Selenium | Anemia, persistent diarrhea, cardiomyopathy, metabolic bone disease | Optimal therapeutic dose of selenium for bariatric patients is not defined RDA for selenium is 55 micrograms per day |
Summary of common micro and micro nutritional deficiencies.
IV intravenous; IM intramuscular; D: day, CHF: congestive heart failure, LAGB laparoscopic gastric band, LSG laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy, RYGB Roux en Y gastric bypass, BPD/D biliopancreatic diversion.
In severely malnourished patients receiving nutrition support, empiric thiamine supplementation along with fluid and electrolyte monitoring and replacement are indicated to avoid exacerbation of thiamin deficiency and refeeding syndrome [10]. Refeeding syndrome is a condition that results from fluid and electrolyte imbalances, particulalry hypophosphatemia, causing serious complications such as cardiac arrhythmias [21]. Empiric thiamine supplementation is also indicated for high-risk bariatric patients and patients with risk factors for thiamine deficiency such as females, African Americans, patients not attending the dietitian clinic, patients with gastrointestinal symptoms, heart failure, persistent vomiting, or on parenteral nutrition and those with excessive alcohol use [10]. The recommended dose for prevention and treatment of thiamin deficiency is summarized in Table 1.
Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) binds to the intrinsic factor, a protein secreted by the stomach. The complex formed is then absorbed by the small intestine [16]. Vitamin B12 deficiency post BS can result from inadequate secretion of intrinsic factor, limited gastric acidity, and most importantly from the bypassing of the duodenum, which is the main site of vitamin B12 absorption [6, 24]. Cobalamin stores in the liver are usually high and therefore vitamin B12 deficiency is rare in the first year after BS; however the incidence tends to increase on the long term [25]. The prevalence vitamin B12 deficiency is 14.3% after LSG and 16% post RYGB [26]. In addition to anemia, vitamin B12 deficiency can cause neurological and psychiatric symptoms [6] (Table 1). Therefore, regular screening is required (e.g., every 3 months) in the first year after BS and at least annually after that or as clinically indicated. This is particularly important with chronic use of medications that worsen B12 deficiency such as metformin, proton-pump inhibitors, and seizure medications [10]. In some instances, serum B12 may not be adequate to identify B12 deficiency; in such cases measuring serum methylmalonic acid, with or without homocysteine, should be considered to identify metabolic deficiency of B12, especially in symptomatic or in patients with history of B12 deficiency [10]. Intramuscular or intranasal regimens is preferred over oral supplementation as only 1% of oral vitamin B12 is passively absorbed without intrinsic factor [14].
Complex dietary folates are absorbed throughout the small intestine but mainly at the brush border of the duodenum and upper jejunum [16]. Since folate is absorbed throughout the small intestine, the deficiency is primarily induced by the decrease in dietary intake and to a lesser extent due to malabsorption specially after procedures that bypass the first part small intestine (RYGB, BPD/DS) [6]. Furthermore, folate deficiency can be aggravated by vitamin B12 deficiency since the latter is necessary for the conversion of inactive methyltetrahydrofolic acid to the active tetrahydrofolic acid [6]. The reported prevalence of folate deficiency after LSG and RYGB is 3.6% and 4.2% respectively [26]. Folate deficiency has been associated with a variety of symptoms (Table 1) [6, 23]. Maternal folate deficiency in pregnancy can cause fetal neurological abnormalities such as growth retardation, and congenital defects (neural tube) [16, 27]. Therefore, adequate folate supplementation is particularly important after malabsorptive procedures and in women of the childbearing age [10].
The absorption of vitamin A is reduced after bariatric procedures. The incidence of vitamin A deficiency is 11.1% at one year post LSG [26]. A higher prevalence is reported after malabsorptive procedures where deficiency was found in up to 70% of patients 4 years after RYGB and BPD/DS [28]. This is due to fat malabsorption and steatorrhoea. Therefore, routine fat-soluble vitamin supplementation is recommended in all patients post BPD/DS [10]. The clinical manifestations of vitamin A deficits are night blindness, xerophthalmia and dry hair [6].
Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin absorbed preferentially in the jejunum and ileum. Hence, a high incidence of vitamin D deficiency in seen after malabsorptive procedures despite routine supplementation [16]. The reported deficiency after LSG and RYGB is 66.7% and 65.4% respectively [26]. The prevalence of post BPD/DS vitamin D deficiency ranged from 37.1% at one year to 50.8% at 6 years [29]. The most important consequence of vitamin D deficiency is bone demineralization. Therefore, despite the absence of conclusive evidence regarding the long-term risk of fractures after BS, calcium and vitamin D routine supplementation is strongly recommended, especially after RYGB and malabsorptive procedures [10, 30]. The standard supplementation is frequently insufficient to maintain adequate vitamin D levels in patients with malabsorption, and much higher oral or parenteral doses may be required [8, 28]. For treatment, vitamin D3 is recommended as it is a more potent than vitamin D2; however, both can be utilized [10].
Low levels of vitamin K have been observed in 1.8% post RYGB and 7.4% post SADI patients one year after surgery [31]. However, clinical symptoms such as easy bruising, and increased bleeding are rare [6]. Some cases of fetal and newborn intracranial hemorrhage related to maternal vitamin K deficiency have been described after BPD/DS [27], and have been also reported after LAGB in a pregnant woman with prolonged vomiting due to slippage of the gastric band resulting in gastric outlet obstruction [32].
Vitamin E deficiency after BS is rare. The reported incidence is 4.8% and 0.9% after RYGB and SADI respectively [31, 33]. The most common symptoms associated with vitamin E deficiency include neuropathy, myopathy and anemia [21] (Table 1). Vitamin E neuropathy and myopathy can be treated with a dose of vitamin E 400 IU daily.
Iron deficiency with or without anemia is frequently observed after BS [10]. The incidence after LAGB and LSG ranges between 14 to 18% [10]. The prevalence after RYGB and BPB/DS is 51.3% and 15% respectively [34, 35]. Several mechanisms lead to iron deficiency post BS. First, iron malabsorption can occur as a result of the bypassing of the duodenum and proximal jejunum post BS where most of iron absorption occurs. Second, decreased gastric acidity and accelerated gastric emptying impair the reduction of iron from the ferric (Fe 3+) to the absorbable ferrous state (Fe 2+). Third is the decreased intake of iron-rich foods (meats, vegetables) post BS. Finally, the absorption of iron may be affected by the interaction with other nutritional supplements (e.g., calcium) [10, 14]. Menstruating women are at higher risk for iron deficiency and anemia, specially patients with polymenorrhagia [25]. Other risk factors for iron deficiency include malabsorptive procedures, young age, preoperative anemia and low baseline ferritin level [36]. The clinical features of iron deficiency are summarized in Table 1. The measurement of serum ferritin is the best diagnostic test for detecting iron deficiency and a better indicator of iron body capacity as it becomes abnormal prior to the decrease in serum iron concentration [6]. Prophylactic iron supplementation is recommended after all types of BS to minimize the risk of deficiency [10]. Iron is usually included in oral multivitamin and mineral preparations with the inclusion of vitamin C, which will increase iron absorption [10]. They should not be taken along together with calcium supplements as such supplements may affect the absorption of iron. Severe cases of iron deficiency anemia require intravenous iron or blood transfusion [36].
Calcium absorption occurs mainly in the duodenum and proximal jejunum and is facilitated by vitamin D in an acid environment. Thus, any BS that bypass the first part of the intestine, reduces gastric acid production and lowers vitamin D levels is often associated with reduced calcium absorption [15]. The prevalence of calcium deficiency post LGG and RYGB is 3.9% and 4.3 respectively [37]. Low calcium level may affect bone mineralization, therefore, should be supplemented routinely post BS [8].
Although most of the literature focuses on calcium and iron, deficiencies of other essential minerals such, zinc, copper, and selenium have been reported in bariatric patients [10]. These essential minerals act as enzymatic cofactors in several biochemical pathways, and therefore, their deficiency could cause variable clinical manifestations that involve neurological, cardiac and gastrointestinal systems. Mineral deficiencies are more common after BPD and RYGB [6].
Zinc is absorbed by the small intestine and hence BS such RYGB or BPD/DS which partially exclude nutrient from the small bowel, can cause zinc malabsorption [16]. The prevalence of zinc deficiency is 23.9% after LSG [38]. Moderate zinc deficiency presents with hypogeusia, hyposmia, anorexia, eczema, somnolence, and reduced dark adaptation, whereas severe forms are associated with acrodermatitis enteropathica, bullous or pustular dermatitis, diarrhea, balding, mental abnormalities including depression, and recurrent infections due to impaired immune function [16].
Copper functions as a cofactor in many enzymatic reactions that are vital for the hematologic, vascular, skeletal, antioxidant, and neurologic systems [39]. It is absorbed mainly in the stomach and proximal duodenum. Copper deficiency is rare and underrecognized. More recently, it has been reported after malabsorptive procedures [39]. Symptoms of copper deficiency are often similar to symptoms of vitamin B12 deficiency (hematological and neurological problems). Peripheral neuropathy, myeloneuropathy with spastic ataxic gait have been reported after BS [40]. Recently, a case of severe pancytopenia with refractory anemia secondary to copper deficiency has been observed after BS [39]. In this case, administration of intravenous copper resulted in dramatic clinical improvement [39].
Selenium is absorbed in the duodenum and proximal jejunum and it is an essential element that provides an important part of the multifunctional selenoproteins that are important for health [41]. Selenium deficiency has been associated with cardiomyopathy, immune system dysfunction and infertility in men. Since RYGB results in the bypass of the duodenum and upper jejunum, micronutrient deficiencies such as selenium are common after this procedure. The prevalence of selenium deficiency post LSG is 7.1% and post RYGB is 3.8% [26]. A case report described a 40 year-old woman that presented with symptoms of heart failure nine months after RYGB which was confirmed by echocardiography and cardiac markers [42]. The patient was diagnosed with selenium-deficient cardiomyopathy, and she had complete resolution of her symptoms after 3 months of oral selenium [42].
Protein malnutrition remains the most serious macronutrient complication associated with malabsorptive surgical procedures. It can occur in up to 15% of patients after BPD/DS [43]. Studies reported that 3·0–18·5% of BPD/DS patients required reversal of their procedure because of protein malnutrition or excessive weight loss, or both [44]. Protein malnutrition can also occur after RYGB specially when the Roux limb exceeds 150 cm, where the reported prevalence is 9% at 2 years after surgery [43]; however protein malnutrition rarely necessitates reversal or conversion of a RYGB. It is also less common after LSG and LAGB, and in such cases it is likely due to maladaptive eating behaviors after surgery, especially in patients who avoid protein food sources or have protracted vomiting [6]. The clinical presentation of protein malnutrition includes edema, fatigue, skin, hair, and nail problems [6]. Because protein level often remains in the normal range until late, monitoring the serum albumin concentration is more useful for the assessment of the protein nutritional status. Patients with severe protein malnutrition should be treated with protein supplements that are rich in branch-chain amino acids and, in severe cases enteral feeding is recommended [6]. For prevention of protein malnutrition, an average daily protein intake of 60–120 g (1.1 g/kg of ideal body weight) is required and should be increased by 30% for patients post BPD/BD [16].
Anemia is common after BS. The prevalence of macrocytic and microcytic anemia is 52% post LSG, 64% post RYGB and 39% after biliopancreatic diversion [45]. Patients with mild anemia post BS are likely to be asymptomatic; however, when the anemia worsens, patients could present with symptoms, such as fatigue, pallor, and dyspnea on exertion [6]. Post-bariatric anemia is in most cases due to iron deficiency, along with vitamin B12 deficiency as a secondary cause. Other causes of nutritional anemias after malabsorptive BS includes folate, protein, copper, selenium, and zinc deficiencies. Therefore, these factors should be evaluated if routine screening for iron-deficiency anemia is negative [10].
Neurological complications may occur after BS. They have attracted attention because of their diversity, complexity and potentially devastating effects [46]. Different patterns of complications can be observed according to the time of presentation. For instance, at an early stage, immediate peripherical nerve injury, Wernicke’s encephalopathy, and polyradiculoneuropathy are the most frequent. Late complications may appear after years, and include optic neuropathy, myelopathy, and peripherical neuropathy [47]. The prevalence of neurological events after BS is difficult to determine. A cross-sectional study reported a rate of 3% among 451 patients who underwent BS [48]. Axonal polyneuropathy was the most frequent neurological complication, but cases of Wernicke syndrome, vitamin B12 deficiency, Guillain-Barre syndrome and copper deficiency were also identified [44]. The majority of patients (93.3%) had full recovery from the neurological signs and symptoms [49]. In another retrospective study involving 592 post LSG patients, only 1.18% were found to have neurological complications [50]. In this cohort, all the patients had decrease in oral intake and rapid weight loss, with a mean weight loss of 35 kg three months after LSG suggesting that this could be the predisposing cause [50]. All patients were treated for neuropathy secondary to vitamin B1 deficiency and had significant improvement and/or resolution of their symptoms. [50]. A recent study showed that among 61 patients post RYGB and LAGB, 11.4% developed some signs of polyneuropathy, that eventually disappeared at 24 months. The most common manifestations were paresthesia and muscle weakness [51]. The majority of neurological complications post BS is attributed to vitamin and micronutrient deficiencies such as vitamins B12, B6, E, thiamine, folate and copper [23, 47, 46]. It is imperative to note that failure of diagnosis and the delay in the management of these complications can lead to irreversible neurological deficits. However, many of these complications can be prevented with regular follow-ups, routine screening of micronutrients, and nutritional supplementation where a deficiency is identified.
The bone mineral density rapidly decreases initially after BS, which reflects a skeletal adaptation to a lower body weight. Bone loss however, continues even after weight loss has stopped [52]. This is likely due to the lower calcium absorption and vitamin D deficiency causing secondary hyperparathyroidism [53]. The prevalence of secondary hyperparathyroidism has been shown to increase progressively with time from 35.4% at 1 year after BS to 63.3% at 5 years after surgery [54]. Patients who underwent a single anastomosis gastric bypass had the highest prevalence of secondary hyperparathyroidism (73.6%) followed by RYGB (56.6%), gastric banding (38.5%), and sleeve gastrectomy (41.7%) at 5 years after surgery [54]. The decrease in bone density may predispose patients to the risk of fractures especially with malabsorptive procedures. However, data on the incidence of fractures post BS remain controversial, with some studies suggesting an increased risk of fractures (non-vertebral fractures, especially in the upper limbs) and others showing no increased risk [55, 56, 57]. For instance, one study reported a significantly increased number of fractures only after biliopancreatic diversion (adjusted relative risk 1·60, 95% CI 1·25–2·03; p < 0·001, 56]. Others found that 60% of LAGB and 29% of RYGB patients had increased risk of fractures 3–4 years after surgery [55]. Future long-term studies are required to assess the effect of BS on bone health.
Evaluation of patients for metabolic bone disease after BS may include serum parathyroid hormone, total calcium, phosphorus, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, and 24-hour urine calcium levels [10]. In post-bariatric patients with established osteoporosis, pharmacologic treatment with bisphosphonates may be considered. Before starting bisphosphonate treatment, vitamin D deficiency needs to be fully corrected in order to avoid severe hypocalcaemia, hypophosphatemia, and osteomalacia. In these cases, intravenous form of bisphosphonates should be used (zoledronic acid, 5 mg once a year, or ibandronate, 3 mg every 3 months) for better absorption and to avoid potential anastomotic ulceration with orally administered bisphosphonates [10]. More research is needed to examine the effectiveness of both intravenous and oral bisphosphonates in improving bone mineralization [15].
Recently, updated guidelines for post-operative nutritional and metabolic support of patients post bariatric surgery were published by the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists in collaboration with multiple societies [10].
The follow-up should be scheduled depending on the bariatric procedure performed.
For LAGB, it should monthly for the first year and then annually
For LSG, it is recommended at 1, 3, 6, 12 months and then annually
For RYGB, the recommended follow up is at 1, 3, 6, 12 months and biannually or annually thereafter
For BPD/DS and other malabsorptive procedure, the recommended follow up is at 1, 3, 6 months and biannual thereafter.
Routine metabolic and nutritional monitoring is recommended after all bariatric procedures. This includes:
Complete metabolic panel, complete blood count with each visit
Iron studies at baseline and after BS as needed
B12 annually then every 3–6 months for all type of BS (measurement of methylmalonic acid and homocysteine level are optional)
Folic acid level (measurement of red blood cell folic acid level is optional), 25-vitamin D and intact parathyroid hormone (PTH) post RYGB and BPD/DS
Vitamin A (initially and every 6–12 months thereafter) for BPD/DS and it is optional for RYGB
Copper/ceruloplasmin, zinc, selenium evaluation after malabsorptive bariatric surgical procedures (RYGB and BPD/DS) at least annually, or with symptoms of deficiency
Thiamine evaluation in symptomatic patients
Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry for bone density at 2 years: for RYGB and BPD/DS.
The recommended micronutrients supplementations post bariatric surgery to prevent nutritional deficiencies include [10]:
Two adult multivitamins plus minerals (each containing iron, folic acid, thiamine, zinc, copper; chewable form initially then tablets).
Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin): 350–1000 μg dose can be administrated orally (disintegrating tablet, sublingual, or liquid), nasal spray or parenteral (1000 μg monthly intramuscular or subcutaneous).
Iron: 18–60 mg of elemental iron daily included in the multivitamins and additional supplements can be added if required.
Vitamin D: at least 2000–3000 international units of vitamin D (titrated to therapeutic 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels >30 ng/mL)
Elemental calcium: appropriate dose of daily calcium varies by bariatric procedure. About 200–1500 mg daily for LAGB, LSG and RYGB, and 1800–2400 mg daily for or BPD/DS. Calcium citrate is preferred than calcium carbonate because it is better absorbed in the absence of gastric acid.
Commercial products that are used for micronutrient supplementation after BS need to be discussed with a healthcare professional familiar with dietary supplements, since many products are adulterated and/or mislabeled [10].
Since increased adherence with follow-up is associated with improved outcomes, various strategies should be implemented to minimize attrition. Addressing the problem of non-adherence in BS will require the support of qualified healthcare professionals [10, 15]. Multidisciplinary teams with strong communication skills and the involvement of behavioral health experts assist in identifying and addressing compliance barriers. The following strategies may help to improve adherence in the bariatric patients and prevent nutritional deficiencies:
Increase patient engagement in after care appointments. The bariatric team can utilize strategies such as frequent calls, reminders letters, flexible scheduling/variety of appointment times, laboratory results, newsletters to provide reinforcement for follow up [58]
Develop innovative strategies to address barriers to follow-up, such as remotely delivered interventions, smart-phone apps, and follow up video appointments [59]
The long-term follow-up visits should include screening for micronutrient deficiencies, bone health, and monitoring of nutrition-related diseases. Reinforcing healthy eating habits is also recommended, such as eating slowly, portion control, and meeting protein requirements
Focus on adherence in the areas that are most critical for patient well-being. For instance, vitamin deficiency can cause serious health problems, including, in rare cases, encephalopathy
Address barriers and causes of non-compliance with multivitamins supplementation. For example, the most frequent reasons for non-adherence to vitamins, i.e., forgetting, difficulty swallowing or not liking to take pills. These issues can be solved by using pill organizers and electronic reminders which can assist with memory issues. Offering chewable or liquid form of vitamins to will also aid bariatric patients with swallowing difficulty [59]
The role of the family physician in bariatric post-surgery care is important to consider. However, the nature of their involvement post-surgery care is currently unclear [60]. Greater role clarity and enhanced collaboration between surgeons, general practitioners and patients following surgery is likely to enhance the experience and outcomes for patients and encourage and support the maintenance of postsurgical care [60].
Patient education before and after surgery plays a key role in the adherence to micronutrient supplementation and improvement of BS outcomes. Patients should be encouraged to become involved in their own care. Lectures and discussions provided by healthcare experts from multiple disciplines in small groups, or individual sessions utilizing both written or web-based delivery should be done to support learning needs of the bariatric patients. Moreover, patient education methods should focus on high-quality, cost-effective, and patient-centered educational programs for bariatric surgery [61].
BS is the most effective strategy for the treatment of severe obesity and for the resolution of comorbid medical conditions. Post-surgery, patients are at increased risk for nutritional deficiencies which may result in serious complications if they are not recognized and treated promptly. Adherence to multivitamins supplementations is important to prevent such deficiencies. Multidisciplinary approach with close monitoring is the key for the long-term success after bariatric surgery.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
BS | bariatric surgery |
LAGB | gastric banding |
LSG | laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy |
RYGB | Roux en Y gastric bypass |
OAGB | one-anastomosis gastric bypass |
SADI-S | single anastomosis duodeno–ileal bypass with sleeve gastrectomy |
BPD/DS | biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch |
IntechOpen publishes different types of publications
",metaTitle:"Types of publications",metaDescription:"IntechOpen publishes different types of publications",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:null,contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"IntechOpen Edited Volumes are integrated collections of chapters about particular topics that present new areas of research or novel syntheses of existing research and, as such, represent perspectives from various authors.
\\n\\nEdited Volumes can be comprised of different types of chapters:
\\n\\nRESEARCH CHAPTER – A research chapter reports the results of original research thus contributing to the body of knowledge in a particular area of study.
\\n\\nREVIEW CHAPTER – A review chapter analyzes or examines research previously published by other scientists, rather than reporting new findings thus summarizing the current state of understanding on a topic.
\\n\\nCASE STUDY – A case study involves an in-depth, and detailed examination of a particular topic.
\\n\\nPERSPECTIVE CHAPTER – A perspective chapter offers a new point of view on existing problems, fundamental concepts, or common opinions on a specific topic. Perspective chapters can propose or support new hypotheses, or discuss the significance of newly achieved innovations. Perspective chapters can focus on current advances and future directions on a topic and include both original data and personal opinion.
\\n\\nINTRODUCTORY CHAPTER – An introductory chapter states the purpose and goals of the book. The introductory chapter is written by the Academic Editor.
\\n\\nMonographs is a self-contained work on a particular subject, or an aspect of it, written by one or more authors. Monographs usually have between 130 and 500 pages.
\\n\\nTYPES OF MONOGRAPHS:
\\n\\nSingle or multiple author manuscript
\\n\\nCompacts provide a mid-length publishing format that bridges the gap between journal articles, book chapters, and monographs, and cover content across all scientific disciplines.
\\n\\nCompacts are the preferred publishing option for brief research reports on new topics, in-depth case studies, dissertations, or essays exploring new ideas, issues, or broader topics on the research subject. Compacts usually have between 50 and 130 pages.
\\n\\nCollection of papers presented at conferences, workshops, symposiums, or scientific courses, published in book format
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:"IntechOpen Edited Volumes are integrated collections of chapters about particular topics that present new areas of research or novel syntheses of existing research and, as such, represent perspectives from various authors.
\n\nEdited Volumes can be comprised of different types of chapters:
\n\nRESEARCH CHAPTER – A research chapter reports the results of original research thus contributing to the body of knowledge in a particular area of study.
\n\nREVIEW CHAPTER – A review chapter analyzes or examines research previously published by other scientists, rather than reporting new findings thus summarizing the current state of understanding on a topic.
\n\nCASE STUDY – A case study involves an in-depth, and detailed examination of a particular topic.
\n\nPERSPECTIVE CHAPTER – A perspective chapter offers a new point of view on existing problems, fundamental concepts, or common opinions on a specific topic. Perspective chapters can propose or support new hypotheses, or discuss the significance of newly achieved innovations. Perspective chapters can focus on current advances and future directions on a topic and include both original data and personal opinion.
\n\nINTRODUCTORY CHAPTER – An introductory chapter states the purpose and goals of the book. The introductory chapter is written by the Academic Editor.
\n\nMonographs is a self-contained work on a particular subject, or an aspect of it, written by one or more authors. Monographs usually have between 130 and 500 pages.
\n\nTYPES OF MONOGRAPHS:
\n\nSingle or multiple author manuscript
\n\nCompacts provide a mid-length publishing format that bridges the gap between journal articles, book chapters, and monographs, and cover content across all scientific disciplines.
\n\nCompacts are the preferred publishing option for brief research reports on new topics, in-depth case studies, dissertations, or essays exploring new ideas, issues, or broader topics on the research subject. Compacts usually have between 50 and 130 pages.
\n\nCollection of papers presented at conferences, workshops, symposiums, or scientific courses, published in book format
\n"}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/55578/images/4574_n.png",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5816},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5281},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1754},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:10511},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:906},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:15912}],offset:12,limit:12,total:119060},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{topicId:"10"},books:[{type:"book",id:"8969",title:"Deserts and Desertification",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"4df95c7f295de7f6003e635d9a309fe9",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Yajuan Zhu, Dr. Qinghong Luo and Dr. Yuguo Liu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8969.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"180427",title:"Dr.",name:"Yajuan",surname:"Zhu",slug:"yajuan-zhu",fullName:"Yajuan Zhu"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10754",title:"Global Warming and Climate Change",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"8994a915a306910a01cbe2027aa2139b",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Stuart Arthur Harris",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10754.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"12539",title:"Dr.",name:"Stuart",surname:"Harris",slug:"stuart-harris",fullName:"Stuart Harris"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10756",title:"Urban Agglomeration",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"65f2a1fef9c804c29b18ef3ac4a35066",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Luis Loures",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10756.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"108118",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",surname:"Loures",slug:"luis-loures",fullName:"Luis Loures"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10759",title:"Gravitational Field",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"9c388947e68d72d8b23d5c7018112852",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Khalid S. Essa",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10759.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"102766",title:"Prof.",name:"Khalid S.",surname:"Essa",slug:"khalid-s.-essa",fullName:"Khalid S. Essa"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10761",title:"Glaciology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"bd112c839a9b8037f1302ca6c0d55a2a",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10761.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10851",title:"Volcanology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"6cfc09f959efecf9ba95654b1bb4b987",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Angelo Paone and Prof. Sung-Hyo Yun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10851.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"182871",title:"Prof.",name:"Angelo",surname:"Paone",slug:"angelo-paone",fullName:"Angelo Paone"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10949",title:"Clay and Clay Minerals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"44d08b9e490617fcbf7786c381c85fbc",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10949.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"7153",title:"Prof.",name:"Gustavo",surname:"Morari Do Nascimento",slug:"gustavo-morari-do-nascimento",fullName:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10951",title:"Mining Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"04396c3eac82ed4aca81cf73bd404138",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Andrew Hammond, Dr. Brendan Donnelly and Dr. Nanjappa Ashwath",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10951.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"259487",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrew",surname:"Hammond",slug:"andrew-hammond",fullName:"Andrew Hammond"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10952",title:"Soil Science - Emerging Technologies, Global Perspectives and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"3dbedd2099c57a24eaab114be4ba2b48",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Michael Thomas Aide and Dr. Indi Braden",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10952.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"185895",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",surname:"Aide",slug:"michael-aide",fullName:"Michael Aide"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10954",title:"Dark Matter - Recent Observations and Theoretical Advances",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"b0fbd6ee0096e4c16e9513bf01273ab3",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Michael L. Smith",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10954.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"59479",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael L.",surname:"Smith",slug:"michael-l.-smith",fullName:"Michael L. Smith"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:25},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:25},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:44},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:2}],offset:12,limit:12,total:10},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8472",title:"Bioactive Compounds in Nutraceutical and Functional Food for Good Human Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8855452919b8495810ef8e88641feb20",slug:"bioactive-compounds-in-nutraceutical-and-functional-food-for-good-human-health",bookSignature:"Kavita Sharma, Kanchan Mishra, Kula Kamal Senapati and Corina Danciu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8472.jpg",editors:[{id:"197731",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavita",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"kavita-sharma",fullName:"Kavita Sharma"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9685",title:"Agroecosystems",subtitle:"Very Complex Environmental Systems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c44f7b43a9f9610c243dc32300d37df6",slug:"agroecosystems-very-complex-environmental-systems",bookSignature:"Marcelo L. Larramendy and Sonia Soloneski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9685.jpg",editors:[{id:"14764",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo L.",middleName:null,surname:"Larramendy",slug:"marcelo-l.-larramendy",fullName:"Marcelo L. Larramendy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8564",title:"Cell Interaction",subtitle:"Molecular and Immunological Basis for Disease Management",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"98d7f080d80524285f091e72a8e92a6d",slug:"cell-interaction-molecular-and-immunological-basis-for-disease-management",bookSignature:"Bhawana Singh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8564.jpg",editors:[{id:"315192",title:"Dr.",name:"Bhawana",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"bhawana-singh",fullName:"Bhawana Singh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9629",title:"Electroencephalography",subtitle:"From Basic Research to Clinical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8147834b6c6deeeec40f407c71ad60b4",slug:"electroencephalography-from-basic-research-to-clinical-applications",bookSignature:"Hideki Nakano",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9629.jpg",editors:[{id:"196461",title:"Prof.",name:"Hideki",middleName:null,surname:"Nakano",slug:"hideki-nakano",fullName:"Hideki Nakano"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8760",title:"Structure Topology and Symplectic Geometry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8974840985ec3652492c83e20233bf02",slug:"structure-topology-and-symplectic-geometry",bookSignature:"Kamal Shah and Min Lei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8760.jpg",editors:[{id:"231748",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"kamal-shah",fullName:"Kamal Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9161",title:"Frailty in the Elderly",subtitle:"Understanding and Managing Complexity",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a4f0f2fade8fb8ba35c405f5ad31a823",slug:"frailty-in-the-elderly-understanding-and-managing-complexity",bookSignature:"Sara Palermo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9161.jpg",editors:[{id:"233998",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Palermo",slug:"sara-palermo",fullName:"Sara Palermo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8445",title:"Dam Engineering",subtitle:"Recent Advances in Design and Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a7e4d2ecbc65d78fa7582e0d2e143906",slug:"dam-engineering-recent-advances-in-design-and-analysis",bookSignature:"Zhongzhi Fu and Erich Bauer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8445.jpg",editors:[{id:"249577",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhongzhi",middleName:null,surname:"Fu",slug:"zhongzhi-fu",fullName:"Zhongzhi Fu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8937",title:"Soil Moisture Importance",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3951728ace7f135451d66b72e9908b47",slug:"soil-moisture-importance",bookSignature:"Ram Swaroop Meena and Rahul Datta",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8937.jpg",editors:[{id:"313528",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Ram Swaroop",middleName:null,surname:"Meena",slug:"ram-swaroop-meena",fullName:"Ram Swaroop Meena"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7031",title:"Liver Pathology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"631321b0565459ed0175917f1c8c727f",slug:"liver-pathology",bookSignature:"Vijay Gayam and Omer Engin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7031.jpg",editors:[{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8158",title:"Veganism",subtitle:"a Fashion Trend or Food as a Medicine",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8e51fc25a379e5b92a270addbb4351d",slug:"veganism-a-fashion-trend-or-food-as-a-medicine",bookSignature:"Miljana Z. Jovandaric",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8158.jpg",editors:[{id:"268043",title:"Dr.",name:"Miljana Z.",middleName:"Z",surname:"Jovandaric",slug:"miljana-z.-jovandaric",fullName:"Miljana Z. Jovandaric"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:5315},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8472",title:"Bioactive Compounds in Nutraceutical and Functional Food for Good Human Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8855452919b8495810ef8e88641feb20",slug:"bioactive-compounds-in-nutraceutical-and-functional-food-for-good-human-health",bookSignature:"Kavita Sharma, Kanchan Mishra, Kula Kamal Senapati and Corina Danciu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8472.jpg",editors:[{id:"197731",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavita",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"kavita-sharma",fullName:"Kavita Sharma"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9685",title:"Agroecosystems",subtitle:"Very Complex Environmental Systems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c44f7b43a9f9610c243dc32300d37df6",slug:"agroecosystems-very-complex-environmental-systems",bookSignature:"Marcelo L. Larramendy and Sonia Soloneski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9685.jpg",editors:[{id:"14764",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo L.",middleName:null,surname:"Larramendy",slug:"marcelo-l.-larramendy",fullName:"Marcelo L. Larramendy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8564",title:"Cell Interaction",subtitle:"Molecular and Immunological Basis for Disease Management",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"98d7f080d80524285f091e72a8e92a6d",slug:"cell-interaction-molecular-and-immunological-basis-for-disease-management",bookSignature:"Bhawana Singh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8564.jpg",editors:[{id:"315192",title:"Dr.",name:"Bhawana",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"bhawana-singh",fullName:"Bhawana Singh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9629",title:"Electroencephalography",subtitle:"From Basic Research to Clinical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8147834b6c6deeeec40f407c71ad60b4",slug:"electroencephalography-from-basic-research-to-clinical-applications",bookSignature:"Hideki Nakano",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9629.jpg",editors:[{id:"196461",title:"Prof.",name:"Hideki",middleName:null,surname:"Nakano",slug:"hideki-nakano",fullName:"Hideki Nakano"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8760",title:"Structure Topology and Symplectic Geometry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8974840985ec3652492c83e20233bf02",slug:"structure-topology-and-symplectic-geometry",bookSignature:"Kamal Shah and Min Lei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8760.jpg",editors:[{id:"231748",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"kamal-shah",fullName:"Kamal Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9161",title:"Frailty in the Elderly",subtitle:"Understanding and Managing Complexity",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a4f0f2fade8fb8ba35c405f5ad31a823",slug:"frailty-in-the-elderly-understanding-and-managing-complexity",bookSignature:"Sara Palermo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9161.jpg",editors:[{id:"233998",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Palermo",slug:"sara-palermo",fullName:"Sara Palermo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8445",title:"Dam Engineering",subtitle:"Recent Advances in Design and Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a7e4d2ecbc65d78fa7582e0d2e143906",slug:"dam-engineering-recent-advances-in-design-and-analysis",bookSignature:"Zhongzhi Fu and Erich Bauer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8445.jpg",editors:[{id:"249577",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhongzhi",middleName:null,surname:"Fu",slug:"zhongzhi-fu",fullName:"Zhongzhi Fu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8937",title:"Soil Moisture Importance",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3951728ace7f135451d66b72e9908b47",slug:"soil-moisture-importance",bookSignature:"Ram Swaroop Meena and Rahul Datta",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8937.jpg",editors:[{id:"313528",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Ram Swaroop",middleName:null,surname:"Meena",slug:"ram-swaroop-meena",fullName:"Ram Swaroop Meena"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7031",title:"Liver Pathology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"631321b0565459ed0175917f1c8c727f",slug:"liver-pathology",bookSignature:"Vijay Gayam and Omer Engin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7031.jpg",editors:[{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8472",title:"Bioactive Compounds in Nutraceutical and Functional Food for Good Human Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8855452919b8495810ef8e88641feb20",slug:"bioactive-compounds-in-nutraceutical-and-functional-food-for-good-human-health",bookSignature:"Kavita Sharma, Kanchan Mishra, Kula Kamal Senapati and Corina Danciu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8472.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"197731",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavita",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"kavita-sharma",fullName:"Kavita Sharma"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8760",title:"Structure Topology and Symplectic Geometry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8974840985ec3652492c83e20233bf02",slug:"structure-topology-and-symplectic-geometry",bookSignature:"Kamal Shah and Min Lei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8760.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"231748",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"kamal-shah",fullName:"Kamal Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9536",title:"Education at the Intersection of Globalization and Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0cf6891060eb438d975d250e8b127ed6",slug:"education-at-the-intersection-of-globalization-and-technology",bookSignature:"Sharon Waller, Lee Waller, Vongai Mpofu and Mercy Kurebwa",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9536.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"263302",title:"Dr.",name:"Sharon",middleName:null,surname:"Waller",slug:"sharon-waller",fullName:"Sharon Waller"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8564",title:"Cell Interaction",subtitle:"Molecular and Immunological Basis for Disease Management",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"98d7f080d80524285f091e72a8e92a6d",slug:"cell-interaction-molecular-and-immunological-basis-for-disease-management",bookSignature:"Bhawana Singh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8564.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"315192",title:"Dr.",name:"Bhawana",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"bhawana-singh",fullName:"Bhawana Singh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9629",title:"Electroencephalography",subtitle:"From Basic Research to Clinical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8147834b6c6deeeec40f407c71ad60b4",slug:"electroencephalography-from-basic-research-to-clinical-applications",bookSignature:"Hideki Nakano",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9629.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"196461",title:"Prof.",name:"Hideki",middleName:null,surname:"Nakano",slug:"hideki-nakano",fullName:"Hideki Nakano"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9685",title:"Agroecosystems",subtitle:"Very Complex Environmental Systems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c44f7b43a9f9610c243dc32300d37df6",slug:"agroecosystems-very-complex-environmental-systems",bookSignature:"Marcelo L. Larramendy and Sonia Soloneski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9685.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"14764",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo L.",middleName:null,surname:"Larramendy",slug:"marcelo-l.-larramendy",fullName:"Marcelo L. Larramendy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9524",title:"Organ Donation and Transplantation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6ef47e03cd4e6476946fc28ca51de825",slug:"organ-donation-and-transplantation",bookSignature:"Vassil Mihaylov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9524.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"313113",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Vassil",middleName:null,surname:"Mihaylov",slug:"vassil-mihaylov",fullName:"Vassil Mihaylov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9280",title:"Underwater Work",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"647b4270d937deae4a82f5702d1959ec",slug:"underwater-work",bookSignature:"Sérgio António Neves Lousada",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9280.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"248645",title:"Dr.",name:"Sérgio António",middleName:null,surname:"Neves Lousada",slug:"sergio-antonio-neves-lousada",fullName:"Sérgio António Neves Lousada"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9161",title:"Frailty in the Elderly",subtitle:"Understanding and Managing Complexity",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a4f0f2fade8fb8ba35c405f5ad31a823",slug:"frailty-in-the-elderly-understanding-and-managing-complexity",bookSignature:"Sara Palermo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"233998",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Palermo",slug:"sara-palermo",fullName:"Sara Palermo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8158",title:"Veganism",subtitle:"a Fashion Trend or Food as a Medicine",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8e51fc25a379e5b92a270addbb4351d",slug:"veganism-a-fashion-trend-or-food-as-a-medicine",bookSignature:"Miljana Z. Jovandaric",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8158.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"268043",title:"Dr.",name:"Miljana Z.",middleName:"Z",surname:"Jovandaric",slug:"miljana-z.-jovandaric",fullName:"Miljana Z. Jovandaric"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"946",title:"Nanotechnology",slug:"metals-and-nonmetals-nanotechnology",parent:{title:"Metals and Nonmetals",slug:"metals-and-nonmetals"},numberOfBooks:6,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:209,numberOfWosCitations:168,numberOfCrossrefCitations:100,numberOfDimensionsCitations:201,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"metals-and-nonmetals-nanotechnology",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"6552",title:"Silver Nanoparticles",subtitle:"Fabrication, Characterization and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fa35924b88365602189440c335634a77",slug:"silver-nanoparticles-fabrication-characterization-and-applications",bookSignature:"Khan Maaz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6552.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"107765",title:"Dr.",name:"Maaz",middleName:null,surname:"Khan",slug:"maaz-khan",fullName:"Maaz Khan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5734",title:"Nanostructured Materials",subtitle:"Fabrication to Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"85a5487dd4ccb4f6768163f69ae0ef90",slug:"nanostructured-materials-fabrication-to-applications",bookSignature:"Mohindar Singh Seehra",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5734.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"48086",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohindar",middleName:"Singh",surname:"Seehra",slug:"mohindar-seehra",fullName:"Mohindar Seehra"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5293",title:"Recent Advances in Graphene Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"207ed784d98fcb1189a3ac9147f1dc81",slug:"recent-advances-in-graphene-research",bookSignature:"Pramoda Kumar Nayak",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5293.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"38997",title:"Dr.",name:"Pramoda Kumar",middleName:null,surname:"Nayak",slug:"pramoda-kumar-nayak",fullName:"Pramoda Kumar Nayak"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5195",title:"Magnetic Materials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4f04cfbb54e455378de5fc7725e36a0c",slug:"magnetic-materials",bookSignature:"Khan Maaz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5195.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"107765",title:"Dr.",name:"Maaz",middleName:null,surname:"Khan",slug:"maaz-khan",fullName:"Maaz Khan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5199",title:"Crystalline and Non-crystalline Solids",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"92b08c7afb346f11c2051d0741e75d7e",slug:"crystalline-and-non-crystalline-solids",bookSignature:"Pietro Mandracci",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5199.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"80989",title:"Prof.",name:"Pietro",middleName:null,surname:"Mandracci",slug:"pietro-mandracci",fullName:"Pietro Mandracci"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1790",title:"Materials Science and Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0b85a7bbf89f16101f9195f9588ee66d",slug:"materials-science-and-technology",bookSignature:"Sabar D. Hutagalung",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1790.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"106047",title:"Dr.",name:"Sabar",middleName:"D.",surname:"Hutagalung",slug:"sabar-hutagalung",fullName:"Sabar Hutagalung"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:6,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"61218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.75611",title:"Silver Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Characterization and Applications",slug:"silver-nanoparticles-synthesis-characterization-and-applications",totalDownloads:4429,totalCrossrefCites:17,totalDimensionsCites:37,book:{slug:"silver-nanoparticles-fabrication-characterization-and-applications",title:"Silver Nanoparticles",fullTitle:"Silver Nanoparticles - Fabrication, Characterization and Applications"},signatures:"Neelu Chouhan",authors:[{id:"208475",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Neelu",middleName:null,surname:"Chouhan",slug:"neelu-chouhan",fullName:"Neelu Chouhan"}]},{id:"51598",doi:"10.5772/64001",title:"Graphene‐Based Materials Functionalization with Natural Polymeric Biomolecules",slug:"graphene-based-materials-functionalization-with-natural-polymeric-biomolecules",totalDownloads:2805,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:13,book:{slug:"recent-advances-in-graphene-research",title:"Recent Advances in Graphene Research",fullTitle:"Recent Advances in Graphene Research"},signatures:"Edgar Jimenez‐Cervantes Amieva, Juventino López‐Barroso, Ana\nLaura Martínez‐Hernández and Carlos Velasco‐Santos",authors:[{id:"178665",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Velasco-Santos",slug:"carlos-velasco-santos",fullName:"Carlos Velasco-Santos"},{id:"178667",title:"Prof.",name:"Ana Laura",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Hernandez",slug:"ana-laura-martinez-hernandez",fullName:"Ana Laura Martínez-Hernandez"},{id:"183423",title:"MSc.",name:"Edgar",middleName:null,surname:"Jimenez-Cervantes A.",slug:"edgar-jimenez-cervantes-a.",fullName:"Edgar Jimenez-Cervantes A."},{id:"183424",title:"MSc.",name:"Juventino",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez-Barroso",slug:"juventino-lopez-barroso",fullName:"Juventino Lopez-Barroso"}]},{id:"60328",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.75682",title:"Modification of Electrical Properties of Silver Nanoparticle",slug:"modification-of-electrical-properties-of-silver-nanoparticle",totalDownloads:913,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:13,book:{slug:"silver-nanoparticles-fabrication-characterization-and-applications",title:"Silver Nanoparticles",fullTitle:"Silver Nanoparticles - Fabrication, Characterization and Applications"},signatures:"Markus Diantoro, Thathit Suprayogi, Ulwiyatus Sa’adah, Nandang\nMufti, Abdulloh Fuad, Arif Hidayat and Hadi Nur",authors:[{id:"230167",title:"Dr.",name:"Markus",middleName:null,surname:"Diantoro",slug:"markus-diantoro",fullName:"Markus Diantoro"},{id:"240354",title:"MSc.",name:"Abdulloh",middleName:null,surname:"Fuad",slug:"abdulloh-fuad",fullName:"Abdulloh Fuad"},{id:"240355",title:"Dr.",name:"Nandang",middleName:null,surname:"Mufti",slug:"nandang-mufti",fullName:"Nandang Mufti"},{id:"240356",title:"Prof.",name:"Arif",middleName:null,surname:"Hidayat",slug:"arif-hidayat",fullName:"Arif Hidayat"},{id:"240357",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Nur",slug:"hadi-nur",fullName:"Hadi Nur"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"59905",title:"Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles",slug:"synthesis-of-silver-nanoparticles",totalDownloads:5190,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:8,book:{slug:"silver-nanoparticles-fabrication-characterization-and-applications",title:"Silver Nanoparticles",fullTitle:"Silver Nanoparticles - Fabrication, Characterization and Applications"},signatures:"Remziye Güzel and Gülbahar Erdal",authors:[{id:"226613",title:"Dr.",name:"Remziye",middleName:null,surname:"Güzel",slug:"remziye-guzel",fullName:"Remziye Güzel"},{id:"240772",title:"MSc.",name:"Gülbahar",middleName:null,surname:"Erdal",slug:"gulbahar-erdal",fullName:"Gülbahar Erdal"}]},{id:"59848",title:"Application of Silver Nanoparticles for Water Treatment",slug:"application-of-silver-nanoparticles-for-water-treatment",totalDownloads:1495,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"silver-nanoparticles-fabrication-characterization-and-applications",title:"Silver Nanoparticles",fullTitle:"Silver Nanoparticles - Fabrication, Characterization and Applications"},signatures:"Zenaida Guerra Que, José Gilberto Torres Torres, Hermicenda Pérez\nVidal, María A. Lunagómez Rocha, Juan C. Arévalo Pérez, Ignacio\nCuauhtémoc López, Durvel De La Cruz Romero, Alejandra\nE. Espinosa De Los Monteros Reyna, José G. Pacheco Sosa, Adib A.\nSilahua Pavón and Jorge S. Ferráez Hernández",authors:[{id:"228497",title:"Dr.",name:"Hermicenda",middleName:null,surname:"Perez Vidal",slug:"hermicenda-perez-vidal",fullName:"Hermicenda Perez Vidal"},{id:"229146",title:"Dr.",name:"Zenaida",middleName:null,surname:"Guerra Que",slug:"zenaida-guerra-que",fullName:"Zenaida Guerra Que"},{id:"240565",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose Gilberto",middleName:null,surname:"Torres Torres",slug:"jose-gilberto-torres-torres",fullName:"Jose Gilberto Torres Torres"},{id:"240661",title:"Dr.",name:"María A.",middleName:null,surname:"Lunagómez Rocha",slug:"maria-a.-lunagomez-rocha",fullName:"María A. Lunagómez Rocha"},{id:"240662",title:"MSc.",name:"Juan C.",middleName:null,surname:"Arévalo Pérez",slug:"juan-c.-arevalo-perez",fullName:"Juan C. Arévalo Pérez"},{id:"240663",title:"Dr.",name:"Ignacio",middleName:null,surname:"Cuauhtémoc López",slug:"ignacio-cuauhtemoc-lopez",fullName:"Ignacio Cuauhtémoc López"},{id:"240664",title:"Dr.",name:"Alejandra E.",middleName:null,surname:"Espinosa De Los Monteros Reyna",slug:"alejandra-e.-espinosa-de-los-monteros-reyna",fullName:"Alejandra E. Espinosa De Los Monteros Reyna"},{id:"240665",title:"Dr.",name:"Durvel",middleName:null,surname:"De La Cruz Romero",slug:"durvel-de-la-cruz-romero",fullName:"Durvel De La Cruz Romero"},{id:"240666",title:"Dr.",name:"José G.",middleName:null,surname:"Pacheco Sosa",slug:"jose-g.-pacheco-sosa",fullName:"José G. Pacheco Sosa"},{id:"240667",title:"MSc.",name:"Adib A.",middleName:null,surname:"Silahua Pavón",slug:"adib-a.-silahua-pavon",fullName:"Adib A. Silahua Pavón"},{id:"240668",title:"MSc.",name:"Jorge S.",middleName:null,surname:"Ferráez Hernández",slug:"jorge-s.-ferraez-hernandez",fullName:"Jorge S. Ferráez Hernández"}]},{id:"61218",title:"Silver Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Characterization and Applications",slug:"silver-nanoparticles-synthesis-characterization-and-applications",totalDownloads:4424,totalCrossrefCites:17,totalDimensionsCites:37,book:{slug:"silver-nanoparticles-fabrication-characterization-and-applications",title:"Silver Nanoparticles",fullTitle:"Silver Nanoparticles - Fabrication, Characterization and Applications"},signatures:"Neelu Chouhan",authors:[{id:"208475",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Neelu",middleName:null,surname:"Chouhan",slug:"neelu-chouhan",fullName:"Neelu Chouhan"}]},{id:"51598",title:"Graphene‐Based Materials Functionalization with Natural Polymeric Biomolecules",slug:"graphene-based-materials-functionalization-with-natural-polymeric-biomolecules",totalDownloads:2804,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:13,book:{slug:"recent-advances-in-graphene-research",title:"Recent Advances in Graphene Research",fullTitle:"Recent Advances in Graphene Research"},signatures:"Edgar Jimenez‐Cervantes Amieva, Juventino López‐Barroso, Ana\nLaura Martínez‐Hernández and Carlos Velasco‐Santos",authors:[{id:"178665",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Velasco-Santos",slug:"carlos-velasco-santos",fullName:"Carlos Velasco-Santos"},{id:"178667",title:"Prof.",name:"Ana Laura",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Hernandez",slug:"ana-laura-martinez-hernandez",fullName:"Ana Laura Martínez-Hernandez"},{id:"183423",title:"MSc.",name:"Edgar",middleName:null,surname:"Jimenez-Cervantes A.",slug:"edgar-jimenez-cervantes-a.",fullName:"Edgar Jimenez-Cervantes A."},{id:"183424",title:"MSc.",name:"Juventino",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez-Barroso",slug:"juventino-lopez-barroso",fullName:"Juventino Lopez-Barroso"}]},{id:"60486",title:"Assessment of Nano-toxicity and Safety Profiles of Silver Nanoparticles",slug:"assessment-of-nano-toxicity-and-safety-profiles-of-silver-nanoparticles",totalDownloads:1106,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:6,book:{slug:"silver-nanoparticles-fabrication-characterization-and-applications",title:"Silver Nanoparticles",fullTitle:"Silver Nanoparticles - Fabrication, Characterization and Applications"},signatures:"Yasemin Budama-Kilinc, Rabia Cakir-Koc, Tolga Zorlu, Burak\nOzdemir, Zeynep Karavelioglu, Abdurrahim Can Egil and Serda\nKecel-Gunduz",authors:[{id:"146042",title:"MSc.",name:"Rabia",middleName:null,surname:"Cakir Koc",slug:"rabia-cakir-koc",fullName:"Rabia Cakir Koc"},{id:"182570",title:"Dr.",name:"Yasemin",middleName:null,surname:"Budama Kilinc",slug:"yasemin-budama-kilinc",fullName:"Yasemin Budama Kilinc"},{id:"239962",title:"MSc.",name:"Burak",middleName:null,surname:"Özdemir",slug:"burak-ozdemir",fullName:"Burak Özdemir"},{id:"241550",title:"Dr.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Zorlu",slug:"tolga-zorlu",fullName:"Tolga Zorlu"},{id:"241551",title:"MSc.",name:"Zeynep",middleName:null,surname:"Karavelioglu",slug:"zeynep-karavelioglu",fullName:"Zeynep Karavelioglu"},{id:"241552",title:"BSc.",name:"A. Can",middleName:null,surname:"Egil",slug:"a.-can-egil",fullName:"A. Can Egil"},{id:"241998",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Serda",middleName:null,surname:"Kecel-Gunduz",slug:"serda-kecel-gunduz",fullName:"Serda Kecel-Gunduz"}]},{id:"55609",title:"Polymer Nanocomposites",slug:"polymer-nanocomposites",totalDownloads:1380,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"nanostructured-materials-fabrication-to-applications",title:"Nanostructured Materials",fullTitle:"Nanostructured Materials - Fabrication to Applications"},signatures:"Maria Inês Bruno Tavares, Emerson Oliveira da Silva, Paulo Rangel\nCruz da Silva and Lívia Rodrigues de Menezes",authors:[{id:"195554",title:"Distinguished Prof.",name:"Maria Ines",middleName:null,surname:"Tavares",slug:"maria-ines-tavares",fullName:"Maria Ines Tavares"},{id:"195603",title:"Dr.",name:"Paulo Sergio",middleName:"Rangel Cruz",surname:"Silva",slug:"paulo-sergio-silva",fullName:"Paulo Sergio Silva"},{id:"195604",title:"Dr.",name:"Emerson O",middleName:null,surname:"Silva",slug:"emerson-o-silva",fullName:"Emerson O Silva"},{id:"195605",title:"Dr.",name:"Livia R",middleName:null,surname:"Menezes",slug:"livia-r-menezes",fullName:"Livia R Menezes"}]},{id:"54750",title:"Ferrite Nanostructures Consolidated by Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS)",slug:"ferrite-nanostructures-consolidated-by-spark-plasma-sintering-sps-",totalDownloads:1087,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,book:{slug:"nanostructured-materials-fabrication-to-applications",title:"Nanostructured Materials",fullTitle:"Nanostructured Materials - Fabrication to Applications"},signatures:"Romain Breitwieser, Ulises Acevedo, Souad Ammar and Raul\nValenzuela",authors:[{id:"167617",title:"Prof.",name:"Raul",middleName:null,surname:"Valenzuela",slug:"raul-valenzuela",fullName:"Raul Valenzuela"},{id:"167619",title:"Dr.",name:"Ulises",middleName:null,surname:"Acevedo Salas",slug:"ulises-acevedo-salas",fullName:"Ulises Acevedo Salas"},{id:"196829",title:"Dr.",name:"Romain",middleName:null,surname:"Brietweiser",slug:"romain-brietweiser",fullName:"Romain Brietweiser"},{id:"196830",title:"Prof.",name:"Souad",middleName:null,surname:"Ammar",slug:"souad-ammar",fullName:"Souad Ammar"}]},{id:"61862",title:"Exploring the Effect of Operational Factors and Characterization Imperative to the Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles",slug:"exploring-the-effect-of-operational-factors-and-characterization-imperative-to-the-synthesis-of-silv",totalDownloads:987,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:6,book:{slug:"silver-nanoparticles-fabrication-characterization-and-applications",title:"Silver Nanoparticles",fullTitle:"Silver Nanoparticles - Fabrication, Characterization and Applications"},signatures:"Adewumi O. Dada, Folahan A. Adekola, Oluyomi S. Adeyemi,\nOluwasesan M. Bello, Adetunji C. Oluwaseun, Oluwakemi J.\nAwakan and Femi-Adepoju A. Grace",authors:[{id:"34132",title:"Dr.",name:"Folahan",middleName:null,surname:"A. Adekola",slug:"folahan-a.-adekola",fullName:"Folahan A. Adekola"},{id:"65667",title:"Dr.",name:"Oluyomi",middleName:null,surname:"Adeyemi",slug:"oluyomi-adeyemi",fullName:"Oluyomi Adeyemi"},{id:"208501",title:"Dr.",name:"Adewumi",middleName:null,surname:"Dada",slug:"adewumi-dada",fullName:"Adewumi Dada"},{id:"222614",title:"Dr.",name:"Charles",middleName:null,surname:"Adetunji",slug:"charles-adetunji",fullName:"Charles Adetunji"},{id:"240641",title:"Dr.",name:"Oluwasesan Micheal",middleName:null,surname:"Bello",slug:"oluwasesan-micheal-bello",fullName:"Oluwasesan Micheal Bello"},{id:"241975",title:"Dr.",name:"Oluwakemi Josephine",middleName:null,surname:"Awakan",slug:"oluwakemi-josephine-awakan",fullName:"Oluwakemi Josephine Awakan"},{id:"246421",title:"Dr.",name:"Abiola Grace",middleName:null,surname:"Femi-Adepoju",slug:"abiola-grace-femi-adepoju",fullName:"Abiola Grace Femi-Adepoju"}]},{id:"55009",title:"Nanotechnology in Herbicide Resistance",slug:"nanotechnology-in-herbicide-resistance",totalDownloads:1427,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:11,book:{slug:"nanostructured-materials-fabrication-to-applications",title:"Nanostructured Materials",fullTitle:"Nanostructured Materials - Fabrication to Applications"},signatures:"Evy Alice Abigail and Ramalingam Chidambaram",authors:[{id:"199591",title:"Prof.",name:"Ramalingam",middleName:null,surname:"Chidambaram",slug:"ramalingam-chidambaram",fullName:"Ramalingam Chidambaram"},{id:"203102",title:"Dr.",name:"Evy Alice",middleName:null,surname:"Abigail",slug:"evy-alice-abigail",fullName:"Evy Alice Abigail"}]},{id:"60180",title:"Synthesis, Characterization and Antimicrobial Properties of Silver Nanocomposites",slug:"synthesis-characterization-and-antimicrobial-properties-of-silver-nanocomposites",totalDownloads:1265,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,book:{slug:"silver-nanoparticles-fabrication-characterization-and-applications",title:"Silver Nanoparticles",fullTitle:"Silver Nanoparticles - Fabrication, Characterization and Applications"},signatures:"Mudassar Abbas, Nida Naeem, Hina Iftikhar and Usman Latif",authors:[{id:"225082",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Mudassar",middleName:null,surname:"Abbas",slug:"mudassar-abbas",fullName:"Mudassar Abbas"},{id:"240184",title:"Ms.",name:"Nida",middleName:null,surname:"Naeem",slug:"nida-naeem",fullName:"Nida Naeem"},{id:"240185",title:"Ms.",name:"Hina",middleName:null,surname:"Iftikhar",slug:"hina-iftikhar",fullName:"Hina Iftikhar"},{id:"240186",title:"Dr.",name:"Usman",middleName:null,surname:"Latif",slug:"usman-latif",fullName:"Usman Latif"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"metals-and-nonmetals-nanotechnology",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10176",title:"Microgrids and Local Energy Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c32b4a5351a88f263074b0d0ca813a9c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Nick Jenkins",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10176.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"55219",title:"Prof.",name:"Nick",middleName:null,surname:"Jenkins",slug:"nick-jenkins",fullName:"Nick Jenkins"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:8,limit:8,total:1},route:{name:"book.detail",path:"/books/advanced-understanding-of-neurodegenerative-diseases",hash:"",query:{},params:{book:"advanced-understanding-of-neurodegenerative-diseases"},fullPath:"/books/advanced-understanding-of-neurodegenerative-diseases",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()