SWOT analysis matrix [65].
\\n\\n
IntechOpen Book Series will also publish a program of research-driven Thematic Edited Volumes that focus on specific areas and allow for a more in-depth overview of a particular subject.
\\n\\nIntechOpen Book Series will be launching regularly to offer our authors and editors exciting opportunities to publish their research Open Access. We will begin by relaunching some of our existing Book Series in this innovative book format, and will expand in 2022 into rapidly growing research fields that are driving and advancing society.
\\n\\nLaunching 2021
\\n\\nArtificial Intelligence, ISSN 2633-1403
\\n\\nVeterinary Medicine and Science, ISSN 2632-0517
\\n\\nBiochemistry, ISSN 2632-0983
\\n\\nBiomedical Engineering, ISSN 2631-5343
\\n\\nInfectious Diseases, ISSN 2631-6188
\\n\\nPhysiology (Coming Soon)
\\n\\nDentistry (Coming Soon)
\\n\\nWe invite you to explore our IntechOpen Book Series, find the right publishing program for you and reach your desired audience in record time.
\\n\\nNote: Edited in October 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/132"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'With the desire to make book publishing more relevant for the digital age and offer innovative Open Access publishing options, we are thrilled to announce the launch of our new publishing format: IntechOpen Book Series.
\n\nDesigned to cover fast-moving research fields in rapidly expanding areas, our Book Series feature a Topic structure allowing us to present the most relevant sub-disciplines. Book Series are headed by Series Editors, and a team of Topic Editors supported by international Editorial Board members. Topics are always open for submissions, with an Annual Volume published each calendar year.
\n\nAfter a robust peer-review process, accepted works are published quickly, thanks to Online First, ensuring research is made available to the scientific community without delay.
\n\nOur innovative Book Series format brings you:
\n\nIntechOpen Book Series will also publish a program of research-driven Thematic Edited Volumes that focus on specific areas and allow for a more in-depth overview of a particular subject.
\n\nIntechOpen Book Series will be launching regularly to offer our authors and editors exciting opportunities to publish their research Open Access. We will begin by relaunching some of our existing Book Series in this innovative book format, and will expand in 2022 into rapidly growing research fields that are driving and advancing society.
\n\nLaunching 2021
\n\nArtificial Intelligence, ISSN 2633-1403
\n\nVeterinary Medicine and Science, ISSN 2632-0517
\n\nBiochemistry, ISSN 2632-0983
\n\nBiomedical Engineering, ISSN 2631-5343
\n\nInfectious Diseases, ISSN 2631-6188
\n\nPhysiology (Coming Soon)
\n\nDentistry (Coming Soon)
\n\nWe invite you to explore our IntechOpen Book Series, find the right publishing program for you and reach your desired audience in record time.
\n\nNote: Edited in October 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"6373",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Myocardial Infarction",title:"Myocardial Infarction",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is still the most common cause of death among adults. Its prevalence is increasing in developing countries and despite all advances in both diagnostic tools and treatment modalities, it is still very common in the developed world. Obesity, diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia and overuse of dietary salt play a pivotal role in increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality worldwide. Current clinical efforts are mainly focused on the diagnosis and treatment of myocardial infarction. In this book, we provide epidemiological data on myocardial infarction and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, current diagnostic biochemical tests and management strategies. A specific patient group, children, experiencing myocardial infarction are also addressed. Current advances in the management of myocardial infarction have decreased the morbidity and mortality from atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and especially myocardial infarction; however, more can be achieved by the prevention of atherosclerotic processes via focusing on the early stages of the disease.",isbn:"978-1-78984-869-4",printIsbn:"978-1-78984-868-7",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83881-437-3",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69907",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"myocardial-infarction",numberOfPages:138,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,isInBkci:!1,hash:"10bca0bf18d68ec3c1641dbc3a1ae899",bookSignature:"Burak Pamukçu",publishedDate:"January 3rd 2019",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6373.jpg",numberOfDownloads:12543,numberOfWosCitations:23,numberOfCrossrefCitations:15,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:29,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:67,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"May 30th 2017",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 20th 2017",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"October 29th 2017",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"December 29th 2017",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"February 28th 2018",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"70686",title:"Dr.",name:"Burak",middleName:null,surname:"Pamukçu",slug:"burak-pamukcu",fullName:"Burak Pamukçu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/70686/images/system/70686.jpeg",biography:"Burak Pamukçu (M.D.) obtained a doctorate degree in Cardiology from Istanbul University Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey. Dr. Pamukçu finalized his post doctorate fellowship (European Society of Cardiology Atherothrombosis Research Fellowship) at the University Department of Medicine, Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, City Hospital, Birmingham, England, UK. He is mainly interested in atherothrombosis, atherosclerotic heart vessel disease, antithrombotic therapy and interventional cardiology. Currently Dr. Pamukçu is working as a Consultant Cardiologist and Associate Professor of Cardiology in Acıbadem Healthcare Group. He has published 99 scientific publications and served as reviewer for thirty different medical journals. He is also serving as associate editor and editorial board member at peer reviewed medical scientific journals.",institutionString:"Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"Istanbul University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"170",title:"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine",slug:"cardiology-and-cardiovascular-medicine"}],chapters:[{id:"64090",title:"Introductory Chapter: Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81697",slug:"introductory-chapter-atherosclerotic-cardiovascular-disease",totalDownloads:963,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Burak Pamukcu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/64090",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/64090",authors:[{id:"70686",title:"Dr.",name:"Burak",surname:"Pamukçu",slug:"burak-pamukcu",fullName:"Burak Pamukçu"}],corrections:null},{id:"59778",title:"Epidemiology of Myocardial Infarction",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.74768",slug:"epidemiology-of-myocardial-infarction",totalDownloads:4453,totalCrossrefCites:11,totalDimensionsCites:22,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality throughout the world. The most common form of CHD is the myocardial infarction. It is responsible for over 15% of mortality each year, among the vast majority of people suffering from non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) than ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). The prevalence of myocardial infarction (MI) is higher in men in all age-specific groups than women. Although the incidence of MI is decreased in the industrialized nations partly because of improved health systems and implementation of effective public health strategies, nevertheless the rates are surging in the developing countries such as South Asia, parts of Latin America, and Eastern Europe. The modifiable risk factors represent over 90% of the risk for acute MI. The risk factors such as dyslipidemia, smoking, psychosocial stressors, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, obesity, alcohol consumption, physical inactivity, and a diet low in fruits and vegetables were strongly associated with acute MI.",signatures:"Joshua Chadwick Jayaraj, Karapet Davatyan, S.S. Subramanian and Jemmi Priya",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/59778",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/59778",authors:[{id:"223196",title:"Dr.",name:"Joshua",surname:"Chadwick",slug:"joshua-chadwick",fullName:"Joshua Chadwick"},{id:"231054",title:"Dr.",name:"Karapet",surname:"Davatyan",slug:"karapet-davatyan",fullName:"Karapet Davatyan"},{id:"231055",title:"Ms.",name:"Jemmi",surname:"Priya",slug:"jemmi-priya",fullName:"Jemmi Priya"},{id:"244487",title:"Dr.",name:"S.S.",surname:"Subramanian",slug:"s.s.-subramanian",fullName:"S.S. Subramanian"}],corrections:null},{id:"62951",title:"The Diagnostic Value of Biochemical Cardiac Markers in Acute Myocardial Infarction",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76150",slug:"the-diagnostic-value-of-biochemical-cardiac-markers-in-acute-myocardial-infarction",totalDownloads:2027,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death worldwide. The role of cardiac markers in the diagnosis, risk stratification, and treatment of patients with chest pain is vital. Patients with elevated cardiac troponin levels but negative CK-MB who were formerly diagnosed with unstable angina or minor myocardial injury are now reclassified as non–ST-segment elevation MI (NSTEMI) even in the absence of diagnostic ECG changes. CK-MB is both a sensitive and specific marker for myocardial infarction. Cardiac troponin T is a cardio-specific, highly sensitive marker for myocardial damage. Cardiac troponin I is a contractile protein exclusively present in the cardiac muscle. The absolute cardiospecificity of cTnI allows the diagnosis of myocardial infarction distinct from muscle lesions and non-cardiac surgery. In 2000, the European Society of Cardiology and the American College of Cardiology redefined AMI with a particular advocacy on troponin. The 2002/2007 American College of Cardiology (ACC) and the American Heart Association (AHA) Guideline Update for the management of these patients strongly recommend to include cTnI. Specifically, with rare exception, the diagnosis cannot be made in the absence of elevated biomarkers of cardiac injury.",signatures:"Shazia Rashid, Arif Malik, Rukhshan Khurshid, Uzma Faryal and\nSumera Qazi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/62951",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/62951",authors:[{id:"222194",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Shazia",surname:"Rashid",slug:"shazia-rashid",fullName:"Shazia Rashid"},{id:"222621",title:"Prof.",name:"Arif",surname:"Malik",slug:"arif-malik",fullName:"Arif Malik"},{id:"238058",title:"Dr.",name:"Rakhshan",surname:"Khurshid",slug:"rakhshan-khurshid",fullName:"Rakhshan Khurshid"},{id:"238060",title:"Dr.",name:"Uzma",surname:"Faryal",slug:"uzma-faryal",fullName:"Uzma Faryal"},{id:"238062",title:"Dr.",name:"Sumera",surname:"Qazi",slug:"sumera-qazi",fullName:"Sumera Qazi"}],corrections:null},{id:"60334",title:"Interventional Therapies for Post-Cardiac Arrest Patients Suffering from Coronary Artery Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.75045",slug:"interventional-therapies-for-post-cardiac-arrest-patients-suffering-from-coronary-artery-disease",totalDownloads:1040,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Acute myocardial infarction and coronary artery disease (CAD) are the most common causes for the development of malignant arrhythmia often leading to cardiogenic shock and cardiac arrest. Structural heart disease represents the main pathology in older patients, whereas young adults mostly suffer from cardiomyopathies and channelopathies. This book chapter delineates modern interventional therapies for patients with cardiogenic shock or aborted cardiac arrest. Epidemiological data on the incidence of malignant arrhythmia depending causing cardiac arrest depending on the presence or absence of CAD and myocardial infarction are presented. Realistic difficulties within clinical decision-making are counterbalanced for and against an early, aggressive and invasive therapeutic approach including early coronary angiography with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), targeted temperature management and mechanical cardiac assist devices, depending on the individual clinical presentation and underlying cardiac arrhythmia.",signatures:"Michael Behnes, Philipp Kuche, Ibrahim Akin and Kambis Mashayekhi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/60334",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/60334",authors:[{id:"189154",title:"Prof.",name:"Ibrahim",surname:"Akin",slug:"ibrahim-akin",fullName:"Ibrahim Akin"},{id:"204569",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",surname:"Behnes",slug:"michael-behnes",fullName:"Michael Behnes"},{id:"213288",title:"Dr.",name:"Kambis",surname:"Mashayekhi",slug:"kambis-mashayekhi",fullName:"Kambis Mashayekhi"},{id:"240764",title:"Dr.",name:"Philipp",surname:"Kuche",slug:"philipp-kuche",fullName:"Philipp Kuche"}],corrections:null},{id:"61346",title:"Non-ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction: Diagnosis and Management",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76241",slug:"non-st-elevation-myocardial-infarction-diagnosis-and-management",totalDownloads:2454,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Cardiovascular disease is expected to be the main cause of death globally due to the rapidly increasing prevalence of obesity, hypertension and diabetes mellitus. Atherosclerotic lesions and plaque rupture are the most common cause of myocardial infarction. Resting 12-lead ECG is the first diagnostic test for patients with chest pain and should be performed and interpreted within the first 10 min of the patient’s admission to the emergency department. Cardiac biomarkers preferably, high-sensitivity cardiac troponin, is mandatory in all patients with suspected NSTEMI for the diagnosis, risk stratification and treatment. Rapid, efficient diagnosis and risk stratification of patients with chest pain will help to administer the appropriate medication and plan for the timing of invasive strategy and the choice of revascularization. This chapter helps to simply but elaborately discuss the diagnosis, risk stratification and the management of patients with non-ST elevation of myocardial infarction.",signatures:"Yaser Al Ahmad and Mohammed T. Ali",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/61346",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/61346",authors:[{id:"218369",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammed",surname:"Ali",slug:"mohammed-ali",fullName:"Mohammed Ali"},{id:"248884",title:"Dr.",name:"Yaser",surname:"Alahamd",slug:"yaser-alahamd",fullName:"Yaser Alahamd"}],corrections:null},{id:"60068",title:"Myocardial Infarction in Children",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.74793",slug:"myocardial-infarction-in-children",totalDownloads:1610,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Myocardial infarction (MI) is a clinical condition that develops associated with a sudden reduction or interruption of the blood flow of the vessels supplying the heart for various reasons. The electrocardiographic, echocardiographic and enzymatic diagnostic criteria of MI have been well defined in adults, in children there are some difficulties. Although seen more often in the presence of congenital heart disease (CHD), MI may also be seen in patients without CHD. Unlike atherosclerotic coronary artery disease in adult patients, ischaemia and infarct in children are often associated with coronary artery anomalies and CHD. In addition, congenital prothrombotic diseases, vasculitis, surgical or interventional procedures may also cause ischaemia and infarct. Subendocardial ischaemia, especially aortic stenosis characterised by hypertrophy in the left ventricle is often seen in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy or hypertensive patients. The most important risk factors in neonates and infants are the presence of CHD, coronary artery anomalies and perinatal asfixia. The most frequently seen causes of pediatric myocardial infarction (PMI) are abnormal left coronary artery originating from the pulmonary artery (ALCAPA) and Kawasaki disease. Another often seen cause of PMI is patients who underwent arterial switch operations.",signatures:"Meki Bilici, Mehmet Ture and Hasan Balik",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/60068",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/60068",authors:[{id:"219534",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Meki",surname:"Bilici",slug:"meki-bilici",fullName:"Meki Bilici"},{id:"239944",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",surname:"Ture",slug:"mehmet-ture",fullName:"Mehmet Ture"},{id:"239945",title:"Dr.",name:"Hasan",surname:"Balik",slug:"hasan-balik",fullName:"Hasan Balik"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7055",title:"Angiography",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"20638a6ce5e042484cc33b5b510cdca6",slug:"angiography",bookSignature:"Burak Pamukçu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7055.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"70686",title:"Dr.",name:"Burak",surname:"Pamukçu",slug:"burak-pamukcu",fullName:"Burak Pamukçu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6209",title:"Endothelial Dysfunction",subtitle:"Old Concepts and New Challenges",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f6e76bbf7858977527679a6e6ad6a173",slug:"endothelial-dysfunction-old-concepts-and-new-challenges",bookSignature:"Helena Lenasi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6209.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"68746",title:"Dr.",name:"Helena",surname:"Lenasi",slug:"helena-lenasi",fullName:"Helena Lenasi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7220",title:"Congenital Heart Disease",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f59bacfffcccc636ec3082869d10a82e",slug:"congenital-heart-disease",bookSignature:"David C. 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It is extensively used as a spice as well as in traditional medicine in many cultures. Ginger has been used in traditional medicine to treat nausea and vomiting after surgery, dizziness, menstrual discomfort, arthritis, and to avoid morning sickness. It has also been used to prevent morning sickness. Ginger has also been used to aid in weight reduction as well as to avoid motion sickness and seasickness, among other things. Ginger flourishes in a warm, humid environment, and it may be grown anywhere from sea level to an elevation of 1500 meters above sea level. In both rainfed and irrigated environments, ginger may be cultivated successfully. During the last few decades, ginger researchers have made significant advances in the fields of medicine, food production, and plant culture, among other areas. Readers, students, and researchers will find this book a valuable resource.
",isbn:"978-1-83969-119-5",printIsbn:"978-1-83969-118-8",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83969-157-7",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,hash:"1caa2d6d054af82de4a88ecb2b3fedfa",bookSignature:"Dr. Prashant Kaushik",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11785.jpg",keywords:"Rainfed, Cultivation, Greenhouse, Fertilization, Genetics, Genomics, Breeding, Biotechnology, Health, Pharma, Cure, Medicinal Use",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 20th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 18th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"July 17th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 5th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 4th 2022",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 days",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"A pioneering researcher in plant science, Dr. Kaushik obtained his Ph.D. from the Polytechnic University of Valencia, Spain, and a post Ph.D. from Nagano University, Japan. He is on the editorial boards of several journals including Plants, Sustainability, and Genetic Resources, and has published close to 100 peer-reviewed publications. His research interests concern vegetable and crop improvement under climate change as well as the effects of bioinoculants.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"311935",title:"Dr.",name:"Prashant",middleName:null,surname:"Kaushik",slug:"prashant-kaushik",fullName:"Prashant Kaushik",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/311935/images/system/311935.jpg",biography:"Prashant Kaushik has obtained several degrees and qualifications such as B.Sc (Hons.) in Agriculture, Post Graduate Diploma in Floriculture and Landscaping, M.Sc. in Vegetable Science, MBA in Production and Operation Management, PhD in Biotechnology from Spain and Post Doctorate from Japan. He has worked as a bioinformatician and researcher with universities and vegetable seed companies. He has published close to 100 scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals. He has been on the editorial boards of several journals like Plants, Sustainability, Genetic Resources, etc. and reviewer/referee for around 50 journals. His research applies conventional, biotechnological, and genomics approaches for crop improvement concerning aspects like climate change, nutritional quality, biotic and abiotic stress tolerance, etc. He is also interested in studying the effects of boinoculants (AMF, PSB, etc.). 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Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"314",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",subtitle:"Cells and Biomaterials",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb67e80e480c86bb8315458012d65686",slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"58289",title:"Strategies to Enhance Sustainability of Land Resources in Arid Regions",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72492",slug:"strategies-to-enhance-sustainability-of-land-resources-in-arid-regions",body:'\nAt the historical development of human beings, we see that many civilizations had been established from the hunter-gatherer system (the Neolithic period) to the premodern 9000 period that had caused the great pressures on natural resources [1]. It is known that human activities such as overgrazing, deforestation, wrong or inappropriate land uses/conversions and poor agricultural management practices are common causes of land degradation, but extreme climatic events also accelerate this process. It is reported that today 1.5 billion people worldwide are affected by land degradation processes [2]. Especially in arid and semiarid ecosystems, land degradation is one of the most significant environmental treats. The major problems encountered in terms of sustainable land management in these ecosystems are mentioned as the salinity, desertification and drought and soil erosion. However, these problems are defined in different forms in different sources. The result is the same for humans who base their life on agricultural bases. This is the gradual decline of the fertility capacity of the soil. At this point, it is extremely important that the soil, which is one of the main resources for living beings to survive on earth, is sustainable. Today, land resources in terms of soil and water are limited to meet the needs of future generations as we completely depend on these resources. In the world, it is estimated that 12 million hectares of land are degraded annually (corresponding to 23 ha per minute), which corresponds to 20 million tons of grain due to the results of drought and desertification. In the economical aspect, annual cost of land degradation is estimated to be about US$300 billion. This includes losses to both agricultural production and other ecosystem services [3].
\nTo combat land degradation processes, many strategies have been defined by both governments and intergovernmental platforms under several titles such as United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Global Soil Partnership and Land Degradation Neutral World. In particular, Goal 2 (end hunger), Goal 3 (good health and well-being), Goal 12 (responsible consumption and production) and Goal 15 (life on land) of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) that are planned to be reached for the period covering 2015–2030 include measures and policies related to the use of land and water resources [2]. Of course, the applied agricultural policies have direct and very important effects on land use. The subsidies, incentives and taxes imposed by governments have great implications for which crops are grown and where land is well managed. Inappropriate land management practices applied in marginal areas and fragile ecosystems that are sensitive to climatic, topographic and soil conditions cause the rapid deterioration of land resources. But, land resources are limited and demands for different land-use types especially in the developing countries are greater than the available land resources and these demands become more pressing on natural resources [4]. And so, the only way to protect and sustain soil and water resources from negative effects of erosion, salinity and desertification and other land degradation types in fragile ecosystems is to prepare and enforce appropriate land-use plans. Because of that, sustainable resource management can only be successful if it is based on appropriate land uses. In summary, sustainable promotion of soil and land management is necessary for the provision of healthy food and the environment. Within the scope of this chapter, the aim is to attract attention to land degradation processes in arid and semiarid regions (mostly focused on Turkey’s conditions), to analyze the conditions in terms of policy-science interaction by performing situation analysis (SWOT) and develop the effective strategies for sustainable use of land resources under arid and semiarid Turkey conditions.
\nAs mentioned above, land degradation is one of the major environmental problems worldwide and has become particularly severe in the last decades in Turkey [5]. It causes the significant reduction of the ecosystem functionality with unfavorable effects on biodiversity, desertification and water resource quality [6, 7, 8, 9]. FAO [10] figured that the main causes of land degradation are the deforestation, population growth, urban expansion, pollution and waste disposal, climate change and unsustainable land management practices, and their results led to discovering significant problems especially in the arid ecosystems having great water scarcity to survive ecosystem services at the optimal conditions. These problems are defined as biodiversity loss, salinization and sodification, nutrient imbalance, compaction, sealing, pollution, acidification, erosion and loss of soil organic carbon. As a result, water scarcity, food and nutrition insecurity, rapid climate change, poverty and social insecurity, migration and reduction of the ecosystem services are basically affecting our lives.
\nThe rate of land degradation processes is closely related to the interactions between climate, soil, land use and topography. Today, Turkey is classified as degraded in terms of soil according to the degradation map [11]. In this context, it was stated that a large part of Turkey is rated highly susceptible to desertification in terms of climate, soils, topography and land cover status [12], although no region could be classified as “desert” in the country based on the general evaluation of the 1965–2007 period using the Aridity Index [13]. Ninety percent of Turkey’s total land area is climatologically classified as arid and semiarid regions; especially, Aksaray, Cihanbeyli, Ereğli (Konya), Iğdır, Karaman, Karapınar, Konya, Nallıhan and Niğde stand out in the semiarid-very arid border. In general, Thrace, Central Anatolia, the interior of the Central Black Sea and eastern Anatolia are regions where arid and semiarid areas spread [13].
\nOther significant studies related to the long-term variability of climatic conditions over the rainfall regions of Turkey mostly indicated that annual and seasonal precipitation totals have been in the decreasing trends for many stations in Turkey, particularly at those in the Aegean and Mediterranean regions and South-eastern Anatolia and the continental interiors of Turkey that have significant potential to be arid lands in future. And it is estimated that these regions will become more sensitive to desertification in the future with anthropogenic effects such as forest fires, land conversion, urbanization, pollution, etc. [13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20]. Considering the variation of rainfall erosivity values, a trend analysis for the Mediterranean part of Turkey was performed (Figure 1) [21]. And, the obtained results showed that rainfall erosivity values statistically increased in the period of 1993–2004. Not surprisingly, increasing rainfall intensities led to increase in flooding and water erosion risk in several parts of Turkey [22, 23]. This situation is not only specific to the Mediterranean region but also to the whole of arid areas. Although there is a decrease in the amount of rainfall with global warming, climate change scenarios state that rainfall intensities in dry areas significantly tend to increase [24]. Another potential threat is the degradation of soil moisture balance and the depletion of groundwater levels throughout the country as a result of reduced winter precipitations [17].
\nTrend analysis result for rainfall erosivity values in the Mediterranean part of Turkey.
At the basis of all these problems are actually anthropogenic effects. People in fragile ecosystems promote land degradation processes due to land-use conversions by farming in fragile soils and applying poor crop management techniques. And, those facilities have significant effects on salinization and nutrient exploitation in terms of degraded natural soil and water interactions. [25]. Another drastic effect on resource management of land-use transformations in these ecosystems could be mentioned as the mineralization of soil organic carbon (SOC) by cultivation activities. These changes under the Mediterranean climate conditions have been closely examined by various researchers [26, 27, 28]. And, the effects of these conversions on land resources, global warming and soil are being discussed frequently in recent times [29]. As reported, three main reasons of the global increase of CO2 and other greenhouse gas emissions, resulting in global warming, are fossil fuel combustion, cement manufacturing and land-use changes [30]. It is known that the conversion from natural to agricultural ecosystems, tillage and soil degradation with erosion and other processes in the world resulted in a reduction of about 60% of carbon stock in the soil from the beginning of agriculture 10,000 years ago [31, 32, 33]. It is an important fact that the effect of agriculture on greenhouse gas emissions is increasing day by day in terms of CO2 equivalent (Figure 2) [34]. In addition to inappropriate mechanization techniques, exploitation of grassland and forest areas in fragile ecosystems, especially for agricultural activities, is triggering this situation.
\nGreenhouse gas emissions according to the sectors in Turkey [
Soil organic carbon (SOC) is the significant parameter to evaluate land-use conversions’ effects on vulnerability of soil erodibility. This unsuitable land-use changes cause the decomposition of aggregates as a result of organic matter being oxidized [5, 35, 36]. In this context, a comprehensive investigation on the effects of changes in land-use type on some soil properties was performed in a Mediterranean plateau and searched for land-use effects for three adjacent land-use types including the cultivated lands, which have been converted from pastures for 12 years, fragmented forests and unaltered pasture lands [29]. Results indicated that cultivation of the pastures caused the degradation of soil physical properties and increased the soil susceptibility to the erosion under the limited soil depth conditions in the southern Mediterranean highlands [29]. Similarly, land-use transformation effects on soil erodibility in the Central Anatolian conditions were investigated [37]. And, findings showed that soil organic matter content, hydraulic conductivity and soil erodibility value statistically changed with changing land use, and soils of the recreational land and cropland were more sensitive to water erosion than those of the woodland, grassland and plantation usage. More recently, the changes in aggregate-associated and labile soil organic C and N fractions were evaluated after conversion of a natural forest to grassland and cropland in northern Turkey [38]. And, the results showed that long-term conversion of forest to grassland and cropland significantly decreased microbial biomass C, mineralizable C and physically protected soil organic C. Recently, it was reported that 70% of SOM was lost from agricultural soils due to cultivation practices; however, there is no definite information about dehumidification ratios [39]. Moreover, when evaluated in terms of the levels of organic matter in Turkey, it is less than 1% in two-thirds of soils [40, 41, 42].
\nNot surprisingly, the lower organic matter contents make the soil more susceptible to erosive forces in these fragile arid and semiarid ecosystems. In addition to that, considering the topographical conditions, the country generally has a mountainous topography with higher slope degrees and shallower soil profile depth. With 47.98% of the total land having ‘steepness of slope’ greater than 20% and 62.15% of land, the slope greater than 12% was not suitable for machinery agricultural activities. It also accelerated the soil erosion risk [43]. Today, 16.4 million hectares of the 27.7 million hectares of agricultural land soil erosion is the major problem in Turkey. If an overall assessment of the erosion potentials of Turkey’s soil is to be made, it can be said that more than 75% of the land is at risk of erosion at different levels [44, 45]. It was reported that suspended sediment yield was 155 ton y−1 km−2 or 119 m3 y−1 km−2 based on the detailed river observation in Turkey [43, 46], considering that the soil formation rate is naturally 1 mm within 200–400 years [47]. In this way, the soil formation rate was calculated as “0.025 mm y−1, 0.025 m3 ha−1 y−1 or 0.0325 ton ha−1 y−1 if taking into consideration the upper limit of soil formation rate for arid and semiarid conditions of Turkey. Accordingly, the rate of soil loss was estimated approximately 48 times higher than the rate of soil formation in Turkey [43]. It is also well known that for agricultural purposes the breaking of the natural soil formation rates 40 times and for other reasons, such as breaking with up to 100 times more soil losses occurred in worldwide [47, 48].
\nOther significant problems encountered in arid and semiarid regions in Turkey are drought, salinity and desertification due to lack of precipitation, high evapotranspiration rates and unsuitable land management practices [49]. Today, agricultural sector is one of the most important users of water resources in Turkey. Annually, we are economically using 44 billion cubic meters of 112 billion cubic meters of water resources, and 74% of this water is only being used for agricultural activities [50]. Excessive and unsuitable use of both surface and subsurface waters for agricultural purposes led to significant changes in the quantity and quality of water resources. In the world, 60 million hectares, which account for about 20% of the world’s irrigated areas, are facing serious salinity problem. And, more than 50% of these areas are located in India, China, USA and Pakistan. Turkey is also affected by irrigation-derived salinity at considerable levels. Today, 1.5 million hectares of soils have salinity problem due to improper management of irrigation and inadequate drainage in Turkey [2]. As a result of unsustainable agricultural practices, a considerable amount of agricultural land is put out of production each year. This situation results in reducing agricultural productivity and limiting agricultural production areas [49]. Thus, it is estimated that increased salinization of arable land will led to a land loss of 50% in 2050 [51]. At the beginning of the causes that increase the activity of salinity in these regions is the drought. In Turkey, on average, a moderate drought every 6 years and a most severe drought every 18 years are observed. For this reason, World Meteorological Organization (WMO) listed Turkey among the 76 countries that have the risk of drought [50, 52].
\nAccording to the drought predictions, the tendency of meteorological drought in our country to turn into agricultural drought is rather high [53]. This is in our country that uses 74% of total water for agricultural purposes; the fact that agricultural drought is one of the most important limiting factors for the agriculture sector in terms of having enough moisture in the soil during the plant development periods for agricultural production [50]. According to the 2020, 2050 and 2080 projections in Turkey, a decrease in production rates of the grains such as wheat, barley, rye and oat by 4.9, 8.3 and 13.8 per percent, respectively, due to climate change and drought is estimated [54]. Considering that 80% of the 24 million hectares of agricultural land is rainfed, it is clear that if necessary measures are not taken, agricultural production will be adversely affected in the future from the climate change processes. As a result, the sustainability of land resources in semiarid and arid ecosystems, such as Turkey that has high sensitivity to land degradation in terms of climate, soil and topographic conditions, is directly related to the effective implementation of sustainable land management practices. And, it can be achieved on the condition that the science-policy interface is actively formed.
\nSuccessful land resource management requires action to be taken at the level of individuals, governments and even intergovernmental organizations. In this context, sustainability of the collaboration and interactions in the science-policy interface, improvement of the existing sources of information in terms of databases of land resources and the adaptation of the legal regulations under the sustainable land management approach are significant issues to reach the desired targets.
\nRelated to the subject, revised soil charter [55] defined the responsibilities under the three main groups, which are individuals and private organizations, government and intergovernmental organizations, to overcome degradation process and build restoration of degraded areas. The success of national scale works related to land resource sustainability is closely linked to the actions and strategies that governments will implement. For that, 10 significant actions to be realized by governments are defined [55]. Among them, the last three actions (VIII, IX and X) emphasize the need to develop the land and soil information systems to combat climate change and land degradation processes in terms of sustainability of land resources effectively.
\nTo more effectively and sustainably combat desertification and erosion throughout Turkey, both national and international projects have to been seriously implemented. National Soil Erosion Map by USLE/RUSLE algorithm (Universal Soil Loss Equation – Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation) [56] is one of the most important attempts by General Directorate of Combating Desertification and Erosion bureau. In this context, constantly updated ‘Erosion Monitoring System’ is preparing for monitoring studies and creating data archive in the web [57]. It is aimed to gather available information throughout the country related to applied or planned soil conservation practices. It is supported with web-available system for applying different scenarios to estimate its effects on soil loss ratios [12]. Another important monitoring system is created for the problem of desertification. For that, a risk map has been established by determining the vulnerability classes of desertification-sensitive arid and semiarid lands of Turkey [57]. Studies at national scale are also being conducted in the same way to evaluate the risk of wind erosion and take effective precautions against to it.
\nIn addition to this, considerable steps have been taken with the efforts to increase the presence of forests and the improvement of the existence of damaged forests. Over the last 37 years, total forest area has increased by 1.3 million hectares with afforestation projects. For future projections, it is aimed to increase the total forest area from 27 to 30% by 2023 by Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs. Afforestation of degraded soils by converting into forests or other perennial land uses has a large potential of soil organic carbon sequestration. It will enhance the carbon accumulation in soil organic matter [32].
\nOther significant projects on management of limited land resources in Turkey are related to watershed managements, soil and water resource monitoring facilities, drought, desertification, snowslide, flood and landslide control and monitoring systems, rehabilitation of degraded areas in the context of Land Degradation Neutrality approach have been progressed by Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs.
\nThe Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock, which is also responsible for combating climate change in Turkey, has various projects, strategies and policies related to agriculture as follows [58, 59, 60, 61]:
\nEnvironmentally Protected Agricultural Land Conservation Program (ÇATAK) aims to give support payments for farmers who prefer ecofriendly agricultural techniques and cultural practices. Grant support is provided for the conversion of in-field irrigation systems to closed and pressurized systems within the framework of the Program for Supporting Modern Irrigation Methods to Support Water Saving and the Support Program for Rural Development Investments.
And several agricultural Research & Development studies pursue to reduce the energy use in agriculture, sustainable resource use, development and improvement of drought-tolerant plants, improvement of methods and tools in irrigated areas in dry periods and development of land processing methods and tools providing carbon capture in the soil. The others related to some information technologies carried out in our country within the scope of action plans to be taken by governments are “land use land use conversion and forest (LULUCF),” “determination of the problematic agricultural areas,” “agricultural monitoring and information system project (TARBİL),” “farming registration system” and “rural database project.” All of these projects aim at the formation and development of reliable information systems related to soil and land-use strategies.
\nRecently, the significant project that stands out in crop/soil management is the “National Agriculture Project” that has been started by the Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock in 2017. Its original aim is to promote sustainable agriculture by considering the existing ecological and economic conditions and the needs of Turkey. In this context, 21 products that are important in terms of human nutrition, health and animal production, which are strategically and locally important in our country (wheat, barley, rye, rice, Dane corn, triticale, oats, lentils, chickpeas, dry beans, cotton, soybean, oil sunflower, canola, Aspir, tea, hazelnut, olive oil, potatoes, onion and forage plants), will be supported on 941 agricultural areas and planned production will be passed. To define the supported product on a specific area, a decision support system has been established that includes more than 1 billion data taking into consideration long-term output statistics, the crop rotation, climate, soil and topography conditions, water restriction data (current water potential and vegetation water consumption), present legal regulations on soil conservation and public and academic proposals. Within the scope of this project, “fertilizer usage guidelines” was prepared for total 941 agricultural basins to prevent from being contaminated with excessive fertilization and increased productivity. And, 211 large plains have been identified and their boundaries have been determined in order to ensure effective protection of agricultural land. It is planned that these 211 large agricultural basins will be declared as a protected area by the decision of the Council of Ministers and protected effectively. New arrangements have been made in order to bring unused agricultural lands for various reasons (property issue, immigration, abandonment of farming, etc.) to agricultural production and the economy of the country. Irrigation and land consolidation projects will be applied in the scope of this project. Thus, it is aimed at increasing the production capacities of the soil by adaptation of modern production/irrigation techniques within the soil and water resource conversation approach.
\nHowever, discussions about the legal, technical, socioeconomic and environmental dimensions of sustainable land and soil management in Turkey clearly showed that land-use planning for industrialization, urbanization, transportation and tourism, etc., with the contribution of the gaps in the legal regulations creates a serious pressure on our land resources, the soil functions are deteriorated and it causes the subsurface and above-ground ecosystem services to disappear. In particular, the concept of “public good” in the law on soil conservation and land use has been brought to lead to the use of an instrument for the conversion of qualified agricultural lands to another uses.
\nIn addition, databases already used in land-use plans have lost their validity. There is an increasing demand for detailed soil surveys in Turkey by scientists and technicians working on projects of sustainable soil and water management. Soil classes should be updated. It was produced within the 1938 Soil taxonomy named as the old American classification system [62], and semidetailed maps made 30 years ago need to be updated nationwide at 1/25: 000 scale to meet today’s needs. The information-based land-use planning period, which includes soil series and important phases, should be urgently passed. A more systematic case assessment on land resource sustainability in Turkey is shared below with the help of SWOT analysis.
\nStrengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities And Threats (SWOT) analysis is defined as the strategic planning method used to summarize the key elements of your strategic environments [63]. In fact, it is thought as the first step in the strategic planning and it helps planners to identify the strategies of achieving goals by concentrating on the key subjects [64]. The SWOT analysis matrix was explained by [65] as shown in Table 1. Where the questions are to be asked in the analysis to reach the planned targets are expressed clearly.
\n\n | Strengths | \nWeaknesses | \n
---|---|---|
Opportunities | \nHow do I use these strengths to take advantage of these opportunities? | \nHow do I overcome the weaknesses that prevent me from taking advantage of these opportunities? | \n
Threats | \nHow do I use my strengths to reduce the impact of threats? | \nHow do I address the weaknesses that will make these threats a reality? | \n
SWOT analysis matrix [65].
The method, commonly used for several business enterprises, has recently been widely used in sustainable planning of environmental resources in terms of changing demands and declining resources. For example, it was used to assess the rural tourism potential in Turkey [66]. Groundwater resource potentials were also evaluated in the Zakynthos Island in terms of sustainability with the help of SWOT analysis technique [67]. In addition, for more appropriate conservation and utilization of natural resource, this analysis technique could significantly be used [68] for village planning. Similarly, significant strategies were proposed for sustainable farming system management based on farmers’ needs by conducting SWOT analysis in rural areas of Shadervan district, Shouahtar Township, Iran [64]. Under the fragile arid and semiarid climate conditions, it is vital to make strategic planning to manage land resources in sustainable manner. As a first step for long-term effective planning in Turkey conditions, SWOT analysis was performed to draw the situation including the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats as the internal and external effects on developing strategies on sustainability as given in Table 2.
\nObjective: strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT) analysis for “land resources and sustainability in Turkey” | \n|||
---|---|---|---|
External factors | \nInternal factors | \n||
Strengths (S) | \nWeaknesses (W) | \nOpportunities (O) | \nThreats (T) | \n
S1: Abundance of natural resources all over the country compared to the most severe arid regions in the World S2: The existence of legal regulations, e.g., laws and regulations related to the soil and water protection, land-use planning, natural resource protection and rural development S3: The existence of action plans to combat erosion, climate change, desertification and protect biodiversity S4: Adopt and approve all international conventions of environmental and biological diversity by governmental and public organizations S5: The existence of strong academicals, technical and administrative infrastructure | \nW1: Sensitivity for climate change and land degradation processes in terms of severe soil erosion, salinization, drought and desertification rates especially in semiarid and arid regions W2: The shortcomings of the law and governmental regulations for sustainable land management strategies W3: Lack of reliable data on soil and water resources to protect the sustainable use of these resources W4: Increasing pollution rates of soil and water resources due to agricultural, industrial activities and energy requirements W5: Unprevented land conversions due to political pressures and gaps in the legal regulations W6: Lack of coordination and integration efforts between public, academic, private, governmental and nongovernmental organizations for sustainable planning of natural and human resources | \nO1: A very young farmer population that can better understand and accept environmental issues O2: Increased supports for farmers who especially implant the best management practices O3: Opportunities to access the international funds for environmental protection O4: Increasing public interest for the nature-friendly production methods O5: The development of nature-friendly new production technologies O6: The development of existing policies based on the protection-use balance with the aid of contribution of new information technologies due to the necessity of harmonization process in the EU and international obligations | \nT1: Predictions that the temperatures will increase and the irregularities in the precipitation regimes T2: The risk of deterioration in soil quality due to the applied national agricultural policies T3: The risk of increasing anthropogenic pressures on land resources T4: The possible environmental risks to be encountered in the absence of science-policy coordination in legal regulations T5: Placement of the perception that the unsuitable land conversions can be made to provide energy production and raw material T6: Increase in immigration rates and social-economic and cultural problems caused by the reduction of natural resources | \n
WT1: Reforming environmental, agricultural and industrial policies to establish sustainable resource use WT2: Updating databases used in monitoring climate change and land degradation processes WT3: Preparing updated land-use plans in accordance with the needs of the ecosystem, taking into account the science-policy balance WT4: Planning and implementing research, experiments and extension studies related to the defining suitable land-use types for the ecological conditions of the selected region WT5: The application of dissuasive punishment to land users exceeding pollutant limit values by periodically measuring the runoffs in terms of transported sediment-associated pollutants and water quality in the microwatershed scale WT6: Supplying an acceptable level of farm income by reducing income variability for reducing the pressure on especially marginal lands | \n
SWOT analysis for soil and water resources and sustainability in Turkey.
In light of the performed SWOT analysis for “Land resources and Sustainability in Turkey,” six threats and six weaknesses were identified, and to overcome their effects, six significant strategies were recommended as outlined below.
\nUnfortunately, it has been assessed that the soil and water resources in our country cannot be protected by effective and comprehensive legislation. And so, reforms are needed in the existing legislation, taking into account the conservation-use balance in relation to the protection of natural resources [W2-5 − T2-4-6].
\nNational scale studies such as monitoring and assessments of soil degradation types, e.g., desertification, erosion and effects of climate change and global warming on sustainable land management have been largely based on unreliable datasets, and so, they need to be updated for effective planning and monitoring of land resources. In order to do that, comprehensive soil survey and mapping studies should be carried out. In addition, species especially in arid regions should be identified for preventing biodiversity losses, and necessary measures should be taken for sustainability [W1-3 – T1-6].
\nIt should be followed after the activities specified in Strategy 2. It is very important to keep up the conservation-use balance in the land-use plan, which is prepared with updated data. But, land-use planning in practice should be an integral part due to that land-use planning only for agricultural purposes is not sufficient for solving problems. District and regional planning and then land-use planning at the entire country level should be done. In the planning phase, it is necessary to include specialists working in the fields of law, economics and society, and landowners in order to effectively implement the plans besides natural resource specialists on the planning team [W5-6 – T2-3-5-6].
\nIt suggests that research and experiments should be carried out to find most suitable land-use types in the region that are planned to be proposed primarily in land-use plans and that the results obtained in the determination of region specific uses should be objectively introduced to the people of the region and should be tested for validity of suitability by taking into account long-term forecasts and forecasts of climate change and the sensitivity of land resources to these changes. Unintended use of agricultural areas should be prevented. For that, breakup of agricultural lands, especially nonagricultural use of irrigated agricultural land, and agriculture in unfavorable agricultural land will be prevented and land consolidation services will be accelerated [W1 – T1-6].
\nVarious pollutants sourced by industrial facilities or excessive consumption of fertilizers or chemicals have the ability of easily transporting in the soil-water air cycle and affecting the ecosystem services negatively. In this context, it is proposed to establish mobile-test centers throughout the country to monitor pollution in soil and water resources and to apply effective punishments to those within the basin scale where limit values are exceeded as a result of periodically planned measurements. And, spread of the good agricultural practice techniques, establishment of modern irrigation and drainage systems in order to prevent soil salinization, planning and implementation of budgeting for drought and salinity-resistant species determination studies and identification of potential rehabilitation sites should be performed especially in the degraded arid and semiarid areas of Turkey. Proper fertilization and soil conservation strategies must be introduced. The content of soil organic matter in arid and semiarid regions should be increased with the use of animal fertilizers together with the application of stubble and green fertilizer usage techniques. Cultural and technical measures (such as fertilization, seeding and soil and water conservation measures) must be taken with pasture management to protect natural grassland areas where rainfall is insufficient or unevenly distributed. In areas having higher potential for rehabilitation, measures to prevent land degradation should be planned and enforced. Biological fighting methods should be preferred in combating harm [W4-5-6 − T2-3].
\nThe topographic and climatic conditions of Turkey limit the width of the suitable land in rural areas. Besides, the land is very fragmented in the way of inheritance, which leads farmers to use marginal lands for agricultural facilities, and it causes the land degradation process in terms of deforestation, land conversions, etc. These activities shortly give irreversible damage to areas where high slopes, shallow soil profiles and inadequate vegetation coverage are the key properties for degradation. For this reason, it is extremely important to supply an acceptable level of farm income to the farmers. In this context, rural development must be realized in agriculture. For that, agricultural income should be increased steadily, the standard of living should be increased and resources should be used more effectively and economically. Thus, the way to be followed is the regional planning of production patterns with high profit margins based on the conservation-use balance of natural resources in order to reduce the pressure on land resources considerably [W6 – T3-6].
\nIn Turkey, the effects of land degradation are considered to be mostly experienced in the inner and central Anatolia regions where the arid and semiarid areas dominate. Intensive deforestation, industrialization and rapid population growth in coastal regions have been defined as the significant threats for accelerating the impacts of climate change throughout the country and limiting the sustainability of natural resources with the aid of topographical and climatic insufficiencies. In this context, first, current situation of land degradation processes and its causes and results in Turkey were discussed and then the measures and strategies enforced in the national scale were summarized. Under the light of current situation, SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats) analysis was performed to recommend the strategies for overcoming the weakness and possible treats on sustainable land resource management. These strategies were mainly explained under the headings of deficiencies in legal regulations in Turkey: the necessity of making comprehensive land-use plans not only at the agricultural purposes but also at the regional and national scale, renewal of insufficient and unreliable databases of natural resources in terms of monitoring land degradation and climate change processes, supplying of the coordination and integration among governmental, academic, private, nongovernmental organizations and land users and dissemination of environmentally sound management practices. Finally, it is concluded that sustainable resource management must be ecologically, economically, politically and socially integrated in fragile ecosystems such as Turkey.
\nGPS finds its applications in most of the day to day activities of human life, viz. precise farming, surveying, missile guidance, military and civil aviation [1]. However, the accuracy, availability, reliability, and integrity of GPS navigation solution are impaired by various errors which are originating at the satellites, like orbital errors, satellite clock errors, etc. [2]; whereas, the receiver clock errors, multipath errors, receiver noise, and antenna phase center variations are the errors originating at the receiver [3]. Also, the propagation medium contributes to the delays in the GPS signal, as it passes through the ionosphere and troposphere [4]. In addition to these errors, the accuracy of the navigation solution is also affected by GPS satellites location as viewed by the receiver. Hence, error estimation and correction is a primary concern in precise navigation applications. In this chapter, the error originating at the receiver which is due to GPS signal multiple paths is addressed.
The signal transmitted by the satellite, taking multiple paths, affects both the pseudorange and carrier phase measurements [5]. But the effect of multipath on pseudorange is much higher than the carrier phase [6, 7]. The pseudorange multipath error in an urban environment is characterized by considering signal to noise ratio and elevation angle for DGPS [8]. The multipath effect on carrier phase measurements was also detected [9]. The GPS receiver cannot distinguish the direct signal from the several multipath signals. This problem in tracking loop was addressed by several authors [10, 11]. For the same GPS receiver, multipath error differs depending on the reflecting surfaces, viz. multipath effect due to large water bodies like sea surface. Multipath due to water bodies and its impact on the precision of GNSS positioning in marine application was also studied [12] and similar studied were done for static and kinematic receivers [13]. There are several studies mitigating the multipath error by antenna based mitigation methods. A choke ring antenna with ground plane to absorb multipath signals was proved to mitigate the error to large extent [14, 15]. Mitigation of the error and the performance of the receivers are analyzed for dual frequency receiver as well [16]. Some techniques also rely on the analysis of the signal-to-noise ratio values of GPS signals [17]. Apart from these methods the filter-based techniques are also implemented to extract or eliminate multipath effects, such as wavelet filters [18, 19, 20], Vondrak filter [21] and adaptive filter [22]. In precise positioning applications, multipath is a major error source and impact needs to be calculated especially in urban canyon while setting up GPS receiver antenna [23]. The multipath error originating at the receiver is very sensitive to geometry (like size and surface texture) and the reflection coefficients of the nearby reflectors [24]. These parameters limit the efficiency of the conventional multipath modeling methods. But in this chapter, an algorithm is proposed to calculate the multipath error affecting GPS L1 pseudorange range measurement. The algorithm utilizes the relationship between the code range measurements, carrier phase measurements and carrier frequencies (L1 = 1575.42 MHz and L2 = 1227.60 MHz) [25]. In this chapter, the multipath error affecting the pseudorange measurements of Satellite Vehicle Pseudorandom Noise (SVPRN) 07, 23, 28 and 31 are estimated using the proposed algorithm. The ephemerides data of these satellites for the entire day was collected on March 11, 2019, from a standalone GPS receiver, located in the Indian subcontinent. The proposed algorithm and the impact analysis done in this chapter will also be a valuable aid for setting up the GPS receiver antenna for air traffic control and navigation. Section 2 briefly explains the error budget and explains multipath error in detail. It also gives brief overview of the existing multipath error mitigation techniques. Section 3 gives the proposed multipath error estimation algorithm. Finally, the results and conclusions are given in Sections 4 and 5 respectively.
GPS measurements are biased by many errors. These errors are specific to each satellite signal and translate into a receiver position error (the receiver position being calculated from the estimated travel time of the signal from each satellite to the receiver). The errors are divided into three major groups as,
Errors originating at the satellite like satellite clock error, ephemeris error, and error due to orbital eccentricity
Errors originating in the propagation medium like ionospheric delay and neutral atmospheric delay
Errors originating at the receiver like multipath error, receiver clock error, and instrument biases.
The major error sources their impact on PGS range measurements are given in Table 1 [26].
Error source | Nominal values (m) | Remarks |
---|---|---|
Orbit | 1–5 | Error in broadcast ephemeris due to residual errors in curve fitting |
Clock | 3–5 | Due to satellite clock drift |
Ionosphere | 2–50 | Depends upon satellite elevation angle and solar activity |
Troposphere | 2–30 | Depends upon the water vapor content in the lower part of atmosphere |
Code multipath | 15–150 | Maximum 150 m using one chip correlator spacing and 15 m using 0.1 chip correlator spacing |
Code noise | 0.1–3 | For C/A code. Depends upon receiver technology and dynamic stress |
Carrier multipath | 0.001–0.03 | Maximum 4.75 cm for L1 carrier and 6.11 cm for L2 carrier |
Carrier noise | 0.0002–0.002 | For L1 carrier. Depends upon receiver technology and dynamic stress |
GPS error sources for SPS receivers.
A GPS signal may take several paths to a receiver’s antenna and the signal can be reflected from buildings or ground and interfere with the direct signal creating a range error of several meters or more. The error impact on pseudorange measurement is much larger than that on the carrier phase. The inaccuracy in pseudorange directly affects the receiver position estimation. But for carrier phase measurements, the inaccuracy due to multipath will lead to a wide ambiguity search space and hence takes a longer time to resolve the ambiguity. This will result in incorrect determination of initial ambiguity which further leads to positioning errors. The signal delay due to multipath is very sensitive to the reflection coefficients of the nearby reflectors. These parameters limit the efficiency of the multipath modeling techniques. The impact of the multipath error on GPS satellite signal is given in the following sub section.
GPS receiver determines the pseudorange by code tracking and carrier tracking method. Code tracking method estimates the propagation time and carrier phase tracking method estimates phase delay between the received carrier and the locally generated signal. To measure the propagation time, i.e., the code range measurement, the locally generated code is shifted in time and correlated with the received signal. The correlation parameter is used by a discriminator to adjust the locally generated code with the received code and obtain the time delay. This time delay when scaled by the speed of light gives the range between the satellite and the receiver. A common code discriminator function used in GNSS receivers is the early correlator (E) minus Late correlator (L) values (E-L). The early correlator value is the correlation between the incoming code and an early version of the locally generated code. The Late correlator value is the correlation value between the incoming code and a late version of the locally generated code. In the presence of multipath, the time delay is estimated by correlating the composite signal with locally generate code(s), which result in code measurement errors. The impact of multipath on code phase measurements can be up to half a chip equivalent to a range error of about 150 m for the GPS C/A code.
In a GPS receiver, the carrier phase is measured by accumulating the phase of the numerically controlled oscillator (NCO) output. In an environment, where there are no reflected signals, the incoming signal carrier is the same as the direct signal carrier. The NCO generated local carrier locks onto the direct carrier very accurately, and, as a result, the true phase difference between the incoming signal carrier and the locally generated carrier is nearly zero, (actually zero mean), at steady state. The resulting phase measurements are very accurate. In the presence of multipath, however, the composite signal phase shifts from the direct signal phase, and the NCO-generated local carrier locks onto the composite carrier phase, resulting in an error in the phase measurement. The processing of the received signal in GPS receiver is shown below.
The change in carrier phase due to multipath effect can be determined in the PLL section of the GPS receiver as shown in Figure 1. Following steps are carried out to extract the error in phase due to multipath,
Step 1: The direct signal received at the receiver is
Step 2: The reflected signal is modeled as
Step 3: The composite signal received as the GPS receiver is
GPS receiver block diagram showing extraction of code and carrier phase measurements from received composite signal.
Step 4: The error in phase measurement due to multipath is modeled as,
The above explained method involves tedious trigonometric relationship and is difficult to determine the error due to multipath. To mitigate the multipath error, highly sensitive GPS receivers utilize multiple narrow-spaced correlators. But most of the multipath mitigation techniques related to GPS receiver hardware are not cost effective and need complex hardware to implement; whereas the data processing methods to mitigate the multipath error are more effective. These methods involve correction of GPS code and carrier phase measurements. Multipath elimination delay lock loop are used to mitigate multipath at the receiver signal processing level [27]. Most modern GPS receivers now employ similar algorithms. However, multipath cannot be completely removed and the residuals may still be too large to ignore when high accuracy positioning results are required. The antenna based mitigation techniques involve the use of antenna with a high sensitivity to right-hand circular polarized (RHCP) signals, choke-ring-ground-plane antenna and antenna arrays. The reflected signals typically contain a large LHCP component. Multipath susceptibility of an antenna can be quantified with respect to the antenna’s gain pattern characteristics by the multipath ratio (MRP) [28]. Most of the multipath error modeling or mitigation methods are complex to implement; hence in the following section, a multipath mitigation technique on pseudorange on L1 carrier is given, which makes the use of the linear combination of GPS measurements.
Among the many errors affecting the GPS measurements [29], the predominant errors like ionospheric delay, multipath error and integer ambiguity are considered in the method. The range measurements on L1 and L2 carrier frequency are given by Eq. (3), (4), and (5).
where
where
The multipath error in carrier phase measurements (
To make the above equation free from ionospheric delay, the Eq. (5) is subtracted from Eq. (4) and rearranged as below,
Since the ionosphere is dispersive medium, the delay is frequency dependent. Hence the delays (
By substituting the above equation for
Simplifying Eq. (9) we get,
Substituting the above expression for
Rearranging the terms in Eq. (11) we get,
In above equation
Statistical analysis of the results shows that multipath error is too large to neglect. These errors are estimated for location having ECEF coordinates as xu = 706970.90 m, yu = 6035941.02 m, and zu = 1930009.58 m in the Indian subcontinent for typical ephemerides data collected on March 11, 2019, from the dual frequency GPS receiver located at Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Andhra University College of Engineering, Visakhapatnam (Lat: 17.73oN/Long: 83.319°E), India. The city of Visakhapatnam with an area of 11,161 sq.kms is surrounded by Eastern Ghat Range, viz. Kailasa, Yarada and Narava hill ranges on north, south and west, respectively, and Bay of Bengal in the east. Due to this geography the GPS signals bound to get reflected. The data are collected on March 11, 2019, for entire 24 hrs with an epoch interval of 30 s. On March 11, 2019, the global geomagnetic activity index, i.e., Kp-index was 3. The average level for geomagnetic activity, i.e., Ap index was 2 and the noise level generated by the sun at a wavelength of 10.7 cm at the earth’s orbit, i.e., solar index F10.7 was 69.5. These indices imply that on this particular day there was no solar storm or geomagnetic storm and the solar activity was normal. The solar activity affects the ionization in ionosphere and hence the signal propagation through this layer. The expression derived above for multipath error is ionospheric delay free. Hence the estimated multipath error is unaffected by ionospheric delay. For the observation period of 24 h, error analysis which is supported by the relevant graphs and tables are presented in this chapter. During this observation period, out of 32 satellites, minimum of 9 satellites were visible in each epoch. Though the error is computed and analyzed for all the visible satellites, the multipath error estimated for SV PRN07, 23, 28 and 31 are presented in this chapter. Navigation solution for each epoch is calculated using pseudoranges (multipath error corrected) of all the visible satellites.
Table 2 illustrates the multipath error for four satellites. Similar results were also obtained for all the visible satellites. Table also details the error in receiver position distance from the surveyed location. Figure 2 shows the trajectories of the satellites 07, 23, 28 and 31 with respect to elevation and azimuth angles. The subplots of Figure 3 show the change in multipath error with respect to change in elevation angle. Figure 2 shows that the satellites were visible to the receiver at low elevation angle and rose to highest elevation angle of 70°, 84°, 52° and 82°, respectively. The receiver continued tracking the satellites. The satellites went out of the sight of the receiver when they set with low elevation angle. In each of the subplots Figure 3 two curves of the change in multipath against the elevation angle are shown. One curve indicates the multipath error while the satellite was rising and the other when it was setting after reaching the highest elevation angle. From Figure 3(a)–(d), it is observed that for the elevation angle of less than 10°, the multipath errors are 14.32 m, 18.79 m, 52.88 m and 13.52 m respectively. Figure 4 shows the receiver position error in distance with respect to actual ECEF coordinates of the receiver. The figure shows the maximum error of 30 m. This is due to the residual errors in the pseudorange measurement. Though the pseudoranges of all the visible satellites are corrected for multipath error but the errors other than multipath remain uncorrected. The standard deviation of position error in distance is 10.78 m.
Pseudorange multipath error on L1 frequency[m] | Error in receiver position distance [m] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Min | 7.362 | 14.11 | 40.21 | 9.136 | −25.8 |
Max | 14.32 | 18.79 | 52.88 | 13.52 | 31.49 |
Standard deviation | 1.816 | 1.439 | 1.984 | 1.019 | 10.78 |
Pseudorange multipath error for satellites signal on L1 frequency.
Sky plot for the mentioned satellite orbits as viewed from GPS receiver located at Department of ECE, Andhra University (Lat: 17.73oN, Long: 83.31°E).
(a)–(d) Pseudorange multipath error for respective satellites against the elevation angle for the observation period of 24 h.
Error in distance of GPS receiver position from surveyed position over the observation period of 24 h on March 11, 2019.
The statistics and result analysis comprises of investigation of error magnitude variations over a period of 24 h. Signals transmitted from the satellites, visible at low elevation angles, travel a longer path through the propagation medium and are subjected to multiple reflections than the satellites at higher elevation angle. From the results, the maximum multipath error of 52 m is observed for SVPRN28 at an elevation angle of 8° and minimum error of 7 m is observed for SVPRN7 at an elevation angle of 70°. But for SVPRN23, the minimum error is 14 m even though the elevation angle of the satellite is 84°. This is due to the multiple reflections the signal underwent for that particular azimuth angle, which determines the direction of the signal. The GPS receiver location is surrounded by high hill ranges and large water body, this would have led to multiple reflections and hence the large multipath error in spite of high elevation angle of the satellite. The receiver position error in distance with respect to actual position is 30 m. This is due to the residual errors in the pseudorange measurement as the errors other than multipath remain uncorrected. Along with the multipath error mitigation technique mentioned in this chapter, if other errors are also corrected the receiver position will be more accurate. The proposed algorithm to estimate multipath error is essential for all precise navigation applications (e.g., CAT I/II aircraft landings, missile navigation) and especially in surveying applications in urban canyon. The impact analysis done in this chapter will also be a valuable aid in selecting a location to set up the GPS receiver antenna with least multipath error for surveying, aircraft navigation and tracking.
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He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",institution:{name:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"9963",title:"Advances and Applications in Deep Learning",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9963.jpg",slug:"advances-and-applications-in-deep-learning",publishedDate:"December 9th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Marco Antonio Aceves-Fernandez",hash:"0d51ba46f22e55cb89140f60d86a071e",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Advances and Applications in Deep Learning",editors:[{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. His research interests include intelligent and embedded systems.",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:7,paginationItems:[{id:"11667",title:"Marine Pollution - Recent Developments",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11667.jpg",hash:"e524cd97843b075a724e151256773631",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"April 20th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"318562",title:"Dr.",name:"Monique",surname:"Mancuso",slug:"monique-mancuso",fullName:"Monique Mancuso"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11664",title:"Recent Advances in Sensing Technologies for Environmental Control and Monitoring",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11664.jpg",hash:"cf1ee76443e393bc7597723c3ee3e26f",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 4th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"24687",title:"Dr.",name:"Toonika",surname:"Rinken",slug:"toonika-rinken",fullName:"Toonika Rinken"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11662",title:"Limnology - The Importance of Monitoring and Correlations of Lentic and Lotic Waters",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11662.jpg",hash:"f1043cf6b1daae7a7b527e1d162ca4a8",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 10th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"315689",title:"Dr.",name:"Carmine",surname:"Massarelli",slug:"carmine-massarelli",fullName:"Carmine Massarelli"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"10845",title:"Marine Ecosystems - Biodiversity, Ecosystem Services and Human Impacts",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10845.jpg",hash:"727e7eb3d4ba529ec5eb4f150e078523",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 12th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"320124",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana M.M.",surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"ana-m.m.-goncalves",fullName:"Ana M.M. 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He is also a faculty member in the Molecular Oncology Program. He obtained his MSc and Ph.D. at Oregon State University and Texas Tech University, respectively. He pursued his postdoctoral studies at Rutgers University Medical School and the National Institutes of Health (NIH/NIDDK), USA. His research focuses on biochemistry, biophysics, genetics, molecular biology, and molecular medicine with specialization in the fields of drug design, protein structure-function, protein folding, prions, microRNA, pseudogenes, molecular cancer, epigenetics, metabolites, proteomics, genomics, protein expression, and characterization by spectroscopic and calorimetric methods.",institutionString:"University of Health Sciences",institution:null},{id:"180528",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Kagechika",slug:"hiroyuki-kagechika",fullName:"Hiroyuki Kagechika",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180528/images/system/180528.jpg",biography:"Hiroyuki Kagechika received his bachelor’s degree and Ph.D. in Pharmaceutical Sciences from the University of Tokyo, Japan, where he served as an associate professor until 2004. He is currently a professor at the Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering (IBB), Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU). From 2010 to 2012, he was the dean of the Graduate School of Biomedical Science. Since 2012, he has served as the vice dean of the Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences. He has been the director of the IBB since 2020. Dr. Kagechika’s major research interests are the medicinal chemistry of retinoids, vitamins D/K, and nuclear receptors. He has developed various compounds including a drug for acute promyelocytic leukemia.",institutionString:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institution:{name:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40482/images/system/40482.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rizwan Ahmad is a University Professor and Coordinator, Quality and Development, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, Saudi Arabia. Previously, he was Associate Professor of Human Function, Oman Medical College, Oman, and SBS University, Dehradun. Dr. Ahmad completed his education at Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh. He has published several articles in peer-reviewed journals, chapters, and edited books. His area of specialization is free radical biochemistry and autoimmune diseases.",institutionString:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institution:{name:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",biography:"Farid A. Badria, Ph.D., is the recipient of several awards, including The World Academy of Sciences (TWAS) Prize for Public Understanding of Science; the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Gold Medal for best invention; Outstanding Arab Scholar, Kuwait; and the Khwarizmi International Award, Iran. He has 250 publications, 12 books, 20 patents, and several marketed pharmaceutical products to his credit. He continues to lead research projects on developing new therapies for liver, skin disorders, and cancer. Dr. Badria was listed among the world’s top 2% of scientists in medicinal and biomolecular chemistry in 2019 and 2020. He is a member of the Arab Development Fund, Kuwait; International Cell Research Organization–United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (ICRO–UNESCO), Chile; and UNESCO Biotechnology France",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"329385",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh K.",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Singh",slug:"rajesh-k.-singh",fullName:"Rajesh K. Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329385/images/system/329385.png",biography:"Dr. Singh received a BPharm (2003) and MPharm (2005) from Panjab University, Chandigarh, India, and a Ph.D. (2013) from Punjab Technical University (PTU), Jalandhar, India. He has more than sixteen years of teaching experience and has supervised numerous postgraduate and Ph.D. students. He has to his credit more than seventy papers in SCI- and SCOPUS-indexed journals, fifty-five conference proceedings, four books, six Best Paper Awards, and five projects from different government agencies. He is currently an editorial board member of eight international journals and a reviewer for more than fifty scientific journals. He received Top Reviewer and Excellent Peer Reviewer Awards from Publons in 2016 and 2017, respectively. He is also on the panel of The International Reviewer for reviewing research proposals for grants from the Royal Society. He also serves as a Publons Academy mentor and Bentham brand ambassador.",institutionString:"Punjab Technical University",institution:{name:"Punjab Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"142388",title:"Dr.",name:"Thiago",middleName:"Gomes",surname:"Gomes Heck",slug:"thiago-gomes-heck",fullName:"Thiago Gomes Heck",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/142388/images/7259_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Regional do Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"336273",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Janja",middleName:null,surname:"Zupan",slug:"janja-zupan",fullName:"Janja Zupan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/336273/images/14853_n.jpeg",biography:"Janja Zupan graduated in 2005 at the Department of Clinical Biochemistry (superviser prof. dr. Janja Marc) in the field of genetics of osteoporosis. Since November 2009 she is working as a Teaching Assistant at the Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Biochemistry. In 2011 she completed part of her research and PhD work at Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh. She finished her PhD entitled The influence of the proinflammatory cytokines on the RANK/RANKL/OPG in bone tissue of osteoporotic and osteoarthritic patients in 2012. From 2014-2016 she worked at the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Aberdeen as a postdoctoral research fellow on UK Arthritis research project where she gained knowledge in mesenchymal stem cells and regenerative medicine. She returned back to University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy in 2016. She is currently leading project entitled Mesenchymal stem cells-the keepers of tissue endogenous regenerative capacity facing up to aging of the musculoskeletal system funded by Slovenian Research Agency.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ljubljana",country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},{id:"357453",title:"Dr.",name:"Radheshyam",middleName:null,surname:"Maurya",slug:"radheshyam-maurya",fullName:"Radheshyam Maurya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/357453/images/16535_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Hyderabad",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"311457",title:"Dr.",name:"Júlia",middleName:null,surname:"Scherer Santos",slug:"julia-scherer-santos",fullName:"Júlia Scherer Santos",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/311457/images/system/311457.jpg",biography:"Dr. Júlia Scherer Santos works in the areas of cosmetology, nanotechnology, pharmaceutical technology, beauty, and aesthetics. Dr. Santos also has experience as a professor of graduate courses. Graduated in Pharmacy, specialization in Cosmetology and Cosmeceuticals applied to aesthetics, specialization in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Health, and a doctorate in Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology. Teaching experience in Pharmacy and Aesthetics and Cosmetics courses. She works mainly on the following subjects: nanotechnology, cosmetology, pharmaceutical technology, aesthetics.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"219081",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulsamed",middleName:null,surname:"Kükürt",slug:"abdulsamed-kukurt",fullName:"Abdulsamed Kükürt",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRNVJQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-03-07T13:23:04.png",biography:"Dr. Kükürt graduated from Uludağ University in Turkey. He started his academic career as a Research Assistant in the Department of Biochemistry at Kafkas University. In 2019, he completed his Ph.D. program in the Department of Biochemistry at the Institute of Health Sciences. He is currently working at the Department of Biochemistry, Kafkas University. He has 27 published research articles in academic journals, 11 book chapters, and 37 papers. He took part in 10 academic projects. He served as a reviewer for many articles. He still serves as a member of the review board in many academic journals. His research interests include biochemistry, oxidative stress, reactive species, antioxidants, lipid peroxidation, inflammation, reproductive hormones, phenolic compounds, female infertility.",institutionString:"Kafkas University",institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178366",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Volkan",middleName:null,surname:"Gelen",slug:"volkan-gelen",fullName:"Volkan Gelen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178366/images/system/178366.jpg",biography:"Volkan Gelen is a Physiology specialist who received his veterinary degree from Kafkas University in 2011. Between 2011-2015, he worked as an assistant at Atatürk University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology. In 2016, he joined Kafkas University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology as an assistant professor. Dr. Gelen has been engaged in various academic activities at Kafkas University since 2016. There he completed 5 projects and has 3 ongoing projects. He has 60 articles published in scientific journals and 20 poster presentations in scientific congresses. His research interests include physiology, endocrine system, cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular system diseases, and isolated organ bath system studies.",institutionString:"Kafkas University",institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"418963",title:"Dr.",name:"Augustine Ododo",middleName:"Augustine",surname:"Osagie",slug:"augustine-ododo-osagie",fullName:"Augustine Ododo Osagie",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/418963/images/16900_n.jpg",biography:"Born into the family of Osagie, a prince of the Benin Kingdom. I am currently an academic in the Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Benin. Part of the duties are to teach undergraduate students and conduct academic research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Benin",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"192992",title:"Prof.",name:"Shagufta",middleName:null,surname:"Perveen",slug:"shagufta-perveen",fullName:"Shagufta Perveen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192992/images/system/192992.png",biography:"Prof. Shagufta Perveen is a Distinguish Professor in the Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Dr. Perveen has acted as the principal investigator of major research projects funded by the research unit of King Saud University. She has more than ninety original research papers in peer-reviewed journals of international repute to her credit. She is a fellow member of the Royal Society of Chemistry UK and the American Chemical Society of the United States.",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"49848",title:"Dr.",name:"Wen-Long",middleName:null,surname:"Hu",slug:"wen-long-hu",fullName:"Wen-Long Hu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49848/images/system/49848.jpg",biography:"Wen-Long Hu is Chief of the Division of Acupuncture, Department of Chinese Medicine at Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, as well as an adjunct associate professor at Fooyin University and Kaohsiung Medical University. Wen-Long is President of Taiwan Traditional Chinese Medicine Medical Association. He has 28 years of experience in clinical practice in laser acupuncture therapy and 34 years in acupuncture. He is an invited speaker for lectures and workshops in laser acupuncture at many symposiums held by medical associations. He owns the patent for herbal preparation and producing, and for the supercritical fluid-treated needle. Dr. Hu has published three books, 12 book chapters, and more than 30 papers in reputed journals, besides serving as an editorial board member of repute.",institutionString:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",institution:{name:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"298472",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrey V.",middleName:null,surname:"Grechko",slug:"andrey-v.-grechko",fullName:"Andrey V. Grechko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/298472/images/system/298472.png",biography:"Andrey Vyacheslavovich Grechko, Ph.D., Professor, is a Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. He graduated from the Semashko Moscow Medical Institute (Semashko National Research Institute of Public Health) with a degree in Medicine (1998), the Clinical Department of Dermatovenerology (2000), and received a second higher education in Psychology (2009). Professor A.V. Grechko held the position of Сhief Physician of the Central Clinical Hospital in Moscow. He worked as a professor at the faculty and was engaged in scientific research at the Medical University. Starting in 2013, he has been the initiator of the creation of the Federal Scientific and Clinical Center for Intensive Care and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation, where he also serves as Director since 2015. He has many years of experience in research and teaching in various fields of medicine, is an author/co-author of more than 200 scientific publications, 13 patents, 15 medical books/chapters, including Chapter in Book «Metabolomics», IntechOpen, 2020 «Metabolomic Discovery of Microbiota Dysfunction as the Cause of Pathology».",institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"199461",title:"Prof.",name:"Natalia V.",middleName:null,surname:"Beloborodova",slug:"natalia-v.-beloborodova",fullName:"Natalia V. Beloborodova",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/199461/images/system/199461.jpg",biography:'Natalia Vladimirovna Beloborodova was educated at the Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, with a degree in pediatrics in 1980, a Ph.D. in 1987, and a specialization in Clinical Microbiology from First Moscow State Medical University in 2004. She has been a Professor since 1996. Currently, she is the Head of the Laboratory of Metabolism, a division of the Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation. N.V. Beloborodova has many years of clinical experience in the field of intensive care and surgery. She studies infectious complications and sepsis. She initiated a series of interdisciplinary clinical and experimental studies based on the concept of integrating human metabolism and its microbiota. Her scientific achievements are widely known: she is the recipient of the Marie E. Coates Award \\"Best lecturer-scientist\\" Gustafsson Fund, Karolinska Institutes, Stockholm, Sweden, and the International Sepsis Forum Award, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France (2014), etc. Professor N.V. Beloborodova wrote 210 papers, five books, 10 chapters and has edited four books.',institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"354260",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Tércio Elyan",middleName:"Azevedo",surname:"Azevedo Martins",slug:"tercio-elyan-azevedo-martins",fullName:"Tércio Elyan Azevedo Martins",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/354260/images/16241_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from the Federal University of Ceará with the modality in Industrial Pharmacy, Specialist in Production and Control of Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP), Master in Pharmaceuticals and Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP) and Doctor of Science in the program of Pharmaceuticals and Medicines by the University of São Paulo. Professor at Universidade Paulista (UNIP) in the areas of chemistry, cosmetology and trichology. Assistant Coordinator of the Higher Course in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Technology at Universidade Paulista Campus Chácara Santo Antônio. Experience in the Pharmacy area, with emphasis on Pharmacotechnics, Pharmaceutical Technology, Research and Development of Cosmetics, acting mainly on topics such as cosmetology, antioxidant activity, aesthetics, photoprotection, cyclodextrin and thermal analysis.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"334285",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Sameer",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Jagirdar",slug:"sameer-jagirdar",fullName:"Sameer Jagirdar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334285/images/14691_n.jpg",biography:"I\\'m a graduate student at the center for biosystems science and engineering at the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India. I am interested in studying host-pathogen interactions at the biomaterial interface.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Science Bangalore",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"329795",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohd Aftab",middleName:"Aftab",surname:"Siddiqui",slug:"mohd-aftab-siddiqui",fullName:"Mohd Aftab Siddiqui",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329795/images/15648_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Mohd Aftab Siddiqui is currently working as Assistant Professor in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow for the last 6 years. He has completed his Doctor in Philosophy (Pharmacology) in 2020 from Integral University, Lucknow. He completed his Bachelor in Pharmacy in 2013 and Master in Pharmacy (Pharmacology) in 2015 from Integral University, Lucknow. He is the gold medalist in Bachelor and Master degree. He qualified GPAT -2013, GPAT -2014, and GPAT 2015. His area of research is Pharmacological screening of herbal drugs/ natural products in liver and cardiac diseases. He has guided many M. Pharm. research projects. He has many national and international publications.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:null},{id:"255360",title:"Dr.",name:"Usama",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"usama-ahmad",fullName:"Usama Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255360/images/system/255360.png",biography:"Dr. Usama Ahmad holds a specialization in Pharmaceutics from Amity University, Lucknow, India. He received his Ph.D. degree from Integral University. Currently, he’s working as an Assistant Professor of Pharmaceutics in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University. From 2013 to 2014 he worked on a research project funded by SERB-DST, Government of India. He has a rich publication record with more than 32 original articles published in reputed journals, 3 edited books, 5 book chapters, and a number of scientific articles published in ‘Ingredients South Asia Magazine’ and ‘QualPharma Magazine’. He is a member of the American Association for Cancer Research, International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer, and the British Society for Nanomedicine. Dr. Ahmad’s research focus is on the development of nanoformulations to facilitate the delivery of drugs that aim to provide practical solutions to current healthcare problems.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"30568",title:"Prof.",name:"Madhu",middleName:null,surname:"Khullar",slug:"madhu-khullar",fullName:"Madhu Khullar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/30568/images/system/30568.jpg",biography:"Dr. Madhu Khullar is a Professor of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology at the Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India. She completed her Post Doctorate in hypertension research at the Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, USA in 1985. She is an editor and reviewer of several international journals, and a fellow and member of several cardiovascular research societies. Dr. Khullar has a keen research interest in genetics of hypertension, and is currently studying pharmacogenetics of hypertension.",institutionString:"Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research",institution:{name:"Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"223233",title:"Prof.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/223233/images/system/223233.png",biography:"Xianquan Zhan received his MD and Ph.D. in Preventive Medicine at West China University of Medical Sciences. He received his post-doctoral training in oncology and cancer proteomics at the Central South University, China, and the University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC), USA. He worked at UTHSC and the Cleveland Clinic in 2001–2012 and achieved the rank of associate professor at UTHSC. Currently, he is a full professor at Central South University and Shandong First Medical University, and an advisor to MS/PhD students and postdoctoral fellows. He is also a fellow of the Royal Society of Medicine and European Association for Predictive Preventive Personalized Medicine (EPMA), a national representative of EPMA, and a member of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) and the American Association for the Advancement of Sciences (AAAS). He is also the editor in chief of International Journal of Chronic Diseases & Therapy, an associate editor of EPMA Journal, Frontiers in Endocrinology, and BMC Medical Genomics, and a guest editor of Mass Spectrometry Reviews, Frontiers in Endocrinology, EPMA Journal, and Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. He has published more than 148 articles, 28 book chapters, 6 books, and 2 US patents in the field of clinical proteomics and biomarkers.",institutionString:"Shandong First Medical University",institution:{name:"Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"297507",title:"Dr.",name:"Charles",middleName:"Elias",surname:"Assmann",slug:"charles-assmann",fullName:"Charles Assmann",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/297507/images/system/297507.jpg",biography:"Charles Elias Assmann is a biologist from Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM, Brazil), who spent some time abroad at the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU, Germany). He has Masters Degree in Biochemistry (UFSM), and is currently a PhD student at Biochemistry at the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of the UFSM. His areas of expertise include: Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Enzymology, Genetics and Toxicology. He is currently working on the following subjects: Aluminium toxicity, Neuroinflammation, Oxidative stress and Purinergic system. Since 2011 he has presented more than 80 abstracts in scientific proceedings of national and international meetings. Since 2014, he has published more than 20 peer reviewed papers (including 4 reviews, 3 in Portuguese) and 2 book chapters. He has also been a reviewer of international journals and ad hoc reviewer of scientific committees from Brazilian Universities.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"217850",title:"Dr.",name:"Margarete Dulce",middleName:null,surname:"Bagatini",slug:"margarete-dulce-bagatini",fullName:"Margarete Dulce Bagatini",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/217850/images/system/217850.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Margarete Dulce Bagatini is an associate professor at the Federal University of Fronteira Sul/Brazil. She has a degree in Pharmacy and a PhD in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry. She is a member of the UFFS Research Advisory Committee\nand a member of the Biovitta Research Institute. She is currently:\nthe leader of the research group: Biological and Clinical Studies\nin Human Pathologies, professor of postgraduate program in\nBiochemistry at UFSC and postgraduate program in Science and Food Technology at\nUFFS. She has experience in the area of pharmacy and clinical analysis, acting mainly\non the following topics: oxidative stress, the purinergic system and human pathologies, being a reviewer of several international journals and books.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"226275",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Metin",middleName:null,surname:"Budak",slug:"metin-budak",fullName:"Metin Budak",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226275/images/system/226275.jfif",biography:"Metin Budak, MSc, PhD is an Assistant Professor at Trakya University, Faculty of Medicine. He has been Head of the Molecular Research Lab at Prof. Mirko Tos Ear and Hearing Research Center since 2018. His specializations are biophysics, epigenetics, genetics, and methylation mechanisms. He has published around 25 peer-reviewed papers, 2 book chapters, and 28 abstracts. He is a member of the Clinical Research Ethics Committee and Quantification and Consideration Committee of Medicine Faculty. His research area is the role of methylation during gene transcription, chromatin packages DNA within the cell and DNA repair, replication, recombination, and gene transcription. His research focuses on how the cell overcomes chromatin structure and methylation to allow access to the underlying DNA and enable normal cellular function.",institutionString:"Trakya University",institution:{name:"Trakya University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"243049",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Pantea Stoian",slug:"anca-pantea-stoian",fullName:"Anca Pantea Stoian",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243049/images/system/243049.jpg",biography:"Anca Pantea Stoian is a specialist in diabetes, nutrition, and metabolic diseases as well as health food hygiene. She also has competency in general ultrasonography.\n\nShe is an associate professor in the Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania. She has been chief of the Hygiene Department, Faculty of Dentistry, at the same university since 2019. Her interests include micro and macrovascular complications in diabetes and new therapies. Her research activities focus on nutritional intervention in chronic pathology, as well as cardio-renal-metabolic risk assessment, and diabetes in cancer. She is currently engaged in developing new therapies and technological tools for screening, prevention, and patient education in diabetes. \n\nShe is a member of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes, Cardiometabolic Academy, CEDA, Romanian Society of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, Romanian Diabetes Federation, and Association for Renal Metabolic and Nutrition studies. She has authored or co-authored 160 papers in national and international peer-reviewed journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy",country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"279792",title:"Dr.",name:"João",middleName:null,surname:"Cotas",slug:"joao-cotas",fullName:"João Cotas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/279792/images/system/279792.jpg",biography:"Graduate and master in Biology from the University of Coimbra.\n\nI am a research fellow at the Macroalgae Laboratory Unit, in the MARE-UC – Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre of the University of Coimbra. My principal function is the collection, extraction and purification of macroalgae compounds, chemical and bioactive characterization of the compounds and algae extracts and development of new methodologies in marine biotechnology area. \nI am associated in two projects: one consists on discovery of natural compounds for oncobiology. The other project is the about the natural compounds/products for agricultural area.\n\nPublications:\nCotas, J.; Figueirinha, A.; Pereira, L.; Batista, T. 2018. An analysis of the effects of salinity on Fucus ceranoides (Ochrophyta, Phaeophyceae), in the Mondego River (Portugal). Journal of Oceanology and Limnology. in press. DOI: 10.1007/s00343-019-8111-3",institutionString:"Faculty of Sciences and Technology of University of Coimbra",institution:null},{id:"279788",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonel",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"leonel-pereira",fullName:"Leonel Pereira",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/279788/images/system/279788.jpg",biography:"Leonel Pereira has an undergraduate degree in Biology, a Ph.D. in Biology (specialty in Cell Biology), and a Habilitation degree in Biosciences (specialization in Biotechnology) from the Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Coimbra, Portugal, where he is currently a professor. In addition to teaching at this university, he is an integrated researcher at the Marine and Environmental Sciences Center (MARE), Portugal. His interests include marine biodiversity (algae), marine biotechnology (algae bioactive compounds), and marine ecology (environmental assessment). Since 2008, he has been the author and editor of the electronic publication MACOI – Portuguese Seaweeds Website (www.seaweeds.uc.pt). He is also a member of the editorial boards of several scientific journals. Dr. Pereira has edited or authored more than 20 books, 100 journal articles, and 45 book chapters. He has given more than 100 lectures and oral communications at various national and international scientific events. He is the coordinator of several national and international research projects. In 1998, he received the Francisco de Holanda Award (Honorable Mention) and, more recently, the Mar Rei D. Carlos award (18th edition). He is also a winner of the 2016 CHOICE Award for an outstanding academic title for his book Edible Seaweeds of the World. In 2020, Dr. Pereira received an Honorable Mention for the Impact of International Publications from the Web of Science",institutionString:"University of Coimbra",institution:{name:"University of Coimbra",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"61946",title:"Dr.",name:"Carol",middleName:null,surname:"Bernstein",slug:"carol-bernstein",fullName:"Carol Bernstein",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/61946/images/system/61946.jpg",biography:"Carol Bernstein received her PhD in Genetics from the University of California (Davis). She was a faculty member at the University of Arizona College of Medicine for 43 years, retiring in 2011. Her research interests focus on DNA damage and its underlying role in sex, aging and in the early steps of initiation and progression to cancer. In her research, she had used organisms including bacteriophage T4, Neurospora crassa, Schizosaccharomyces pombe and mice, as well as human cells and tissues. She authored or co-authored more than 140 scientific publications, including articles in major peer reviewed journals, book chapters, invited reviews and one book.",institutionString:"University of Arizona",institution:{name:"University of Arizona",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"182258",title:"Dr.",name:"Ademar",middleName:"Pereira",surname:"Serra",slug:"ademar-serra",fullName:"Ademar Serra",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/182258/images/system/182258.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Serra studied Agronomy on Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS) (2005). He received master degree in Agronomy, Crop Science (Soil fertility and plant nutrition) (2007) by Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados (UFGD), and PhD in agronomy (Soil fertility and plant nutrition) (2011) from Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados / Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz (UFGD/ESALQ-USP). Dr. Serra is currently working at Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA). His research focus is on mineral nutrition of plants, crop science and soil science. 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The applications of this research cover many related fields, such as biotechnology and medicine, where, for example, Bioinformatics contributes to faster drug design, DNA analysis in forensics, and DNA sequence analysis in the field of personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is a type of medical care in which treatment is customized individually for each patient. Personalized medicine enables more effective therapy, reduces the costs of therapy and clinical trials, and also minimizes the risk of side effects. Nevertheless, advances in personalized medicine would not have been possible without bioinformatics, which can analyze the human genome and other vast amounts of biomedical data, especially in genetics. The rapid growth of information technology enabled the development of new tools to decode human genomes, large-scale studies of genetic variations and medical informatics. 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