\r\n\tDiagnosis (clinical, radiological, cytogenetic, and molecular criteria), pathogenesis (risk factors, pre-myeloma conditions, and bone marrow microenvironment), cytogenetic abnormalities and molecular profiles disease staging and risk stratification, novel therapies such as proteasome inhibitors, immunomodulatory agents as well as monoclonal antibodies, drug resistance (primary and secondary resistance as well as evolution of new genetic mutations that may be disease or therapy-related), hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) (autologous HSCT, allogeneic HSCT, and tandem transplantation), relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma, minimal residual disease (evaluation by flow cytometry or various sequencing techniques, importance of MRD in prognosis and prediction of disease relapse), chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy, infectious complications in multiple myeloma (viral infections, bacterial infections, fungal infections, disease-related infections and therapy-related infections).
\r\n\r\n\tThe book chapters will intend to be written by scientists and experts in the field from various institutions around the world.
",isbn:"978-1-80356-093-9",printIsbn:"978-1-80356-092-2",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80356-094-6",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,hash:"c8e2b12df4fc2d313aced448fe08a63e",bookSignature:"Dr. Khalid Ahmed Al-Anazi",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11600.jpg",keywords:"Risk Factors, Angiogenesis, Signaling Pathways, Therapeutic Targets, Drug Resistance, Genetic Mutations, Disease-Related Infections, Therapy-Related Infections, Complete Remission, Overall Survival, Immunomodulatory Agents, Bone Marrow Microenvironment",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"January 26th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"March 29th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"May 28th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"August 16th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"October 15th 2022",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 months",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Dr. Khalid Al-Anazi established the Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Services in Saudi Arabia. He is a distinguished researcher in the fields of stem cell therapies & infections in immunocompromised individuals.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"37255",title:"Dr.",name:"Khalid",middleName:"Ahmed",surname:"Al-Anazi",slug:"khalid-al-anazi",fullName:"Khalid Al-Anazi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/37255/images/system/37255.jpg",biography:"Dr. Khalid Ahmed Al-Anazi is a consultant Hemato-Oncologist and the Chairman of the Department of Adult Hematology and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation (HSCT) at King Fahad Specialist Hospital (KFSH) in Dammam, Saudi Arabia. \r\nHe graduated from the college of medicine, King Saud University (KSU) in Riyadh in 1986. After having his Boards in Internal Medicine, he trained in clinical hematology and HSCT at King’s College Hospital, University of London, U.K. He has 4 year experience in internal medicine and 28 year experience in adult clinical hematology and HSCT at: Riyadh Armed Forces Hospital; King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre (KFSH&RC) in Riyadh; King Khalid University Hospital (KKUH) and the College of Medicine, KSU in Riyadh; and KFSH in Dammam, Saudi Arabia. \r\nHe established the adult HSCT program at KFSH in Dammam in the year 2010. 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Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"314",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",subtitle:"Cells and Biomaterials",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb67e80e480c86bb8315458012d65686",slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"72678",title:"Introductory Chapter: Job Satisfaction and Career Development",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93088",slug:"introductory-chapter-job-satisfaction-and-career-development",body:'\nJob satisfaction is considered as the amount or degree of gratification and contentment that an employee fosters towards his/her overall job, factoring into that equation his/her satisfaction with the job itself, the peers at the job, the supervisors, and the policies at work [1]. Various research studies have highlighted the importance of focusing on the issue of employee job satisfaction, as it plays a critical role in overall firm success or demise. Additionally, the importance of employee job satisfaction has been largely emphasized in the literature because of its positive affect on employee job performance. The productivity of the work force, in any organization, is a major driver which leads to achieving organizational goals. This stresses on the importance of further focusing on job satisfaction as an essential concern for family firms and large corporations equally [2].
\nRecently, organizations have focused on maximizing productivity in order to maintain their competitive stance and better deal with emerging trends such as globalization. Nowadays, the general direction which firms take when expanding is into international markets that reveal potentially rewarding new opportunities. However, whether it is answering to customer needs or developing and growing on its own, a company needs to ensure that its workforce is as productive as possible, and in order for the workforce to perform at its utmost productivity, employees must feel a satisfaction relating to the nature of the work they are performing.
\nIn order to achieve this ultimate productivity, it is suggested that organizations should define major issues that might actually affect the level of employee job satisfaction and attempt to tackle these occurrences which hinder an employee’s level of satisfaction at work. For instance, Inuwa [2] discusses in his writings how job satisfaction is related to performance. The results of his analyses showed how an employee’s motivation towards being productive at work will increase the more the employee is satisfied with the job, leading to the achievement of the overall organizational goals. If not, the employee will be demotivated, and in turn, this will impact the overall achievement of the predetermined organizational goals.
\nFurthermore, whenever the factors in the organizations that affect employee’s motivation are managed, better employee outcomes and performance are created. Therefore, the more the employee motivation, the better the outcome of employee performance. This sheds light on the highlighted relationship between job satisfaction and employee engagement. Results of multiple studies show that the more engaged the employees are, the higher their job satisfaction is. This is due to the fact that employees who feel engaged at work will have better, more efficient, and more productive working behaviors, attitudes, and motivations [3, 4]. On the other hand, job dissatisfaction can have serious consequences on the productivity of the firm, one of which is employee turnover. Turnover is when the employee decides to leave the organization [5].
\nJob satisfaction is important for employees to stay in the organization. Understanding generational differences among different generations and their perception of job satisfaction is of huge and utmost importance [6]. Organizations must know what actually satisfies a person to stay in the organization, since a satisfied employee will work for the interest of the organization, which in turn leads to better overall work performance. Moreover, based on the findings of a research study conducted by Acharrya [7], there are four aspects which contribute to the satisfaction of millennials: training, commitment of the organization to developing employees, career development, and career opportunities.
\nCompanies must also consider career development as a new key to retain their employees especially that in the next 10 years, millennials would be representing the bulk of the workforce. Career development is the ongoing process of learning, developing, and moving towards one’s goals. Moreover, career development has its own advantages, one of which is the fact that it reduces turnover and increases employee motivation. Career development is in the interest of all generations, yet it is mostly sought after by the millennials, and thus, it plays a major factor in their job satisfaction. Career development includes extensive training, in specific, with respect to the areas the employee wants to develop. Having mentioned job satisfaction and career development and the importance of the effect of one on the other, it is time to discuss the relationship between these two variables.
\nCareer development contains structured, dignified, and deliberate exertion of effort, in order to accomplish a state of evenness between the organization’s objectives and strategies and the employee’s career goals as well as the progress that he/she seeks [8]. The proper career preparation and career supervision will lead to the best results of career development. McDaniels and Gysbers [9] mention that career development is the collection of mental, sociological, informative, corporal, financial, and unplanned factors that are shared to form the career of any targeted employee.
\nCareer development depends on the organization’s decision to transfer employees from their traditional work, and the tasks that are common to them, to more challenging work that is enriched with initiatives for self-development and organizational effectiveness. An effective career development plan helps the organization to benefit from its internal talent by corresponding the experience and skills gained by the employees and linking them to the organization’s needs, while also motivating and engaging the employees to give more effort by the compensation and succession plans given for the sake career development [10].
\nLee [11] mentions that companies who participates in career management are going to enhance their employees’ job satisfaction. Gregson [12] mentions that job satisfaction is the state of emotion that the employee feels fulfillment in after his performance management review and experience in the organization. Chay and Bruvold [13] state that job satisfaction is the positive reaction of the employee to different phases of the job. Job satisfaction happens after the employee experiences emotions of self-actualization in his/her career [14].
\nCareer development programs were found to have a positive inspiration on job satisfaction, professional development, and productivity in a research conducted by Chen, Chang, and Yeh [15]. Moreover, in a research study conducted by Schein [16], it was found that career development plays a major role in employee effectiveness and creativity over the long term. Moreover, a well-organized career development will allow employees to pursue improvements in their career that will actually lead to the employees’ job satisfaction [16]. Moreover, Schein [16] adds that employees will have different career developments according to their preferences, goals, and, most importantly, the external factors such as global business changes. Schein [17] elaborates more to state that employees have different work needs at each stage of their career path and organizations should take into consideration the career needs of their employees in each stage to satisfy their career development and increase the organizational effectiveness and cope with its needs as well. Each specific stage of career development has different goals and different mission from the next one [18].
\nFurthermore, organizations should be responsive and open to career developments of their employees because modernization and improvement is the field where each company differentiates itself from its competitors and, at the end, it is the responsibility of the employee to gain the knowledge through his/her experience when everything is provided to him/her by the organization [19]. Although the managers with the guidance of the human resources departments set the career development plan for the employee, each employee enters the company with a career development plan in his/her mind that he/she wishes to obtain through his/her experiences within the organization. In fact, many career plans suggested by the employees are considered by the managers and are accepted to be beneficial for them [20].
\nAdditionally, any company that implements career development plans for its employees will, in fact, reduce its employees’ turnover rate [20]. Hoon [19] mentions that career planning, management, and development that are respective with human resources guidance influence employees’ job satisfaction. Robbin [21] mentions that if there exist a gap in the career needs of the employee there will be stress and anger between coworkers, which in fact impacts the job satisfaction level in employees. Chen, Chang, and Yeh [15] study in their research the relationship between job satisfaction and the gap that exists between career development programs and career needs. In the case of Taiwan, where organizations are working to increase their competitiveness and become more involved in high tech production and development, the gaps existed between career development programs and expected career needs of production, and development has improved the job satisfaction in R&D employees [15]. However, widening the gaps between career development plans and employee career needs will lower job satisfaction in R&D employees [15]. Moreover, the gap changes in each career stage influences the job satisfaction differently [15]. In addition, as the gap widens, employees that are on the establishment stage of their career will get lower job satisfaction, and those that are on the maintenance stage will get higher job satisfaction than those on any other career stage [15].
\nSeveral changes in the company such as downsizing, rightsizing, and flattening affect the career development of employees in the company for the future. Moreover, employees are more satisfied with their jobs and give it their best when they sense well-organized developmental career plans that support their development and advancement to reach high levels and learn more through this career path [22]. In addition, career development for employees aids in the competitiveness of the company in the market by addressing the organizational needs of employees when developing them [22]. Companies that implement a person-environment theory tend to have the best career development of their employees and foresee employees’ needs as much more important in order to know how to improve the interaction of the employee with his work environment [23, 24].
\nPotgieter, Coetzee, and Ferreira [25] mention in that the person-environment fit is essential for the sake of a workers’ job embeddedness and career. Moreover, the person-environment fit is determined by the employee satisfaction with his position in the company, culture, and work environment. Also, it is determined by the career development and employee expectations [22, 23]. The authors Potgieter, Coetzee, and Ferreira [25] mention that the result of their research that is facilitated by the person-environment fit theory is the embeddedness of employees in their career development, which will help the employee to acquire job satisfaction of his position and career. Thus, accomplishing employees’ career needs to develop will play a huge role in the job satisfaction of the employee [25].
\nFurthermore, hopes for improvements in jobs were increased by 20% when the term career development was initiated [26]. There are specific career counselors in many organizations that are known for career development; now career counselors are included in the tasks of the human resources development department [27]. The importance of the link between career development and job satisfaction was attracting the researchers [26]; a link between the two conducts was first detected by Gregson [12]. The results of the research conducted by Pearson and Ananthram [28] are that those organizations that fail to accomplish employee satisfaction will experience a nonstop of employee crisis. Moreover, employees retained in organizations that gave them the opportunity to be engaged in their career development plan. Most importantly is that young employees doing their job and attaining career development make their job more than just a job [28]. Career development boosts the young employees’ efforts in the organization and makes them stick to the company. The authors highlighted on the importance of the link between job satisfaction and career development in increasing job retention and boosting effort of employees [28]. Career development will result in job satisfaction and especially in younger employees [28].
\nThe general description of a net zero energy building that can be found in the documentation is: “Net Zero Energy Building (NZEB) is a residential or industrial building with substantially decreased energy needs by productivity improvements, so that the balance of power requirements can be provided by sustainable technology.” Even so, the researchers note that the “absolute zero energy structure” can be described in many forms, both on the parameter and the standard [1]. This description showed that energy conservation would be one of the techniques to achieve a net zero energy building output. The need for energy efficiency methods in NZEBs was already highlighted in several research sources. For example references of [2]. Focus were put on the preference for power conservation in the development of the NZEB and established the principle: ‘first take up demand, then supply,’ which implies that, in attempt to reach a net zero energy balance in buildings, it is important, first, to reduce power usage and power losses by energy conservation steps, lighting, ventilation, passive solar energy, high-efficiency appliances, thermal comfort, passive cooling, etc., instead and then using green electricity options to fulfill the energy requirements of buildings. Energy efficiency usually provides cost effective solutions for lowering electricity demand that significantly reduces the scale and thus the expense of the clean energy systems required and associated distributed technology [3].
This chapter aims to analyze synergy among power efficiency and on-site solar energy supply to move toward certain net zero energy quality. The results are taken based on the creation of the Building Integrated Solar Power System and the evidence from two other well-known field researches. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate that energy conservation and sustainable energy production are inseparable solutions and that the inadequacy of each of them has an enraging effect on the ability to reach a net zero energy target.
Energy modeling is commonly used to estimate future energy consumption or the production of electricity in various industries. Two main types are generally reported in the literature: top-down and bottom-up [3]. Top-down methods utilize collated macroeconomic variables, including historical patterns, to create large-scale relationships between sectors in the economy [4]. The bottom-up studies depend on forecasts focusing on comprehensive technical and cost details from different sub-sectors, reflecting the total energy use of a nation or segment of the market [5]. Although bottom-up methods usually have even more comprehensive and consistent outcomes, the exposure and processing of disaggregated data needed for these models are sometimes tricky and often impossible.
Some studies develop the findings of a regional bottom-up approach that enables energy simulation of building energy usage and on-site solar energy generation with GIS techniques utilizing a variety of geographic information systems (GIS) techniques. GIS platform provides a broad range of methods for capturing, processing, extracting, and visually presenting geographically related results.
This modeling exercise’s principal goal is to measure the full feasible hypothetical technological ability of building-integrated solar energy to satisfy the building energy needs and achieve a net zero value of building energy efficiency. The model assumes significant technical (and policy) advances to realize this solar energy promise by 2025. The simulation method, which is discussed in this article, consists of 3 key steps in tandem with various data sources. Although the author’s BISE design is the key empirical tool for the findings provided in this section, the other two key components include only some of the data required to draw application provides and are thus defined in far less depth in this study. The mathematical descriptions of such models can be derived from the references seen in Figures 2 and 3. BISE method estimates the capacity for building-integrated solar energy supply, together with the findings on building energy usage from 3CSEP-HEB and BUENAS simulations, providing the ability to draw insights as to how much of these energy requirements can be fulfilled by solar energy in various regions and building styles.
3CSEP model of the HEB was established by the team of researchers (including the author of this chapter) at the Tarbiat Modares University to estimate the future usage of thermal energy building between 2015 and 2050 under a variety of policy-driven scenario. The design’s central concept is a performance-based method for building energy consumption research, which views the buildings as a comprehensive structure rather than a collection of individual operating systems. In this method, the input variables of the main model has been the actual final energy efficiency of ideal houses (for each field, weather region, building size, vintage house) per square meter of its floor space obtained by the team of researchers from a variety of different sources recorded in [5]. Some rather building energy intensity levels are then compounded by the corresponding building floor space figures to measure the total energy usage independently for space heating, cooling and heat water in various countries, temperature zones, based treatment and vintages. That floor space has a different measurement formula for industrial and residential buildings that considers typical development activities such as relocation, reconstruction, and new growth, guided by demographic trends and economic growth shifts. This model integrates three scenarios, that imply specific levels of policy commitment in the area of energy performance construction and, accordingly, varying types of buildings energy efficiency in the national housing stock:
The deep capacity paradigm presupposes an aggressive expansion of quality standards in energy conservation in buildings globally. Building energy efficiency is at the standard of passive design energy output (15–30 kilowatt hour/sqm for air conditioning based on the location).
Strong performance scenario is poor continuity of current government patterns and small developments in energy quality construction in some developing countries. Built energy efficiency is at the standard of local building codes (100–200 kilowatt hour/sqm for air conditioning systems based on the location).
Cold performance scenario suggests that the existing state of energy performance in buildings would stay constant throughout the studied span without implementing new policy tools or technical changes relevant to energy efficiency and conservation.
An in depth scenario has been used mainly to study the net zero energy building capacity because it implies substantial increase in power quality required to meet the NZE purpose. The effects of the energy usage from such a scenario are further compared to the projections of the BISE method’s built in solar power capacity, as mentioned following.
The BUENAS model presents the conclusion for energy usage in applications and illumination in the construction industry in order, which along with the findings of the heat energy use of such a 3CSEP-HEB method, render it possible to quantify the overall energy consumption in buildings.
Lawrence Berkeley National Lab (LBNL) has established the BUENAS model for the end-use energy market scenario in the United States. This plan was sponsored by the Joint Marking of three Association Department.
This model approach produces outcomes for more than ten countries and the European Union with 27 members as a common area, including different energy-consuming goods (excluding appliances, such as TVs, laptops, etc.) in the domestic, commercial and industrial markets. The energy consumption prediction approach in BUENAS is focused on three main factors:
Two main scenarios mean the differences between the two models: Business as usual and best practice scenario. Under its scenario, energy consumption development is guided by market behavior and intensity. At the same time performance, is “frozen”, the BP case focuses on catching future impacts of improvement-related policies, predicting that all governments can reach aggressive output goals by 2015. Standards will also have strengthened in 2020, ensuring whether the same degree of progress is attained in 2020 as in 2015 or which a particular goal, known as the new “best possible technology,” is met by 2020.
The author of this chapter, which considers different geographic, structural, morphological and climate conditions variables, has developed an alternative approaches Building Integrated Solar Energy model to assess the extent to which energy consumption could be met.
The BISE framework’s primary goal is to analyze the highest allowable technical capacity and dynamics of solar power provided by built-in hybrid solar technologies. For this purpose, detailed climate data were taken from the NASA repository for some key variables (ambient temperature, top atmospheric irradiation, global irradiation, humidity data, wind speed, etc.).
The BISE method’s additional advantage is exposure to high-resolution climate details, analyzing it via an advanced measurement method, extracting estimates for the future solar thermal and electrical performance of solar technology, and visualizing the estimates. This has been generalized for each area, outdoor environment, and site plan employing the roof area’s various estimations to implement solar systems. The usable roof area is calculated by adding roof-to-floor ratios to the correlating floor area figures from the 3CSEP model as well as other access considerations extracted from the reference to compensate for the shaded areas and the gaps filled by roofing facilities. The RTR levels at each zone and buildings style are obtained by Geographic information systems datasets on regional urban development areas produced by Esmaeili Shayan [3] as well as further analyzed by the authors of this chapter utilizing Geographic information spatial analysis and zoning statistical techniques (see [3]). The spatial analysis’s main objective is “to meet the demands and relationship issues, taking into consideration the spatial location of the phenomenon under investigation in a direct manner” [6].
While the roof area calculations primarily are using the floor area findings of the 3CSEP method as source evidence, the BISE method’s configuration is quite close to that of the 3CSEP model in terms of areas, housing styles, temperature zones, and vintage architecture and simulation horizons. These elements of the layout are listed in more depth below.
In place to encourage a link between the results of the BISE and the 3CSEP designs, the analysis is carried out for whatever divisional division as presented in [7]. These areas of the country have included the following: Western Europe (WEU), Middle East (MEA), Centrally Organized Asia (CPA), Pacific OECD (PAO), Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), Sun-Saharan Africa (AFR), former the Soviet Union (FSU), North America (NAM), Eastern Europe (EEA), South Asia (SAS), Other Pacific (PAS).
The initial GIS data details were gathered for each hour of each year for 5 years from 2001 to 2005, and the 5-year estimate was determined for each level. Such data collection was used in the 2005 base year selected for compatibility with the 3CSEP model. The methodology considers every period and every year from 2005–2050.
The Building Integrated Solar Energy model argument predicts that solar heat generated by PV/T systems can also be used for water and space heat generation. In contrast, solar electricity is used for lighting, space cooling, and appliances.
The Building Integrated Solar Energy model distinguishes between different types of buildings (residential: single- or multifamily; public and industrial: school, office, hotels and cafes, retail, health care, other housing, or buildings), vintages (retrofitting, modern, new, existing, and advanced retrofitting), seasonal conditions which are the same as the 3CSEP model.
The Building Integrated Solar Energy design focuses primarily on building-integrated on-site solar power. These systems can usually be broadly classified into two categories: solar thermal and photovoltaic (PV) systems. The latter produces heat, while the latter generates power. As the house needs both, maximizing the development of solar energy on the construction sites may demand the configuration of both kinds of processes. This might induce the “battle on the roof” (not enough space on the roof for both PV and solar collectors to meet energy demands) and lead to increased costs, esthetic problems, and a boost in the energy of the solar systems [3]. While solutions to this challenge currently exist by integrating solar systems with other innovations (e.g., photovoltaic + heat pump), since this chapter emphasizes exclusively on solar power, a thermal + photovoltaic hybrid solar system is perceived to be one of the most “fully solar” approaches to this problem. A solar hybrid photovoltaic/thermal system (PV/T system) is a mixture of photovoltaic (PV) panels and solar thermal elements. PV/T is a system that allows PV cells as a heated substrate to transform radiation into electric power; the solar thermal collector converts solar heat into electricity and removes waste heat from the PV module. These elements’ goal is to use the heat produced in the PV panel to generate not only electrical but also thermal energy [8]. Such a hybrid setup generates an electrical utilization of the system as heat extraction and utilization reduces the systems’ temperature and thus improve their performance. Configuration of photovoltaic plus thermal systems provides an opportunity to significantly increase the generation of solar energy for various end-uses compared to separate systems in the same roof area. As this chapter focuses on estimating the maximum possible technical potential of renewable energy in building structures, photovoltaic plus thermal technology was considered to be the most efficient model-long exercise workable alternative. In order to evaluate the hypothetical technological potential of built-in solar power, it is expected that photovoltaic plus thermal systems will be mounted on the available roof places during the construction or renovation of structures, beginning with some of those feasibility studies in 2014 then slowly expanding the number of installations before they become standard practice for all retrofits and housing developments by 2025.
The Building Integrated Solar Energy model assumes that thermal and electrical solar power production are modeled differently that use the same hourly in days’ radiation exposure measured on 1 m2 of the solar system site, but specific thermal and electrical formulations and performance variables and losses of different systems (see [3]).
The Building Integrated Solar Energy model calculates the amount of solar renewable energy (electrical and thermal) produced in any buildings on an everyday hourly basis by BIPV/T systems, which is further compiled on a monthly basis. The present version of the product suggests the absorption of generated solar energy power within one period (month or more) at the rate of each city, buildings form, and temperature area, that makes it possible to equate the monthly amounts with the monthly projections of construction power consumption under the shallow scenario for space cooling, water heating and space heating and also with the Bottom-Up Energy Analysis System case formulation for home appliances. This scenario did not include industrial buildings. Consequently, the expectation that nearly 50 percent of cost savings attributed to energy efficiency changes in all end-uses should be reached by 2050 has been created. To achieve monthly results for equipment and lighting, it was presumed that these users would consume the same quantity of electricity every month. Monthly study results determined by the Building Integrated Solar Energy framework for the possible use of solar thermal energy have been evaluated by comparing to the construction energy consumption statistics for water heating and space heating. In contrast, the possible use of solar power for appliances and lighting, cooling was contrasted. Such a similarity forms the basis for assessing the extent to which advanced energy-efficient buildings with energy technologies can move toward the net-zero emissions energy systems target.
The novelty of the Building Integrated Solar Energy model integrates a comprehensive measurement process (acceptable for calculating the efficiency of the particular solar system) for hourly solar energy production per 1 m2 of the surface of the solar system and comprehensive coverage of the effects. The shayan model incorporates various forms of solar radiation, considering the tilting of the device (going to assume optimal tilting), the orientation of the earth, altitude, time of year, and location of the sun. The approach described here for measuring the energy obtained by one square meter of the solar system every hour has been modified from [1, 8, 9, 10, 11]. There are many measurement benchmarks in the method. First, the total roof size was calculated in each area, outdoor environment, and building, which is mainly contributed by applying the accessibility variables.
where AR is area of roof and FRratio is floor of roof ratio and AF is area of floor. The Area Calculator (can be free use in: https://www.calculator.net) tools calculate the area of the roof and the number of resources necessary to design the roof of the building. The “Home Foundation Field” is the land region that the building covers, which can be measured for more complicated forms using the Area Calculator. The measured area is an estimate only. In situations where a rooftop has a complex shape, such as Figure 1, calculating the measurements and areas of each part of the rooftop of a building to determine the total area would result in a more precise calculation of the surface.
The complex shape rooftop [
Receiving energy from the sun is based on radiation. If the consumer is in the northern hemisphere, the sun’s rays will be on the south side, and if objects are on the north side of the roof, they will cast shadows on the solar system. For various seasons, this impact would be different. Eq. 2 shows the space available for the use of the solar system.
where
Second, hourly solar radiation obtained by 1 m2 of the solar system area is measured, considering the various forms of usable solar radiation.
Complete radiation is one of the parameters for calculating the radiant energy of the sun. Global radiation depends on the variability of radiation and reflection in the environment. The following factors are: beam radiation, diffuse radiation, and reflective surface radiation. If
The installation location of the solar system and the solar angles can affect the performance of the system. If this angle deviates from the vertical, the intensity of the radiation will also decrease. According to the definition,
In order to emphasize the value of energy conservation for solar-powered NZEBs under the BISE model, the results for solar energy balances (i.e., solar energy supply vs. any building energy use) were compared to two 3CSEP scenarios: Deep conservation and medium efficiency categories for each of 11 countries, temperature areas, and based treatment. The essential purpose of such a study is to evaluate the effect on the solar fraction of the energy efficiency level change (i.e., the portion of building energy consumption that can be offset by solar energy output) in various regions and buildings. As noted above, extreme scenario presupposes very ambitious changes in energy quality (Approximately passive household energy efficiency), while moderate scenario assumes standard building energy output that can be attained by 2050 if existing government patterns proceed without significant innovations modifications.
The deep scenario results were combined with the energy use estimates of the appliances and lighting from the BUENAS model’s BAU scenario with a 50% reduction in their energy intensities by 2050 to illustrate potential improvements in energy efficiency from these end-uses.
The result shows that the odds of meeting the net zero energy target in certain types of buildings are significantly smaller under the medium scenario than under the Extreme one. Tables also reveal that emerging regions can attain the NZE production over a more significant number of months than existing ones. The reason can be twofold: lower energy consumption in developing-country buildings due to more restricted access to modern energy infrastructure and a much greater abundance of solar energy supplies than in developed countries, most of which are concentrated in the northern hemisphere. This also demonstrates that in emerging regions (SAS, PAS, MEA, LAC, and AFR), the gap between the room and water heating energy usage is negligible. In these cases, electricity requirements for such end uses of most building styles (with some exceptions) in these regions can theoretically be fulfilled during the year by solar power supply only.
Full coverage can only be reached in other, primarily low-rise building forms (e.g., retail or single-family buildings) in all the months of 2050 in developing areas. The highest-rise structures, usually represented by multifamily and office buildings, display the lowest NZE capacity in developing regions among other building forms.
The number of months in which solar thermal is not adequate to satisfy the thermal energy demand in these buildings ranges from Low to high , depending on the location. PAO indicates the most significant potential for satisfying solar thermal energy demand across developing regions: Under the deep scenario, 100 percent thermal energy consumption coverage will be reached across all months and in all types of buildings. The great abundance of solar energy can explain this for most of the year in this area.
Results for the medium scenario explicitly demonstrate a substantial rise in the number of months, at least for developing countries, when thermal energy demands need additional energy sources and on-site solar power generation. Some of the situations in these countries, where a large amount of building energy consumption may be met with solar energy during the deep scenario for much of the months, would have some months in the medium scenario where it is not feasible. In the Medium case, only five building forms in PAO, single-family buildings in CPA, and residential buildings in WEU show the possibility in replacing thermal energy consumption with solar in all months.
Developing regions have ample solar power to meet solar heat thermal energy requirements during the year for most types of buildings, even with modest levels of energy efficient construction. In these countries, energy issues are still observed in some styles of tall and modern buildings. This is difficult to achieve monthly zero-energy ratios during the year (e.g., office and hospital buildings in SAS, PAS, and MEA, multifamily and school buildings in MEA).
As for electrical capacity, the disparity between scenarios in developed regions is more apparent—in the intermediate scenario, the number of months in which all electricity requirements can be met with solar energy than in the deep scenario in virtually all regions and building styles (exceptions are some categories of houses in the PAS and single-family homes throughout the LAC area, where maximum coverage age is possible in all cases during the month of the year).
Under the deep scenarios, emerging areas display a strong probability of supplying the bulk of building forms with ample solar electricity volumes. Nonetheless, the results for two high-rise building forms in MEA and office buildings in LAC indicate that solar power will not be adequate to satisfy the energy the building needs over the months. The mixture of thermal and electrical results provides an understanding in which regions and forms of buildings NZE efficiency can only be accomplished with solar energy based on the 2050 monthly energy balance. These cases would include:
All styles of construction at PAS.
The single-family PAO, SAS, EEU, CPA, MEA, LAC, and AFR buildings.
SAS, LAC, AFR market constructions.
The ‘other’ SAS, MEA, LAC, and AFR buildings.
LAC educational institutions and hotels and restaurants AFR.
LAC multifamily homes.
The findings set out in this document are predictions for (Figure 2) potential energy consumption in buildings by 2050 for different regions; building forms and end users and (Figure 3) the highest possible technological capacity for producing solar energy from advanced construction technologies.
For single-family buildings in 2050 in kilowatt hours per square meter of floor space, shown in deep versus medium conditions and the use of thermal energy versus solar thermal output [
Thermal energy usage vs solar thermal energy output in 2050 for industrial & public buildings, kWh / m2 of floor space, Extreme vs intermediate scenarios [
This chapter’s key purpose was to compare the effects of building energy usage under two conditions with different levels of building energy efficiency to the amount of solar energy, which can theoretically be produced by advanced hybrid technology from the rooftops of these buildings. While solar energy capacity measurements have been conducted for each hour, the relation between solar energy supply and the building energy consumption is made monthly (due to the lack of more accurate statistics on building energy usage at the global and national level). It is estimated that generated solar energy will be accumulated at the construction site within 1 month at the level of each area, building type, and climate zone.
Five key messages can sum up the outcomes of such a comparison:
Synergies between energy conservation and on-site solar energy generation play a key role in bringing electricity output from building to net zero energy level.
Via “strong” energy conservation steps, the same volume of solar energy will support a more significant share of electricity demand, minimize the need for more energy from fossil fuels, and thus trigger greenhouse gases.
To exploit the net-zero energy performance capacity of all building services, including lighting and appliances, should be confirmed. New and updated buildings’ thermal energy efficiency must meet passive house standards (about 15–30 kWh/m2 depending on location and type of building). As for lighting and appliances, even halving their use of electricity by 2050 would not be enough to enable maximum solar coverage of the respective electricity needs in some regions (particularly developed ones).
Developing countries are seeing greater solar energy efficiency in buildings because of the availability of solar energy resources and lower electricity requirements. However, energy conservation is also critical in these regions to offset the substantial rise in energy usage anticipated in certain regions in the immediate future.
Low-rise buildings usually have a higher capacity to meet a significant portion of their solar energy requirement than high-rise ones. Yet modest energy efficiency standards make reaching the NZE target more difficult in most styles of buildings.
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\n\n4.1 The Corresponding Author represents and warrants that the Article does not and will not breach any applicable law or the rights of any third party and, specifically, that the Article contains no matter that is defamatory or that infringes any literary or proprietary rights, intellectual property rights, or any rights of privacy. The Corresponding Author warrants and represents that: (i) the Article is the original work of themselves and any Co-Author and is not copied wholly or substantially from any other work or material or any other source; (ii) the Article has not been formally published in any other peer-reviewed journal or in a Journal or edited collection, and is not under consideration for any such publication; (iii) they themselves and any Co-Author are qualifying persons under section 154 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988; (iv) they themselves and any Co-Author have not assigned and will not during the term of this Publication Agreement purport to assign any of the rights granted to IntechOpen under this Publication
\n\nAgreement; and (v) the rights granted by this Publication Agreement are free from any security interest, option, mortgage, charge or lien.
\n\nThe Corresponding Author also warrants and represents that: (i) they have the full power to enter into this Publication Agreement on their own behalf and on behalf of each Co-Author; and (ii) they have the necessary rights and/or title in and to the Article to grant IntechOpen, on behalf of themselves and any Co-Author, the rights and licenses expressed to be granted in this Publication Agreement. If the Article was prepared jointly by the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author, the Corresponding Author warrants and represents that: (i) each Co-Author agrees to the submission, license and publication of the Article on the terms of this Publication Agreement; and (ii) they have the authority to enter into this Publication Agreement on behalf of and bind each Co-Author. The Corresponding Author shall: (i) ensure each Co-Author complies with all relevant provisions of this Publication Agreement, including those relating to confidentiality, performance and standards, as if a party to this Publication Agreement; and (ii) remain primarily liable for all acts and/or omissions of each such Co-Author.
\n\nThe Corresponding Author agrees to indemnify and hold IntechOpen harmless against all liabilities, costs, expenses, damages and losses and all reasonable legal costs and expenses suffered or incurred by IntechOpen arising out of or in connection with any breach of the aforementioned representations and warranties. This indemnity shall not cover IntechOpen to the extent that a claim under it results from IntechOpen's negligence or willful misconduct.
\n\n4.2 Nothing in this Publication Agreement shall have the effect of excluding or limiting any liability for death or personal injury caused by negligence or any other liability that cannot be excluded or limited by applicable law.
\n\n5. TERMINATION
\n\n5.1 IntechOpen has a right to terminate this Publication Agreement for quality, program, technical or other reasons with immediate effect, including without limitation (i) if the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author commits a material breach of this Publication Agreement; (ii) if the Corresponding Author or any Co Author (being an individual) is the subject of a bankruptcy petition, application or order; or (iii) if the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author (being a company) commences negotiations with all or any class of its creditors with a view to rescheduling any of its debts, or makes a proposal for or enters into any compromise or arrangement with any of its creditors.
\n\nIn case of termination, IntechOpen will notify the Corresponding Author, in writing, of the decision.
\n\n6. INTECHOPEN’S DUTIES AND RIGHTS
\n\n6.1 Unless prevented from doing so by events outside its reasonable control, IntechOpen, in its discretion, agrees to publish the Article attributing it to the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author.
\n\n6.2 IntechOpen has the right to use the Corresponding Author’s and any Co-Author’s names and likeness in connection with scientific dissemination, retrieval, archiving, web hosting and promotion and marketing of the Article and has the right to contact the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author until the Article is publicly available on any platform owned and/or operated by IntechOpen.
\n\n6.3 IntechOpen is granted the authority to enforce the rights from this Publication Agreement, on behalf of the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author, against third parties (for example in cases of plagiarism or copyright infringements). In respect of any such infringement or suspected infringement of the copyright in the Article,
\n\nIntechOpen shall have absolute discretion in addressing any such infringement which is likely to affect IntechOpen's rights under this Publication Agreement, including issuing and conducting proceedings against the suspected infringer.
\n\n7. MISCELLANEOUS
\n\n7.1 Further Assurance: The Corresponding Author shall and will ensure that any relevant third party (including any Co-Author) shall, execute and deliver whatever further documents or deeds and perform such acts as IntechOpen reasonably requires from time to time for the purpose of giving IntechOpen the full benefit of the provisions of this Publication Agreement.
\n\n7.2 Third Party Rights: A person who is not a party to this Publication Agreement may not enforce any of its provisions under the Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999.
\n\n7.3 Entire Agreement: This Publication Agreement constitutes the entire agreement between the parties in relation to its subject matter. It replaces and extinguishes all prior agreements, draft agreements, arrangements, collateral warranties, collateral contracts, statements, assurances, representations and undertakings of any nature made by or on behalf of the parties, whether oral or written, in relation to that subject matter. Each party acknowledges that in entering into this Publication Agreement it has not relied upon any oral or written statements, collateral or other warranties, assurances, representations or undertakings which were made by or on behalf of the other party in relation to the subject matter of this Publication Agreement at any time before its signature (together "Pre-Contractual Statements"), other than those which are set out in this Publication Agreement. Each party hereby waives all rights and remedies which might otherwise be available to it in relation to such Pre-Contractual Statements. Nothing in this clause shall exclude or restrict the liability of either party arising out of its pre-contract fraudulent misrepresentation or fraudulent concealment.
\n\n7.4 Waiver: No failure or delay by a party to exercise any right or remedy provided under this Publication Agreement or by law shall constitute a waiver of that or any other right or remedy, nor shall it preclude or restrict the further exercise of that or any other right or remedy. No single or partial exercise of such right or remedy shall preclude or restrict the further exercise of that or any other right or remedy.
\n\n7.5 Variation: No variation of this Publication Agreement shall be effective unless it is in writing and signed by the parties (or their duly authorized representatives).
\n\n7.6 Severance: If any provision or part-provision of this Publication Agreement is or becomes invalid, illegal or unenforceable, it shall be deemed modified to the minimum extent necessary to make it valid, legal and enforceable. If such modification is not possible, the relevant provision or part-provision shall be deemed deleted.
\n\nAny modification to or deletion of a provision or part-provision under this clause shall not affect the validity and enforceability of the rest of this Publication Agreement.
\n\n7.7 No partnership: Nothing in this Publication Agreement is intended to, or shall be deemed to, establish or create any partnership or joint venture or the relationship of principal and agent or employer and employee between IntechOpen and the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author, nor authorize any party to make or enter into any commitments for or on behalf of any other party.
\n\n7.8 Governing law: This Publication Agreement and any dispute or claim (including non-contractual disputes or claims) arising out of or in connection with it or its subject matter or formation shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the law of England and Wales. The parties submit to the exclusive jurisdiction of the English courts to settle any dispute or claim arising out of or in connection with this Publication Agreement (including any non-contractual disputes or claims).
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Cappuccio",authors:[{id:"77507",title:"Dr.",name:"Michelle A",middleName:null,surname:"Miller",slug:"michelle-a-miller",fullName:"Michelle A Miller"},{id:"119883",title:"Ms.",name:"Manisha",middleName:null,surname:"Ahuja",slug:"manisha-ahuja",fullName:"Manisha Ahuja"},{id:"119885",title:"Prof.",name:"Francesco P",middleName:null,surname:"Cappuccio",slug:"francesco-p-cappuccio",fullName:"Francesco P Cappuccio"}]},{id:"65707",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.82754",title:"Sleep Physiology and Polysomnogram, Physiopathology and Symptomatology in Sleep Medicine",slug:"sleep-physiology-and-polysomnogram-physiopathology-and-symptomatology-in-sleep-medicine",totalDownloads:1205,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"Over recent years, the importance of sleep physiology and pathology has been better understood in terms of correct diagnosis, treatment, prognosis and innovative research of diseases. Sleep disorders are often confused with clinical symptoms of adult and pediatric medical conditions. In medicine, electrophysiological signal recording methods are very important for establishing a correct diagnosis especially in neurological sciences. Polysomnography (PSG) is a golden standard diagnostic method that records electrophysiological signals used for sleep physiology and diseases. When the medical disciplines and diseases that make use of this diagnostic method are considered, its significance becomes clearer. For example, medical disciplines benefiting from PSG are as follows: “Clinical Physiology, Neurology, Ear Nose and Throat, Dentistry, Psychiatry, Pulmonology, Cardiology, Pediatric Neurology, Pediatric Cardiology, Internal Medicine, Neurosurgery, Endocrinology, etc.” The patient groups diagnosed with PSG are as follows: “Sleep Disordered Breathing (Central Sleep Apnea Syndrome, Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome), Obesity, Morbid Obesity, REM Behavior Disorder, Restless Leg Syndrome, Rhythm Disorders, Epileptic Disorders, Insomnia, Insomnia and Headache, Hypersomnia, Narcolepsy, Secondary Hypertension, etc.” Interpretation and understanding electrophysiological signals correctly show us interactions of body systems with sleep physiology and integrated therapeutic approaches to sleep disorders. In conclusion; new approaches to sleep pathophysiology depend on a better understanding and further advancement of polysomnography.",book:{id:"7076",slug:"updates-in-sleep-neurology-and-obstructive-sleep-apnea",title:"Updates in Sleep Neurology and Obstructive Sleep Apnea",fullTitle:"Updates in Sleep Neurology and Obstructive Sleep Apnea"},signatures:"Murat Kayabekir",authors:[{id:"265598",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Murat",middleName:null,surname:"Kayabekir",slug:"murat-kayabekir",fullName:"Murat Kayabekir"}]},{id:"32154",doi:"10.5772/33523",title:"Upper Airway Resistance Syndrome - A Twenty-Five Years Experience",slug:"upper-airway-resistance-syndrome-a-twenty-five-years-experience",totalDownloads:5038,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:null,book:{id:"993",slug:"sleep-disorders",title:"Sleep Disorders",fullTitle:"Sleep Disorders"},signatures:"Felix del Campo Matías, Tomas Ruiz Albi and Carlos Zamarrón Sanz",authors:[{id:"94382",title:"Prof.",name:"Felix",middleName:null,surname:"Del Campo",slug:"felix-del-campo",fullName:"Felix Del Campo"},{id:"95981",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Zamarrón Sanz",slug:"carlos-zamarron-sanz",fullName:"Carlos Zamarrón Sanz"},{id:"95982",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomas",middleName:null,surname:"Ruiz Albi",slug:"tomas-ruiz-albi",fullName:"Tomas Ruiz Albi"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"65707",title:"Sleep Physiology and Polysomnogram, Physiopathology and Symptomatology in Sleep Medicine",slug:"sleep-physiology-and-polysomnogram-physiopathology-and-symptomatology-in-sleep-medicine",totalDownloads:1205,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"Over recent years, the importance of sleep physiology and pathology has been better understood in terms of correct diagnosis, treatment, prognosis and innovative research of diseases. Sleep disorders are often confused with clinical symptoms of adult and pediatric medical conditions. In medicine, electrophysiological signal recording methods are very important for establishing a correct diagnosis especially in neurological sciences. Polysomnography (PSG) is a golden standard diagnostic method that records electrophysiological signals used for sleep physiology and diseases. When the medical disciplines and diseases that make use of this diagnostic method are considered, its significance becomes clearer. For example, medical disciplines benefiting from PSG are as follows: “Clinical Physiology, Neurology, Ear Nose and Throat, Dentistry, Psychiatry, Pulmonology, Cardiology, Pediatric Neurology, Pediatric Cardiology, Internal Medicine, Neurosurgery, Endocrinology, etc.” The patient groups diagnosed with PSG are as follows: “Sleep Disordered Breathing (Central Sleep Apnea Syndrome, Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome), Obesity, Morbid Obesity, REM Behavior Disorder, Restless Leg Syndrome, Rhythm Disorders, Epileptic Disorders, Insomnia, Insomnia and Headache, Hypersomnia, Narcolepsy, Secondary Hypertension, etc.” Interpretation and understanding electrophysiological signals correctly show us interactions of body systems with sleep physiology and integrated therapeutic approaches to sleep disorders. In conclusion; new approaches to sleep pathophysiology depend on a better understanding and further advancement of polysomnography.",book:{id:"7076",slug:"updates-in-sleep-neurology-and-obstructive-sleep-apnea",title:"Updates in Sleep Neurology and Obstructive Sleep Apnea",fullTitle:"Updates in Sleep Neurology and Obstructive Sleep Apnea"},signatures:"Murat Kayabekir",authors:[{id:"265598",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Murat",middleName:null,surname:"Kayabekir",slug:"murat-kayabekir",fullName:"Murat Kayabekir"}]},{id:"67469",title:"Sleep Disorder at High Altitude",slug:"sleep-disorder-at-high-altitude",totalDownloads:800,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"In this chapter, we discuss the occurrence, mechanism, clinical manifestations, outcomes, and managements of a commonly encountered sleep disorder of someone traveling in high altitude for working and sight-seeing. Humans ascending to altitudes above 2500 m usually suffer from substantial disturbances in sleep quality as difficulty in sleep onset, frequent awakenings, respiratory disturbance, and a feeling of drowsiness on the next day. Data obtained from polysomnographic studies demonstrated several variations of sleep architecture in those healthy subjects ascending to high altitude during sleep, including periodic breathing and decreased non-rapid eye movement deep sleep stage 3 and 4 (in new nomenclature N3), which were usually accompanied by and the lowered arterial O2 and restricted ventilation. Hypoxia is most severe during sleep and in correspondence to periodic breathing and sleep disturbance at high altitude. Poor sleep quality impairs cognition and executive abilities at high altitude though it may largely be improved after full time of acclimatization. Evidence-based choices for clinicians to treat sleep disorder at high altitude are relatively scarce at present. Supplemental oxygen and dietary nitrate are effective in alleviating nocturnal hypoxia. There is strong evidence supporting the efficacy and safety of acetazolamide and nonbenzodiazepines in minimizing periodic breathing and improving sleep quality at high altitude.",book:{id:"7076",slug:"updates-in-sleep-neurology-and-obstructive-sleep-apnea",title:"Updates in Sleep Neurology and Obstructive Sleep Apnea",fullTitle:"Updates in Sleep Neurology and Obstructive Sleep Apnea"},signatures:"Fanyi Kong",authors:[{id:"285948",title:"Dr.",name:"Fanyi",middleName:null,surname:"Kong",slug:"fanyi-kong",fullName:"Fanyi Kong"}]},{id:"64983",title:"Cognitive Impairment and Obstructive Sleep Apnea",slug:"cognitive-impairment-and-obstructive-sleep-apnea",totalDownloads:1323,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a frequent sleep disorder characterized by repetitive interruption of ventilation caused by partial or complete collapse of the upper airway during sleep. OSA is highly prevalent in the world and it has been associated with cardiovascular disease and cognitive impairment in children and adults. The cognitive impairment in individuals with OSA includes deficiencies in attention and constructional abilities, delayed long-term visual and verbal memory, and executive functions. Although, the pathogenesis of cognitive impairment in patients with OSA is complex and remains incompletely understood, several mechanisms, such as hypoxia, inflammation and sleep fragmentation have been proposed. The aim of this chapter is to describe some findings reported in the literature to explain the association between OSA and cognitive impairment.",book:{id:"7076",slug:"updates-in-sleep-neurology-and-obstructive-sleep-apnea",title:"Updates in Sleep Neurology and Obstructive Sleep Apnea",fullTitle:"Updates in Sleep Neurology and Obstructive Sleep Apnea"},signatures:"Liliana Otero, María del Carmen Figueredo, Alain Riveros-Rivera and Patricia Hidalgo",authors:[{id:"273415",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Liliana",middleName:null,surname:"Otero",slug:"liliana-otero",fullName:"Liliana Otero"},{id:"280824",title:"Dr.",name:"Carmen",middleName:null,surname:"Figueredo",slug:"carmen-figueredo",fullName:"Carmen Figueredo"},{id:"283338",title:"Dr.",name:"Alain",middleName:null,surname:"Riveros",slug:"alain-riveros",fullName:"Alain Riveros"},{id:"283339",title:"Dr.",name:"Patricia",middleName:null,surname:"Hidalgo-Martinez",slug:"patricia-hidalgo-martinez",fullName:"Patricia Hidalgo-Martinez"}]},{id:"71574",title:"Surgical Treatment Options for Obstructive Sleep Apnea",slug:"surgical-treatment-options-for-obstructive-sleep-apnea",totalDownloads:703,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Given the increased prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) multiple treatment modalities including medical and surgical have been developed. First-line therapy for most of the people with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) consists of behavioral modification, including weight loss if appropriate, and positive airway pressure (PAP) therapy. Patients who fail or do not tolerate PAP therapy, treatment options include oral appliances and surgical therapy. Surgical therapies have variable efficacy and are very important tool on OSA management in selected patients. This chapter will review the current surgical approaches sleep specialists use when other treatment options fail to accomplish the valuable outcome.",book:{id:"7076",slug:"updates-in-sleep-neurology-and-obstructive-sleep-apnea",title:"Updates in Sleep Neurology and Obstructive Sleep Apnea",fullTitle:"Updates in Sleep Neurology and Obstructive Sleep Apnea"},signatures:"Jimmy Hanna and Anthony Izzo",authors:[{id:"266405",title:"Dr.",name:"Anthony",middleName:null,surname:"Izzo",slug:"anthony-izzo",fullName:"Anthony Izzo"},{id:"312960",title:"Dr.",name:"Jimmy",middleName:null,surname:"Hanna",slug:"jimmy-hanna",fullName:"Jimmy Hanna"}]},{id:"46441",title:"Swallowing, Gastroesophageal Reflux and Sleep Apnea",slug:"swallowing-gastroesophageal-reflux-and-sleep-apnea",totalDownloads:2360,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:null,book:{id:"3798",slug:"sleep-and-its-disorders-affect-society",title:"Sleep and its Disorders Affect Society",fullTitle:"Sleep and its Disorders Affect Society"},signatures:"Shinji Teramoto",authors:[{id:"94615",title:"Dr.",name:"Shinji",middleName:null,surname:"Teramoto",slug:"shinji-teramoto",fullName:"Shinji Teramoto"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"201",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:98,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:287,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:10,numberOfPublishedChapters:103,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403",scope:"Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a rapidly developing multidisciplinary research area that aims to solve increasingly complex problems. In today's highly integrated world, AI promises to become a robust and powerful means for obtaining solutions to previously unsolvable problems. This Series is intended for researchers and students alike interested in this fascinating field and its many applications.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/14.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 18th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:9,editor:{id:"218714",title:"Prof.",name:"Andries",middleName:null,surname:"Engelbrecht",slug:"andries-engelbrecht",fullName:"Andries Engelbrecht",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRNR8QAO/Profile_Picture_1622640468300",biography:"Andries Engelbrecht received the Masters and PhD degrees in Computer Science from the University of Stellenbosch, South Africa, in 1994 and 1999 respectively. He is currently appointed as the Voigt Chair in Data Science in the Department of Industrial Engineering, with a joint appointment as Professor in the Computer Science Division, Stellenbosch University. Prior to his appointment at Stellenbosch University, he has been at the University of Pretoria, Department of Computer Science (1998-2018), where he was appointed as South Africa Research Chair in Artifical Intelligence (2007-2018), the head of the Department of Computer Science (2008-2017), and Director of the Institute for Big Data and Data Science (2017-2018). In addition to a number of research articles, he has written two books, Computational Intelligence: An Introduction and Fundamentals of Computational Swarm Intelligence.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Stellenbosch University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:6,paginationItems:[{id:"22",title:"Applied Intelligence",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/22.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"27170",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlos",middleName:"M.",surname:"Travieso-Gonzalez",slug:"carlos-travieso-gonzalez",fullName:"Carlos Travieso-Gonzalez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/27170/images/system/27170.jpeg",biography:"Carlos M. Travieso-González received his MSc degree in Telecommunication Engineering at Polytechnic University of Catalonia (UPC), Spain in 1997, and his Ph.D. degree in 2002 at the University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC-Spain). He is a full professor of signal processing and pattern recognition and is head of the Signals and Communications Department at ULPGC, teaching from 2001 on subjects on signal processing and learning theory. His research lines are biometrics, biomedical signals and images, data mining, classification system, signal and image processing, machine learning, and environmental intelligence. He has researched in 52 international and Spanish research projects, some of them as head researcher. He is co-author of 4 books, co-editor of 27 proceedings books, guest editor for 8 JCR-ISI international journals, and up to 24 book chapters. He has over 450 papers published in international journals and conferences (81 of them indexed on JCR – ISI - Web of Science). He has published seven patents in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office. He has been a supervisor on 8 Ph.D. theses (11 more are under supervision), and 130 master theses. He is the founder of The IEEE IWOBI conference series and the president of its Steering Committee, as well as the founder of both the InnoEducaTIC and APPIS conference series. He is an evaluator of project proposals for the European Union (H2020), Medical Research Council (MRC, UK), Spanish Government (ANECA, Spain), Research National Agency (ANR, France), DAAD (Germany), Argentinian Government, and the Colombian Institutions. He has been a reviewer in different indexed international journals (<70) and conferences (<250) since 2001. He has been a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Image Processing from 2007 and a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems from 2011. \n\nHe has held the general chair position for the following: ACM-APPIS (2020, 2021), IEEE-IWOBI (2019, 2020 and 2020), A PPIS (2018, 2019), IEEE-IWOBI (2014, 2015, 2017, 2018), InnoEducaTIC (2014, 2017), IEEE-INES (2013), NoLISP (2011), JRBP (2012), and IEEE-ICCST (2005)\n\nHe is an associate editor of the Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience Journal (Hindawi – Q2 JCR-ISI). He was vice dean from 2004 to 2010 in the Higher Technical School of Telecommunication Engineers at ULPGC and the vice dean of Graduate and Postgraduate Studies from March 2013 to November 2017. He won the “Catedra Telefonica” Awards in Modality of Knowledge Transfer, 2017, 2018, and 2019 editions, and awards in Modality of COVID Research in 2020.\n\nPublic References:\nResearcher ID http://www.researcherid.com/rid/N-5967-2014\nORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4621-2768 \nScopus Author ID https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=6602376272\nScholar Google https://scholar.google.es/citations?user=G1ks9nIAAAAJ&hl=en \nResearchGate https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Carlos_Travieso",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"23",title:"Computational Neuroscience",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/23.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"14004",title:"Dr.",name:"Magnus",middleName:null,surname:"Johnsson",slug:"magnus-johnsson",fullName:"Magnus Johnsson",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/14004/images/system/14004.png",biography:"Dr Magnus Johnsson is a cross-disciplinary scientist, lecturer, scientific editor and AI/machine learning consultant from Sweden. \n\nHe is currently at Malmö University in Sweden, but also held positions at Lund University in Sweden and at Moscow Engineering Physics Institute. \nHe holds editorial positions at several international scientific journals and has served as a scientific editor for books and special journal issues. \nHis research interests are wide and include, but are not limited to, autonomous systems, computer modeling, artificial neural networks, artificial intelligence, cognitive neuroscience, cognitive robotics, cognitive architectures, cognitive aids and the philosophy of mind. \n\nDr. Johnsson has experience from working in the industry and he has a keen interest in the application of neural networks and artificial intelligence to fields like industry, finance, and medicine. \n\nWeb page: www.magnusjohnsson.se",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Malmö University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/24.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"294154",title:"Prof.",name:"George",middleName:null,surname:"Papakostas",slug:"george-papakostas",fullName:"George Papakostas",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002hYaGbQAK/Profile_Picture_1624519712088",biography:"George A. Papakostas has received a diploma in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 1999 and the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 2002 and 2007, respectively, from the Democritus University of Thrace (DUTH), Greece. Dr. Papakostas serves as a Tenured Full Professor at the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University, Greece. Dr. Papakostas has 10 years of experience in large-scale systems design as a senior software engineer and technical manager, and 20 years of research experience in the field of Artificial Intelligence. Currently, he is the Head of the “Visual Computing” division of HUman-MAchines INteraction Laboratory (HUMAIN-Lab) and the Director of the MPhil program “Advanced Technologies in Informatics and Computers” hosted by the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University. He has (co)authored more than 150 publications in indexed journals, international conferences and book chapters, 1 book (in Greek), 3 edited books, and 5 journal special issues. His publications have more than 2100 citations with h-index 27 (GoogleScholar). His research interests include computer/machine vision, machine learning, pattern recognition, computational intelligence. \nDr. Papakostas served as a reviewer in numerous journals, as a program\ncommittee member in international conferences and he is a member of the IAENG, MIR Labs, EUCogIII, INSTICC and the Technical Chamber of Greece (TEE).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"International Hellenic University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"25",title:"Evolutionary Computation",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"136112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura Soto",slug:"sebastian-ventura-soto",fullName:"Sebastian Ventura Soto",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/136112/images/system/136112.png",biography:"Sebastian Ventura is a Spanish researcher, a full professor with the Department of Computer Science and Numerical Analysis, University of Córdoba. Dr Ventura also holds the positions of Affiliated Professor at Virginia Commonwealth University (Richmond, USA) and Distinguished Adjunct Professor at King Abdulaziz University (Jeddah, Saudi Arabia). Additionally, he is deputy director of the Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI) and heads the Knowledge Discovery and Intelligent Systems Research Laboratory. He has published more than ten books and over 300 articles in journals and scientific conferences. Currently, his work has received over 18,000 citations according to Google Scholar, including more than 2200 citations in 2020. In the last five years, he has published more than 60 papers in international journals indexed in the JCR (around 70% of them belonging to first quartile journals) and he has edited some Springer books “Supervised Descriptive Pattern Mining” (2018), “Multiple Instance Learning - Foundations and Algorithms” (2016), and “Pattern Mining with Evolutionary Algorithms” (2016). He has also been involved in more than 20 research projects supported by the Spanish and Andalusian governments and the European Union. He currently belongs to the editorial board of PeerJ Computer Science, Information Fusion and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence journals, being also associate editor of Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing and IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics. Finally, he is editor-in-chief of Progress in Artificial Intelligence. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE Computer, the IEEE Computational Intelligence, and the IEEE Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Societies, and the Association of Computing Machinery (ACM). Finally, his main research interests include data science, computational intelligence, and their applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Córdoba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/26.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. 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2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Catrin Sian Rutland and Valentina Kubale",hash:"75cdacb570e0e6d15a5f6e69640d87c9",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",editors:[{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7233",title:"New Insights into Theriogenology",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7233.jpg",slug:"new-insights-into-theriogenology",publishedDate:"December 5th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rita Payan-Carreira",hash:"74f4147e3fb214dd050e5edd3aaf53bc",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"New Insights into Theriogenology",editors:[{id:"38652",title:"Dr.",name:"Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Payan-Carreira",slug:"rita-payan-carreira",fullName:"Rita Payan-Carreira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRiFPQA0/Profile_Picture_1614601496313",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Évora",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Animal Nutrition",value:20,count:2},{group:"subseries",caption:"Animal Reproductive Biology and Technology",value:28,count:3},{group:"subseries",caption:"Animal Science",value:19,count:5}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:2},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:1},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:302,paginationItems:[{id:"198499",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Glossman-Mitnik",slug:"daniel-glossman-mitnik",fullName:"Daniel Glossman-Mitnik",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/198499/images/system/198499.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Daniel Glossman-Mitnik is currently a Titular Researcher at the Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados (CIMAV), Chihuahua, Mexico, as well as a National Researcher of Level III at the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, Mexico. His research interest focuses on computational chemistry and molecular modeling of diverse systems of pharmacological, food, and alternative energy interests by resorting to DFT and Conceptual DFT. He has authored a coauthored more than 255 peer-reviewed papers, 32 book chapters, and 2 edited books. He has delivered speeches at many international and domestic conferences. He serves as a reviewer for more than eighty international journals, books, and research proposals as well as an editor for special issues of renowned scientific journals.",institutionString:"Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados",institution:{name:"Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"76477",title:"Prof.",name:"Mirza",middleName:null,surname:"Hasanuzzaman",slug:"mirza-hasanuzzaman",fullName:"Mirza Hasanuzzaman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/76477/images/system/76477.png",biography:"Dr. Mirza Hasanuzzaman is a Professor of Agronomy at Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Bangladesh. He received his Ph.D. in Plant Stress Physiology and Antioxidant Metabolism from Ehime University, Japan, with a scholarship from the Japanese Government (MEXT). Later, he completed his postdoctoral research at the Center of Molecular Biosciences, University of the Ryukyus, Japan, as a recipient of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) postdoctoral fellowship. He was also the recipient of the Australian Government Endeavour Research Fellowship for postdoctoral research as an adjunct senior researcher at the University of Tasmania, Australia. Dr. Hasanuzzaman’s current work is focused on the physiological and molecular mechanisms of environmental stress tolerance. Dr. Hasanuzzaman has published more than 150 articles in peer-reviewed journals. He has edited ten books and written more than forty book chapters on important aspects of plant physiology, plant stress tolerance, and crop production. According to Scopus, Dr. Hasanuzzaman’s publications have received more than 10,500 citations with an h-index of 53. He has been named a Highly Cited Researcher by Clarivate. He is an editor and reviewer for more than fifty peer-reviewed international journals and was a recipient of the “Publons Peer Review Award” in 2017, 2018, and 2019. He has been honored by different authorities for his outstanding performance in various fields like research and education, and he has received the World Academy of Science Young Scientist Award (2014) and the University Grants Commission (UGC) Award 2018. He is a fellow of the Bangladesh Academy of Sciences (BAS) and the Royal Society of Biology.",institutionString:"Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University",institution:{name:"Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University",country:{name:"Bangladesh"}}},{id:"187859",title:"Prof.",name:"Kusal",middleName:"K.",surname:"Das",slug:"kusal-das",fullName:"Kusal Das",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBDeQAO/Profile_Picture_1623411145568",biography:"Kusal K. Das is a Distinguished Chair Professor of Physiology, Shri B. M. Patil Medical College and Director, Centre for Advanced Medical Research (CAMR), BLDE (Deemed to be University), Vijayapur, Karnataka, India. Dr. Das did his M.S. and Ph.D. in Human Physiology from the University of Calcutta, Kolkata. His area of research is focused on understanding of molecular mechanisms of heavy metal activated low oxygen sensing pathways in vascular pathophysiology. He has invented a new method of estimation of serum vitamin E. His expertise in critical experimental protocols on vascular functions in experimental animals was well documented by his quality of publications. He was a Visiting Professor of Medicine at University of Leeds, United Kingdom (2014-2016) and Tulane University, New Orleans, USA (2017). For his immense contribution in medical research Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of India conferred him 'G.P. Chatterjee Memorial Research Prize-2019” and he is also the recipient of 'Dr.Raja Ramanna State Scientist Award 2015” by Government of Karnataka. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Biology (FRSB), London and Honorary Fellow of Karnataka Science and Technology Academy, Department of Science and Technology, Government of Karnataka.",institutionString:"BLDE (Deemed to be University), India",institution:null},{id:"243660",title:"Dr.",name:"Mallanagouda Shivanagouda",middleName:null,surname:"Biradar",slug:"mallanagouda-shivanagouda-biradar",fullName:"Mallanagouda Shivanagouda Biradar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243660/images/system/243660.jpeg",biography:"M. S. Biradar is Vice Chancellor and Professor of Medicine of\nBLDE (Deemed to be University), Vijayapura, Karnataka, India.\nHe obtained his MD with a gold medal in General Medicine and\nhas devoted himself to medical teaching, research, and administrations. He has also immensely contributed to medical research\non vascular medicine, which is reflected by his numerous publications including books and book chapters. Professor Biradar was\nalso Visiting Professor at Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, USA.",institutionString:"BLDE (Deemed to be University)",institution:{name:"BLDE University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"289796",title:"Dr.",name:"Swastika",middleName:null,surname:"Das",slug:"swastika-das",fullName:"Swastika Das",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/289796/images/system/289796.jpeg",biography:"Swastika N. Das is Professor of Chemistry at the V. P. Dr. P. G.\nHalakatti College of Engineering and Technology, BLDE (Deemed\nto be University), Vijayapura, Karnataka, India. She obtained an\nMSc, MPhil, and PhD in Chemistry from Sambalpur University,\nOdisha, India. Her areas of research interest are medicinal chemistry, chemical kinetics, and free radical chemistry. She is a member\nof the investigators who invented a new modified method of estimation of serum vitamin E. She has authored numerous publications including book\nchapters and is a mentor of doctoral curriculum at her university.",institutionString:"BLDEA’s V.P.Dr.P.G.Halakatti College of Engineering & Technology",institution:{name:"BLDE University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"248459",title:"Dr.",name:"Akikazu",middleName:null,surname:"Takada",slug:"akikazu-takada",fullName:"Akikazu Takada",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248459/images/system/248459.png",biography:"Akikazu Takada was born in Japan, 1935. After graduation from\nKeio University School of Medicine and finishing his post-graduate studies, he worked at Roswell Park Memorial Institute NY,\nUSA. He then took a professorship at Hamamatsu University\nSchool of Medicine. In thrombosis studies, he found the SK\npotentiator that enhances plasminogen activation by streptokinase. He is very much interested in simultaneous measurements\nof fatty acids, amino acids, and tryptophan degradation products. By using fatty\nacid analyses, he indicated that plasma levels of trans-fatty acids of old men were\nfar higher in the US than Japanese men. . He also showed that eicosapentaenoic acid\n(EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) levels are higher, and arachidonic acid\nlevels are lower in Japanese than US people. By using simultaneous LC/MS analyses\nof plasma levels of tryptophan metabolites, he recently found that plasma levels of\nserotonin, kynurenine, or 5-HIAA were higher in patients of mono- and bipolar\ndepression, which are significantly different from observations reported before. In\nview of recent reports that plasma tryptophan metabolites are mainly produced by\nmicrobiota. He is now working on the relationships between microbiota and depression or autism.",institutionString:"Hamamatsu University School of Medicine",institution:{name:"Hamamatsu University School of Medicine",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"137240",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Khalid",slug:"mohammed-khalid",fullName:"Mohammed Khalid",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/137240/images/system/137240.png",biography:"Mohammed Khalid received his B.S. degree in chemistry in 2000 and Ph.D. degree in physical chemistry in 2007 from the University of Khartoum, Sudan. He moved to School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Australia in 2009 and joined Dr. Ron Clarke as a postdoctoral fellow where he worked on the interaction of ATP with the phosphoenzyme of the Na+/K+-ATPase and dual mechanisms of allosteric acceleration of the Na+/K+-ATPase by ATP; then he went back to Department of Chemistry, University of Khartoum as an assistant professor, and in 2014 he was promoted as an associate professor. In 2011, he joined the staff of Department of Chemistry at Taif University, Saudi Arabia, where he is currently an assistant professor. His research interests include the following: P-Type ATPase enzyme kinetics and mechanisms, kinetics and mechanisms of redox reactions, autocatalytic reactions, computational enzyme kinetics, allosteric acceleration of P-type ATPases by ATP, exploring of allosteric sites of ATPases, and interaction of ATP with ATPases located in cell membranes.",institutionString:"Taif University",institution:{name:"Taif University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"63810",title:"Prof.",name:"Jorge",middleName:null,surname:"Morales-Montor",slug:"jorge-morales-montor",fullName:"Jorge Morales-Montor",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63810/images/system/63810.png",biography:"Dr. Jorge Morales-Montor was recognized with the Lola and Igo Flisser PUIS Award for best graduate thesis at the national level in the field of parasitology. He received a fellowship from the Fogarty Foundation to perform postdoctoral research stay at the University of Georgia. He has 153 journal articles to his credit. He has also edited several books and published more than fifty-five book chapters. He is a member of the Mexican Academy of Sciences, Latin American Academy of Sciences, and the National Academy of Medicine. He has received more than thirty-five awards and has supervised numerous bachelor’s, master’s, and Ph.D. students. Dr. Morales-Montor is the past president of the Mexican Society of Parasitology.",institutionString:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",institution:{name:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"217215",title:"Dr.",name:"Palash",middleName:null,surname:"Mandal",slug:"palash-mandal",fullName:"Palash Mandal",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/217215/images/system/217215.jpeg",biography:null,institutionString:"Charusat University",institution:null},{id:"49739",title:"Dr.",name:"Leszek",middleName:null,surname:"Szablewski",slug:"leszek-szablewski",fullName:"Leszek Szablewski",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49739/images/system/49739.jpg",biography:"Leszek Szablewski is a professor of medical sciences. He received his M.S. in the Faculty of Biology from the University of Warsaw and his PhD degree from the Institute of Experimental Biology Polish Academy of Sciences. He habilitated in the Medical University of Warsaw, and he obtained his degree of Professor from the President of Poland. Professor Szablewski is the Head of Chair and Department of General Biology and Parasitology, Medical University of Warsaw. Professor Szablewski has published over 80 peer-reviewed papers in journals such as Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, Biochim. Biophys. Acta Reviews of Cancer, Biol. Chem., J. Biomed. Sci., and Diabetes/Metabol. Res. Rev, Endocrine. He is the author of two books and four book chapters. He has edited four books, written 15 scripts for students, is the ad hoc reviewer of over 30 peer-reviewed journals, and editorial member of peer-reviewed journals. Prof. Szablewski’s research focuses on cell physiology, genetics, and pathophysiology. He works on the damage caused by lack of glucose homeostasis and changes in the expression and/or function of glucose transporters due to various diseases. He has given lectures, seminars, and exercises for students at the Medical University.",institutionString:"Medical University of Warsaw",institution:{name:"Medical University of Warsaw",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"173123",title:"Dr.",name:"Maitham",middleName:null,surname:"Khajah",slug:"maitham-khajah",fullName:"Maitham Khajah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/173123/images/system/173123.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Maitham A. Khajah received his degree in Pharmacy from Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, in 2003 and obtained his PhD degree in December 2009 from the University of Calgary, Canada (Gastrointestinal Science and Immunology). Since January 2010 he has been assistant professor in Kuwait University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics. His research interest are molecular targets for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and the mechanisms responsible for immune cell chemotaxis. He cosupervised many students for the MSc Molecular Biology Program, College of Graduate Studies, Kuwait University. Ever since joining Kuwait University in 2010, he got various grants as PI and Co-I. He was awarded the Best Young Researcher Award by Kuwait University, Research Sector, for the Year 2013–2014. He was a member in the organizing committee for three conferences organized by Kuwait University, Faculty of Pharmacy, as cochair and a member in the scientific committee (the 3rd, 4th, and 5th Kuwait International Pharmacy Conference).",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"195136",title:"Dr.",name:"Aya",middleName:null,surname:"Adel",slug:"aya-adel",fullName:"Aya Adel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/195136/images/system/195136.jpg",biography:"Dr. Adel works as an Assistant Lecturer in the unit of Phoniatrics, Department of Otolaryngology, Ain Shams University in Cairo, Egypt. Dr. Adel is especially interested in joint attention and its impairment in autism spectrum disorder",institutionString:"Ain Shams University",institution:{name:"Ain Shams University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"94911",title:"Dr.",name:"Boulenouar",middleName:null,surname:"Mesraoua",slug:"boulenouar-mesraoua",fullName:"Boulenouar Mesraoua",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94911/images/system/94911.png",biography:"Dr Boulenouar Mesraoua is the Associate Professor of Clinical Neurology at Weill Cornell Medical College-Qatar and a Consultant Neurologist at Hamad Medical Corporation at the Neuroscience Department; He graduated as a Medical Doctor from the University of Oran, Algeria; he then moved to Belgium, the City of Liege, for a Residency in Internal Medicine and Neurology at Liege University; after getting the Belgian Board of Neurology (with high marks), he went to the National Hospital for Nervous Diseases, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom for a fellowship in Clinical Neurophysiology, under Pr Willison ; Dr Mesraoua had also further training in Epilepsy and Continuous EEG Monitoring for two years (from 2001-2003) in the Neurophysiology department of Zurich University, Switzerland, under late Pr Hans Gregor Wieser ,an internationally known epileptologist expert. \n\nDr B. Mesraoua is the Director of the Neurology Fellowship Program at the Neurology Section and an active member of the newly created Comprehensive Epilepsy Program at Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar; he is also Assistant Director of the Residency Program at the Qatar Medical School. \nDr B. Mesraoua's main interests are Epilepsy, Multiple Sclerosis, and Clinical Neurology; He is the Chairman and the Organizer of the well known Qatar Epilepsy Symposium, he is running yearly for the past 14 years and which is considered a landmark in the Gulf region; He has also started last year , together with other epileptologists from Qatar, the region and elsewhere, a yearly International Epilepsy School Course, which was attended by many neurologists from the Area.\n\nInternationally, Dr Mesraoua is an active and elected member of the Commission on Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR ) , a regional branch of the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE), where he represents the Middle East and North Africa(MENA ) and where he holds the position of chief of the Epilepsy Epidemiology Section; Dr Mesraoua is a member of the American Academy of Neurology, the Europeen Academy of Neurology and the American Epilepsy Society.\n\nDr Mesraoua's main objectives are to encourage frequent gathering of the epileptologists/neurologists from the MENA region and the rest of the world, promote Epilepsy Teaching in the MENA Region, and encourage multicenter studies involving neurologists and epileptologists in the MENA region, particularly epilepsy epidemiological studies. \n\nDr. Mesraoua is the recipient of two research Grants, as the Lead Principal Investigator (750.000 USD and 250.000 USD) from the Qatar National Research Fund (QNRF) and the Hamad Hospital Internal Research Grant (IRGC), on the following topics : “Continuous EEG Monitoring in the ICU “ and on “Alpha-lactoalbumin , proof of concept in the treatment of epilepsy” .Dr Mesraoua is a reviewer for the journal \"seizures\" (Europeen Epilepsy Journal ) as well as dove journals ; Dr Mesraoua is the author and co-author of many peer reviewed publications and four book chapters in the field of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurology",institutionString:"Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar",institution:{name:"Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar",country:{name:"Qatar"}}},{id:"282429",title:"Prof.",name:"Covanis",middleName:null,surname:"Athanasios",slug:"covanis-athanasios",fullName:"Covanis Athanasios",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/282429/images/system/282429.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:"Neurology-Neurophysiology Department of the Children Hospital Agia Sophia",institution:null},{id:"190980",title:"Prof.",name:"Marwa",middleName:null,surname:"Mahmoud Saleh",slug:"marwa-mahmoud-saleh",fullName:"Marwa Mahmoud Saleh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/190980/images/system/190980.jpg",biography:"Professor Marwa Mahmoud Saleh is a doctor of medicine and currently works in the unit of Phoniatrics, Department of Otolaryngology, Ain Shams University in Cairo, Egypt. She got her doctoral degree in 1991 and her doctoral thesis was accomplished in the University of Iowa, United States. Her publications covered a multitude of topics as videokymography, cochlear implants, stuttering, and dysphagia. She has lectured Egyptian phonology for many years. Her recent research interest is joint attention in autism.",institutionString:"Ain Shams University",institution:{name:"Ain Shams University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"259190",title:"Dr.",name:"Syed Ali Raza",middleName:null,surname:"Naqvi",slug:"syed-ali-raza-naqvi",fullName:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259190/images/system/259190.png",biography:"Dr. Naqvi is a radioanalytical chemist and is working as an associate professor of analytical chemistry in the Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan. Advance separation techniques, nuclear analytical techniques and radiopharmaceutical analysis are the main courses that he is teaching to graduate and post-graduate students. In the research area, he is focusing on the development of organic- and biomolecule-based radiopharmaceuticals for diagnosis and therapy of infectious and cancerous diseases. Under the supervision of Dr. Naqvi, three students have completed their Ph.D. degrees and 41 students have completed their MS degrees. He has completed three research projects and is currently working on 2 projects entitled “Radiolabeling of fluoroquinolone derivatives for the diagnosis of deep-seated bacterial infections” and “Radiolabeled minigastrin peptides for diagnosis and therapy of NETs”. He has published about 100 research articles in international reputed journals and 7 book chapters. Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science & Technology (PINSTECH) Islamabad, Punjab Institute of Nuclear Medicine (PINM), Faisalabad and Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Radiology (INOR) Abbottabad are the main collaborating institutes.",institutionString:"Government College University",institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"58390",title:"Dr.",name:"Gyula",middleName:null,surname:"Mozsik",slug:"gyula-mozsik",fullName:"Gyula Mozsik",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/58390/images/system/58390.png",biography:"Gyula Mózsik MD, Ph.D., ScD (med), is an emeritus professor of Medicine at the First Department of Medicine, Univesity of Pécs, Hungary. He was head of this department from 1993 to 2003. His specializations are medicine, gastroenterology, clinical pharmacology, clinical nutrition, and dietetics. His research fields are biochemical pharmacological examinations in the human gastrointestinal (GI) mucosa, mechanisms of retinoids, drugs, capsaicin-sensitive afferent nerves, and innovative pharmacological, pharmaceutical, and nutritional (dietary) research in humans. He has published about 360 peer-reviewed papers, 197 book chapters, 692 abstracts, 19 monographs, and has edited 37 books. He has given about 1120 regular and review lectures. He has organized thirty-eight national and international congresses and symposia. He is the founder of the International Conference on Ulcer Research (ICUR); International Union of Pharmacology, Gastrointestinal Section (IUPHAR-GI); Brain-Gut Society symposiums, and gastrointestinal cytoprotective symposiums. He received the Andre Robert Award from IUPHAR-GI in 2014. Fifteen of his students have been appointed as full professors in Egypt, Cuba, and Hungary.",institutionString:"University of Pécs",institution:{name:"University of Pecs",country:{name:"Hungary"}}},{id:"277367",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Daniel",middleName:"Martin",surname:"Márquez López",slug:"daniel-marquez-lopez",fullName:"Daniel Márquez López",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/277367/images/7909_n.jpg",biography:"Msc Daniel Martin Márquez López has a bachelor degree in Industrial Chemical Engineering, a Master of science degree in the same área and he is a PhD candidate for the Instituto Politécnico Nacional. His Works are realted to the Green chemistry field, biolubricants, biodiesel, transesterification reactions for biodiesel production and the manipulation of oils for therapeutic purposes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Instituto Politécnico Nacional",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"196544",title:"Prof.",name:"Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Catala",slug:"angel-catala",fullName:"Angel Catala",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196544/images/system/196544.jpg",biography:"Angel Catalá studied chemistry at Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina, where he received a Ph.D. in Chemistry (Biological Branch) in 1965. From 1964 to 1974, he worked as an Assistant in Biochemistry at the School of Medicine at the same university. From 1974 to 1976, he was a fellow of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) at the University of Connecticut, Health Center, USA. From 1985 to 2004, he served as a Full Professor of Biochemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata. He is a member of the National Research Council (CONICET), Argentina, and the Argentine Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (SAIB). His laboratory has been interested for many years in the lipid peroxidation of biological membranes from various tissues and different species. Dr. Catalá has directed twelve doctoral theses, published more than 100 papers in peer-reviewed journals, several chapters in books, and edited twelve books. He received awards at the 40th International Conference Biochemistry of Lipids 1999 in Dijon, France. He is the winner of the Bimbo Pan-American Nutrition, Food Science and Technology Award 2006 and 2012, South America, Human Nutrition, Professional Category. In 2006, he won the Bernardo Houssay award in pharmacology, in recognition of his meritorious works of research. 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