Program results.
\\n\\n
IntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\\n\\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\\n\\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\\n\\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\\n\\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\\n\\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\\n\\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\\n\\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\\n\\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/237"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
After years of being acknowledged as the world's leading publisher of Open Access books, today, we are proud to announce we’ve successfully launched a portfolio of Open Science journals covering rapidly expanding areas of interdisciplinary research.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\n\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\n\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\n\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\n\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\n\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\n\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\n\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\n\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"7920",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Infectious Process and Sepsis",title:"Infectious Process and Sepsis",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Sepsis is a very complex clinical condition that can be considered the central point of the infectious process: the arrival point in the evolution of a localized septic outbreak that has caused a systemic inflammatory reaction. In the clinical setting two important questions regarding the transition from local inflammation, with beneficial effect, to systemic inflammatory disease, with deleterious results, remain unanswered. First, why does the transition from local to systemic disease only occur in some subjects? Second, how long does this transition take? This book attempts to answer these questions. Chapters cover such topics as surgical infections, microbiota therapy in sepsis, cytokines for host immune response, and the role of serum amyloid A in the acute phase of sepsis.",isbn:"978-1-83880-394-0",printIsbn:"978-1-83880-393-3",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83962-983-9",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.77750",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"infectious-process-and-sepsis",numberOfPages:102,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,isInBkci:!1,hash:"15ab9e0f38bdfb589c1dd56f8211a860",bookSignature:"Vincenzo Neri",publishedDate:"July 15th 2020",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7920.jpg",numberOfDownloads:3570,numberOfWosCitations:1,numberOfCrossrefCitations:1,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:4,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:6,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 16th 2019",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"September 17th 2019",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"November 16th 2019",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"February 4th 2020",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"April 4th 2020",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"170938",title:"Prof.",name:"Vincenzo",middleName:null,surname:"Neri",slug:"vincenzo-neri",fullName:"Vincenzo Neri",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/170938/images/system/170938.jpeg",biography:"Vincenzo Neri is a former Professor of General Surgery (retired), Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Italy. He also held positions such as Director of Division of General Surgery, Director of Residency School of General Surgery, Director of Department of Surgical Sciences, and President of Course of Degree of Medicine and Surgery at the same university. He also served as an assistant professor (1974–1982) and associate professor (1982–2001) at the School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Bari, Italy, where he obtained a degree in Medicine and Surgery and completed postgraduate training in General Surgery and Emergency Surgery. He obtained a diploma of 'Maitrise Universitaire en Pedagogie des Sciences de la Santè” from the University Paris-Nord Bobigny in 1995. Dr. Neri’s research interests include hepatobiliary pancreatic surgery, acute pancreatitis, and treatment of pancreatic and liver tumors. He has published research papers, reviews, congress proceedings, and book chapters. In the period 1991–2016, he attended the Hepatobiliarypancreatic Surgery Service of Beaujon Hospital, Universitè de Paris, Clichy. As part of the 2010–2011 ERASMUS Program, Dr. Neri developed a seminar on 'Cystic Tumours of the Pancreas” at Ghent University, Belgium. He is a member of several scientific associations including Società Italiana di Chirurgia (SIC), International Hepato-Pancreato Biliary Association (IHPBA), European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL), New European Surgical Academy (NESA), and Society of Laparoscopic and Robotic Surgeons (SLS).",institutionString:"University of Foggia",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"9",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"5",institution:{name:"University of Foggia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1046",title:"Infectious Diseases",slug:"infectious-diseases"}],chapters:[{id:"71967",title:"Introductory Chapter: Surgical Infections",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92259",slug:"introductory-chapter-surgical-infections",totalDownloads:385,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Vincenzo Neri",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71967",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71967",authors:[{id:"170938",title:"Prof.",name:"Vincenzo",surname:"Neri",slug:"vincenzo-neri",fullName:"Vincenzo Neri"}],corrections:null},{id:"68828",title:"Immunoparalysis in Septic Shock Patients",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88866",slug:"immunoparalysis-in-septic-shock-patients",totalDownloads:986,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In the recent years, it has become clear that septic shock is characterized by the simultaneous production of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory mediators; the primary role of the latter is to counterbalance the former, thus limiting the severity of their systemic effects. However, in a number of patients, the anti-inflammatory substances can cause a downregulation in both the innate and adaptive immune capabilities, leading a second phase characterized to secondary infections caused by opportunist germs and the reactivation of latent viruses, muscle wasting; altogether, these abnormalities set the stage for a chronic critical condition. This condition, whose identification is relatively recent, is called immunoparalysis. Unfortunately, the current approach to septic shock is focused much more on the inflammatory phase than in the ensuing immunoparalysis, whose diagnosis can be challenging. In this chapter, the role played by both classes of mediators, the monitoring of the immune system, and the possible current and not yet available therapeutic strategies of immunoparalysis are reviewed and discussed.",signatures:"Giorgio Berlot and Silvia Passero",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68828",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68828",authors:[{id:"304402",title:"Prof.",name:"Giorgio",surname:"Berlot",slug:"giorgio-berlot",fullName:"Giorgio Berlot"}],corrections:null},{id:"69140",title:"Microbiota-Oriented Diagnostics and Therapy in Sepsis: Utopia or Necessity?",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89187",slug:"microbiota-oriented-diagnostics-and-therapy-in-sepsis-utopia-or-necessity-",totalDownloads:601,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"When diagnosing sepsis, it is common to look for pathogens, microbe’s DNA, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), or host biomarkers while missing out on microbiota. The next-generation sequencing of 16S rRNA gene allowed characterizing the gut microbiota taxonomy and clarifying the gut microbial population being more complex than was previously thought. We suppose that significant disruption of the microbiota is an indicator of the major role it plays in sepsis. Serious metabolic disorders of the gut microbiota may contribute to an unfavorable outcome in septic patients. With the changes not only in the composition but also in the metabolic activity of the gut microbiota taken into account, the characteristics of the mechanisms of interactions in the “septic” microbiome will allow the advances in the optimization of the diagnostics and therapy of sepsis to be made.",signatures:"Ekaterina Chernevskaya and Natalia Beloborodova",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69140",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69140",authors:[{id:"199461",title:"Prof.",name:"Natalia V.",surname:"Beloborodova",slug:"natalia-v.-beloborodova",fullName:"Natalia V. Beloborodova"},{id:"308228",title:"Dr.",name:"Ekaterina",surname:"Chernevskaya",slug:"ekaterina-chernevskaya",fullName:"Ekaterina Chernevskaya"}],corrections:null},{id:"70619",title:"Cytokine Gene Polymorphism and Sepsis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90572",slug:"cytokine-gene-polymorphism-and-sepsis",totalDownloads:646,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Trauma is a significant problem across the globe with mortality more than 50%. Despite the advancement of pre-hospital care to trauma patients, early resuscitation in the emergency department, surgical interventions and intensive care monitoring mortality rate has not improved yet. The higher rate of mortality in trauma patients is usually associated with development of complications such as sepsis, septic shock, and MOF which may occur due to hysterical immune inflammatory responses. Trauma patients who developed these complications in the ICU have comparatively higher chances of mortality. Cytokines are very important for host immune response against infections and play vital roles in the regulation of innate and adaptive immunity. The slanted expression of cytokines due to trauma may be involved in development of sepsis and related complications. The recently published work from various studies suggested that slanted expression of cytokines correlates with the variations in the promoter and structural regions of cytokine genes, which may be responsible for inter-individual differences in susceptibility to sepsis. Therefore, understanding the variations in cytokine genes and associated outcomes due to trauma would possibly contribute to the event of latest genetically changed diagnostic and therapeutic interventions that will improve the outcome in post-traumatic sepsis patients.",signatures:"Dablu Lal Gupta, Tejparkash Sinha, Sanjeev Bhoi and D.N. Rao",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/70619",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/70619",authors:[{id:"97678",title:"Prof.",name:"D.N.",surname:"Rao",slug:"d.n.-rao",fullName:"D.N. Rao"},{id:"267549",title:"Prof.",name:"Sanjeev",surname:"Bhoi",slug:"sanjeev-bhoi",fullName:"Sanjeev Bhoi"},{id:"311249",title:"Dr.",name:"Dablulal",surname:"Gupta",slug:"dablulal-gupta",fullName:"Dablulal Gupta"},{id:"315420",title:"Dr.",name:"Tej Prakash",surname:"Sinha",slug:"tej-prakash-sinha",fullName:"Tej Prakash Sinha"}],corrections:null},{id:"70750",title:"Hemostatic Aspect of Sepsis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90800",slug:"hemostatic-aspect-of-sepsis",totalDownloads:522,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The hemostatic system is composed of primary hemostasis and coagulation on the one hand, and natural regulatory anticoagulant protein mechanisms and fibrinolysis, on the other hand. Under physiological conditions, these processes are balanced. Under septic conditions, coagulopathy may followed by disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). Tissue factor (TF) pathway is regarded to be the core way for activation of the coagulation cascade in sepsis. TF is triggered by pro-inflammatory mediators, encompassing cytokines, C-reactive protein, and advanced glycation end products in peripheral blood cells and on microparticle molecules. Once a septic patient develops DIC, a significant increase in the susceptibility of developing organ dysfunction, morbidity, and mortality may occur. This work was basic elucidation of the idea that coagulation and its inhibitors are of major importance in coagulation-inflammation noise, similarly as in cure from sepsis.",signatures:"Bashir Abdrhman Bashir Mohammed",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/70750",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/70750",authors:[{id:"311402",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Bashir A.",surname:"Bashir",slug:"bashir-a.-bashir",fullName:"Bashir A. Bashir"}],corrections:null},{id:"71957",title:"The Invariant Peptide Clusters of Serum Amyloid A Are Humoral Checkpoints for Vital Innate Functions as Probed by Monoclonal Antibodies, Including in Sepsis: Induction by Febrile Temperatures and Path of Discoveries",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91983",slug:"the-invariant-peptide-clusters-of-serum-amyloid-a-are-humoral-checkpoints-for-vital-innate-functions",totalDownloads:431,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Serum amyloid A (SAA) is the most prominent acute-phase protein in vertebrates and its role in innate immunity has been reviewed. SAA functions are located on special regions of SAA, which are highly conserved in all vertebrates. 1. The discovery of the acute-phase nature of SAA before its existence was known by experimental murine AA amyloidosis induced by septic conditions. 2. Identification of the amyloid substance and its precursor. 3. SAA changes its conformation and antigenic presentation when it is separated from HDL during the acute phase. Febrile temperatures activate SAA through the separation from HDL. There is a temperature-specific gradual separation of SAA isotypes or groups of isotypes from HDL. 4. Generic monoclonal AA antibodies mc4 and mc29 assist in elucidating selected SAAs’ vital functions (as in defense, platelet functions, female propagation and others). 5. In a murine sepsis model, the monoclonals mc4 and mc29 can cause early death while the intact SAA can prevent this. Through this, a checkpoint (“stop and go”) for survival was discovered. Generic monoclonals can also identify the life-saving structures of SAA’s vital functions and those of other acute-phase proteins. This principle is essential for the production of novel drugs against sepsis and other innate-related diseases. 6. Some remarks follow.",signatures:"Reinhold P. Linke",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71957",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71957",authors:[{id:"33634",title:"Prof.",name:"Reinhold P.",surname:"Linke",slug:"reinhold-p.-linke",fullName:"Reinhold P. Linke"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10729",title:"Infections and Sepsis Development",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"de8b1d035f242a8038f99d48b9069edf",slug:"infections-and-sepsis-development",bookSignature:"Vincenzo Neri, Lixing Huang and Jie Li",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10729.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"170938",title:"Prof.",name:"Vincenzo",surname:"Neri",slug:"vincenzo-neri",fullName:"Vincenzo Neri"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6352",title:"Gastrointestinal Surgery",subtitle:"New Technical Proposals",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f75fc66eb312d3a8a6be8256c5ffb279",slug:"gastrointestinal-surgery-new-technical-proposals",bookSignature:"Vincenzo Neri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6352.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"170938",title:"Prof.",name:"Vincenzo",surname:"Neri",slug:"vincenzo-neri",fullName:"Vincenzo Neri"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10314",title:"Esophagitis and Gastritis",subtitle:"Recent Updates",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"018c77c0b435770edd232fbdf706d573",slug:"esophagitis-and-gastritis-recent-updates",bookSignature:"Vincenzo Neri and Monjur Ahmed",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"170938",title:"Prof.",name:"Vincenzo",surname:"Neri",slug:"vincenzo-neri",fullName:"Vincenzo Neri"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"206355",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Monjur",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed",slug:"monjur-ahmed",fullName:"Monjur Ahmed",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/206355/images/system/206355.jpeg",biography:"Monjur Ahmed, MD, FRCP, is an Associate Professor of Medicine at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. He has been a practicing gastroenterologist for twenty-two years. He has a special interest in inflammatory bowel disease, eosinophilic esophagitis, gastrointestinal motility, and dysphagia. Dr. Ahmed also serves as an editor in chief for the World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology.",institutionString:"Thomas Jefferson University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"8",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"Thomas Jefferson University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8443",title:"Gastrointestinal Stomas",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2e8dfeaf7ef41c96a76cb124dccbac94",slug:"gastrointestinal-stomas",bookSignature:"Vincenzo Neri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8443.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"170938",title:"Prof.",name:"Vincenzo",surname:"Neri",slug:"vincenzo-neri",fullName:"Vincenzo Neri"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"825",title:"Current Topics in Tropical Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ef65e8eb7a2ada65f2bc939aa73009e3",slug:"current-topics-in-tropical-medicine",bookSignature:"Alfonso J. 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The current demand is also intensified by increased water utilization for hand washing due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Today, around 20,000 desalination plants operating around the world produce 100 million cubic meters of water per day to supply 300 million people. These desalination plants are a major source of environmental and marine pollution due to their inefficient operation. Scientists and researchers are encouraged to develop out-of-box solutions to achieve future sustainability. This book addresses key challenges related to the desalination industry.",isbn:"978-1-83968-877-5",printIsbn:"978-1-83968-876-8",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83968-878-2",doi:null,price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"ca25e9eca70d54deb503d2663f75218c",bookSignature:"Dr. Muhammad Wakil Shahzad, Dr. Mike Dixon, Dr. Giancarlo Barassi, Prof. Ben Bin Xu and Dr. Yinzhu Jiang",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10682.jpg",keywords:"Conventional Desalination, Processes Limitations, Desalination CAPEX and OPEX, Innovative Processes, Hybrid Systems, Solar Desalination, Wind-RO, Standard Primary Energy, Performance Ratio, Sustainable Desalination, Environment Friendly, Low Cost",numberOfDownloads:324,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 8th 2021",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"April 5th 2021",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"June 4th 2021",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"August 23rd 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"October 22nd 2021",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"a year",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Dr. Shahzad is a pioneering researcher in hybrid desalination processes, he received many international awards including the global innovation award in water 2020, served as IDA-YLP regional coordinator, and is a holder of 9 registered patents. He is also a member of two spin-off companies.",coeditorOneBiosketch:"Dr. Dixon has a Ph.D. in Chemical Engineering from the University of Adelaide and business training from Stanford University. He has more than 60 publications in international journals and has been an Editor of the International Desalination Association Journal.",coeditorTwoBiosketch:"Dr. Barassi returned to Chile, after finishing his Ph.D. in Chemistry in New Zealand, and started his own company H2OPR. He is currently working at FEDCO USA as a leader in hydraulic solutions for the desalination industry.",coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"174208",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Wakil",middleName:null,surname:"Shahzad",slug:"muhammad-wakil-shahzad",fullName:"Muhammad Wakil Shahzad",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/174208/images/system/174208.jpg",biography:"Dr. Muhammad Wakil Shahzad is a senior lecturer in the Mechanical and Construction Engineering Department, Northumbria University (NU), Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom.\nHe is an expert in hybrid desalination processes and renewable energy applications for water treatment. He has won many international awards for his innovative desalination cycle, including the National Energy Globe Award Saudi Arabia 2021, Sustainability Medal 2020, Global Innovation Award 2020, National Energy Globe Award Saudi Arabia 2020 and 2019, Excellence and Leadership Award 2019, and IDA Environmental & Sustainability Award 2019. His research has been highlighted at Yahoo Business, Nature Middle East, Arab News, and many other national and international platforms.\nDr. Shahzad has a Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering from the National University of Singapore and research training from KAUST Saudi Arabia. He has extensive experience in intellectual property development and the commercialization of innovative technologies. He holds eleven international patents. To date, he has published two books, seventeen book chapters, more than seventy peer-reviewed journal papers, and more than 110 conference papers. He also received three best paper awards in international conferences. He is an editor of International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, an editorial board member of SN Applied Sciences, and a guest editor for topical collections. He is a Chartered Engineer and a mentor for International Desalination Association’s Young Leader Program (IDA-YLP). 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He has worked across the entire value chain with technology manufacturers, water utilities, oil and gas companies, pharmaceutical companies, and research hubs.\nAs the current Chief Technology Officer of WaterNEXT (a water business accelerator based in Calgary, Canada), Dr. Dixon’s responsibilities include technology assessment and intake assessment. He is also a senior technical advisor, and on the founding team, of MIT start-up Sandymount Technologies.\nPrior to WaterSMART, Dr. Dixon was Applications Development Manager for NanoH2O, a global provider of reverse osmosis membranes that leveraged UCLA developed nanotechnology developed at the University of California, Los Angeles, to lower the cost of desalination with more than 300 installations in 40+ countries in the three years from market launch. LG Chem acquired NanoH2O in 2014. He was also R&D Engineer for the 300,000 m3/day Adelaide Desalination Plant.\nDr. Dixon has a Ph.D. in Chemical Engineering from the University of Adelaide, Australia, and business training from Stanford University, California. He is experienced with the development of intellectual property and the commercialization of new technologies. He has more than sixty publications in international journals and is an author of several books and book chapters. He has been an editor of the International Desalination Association Journal and a reviewer for the Journal of Membrane Science, Desalination and Water Research. 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He has hands-on experience in designing, commissioning, and troubleshooting reverse osmosis plants for industrial, agriculture, and haemodialysis applications. Dr. Barassi joined the pump and ERD manufacturer, FEDCO, in September 2017 where he collaborated in sales and business development in the Western Hemisphere until 2021. He was appointed the co-chair of the Young Leader Program at the International Desalination Association for the 2019–2022 term where he promotes benefits to young professionals in the industry. In 2022, he joined Aquatech International LLC, as the Desalination and Reuse Market Manager, where he oversees all desalination and reuse projects.\nHe is currently based in Tampa, FL, USA.",institutionString:"FEDCO USA",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null},coeditorThree:{id:"417448",title:"Prof.",name:"Ben Bin",middleName:null,surname:"Xu",slug:"ben-bin-xu",fullName:"Ben Bin Xu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/417448/images/system/417448.png",biography:"Dr. Ben Bin Xu is a Full Professor of Materials and Mechanics, Department of Mechanical and Construction Engineering (MCE), Northumbria University (NU), Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom. and leads the research group of the Smart Materials and Surfaces Lab. He obtained his Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering at Heriot-Watt University, Scotland, in 2011 and subsequently worked as a postdoc researcher at the University of Massachusetts Amherst (2011–2013). His research interests include advanced materials, smart surfaces, energy materials/systems, thin films, flexible electronics, and microengineering. He has published more than 120 journal articles and 3 book chapters. He has four patents to his credit. He has given more than sixty invited talks and won multiple awards, such as the Outstanding Paper Award at the 2018 IEEE International Flexible Electronics Technology Conference, the 2016 Young Investigator Award from the International Polymer Networks Group, and the 3rd prize in the 2016 EPSRC photo competition, among others. \r\n\r\nDr. Xu is a fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC), Institute of Materials, Minerals, and Mining (IoM3), and Royal Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce (RSA). He is also a Chartered Scientist and Chartered Engineer. He has been an elected member in the Advisory Council and Nomination Committee of IoM3 since 2019, an elected member in the RSC Materials Chemistry Division Council since 2020, an elected member in the RSC Newcastle upon Tyne and North East Coast Committee since 2020, and the executive committee for the Chinese Society of Chemical Science and Technology (CSCST-UK) since 2016.",institutionString:"Northumbria University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Northumbria University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},coeditorFour:{id:"458611",title:"Dr.",name:"Yinzhu",middleName:null,surname:"Jiang",slug:"yinzhu-jiang",fullName:"Yinzhu Jiang",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/458611/images/system/458611.jpg",biography:"Dr. Yinzhu Jiang is a professor at the School of Materials Science\nand Engineering, Zhejiang University, China. He received his Ph.D.\nin Materials Science and Engineering from the University of Science and Technology, China, in 2007. He worked as a post-doctoral\nresearcher at Heriot-Watt University, Scotland, from 2007 to 2008,\nand an Alexander von Humboldt Fellow at Bielefeld University,\nGermany, from 2008 to 2010. His research interests focus mainly on\nenergy-related materials and electrochemistry, including rechargeable batteries, metal\nanodes, and solid electrolytes. He has published more than 100 articles in journals such\nas Advanced Materials, Advanced Energy Materials, Energy & Environmental Science, Nano Energy, and others.",institutionString:"Zhejiang University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null},coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"872",title:"Water Resources",slug:"water-resources"}],chapters:[{id:"77735",title:"Desalination Brine Management: Effect on Outfall Design",slug:"desalination-brine-management-effect-on-outfall-design",totalDownloads:73,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"78990",title:"Remineralization and Stabilization of Desalinated Water",slug:"remineralization-and-stabilization-of-desalinated-water",totalDownloads:167,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"78819",title:"Elimination of Acid Red 88 by Waste Product from the Phosphate Industry: Batch Design and 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Avulsion fractures of tibial spine, leading to discontinuity of anterior cruciate ligament fibers has been well described in literature in both pediatric and adult population. These fractures are also called as tibial eminence fractures or ACL avulsion fractures. They represent a variant of anterior cruciate ligament injury. Poncet in 1895 was probably the first person to document these types of injuries and it was only in 1959 that Meyers and McKeever described an account of surgical management of type II injuries of tibial spine. These injuries are commonly seen in children aged between 8-13 years and are usually sports related injuries occurring especially during cycling and skiing [1-3].In adults these injuries are commonly related to high energy trauma usually road traffic accidents [31] and have high incidence of associated injuries. The cause of increased incidence amongst children is hypothesized as being secondary to relative weakness of incompletely ossified tibial eminence compared to native ACL fibres [4].It has also been proposed that injury occurs secondary to greater elasticity of ligaments in young people [5].
Tibial eminence is anatomically the eminent confluence of the medial and lateral plateaus and contains two spines. The medial spine bears the broad attachment of the ACL. The broad insertion of ACL fans out from the tibial eminence and coalesces with the attaching fibers of the anterior horn of medial meniscus anteriorly and the anterior horn of the lateral meniscus posterolaterally. The anatomy of these attachments also known as transverse intrameniscal ligament is important as they may get interposed between the fracture bed and the fractured fragment thereby preventing a successful reduction.
Mayer and Mc Keevers classification of tibial spine avulsion fracture. Type IV Comminuted fracture was added later by Zariczynj
Standard imaging for tibial spine fractures include anteroposterior(AP) and lateral radiographs. Lateral radiographs should be true lateral radiographs which are particularly useful to assess degree of displacement and type of fracture. In skeletally immature patients the actual size of fragment may be significantly larger than what they appear on a radiograph owing to presence of cartilage in the fragment. A notch view is sometimes useful to better visualize the fragment in an AP plane. CT scan is useful in better assessment of fracture anatomy and degree of communition [9, 14]. MRI is useful in outlining the non-osseous concomitant injuries like meniscal injury, cartilage injury and other ligamentous injury [10, 11].
Anteroposterior and lateral view of tibial spine avulsion fracture in immature skeleton
Lateral view of tibial spine avulsion fracture in mature skeleton
MRI of knee showing tibial spine avulsion fracture in immature skeleton
Radiograph of knee showing tibial spine avulsion fracture in Mature skeleton
MRI of knee showing tibial spine avulsion fracture in Mature skeleton
Treatment of tibial spine fractures depends on type of fracture, entrapment of soft tissues at fracture site and associated knee injuries.
Chief goals in treating tibial spine avulsion [12-16] are:
Anatomical reduction of displaced fragment and achieving continuity of ACL fibers. While removing any block to reduction like bone fragments, blood clots, intermeniscal ligament or meniscus.
Adequate rigid fixation which allows early range of motion exercises
Eliminate the extension block and impingement due to displaced fragments
Type 1 fractures are treated with long leg cast immobilization for a period of 4-6 weeks. Radiographs are done immediately post immobilization to ensure that fragment is not displaced. Follow-up radiographs are done 2 weekly until 6 weeks. Position of knee immobilization in varying angles of flexion, extension and hyperextension has been described in the literature [2, 17]. There is no consensus amongst the researchers as to what should be the knee position during immobilization. We prefer to immobilize in full extension for a period of 4-6 weeks. Hyperextension stretches posterior neurovascular structures and hence should be avoided. Aggressive rehabilitation is required post immobilization to prevent knee stiffness.
Treatment of type II fractures has been controversial. In most cases closed reduction and immobilization may be attempted after aspirating knee haemarthrosis. Knee extension allows femoral condyles to reduce the displaced fragment. If acceptable reduction is achieved conservative management should be continued. Loss of reduction is common after conservative management of Type II fractures and should be closely monitored [18].If there is persistent superior displacement of the fragment seen on lateral radiographs then it is preferable to do arthroscopic reduction and internal fixation because there are high chances that there might be soft tissue entrapment at the fracture site.
Treatment of displaced tibial spine avulsion fractures has evolved over a period of time from conservative management to open reduction and internal fixation to arthroscopic reduction and internal fixation. Various methods of fixation are used in operative treatment of these fractures varying from retrograde wires [8] /screws [26], antegrade screws [19],sutures [20, 21, 22, 23, 42],suture anchors [24], and a recently described suture bridge [44] and K wire and tension band wiring [25] technique.
There are only few comparative studies in literature to recommend which is the best technique of fixation for these fractures. Seon and Park [27] did a clinical comparative study of screw fixation and suture fixation method for tibial spine avulsion fractures and concluded that there is no significant clinical difference in terms of clinical outcome and stability. Bong and coworkers [28]in their biomechanical comparative study of screw versus fibrewire fixation concluded that fibrewire fixation was significantly stronger than cannulated screw fixation. Biomechanical comparison of 4 different methods of fixation was done by Mahar and collegues [29] on immature bovine knees. They concluded that 2 single-armed #2 Ethibond sutures, 3 bio absorbable nails, a single resorbable screw, or a single metal screw do not have any significant mechanical advantage over other. Tsukada [30] and coworkers did a biomechanical comparative study of antegrade screw fixation, retrograde screw fixation, and pullout suture fixation. They compared the initial fixation strength in response to a cyclic tensile load and found that antegrade screw is most effective in providing initial fixation strength.
Patient is placed supine with affected leg secured on a leg holder. Standard arthroscopic setup and instruments are required for the surgery. Few instruments, which are specific to suture fixation technique, are 90-degree suture lasso with wire loop (Arthrex), epidural needle no.16 and suture retriever. Though image intensifier is not usually required it should be kept ready so that whenever it is required intraoperatively it can be used.
After giving IV antibiotics leg is exsanguinated and tourniquet is inflated. Standard anteromedial (AM) and anterolateral (AL) portals are made, adequate lavage is given to drain hematoma and clear the vision. The organized hematoma at the fracture site is removed with aggressive shaver blade and fat pad is removed if required. In all cases calf should be palpated at regular interval of time to assess compartment pressure.
Diagnostic arthroscopy is carried out assess additional injuries like meniscal injury, chondral injury or other ligament tears. Fracture crater is adequately cleaned, additional cancellous bone can be curetted to achieve better reduction. After achieving temporary reduction of fragment with 2mm kirschner wire from superomedial portal assess the reduction. Entrapped soft tissue or intermeniscal ligament are released if they are hindering the reduction.
Avulsed fragment of tibial eminence
Avulsed fragment of tibial eminence being debrided with shaver
Two drill holes are made with 2.7 mm guide wire with the help of tibial ACL jig medial and lateral to anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and exiting out on medial tibial cortex. With the scope in lateral portal and 90 degree suture lasso through medial portal a bite is taken in posterior half of ACL substance as close to fragment as possible and retrieve the cable loop through accessory lateral portal or by slightly enlarging lateral portal. Pass a fiber wire no. 2 through the loop and take it out through medial portal. This step is repeated by taking a suture bite through anterior half of substance of ACL.
Epidural or spinal needle no.16 is passed through medial tibial drill hole. Once epidural needle is seen in joint no.1 prolene loop is passed through the needle for suture shuttle. Prolene loop is retrieved through the medial portal. Both the fibrewire threads are passed through the prolene loop outside the joint and then prolene is pulled after holding lateral end of fibre wire with hemostat. Both fibre wire medial sutures will be shuttled through the medial tibial tunnel. This step is repeated for lateral sutures also and retrieved through lateral tibial tunnel.
Both ends of fibre wire are held under traction and reduction is assessed. In full extension roof impingement is checked.If there is no obstruction to full extension sutures are tied independently over the bone bridge or if bone bridge is inadequate sutures can be tied over endobutton or suture wheel in extension.
In skeletally immature individuals tibial tunnels are made only through epiphysis. Entrance of the drill tip is confirmed under image intensifier before making tibial tunnels. Growth plate is not damaged with this method of fixation.
A,B,C,D: Formation of medial and lateral tibial tunnels
A,B,C,D: passage of lasso loop through the substance of ACL and exchanged with suture
A,B: 2 sutures through the substance of ACL
Lasso loop seen through spinal needle passed from one of tibial tunnels
Sutures are seen passing from substance of ACL through tibial tunnels and final tightening is done over suture bridge
Lasso loop passed through the substance of ACL is tied over a suture disc, alternatively it can be tied over the bone bridge.
Post-operative X-ray showing reduction using pull through suture technique.
Suture fixation is preferable for comminuted fractures. Few authors have recommended suture fixation for all cases due to less risk of neurovascular involvement and less problem of implant prominence [12, 32]
Patient is placed under supine position with affected leg on leg holder after administering general or regional anesthesia. Leg is exsanguinated after applying tourniquet.
Standard AM and AL portals are made and knee is adequately lavaged to clear the vision. Arthroscopic shaver is used to resect fat pad and organized hematoma at the fracture site.
Once the fracture site has been debrided reduction is attempted with ACL guide or 90 degree chondroplasty awl. In case intermeniscal ligament hinders the reduction and also cannot be mobilized resection is performed.
After achieving temporary reduction a guide wire from 4mm cannulated cancellous (C.C) screw is inserted through superomedial portal to temporarily hold the reduction. Reduction and guide wire placement is confirmed under image intensifier. This temporary fixation guide wire can be used for screw fixation or an additional wire under image guidance can be introduced. Cannulated cancellous drill bit is drill hole 4mm screw. 4 mm cc screw of appropriate length which is just holding the posterior cortex is used for fixation. Placement of screw is confirmed under image. A second screw can also be placed in provisional fixation wire if fragment is large enough.
Once adequate fixation is done guide wires are removed and knee is gently moved through gentle range of motion. Terminal extension is verified and arthroscopically assessed for notch impingement.
For skeletally immature individuals guide wire is stopped before entering the tibial physis. Drilling is done under image guidance to avoid crossing the tibial physis. Screw length should be just short of tibial physis.
Temporary fixation achieved through guide wire passed from superomedial portal
Screw fixation achieved for avulsed fragment
Screw fixation post op x-rays
Tibial eminence fractures have excellent prognosis. Previously, prolonged immobilization may lead to arthrofibrosis and a permanent loss of full extension. Therefore, earlier rehabilitation is crucial as it encourages a faster recovery and prevents the development of secondary complications [33]. Rehabilitation is similar to ACL tear protocols activities include static cycling, leg presses, elastic theraband or tubing exercises [34]. Patient is allowed to bear weight through a pair of elbow crutches and as per tolerance. Initial phase include closed kinetic chain exercise like heel slides on bed for ROM and static quads, heel press and SLR in long knee brace. As weight bearing improves, partial squats are included for gaining strength. Studies show that proprioceptive training plays important role in ACL rehabilitation [35-37]. Initial exercise includes balance on rocker board progressed to balance on wobble board. This can further be complicated with tossing the ball between the therapist and the patient while the patient balances himself on the wobble board. After achieving grade four of muscle strength, agility training like zigzag running, karoke, figure of eight running, hops, etc can be incorporated. Along with training of lower limb muscles emphasis is also given on core strengthening exercises.
Main complications associated with tibial spine avulsion fractures are residual laxity, arthrofibrosis, implant prominence and growth deformity in pediatric patients.
Residual laxity [38] is most common complication of tibial spine avulsion fractures in both conservative and operative method of treatment. Despite the presence of residual laxity most patients are clinically asymptomatic [38, 39].Few authors have recommend countersinking of the fragment to decrease the residual laxity [38, 40].
Arthrofibrosis results due to prolonged immobilization following a conservative treatment or malunion of the fragment [41]. Aggressive rehab protocol is advised after operative treatment of these fractures to prevent arthrofibrosis. While doing arthroscopic reduction and internal fixation it is recommended to assess the notch in extension to rule out notch impingement and inadequate reduction which can lead to extension loss.
Hardware prominence is common with screw fixation device. Hardware prominence can lead to notch impingement and extension loss. For symptomatic implant prominence implant removal is treatment of choice.
Growth disturbance after fixation of these fractures is uncommonly seen. It is recommended for patients with immature skeleton to undergo physis sparing fixation method [42, 43].
Tibial spine avulsion injuries are frequently seen by arthrosocopic surgeons. It is important that they are diagnosed promptly. Various treatment options exist and generally the results are good if an anatomic reduction is obtained.
The sparse investment in the prison system, reflected in the few psychologists and specialists working between walls, threatens the rehabilitative and reeducational role of imprisonment. Furthermore, the conventional approaches to criminology and the justice system currently underway, focused mainly on the punishment of deviant behavior, have proven to be unsatisfactory because they are associated with high recidivism rates in criminal behavior. The intervention programs developed in the Portuguese prisons do not cover most of the individuals, adding the fact that they lack a scientific validated evaluation [1]. They usually follow a cognitive behavioral theoretical basis, and the main goal is the behavior control, but they are not responsive to offenders’ individual skills and interests [2, 3].
\nAn alternative to this view could be the one proposed by positive psychology [4] adapted by criminologists as positive criminology [5]. Whereas the conventional approaches target mainly the elimination of deviant behaviors, this new approach focuses mainly on the development of a new positive lifestyle. The positive psychology focuses on the healthy and adaptive functioning of the human being and values positive psychological traits and experiences such as optimism, satisfaction, well-being, happiness, gratitude, hope, resilience, and empathy. Therefore, positive criminology is based on the perspective that integration and positive life influences that help individuals develop personally and socially will lead to a reduced risk of criminal behavior and better recovery of offenders [6]. An example of related work is done by the Good Lives Approach to the rehabilitation of sex offenders [7, 8].
\nThis new perspective encompasses the Social School, which is a project developed in the facilities of our institution “O Companheiro” and in some prisons. Traditionally, our institution works with ex-prisoners or inmates in a post-reclusion phase, providing various facilities (men’s residence, canteen, clothing bank, legal support, and psychological support), but since the Social School was created, our work is not limited to rehabilitation, having an important role in prevention as well. The programs developed by the Social School can be an alternative to effective detention. There are many cases of individuals to whom the court proposes to attend the Social School in a pre-sentential phase as an alternative to prison. Others are released from prison before the end of the sentence (e.g., probation) because they agree to attend Social School programs. Finally, the family, especially the descendants, can integrate the Social School to prevent them from initiating a deviant pathway.
\nSeveral programs were developed targeting children and adolescents, the adult population, and the elderly. Research was conducted to establish their efficiency. The following programs were (and are) implemented, encompassing the life cycle; for children and adolescents—enjoying study, learning with sports, dating and the sexual life, and a reward program assisted by animals; for the adult population—positive parenting, anger management, learning with sports, life without drugs, pleasant and healthier marital and sexual life, and a reward program assisted by animals; and for the elderly—the well-being and happiness program.
\nAll the programs have a similar structure composed by a specific part, unique in each program, and a general part common to all programs. In the specific part, the skills taught are those that have been assessed as deficient in each age group. For instance, children with poor learning skills or school problems are referred to the enjoying study program, adolescents charged for downloading child pornography or sexual abuse are referred to the program dating and the sexual life. Adults are referred to the positive parenting program if they report difficulties dealing with their child’s behavior or if they are charged for some form of child abuse. Finally, the elderly population is referred to the well-being and happiness program to improve both their cognitive functioning and their quality of life.
\nThe general part has four modules: emotional literacy, empathy training, virtue and strength development, and promotion of well-being and happiness. In the emotional literacy module, clients are trained on how to accurately identify and understand the functions of their expressions, as well as having them regulated. Emotions are portrayed as psychological resources that are predominantly processed automatically generating varied behaviors and decisions [9]. In the emotional literacy component, the experience of the awareness of six basic emotions, happiness, surprise, anger, disgust, fear, and sadness is addressed [10]. The same procedure is applied for raising awareness of 10 positive emotions, joy, gratitude, serenity, interest, hope, pride, amusement, inspiration, awe, and love [11]. The second component, the teaching or the awareness of empathy will be described later on in this chapter. The third component involves the knowledge and the new application of character strengths and virtues. These are organized in six classes of core virtues and twenty-four-character strengths [12]. The fourth module is related to the promotion of well-being and happiness, namely changes in focus of attention from the negative to positive events and the promotion of pro-social activities [13]. This part, common to all programs, reflects our approach on both prevention and rehabilitation. It has two simultaneous aims: decreasing the risk factors for deviant pathways and eliminating the negative characteristics. Also, it aims to develop or improve the qualities that will be helpful regarding a successful return into society.
\nOur program of interventions is influenced by the developments on positive psychology [4], positive clinical psychology [14], and positive criminology [5, 6]. A Positive psychology approach is taken because the “O Companheiro” association assumes that a person with a happy and meaningful life has a decreased need to resort to a deviant pathway or crime. Positive clinical psychology since our interventions aim to reduce a person’s distress and the negative characteristics which led him/her to a deviant pathway. At the same time, they promote the well-being and a meaningful life. Finally, the interventions are used to assist both the prevention of entering deviant pathways and the rehabilitation and integration in society of individuals who have previously adopted deviant behaviors, as it is underlined by positive criminology.
\nIn this sense, a person is not looked at as an individual who has a set of problems that need to be fixed and a set of risks that need to be managed, but as having qualities, strengths, or potentials yet to be developed.
\nIn our programs, empathy training follows the emotional literacy. Empathy is conceptualized as having three components: motor, cognitive, and emotional. Adequate empathy skills in children are related to social competence and popularity amongst peers [15]. Empathy deficit disorder in children is considered a risk for committing crimes [16], and children and adolescents with psychopathic traits and conduct problems showed reduced affective responses to inflicting pain in others [17].
\nEarly manifestations of empathy were observed in infants from 8 to 16 months in response to maternal and peer distress [18]. The more children become proficient and sophisticated, with the significant help of others and contextual factors, in understanding the emotions, desires, and intentions of each one, the better they can achieve their goals and improve proper social interactions with peers and adults.
\nPro-social and empathic tendencies emerge in childhood and continue to develop through adolescence. From 12 to 18 years, their presence was associated with a pro-social attitude and inversely, their absence was related to antisocial behaviors [19]. In a 23-year follow-up study, empathy assessed in adolescence, between 12 and 16 years, and when the participants were adults at 35 years, was a predictor of empathy, communication skills, social integration, relationship satisfaction, and conflicts in relationships [20]. A generalized lack of empathy is characteristic of adolescents who fulfill the category of conduct disorder with a specifier of limited pro-social emotions [21].
\nIn adults, an adequate or high empathy facilitates social behavior, establishes priorities in social interactions, and underlies various forms of helping others or pro-social behavior. Also, it constitutes a motivation to care for the well-being of others [22]. The absence of empathy or low empathy is related to aggression tendencies and the capacity to ignore or inflict suffering on others [23, 24, 25]. Empathic adults playing economic games showed more pro-social behaviors, higher levels of cooperation, and more generosity towards their opponents and were able to treat them more fairly [26, 27]. Incarcerated individuals with high levels of psychopathy showed a stronger affective response when imagining inflicting pain in themselves, but a smaller response when they imagined inflicting pain on others [28]. Lack of empathy is associated with narcissistic personality disorder [29] and antisocial personality disorder [30].
\nEmpathy continuously changes through the adult years. In the elderly, empathy seems to improve, even though the nature of these changes is a matter of research. In the elderly, decreases in cognitive empathy were found whereas affective empathy increased. The age changes in affective empathy were related with the emotional valence of the stimuli used. Older participants showed more empathic concern and less personal distress in situations that presented negative emotions, whereas for situations that presented positive emotions, older participants demonstrated more empathic concern and personal distress [31]. This dissociation between cognitive aspects of others’ understanding and affective aspects, in which the first showed a decrease and the second presents no change or increases with age, is confirmed in other independent studies [32, 33]; the following are some conflicting results [34, 35].
\nThe empathy training in our programs is based on the three components of empathy [23, 25], the empathy model developed by Marshall et al. [36] and Marshall and Marshall [37] and the life span perspective applied to empathy [34].
\nEmpathy encompasses a variety of processes that can be considered to be part of three categories: motor, cognitive, and emotional. Motor empathy is described by Hatfield et al. [38] as a primitive emotional contagion or perception-action. The model of empathy advanced by Preston and De Waal [39] projects the tendency to mimic or synchronize the vocalizations, the facial expressions, the postures, and movements with another person. An observer automatically imitates the facial, postural, or vocal expressions of another person. This observation activates the observer’s somatic, autonomic, and motor responses, which rely on the discovery of mirror neurons, which show the same activity during the execution and the observation of an action. Rizzolatti et al. [40] demonstrated that the same neurons were activated when a monkey grasped food or when they watched an experimenter grasp food.
\nIn a simple way, the perception of another individual’s actions automatically activates similar somatic, autonomic, or motor responses in an attentive observer. Perception and action share some underlying mechanisms of representation, and the perceptual information automatically prepares for action without the need for any intervening cognitive processes. For example, if someone displays a body posture or a facial expression indicating pain, suffering, sadness, anger, or joy, the nervous structures in an observer’s brain that represents these movements or postures are automatically activated, and a corresponding part of the behavior is involuntarily emitted, an overt response. This frequently happens in spectators of movie theaters or in sports arenas. For instance, videos were shown resulting in people imitating what they saw, even though they were unaware of it, for example, videos showing people laughing, which automatically induced the observers to laugh. One of the main purposes of this first step is to make people aware of this process.
\nCognitive empathy is the second component of empathy training. It encompasses the capacity to take others’ perspectives, allowing one to make inferences about their mental or emotional states and understanding their viewpoints or the internal states. It concedes too, the ability to imagine others’ thoughts and feelings without confusing each self. Additionally, it includes also the capacity to consciously understand others’ thoughts, intentions, emotions, and beliefs and predict their behavior. This is known as the theory of the mind [23, 25, 41]. These capacities allow us to adopt another person’s point of view, enabling the possibility of making inferences regarding their cognitive mental states as well as affective states. Such capacities are improved during cognitive development [42], and they involve higher cognitive functions that allow perspective taking, self-regulation, and mind perception [43, 44].
\nEmpathy’s final training component is focused on emotional empathy, the capacity to have feelings that reflect what others feel and the ability to share the emotional experiences of another person. We feel joy when our friends succeed; our own emotions are affected by the emotions of others. Consider, for instance, your emotional reaction during a horror or thrilling movie. The person’s feelings evoked by the feelings of another person are considered the essence of empathy [45].
\nEmotional empathy has at least two components: the affective sharing, which reflects the capacity to share or become affectively activated by the emotional states of other persons, and the empathic concern, which reflects the motivation to care for another’s welfare. Affective empathy was found to be the main predictor of altruistic behavior in an experimental game, the dictator game [46].
\nThe empathy training for each of these three components follows the four steps described by Marshall et al. [36] and Marshall and Marshall [37], both for positive and negative events. Several scenarios were used, with the help of videos and written descriptions. The first scenario is to recognize others’ cognitive or emotional state. The second is to be able to see things from another’s perspective. The third is to be aware of his/her behavior, thoughts, and emotions, in the case of positive events of his/her joy and in the case of negative events of his/her distress and compassion. Finally, the fourth is taking steps to share the joy of success in positive events, and ameliorating others’ distress and suffering, in the case of negative events.
\nThirty-five children and adolescents, mean age 12.29 (SD = 2.79), 76 adults, mean age 36.42 (SD = 10.46), and 6 elderly, mean age 65.00 (SD = 3.09), were included in our programs. The dropout rate or program noncompleters were 22.9%, N = 8, for children and adolescents, 22.4%, N = 17, for adults, and 50%, N = 3, for the elderly.
\nFor those who completed the program, the results were assessed by their therapists according to the following criteria: first, those who have worsened their status during the program; second, those who presented no changes; third, those who improved slightly; fourth, those who improved moderately; fifth, those who improved a lot; and finally, those who attained an excellent status and exceeded the expectations for improvement. For children and adolescent programs N = 1, 2.9% was classified as having deteriorated, N = 2, 5.7% as having no changes during the program, N = 10, 28.6% as improving slightly, N = 12, 34.3% as improving moderately, and N = 2, 5.7% as improving a lot. For adults who entered the programs N = 1, 1.3% were assessed as having deteriorated, N = 10, 13.2% presented no changes, N = 17, 22.4% improved slightly, N = 27, 35.5% improved moderately, and N = 4, 5.3% improved a lot. For the elderly we have finished one group with 3 participants classified as having deteriorated, N = 1, as improving slightly, N = 1, and as improving moderately, N = 1 (Table 1).
\n\n | Children and adolescents (%) | \nAdults (%) | \nElderly (%) | \n
---|---|---|---|
Deterioration during the program | \n2.9 | \n1.3 | \n33.3 | \n
No changes during the program | \n5.7 | \n13.2 | \n— | \n
Improved slightly | \n28.6 | \n22.4 | \n33.3 | \n
Improved moderately | \n34.3 | \n35.5 | \n33.3 | \n
Improved a lot | \n5.7 | \n5.3 | \n— | \n
Program results.
With exception of the elderly, in which we have only the results of one small group, the results showed that our interventions are effective for children, adolescents and adults. The ending status of the participants is attributed to the effects of the whole program, in which the module for empathy training is only one component. It is important, though, to reflect about the significative number of dropouts. We believe that one possible reason might be the fact that many participants are volunteers without court injunctions and free to leave the programs without any legal consequences. This is even more salient with the elderly population, some of them with mobility constraints that prevented them from continuing to go to the institution.
\nDue to the nature of our social solidarity institution and for ethical reasons, a control group was not included. A better understanding of our programs, set to improve efficacy and the nature of our results, could be obtained by comparing other participants in different institutions using our programs. Furthermore, the efficacy assessment of the several components of our programs (the specific part and the general part composed by the emotional literacy, the empathy, the strengths and virtues and the well-being and happiness) should be conducted.
\nIn relation to the empathy training, improvements in empathy should not be considered equivalent to improvements in morality or pro-social behavior [47], especially in people who portrayed antisocial behaviors. Our results showed improvements in trained skills, but our goal is to prevent entry into deviant pathways and/or reduce criminal behavior recidivism rates. Larger samples and extended follow-up periods are needed in order to answer these fundamental questions.
\nWe have written this chapter hoping that more specialists will be able to recognize our approach as a good alternative to the punitive system implemented in the Portuguese prisons. The Social School is a result of 31 years of working with inmates, ex-mates, and their families. Our first acknowledgment is to them and a very special acknowledgment to the colleagues of “O Companheiro” and all the participants who were so supportive and cooperative. Their graciousness, enthusiasm, and competence truly overwhelmed us.
\nThe authors declare no conflicts of interest with respect to the authorship and/or publication of this chapter.
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\n\nCompacts provide a mid-length publishing format that bridges the gap between journal articles, book chapters, and monographs, and cover content across all scientific disciplines.
\n\nCompacts are the preferred publishing option for brief research reports on new topics, in-depth case studies, dissertations, or essays exploring new ideas, issues, or broader topics on the research subject. Compacts usually have between 50 and 130 pages.
\n\nCollection of papers presented at conferences, workshops, symposiums, or scientific courses, published in book format
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Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"79367",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"Flores",slug:"ana-isabel-flores",fullName:"Ana Isabel Flores",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRpIOQA0/Profile_Picture_1632418099564",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Hospital Universitario 12 De Octubre",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"328234",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Palavecino",slug:"christian-palavecino",fullName:"Christian Palavecino",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000030DhEhQAK/Profile_Picture_1628835318625",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Central University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"186585",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Martin-Romero",slug:"francisco-javier-martin-romero",fullName:"Francisco Javier Martin-Romero",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSB3HQAW/Profile_Picture_1631258137641",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}]},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. 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He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. 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She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. 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His research interests include physiology, endocrine system, cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular system diseases, and isolated organ bath system studies.",institutionString:"Kafkas University",institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"418963",title:"Dr.",name:"Augustine Ododo",middleName:"Augustine",surname:"Osagie",slug:"augustine-ododo-osagie",fullName:"Augustine Ododo Osagie",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/418963/images/16900_n.jpg",biography:"Born into the family of Osagie, a prince of the Benin Kingdom. I am currently an academic in the Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Benin. Part of the duties are to teach undergraduate students and conduct academic research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Benin",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"192992",title:"Prof.",name:"Shagufta",middleName:null,surname:"Perveen",slug:"shagufta-perveen",fullName:"Shagufta Perveen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192992/images/system/192992.png",biography:"Prof. Shagufta Perveen is a Distinguish Professor in the Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Dr. Perveen has acted as the principal investigator of major research projects funded by the research unit of King Saud University. She has more than ninety original research papers in peer-reviewed journals of international repute to her credit. She is a fellow member of the Royal Society of Chemistry UK and the American Chemical Society of the United States.",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"49848",title:"Dr.",name:"Wen-Long",middleName:null,surname:"Hu",slug:"wen-long-hu",fullName:"Wen-Long Hu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49848/images/system/49848.jpg",biography:"Wen-Long Hu is Chief of the Division of Acupuncture, Department of Chinese Medicine at Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, as well as an adjunct associate professor at Fooyin University and Kaohsiung Medical University. Wen-Long is President of Taiwan Traditional Chinese Medicine Medical Association. He has 28 years of experience in clinical practice in laser acupuncture therapy and 34 years in acupuncture. He is an invited speaker for lectures and workshops in laser acupuncture at many symposiums held by medical associations. He owns the patent for herbal preparation and producing, and for the supercritical fluid-treated needle. Dr. Hu has published three books, 12 book chapters, and more than 30 papers in reputed journals, besides serving as an editorial board member of repute.",institutionString:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",institution:{name:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"298472",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrey V.",middleName:null,surname:"Grechko",slug:"andrey-v.-grechko",fullName:"Andrey V. Grechko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/298472/images/system/298472.png",biography:"Andrey Vyacheslavovich Grechko, Ph.D., Professor, is a Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. He graduated from the Semashko Moscow Medical Institute (Semashko National Research Institute of Public Health) with a degree in Medicine (1998), the Clinical Department of Dermatovenerology (2000), and received a second higher education in Psychology (2009). Professor A.V. Grechko held the position of Сhief Physician of the Central Clinical Hospital in Moscow. He worked as a professor at the faculty and was engaged in scientific research at the Medical University. Starting in 2013, he has been the initiator of the creation of the Federal Scientific and Clinical Center for Intensive Care and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation, where he also serves as Director since 2015. He has many years of experience in research and teaching in various fields of medicine, is an author/co-author of more than 200 scientific publications, 13 patents, 15 medical books/chapters, including Chapter in Book «Metabolomics», IntechOpen, 2020 «Metabolomic Discovery of Microbiota Dysfunction as the Cause of Pathology».",institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"199461",title:"Prof.",name:"Natalia V.",middleName:null,surname:"Beloborodova",slug:"natalia-v.-beloborodova",fullName:"Natalia V. Beloborodova",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/199461/images/system/199461.jpg",biography:'Natalia Vladimirovna Beloborodova was educated at the Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, with a degree in pediatrics in 1980, a Ph.D. in 1987, and a specialization in Clinical Microbiology from First Moscow State Medical University in 2004. She has been a Professor since 1996. Currently, she is the Head of the Laboratory of Metabolism, a division of the Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation. N.V. Beloborodova has many years of clinical experience in the field of intensive care and surgery. She studies infectious complications and sepsis. She initiated a series of interdisciplinary clinical and experimental studies based on the concept of integrating human metabolism and its microbiota. Her scientific achievements are widely known: she is the recipient of the Marie E. Coates Award \\"Best lecturer-scientist\\" Gustafsson Fund, Karolinska Institutes, Stockholm, Sweden, and the International Sepsis Forum Award, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France (2014), etc. Professor N.V. Beloborodova wrote 210 papers, five books, 10 chapters and has edited four books.',institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"354260",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Tércio Elyan",middleName:"Azevedo",surname:"Azevedo Martins",slug:"tercio-elyan-azevedo-martins",fullName:"Tércio Elyan Azevedo Martins",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/354260/images/16241_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from the Federal University of Ceará with the modality in Industrial Pharmacy, Specialist in Production and Control of Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP), Master in Pharmaceuticals and Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP) and Doctor of Science in the program of Pharmaceuticals and Medicines by the University of São Paulo. Professor at Universidade Paulista (UNIP) in the areas of chemistry, cosmetology and trichology. Assistant Coordinator of the Higher Course in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Technology at Universidade Paulista Campus Chácara Santo Antônio. Experience in the Pharmacy area, with emphasis on Pharmacotechnics, Pharmaceutical Technology, Research and Development of Cosmetics, acting mainly on topics such as cosmetology, antioxidant activity, aesthetics, photoprotection, cyclodextrin and thermal analysis.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"334285",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Sameer",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Jagirdar",slug:"sameer-jagirdar",fullName:"Sameer Jagirdar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334285/images/14691_n.jpg",biography:"I\\'m a graduate student at the center for biosystems science and engineering at the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India. I am interested in studying host-pathogen interactions at the biomaterial interface.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Science Bangalore",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"329795",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohd Aftab",middleName:"Aftab",surname:"Siddiqui",slug:"mohd-aftab-siddiqui",fullName:"Mohd Aftab Siddiqui",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329795/images/15648_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Mohd Aftab Siddiqui is currently working as Assistant Professor in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow for the last 6 years. He has completed his Doctor in Philosophy (Pharmacology) in 2020 from Integral University, Lucknow. He completed his Bachelor in Pharmacy in 2013 and Master in Pharmacy (Pharmacology) in 2015 from Integral University, Lucknow. He is the gold medalist in Bachelor and Master degree. He qualified GPAT -2013, GPAT -2014, and GPAT 2015. His area of research is Pharmacological screening of herbal drugs/ natural products in liver and cardiac diseases. He has guided many M. Pharm. research projects. He has many national and international publications.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:null},{id:"255360",title:"Dr.",name:"Usama",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"usama-ahmad",fullName:"Usama Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255360/images/system/255360.png",biography:"Dr. Usama Ahmad holds a specialization in Pharmaceutics from Amity University, Lucknow, India. He received his Ph.D. degree from Integral University. Currently, he’s working as an Assistant Professor of Pharmaceutics in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University. From 2013 to 2014 he worked on a research project funded by SERB-DST, Government of India. He has a rich publication record with more than 32 original articles published in reputed journals, 3 edited books, 5 book chapters, and a number of scientific articles published in ‘Ingredients South Asia Magazine’ and ‘QualPharma Magazine’. He is a member of the American Association for Cancer Research, International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer, and the British Society for Nanomedicine. Dr. Ahmad’s research focus is on the development of nanoformulations to facilitate the delivery of drugs that aim to provide practical solutions to current healthcare problems.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"30568",title:"Prof.",name:"Madhu",middleName:null,surname:"Khullar",slug:"madhu-khullar",fullName:"Madhu Khullar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/30568/images/system/30568.jpg",biography:"Dr. Madhu Khullar is a Professor of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology at the Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India. She completed her Post Doctorate in hypertension research at the Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, USA in 1985. She is an editor and reviewer of several international journals, and a fellow and member of several cardiovascular research societies. Dr. Khullar has a keen research interest in genetics of hypertension, and is currently studying pharmacogenetics of hypertension.",institutionString:"Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research",institution:{name:"Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"223233",title:"Prof.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/223233/images/system/223233.png",biography:"Xianquan Zhan received his MD and Ph.D. in Preventive Medicine at West China University of Medical Sciences. He received his post-doctoral training in oncology and cancer proteomics at the Central South University, China, and the University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC), USA. He worked at UTHSC and the Cleveland Clinic in 2001–2012 and achieved the rank of associate professor at UTHSC. Currently, he is a full professor at Central South University and Shandong First Medical University, and an advisor to MS/PhD students and postdoctoral fellows. He is also a fellow of the Royal Society of Medicine and European Association for Predictive Preventive Personalized Medicine (EPMA), a national representative of EPMA, and a member of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) and the American Association for the Advancement of Sciences (AAAS). He is also the editor in chief of International Journal of Chronic Diseases & Therapy, an associate editor of EPMA Journal, Frontiers in Endocrinology, and BMC Medical Genomics, and a guest editor of Mass Spectrometry Reviews, Frontiers in Endocrinology, EPMA Journal, and Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. He has published more than 148 articles, 28 book chapters, 6 books, and 2 US patents in the field of clinical proteomics and biomarkers.",institutionString:"Shandong First Medical University",institution:{name:"Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"297507",title:"Dr.",name:"Charles",middleName:"Elias",surname:"Assmann",slug:"charles-assmann",fullName:"Charles Assmann",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/297507/images/system/297507.jpg",biography:"Charles Elias Assmann is a biologist from Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM, Brazil), who spent some time abroad at the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU, Germany). He has Masters Degree in Biochemistry (UFSM), and is currently a PhD student at Biochemistry at the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of the UFSM. His areas of expertise include: Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Enzymology, Genetics and Toxicology. He is currently working on the following subjects: Aluminium toxicity, Neuroinflammation, Oxidative stress and Purinergic system. Since 2011 he has presented more than 80 abstracts in scientific proceedings of national and international meetings. Since 2014, he has published more than 20 peer reviewed papers (including 4 reviews, 3 in Portuguese) and 2 book chapters. He has also been a reviewer of international journals and ad hoc reviewer of scientific committees from Brazilian Universities.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"217850",title:"Dr.",name:"Margarete Dulce",middleName:null,surname:"Bagatini",slug:"margarete-dulce-bagatini",fullName:"Margarete Dulce Bagatini",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/217850/images/system/217850.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Margarete Dulce Bagatini is an associate professor at the Federal University of Fronteira Sul/Brazil. She has a degree in Pharmacy and a PhD in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry. She is a member of the UFFS Research Advisory Committee\nand a member of the Biovitta Research Institute. She is currently:\nthe leader of the research group: Biological and Clinical Studies\nin Human Pathologies, professor of postgraduate program in\nBiochemistry at UFSC and postgraduate program in Science and Food Technology at\nUFFS. She has experience in the area of pharmacy and clinical analysis, acting mainly\non the following topics: oxidative stress, the purinergic system and human pathologies, being a reviewer of several international journals and books.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"226275",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Metin",middleName:null,surname:"Budak",slug:"metin-budak",fullName:"Metin Budak",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226275/images/system/226275.jfif",biography:"Metin Budak, MSc, PhD is an Assistant Professor at Trakya University, Faculty of Medicine. He has been Head of the Molecular Research Lab at Prof. Mirko Tos Ear and Hearing Research Center since 2018. His specializations are biophysics, epigenetics, genetics, and methylation mechanisms. He has published around 25 peer-reviewed papers, 2 book chapters, and 28 abstracts. He is a member of the Clinical Research Ethics Committee and Quantification and Consideration Committee of Medicine Faculty. His research area is the role of methylation during gene transcription, chromatin packages DNA within the cell and DNA repair, replication, recombination, and gene transcription. His research focuses on how the cell overcomes chromatin structure and methylation to allow access to the underlying DNA and enable normal cellular function.",institutionString:"Trakya University",institution:{name:"Trakya University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"243049",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Pantea Stoian",slug:"anca-pantea-stoian",fullName:"Anca Pantea Stoian",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243049/images/system/243049.jpg",biography:"Anca Pantea Stoian is a specialist in diabetes, nutrition, and metabolic diseases as well as health food hygiene. She also has competency in general ultrasonography.\n\nShe is an associate professor in the Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania. She has been chief of the Hygiene Department, Faculty of Dentistry, at the same university since 2019. Her interests include micro and macrovascular complications in diabetes and new therapies. Her research activities focus on nutritional intervention in chronic pathology, as well as cardio-renal-metabolic risk assessment, and diabetes in cancer. She is currently engaged in developing new therapies and technological tools for screening, prevention, and patient education in diabetes. \n\nShe is a member of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes, Cardiometabolic Academy, CEDA, Romanian Society of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, Romanian Diabetes Federation, and Association for Renal Metabolic and Nutrition studies. She has authored or co-authored 160 papers in national and international peer-reviewed journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy",country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"279792",title:"Dr.",name:"João",middleName:null,surname:"Cotas",slug:"joao-cotas",fullName:"João Cotas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/279792/images/system/279792.jpg",biography:"Graduate and master in Biology from the University of Coimbra.\n\nI am a research fellow at the Macroalgae Laboratory Unit, in the MARE-UC – Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre of the University of Coimbra. My principal function is the collection, extraction and purification of macroalgae compounds, chemical and bioactive characterization of the compounds and algae extracts and development of new methodologies in marine biotechnology area. \nI am associated in two projects: one consists on discovery of natural compounds for oncobiology. The other project is the about the natural compounds/products for agricultural area.\n\nPublications:\nCotas, J.; Figueirinha, A.; Pereira, L.; Batista, T. 2018. An analysis of the effects of salinity on Fucus ceranoides (Ochrophyta, Phaeophyceae), in the Mondego River (Portugal). Journal of Oceanology and Limnology. in press. DOI: 10.1007/s00343-019-8111-3",institutionString:"Faculty of Sciences and Technology of University of Coimbra",institution:null},{id:"279788",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonel",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"leonel-pereira",fullName:"Leonel Pereira",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/279788/images/system/279788.jpg",biography:"Leonel Pereira has an undergraduate degree in Biology, a Ph.D. in Biology (specialty in Cell Biology), and a Habilitation degree in Biosciences (specialization in Biotechnology) from the Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Coimbra, Portugal, where he is currently a professor. In addition to teaching at this university, he is an integrated researcher at the Marine and Environmental Sciences Center (MARE), Portugal. His interests include marine biodiversity (algae), marine biotechnology (algae bioactive compounds), and marine ecology (environmental assessment). Since 2008, he has been the author and editor of the electronic publication MACOI – Portuguese Seaweeds Website (www.seaweeds.uc.pt). He is also a member of the editorial boards of several scientific journals. Dr. Pereira has edited or authored more than 20 books, 100 journal articles, and 45 book chapters. He has given more than 100 lectures and oral communications at various national and international scientific events. He is the coordinator of several national and international research projects. In 1998, he received the Francisco de Holanda Award (Honorable Mention) and, more recently, the Mar Rei D. Carlos award (18th edition). He is also a winner of the 2016 CHOICE Award for an outstanding academic title for his book Edible Seaweeds of the World. In 2020, Dr. Pereira received an Honorable Mention for the Impact of International Publications from the Web of Science",institutionString:"University of Coimbra",institution:{name:"University of Coimbra",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"61946",title:"Dr.",name:"Carol",middleName:null,surname:"Bernstein",slug:"carol-bernstein",fullName:"Carol Bernstein",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/61946/images/system/61946.jpg",biography:"Carol Bernstein received her PhD in Genetics from the University of California (Davis). She was a faculty member at the University of Arizona College of Medicine for 43 years, retiring in 2011. Her research interests focus on DNA damage and its underlying role in sex, aging and in the early steps of initiation and progression to cancer. In her research, she had used organisms including bacteriophage T4, Neurospora crassa, Schizosaccharomyces pombe and mice, as well as human cells and tissues. She authored or co-authored more than 140 scientific publications, including articles in major peer reviewed journals, book chapters, invited reviews and one book.",institutionString:"University of Arizona",institution:{name:"University of Arizona",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"182258",title:"Dr.",name:"Ademar",middleName:"Pereira",surname:"Serra",slug:"ademar-serra",fullName:"Ademar Serra",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/182258/images/system/182258.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Serra studied Agronomy on Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS) (2005). He received master degree in Agronomy, Crop Science (Soil fertility and plant nutrition) (2007) by Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados (UFGD), and PhD in agronomy (Soil fertility and plant nutrition) (2011) from Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados / Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz (UFGD/ESALQ-USP). Dr. Serra is currently working at Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA). His research focus is on mineral nutrition of plants, crop science and soil science. Dr. Serra\\'s current projects are soil organic matter, soil phosphorus fractions, compositional nutrient diagnosis (CND) and isometric log ratio (ilr) transformation in compositional data analysis.",institutionString:"Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation",institution:{name:"Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation",country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"93",type:"subseries",title:"Inclusivity and Social Equity",keywords:"Social contract, SDG, Human rights, Inclusiveness, Equity, Democracy, Personal learning, Collaboration, Glocalization",scope:"