\\n\\n
IntechOpen Book Series will also publish a program of research-driven Thematic Edited Volumes that focus on specific areas and allow for a more in-depth overview of a particular subject.
\\n\\nIntechOpen Book Series will be launching regularly to offer our authors and editors exciting opportunities to publish their research Open Access. We will begin by relaunching some of our existing Book Series in this innovative book format, and will expand in 2022 into rapidly growing research fields that are driving and advancing society.
\\n\\nLaunching 2021
\\n\\nArtificial Intelligence, ISSN 2633-1403
\\n\\nVeterinary Medicine and Science, ISSN 2632-0517
\\n\\nBiochemistry, ISSN 2632-0983
\\n\\nBiomedical Engineering, ISSN 2631-5343
\\n\\nInfectious Diseases, ISSN 2631-6188
\\n\\nPhysiology (Coming Soon)
\\n\\nDentistry (Coming Soon)
\\n\\nWe invite you to explore our IntechOpen Book Series, find the right publishing program for you and reach your desired audience in record time.
\\n\\nNote: Edited in October 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/132"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'With the desire to make book publishing more relevant for the digital age and offer innovative Open Access publishing options, we are thrilled to announce the launch of our new publishing format: IntechOpen Book Series.
\n\nDesigned to cover fast-moving research fields in rapidly expanding areas, our Book Series feature a Topic structure allowing us to present the most relevant sub-disciplines. Book Series are headed by Series Editors, and a team of Topic Editors supported by international Editorial Board members. Topics are always open for submissions, with an Annual Volume published each calendar year.
\n\nAfter a robust peer-review process, accepted works are published quickly, thanks to Online First, ensuring research is made available to the scientific community without delay.
\n\nOur innovative Book Series format brings you:
\n\nIntechOpen Book Series will also publish a program of research-driven Thematic Edited Volumes that focus on specific areas and allow for a more in-depth overview of a particular subject.
\n\nIntechOpen Book Series will be launching regularly to offer our authors and editors exciting opportunities to publish their research Open Access. We will begin by relaunching some of our existing Book Series in this innovative book format, and will expand in 2022 into rapidly growing research fields that are driving and advancing society.
\n\nLaunching 2021
\n\nArtificial Intelligence, ISSN 2633-1403
\n\nVeterinary Medicine and Science, ISSN 2632-0517
\n\nBiochemistry, ISSN 2632-0983
\n\nBiomedical Engineering, ISSN 2631-5343
\n\nInfectious Diseases, ISSN 2631-6188
\n\nPhysiology (Coming Soon)
\n\nDentistry (Coming Soon)
\n\nWe invite you to explore our IntechOpen Book Series, find the right publishing program for you and reach your desired audience in record time.
\n\nNote: Edited in October 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"8892",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Textile Manufacturing Processes",title:"Textile Manufacturing Processes",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Textile manufacturing is an important subject in textile programs and processing industries. The introduction of manmade and synthetic fibers, such as polyester, nylon, acrylic, cellulose, and Kevlar, among others, has greatly expanded the variety of textile products available today. In addition, new fiber development has brought about new machines for producing yarns, fabrics, and garments. Textile Manufacturing Processes is a collection of academic and research work in the field of textile manufacturing. Written by experts, chapters cover topics such as yarn manufacturing, fabric manufacturing, and garment and technical textiles. This book is useful for students, industry workers, and anyone interested in learning the fundamentals of textile manufacturing.",isbn:"978-1-78985-106-9",printIsbn:"978-1-78985-105-2",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83881-845-6",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.82131",price:100,priceEur:109,priceUsd:129,slug:"textile-manufacturing-processes",numberOfPages:98,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,isInBkci:!1,hash:"1437c101708777875352cbfd31f6241b",bookSignature:"Faheem Uddin",publishedDate:"August 28th 2019",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8892.jpg",numberOfDownloads:9427,numberOfWosCitations:10,numberOfCrossrefCitations:19,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:2,numberOfDimensionsCitations:34,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:5,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:63,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"January 9th 2019",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"January 30th 2019",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"March 31st 2019",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"June 19th 2019",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"August 18th 2019",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"228107",title:"Prof.",name:"Faheem",middleName:null,surname:"Uddin",slug:"faheem-uddin",fullName:"Faheem Uddin",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/228107/images/system/228107.png",biography:"Faheem Uddin earned a Ph.D. in Textile Special Finishing from the University of Manchester, UK. His current research interests are in the processing of the textile fiber, clay study, flame retardancy, cellulose/cotton cross-linking, and environment-friendly processing. He is the principal author of more than 40 research publications in reputed journals. He is the author of the Higher Education Commission (HEC) award-winning research paper on montmorillonite clay that is a highly cited paper to date and has over 26 000 ResearchGate reads. He is a fellow of The Textile Institute, United Kingdom, and received the Best Research Paper Award by HEC, Pakistan, and the Research Productivity Award, PSF, Pakistan, and RULA Best Researcher of The Year 2019. He is presently serving as a professor at Iqra University, Karachi, Pakistan",institutionString:"Iqra University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"Iqra University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1376",title:"Manufacturing Engineering",slug:"textile-engineering-manufacturing-engineering"}],chapters:[{id:"68157",title:"Introductory Chapter: Textile Manufacturing Processes",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.87968",slug:"introductory-chapter-textile-manufacturing-processes",totalDownloads:4353,totalCrossrefCites:13,totalDimensionsCites:23,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Faheem Uddin",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68157",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68157",authors:[{id:"228107",title:"Prof.",name:"Faheem",surname:"Uddin",slug:"faheem-uddin",fullName:"Faheem Uddin"}],corrections:null},{id:"67275",title:"Seam Performance of Garments",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86436",slug:"seam-performance-of-garments",totalDownloads:1817,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:9,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Seams are basic requirements in the manufacturing of garments. In general, seam performance has a great influence on the garment quality. Seam and stitch types affect the quality and appearance of garments. Seams of the garment must be durable and smooth. Stitch and seam types and stitch and seam parameters should be selected according to the garment and fabric type. Appearance and performance of the seams are dependent upon the stitch and seam types, stitch and seam parameters, seam defects and damages. Seam performance of a garment also depends on structural and mechanical properties of the fabric and strength, extensibility, security, durability, appearance and efficiency of the seams. In this study, the importance of the seam performance of garments is investigated. In this context, stitch and seam types used in garments are explained. However, the stitch and seam parameters, sewing needle penetration force, needle damage index, seam defects and damages that are effective at seam performance have been explained and their relations with each other are compared.",signatures:"Ayca Gurarda",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/67275",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/67275",authors:[{id:"9972",title:"Dr.",name:"Ayça",surname:"Gurarda",slug:"ayca-gurarda",fullName:"Ayça Gurarda"}],corrections:null},{id:"67887",title:"Innovation in the Comfort of Intimate Apparel",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.87115",slug:"innovation-in-the-comfort-of-intimate-apparel",totalDownloads:1406,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Intimate apparel is the most important clothing layer since it acts as human’s second skin due to contact with the skin directly. The comfort issues for intimate apparels are sensorial, thermal, motion, and aesthetical, all of which are interrelated. Since intimate apparel is an inner layer in between the skin and the outerwear, its thermal comfort is very important. Transferring moisture from the clothing to the environment through diffusion, wicking, sorption, and evaporation is regulated by the thickness and tightness of the fabric. On the other part, the behavior of fabric is affected by chemical and physical properties of its constituent fibers, fiber content, physical and mechanical characteristics of its constituent yarns, and the finishing treatments. Thus, major fiber manufacturers such as Nylstar, Invista, and Lenzing have launched different types of fibers such as Meryl Skinlife, Tactel, Tencel, etc., which are suitable for intimate apparel. The aim of this chapter is to introduce the latest developments in fibers used in the manufacturing of intimate apparel products and their contribution to clothing comfort, which the apparels give when the body does not limit its movement and regulation mechanism of its own temperature.",signatures:"Sena Cimilli Duru, Cevza Candan and Banu Uygun Nergis",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/67887",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/67887",authors:[{id:"171907",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Sena Cimilli",surname:"Duru",slug:"sena-cimilli-duru",fullName:"Sena Cimilli Duru"},{id:"172112",title:"Prof.",name:"Cevza",surname:"Candan",slug:"cevza-candan",fullName:"Cevza Candan"},{id:"304795",title:"Prof.",name:"Banu",surname:"Nergis",slug:"banu-nergis",fullName:"Banu Nergis"}],corrections:null},{id:"67473",title:"Simulations of Yarn Unwinding from Packages",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86767",slug:"simulations-of-yarn-unwinding-from-packages",totalDownloads:813,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Yarn unwinding from stationary packages has an important role in many textile processes. In order to achieve high unwinding velocity that can lead to increased production rate, it is necessary to develop packages with a suitable geometry, dimensions, and winding type. The optimal design of the package leads to an optimal form of the balloon and low and uniform tension at high unwinding speed. In this work I will show a simple mathematical model which can be used for simulating the unwinding process. Using experimental values I will find a relation between the angular velocity of the yarn around the axis and the tension. This will allow me to calculate the oscillations of the tension in the yarn during the unwinding from packages of different geometries and with different winding angles. I will find an optimal design for a package of a new generation.",signatures:"Stanislav Praček and Nace Pušnik",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/67473",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/67473",authors:[{id:"294038",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislav",surname:"Praček",slug:"stanislav-pracek",fullName:"Stanislav Praček"},{id:"295194",title:"Dr.",name:"Nace",surname:"Pušnik",slug:"nace-pusnik",fullName:"Nace Pušnik"}],corrections:null},{id:"68226",title:"Stab Resistant Analysis of Body Armour Design Features Manufactured via Fused Deposition Modelling Process",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86439",slug:"stab-resistant-analysis-of-body-armour-design-features-manufactured-via-fused-deposition-modelling-p",totalDownloads:1043,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Five designs of imbricate scale armour features for stab-resistant application were printed via fused deposition modelling process. Stab test on these designs against the HOSDB KR1-E1 stab-resistant body armour standard with impact energy of 24 Joules was conducted. The stab test was conducted on a number of samples measured thicknesses ranging from 4.0 to 10.0 mm by using Instron CEAST 9340 Drop Impact Tower to determine a minimum thickness that resulted in a knife penetration through the underside of sample which does not exceed the maximum penetration permissibility of 7.0 mm. Materials used for the samples were ABS-M30 and PC-ABS. Finally, one of the designs which offered the highest knife penetration resistance was selected. The results show that PC-ABS samples provide less shattering and lower overall knife penetration depth in comparison with ABS-M30. PC-ABS stab test demonstrated a minimum thickness of 8.0 mm, which was the most adequate to be used in the development of FDM manufactured body armour design features. Lastly, the design feature of D5 has shown to exhibit the highest resistance to the knife penetration due to the penetration depth of 3.02 mm, which was the lowest compared to other design features.",signatures:"Shajahan Maidin, See Ying Chong, Ting Kung Heing, Zulkeflee Abdullah and Rizal Alkahari",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68226",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68226",authors:[{id:"244347",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Shajahan",surname:"Bin Maidin",slug:"shajahan-bin-maidin",fullName:"Shajahan Bin Maidin"},{id:"289586",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohd Rizal",surname:"Alkahari",slug:"mohd-rizal-alkahari",fullName:"Mohd Rizal Alkahari"},{id:"301575",title:"MSc.",name:"See Ying",surname:"Chong",slug:"see-ying-chong",fullName:"See Ying Chong"},{id:"301576",title:"Mr.",name:"Ting",surname:"Kung Hieng",slug:"ting-kung-hieng",fullName:"Ting Kung Hieng"},{id:"301577",title:"Dr.",name:"Zulkeflee",surname:"Abdullah",slug:"zulkeflee-abdullah",fullName:"Zulkeflee Abdullah"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10552",title:"Montmorillonite Clay",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c4a279761f0bb046af95ecd32ab09e51",slug:"montmorillonite-clay",bookSignature:"Faheem Uddin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10552.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"228107",title:"Prof.",name:"Faheem",surname:"Uddin",slug:"faheem-uddin",fullName:"Faheem Uddin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3137",title:"Eco-Friendly Textile Dyeing and Finishing",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"78714c655bf80050e9713a50a0581ccb",slug:"eco-friendly-textile-dyeing-and-finishing",bookSignature:"Melih Günay",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3137.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"33126",title:"Dr.",name:"Melih",surname:"Gunay",slug:"melih-gunay",fullName:"Melih Gunay"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5086",title:"Textile Wastewater Treatment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"793e019e29b364d0daa8031b0800c3c3",slug:"textile-wastewater-treatment",bookSignature:"E. 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Antonio Ibarra",authors:[{id:"72488",title:"Dr.",name:"José Juan Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Ibarra Arias",fullName:"José Juan Antonio Ibarra Arias",slug:"jose-juan-antonio-ibarra-arias"},{id:"120571",title:"Mr.",name:"Humberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mestre",fullName:"Humberto Mestre",slug:"humberto-mestre"}]},{id:"24853",title:"Neurodegenerative Disease Monitoring Using a Portable Wireless Sensor Device",slug:"neurodegenerative-disease-monitoring-using-a-portable-wireless-sensor-device",signatures:"Paul Bustamante, Gonzalo Solas and Karol Grandez",authors:[{id:"79425",title:"MSc.",name:"Gonzalo",middleName:null,surname:"Solas",fullName:"Gonzalo Solas",slug:"gonzalo-solas"},{id:"79430",title:"Dr.",name:"Paul",middleName:null,surname:"Bustamante",fullName:"Paul Bustamante",slug:"paul-bustamante"},{id:"79431",title:"MSc.",name:"Karol",middleName:null,surname:"Grandez",fullName:"Karol Grandez",slug:"karol-grandez"}]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10577",title:"Clinical and 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Systems",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.94835",slug:"advancements-in-optical-data-transmission-and-security-systems",body:'The use of wireline and wireless communications is very common in a wide range of devices. The increased complexity of the core transmission systems is reflected in a set of advancements in data communications and specifically in Optical Communication [1]. The elastic Optical Network (EON) concept is an optical network architecture able to support the increased need for elasticity in allocating optical network resources. Flexible bandwidth allocation is performed to adapt to different transmission techniques, such as Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM), Nyquist WDM (NWDM), transponder types (BVT1, S-BVT), modulation formats (QPSK, QAM), and coding rates. This flexibility makes resource allocation much more challenging. Dynamic control, enables on-demand reconfiguration, virtualization, and reconfiguring the optical setup poses challenges in terms of network re-optimization, spectrum fragmentation, amplifier power settings, which requires strict integration between the control elements (controllers and orchestrators) and optical monitors working at the hardware level. EON is just an example of the recent expansion of the optical communication area. Hence, more information is presented in the rest of this chapter.
The chapter is organized as follows: Section 2 provides an overview of recent OC advancements in terms of capacity, speed, and error handling. Section 3 provides a brief overview of the security issues and corresponding solutions in the physical layer of OC. In Section 4 we describe new concepts and technologies in implementing advanced OC capabilities. Section 5 presents two examples of constraint situations where OC provides the best solution in terms of capacity, throughput, and security strength. In Section 6 we describe the use of OC for ultra-distance and ultra-secure free-space key exchange mechanisms and in Section 7 we describe in detail a unique use of OC for secured key exchange. Section 8 provides the summary and conclusions of this chapter.
In this section, we outline recent advancements in optical communications concerning capacity, speed, and security. Recent demands for high-speed optical transmission technology triggered the development of advanced modulation formats, such as dual polarization-1024-level-quadrature amplitude modulation, ultra-fast digital-to-analog converters at the transmitter terminal, and nonlinearity intolerance. A new technology called super-channel [2], provides a feasible solution that offers very high-speed, long-distance, spectral-efficient, and large data capacity links with reliable performance. It involves the use of multiple sub-carriers for data transmission over a single-channel using dual polarization-quadrature phase shift keying (DP-QPSK). These unique modulation formats have a capacity of more than 100 Gbps over a single channel. However, they suffer from multipath fading, nonlinearity loss, and phase distortion loss, and limitation of maximum supported links. These limitations are mitigated using coherent detection and digital signal processing (DSP) at the receiver terminal for enhanced performance. In Nyquist-WDM super-channel transmission, the spectral-efficiency of the link is improved by transmitting independent wavelength channels using lower-order advanced modulation formats with channel spacing equal to the baud rate of the system. Experiments demonstrated the transmission of 1 Tbps data over a 7200 km transoceanic link with 2.86 bits/s/Hz spectral efficiency using a digital Nyquist-WDM super-channel.
The transmission of 1.232 Tbps using DP-QPSK signals with a noise-suppressed Nyquist-WDM super-channel transmission over 2100 km single-mode fiber link with DSP at the receiver terminal for enhanced performance. The performance of dual polarized-binary phase shift keying, DP-QPSK, dual polarized-8-level-quadrature amplitude modulation, and DP-16-QAM based Nyquist-WDM super-channel transmission over pure silica-core fiber with Raman amplification. In high-speed optical fiber links, the main causes of signal deterioration are Kerr nonlinearities, polarization mode dispersion, chromatic dispersion, and optical fiber cable attenuation which limit the maximum link capacity. In contrast, in FSO links, signal attenuation offered by the external environmental condition is the main factor that determines the link performance.
Optical communication is sensitive to various environmental interference and noise, leading to transmission errors [3]. The main reasons are wind misalignment, beam divergence due to propagation, weather tempering losses due to fog, smoke, and snow, atmospheric turbulence, and background noise due to artificial lights, and in FSO the optical beam position may be missed due to misalignment between the transmitter and receiver structures.
To mitigate these effects new modulation schemes have developed such as on–off keying (OOK), forward error correction (FEC), pulse width modulation (PWM), pulse position modulation (PPM), multiple PPM, digital pulse interval modulation (DPIM), binary phase-shift keying (BPSK), concatenated RS codes, short hops systems leading to performance improvements, turbo codes, low-density parity-check codes, and spatial diversity.
Practical testing and simulations [4] of PPM show that the probability of error is minimum for the maximum likelihood estimate of the stationary beam position, and for the dynamically varying beam position, a filter with a large number of particles provides a close-to-optimal probability of error performance.
The continuous evolution of optical networks in terms of heterogeneity, flexibility, applications, data flow volume, bandwidth, and reliable performance, raises security issues which are unique to OC. Optical networks are vulnerable to several types of security breaches aiming to disrupt the service or gain unauthorized access to the system. The evolution of programmable and flexible node architecture software has resulted in new security vulnerabilities that need to be considered during network design and operation. This section provides an overview of potential security issues in current and future optical networks and identifies possible attacks that utilize the associated vulnerabilities. It includes privacy, authentication, integrity, denial of service, and confidentiality. An attacker can snoop by tapping into the optical fiber or by interference radiated from an adjacent spectrum of confidential signals and go undetected for quite some time. An overview of common security issues and attack methods targeting optical networks is presented below.
Network Coding (NC) proposed to cope with physical OC security issues:
Network Coding (NC) is used in optical networks for protection against link failures, to improve spectral efficiency in multicasting, and protect confidential connections against eavesdropping attacks. The confidential signals are XOR-ed with other signals transmitted via different nodes in their path through the network. The signals are combined either at the source node or at intermediate nodes. To implement NC for confidential connections, a set of constraints for the NC and RSA are incorporated in the corresponding algorithms. The combination of signals through NC increases the security of confidential connections since an eavesdropper will receive a combination of signals from different connections, complicating the decryption of the confidential signal. Experiments show that NC provides comprehensive security envelop for confidential connections with minimum spectrum usage.
Using NC, connection data is merged with other connection data, generating a network-code that changes based on the connection’s transmitted data. Encrypted Transmission (ET) relates to all links of the selected path transmitting an encrypted version of their data with at least one XOR operation with other established connections. To satisfy the ET constraint, an established connection has at least two common nodes with a confidential connection. The Frequency Slot Matching (FSM), which is a subset of the frequency slots utilized by the confidential connection, must have the same id and frequency as the slots of the rest of the established connections used in the XOR operations. It is assumed that the signals used for the XOR operation are on the same frequency. Thus, an established connection with at least two common nodes with the confidential connection can either provide security for the entire path of the confidential demand (source and destination as common nodes), or it can provide security for part of the connection (source/intermediate node to intermediate/destination node). For a confidential connection to be considered secure, the selected established connections must collectively secure all links of that connection. The confidential connection is considered as secure even if only part of the signal is XOR-ed since the eavesdropper would still have to access all connections used in the encryption process to decrypt the transmitted data.
The demand for very large capacity and high-speed channels for heavy data transmission is growing increasing the demand for quick solutions. As a result, we are witness to a wide variety of proposed solutions using optical fiber and free-space wireless channels. Several solutions that have successfully coped with the transmission demand and the security challenges are presented below.
In this section, we outline recent advances in the use of Orbital Angular Momentum (OAM) to increase transmission capacity and speed [6]. It employs the orthogonality among OAM beams to enable efficient demultiplexing. Free-space communication links are widely used for data transfer applications, using optical communication or radiofrequency (RF) waves. The capacity of a communication system is increased by multiplexing and simultaneously transmitting multiple independent data streams. This is done by using the properties of the electromagnetic (EM) wave, such as time, wavelength, and polarization. Multiple data streams can be efficiently multiplexed and demultiplexed. To cope with the increasing demand for very high bandwidth, new forms of data channel multiplexing are used. One approach utilizes orthogonal spatially overlapping and copropagating spatial modes, where multiple channels, each identified by a different spatial mode, are multiplexed at the transmitter and separated at the receiver. The transmission capacity and spectral efficiency are increased by a factor equal to the number of transmitted spatial modes. Each data symbol is sequentially transmitted by a different OAM beam, within each time slot. A group of orthogonal OAM beams is used to spatially multiplex multiple data streams. Combining OAM multiplexing with polarization we can get very high xTpbs speed communications such as four OAM beams on each of the two orthogonal polarizations are combined resulting in multiplexed eight OAM modes. The received OAM beams are then de-multiplexed at the receiver and sequentially detected to recover the data streams. All eight OAM data channels are located on the same wavelength, providing spectral benefits. Then the experiment was expanded by adding the wavelength dimension, simultaneously using OAM, polarization, and wavelength for multiplexing. A total of 1008 data channels were carried by 12 OAM values, two polarizations, and 42 wavelengths. Each channel was encoded with 50GBd quadrature phase-shift keying, providing an aggregate capacity of 100.8 Tbps. An additional experiment described the multiplexing process where multiple independent data channels, each on a different OAM beam, are spatially combined, and the resulting multiplexed OAM beams are then transmitted via a single aperture towards the receiver. After coaxially propagating through the same free-space channel, the arriving beams are collected at the receiver by another slot, and subsequently demultiplexed and detected for data recovery.
Chaotic systems provide physical layer security in secure OC [7]. This began with a data rate of 2.4 Gbps for a distance of 120 km, and later was improved to 10-Gbps for a 100-km optical fiber link and even further to 30-Gbps secure transmission over 100 km using a chaotic carrier with a bandwidth of 10 GHz. The transmission capacity of chaos-based secure communication is limited by the bandwidth of the chaotic carrier. The wider the bandwidth of the chaotic carrier the higher the transmission rate it supports. To enhance the bandwidth of chaos, several methods have been proposed such as optical injection, mutual injection, fiber propagation, feedback with parallel-coupling ring resonators, heterodyning couplings, and self-phase-modulated feedback with microsphere resonator.
Following is a description of an enhanced wideband chaos generation scheme. To increase bandwidth, it is using an external-cavity semiconductor laser (ECSL) subject to optical-electronic hybrid feedback. The output is used to modulate the output of a continuous-wave laser by an electro-optical phase modulator. The constant-amplitude self-phase-modulated light is then inserted back into the ECSL. Experiments indicate that the effective bandwidth of the generated chaos is increased to over 20 GHz, and the spectrum flatness and the complexity of the generated chaos. The experiments demonstrated that high-quality synchronization between two wideband chaos signals with an effective bandwidth greater than 20 GHz is achieved, showing the valuable potential in chaos-based secure communication, such as enhancing the transmission capacity and improving the security. The experiments prove that the significant bandwidth and the complexity enhancement of chaos are achieved in the proposed chaos generation scheme. Results indicate that the proposed scheme can easily obtain a wideband chaotic signal with an effective bandwidth larger than 20 GHz.
The huge volume of data transmitted over optical networks requires the integration of a data protection mechanism adapted to the specific attributes of optical fiber communications. Y-00 [8] quantum-noise randomized stream cipher is built to prevent attackers from capturing the transmitted encrypted text. It merges the mathematical encryption of multi-level signaling and the physical randomness, thereby providing high performance and robust security. It uses extremely high-order modulation together with quantum and additive noises. The achieved secrecy level is high as the probability of the attackers guessing the encrypted data is very low. Experiments show that the Y-00 cipher transceiver on a 1000-km transmission range, with a data rate of 1.5-Gbps and using analytical high secrecy, performed successfully.
Y-00 cipher is a symmetric key encryption method combined with multi-level signaling of physical randomness to hide the transmitted ciphertext. A receiver recovers the original signal of plaintext from the cipher signal masked with noise using a shared key and mathematical signal processing. The light from a laser diode enables the cipher signal transmission to the receiver. The Quantum/ASE randomized noise cipher is dominant when the Y-00 cipher communication system is used in a long-haul link using optical amplifiers. Hence, masking the signal with an additive quantum noise is more robust against attackers and is a practical advantage compared to classical cryptography utilizing just mathematical encryption. The probability that an attacker will guess the correct encrypted text is considerably low under such assumptions.
The availability of 5G communications and the Internet of Things (IoT) exponentially increase the number of devices connected to the internet, generating a huge volume of transmitted data [9]. The main features of the 5G communication services include high capacity, low latency, high security, vast device connectivity, low energy consumption, and high quality of experience (QoE). OWC seems to satisfy the derived requirements by its unique attributes: wide spectrum, high-data-rate, low latency, high security, low cost, and low energy consumption. OWC contains visible light communication (VLC), light fidelity (LiFi), optical camera communication (OCC), and free-space optics (FSO). Its technologies may play the role of sensing, monitoring, and resource sharing in comprehensive device connectivity of IoT, and meet 5G and IoT high-security requirements. Hence, OWC is the right fit for 5GB and IoT.
The VLC uses light-emitting diodes (LEDs) or laser diodes (LDs) as transmitters and photodetectors (PDs) as receivers. Only visible light (VL) is used as the communication medium in the VLC. LiFi provides high-speed wireless connectivity along with illumination and uses LEDs or defuse LDs as transmitters and PDs as receivers. It uses VL for the forward path and infrared (IR) as the communication medium for the return path. The OCC uses a LED array as a transmitter and a camera as a receiver. FSO uses LD and PD as the transmitter and the receiver, respectively. It is normally operated using Appl. Sci. IR as the communication means but can also use VL and UV. There are several OWC technologies. The differences between these technologies are very specific. The unique characteristic of VLC is the use of visible light as a communication media. A LiFi system supports seamless mobility, bidirectional communication, and point-to-multipoint, as well as multipoint-to-point communications. The OCC system uses a camera or image sensor as a receiver among all the OWC technologies. The OCC uses an LED array or light as a transmitter and a camera or image sensor as a receiver. OCC normally uses VL or IR as the communication medium.
The transmission rate of the 5G mobile communication systems is expected to reach an average of 1 Gbps at a 10 Gbps peak rate. An external network hacker device cannot pick up the internal optical signal. The information can be exchanged in a highly secure manner. In summary, the OWC systems offer a higher level of security for the 5G/6G and IoT networks.
The incorporation and spread out of OC technologies are dictated by the benefits and impact it is expected to achieve. Hence, most of the efforts are towards the long-distance, high capacity, high bandwidth, and high data rate. However, some efforts are put towards local solutions and small-scale implementations. The following are two examples of such implementations.
Data-center networks have much shorter transmission distances but much higher transmitted data than common network topologies [10]. Therefore, traditional telecommunication components are redundant and costly. Consequently, VCSELs, active optical cables, and parallel fiber transmission are used by data centers. With the significant increase in traffic inside the data center, the required bandwidth is increasing dramatically. Broadband optical modulators such as electro-absorption modulators (EAMs) and Mach–Zehndermodulators (MZMs) in combination with colored distributed feedback laser arrays are combined to build and Ultra-high-bandwidth and low energy links based on WDM technology. To further increase to Tbps bandwidth, a large number of lasers are used.
Another improvement is gained by using Optical switches which are completely different from electronic packet switches but when combined they complement each other. Hence, optical switches and conventional electronic switches are combined in the same architecture generating improved performance. Optical switches are used to adapt the network to specific traffic patterns, such as pairs of nodes exchanging high traffic levels that can have more bandwidth when using optical networks. However, the reconfiguration of an optical switch requires phase-locking and modifications of the routing tables. To overcome this issue and improve performance, optical reconfigurations are fully automated. Improving the utilization of the resources by reconfiguration of disaggregated elements enables the reduction of components and energy consumption by putting underused components in a sleep mode. It is possible to mitigate network congestion resulting from intense communications between servers or rack pairs by overprovisioning the network.
QKD uses light-paths via optical fibers to share encryption keys between two remote parties [13]. The key-updating process and the key adaptive routing have dedicated paths protected from link failures. Sharing quantum keys between satellites requires communication channels among microsatellites capable of transmitting keys within constellations of trusted satellites. Using optical links with 10-yard pointing accuracy allows QKD of an inter-satellite distance of 400 km. In entanglement based QKD, pairs of entangled photons are generated and sent to two separate parties, where each is sent one photon from each pair. The two parties independently make measurements on a preselected property of their polarization state. Once many such pairs have been distributed and measured, the two parties perform statistical tests and ask if the received photons were entangled. Provided the entanglement measured exceeds a predefined threshold and their hardware is free of vulnerabilities, they can be sure that the security of the protocol. Then they use their private knowledge of the quantum states as a common source of entropy to derive symmetric keying material for encryption schemes.
A Quantum Module (QM) is a polarization-entangled photon-pair source and single-photon detectors that can operate as a qubit transmitter or receiver. The transmitting QM locally measures and timestamps one of the photons in each pair and sends the other photon of each pair to the receiver, where it is detected and timestamped by a receiving QM. These timestamps and measurement outcomes are used to synchronize the detections and subsequently to create a symmetric encryption key. The QM contains a laser diode that initiates spontaneous-parametric-down-conversion in beta-barium-borate crystals generating pairs of photons with specific wavelengths. The photons in each pair are entangled such that their polarization states are undefined until a measurement is made, at which point they will have correlated polarizations. In the transmitter QM, “signal” photons are transmitted, and the “idler” photons are detected within the QM by silicon avalanche photodiodes. Both satellites have a QM and both can send and receive entangled signal photons. The two satellites use a beacon laser and a beacon detector to monitor the other satellite’s beacon and control the relative pointing between them. A beam pointing correction signal is provided to a two-axis fast steering mirror, which compensates for high-frequency beam misalignment between the two spacecraft and optimizes the optical link for the transmission of entangled photons. The optical bench provides thermal and mechanical isolations and it is attached to the spacecraft structure. The reaction wheels have been placed, so that their spin axes are as near as possible to the center of gravity to minimize jitter of the pointing stability of the telescope.
Key distribution is a growing concern for symmetric cryptography. Most of the current key-distribution mechanisms assume the use of the Internet and WAN public networks, which are exposed to security risks. Robust cryptographic mechanisms, such as Diffie-Helman (DH) and RSA algorithms are used along with Certificate Authority (CA), which generates certificates and distributes them simultaneously to the sender and receiver via alternate channels. These existing solutions are limited. DH and RSA are at threat since the introduction of Quantum computing and PKI/CA are effective in relatively local cases. Hence, new ideas are required. This section introduces a new approach for a safe key transmission using high-speed optical camera communication (OCC), Visible light communication (VLC) is a type of wireless communication. The data is transmitted through modulating the visible light spectrum. The key transfer is done using VLC with blinking LED lights in a specific sequence and frequency, following a coding system. The receiver decodes the received blinks to a bit string using a corresponding image processing application. Optical communication ensures secure transfer without the ability to quote it. Experiment results show that this method is feasible, robust, efficient, and implementable.
In symmetric cryptography, the same key is used for encrypting and decrypting the exchanged data. Sharing the same key requires a key transmission between the sender and the receiver. To avoid key discovery while transmitted, several protocols have been proposed, such as the Diffie-Hellman protocol and Asymmetric Cryptography such as RSA. The evolvement of Quantum Computing makes redundant any known cryptography. Using a reliable third-party able to generate certificates and encryption keys and simultaneously distributes it to the two parties who intend to exchange data. It is using alternate distributing channels different from the channel the two parties use for transferring the data. However, due to the growing globalization and growing distance among users and systems, and the introduction of cloud computing, this approach is complicated to manage and so became irrelevant over time. A secured key transition uses an optical communication platform.
Optical communication is simple, low cost and secured signal transmission. One of the technics is based on under-sampled differential phase shift on–off keying that can encode binary data. Arai et al. [14] define a new framing approach for high-speed optical signals transmission for road-to-vehicle communication. Luo et al. [15] use dual LED to triple the data rate transmission. Roberts [16] proposes encoding/decoding, using camera-subsampling synchronized with the camera frame rate. Leu et al. [17] introduce a new modulation scheme where the phase difference between two consecutive samples represents one-bit data.
The optical communication technique called Optical Camera Communications (OCC) is described in [18]. OCC allows the use of huge unregulated bandwidth in the optical domain spectrally located between microwave and X-ray wavelengths, as shown in Figure 1. In such a system, an image sensor and a camera are used to demodulate the transmitted signal which has been modulated according to on–off keying (OOK). Currently available devices are smart devices equipped with LED flash and cameras. This provides a pragmatic form of an Optical Wireless Communication (OWC) where LED projectors to provide the Visible Light spectrum (VLC) component and a camera as the receiving module, building a transceiver pair.
Electromagnetic spectrum range.
The OCC system uses commercial LED lighting sources that include, LED-based infrastructure lighting, LED flashes, LED tags, displays, laser diodes, image patterns, some current generation projectors. The major driving forces of OCC deployment are the widespread availability of visible light (VL) LEDs and the possibility of utilizing the camera in the smart devices to decode LED modulated data. Therefore, these LED infrastructures can be used for data transmissions using on–off keying (OOK).
A typical OCC system is shown in Figure 2, where a camera is used as a receiver, which consists of an imaging lens, image sensor, and readout circuit.
A schematic view of the OCC system.
Optical communication comprises a LED, Infra-Red, or Lazier projector and a high-speed camera embedded in a mobile phone. The projector projects a beam of light to the direction of the camera. The camera has an embedded CMOS image sensor capturing the projected beam. The beam on/off projection duration and frequency is according to an encoding pattern agreed with the receiving camera. The receiving camera records in a video the projection session and saves it in its internal storage. The recorded projection is decoded into bits, where for an “on” beam the corresponding decoding bit is set to “1”, otherwise it is decoded as “0”. The video in the camera can be further transmitted to the target receiver through a public network connection. The beam may be visible (normal lighting) or invisible (Infra-Red and Lazier). The illumination duration and frequency are so fast that a human eye is not able to follow and quote it. When the CMOS image sensor is operated, images are captured. These images are the source for extracting data by decoding it. Figure 3 depicts the three phases of the received signal processing. The left image is the originally recorded beam impact, the image to the right is the original image after it was crystallized, and the third image to the right describes the final stage of the process. The third image is the input for decoding the beam stream into a bit string.
Three phases of fringe signal processing.
Figure 4 depicts the encoding process, starting from processing the image and translating it into a sequence of a signal chart (the top chart). The bottom chart depicts the final bit sequence.
Optical camera communication architecture.
The objective of this work is to securely exchange keys utilizing optical communication, where the LED transmits, and the camera collects it. The idea is to modulate the information in a way that cannot be decoded only by processing the received signals. Figure 5 illustrates the basic idea of the optical-based communication approach. The source computer generates an encrypted key. The key is translated to optical signals, which are projected by the LED projector to the targeted camera, embedded into a mobile device. The camera captures the optical signals and records it as a video movie. For authentication and accuracy, the video movie is signed by a standard electronic signature and the signed video is encrypted and transmitted via VPN to the target mobile device, which then projects the original signed-video to the target computer. The target computer decrypts the received video signals into a sequence of bits and thus the encrypted key reaches the target computer. We may consider moving the mobile device itself towards the target computer avoiding the key transmission.
High level secured key transmission system.
Figure 6 outlines the 6 stage process. In stage 1, the key is generated and transformed into a LED code in stage 2, and then in stage 3, it is projected to the receiver camera. In stage 4, the received video is transferred to the target computer and in stage 5, the images are decoded into the encryption key. In step 6, the original key is discovered and forwarded for further use.
Optical-based key transmission stages.
Figure 7 depicts the messaging protocol between the mobile and the computer.
Provisioning message flow protocol.
This way of transmitting optical signals instead of a bit-string, adds to the key exchange security level comparing to other solutions. However, the transmitted content is much more than a bit string. The practical impact is reasonable based on a moderate frequency of key changes and the availability of high capacity and high-speed communication.
For the experiment we used a USB connected blinking LED device controlled by an Arduino code and an embedded Linkit ONE hardware. The encoding/decoding is simple, “1” bit is set when the LED blinks, and “0” otherwise. The key is transmitted to the USB device, the
We ran the entire cycle. The key was generated in a secured environment, then transmitted a bit string to the USB blinking device. The mobile phone camera recorded the video of the blinking sequence. The mobile phone signed, encrypted, and transmitted the blinking LED video, the receiver mobile device in the target location, accepted the blinking video, and transformed it into a bit string. We experimented with the “a b c d” key transferred between a host with an optical USB device and a smartphone with a camera. Figure 8 depicts the output of the “abcd” transmission where lines 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 represent the output “abcd” respectively.
Example of the key transmission.
Figure 9 depicts the key transmission example “abcd” used in the experiment. The four images have been taken during the live key transmission stages.
Captured images of the live key transmission stages.
In image a, the starting special bit string has been accepted by the mobile device connected to the sending computer. Image b shows the sender computer screenshot during the key transmission to its associated mobile device. Image c is the mobile-screen accepting the “abcd” key, and image d depict the acceptance of the transmitted key.
In this section, we introduced a complete cycle of secured key exchange using a form of optical communication. We described the hardware components and software of the conducted experiment. This demonstrates the applicability of an Optical Communication (OC) assisted method for secured key distribution [18].
In this chapter, we outlined advancements in the Optical Communications subject matter. We focused on OC main improvements, transmission channel, and method, bandwidth, speed, and security. We concluded the chapter with detailed unique use of OC for key transmission required for symmetric cryptography. OC technology is still at its development and growth stage. We expect it to continue its fast growth and be implemented in many more domains, transforming our lives to be much more convenient, safe, and automated.
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\n\nThe University of Massachusetts, Amherst is pledging funds via the Knowledge Unlatched program to ensure academics can publish Open Access content more easily.
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\n\nThe University of Surrey is pledging funds via the Knowledge Unlatched program to ensure academics can publish Open Access content more easily.
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Gharieb"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10903",title:"Genetically Modified Plants and Beyond",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4d7ed4faab99c92cd4d676dc86501df9",slug:"genetically-modified-plants-and-beyond",bookSignature:"Idah Sithole Niang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10903.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"90172",title:"Prof.",name:"Idah",middleName:null,surname:"Sithole-Niang",slug:"idah-sithole-niang",fullName:"Idah Sithole-Niang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10904",title:"Fusarium",subtitle:"An Overview of the Genus",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"49d9063e43f94bd1517d65fbc58b93c3",slug:"fusarium-an-overview-of-the-genus",bookSignature:"Seyed Mahyar Mirmajlessi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10904.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"100573",title:"Dr.",name:"Seyed Mahyar",middleName:null,surname:"Mirmajlessi",slug:"seyed-mahyar-mirmajlessi",fullName:"Seyed Mahyar Mirmajlessi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10654",title:"Brain-Computer Interface",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a5308884068cc53ed31c6baba756857f",slug:"brain-computer-interface",bookSignature:"Vahid Asadpour",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10654.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"165328",title:"Dr.",name:"Vahid",middleName:null,surname:"Asadpour",slug:"vahid-asadpour",fullName:"Vahid Asadpour"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10676",title:"Recent Applications in Graph Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"900c60742d224080732bd16bd25ccba8",slug:"recent-applications-in-graph-theory",bookSignature:"Harun Pirim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10676.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"146092",title:"Dr.",name:"Harun",middleName:null,surname:"Pirim",slug:"harun-pirim",fullName:"Harun Pirim"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11196",title:"New Updates in E-Learning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6afaadf68e2a0a4b370ac5ceb5ca89c6",slug:"new-updates-in-e-learning",bookSignature:"Eduard Babulak",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11196.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"10086",title:"Prof.",name:"Eduard",middleName:null,surname:"Babulak",slug:"eduard-babulak",fullName:"Eduard Babulak"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9974",title:"E-Learning and Digital Education in the Twenty-First Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88b58d66e975df20425fc1dfd22d53aa",slug:"e-learning-and-digital-education-in-the-twenty-first-century",bookSignature:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9974.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"94099",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Mahruf C.",middleName:null,surname:"Shohel",slug:"m.-mahruf-c.-shohel",fullName:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"37",title:"Genetic Engineering",slug:"genetic-engineering",parent:{id:"5",title:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",slug:"agricultural-and-biological-sciences"},numberOfBooks:3,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:64,numberOfWosCitations:11,numberOfCrossrefCitations:15,numberOfDimensionsCitations:35,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"37",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"10903",title:"Genetically Modified Plants and Beyond",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4d7ed4faab99c92cd4d676dc86501df9",slug:"genetically-modified-plants-and-beyond",bookSignature:"Idah Sithole Niang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10903.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"90172",title:"Prof.",name:"Idah",middleName:null,surname:"Sithole-Niang",slug:"idah-sithole-niang",fullName:"Idah Sithole-Niang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7595",title:"Genetic Engineering",subtitle:"A Glimpse of Techniques and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b24a0b287498c66d818f2cb9e296485a",slug:"genetic-engineering-a-glimpse-of-techniques-and-applications",bookSignature:"Farrukh Jamal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7595.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"38621",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Farrukh",middleName:null,surname:"Jamal",slug:"farrukh-jamal",fullName:"Farrukh Jamal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5445",title:"Genetic Engineering",subtitle:"An Insight into the Strategies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4be137c94f062f23503590140ddca96b",slug:"genetic-engineering-an-insight-into-the-strategies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Farrukh Jamal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5445.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"38621",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Farrukh",middleName:null,surname:"Jamal",slug:"farrukh-jamal",fullName:"Farrukh Jamal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:3,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"69522",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89702",title:"Polymeric Nanocomposite-Based Agriculture Delivery System: Emerging Technology for Agriculture",slug:"polymeric-nanocomposite-based-agriculture-delivery-system-emerging-technology-for-agriculture",totalDownloads:1121,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:12,abstract:"The increasing global population has forced the agricultural area to enhance the yield of crop, thereby fulfilling the requirements of people. The advancement has led to synthesis of nanomaterials with different size, shapes, and biocompatibility aspects towards specific applications like agriculture. Several nanomaterials such as metal, metal oxide, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), carbon nanofibers (CNFs), graphene, and its derivatives have shown potential ability for augmenting the yield of crops and protect crops against pathogens. However, these nanomaterials required smart delivery system that might easily deliver the nanofertilizers in a controlled manner. In this context, the incorporation of nanotechnology and polymer science might be developing newer technology with minimal usage and maximum effectiveness for improvement of crops. The incorporation of nanomaterials in polymeric composites offers newer approaches for agricultural delivery system that might provide various advantages such as higher stability, solubility, uniform distribution, and controlled release. Moreover, nanomaterials have potential ability for advancement in the genetic engineering. Herein, we discuss the role of nanomaterials in the growth of the plant, polymeric nanocomposite materials for agriculture delivery system with the advancement in the genetic engineering, and future prospects of these polymeric-nanocomposite materials in agriculture.",book:{id:"7595",slug:"genetic-engineering-a-glimpse-of-techniques-and-applications",title:"Genetic Engineering",fullTitle:"Genetic Engineering - A Glimpse of Techniques and Applications"},signatures:"Mohammad Ashfaq, Neetu Talreja, Divya Chuahan and Werayut Srituravanich",authors:[{id:"287393",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammad",middleName:null,surname:"Ashfaq",slug:"mohammad-ashfaq",fullName:"Mohammad Ashfaq"},{id:"288295",title:"Dr.",name:"Neetu",middleName:null,surname:"Talreja",slug:"neetu-talreja",fullName:"Neetu Talreja"},{id:"288296",title:"Dr.",name:"Divya",middleName:null,surname:"Chuahan",slug:"divya-chuahan",fullName:"Divya Chuahan"},{id:"288297",title:"Dr.",name:"Werayut",middleName:null,surname:"Srituravanich",slug:"werayut-srituravanich",fullName:"Werayut Srituravanich"}]},{id:"53234",doi:"10.5772/66818",title:"Plant Genome Editing and its Applications in Cereals",slug:"plant-genome-editing-and-its-applications-in-cereals",totalDownloads:2256,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:"Recently developed methods for genome editing, representing a major breakthrough in the field of genetic engineering, will enable researchers to produce transgenic plants in a more convenient and safer way. Double-strand breaks (DSBs) are triggered by synthetic nucleases that later induce DNA repair mechanisms known as nonhomologous-end joining (NHEJ) or homology-directed repair (HDR) in the presence of a donor DNA. Gene targeting (GT) was earlier demonstrated in rice and maize genomes by exploiting several genes (Acetohydroxyacid synthase, waxy, ALS, OS11N3 etc.), while zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs) were used to modify IPK1 gene in maize. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR-CAS) system has been shown to be efficient for targeted mutagenesis in wheat that has a hexaploid complex genome, rice, maize, and recently in barley. The CRISPR system is considered as advantageous over previous approaches due to its easy use and efficiency, however, needs to be improved for high off-target effects.",book:{id:"5445",slug:"genetic-engineering-an-insight-into-the-strategies-and-applications",title:"Genetic Engineering",fullTitle:"Genetic Engineering - An Insight into the Strategies and Applications"},signatures:"Dan M. Weinthal and Filiz Gürel",authors:[{id:"186029",title:"Prof.",name:"Filiz",middleName:null,surname:"Gürel",slug:"filiz-gurel",fullName:"Filiz Gürel"},{id:"189301",title:"Dr.",name:"Dan",middleName:null,surname:"Weinthal",slug:"dan-weinthal",fullName:"Dan Weinthal"}]},{id:"53330",doi:"10.5772/66717",title:"Genetic Modification of Stem Cells in Diabetes and Obesity",slug:"genetic-modification-of-stem-cells-in-diabetes-and-obesity",totalDownloads:1735,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"Genetic modification, or gene transfer, represents a method of treatment for several diseases. It has been used extensively in the context of cardiovascular diseases; however, its role in the context of metabolic diseases, such as diabetes and obesity, has remained largely unexplored. In this chapter, we will review the use of adult stem cells, focusing on endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) and mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), in the context of diabetes. We have highlighted the use of viral vectors, particularly DNA viruses, as a tool for genetic modification to help stem cells survive and resist apoptosis in a hyperglycemic environment. We then discuss genetic modification of EPCs and MSCs to treat complications of diabetes and obesity. Although there are several unanswered questions in the field of metabolic diseases, the future application of gene transfer technology along with genetic modification of stem cells prior to the therapy holds significant therapeutic promise.",book:{id:"5445",slug:"genetic-engineering-an-insight-into-the-strategies-and-applications",title:"Genetic Engineering",fullTitle:"Genetic Engineering - An Insight into the Strategies and Applications"},signatures:"Cleyton C. Domingues, Nabanita Kundu, Fiona J. Dore and\nSabyasachi Sen",authors:[{id:"190377",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Sabyasachi",middleName:null,surname:"Sen",slug:"sabyasachi-sen",fullName:"Sabyasachi Sen"},{id:"195299",title:"Dr.",name:"Cleyton",middleName:null,surname:"Domingues",slug:"cleyton-domingues",fullName:"Cleyton Domingues"},{id:"195300",title:"Dr.",name:"Nabanita",middleName:null,surname:"Kundu",slug:"nabanita-kundu",fullName:"Nabanita Kundu"},{id:"195301",title:"BSc.",name:"Fiona",middleName:null,surname:"Dore",slug:"fiona-dore",fullName:"Fiona Dore"}]},{id:"70299",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81924",title:"Polymerase Chain Reaction",slug:"polymerase-chain-reaction",totalDownloads:1225,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is an efficient and one of the most common methods used in biological sciences for in vitro multiplication of a target DNA molecule. The technique has significantly contributed in changing and developing different fields of biological sciences since 1980s. PCR has a vital role in supporting the processes involved in genetic engineering, particularly the cloning of DNA fragments used to modify the genomes of microorganisms, animals, and plants. Consequently, the technique has numerous applications in fundamental and applied research in medicine agriculture, environment, and bio-industry. The main focus of this chapter is to describe briefly the principles, methodology, various types, and applications of PCR in different fields. Besides, different components of PCR, trouble shooting during the execution, and limitations of the techniques are also outlined.",book:{id:"7595",slug:"genetic-engineering-a-glimpse-of-techniques-and-applications",title:"Genetic Engineering",fullTitle:"Genetic Engineering - A Glimpse of Techniques and Applications"},signatures:"Shaheen Shahzad, Mohammad Afzal, Shomaila Sikandar and Imran Afzal",authors:[{id:"256829",title:"Dr.",name:"Dr. Shaheen",middleName:null,surname:"Shahzad",slug:"dr.-shaheen-shahzad",fullName:"Dr. Shaheen Shahzad"},{id:"256836",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammad",middleName:null,surname:"Afzal",slug:"mohammad-afzal",fullName:"Mohammad Afzal"},{id:"258439",title:"Dr.",name:"Shomaila",middleName:null,surname:"Sikandar",slug:"shomaila-sikandar",fullName:"Shomaila Sikandar"},{id:"262021",title:"Dr.",name:"Imran",middleName:null,surname:"Afzal",slug:"imran-afzal",fullName:"Imran Afzal"}]},{id:"52786",doi:"10.5772/66059",title:"A New Plant Breeding Technique Using ALSV Vectors to Shorten the Breeding Periods of Fruit Trees",slug:"a-new-plant-breeding-technique-using-alsv-vectors-to-shorten-the-breeding-periods-of-fruit-trees",totalDownloads:2128,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Fruit trees have a long juvenile phase. For example, the juvenile phase of apple lasts for 6–12 years and is a serious constraint for creating new varieties by breeding based on crossing and selection. In this chapter, we report a novel technology using the apple latent spherical virus (ALSV) vector to accelerate flowering time and life cycle in apple and pear seedlings. Inoculation of apple and pear cotyledons immediately after germination with ALSV-AtFT/MdTFL1 concurrently expressing Arabidopsis FLOWERING LOCUS T (AtFT) gene and suppressing apple TERMINAL FLOWER 1-1 (MdTFL1-1) gene can shorten the period from seeding to flowering to 1.5–3 months after germination and generation times in order to obtain next-generation seeds in 1 year or less. Most next-generation seedlings obtained from ALSV vector–infected plants were free of the virus. We also developed a method for eliminating ALSV vectors from infected apple and pear plants by only high-temperature treatment. A method combining the promotion of flowering in apple and pear by ALSV vector with an ALSV elimination technique is expected to see future application as a new plant breeding technique that can significantly shorten the breeding periods of apple and pear.",book:{id:"5445",slug:"genetic-engineering-an-insight-into-the-strategies-and-applications",title:"Genetic Engineering",fullTitle:"Genetic Engineering - An Insight into the Strategies and Applications"},signatures:"Noriko Yamagishi and Nobuyuki Yoshikawa",authors:[{id:"18191",title:"Dr.",name:"Nobuyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Yoshikawa",slug:"nobuyuki-yoshikawa",fullName:"Nobuyuki Yoshikawa"},{id:"195533",title:"Dr.",name:"Norioko",middleName:null,surname:"Yamagishi",slug:"norioko-yamagishi",fullName:"Norioko Yamagishi"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"70299",title:"Polymerase Chain Reaction",slug:"polymerase-chain-reaction",totalDownloads:1225,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is an efficient and one of the most common methods used in biological sciences for in vitro multiplication of a target DNA molecule. The technique has significantly contributed in changing and developing different fields of biological sciences since 1980s. PCR has a vital role in supporting the processes involved in genetic engineering, particularly the cloning of DNA fragments used to modify the genomes of microorganisms, animals, and plants. Consequently, the technique has numerous applications in fundamental and applied research in medicine agriculture, environment, and bio-industry. The main focus of this chapter is to describe briefly the principles, methodology, various types, and applications of PCR in different fields. Besides, different components of PCR, trouble shooting during the execution, and limitations of the techniques are also outlined.",book:{id:"7595",slug:"genetic-engineering-a-glimpse-of-techniques-and-applications",title:"Genetic Engineering",fullTitle:"Genetic Engineering - A Glimpse of Techniques and Applications"},signatures:"Shaheen Shahzad, Mohammad Afzal, Shomaila Sikandar and Imran Afzal",authors:[{id:"256829",title:"Dr.",name:"Dr. Shaheen",middleName:null,surname:"Shahzad",slug:"dr.-shaheen-shahzad",fullName:"Dr. Shaheen Shahzad"},{id:"256836",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammad",middleName:null,surname:"Afzal",slug:"mohammad-afzal",fullName:"Mohammad Afzal"},{id:"258439",title:"Dr.",name:"Shomaila",middleName:null,surname:"Sikandar",slug:"shomaila-sikandar",fullName:"Shomaila Sikandar"},{id:"262021",title:"Dr.",name:"Imran",middleName:null,surname:"Afzal",slug:"imran-afzal",fullName:"Imran Afzal"}]},{id:"53149",title:"Gene Revolution in Agriculture: 20 Years of Controversy",slug:"gene-revolution-in-agriculture-20-years-of-controversy",totalDownloads:1871,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"In the spirit of the general debate over genetically modified (GM) food which is not slowing down, we wanted to answer some questions, such as: Is Gene Revolution an answer to world hunger? Do GM crops with more complex transformation contribute to the enrichment of multinationals? Why U.S. increases food aids? To this end, we firstly describe the diffusion of GM crops around the world during the previous 20 years. Starting from 1996, we present global progress with adoption of biotech crops, its distribution in developed and developing countries, global area by trait, adoption rate and global value of biotech crops. The findings reveal 10 countries, four crops, and two traits domination. The findings of this study clarify the failure of transgenic technology to eradicate hunger. In addition, the results have shown statistically significant correlation between stacked trait and global market value of biotech crops as well as between raising production of biotech crops in U.S. and an increase in U.S. food aid through World Food Program (WFP).",book:{id:"5445",slug:"genetic-engineering-an-insight-into-the-strategies-and-applications",title:"Genetic Engineering",fullTitle:"Genetic Engineering - An Insight into the Strategies and Applications"},signatures:"Tatjana Brankov, Koviljko Lovre, Bozidar Popovic and Vladimir\nBozovic",authors:[{id:"188943",title:"Prof.",name:"Tatjana",middleName:"Papic",surname:"Brankov",slug:"tatjana-brankov",fullName:"Tatjana Brankov"},{id:"194370",title:"Prof.",name:"Koviljko",middleName:null,surname:"Lovre",slug:"koviljko-lovre",fullName:"Koviljko Lovre"},{id:"194371",title:"Prof.",name:"Bozidar",middleName:null,surname:"Popovic",slug:"bozidar-popovic",fullName:"Bozidar Popovic"},{id:"194372",title:"Prof.",name:"Vladimir",middleName:null,surname:"Bozovic",slug:"vladimir-bozovic",fullName:"Vladimir Bozovic"}]},{id:"69522",title:"Polymeric Nanocomposite-Based Agriculture Delivery System: Emerging Technology for Agriculture",slug:"polymeric-nanocomposite-based-agriculture-delivery-system-emerging-technology-for-agriculture",totalDownloads:1121,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:12,abstract:"The increasing global population has forced the agricultural area to enhance the yield of crop, thereby fulfilling the requirements of people. The advancement has led to synthesis of nanomaterials with different size, shapes, and biocompatibility aspects towards specific applications like agriculture. Several nanomaterials such as metal, metal oxide, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), carbon nanofibers (CNFs), graphene, and its derivatives have shown potential ability for augmenting the yield of crops and protect crops against pathogens. However, these nanomaterials required smart delivery system that might easily deliver the nanofertilizers in a controlled manner. In this context, the incorporation of nanotechnology and polymer science might be developing newer technology with minimal usage and maximum effectiveness for improvement of crops. The incorporation of nanomaterials in polymeric composites offers newer approaches for agricultural delivery system that might provide various advantages such as higher stability, solubility, uniform distribution, and controlled release. Moreover, nanomaterials have potential ability for advancement in the genetic engineering. Herein, we discuss the role of nanomaterials in the growth of the plant, polymeric nanocomposite materials for agriculture delivery system with the advancement in the genetic engineering, and future prospects of these polymeric-nanocomposite materials in agriculture.",book:{id:"7595",slug:"genetic-engineering-a-glimpse-of-techniques-and-applications",title:"Genetic Engineering",fullTitle:"Genetic Engineering - A Glimpse of Techniques and Applications"},signatures:"Mohammad Ashfaq, Neetu Talreja, Divya Chuahan and Werayut Srituravanich",authors:[{id:"287393",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammad",middleName:null,surname:"Ashfaq",slug:"mohammad-ashfaq",fullName:"Mohammad Ashfaq"},{id:"288295",title:"Dr.",name:"Neetu",middleName:null,surname:"Talreja",slug:"neetu-talreja",fullName:"Neetu Talreja"},{id:"288296",title:"Dr.",name:"Divya",middleName:null,surname:"Chuahan",slug:"divya-chuahan",fullName:"Divya Chuahan"},{id:"288297",title:"Dr.",name:"Werayut",middleName:null,surname:"Srituravanich",slug:"werayut-srituravanich",fullName:"Werayut Srituravanich"}]},{id:"53371",title:"New Approaches to Agrobacterium tumefaciens-Mediated Gene Transfer to Plants",slug:"new-approaches-to-agrobacterium-tumefaciens-mediated-gene-transfer-to-plants",totalDownloads:3252,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Agrobacterium tumefaciens, a plant pathogen, is commonly used as a vector for the introduction of foreign genes into plants and consequent regeneration of transgenic plants. A. tumefaciens naturally infects the wound sites in dicotyledonous plants and induces diseases known as crown gall. The bacterium has a large plasmid that induces tumor induction, and for this reason, it was named tumor-inducing (Ti) plasmid. The expression of T-DNA genes of Ti-plasmid in plant cells causes the formation of tumors at the infection site. The molecular basis of Agrobacterium-mediated transformation is the stable integration of a DNA sequence (T-DNA) from Ti (tumor-inducing) plasmid of A. tumefaciens into the plant genome. A. tumefaciens-mediated transformation has some advantages compared with direct gene transfer methods such as integration of low copy number of T-DNA into plant genome, stable gene expression, and transformation of large size DNA segments. That is why manipulations of the plant, bacteria and physical conditions have been applied to increase the virulence of bacteria and to increase the transformation efficiency. Preculturing explants before inoculation, modification of temperature and medium pH, addition chemicals to inoculation medium such as acetosyringone, changing bacterial density, and co-cultivation period, and vacuum infiltration have been reported to increase transformation. In this chapter, four new transformation protocols that can be used to increase the transformation efficiency via A. tumefaciens in most plant species are described.",book:{id:"5445",slug:"genetic-engineering-an-insight-into-the-strategies-and-applications",title:"Genetic Engineering",fullTitle:"Genetic Engineering - An Insight into the Strategies and Applications"},signatures:"Mustafa Yildiz, Murat Aycan and Sunjung Park",authors:[{id:"141637",title:"Prof.",name:"Mustafa",middleName:null,surname:"Yildiz",slug:"mustafa-yildiz",fullName:"Mustafa Yildiz"},{id:"188656",title:"Dr.",name:"Murat",middleName:null,surname:"Aycan",slug:"murat-aycan",fullName:"Murat Aycan"}]},{id:"65771",title:"Prospects for the Production of Recombinant Therapeutic Proteins and Peptides in Plants: Special Focus on Angiotensin I-Converting Enzyme Inhibitory (ACEI) Peptides",slug:"prospects-for-the-production-of-recombinant-therapeutic-proteins-and-peptides-in-plants-special-focu",totalDownloads:1622,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Molecular pharming is a cost-effective, scalable, and safe system to produce high-quality and biologically active recombinant therapeutic proteins. Thus, plants are emerging alternative platform for the production of pharmaceutically relevant proteins such as vaccines, antibodies, antibody derivatives, and some serum-derived proteins. Additionally, plants have also been used to produce bioactive and immunogenic peptides. The efficacy, selectivity, specificity, and low toxicity make them particularly well-suited therapeutic agents for various indications, for instance, cardiovascular and infectious diseases, immunological disorders, and cancer. In the broad range of known bioactive peptides, angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory (ACEI) peptides derived from food proteins have attracted particular attention for their ability to prevent hypertension. So far, several ACEI peptides have been identified in food proteins, mainly in milk, eggs, and plants. The industrial production of ACEI peptides is based on enzymatic proteolysis of whole food proteins, which leads to the release of small bioactive peptides with ACE-inhibitory activity. The problems associated to such procedures, namely, cost and loss of functional properties, have demonstrated the need to develop more straightforward methods to produce ACEI peptides. One viable hypothesis, discussed in this chapter, is to genetically engineer crop plants to produce and deliver antihypertensive peptides.",book:{id:"7595",slug:"genetic-engineering-a-glimpse-of-techniques-and-applications",title:"Genetic Engineering",fullTitle:"Genetic Engineering - A Glimpse of Techniques and Applications"},signatures:"Carolina Gomes, Filipe Oliveira, Sandra Isabel Vieira and Ana Sofia Duque",authors:[{id:"165802",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Sofia",middleName:null,surname:"Duque",slug:"ana-sofia-duque",fullName:"Ana Sofia Duque"},{id:"269041",title:"MSc.",name:"Carolina",middleName:null,surname:"Gomes",slug:"carolina-gomes",fullName:"Carolina Gomes"},{id:"269043",title:"MSc.",name:"Filipe",middleName:null,surname:"Oliveira",slug:"filipe-oliveira",fullName:"Filipe Oliveira"},{id:"269045",title:"Prof.",name:"Sandra",middleName:null,surname:"Vieira",slug:"sandra-vieira",fullName:"Sandra Vieira"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"37",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:0,limit:8,total:null},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:98,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:287,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:10,numberOfPublishedChapters:103,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",issn:"2631-6188",scope:"This series will provide a comprehensive overview of recent research trends in various Infectious Diseases (as per the most recent Baltimore classification). Topics will include general overviews of infections, immunopathology, diagnosis, treatment, epidemiology, etiology, and current clinical recommendations for managing infectious diseases. 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He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. 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Completed the Course Medical Mycology, the Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures (CBS), Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Netherlands (2006). International Union of Microbiological Societies (IUMS) Fellow, and International Emerging Infectious Diseases (IEID) Fellow, Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, USA. Diploma of Dermatological Scientist, Japanese Society for Investigative Dermatology. Ph.D. of Juntendo University, Japan. Bachelor’s and Master’s degree, Medicine, West China University of Medical Sciences. Chair of Sichuan Medical Association Dermatology Committee. General Secretary of The 19th Annual Meeting of Chinese Society of Dermatology and the Asia Pacific Society for Medical Mycology (2013). In charge of the Annual Medical Mycology Course over 20-years authorized by National Continue Medical Education Committee of China. Member of the board of directors of the Asia-Pacific Society for Medical Mycology (APSMM). Associate editor of Mycopathologia. Vice-chief of the editorial board of Chinses Journal of Mycology, China. Board Member and Chair of Mycology Group of Chinese Society of Dermatology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sichuan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/5.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11401,editor:{id:"67907",title:"Dr.",name:"Amidou",middleName:null,surname:"Samie",slug:"amidou-samie",fullName:"Amidou Samie",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/67907/images/system/67907.jpg",biography:"Dr. Amidou Samie is an Associate Professor of Microbiology at the University of Venda, in South Africa, where he graduated for his PhD in May 2008. He joined the Department of Microbiology the same year and has been giving lectures on topics covering parasitology, immunology, molecular biology and industrial microbiology. He is currently a rated researcher by the National Research Foundation of South Africa at category C2. He has published widely in the field of infectious diseases and has overseen several MSc’s and PhDs. His research activities mostly cover topics on infectious diseases from epidemiology to control. His particular interest lies in the study of intestinal protozoan parasites and opportunistic infections among HIV patients as well as the potential impact of childhood diarrhoea on growth and child development. He also conducts research on water-borne diseases and water quality and is involved in the evaluation of point-of-use water treatment technologies using silver and copper nanoparticles in collaboration with the University of Virginia, USA. He also studies the use of medicinal plants for the control of infectious diseases as well as antimicrobial drug resistance.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Venda",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/6.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11402,editor:{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:17,paginationItems:[{id:"81791",title:"Self-Supervised Contrastive Representation Learning in Computer Vision",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104785",signatures:"Yalin Bastanlar and Semih Orhan",slug:"self-supervised-contrastive-representation-learning-in-computer-vision",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Pattern Recognition - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11442.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"79345",title:"Application of Jump Diffusion Models in Insurance Claim Estimation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99853",signatures:"Leonard Mushunje, Chiedza Elvina Mashiri, Edina Chandiwana and Maxwell Mashasha",slug:"application-of-jump-diffusion-models-in-insurance-claim-estimation-1",totalDownloads:2,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Data Clustering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10820.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"81557",title:"Object Tracking Using Adapted Optical Flow",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102863",signatures:"Ronaldo Ferreira, Joaquim José de Castro Ferreira and António José Ribeiro Neves",slug:"object-tracking-using-adapted-optical-flow",totalDownloads:10,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Information Extraction and Object Tracking in Digital Video",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10652.jpg",subseries:{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision"}}},{id:"81558",title:"Thresholding Image Techniques for Plant Segmentation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104587",signatures:"Miguel Ángel Castillo-Martínez, Francisco Javier Gallegos-Funes, Blanca E. Carvajal-Gámez, Guillermo Urriolagoitia-Sosa and Alberto J. 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(Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. His research interests include intelligent and embedded systems.",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7726",title:"Swarm Intelligence",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7726.jpg",slug:"swarm-intelligence-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",publishedDate:"December 4th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Javier Del Ser, Esther Villar and Eneko Osaba",hash:"e7ea7e74ce7a7a8e5359629e07c68d31",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Swarm Intelligence - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",editors:[{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:null}]},{type:"book",id:"7656",title:"Fuzzy Logic",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7656.jpg",slug:"fuzzy-logic",publishedDate:"February 5th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Constantin Volosencu",hash:"54f092d4ffe0abf5e4172a80025019bc",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Fuzzy Logic",editors:[{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",institution:{name:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"9963",title:"Advances and Applications in Deep Learning",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9963.jpg",slug:"advances-and-applications-in-deep-learning",publishedDate:"December 9th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Marco Antonio Aceves-Fernandez",hash:"0d51ba46f22e55cb89140f60d86a071e",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Advances and Applications in Deep Learning",editors:[{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. His research interests include intelligent and embedded systems.",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:5,paginationItems:[{id:"11576",title:"Malaria - Recent Advances, and New Perspectives",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11576.jpg",hash:"5a01644fb0b4ce24c2f947913d154abe",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"April 26th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"76041",title:"Prof.",name:"Pier Paolo",surname:"Piccaluga",slug:"pier-paolo-piccaluga",fullName:"Pier Paolo Piccaluga"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11577",title:"Tick-Borne Diseases - A Review and an Update of Knowledge on Infections in Human and Animal Population",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11577.jpg",hash:"3d72ae651ee2a04b2368bf798a3183ca",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"April 29th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"51521",title:"Prof.",name:"Elisa",surname:"Pieragostini",slug:"elisa-pieragostini",fullName:"Elisa Pieragostini"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11570",title:"Influenza - New Approaches",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11570.jpg",hash:"157b379b9d7a4bf5e2cc7a742f155a44",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 10th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"139889",title:"Dr.",name:"Seyyed Shamsadin",surname:"Athari",slug:"seyyed-shamsadin-athari",fullName:"Seyyed Shamsadin Athari"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11569",title:"Bacterial Sexually Transmitted Infections - New Findings, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11569.jpg",hash:"069d6142ecb0d46d14920102d48c0e9d",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"May 31st 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"189561",title:"Dr.",name:"Mihaela Laura",surname:"Vica",slug:"mihaela-laura-vica",fullName:"Mihaela Laura Vica"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11568",title:"Staphylococcal Infections - Recent Advances and Perspectives",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11568.jpg",hash:"92c881664d1921c7f2d0fee34b78cd08",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"June 1st 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"59719",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaime",surname:"Bustos-Martínez",slug:"jaime-bustos-martinez",fullName:"Jaime Bustos-Martínez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[],publishedBooks:{},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[],publicationYearFilters:[],authors:{paginationCount:617,paginationItems:[{id:"158492",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Tutar",slug:"yusuf-tutar",fullName:"Yusuf Tutar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/158492/images/system/158492.jpeg",biography:"Prof. Dr. Yusuf Tutar conducts his research at the Hamidiye Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Biochemistry, University of Health Sciences, Turkey. He is also a faculty member in the Molecular Oncology Program. He obtained his MSc and Ph.D. at Oregon State University and Texas Tech University, respectively. He pursued his postdoctoral studies at Rutgers University Medical School and the National Institutes of Health (NIH/NIDDK), USA. His research focuses on biochemistry, biophysics, genetics, molecular biology, and molecular medicine with specialization in the fields of drug design, protein structure-function, protein folding, prions, microRNA, pseudogenes, molecular cancer, epigenetics, metabolites, proteomics, genomics, protein expression, and characterization by spectroscopic and calorimetric methods.",institutionString:"University of Health Sciences",institution:null},{id:"180528",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Kagechika",slug:"hiroyuki-kagechika",fullName:"Hiroyuki Kagechika",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180528/images/system/180528.jpg",biography:"Hiroyuki Kagechika received his bachelor’s degree and Ph.D. in Pharmaceutical Sciences from the University of Tokyo, Japan, where he served as an associate professor until 2004. He is currently a professor at the Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering (IBB), Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU). From 2010 to 2012, he was the dean of the Graduate School of Biomedical Science. Since 2012, he has served as the vice dean of the Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences. He has been the director of the IBB since 2020. Dr. Kagechika’s major research interests are the medicinal chemistry of retinoids, vitamins D/K, and nuclear receptors. He has developed various compounds including a drug for acute promyelocytic leukemia.",institutionString:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institution:{name:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40482/images/system/40482.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rizwan Ahmad is a University Professor and Coordinator, Quality and Development, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, Saudi Arabia. Previously, he was Associate Professor of Human Function, Oman Medical College, Oman, and SBS University, Dehradun. Dr. Ahmad completed his education at Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh. He has published several articles in peer-reviewed journals, chapters, and edited books. His area of specialization is free radical biochemistry and autoimmune diseases.",institutionString:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institution:{name:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",biography:"Farid A. Badria, Ph.D., is the recipient of several awards, including The World Academy of Sciences (TWAS) Prize for Public Understanding of Science; the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Gold Medal for best invention; Outstanding Arab Scholar, Kuwait; and the Khwarizmi International Award, Iran. He has 250 publications, 12 books, 20 patents, and several marketed pharmaceutical products to his credit. He continues to lead research projects on developing new therapies for liver, skin disorders, and cancer. Dr. Badria was listed among the world’s top 2% of scientists in medicinal and biomolecular chemistry in 2019 and 2020. He is a member of the Arab Development Fund, Kuwait; International Cell Research Organization–United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (ICRO–UNESCO), Chile; and UNESCO Biotechnology France",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"329385",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh K.",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Singh",slug:"rajesh-k.-singh",fullName:"Rajesh K. Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329385/images/system/329385.png",biography:"Dr. Singh received a BPharm (2003) and MPharm (2005) from Panjab University, Chandigarh, India, and a Ph.D. (2013) from Punjab Technical University (PTU), Jalandhar, India. He has more than sixteen years of teaching experience and has supervised numerous postgraduate and Ph.D. students. He has to his credit more than seventy papers in SCI- and SCOPUS-indexed journals, fifty-five conference proceedings, four books, six Best Paper Awards, and five projects from different government agencies. He is currently an editorial board member of eight international journals and a reviewer for more than fifty scientific journals. He received Top Reviewer and Excellent Peer Reviewer Awards from Publons in 2016 and 2017, respectively. He is also on the panel of The International Reviewer for reviewing research proposals for grants from the Royal Society. He also serves as a Publons Academy mentor and Bentham brand ambassador.",institutionString:"Punjab Technical University",institution:{name:"Punjab Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"142388",title:"Dr.",name:"Thiago",middleName:"Gomes",surname:"Gomes Heck",slug:"thiago-gomes-heck",fullName:"Thiago Gomes Heck",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/142388/images/7259_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Regional do Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"336273",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Janja",middleName:null,surname:"Zupan",slug:"janja-zupan",fullName:"Janja Zupan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/336273/images/14853_n.jpeg",biography:"Janja Zupan graduated in 2005 at the Department of Clinical Biochemistry (superviser prof. dr. Janja Marc) in the field of genetics of osteoporosis. Since November 2009 she is working as a Teaching Assistant at the Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Biochemistry. In 2011 she completed part of her research and PhD work at Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh. She finished her PhD entitled The influence of the proinflammatory cytokines on the RANK/RANKL/OPG in bone tissue of osteoporotic and osteoarthritic patients in 2012. From 2014-2016 she worked at the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Aberdeen as a postdoctoral research fellow on UK Arthritis research project where she gained knowledge in mesenchymal stem cells and regenerative medicine. She returned back to University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy in 2016. She is currently leading project entitled Mesenchymal stem cells-the keepers of tissue endogenous regenerative capacity facing up to aging of the musculoskeletal system funded by Slovenian Research Agency.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ljubljana",country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},{id:"357453",title:"Dr.",name:"Radheshyam",middleName:null,surname:"Maurya",slug:"radheshyam-maurya",fullName:"Radheshyam Maurya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/357453/images/16535_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Hyderabad",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"311457",title:"Dr.",name:"Júlia",middleName:null,surname:"Scherer Santos",slug:"julia-scherer-santos",fullName:"Júlia Scherer Santos",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/311457/images/system/311457.jpg",biography:"Dr. Júlia Scherer Santos works in the areas of cosmetology, nanotechnology, pharmaceutical technology, beauty, and aesthetics. Dr. Santos also has experience as a professor of graduate courses. Graduated in Pharmacy, specialization in Cosmetology and Cosmeceuticals applied to aesthetics, specialization in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Health, and a doctorate in Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology. Teaching experience in Pharmacy and Aesthetics and Cosmetics courses. She works mainly on the following subjects: nanotechnology, cosmetology, pharmaceutical technology, aesthetics.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"219081",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulsamed",middleName:null,surname:"Kükürt",slug:"abdulsamed-kukurt",fullName:"Abdulsamed Kükürt",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRNVJQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-03-07T13:23:04.png",biography:"Dr. Kükürt graduated from Uludağ University in Turkey. He started his academic career as a Research Assistant in the Department of Biochemistry at Kafkas University. In 2019, he completed his Ph.D. program in the Department of Biochemistry at the Institute of Health Sciences. He is currently working at the Department of Biochemistry, Kafkas University. He has 27 published research articles in academic journals, 11 book chapters, and 37 papers. He took part in 10 academic projects. He served as a reviewer for many articles. He still serves as a member of the review board in many academic journals. His research interests include biochemistry, oxidative stress, reactive species, antioxidants, lipid peroxidation, inflammation, reproductive hormones, phenolic compounds, female infertility.",institutionString:"Kafkas University",institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178366",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Volkan",middleName:null,surname:"Gelen",slug:"volkan-gelen",fullName:"Volkan Gelen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178366/images/system/178366.jpg",biography:"Volkan Gelen is a Physiology specialist who received his veterinary degree from Kafkas University in 2011. Between 2011-2015, he worked as an assistant at Atatürk University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology. In 2016, he joined Kafkas University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology as an assistant professor. Dr. Gelen has been engaged in various academic activities at Kafkas University since 2016. There he completed 5 projects and has 3 ongoing projects. He has 60 articles published in scientific journals and 20 poster presentations in scientific congresses. His research interests include physiology, endocrine system, cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular system diseases, and isolated organ bath system studies.",institutionString:"Kafkas University",institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"418963",title:"Dr.",name:"Augustine Ododo",middleName:"Augustine",surname:"Osagie",slug:"augustine-ododo-osagie",fullName:"Augustine Ododo Osagie",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/418963/images/16900_n.jpg",biography:"Born into the family of Osagie, a prince of the Benin Kingdom. I am currently an academic in the Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Benin. Part of the duties are to teach undergraduate students and conduct academic research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Benin",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"192992",title:"Prof.",name:"Shagufta",middleName:null,surname:"Perveen",slug:"shagufta-perveen",fullName:"Shagufta Perveen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192992/images/system/192992.png",biography:"Prof. Shagufta Perveen is a Distinguish Professor in the Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Dr. Perveen has acted as the principal investigator of major research projects funded by the research unit of King Saud University. She has more than ninety original research papers in peer-reviewed journals of international repute to her credit. She is a fellow member of the Royal Society of Chemistry UK and the American Chemical Society of the United States.",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"49848",title:"Dr.",name:"Wen-Long",middleName:null,surname:"Hu",slug:"wen-long-hu",fullName:"Wen-Long Hu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49848/images/system/49848.jpg",biography:"Wen-Long Hu is Chief of the Division of Acupuncture, Department of Chinese Medicine at Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, as well as an adjunct associate professor at Fooyin University and Kaohsiung Medical University. Wen-Long is President of Taiwan Traditional Chinese Medicine Medical Association. He has 28 years of experience in clinical practice in laser acupuncture therapy and 34 years in acupuncture. He is an invited speaker for lectures and workshops in laser acupuncture at many symposiums held by medical associations. He owns the patent for herbal preparation and producing, and for the supercritical fluid-treated needle. Dr. Hu has published three books, 12 book chapters, and more than 30 papers in reputed journals, besides serving as an editorial board member of repute.",institutionString:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",institution:{name:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"298472",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrey V.",middleName:null,surname:"Grechko",slug:"andrey-v.-grechko",fullName:"Andrey V. Grechko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/298472/images/system/298472.png",biography:"Andrey Vyacheslavovich Grechko, Ph.D., Professor, is a Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. He graduated from the Semashko Moscow Medical Institute (Semashko National Research Institute of Public Health) with a degree in Medicine (1998), the Clinical Department of Dermatovenerology (2000), and received a second higher education in Psychology (2009). Professor A.V. Grechko held the position of Сhief Physician of the Central Clinical Hospital in Moscow. He worked as a professor at the faculty and was engaged in scientific research at the Medical University. Starting in 2013, he has been the initiator of the creation of the Federal Scientific and Clinical Center for Intensive Care and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation, where he also serves as Director since 2015. He has many years of experience in research and teaching in various fields of medicine, is an author/co-author of more than 200 scientific publications, 13 patents, 15 medical books/chapters, including Chapter in Book «Metabolomics», IntechOpen, 2020 «Metabolomic Discovery of Microbiota Dysfunction as the Cause of Pathology».",institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"199461",title:"Prof.",name:"Natalia V.",middleName:null,surname:"Beloborodova",slug:"natalia-v.-beloborodova",fullName:"Natalia V. Beloborodova",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/199461/images/system/199461.jpg",biography:'Natalia Vladimirovna Beloborodova was educated at the Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, with a degree in pediatrics in 1980, a Ph.D. in 1987, and a specialization in Clinical Microbiology from First Moscow State Medical University in 2004. She has been a Professor since 1996. Currently, she is the Head of the Laboratory of Metabolism, a division of the Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation. N.V. Beloborodova has many years of clinical experience in the field of intensive care and surgery. She studies infectious complications and sepsis. She initiated a series of interdisciplinary clinical and experimental studies based on the concept of integrating human metabolism and its microbiota. Her scientific achievements are widely known: she is the recipient of the Marie E. Coates Award \\"Best lecturer-scientist\\" Gustafsson Fund, Karolinska Institutes, Stockholm, Sweden, and the International Sepsis Forum Award, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France (2014), etc. Professor N.V. Beloborodova wrote 210 papers, five books, 10 chapters and has edited four books.',institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"354260",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Tércio Elyan",middleName:"Azevedo",surname:"Azevedo Martins",slug:"tercio-elyan-azevedo-martins",fullName:"Tércio Elyan Azevedo Martins",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/354260/images/16241_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from the Federal University of Ceará with the modality in Industrial Pharmacy, Specialist in Production and Control of Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP), Master in Pharmaceuticals and Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP) and Doctor of Science in the program of Pharmaceuticals and Medicines by the University of São Paulo. Professor at Universidade Paulista (UNIP) in the areas of chemistry, cosmetology and trichology. Assistant Coordinator of the Higher Course in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Technology at Universidade Paulista Campus Chácara Santo Antônio. Experience in the Pharmacy area, with emphasis on Pharmacotechnics, Pharmaceutical Technology, Research and Development of Cosmetics, acting mainly on topics such as cosmetology, antioxidant activity, aesthetics, photoprotection, cyclodextrin and thermal analysis.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"334285",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Sameer",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Jagirdar",slug:"sameer-jagirdar",fullName:"Sameer Jagirdar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334285/images/14691_n.jpg",biography:"I\\'m a graduate student at the center for biosystems science and engineering at the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India. I am interested in studying host-pathogen interactions at the biomaterial interface.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Science Bangalore",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"329795",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohd Aftab",middleName:"Aftab",surname:"Siddiqui",slug:"mohd-aftab-siddiqui",fullName:"Mohd Aftab Siddiqui",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329795/images/15648_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Mohd Aftab Siddiqui is currently working as Assistant Professor in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow for the last 6 years. He has completed his Doctor in Philosophy (Pharmacology) in 2020 from Integral University, Lucknow. He completed his Bachelor in Pharmacy in 2013 and Master in Pharmacy (Pharmacology) in 2015 from Integral University, Lucknow. He is the gold medalist in Bachelor and Master degree. He qualified GPAT -2013, GPAT -2014, and GPAT 2015. His area of research is Pharmacological screening of herbal drugs/ natural products in liver and cardiac diseases. He has guided many M. Pharm. research projects. He has many national and international publications.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:null},{id:"255360",title:"Dr.",name:"Usama",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"usama-ahmad",fullName:"Usama Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255360/images/system/255360.png",biography:"Dr. Usama Ahmad holds a specialization in Pharmaceutics from Amity University, Lucknow, India. He received his Ph.D. degree from Integral University. Currently, he’s working as an Assistant Professor of Pharmaceutics in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University. From 2013 to 2014 he worked on a research project funded by SERB-DST, Government of India. He has a rich publication record with more than 32 original articles published in reputed journals, 3 edited books, 5 book chapters, and a number of scientific articles published in ‘Ingredients South Asia Magazine’ and ‘QualPharma Magazine’. He is a member of the American Association for Cancer Research, International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer, and the British Society for Nanomedicine. Dr. Ahmad’s research focus is on the development of nanoformulations to facilitate the delivery of drugs that aim to provide practical solutions to current healthcare problems.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"30568",title:"Prof.",name:"Madhu",middleName:null,surname:"Khullar",slug:"madhu-khullar",fullName:"Madhu Khullar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/30568/images/system/30568.jpg",biography:"Dr. Madhu Khullar is a Professor of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology at the Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India. She completed her Post Doctorate in hypertension research at the Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, USA in 1985. She is an editor and reviewer of several international journals, and a fellow and member of several cardiovascular research societies. Dr. Khullar has a keen research interest in genetics of hypertension, and is currently studying pharmacogenetics of hypertension.",institutionString:"Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research",institution:{name:"Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"223233",title:"Prof.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/223233/images/system/223233.png",biography:"Xianquan Zhan received his MD and Ph.D. in Preventive Medicine at West China University of Medical Sciences. He received his post-doctoral training in oncology and cancer proteomics at the Central South University, China, and the University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC), USA. He worked at UTHSC and the Cleveland Clinic in 2001–2012 and achieved the rank of associate professor at UTHSC. Currently, he is a full professor at Central South University and Shandong First Medical University, and an advisor to MS/PhD students and postdoctoral fellows. He is also a fellow of the Royal Society of Medicine and European Association for Predictive Preventive Personalized Medicine (EPMA), a national representative of EPMA, and a member of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) and the American Association for the Advancement of Sciences (AAAS). He is also the editor in chief of International Journal of Chronic Diseases & Therapy, an associate editor of EPMA Journal, Frontiers in Endocrinology, and BMC Medical Genomics, and a guest editor of Mass Spectrometry Reviews, Frontiers in Endocrinology, EPMA Journal, and Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. He has published more than 148 articles, 28 book chapters, 6 books, and 2 US patents in the field of clinical proteomics and biomarkers.",institutionString:"Shandong First Medical University",institution:{name:"Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"297507",title:"Dr.",name:"Charles",middleName:"Elias",surname:"Assmann",slug:"charles-assmann",fullName:"Charles Assmann",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/297507/images/system/297507.jpg",biography:"Charles Elias Assmann is a biologist from Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM, Brazil), who spent some time abroad at the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU, Germany). He has Masters Degree in Biochemistry (UFSM), and is currently a PhD student at Biochemistry at the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of the UFSM. His areas of expertise include: Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Enzymology, Genetics and Toxicology. He is currently working on the following subjects: Aluminium toxicity, Neuroinflammation, Oxidative stress and Purinergic system. Since 2011 he has presented more than 80 abstracts in scientific proceedings of national and international meetings. Since 2014, he has published more than 20 peer reviewed papers (including 4 reviews, 3 in Portuguese) and 2 book chapters. He has also been a reviewer of international journals and ad hoc reviewer of scientific committees from Brazilian Universities.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"217850",title:"Dr.",name:"Margarete Dulce",middleName:null,surname:"Bagatini",slug:"margarete-dulce-bagatini",fullName:"Margarete Dulce Bagatini",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/217850/images/system/217850.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Margarete Dulce Bagatini is an associate professor at the Federal University of Fronteira Sul/Brazil. She has a degree in Pharmacy and a PhD in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry. She is a member of the UFFS Research Advisory Committee\nand a member of the Biovitta Research Institute. She is currently:\nthe leader of the research group: Biological and Clinical Studies\nin Human Pathologies, professor of postgraduate program in\nBiochemistry at UFSC and postgraduate program in Science and Food Technology at\nUFFS. She has experience in the area of pharmacy and clinical analysis, acting mainly\non the following topics: oxidative stress, the purinergic system and human pathologies, being a reviewer of several international journals and books.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"226275",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Metin",middleName:null,surname:"Budak",slug:"metin-budak",fullName:"Metin Budak",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226275/images/system/226275.jfif",biography:"Metin Budak, MSc, PhD is an Assistant Professor at Trakya University, Faculty of Medicine. He has been Head of the Molecular Research Lab at Prof. Mirko Tos Ear and Hearing Research Center since 2018. His specializations are biophysics, epigenetics, genetics, and methylation mechanisms. He has published around 25 peer-reviewed papers, 2 book chapters, and 28 abstracts. He is a member of the Clinical Research Ethics Committee and Quantification and Consideration Committee of Medicine Faculty. His research area is the role of methylation during gene transcription, chromatin packages DNA within the cell and DNA repair, replication, recombination, and gene transcription. His research focuses on how the cell overcomes chromatin structure and methylation to allow access to the underlying DNA and enable normal cellular function.",institutionString:"Trakya University",institution:{name:"Trakya University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"243049",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Pantea Stoian",slug:"anca-pantea-stoian",fullName:"Anca Pantea Stoian",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243049/images/system/243049.jpg",biography:"Anca Pantea Stoian is a specialist in diabetes, nutrition, and metabolic diseases as well as health food hygiene. She also has competency in general ultrasonography.\n\nShe is an associate professor in the Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania. She has been chief of the Hygiene Department, Faculty of Dentistry, at the same university since 2019. Her interests include micro and macrovascular complications in diabetes and new therapies. Her research activities focus on nutritional intervention in chronic pathology, as well as cardio-renal-metabolic risk assessment, and diabetes in cancer. She is currently engaged in developing new therapies and technological tools for screening, prevention, and patient education in diabetes. \n\nShe is a member of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes, Cardiometabolic Academy, CEDA, Romanian Society of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, Romanian Diabetes Federation, and Association for Renal Metabolic and Nutrition studies. She has authored or co-authored 160 papers in national and international peer-reviewed journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy",country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"279792",title:"Dr.",name:"João",middleName:null,surname:"Cotas",slug:"joao-cotas",fullName:"João Cotas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/279792/images/system/279792.jpg",biography:"Graduate and master in Biology from the University of Coimbra.\n\nI am a research fellow at the Macroalgae Laboratory Unit, in the MARE-UC – Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre of the University of Coimbra. My principal function is the collection, extraction and purification of macroalgae compounds, chemical and bioactive characterization of the compounds and algae extracts and development of new methodologies in marine biotechnology area. \nI am associated in two projects: one consists on discovery of natural compounds for oncobiology. The other project is the about the natural compounds/products for agricultural area.\n\nPublications:\nCotas, J.; Figueirinha, A.; Pereira, L.; Batista, T. 2018. An analysis of the effects of salinity on Fucus ceranoides (Ochrophyta, Phaeophyceae), in the Mondego River (Portugal). Journal of Oceanology and Limnology. in press. DOI: 10.1007/s00343-019-8111-3",institutionString:"Faculty of Sciences and Technology of University of Coimbra",institution:null},{id:"279788",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonel",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"leonel-pereira",fullName:"Leonel Pereira",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/279788/images/system/279788.jpg",biography:"Leonel Pereira has an undergraduate degree in Biology, a Ph.D. in Biology (specialty in Cell Biology), and a Habilitation degree in Biosciences (specialization in Biotechnology) from the Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Coimbra, Portugal, where he is currently a professor. In addition to teaching at this university, he is an integrated researcher at the Marine and Environmental Sciences Center (MARE), Portugal. His interests include marine biodiversity (algae), marine biotechnology (algae bioactive compounds), and marine ecology (environmental assessment). Since 2008, he has been the author and editor of the electronic publication MACOI – Portuguese Seaweeds Website (www.seaweeds.uc.pt). He is also a member of the editorial boards of several scientific journals. Dr. Pereira has edited or authored more than 20 books, 100 journal articles, and 45 book chapters. He has given more than 100 lectures and oral communications at various national and international scientific events. He is the coordinator of several national and international research projects. In 1998, he received the Francisco de Holanda Award (Honorable Mention) and, more recently, the Mar Rei D. Carlos award (18th edition). He is also a winner of the 2016 CHOICE Award for an outstanding academic title for his book Edible Seaweeds of the World. In 2020, Dr. Pereira received an Honorable Mention for the Impact of International Publications from the Web of Science",institutionString:"University of Coimbra",institution:{name:"University of Coimbra",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"61946",title:"Dr.",name:"Carol",middleName:null,surname:"Bernstein",slug:"carol-bernstein",fullName:"Carol Bernstein",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/61946/images/system/61946.jpg",biography:"Carol Bernstein received her PhD in Genetics from the University of California (Davis). She was a faculty member at the University of Arizona College of Medicine for 43 years, retiring in 2011. Her research interests focus on DNA damage and its underlying role in sex, aging and in the early steps of initiation and progression to cancer. In her research, she had used organisms including bacteriophage T4, Neurospora crassa, Schizosaccharomyces pombe and mice, as well as human cells and tissues. She authored or co-authored more than 140 scientific publications, including articles in major peer reviewed journals, book chapters, invited reviews and one book.",institutionString:"University of Arizona",institution:{name:"University of Arizona",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"182258",title:"Dr.",name:"Ademar",middleName:"Pereira",surname:"Serra",slug:"ademar-serra",fullName:"Ademar Serra",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/182258/images/system/182258.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Serra studied Agronomy on Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS) (2005). He received master degree in Agronomy, Crop Science (Soil fertility and plant nutrition) (2007) by Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados (UFGD), and PhD in agronomy (Soil fertility and plant nutrition) (2011) from Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados / Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz (UFGD/ESALQ-USP). Dr. Serra is currently working at Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA). His research focus is on mineral nutrition of plants, crop science and soil science. 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