Comparison of the projects with different ways of presentation by users’ ability to orient in them (author: Hajtmanek).
\\n\\n
Dr. Pletser’s experience includes 30 years of working with the European Space Agency as a Senior Physicist/Engineer and coordinating their parabolic flight campaigns, and he is the Guinness World Record holder for the most number of aircraft flown (12) in parabolas, personally logging more than 7,300 parabolas.
\\n\\nSeeing the 5,000th book published makes us at the same time proud, happy, humble, and grateful. This is a great opportunity to stop and celebrate what we have done so far, but is also an opportunity to engage even more, grow, and succeed. It wouldn't be possible to get here without the synergy of team members’ hard work and authors and editors who devote time and their expertise into Open Access book publishing with us.
\\n\\nOver these years, we have gone from pioneering the scientific Open Access book publishing field to being the world’s largest Open Access book publisher. Nonetheless, our vision has remained the same: to meet the challenges of making relevant knowledge available to the worldwide community under the Open Access model.
\\n\\nWe are excited about the present, and we look forward to sharing many more successes in the future.
\\n\\nThank you all for being part of the journey. 5,000 times thank you!
\\n\\nNow with 5,000 titles available Open Access, which one will you read next?
\\n\\nRead, share and download for free: https://www.intechopen.com/books
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:null},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Preparation of Space Experiments edited by international leading expert Dr. Vladimir Pletser, Director of Space Training Operations at Blue Abyss is the 5,000th Open Access book published by IntechOpen and our milestone publication!
\n\n"This book presents some of the current trends in space microgravity research. The eleven chapters introduce various facets of space research in physical sciences, human physiology and technology developed using the microgravity environment not only to improve our fundamental understanding in these domains but also to adapt this new knowledge for application on earth." says the editor. Listen what else Dr. Pletser has to say...
\n\n\n\nDr. Pletser’s experience includes 30 years of working with the European Space Agency as a Senior Physicist/Engineer and coordinating their parabolic flight campaigns, and he is the Guinness World Record holder for the most number of aircraft flown (12) in parabolas, personally logging more than 7,300 parabolas.
\n\nSeeing the 5,000th book published makes us at the same time proud, happy, humble, and grateful. This is a great opportunity to stop and celebrate what we have done so far, but is also an opportunity to engage even more, grow, and succeed. It wouldn't be possible to get here without the synergy of team members’ hard work and authors and editors who devote time and their expertise into Open Access book publishing with us.
\n\nOver these years, we have gone from pioneering the scientific Open Access book publishing field to being the world’s largest Open Access book publisher. Nonetheless, our vision has remained the same: to meet the challenges of making relevant knowledge available to the worldwide community under the Open Access model.
\n\nWe are excited about the present, and we look forward to sharing many more successes in the future.
\n\nThank you all for being part of the journey. 5,000 times thank you!
\n\nNow with 5,000 titles available Open Access, which one will you read next?
\n\nRead, share and download for free: https://www.intechopen.com/books
\n\n\n\n
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"stanford-university-identifies-top-2-scientists-over-1-000-are-intechopen-authors-and-editors-20210122",title:"Stanford University Identifies Top 2% Scientists, Over 1,000 are IntechOpen Authors and Editors"},{slug:"intechopen-authors-included-in-the-highly-cited-researchers-list-for-2020-20210121",title:"IntechOpen Authors Included in the Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020"},{slug:"intechopen-maintains-position-as-the-world-s-largest-oa-book-publisher-20201218",title:"IntechOpen Maintains Position as the World’s Largest OA Book Publisher"},{slug:"all-intechopen-books-available-on-perlego-20201215",title:"All IntechOpen Books Available on Perlego"},{slug:"oiv-awards-recognizes-intechopen-s-editors-20201127",title:"OIV Awards Recognizes IntechOpen's Editors"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-crossref-s-initiative-for-open-abstracts-i4oa-to-boost-the-discovery-of-research-20201005",title:"IntechOpen joins Crossref's Initiative for Open Abstracts (I4OA) to Boost the Discovery of Research"},{slug:"intechopen-hits-milestone-5-000-open-access-books-published-20200908",title:"IntechOpen hits milestone: 5,000 Open Access books published!"},{slug:"intechopen-books-hosted-on-the-mathworks-book-program-20200819",title:"IntechOpen Books Hosted on the MathWorks Book Program"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"205",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Fundamental and Advanced Topics in Wind Power",title:"Fundamental and Advanced Topics in Wind Power",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"As the fastest growing source of energy in the world, wind has a very important role to play in the global energy mix. This text covers a spectrum of leading edge topics critical to the rapidly evolving wind power industry. The reader is introduced to the fundamentals of wind energy aerodynamics; then essential structural, mechanical, and electrical subjects are discussed. The book is composed of three sections that include the Aerodynamics and Environmental Loading of Wind Turbines, Structural and Electromechanical Elements of Wind Power Conversion, and Wind Turbine Control and System Integration. In addition to the fundamental rudiments illustrated, the reader will be exposed to specialized applied and advanced topics including magnetic suspension bearing systems, structural health monitoring, and the optimized integration of wind power into micro and smart grids.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-307-508-2",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4491-5",doi:"10.5772/731",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"fundamental-and-advanced-topics-in-wind-power",numberOfPages:436,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,hash:"b8b5955addb75d98a6bba1c94e3e7a74",bookSignature:"Rupp Carriveau",publishedDate:"July 5th 2011",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/205.jpg",numberOfDownloads:236892,numberOfWosCitations:148,numberOfCrossrefCitations:79,numberOfDimensionsCitations:211,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:438,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"October 18th 2010",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"November 15th 2010",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"March 22nd 2011",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"April 21st 2011",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"June 20th 2011",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,editors:[{id:"22234",title:"Dr.",name:"Rupp",middleName:null,surname:"Carriveau",slug:"rupp-carriveau",fullName:"Rupp Carriveau",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/22234/images/1816_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Rupp Carriveau has an undergraduate degree in Structural Engineering from the University of Windsor. After several years working with expert systems in industry, he completed a Master’s degree in Environmental Hydraulics and a Doctoral Degree in Fluid Dynamics from the Boundary Layer Wind Tunnel Laboratory at the University of Western Ontario. Now an Associate Professor at the University of Windsor, Dr. Carriveau heads the Entelligence Research Group focused on energy efficiency, renewable energy generation and storage. Having spent several years collaborating with large wind park developers, Dr. Carriveau has published a number of peer reviewed articles relating to surface engineering, structural health monitoring, and group dynamics of wind parks. An active member of the Canadian Wind Energy Association (CanWEA) and American Wind Energy Association (AWEA), Dr. Carriveau is a contributor on the AWEA Workforce Development, Training and Education Committee.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"University of Windsor",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Canada"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"771",title:"Sustainability Science",slug:"sustainability-science"}],chapters:[{id:"16241",title:"Aerodynamics of Wind Turbines",doi:"10.5772/17854",slug:"aerodynamics-of-wind-turbines",totalDownloads:40649,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:8,signatures:"Emrah Kulunk",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/16241",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/16241",authors:[{id:"29637",title:"MSc",name:"Emrah",surname:"Kulunk",slug:"emrah-kulunk",fullName:"Emrah Kulunk"}],corrections:null},{id:"16242",title:"Wind Turbines Theory - The Betz Equation and Optimal Rotor Tip Speed Ratio",doi:"10.5772/21398",slug:"wind-turbines-theory-the-betz-equation-and-optimal-rotor-tip-speed-ratio",totalDownloads:62371,totalCrossrefCites:48,totalDimensionsCites:97,signatures:"Magdi Ragheb and Adam M. Ragheb",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/16242",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/16242",authors:[{id:"32344",title:"Mr",name:"Adam",surname:"Ragheb",slug:"adam-ragheb",fullName:"Adam Ragheb"},{id:"33227",title:"Prof.",name:"Magdi",surname:"Ragheb",slug:"magdi-ragheb",fullName:"Magdi Ragheb"}],corrections:null},{id:"16243",title:"Inboard Stall Delay Due to Rotation",doi:"10.5772/18632",slug:"inboard-stall-delay-due-to-rotation",totalDownloads:4059,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,signatures:"Horia Dumitrescu and Vladimir Cardos",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/16243",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/16243",authors:[{id:"32070",title:"Prof.",name:"Horia",surname:"Dumitrescu",slug:"horia-dumitrescu",fullName:"Horia Dumitrescu"},{id:"32082",title:"Dr.",name:"Vladimir",surname:"Cardos",slug:"vladimir-cardos",fullName:"Vladimir Cardos"}],corrections:null},{id:"16244",title:"Verification of Lightning Protection Measures",doi:"10.5772/19100",slug:"verification-of-lightning-protection-measures",totalDownloads:5311,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Soren Find Madsen",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/16244",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/16244",authors:[{id:"33612",title:"Dr.",name:"Soren Find",surname:"Madsen",slug:"soren-find-madsen",fullName:"Soren Find Madsen"}],corrections:null},{id:"16245",title:"Extreme Winds in Kuwait Including the Effect of Climate Change",doi:"10.5772/18447",slug:"energy-dissipation-minimization-in-superconducting-circuits1",totalDownloads:6851,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"S. Neelamani and Layla Al-Awadi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/16245",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/16245",authors:[{id:"31530",title:"Dr.",name:"Neelamani",surname:"Subramaniam",slug:"neelamani-subramaniam",fullName:"Neelamani Subramaniam"},{id:"58618",title:"Mrs",name:"Layla",surname:"Al-Awadi",slug:"layla-al-awadi",fullName:"Layla Al-Awadi"}],corrections:null},{id:"16246",title:"Efficient Modelling of Wind Turbine Foundations",doi:"10.5772/20176",slug:"efficient-modelling-of-wind-turbine-foundations",totalDownloads:4681,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,signatures:"Lars Andersen and Johan Clausen",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/16246",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/16246",authors:[{id:"37695",title:"Dr.",name:"Lars",surname:"Andersen",slug:"lars-andersen",fullName:"Lars Andersen"},{id:"44021",title:"Dr.",name:"Johan",surname:"Clausen",slug:"johan-clausen",fullName:"Johan Clausen"}],corrections:null},{id:"16247",title:"Determination of Rotor Imbalances",doi:"10.5772/19178",slug:"determination-of-rotor-imbalances",totalDownloads:4056,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Jenny Niebsch",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/16247",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/16247",authors:[{id:"33969",title:"Dr.",name:"Jenny",surname:"Niebsch",slug:"jenny-niebsch",fullName:"Jenny Niebsch"}],corrections:null},{id:"16248",title:"Wind Turbine Gearbox Technologies",doi:"10.5772/18717",slug:"wind-turbine-gearbox-technologies",totalDownloads:25920,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:16,signatures:"Adam M. Ragheb and Magdi Ragheb",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/16248",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/16248",authors:[{id:"32344",title:"Mr",name:"Adam",surname:"Ragheb",slug:"adam-ragheb",fullName:"Adam Ragheb"},{id:"33227",title:"Prof.",name:"Magdi",surname:"Ragheb",slug:"magdi-ragheb",fullName:"Magdi Ragheb"}],corrections:null},{id:"16249",title:"Monitoring and Damage Detection in Structural Parts of Wind Turbines",doi:"10.5772/21456",slug:"monitoring-and-damage-detection-in-structural-parts-of-wind-turbines",totalDownloads:4109,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:3,signatures:"Andreas Friedmann, Dirk Mayer, Michael Koch and Thomas Siebel",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/16249",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/16249",authors:[{id:"43154",title:"Mr",name:"Andreas",surname:"Friedmann",slug:"andreas-friedmann",fullName:"Andreas Friedmann"},{id:"43159",title:"Dr.",name:"Dirk",surname:"Mayer",slug:"dirk-mayer",fullName:"Dirk Mayer"},{id:"43160",title:"Mr.",name:"Michael",surname:"Koch",slug:"michael-koch",fullName:"Michael Koch"},{id:"43161",title:"Mr",name:"Thomas",surname:"Siebel",slug:"thomas-siebel",fullName:"Thomas Siebel"}],corrections:null},{id:"16250",title:"Magnetic Suspension and Self-pitch for Vertical-axis Wind Turbines",doi:"10.5772/22598",slug:"magnetic-suspension-and-self-pitch-for-vertical-axis-wind-turbines",totalDownloads:10855,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:7,signatures:"Liu Shuqin",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/16250",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/16250",authors:[{id:"48348",title:"Prof.",name:"Shuqin",surname:"Liu",slug:"shuqin-liu",fullName:"Shuqin Liu"}],corrections:null},{id:"16251",title:"The Analysis and Modelling of a Self-excited Induction Generator Driven by a Variable Speed Wind Turbine",doi:"10.5772/18159",slug:"the-analysis-and-modelling-of-a-self-excited-induction-generator-driven-by-a-variable-speed-wind-tur",totalDownloads:15319,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:5,signatures:"Ofualagba, G and Ubeku, E.U",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/16251",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/16251",authors:[{id:"30605",title:"Dr.",name:"G",surname:"Ofualagba",slug:"g-ofualagba",fullName:"G Ofualagba"},{id:"43239",title:"Dr.",name:"E",surname:"Ubeku",slug:"e-ubeku",fullName:"E Ubeku"}],corrections:null},{id:"16252",title:"Optimisation of the Association of Electric Generator and Static Converter for a Medium Power Wind Turbine",doi:"10.5772/17422",slug:"optimisation-of-the-association-of-electric-generator-and-static-converter-for-a-medium-power-wind-t",totalDownloads:3876,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Daniel Matt, Philippe Enrici, Florian Dumas and Julien Jac",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/16252",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/16252",authors:[{id:"28315",title:"Prof.",name:"Daniel",surname:"MATT",slug:"daniel-matt",fullName:"Daniel MATT"},{id:"44319",title:"Dr.",name:"Philippe",surname:"ENRICI",slug:"philippe-enrici",fullName:"Philippe ENRICI"},{id:"44320",title:"Dr.",name:"Julien",surname:"JAC",slug:"julien-jac",fullName:"Julien JAC"},{id:"86073",title:"Dr.",name:"Florian",surname:"Dumas",slug:"florian-dumas",fullName:"Florian Dumas"}],corrections:null},{id:"16253",title:"Advanced Control of Wind Turbines",doi:"10.5772/17954",slug:"advanced-control-of-wind-turbines",totalDownloads:4954,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Abdellatif Khamlichi, Brahim Ayyat, Mohammed Bezzazi and Carlos Vivas",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/16253",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/16253",authors:[{id:"29938",title:"Prof.",name:"Khamlichi",surname:"Abdellatif",slug:"khamlichi-abdellatif",fullName:"Khamlichi Abdellatif"},{id:"29942",title:"Dr.",name:"Ayyat",surname:"Brahim",slug:"ayyat-brahim",fullName:"Ayyat Brahim"},{id:"29943",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammed",surname:"Bezzazi",slug:"mohammed-bezzazi",fullName:"Mohammed Bezzazi"},{id:"29944",title:"Prof.",name:"Vivas Venegas",surname:"Carlos",slug:"vivas-venegas-carlos",fullName:"Vivas Venegas Carlos"}],corrections:null},{id:"16254",title:"A Complete Control Scheme for Variable Speed Stall Regulated Wind Turbines",doi:"10.5772/17569",slug:"a-complete-control-scheme-for-variable-speed-stall-regulated-wind-turbines",totalDownloads:5375,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,signatures:"Dimitris Bourlis",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/16254",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/16254",authors:[{id:"28729",title:"Dr",name:"Dimitris",surname:"Bourlis",slug:"dimitris-bourlis",fullName:"Dimitris Bourlis"}],corrections:null},{id:"16255",title:"MPPT Control Methods in Wind Energy Conversion Systems",doi:"10.5772/21657",slug:"mppt-control-methods-in-wind-energy-conversion-systems",totalDownloads:24639,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:64,signatures:"Jogendra Singh Thongam and Mohand Ouhrouche",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/16255",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/16255",authors:[{id:"44144",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohand",surname:"Ouhrouche",slug:"mohand-ouhrouche",fullName:"Mohand Ouhrouche"}],corrections:null},{id:"16256",title:"Modelling and Environmental/Economic Power Dispatch of MicroGrid Using MultiObjective Genetic Algorithm Optimization",doi:"10.5772/19154",slug:"modelling-and-environmental-economic-power-dispatch-of-microgrid-using-multiobjective-genetic-algori",totalDownloads:4230,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,signatures:"Faisal A. Mohamed and Heikki N. Koivo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/16256",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/16256",authors:[{id:"33855",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohamed",surname:"Faisal",slug:"mohamed-faisal",fullName:"Mohamed Faisal"},{id:"39905",title:"Prof.",name:"Heikki",surname:"Koivo",slug:"heikki-koivo",fullName:"Heikki Koivo"}],corrections:null},{id:"16257",title:"Size Optimization of a Solar-wind Hybrid Energy System Using Two Simulation Based Optimization Techniques",doi:"10.5772/18007",slug:"size-optimization-of-a-solar-wind-hybrid-energy-system-using-two-simulation-based-optimization-techn",totalDownloads:6226,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,signatures:"Orhan Ekren and Banu Yetkin Ekren",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/16257",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/16257",authors:[{id:"30100",title:"Dr.",name:"Banu",surname:"Yetkin Ekren",slug:"banu-yetkin-ekren",fullName:"Banu Yetkin Ekren"},{id:"42011",title:"Dr.",name:"Orhan",surname:"Ekren",slug:"orhan-ekren",fullName:"Orhan Ekren"}],corrections:null},{id:"16258",title:"Fuzzy Control of WT with DFIG for Integration into Micro-grids",doi:"10.5772/17917",slug:"fuzzy-control-of-wt-with-dfig-for-integration-into-micro-grids",totalDownloads:3422,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,signatures:"Christina N. Papadimitriou and Nicholas A. Vovos",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/16258",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/16258",authors:[{id:"29829",title:"Prof.",name:"Nicholas",surname:"Vovos",slug:"nicholas-vovos",fullName:"Nicholas Vovos"},{id:"29832",title:"Mrs.",name:"Christina",surname:"Papadimitriou",slug:"christina-papadimitriou",fullName:"Christina Papadimitriou"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"3076",title:"Advances in Wind Power",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7fd7c5d70cbc111f7a84a512c2189d48",slug:"advances-in-wind-power",bookSignature:"Rupp Carriveau",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3076.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"22234",title:"Dr.",name:"Rupp",surname:"Carriveau",slug:"rupp-carriveau",fullName:"Rupp Carriveau"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2706",title:"Small-Scale Energy Harvesting",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"63bc4c27bdf9ec1e00aa20ff6f1d804f",slug:"small-scale-energy-harvesting",bookSignature:"Mickael Lallart",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2706.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"10041",title:"Dr.",name:"Mickaël",surname:"Lallart",slug:"mickael-lallart",fullName:"Mickaël Lallart"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"427",title:"Sustainable Energy Harvesting Technologies",subtitle:"Past, Present and Future",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"61a870ec0f3bf63739132a7cf4465ca7",slug:"sustainable-energy-harvesting-technologies-past-present-and-future",bookSignature:"Yen Kheng Tan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/427.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"78857",title:"Dr.",name:"Tan Yen",surname:"Kheng",slug:"tan-yen-kheng",fullName:"Tan Yen Kheng"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"115",title:"Wind Turbines",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"wind-turbines",bookSignature:"Ibrahim Al-Bahadly",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/115.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19588",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibrahim H.",surname:"Al-Bahadly",slug:"ibrahim-h.-al-bahadly",fullName:"Ibrahim H. Al-Bahadly"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"13",title:"Paths to Sustainable Energy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"paths-to-sustainable-energy",bookSignature:"Jatin Nathwani and Artie Ng",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/13.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"13730",title:"Dr.",name:"Artie",surname:"Ng",slug:"artie-ng",fullName:"Artie Ng"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"212",title:"Energy Storage in the Emerging Era of Smart Grids",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8cd6021285906516c727802d02ce0954",slug:"energy-storage-in-the-emerging-era-of-smart-grids",bookSignature:"Rosario Carbone",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/212.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"11592",title:"Prof.",name:"Rosario",surname:"Carbone",slug:"rosario-carbone",fullName:"Rosario Carbone"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"148",title:"Wind Farm",subtitle:"Technical Regulations, Potential Estimation and Siting Assessment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f7a3aafd9530aba9911c69ec17d31673",slug:"wind-farm-technical-regulations-potential-estimation-and-siting-assessment",bookSignature:"Gastón O. Suvire",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/148.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"12698",title:"Dr.",name:"Gastón Orlando",surname:"Suvire",slug:"gaston-orlando-suvire",fullName:"Gastón Orlando Suvire"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2763",title:"Gasification for Practical Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e576b2a136c1c20c784302344c65448e",slug:"gasification-for-practical-applications",bookSignature:"Yongseung Yun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2763.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"144925",title:"Dr.",name:"Yongseung",surname:"Yun",slug:"yongseung-yun",fullName:"Yongseung Yun"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3679",title:"Clean Energy Systems and Experiences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"clean-energy-systems-and-experiences",bookSignature:"Kei Eguchi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3679.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"12804",title:"Dr.",name:"Kei",surname:"Eguchi",slug:"kei-eguchi",fullName:"Kei Eguchi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3180",title:"Gas Turbines",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"79b78c1eec936d997a471f9ab08ccb0a",slug:"gas-turbines",bookSignature:"Gurrappa Injeti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3180.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"12369",title:"Dr.",name:"Gurrappa",surname:"Injeti",slug:"gurrappa-injeti",fullName:"Gurrappa Injeti"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"73131",slug:"corrigendum-to-advancement-of-nitrogen-fertilization-on-tropical-environmental",title:"Corrigendum to: Advancement of Nitrogen Fertilization on Tropical Environmental",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/73131.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73131",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73131",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/73131",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/73131",chapter:{id:"71453",slug:"advancement-of-nitrogen-fertilization-on-tropical-environmental",signatures:"Elizeu Monteiro Pereira Junior, Elaine Maria Silva Guedes Lobato, Beatriz Martineli Lima, Barbara Rodrigues Quadros, Allan Klynger da Silva Lobato, Izabelle Pereira Andrade and Letícia de Abreu Faria",dateSubmitted:"October 21st 2019",dateReviewed:"November 28th 2019",datePrePublished:"March 25th 2020",datePublished:"April 8th 2020",book:{id:"8004",title:"Nitrogen Fixation",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Nitrogen Fixation",slug:"nitrogen-fixation",publishedDate:"April 8th 2020",bookSignature:"Everlon Cid Rigobelo and Ademar Pereira Serra",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8004.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"39553",title:"Prof.",name:"Everlon",middleName:"Cid",surname:"Rigobelo",slug:"everlon-rigobelo",fullName:"Everlon Rigobelo"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"158046",title:"Dr.",name:"Elaine Maria Silva Guedes",middleName:"Guedes",surname:"Lobato",fullName:"Elaine Maria Silva Guedes Lobato",slug:"elaine-maria-silva-guedes-lobato",email:"elaine.guedes@ufra.edu.br",position:null,institution:null},{id:"313880",title:"Dr.",name:"Barbara",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigues Quadros",fullName:"Barbara Rodrigues Quadros",slug:"barbara-rodrigues-quadros",email:"barbara.quadros@ufra.edu.br",position:null,institution:null},{id:"313881",title:"Dr.",name:"Izabelle",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira Andrade",fullName:"Izabelle Pereira Andrade",slug:"izabelle-pereira-andrade",email:"izabelle.andrade@ufra.edu.br",position:null,institution:null},{id:"314476",title:"Dr.",name:"Allan Klynger Da Silva",middleName:null,surname:"Lobato",fullName:"Allan Klynger Da Silva Lobato",slug:"allan-klynger-da-silva-lobato",email:"allan.lobato@ufra.edu.br",position:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"314477",title:"Dr.",name:"Leticia Abreu",middleName:null,surname:"Faria",fullName:"Leticia Abreu Faria",slug:"leticia-abreu-faria",email:"leticia.faria@ufra.edu.br",position:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"314484",title:"Mr.",name:"Elizeu Monteiro Pereira",middleName:null,surname:"Junior",fullName:"Elizeu Monteiro Pereira Junior",slug:"elizeu-monteiro-pereira-junior",email:"ta.elizeujr@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"314489",title:"Ms.",name:"Beatriz Martinelli",middleName:null,surname:"Lima",fullName:"Beatriz Martinelli Lima",slug:"beatriz-martinelli-lima",email:"biamartinelli13@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]}},chapter:{id:"71453",slug:"advancement-of-nitrogen-fertilization-on-tropical-environmental",signatures:"Elizeu Monteiro Pereira Junior, Elaine Maria Silva Guedes Lobato, Beatriz Martineli Lima, Barbara Rodrigues Quadros, Allan Klynger da Silva Lobato, Izabelle Pereira Andrade and Letícia de Abreu Faria",dateSubmitted:"October 21st 2019",dateReviewed:"November 28th 2019",datePrePublished:"March 25th 2020",datePublished:"April 8th 2020",book:{id:"8004",title:"Nitrogen Fixation",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Nitrogen Fixation",slug:"nitrogen-fixation",publishedDate:"April 8th 2020",bookSignature:"Everlon Cid Rigobelo and Ademar Pereira Serra",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8004.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"39553",title:"Prof.",name:"Everlon",middleName:"Cid",surname:"Rigobelo",slug:"everlon-rigobelo",fullName:"Everlon Rigobelo"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"158046",title:"Dr.",name:"Elaine Maria Silva Guedes",middleName:"Guedes",surname:"Lobato",fullName:"Elaine Maria Silva Guedes Lobato",slug:"elaine-maria-silva-guedes-lobato",email:"elaine.guedes@ufra.edu.br",position:null,institution:null},{id:"313880",title:"Dr.",name:"Barbara",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigues Quadros",fullName:"Barbara Rodrigues Quadros",slug:"barbara-rodrigues-quadros",email:"barbara.quadros@ufra.edu.br",position:null,institution:null},{id:"313881",title:"Dr.",name:"Izabelle",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira Andrade",fullName:"Izabelle Pereira Andrade",slug:"izabelle-pereira-andrade",email:"izabelle.andrade@ufra.edu.br",position:null,institution:null},{id:"314476",title:"Dr.",name:"Allan Klynger Da Silva",middleName:null,surname:"Lobato",fullName:"Allan Klynger Da Silva Lobato",slug:"allan-klynger-da-silva-lobato",email:"allan.lobato@ufra.edu.br",position:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"314477",title:"Dr.",name:"Leticia Abreu",middleName:null,surname:"Faria",fullName:"Leticia Abreu Faria",slug:"leticia-abreu-faria",email:"leticia.faria@ufra.edu.br",position:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"314484",title:"Mr.",name:"Elizeu Monteiro Pereira",middleName:null,surname:"Junior",fullName:"Elizeu Monteiro Pereira Junior",slug:"elizeu-monteiro-pereira-junior",email:"ta.elizeujr@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"314489",title:"Ms.",name:"Beatriz Martinelli",middleName:null,surname:"Lima",fullName:"Beatriz Martinelli Lima",slug:"beatriz-martinelli-lima",email:"biamartinelli13@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]},book:{id:"8004",title:"Nitrogen Fixation",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Nitrogen Fixation",slug:"nitrogen-fixation",publishedDate:"April 8th 2020",bookSignature:"Everlon Cid Rigobelo and Ademar Pereira Serra",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8004.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"39553",title:"Prof.",name:"Everlon",middleName:"Cid",surname:"Rigobelo",slug:"everlon-rigobelo",fullName:"Everlon Rigobelo"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"2717",leadTitle:null,title:"Analytical Chemistry",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"The current text deals with several, very important topics of modern, Analytical Chemistry, such as analytical method validation in biotechnology today, principal component analysis, kinetic methods of analysis using potentiometric and spectrophotometric detectors, the current status of Analytical Chemistry and where it may move in the future, peptide and amino acid separations and identification, and several other, related topics in this growing and increasingly important area of Chemistry, in general. Analytical Chemistry has come to assume an incredibly important role in most, if not all, areas of scientific research today, from the current, Mars lander/rover, to underwater explorations to forensic science to DNA characterization for dedicated medicine treatments, to climate change, and others, just as important areas of modern, scientific research and development. Its usage in modern -omics R&D areas has grown so that its methods and instrumentation have become paramount in all such areas, including metabolomics, proteomics, peptidomics, combinatorial chemistry, and so forth. There will be continued growth and importance in almost all areas of modern scientific research and development, as well as in numerous areas of engineering (chemical engineering, biomedical engineering, nuclear engineering, pharmaceutical/biopharmaceutical engineering, nanotechnology, and others).",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-0837-5",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-5015-2",doi:"10.5772/3086",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"analytical-chemistry",numberOfPages:156,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e6daf70765c3c05822db19db500a38d",bookSignature:"Ira S. Krull",publishedDate:"November 7th 2012",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2717.jpg",keywords:null,numberOfDownloads:46748,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:17,numberOfDimensionsCitations:49,numberOfTotalCitations:66,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"November 22nd 2011",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"February 28th 2012",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"June 18th 2012",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"September 17th 2012",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"October 16th 2012",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"9 years",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"147574",title:"Dr.",name:"Ira S.",middleName:"Stanley",surname:"Krull",slug:"ira-s.-krull",fullName:"Ira S. Krull",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/147574/images/3402_n.jpg",biography:"Professor Krull has conducted research in many areas of Analytical Chemistry/Biochemistry and Biotechnology applications, as well as in many other areas of Separations Science and detection. He has direct, industrial experience in instrumentation and methods development/applications, as well as consulting with many pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, around the world. He has also taught at both the undergraduate and graduate levels in Chemistry and Chemical Biology since 1979.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Northeastern University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"485",title:"Spectrometry",slug:"spectrometry"}],chapters:[{id:"40715",title:"PCA: The Basic Building Block of Chemometrics",slug:"pca-the-basic-building-block-of-chemometrics",totalDownloads:9137,totalCrossrefCites:9,authors:[{id:"120266",title:"Dr.",name:"Christophe",surname:"Cordella",slug:"christophe-cordella",fullName:"Christophe Cordella"}]},{id:"40714",title:"Mineralogy and Geochemistry of Sub-Bituminous Coal and Its Combustion Products from Mpumalanga Province, South Africa",slug:"mineralogy-and-geochemistry-of-sub-bituminous-coal-and-its-combustion-products-from-mpumalanga-provi",totalDownloads:4415,totalCrossrefCites:2,authors:[{id:"147114",title:"Dr.",name:"Segun",surname:"Akinyemi",slug:"segun-akinyemi",fullName:"Segun Akinyemi"}]},{id:"40717",title:"Kinetic Methods of Analysis with Potentiometric and Spectrophotometric Detectors – Our Laboratory Experiences",slug:"kinetic-methods-of-analysis-with-potentiometric-and-spectrophotometric-detectors-our-laboratory-expe",totalDownloads:5348,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"147516",title:"Dr.",name:"Lea",surname:"Kukoc-Modun",slug:"lea-kukoc-modun",fullName:"Lea Kukoc-Modun"},{id:"147738",title:"Prof.",name:"Njegomir",surname:"Radić",slug:"njegomir-radic",fullName:"Njegomir Radić"}]},{id:"40712",title:"Analytical Chemistry Today and Tomorrow",slug:"analytical-chemistry-today-and-tomorrow",totalDownloads:8011,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[{id:"149298",title:"Dr",name:null,surname:"Valcarcel",slug:"valcarcel",fullName:"Valcarcel"}]},{id:"40718",title:"Analytical Method Validation for Biopharmaceuticals",slug:"analytical-method-validation-for-biopharmaceuticals",totalDownloads:12258,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"147574",title:"Dr.",name:"Ira S.",surname:"Krull",slug:"ira-s.-krull",fullName:"Ira S. Krull"}]},{id:"40716",title:"Peptide and Amino Acids Separation and Identification from Natural Products",slug:"peptide-and-amino-acids-separation-and-identification-from-natural-products",totalDownloads:7583,totalCrossrefCites:5,authors:[{id:"25269",title:"Dr.",name:"Adina-Elena",surname:"Segneanu",slug:"adina-elena-segneanu",fullName:"Adina-Elena Segneanu"},{id:"33889",title:"Dr.",name:"Raluca Oana",surname:"Pop",slug:"raluca-oana-pop",fullName:"Raluca Oana Pop"},{id:"156334",title:"Prof.",name:"Ioan",surname:"Grozescu",slug:"ioan-grozescu",fullName:"Ioan Grozescu"},{id:"156363",title:"Dr.",name:"Paula",surname:"Sfirloaga",slug:"paula-sfirloaga",fullName:"Paula Sfirloaga"},{id:"157775",title:"Dr.",name:"Paulina",surname:"Vlazan",slug:"paulina-vlazan",fullName:"Paulina Vlazan"},{id:"165408",title:"Prof.",name:"Ion",surname:"Neda",slug:"ion-neda",fullName:"Ion Neda"}]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"818",title:"Tandem Mass Spectrometry",subtitle:"Applications and Principles",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"be4591159fcd2c760d795950f92af48a",slug:"tandem-mass-spectrometry-applications-and-principles",bookSignature:"Jeevan K. Prasain",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/818.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"83648",title:"Dr",name:"Jeevan",surname:"Prasain",slug:"jeevan-prasain",fullName:"Jeevan Prasain"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2113",title:"Gas Chromatography in Plant Science, Wine Technology, Toxicology and Some Specific Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b8adf1d63babbb03b64be0346685b5ad",slug:"gas-chromatography-in-plant-science-wine-technology-toxicology-and-some-specific-applications",bookSignature:"Bekir Salih and Ömür Çelikbıçak",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2113.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"99580",title:"Dr.",name:"Bekir",surname:"Salih",slug:"bekir-salih",fullName:"Bekir Salih"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"578",title:"Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f2f4fde8403184b0e6779ba7c53dd096",slug:"atomic-absorption-spectroscopy",bookSignature:"Muhammad Akhyar Farrukh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/578.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"63182",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Akhyar",surname:"Farrukh",slug:"muhammad-akhyar-farrukh",fullName:"Muhammad Akhyar Farrukh"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"834",title:"Vibrational Spectroscopy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e70189f166f51455d3c5dda574e937d2",slug:"vibrational-spectroscopy",bookSignature:"Dominique de Caro",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/834.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"89169",title:"Prof.",name:"Dominique",surname:"De Caro",slug:"dominique-de-caro",fullName:"Dominique De Caro"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5735",title:"Mass Spectrometry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a629a09af1099f332e8a498e318b9ffa",slug:"mass-spectrometry",bookSignature:"Mahmood Aliofkhazraei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5735.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"155413",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmood",surname:"Aliofkhazraei",slug:"mahmood-aliofkhazraei",fullName:"Mahmood Aliofkhazraei"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5437",title:"Developments in Near-Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e5fa0d1b934788c283a786bc6892f047",slug:"developments-in-near-infrared-spectroscopy",bookSignature:"Konstantinos G. Kyprianidis and Jan Skvaril",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5437.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"35868",title:"Prof.",name:"Konstantinos",surname:"Kyprianidis",slug:"konstantinos-kyprianidis",fullName:"Konstantinos Kyprianidis"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8380",title:"Mass Spectrometry",subtitle:"Future Perceptions and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"662bbebeab1942b6710f413e2b217004",slug:"mass-spectrometry-future-perceptions-and-applications",bookSignature:"Ganesh Shamrao Kamble",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8380.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"236420",title:"Dr.",name:"Ganesh Shamrao",surname:"Kamble",slug:"ganesh-shamrao-kamble",fullName:"Ganesh Shamrao Kamble"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"21286",title:"Management of Secondary Hyperparathyroidism in Hemodialysis Patients",doi:"10.5772/22649",slug:"management-of-secondary-hyperparathyroidism-in-hemodialysis-patients",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/21286.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/21286",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/21286",totalDownloads:2321,totalViews:108,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"November 21st 2010",dateReviewed:"May 3rd 2011",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"November 7th 2011",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/21286",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/21286",book:{slug:"progress-in-hemodialysis-from-emergent-biotechnology-to-clinical-practice"},signatures:"Emanuel Zitt and Ulrich Neyer",authors:[{id:"54326",title:"Prof.",name:"Emanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Zitt",fullName:"Emanuel Zitt",slug:"emanuel-zitt",email:"emanuel.zitt@lkhf.at",position:null,institution:null},{id:"100983",title:"Dr.",name:"Ulrich",middleName:null,surname:"Neyer",fullName:"Ulrich Neyer",slug:"ulrich-neyer",email:"ulrich.neyer@vol.at",position:null,institution:null}],sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"353",title:"Progress in Hemodialysis",subtitle:"From Emergent Biotechnology to Clinical Practice",fullTitle:"Progress in Hemodialysis - From Emergent Biotechnology to Clinical Practice",slug:"progress-in-hemodialysis-from-emergent-biotechnology-to-clinical-practice",publishedDate:"November 7th 2011",bookSignature:"Angelo Carpi, Carlo Donadio and Gianfranco Tramonti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/353.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58620",title:"Prof.",name:"Angelo",middleName:null,surname:"Carpi",slug:"angelo-carpi",fullName:"Angelo Carpi"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"21269",title:"Kinetic Modeling and Adequacy of Dialysis",slug:"kinetic-modeling-and-adequacy-of-dialysis",totalDownloads:6024,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Malgorzata Debowska, Bengt Lindholm and Jacek Waniewski",authors:[{id:"59006",title:"Prof.",name:"Jacek",middleName:null,surname:"Waniewski",fullName:"Jacek Waniewski",slug:"jacek-waniewski"},{id:"59467",title:"Dr.",name:"Malgorzata",middleName:null,surname:"Debowska",fullName:"Malgorzata Debowska",slug:"malgorzata-debowska"},{id:"59469",title:"Prof.",name:"Bengt",middleName:null,surname:"Lindholm",fullName:"Bengt Lindholm",slug:"bengt-lindholm"}]},{id:"21270",title:"Automated Blood Volume Regulation During Hemodialysis",slug:"automated-blood-volume-regulation-during-hemodialysis",totalDownloads:4760,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Isabelle Chapdelaine, Clément Déziel and François Madore",authors:[{id:"44435",title:"Prof.",name:"Francois",middleName:null,surname:"Madore",fullName:"Francois Madore",slug:"francois-madore"},{id:"60708",title:"Dr.",name:"Isabelle",middleName:null,surname:"Chapdelaine",fullName:"Isabelle Chapdelaine",slug:"isabelle-chapdelaine"},{id:"112300",title:"Prof.",name:"Clément",middleName:null,surname:"Déziel",fullName:"Clément Déziel",slug:"clement-deziel"}]},{id:"21271",title:"Sodium and Hemodialysis",slug:"sodium-and-hemodialysis",totalDownloads:7736,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Matthew Gembala and Satish Kumar",authors:[{id:"59703",title:"Dr.",name:"Matthew",middleName:null,surname:"Gembala",fullName:"Matthew Gembala",slug:"matthew-gembala"},{id:"92919",title:"Prof.",name:"Satish",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar",fullName:"Satish Kumar",slug:"satish-kumar"}]},{id:"21272",title:"Polyethersulfone Hollow Fiber Membranes for Hemodialysis",slug:"polyethersulfone-hollow-fiber-membranes-for-hemodialysis",totalDownloads:8544,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Baihai Su, Shudong Sun and Changsheng Zhao",authors:[{id:"49545",title:"Prof.",name:"Changsheng",middleName:null,surname:"Zhao",fullName:"Changsheng Zhao",slug:"changsheng-zhao"},{id:"94417",title:"Dr.",name:"Baihai",middleName:null,surname:"Su",fullName:"Baihai Su",slug:"baihai-su"},{id:"94418",title:"Dr.",name:"Shudong",middleName:null,surname:"Sun",fullName:"Shudong Sun",slug:"shudong-sun"}]},{id:"21273",title:"The Evolution of Biocompatibility: From Microinflammation to Microvesiscles",slug:"the-evolution-of-biocompatibility-from-microinflammation-to-microvesiscles",totalDownloads:1744,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Ciro Tetta, Stefano Maffei, Barbara Cisterna, Valentina Fonsato, Giorgio Triolo, Giuseppe Paolo Segoloni, Giovanni Camussi, Maria Chiara Deregibus and Emanuele Gatti",authors:[{id:"46966",title:"Prof.",name:"Giovanni",middleName:null,surname:"Camussi",fullName:"Giovanni Camussi",slug:"giovanni-camussi"},{id:"53161",title:"Prof.",name:"Ciro",middleName:null,surname:"Tetta",fullName:"Ciro Tetta",slug:"ciro-tetta"},{id:"58893",title:"Dr.",name:"Stefano",middleName:null,surname:"Maffei",fullName:"Stefano Maffei",slug:"stefano-maffei"},{id:"58894",title:"Dr.",name:"Giorgio",middleName:null,surname:"Triolo",fullName:"Giorgio Triolo",slug:"giorgio-triolo"},{id:"58895",title:"Prof.",name:"Giuseppe",middleName:"Paolo",surname:"Segoloni",fullName:"Giuseppe Segoloni",slug:"giuseppe-segoloni"},{id:"58896",title:"Prof.",name:"Emanuele",middleName:null,surname:"Gatti",fullName:"Emanuele Gatti",slug:"emanuele-gatti"},{id:"102812",title:"BSc.",name:"Barbara",middleName:null,surname:"Cisterna",fullName:"Barbara Cisterna",slug:"barbara-cisterna"},{id:"102814",title:"BSc.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Fonsato",fullName:"Valentina Fonsato",slug:"valentina-fonsato"},{id:"102816",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Chiara",middleName:null,surname:"Deregibus",fullName:"Maria Chiara Deregibus",slug:"maria-chiara-deregibus"}]},{id:"21274",title:"Pulse Push/Pull Hemodialysis: Convective Renal Replacement Therapy",slug:"pulse-push-pull-hemodialysis-convective-renal-replacement-therapy",totalDownloads:2579,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Kyungsoo Lee",authors:[{id:"53225",title:"Dr.",name:"Kyungsoo",middleName:null,surname:"Lee",fullName:"Kyungsoo Lee",slug:"kyungsoo-lee"}]},{id:"21275",title:"Optical Dialysis Adequacy Monitoring: Small Uremic Toxins and Contribution to UV-Absorbance Studied by HPLC",slug:"optical-dialysis-adequacy-monitoring-small-uremic-toxins-and-contribution-to-uv-absorbance-studied-b",totalDownloads:2280,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Kai Lauri, Jürgen Arund, Jana Holmar, Risto Tanner, Merike Luman and Ivo Fridolin",authors:[{id:"59651",title:"Ms.",name:"Kai",middleName:null,surname:"Lauri",fullName:"Kai Lauri",slug:"kai-lauri"},{id:"106407",title:"MSc.",name:"Jürgen",middleName:null,surname:"Arund",fullName:"Jürgen Arund",slug:"jurgen-arund"},{id:"106409",title:"MSc",name:"Jana",middleName:null,surname:"Holmar",fullName:"Jana Holmar",slug:"jana-holmar"},{id:"106411",title:"Dr",name:"Risto",middleName:null,surname:"Tanner",fullName:"Risto Tanner",slug:"risto-tanner"},{id:"106413",title:"Prof.",name:"Ivo",middleName:null,surname:"Fridolin",fullName:"Ivo Fridolin",slug:"ivo-fridolin"},{id:"106415",title:"Dr.",name:"Merike",middleName:null,surname:"Luman",fullName:"Merike Luman",slug:"merike-luman"}]},{id:"21276",title:"Influence of Online Hemodiafiltration on Hemoglobin Level, ESA-Dosage and Serum Albumin – A Retrospective, Multicenter Analysis",slug:"influence-of-online-hemodiafiltration-on-hemoglobin-level-esa-dosage-and-serum-albumin-a-retrospecti",totalDownloads:2494,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Roland E. Winkler, Peter Ahrenholz and Klaus Freivogel",authors:[{id:"43902",title:"Dr.",name:"Roland",middleName:"E.",surname:"Winkler, M.B.A.",fullName:"Roland Winkler, M.B.A.",slug:"roland-winkler-m.b.a."},{id:"50745",title:"Dr.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Ahrenholz",fullName:"Peter Ahrenholz",slug:"peter-ahrenholz"},{id:"91671",title:"Dr.",name:"Klaus",middleName:null,surname:"Freivogel",fullName:"Klaus Freivogel",slug:"klaus-freivogel"}]},{id:"21277",title:"Leukocyte Function in High-Flux Hemodialysis",slug:"leukocyte-function-in-high-flux-hemodialysis",totalDownloads:1245,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Jenny Olsson",authors:[{id:"49943",title:"Dr.",name:"Jenny",middleName:null,surname:"Olsson",fullName:"Jenny Olsson",slug:"jenny-olsson"}]},{id:"21278",title:"Dialysis Membrane Manipulation for Endotoxin Removal",slug:"dialysis-membrane-manipulation-for-endotoxin-removal",totalDownloads:4475,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Michael Henrie, Cheryl Ford, Eric Stroup and Chih-Hu Ho",authors:[{id:"49767",title:"Dr.",name:"Chih-Hu",middleName:null,surname:"Ho",fullName:"Chih-Hu Ho",slug:"chih-hu-ho"},{id:"61755",title:"Mr.",name:"Michael",middleName:null,surname:"Henrie",fullName:"Michael Henrie",slug:"michael-henrie"},{id:"61756",title:"Mr.",name:"Eric",middleName:null,surname:"Stroup",fullName:"Eric Stroup",slug:"eric-stroup"},{id:"62083",title:"Ms",name:"Cheryl",middleName:null,surname:"Ford",fullName:"Cheryl Ford",slug:"cheryl-ford"}]},{id:"21279",title:"Citrate Anticoagulation in Hemodialysis",slug:"citrate-anticoagulation-in-hemodialysis",totalDownloads:6164,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Stephan Thijssen",authors:[{id:"53522",title:"Dr.",name:"Stephan",middleName:null,surname:"Thijssen",fullName:"Stephan Thijssen",slug:"stephan-thijssen"}]},{id:"21280",title:"Hemodialysis Principles and Controversies",slug:"hemodialysis-principles-and-controversies",totalDownloads:3140,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Parin Makadia, Payam Benson, Filberto Kelly and Joshua Kaplan",authors:[{id:"44732",title:"Dr.",name:"Joshua",middleName:null,surname:"Kaplan",fullName:"Joshua Kaplan",slug:"joshua-kaplan"}]},{id:"21281",title:"Residual Renal Function in Hemodialysis Patients",slug:"residual-renal-function-in-hemodialysis-patients",totalDownloads:3002,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Zachary Z. Brener, Stephan Thijssen, Peter Kotanko, James F. Winchester and Michael Bergman",authors:[{id:"44041",title:"Dr.",name:"Zachary",middleName:null,surname:"Brener",fullName:"Zachary Brener",slug:"zachary-brener"},{id:"47505",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",middleName:null,surname:"Bergman",fullName:"Michael Bergman",slug:"michael-bergman"},{id:"47506",title:"Prof.",name:"James",middleName:null,surname:"Winchester",fullName:"James Winchester",slug:"james-winchester"},{id:"94427",title:"Dr.",name:"Stephan",middleName:null,surname:"Thijssen",fullName:"Stephan Thijssen",slug:"stephan-thijssen"},{id:"94428",title:"Dr.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Kotanko",fullName:"Peter Kotanko",slug:"peter-kotanko"}]},{id:"21282",title:"Biomarkers in Chronic Kidney Disease - The Linkage Between Inflammation, Ventricular Dysfunction and Overhydration",slug:"biomarkers-in-chronic-kidney-disease-the-linkage-between-inflammation-ventricular-dysfunction-and-ov",totalDownloads:3018,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Olimpia Ortega",authors:[{id:"52470",title:"Dr.",name:"Olimpia",middleName:null,surname:"Ortega",fullName:"Olimpia Ortega",slug:"olimpia-ortega"}]},{id:"21283",title:"Determinants of Cardiovascular Risk in Hemodialysis Patients Without Significant Comorbidities",slug:"determinants-of-cardiovascular-risk-in-hemodialysis-patients-without-significant-comorbidities",totalDownloads:2457,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Aysegul Zumrutdal",authors:[{id:"48736",title:"Prof.",name:"Aysegul",middleName:null,surname:"Zumrutdal",fullName:"Aysegul Zumrutdal",slug:"aysegul-zumrutdal"}]},{id:"21284",title:"Malnutrition, Inflammation and Reverse Epidemiology in Hemodialysis Patients",slug:"malnutrition-inflammation-and-reverse-epidemiology-in-hemodialysis-patients",totalDownloads:2337,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Rodney G. Bowden, Neil A. Schwarz and Brian D. Shelmadine",authors:[{id:"56500",title:"Dr.",name:"Rodney",middleName:null,surname:"Bowden",fullName:"Rodney Bowden",slug:"rodney-bowden"},{id:"58759",title:"Mr.",name:"Neil",middleName:null,surname:"Schwarz",fullName:"Neil Schwarz",slug:"neil-schwarz"},{id:"59638",title:"Dr.",name:"Brian",middleName:null,surname:"Shelmadine",fullName:"Brian Shelmadine",slug:"brian-shelmadine"}]},{id:"21285",title:"Complications and Managements of Hyperphosphatemia in Dialysis",slug:"complications-and-managements-of-hyperphosphatemia-in-dialysis",totalDownloads:4867,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Eiji Takeda, Hironori Yamamoto, Hisami Yamanaka-Okumura and Yutaka Taketani",authors:[{id:"44612",title:"Prof.",name:"Eiji",middleName:null,surname:"Takeda",fullName:"Eiji Takeda",slug:"eiji-takeda"},{id:"53022",title:"Dr.",name:"Hironori",middleName:null,surname:"Yamamoto",fullName:"Hironori Yamamoto",slug:"hironori-yamamoto"},{id:"53023",title:"Dr.",name:"Hisami",middleName:null,surname:"Yamanaka-Okumura",fullName:"Hisami Yamanaka-Okumura",slug:"hisami-yamanaka-okumura"},{id:"53024",title:"Dr.",name:"Yutaka",middleName:null,surname:"Taketani",fullName:"Yutaka Taketani",slug:"yutaka-taketani"}]},{id:"21286",title:"Management of Secondary Hyperparathyroidism in Hemodialysis Patients",slug:"management-of-secondary-hyperparathyroidism-in-hemodialysis-patients",totalDownloads:2321,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Emanuel Zitt and Ulrich Neyer",authors:[{id:"54326",title:"Prof.",name:"Emanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Zitt",fullName:"Emanuel Zitt",slug:"emanuel-zitt"},{id:"100983",title:"Dr.",name:"Ulrich",middleName:null,surname:"Neyer",fullName:"Ulrich Neyer",slug:"ulrich-neyer"}]},{id:"21288",title:"Lipid and Lipoprotein Abnormalities in Chronic Renal Insufficiency: Review",slug:"lipid-and-lipoprotein-abnormalities-in-chronic-renal-insufficiency-review",totalDownloads:1764,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Oliver Rácz, Rudolf Gaško and Eleonóra Klímova",authors:[{id:"46378",title:"M.D.",name:"Rudolf",middleName:null,surname:"Gasko",fullName:"Rudolf Gasko",slug:"rudolf-gasko"},{id:"56145",title:"Prof.",name:"Oliver",middleName:null,surname:"Rácz",fullName:"Oliver Rácz",slug:"oliver-racz"},{id:"76464",title:"Prof.",name:"Eleonóra",middleName:null,surname:"Klímová",fullName:"Eleonóra Klímová",slug:"eleonora-klimova"}]},{id:"21289",title:"Hemodialysis Vascular Access Dysfunction",slug:"hemodialysis-vascular-access-dysfunction",totalDownloads:2412,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Timmy Lee",authors:[{id:"44539",title:"Dr.",name:"Timmy",middleName:null,surname:"Lee",fullName:"Timmy Lee",slug:"timmy-lee"}]},{id:"21290",title:"Nontraditional Anti - Infectious Agents in Hemodialysis",slug:"nontraditional-anti-infectious-agents-in-hemodialysis",totalDownloads:1410,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Martin Sedlacek",authors:[{id:"49504",title:"Dr.",name:"Martin",middleName:null,surname:"Sedlacek",fullName:"Martin Sedlacek",slug:"martin-sedlacek"}]},{id:"21291",title:"Sleep in Patients with ESRD Undergoing Hemodialysis",slug:"sleep-in-patients-with-esrd-undergoing-hemodialysis",totalDownloads:3088,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Mukadder Mollaoğlu",authors:[{id:"43900",title:"Prof.",name:"Mukadder",middleName:null,surname:"Mollaoğlu",fullName:"Mukadder Mollaoğlu",slug:"mukadder-mollaoglu"}]},{id:"21292",title:"The Importance of Exercise Programs in Haemodialysis Patients",slug:"the-importance-of-exercise-programs-in-haemodialysis-patients",totalDownloads:3413,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Susanne Heiwe, Andrej Ekholm and Ingela Fehrman-Ekholm",authors:[{id:"49025",title:"Prof.",name:"Ingela",middleName:null,surname:"Fehrman-Ekholm",fullName:"Ingela Fehrman-Ekholm",slug:"ingela-fehrman-ekholm"},{id:"135707",title:"Prof.",name:"Susanne",middleName:null,surname:"Heiwe",fullName:"Susanne Heiwe",slug:"susanne-heiwe"},{id:"135711",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrej",middleName:null,surname:"Ekholm",fullName:"Andrej Ekholm",slug:"andrej-ekholm"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"248",title:"Progress in Molecular and Environmental Bioengineering",subtitle:"From Analysis and Modeling to Technology Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"941ccb30ccac8ca99435a0e10463278d",slug:"progress-in-molecular-and-environmental-bioengineering-from-analysis-and-modeling-to-technology-applications",bookSignature:"Angelo Carpi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/248.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58620",title:"Prof.",name:"Angelo",surname:"Carpi",slug:"angelo-carpi",fullName:"Angelo Carpi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"17233",title:"Fractional Kinetics Compartmental Models",slug:"fractional-kinetics-compartmental-models",signatures:"Davide Verotta",authors:[{id:"34992",title:"Prof.",name:"Davide",middleName:null,surname:"Verotta",fullName:"Davide Verotta",slug:"davide-verotta"}]},{id:"17521",title:"Advances in Minimal Cell Models: a New Approach to Synthetic Biology and Origin of Life",slug:"advances-in-minimal-cell-models-a-new-approach-to-synthetic-biology-and-origin-of-life1",signatures:"Pasquale Stano",authors:[{id:"50730",title:"Dr.",name:"Pasquale",middleName:null,surname:"Stano",fullName:"Pasquale Stano",slug:"pasquale-stano"}]},{id:"17522",title:"Wavelet Analysis for the Extraction of Morphological Features for Orthopaedic Bearing Surfaces",slug:"wavelet-analysis-for-the-extraction-of-morphological-features-for-orthopaedic-bearing-surfaces1",signatures:"X. Jiang, W. Zeng and Paul J. Scott",authors:[{id:"40268",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiangqian",middleName:null,surname:"Jiang",fullName:"Xiangqian Jiang",slug:"xiangqian-jiang"},{id:"56248",title:"Dr.",name:"Wenhan",middleName:null,surname:"Zeng",fullName:"Wenhan Zeng",slug:"wenhan-zeng"},{id:"56249",title:"Prof.",name:"Paul",middleName:null,surname:"Scott",fullName:"Paul Scott",slug:"paul-scott"}]},{id:"17236",title:"Ten Years of External Quality Control for Cellular Therapy Products in France",slug:"ten-years-of-external-quality-control-for-cellular-therapy-products-in-france",signatures:"Béatrice Panterne, Marie-Jeanne Richard, Christine Sabatini, Sophie Ardiot, Gérard Huyghe, Claude Lemarié, Fabienne Pouthier and Laurence Mouillot",authors:[{id:"49063",title:"Prof.",name:"Béatrice",middleName:null,surname:"Panterne",fullName:"Béatrice Panterne",slug:"beatrice-panterne"},{id:"87685",title:"Dr",name:"Marie-Jeanne",middleName:null,surname:"Richard",fullName:"Marie-Jeanne Richard",slug:"marie-jeanne-richard"},{id:"87686",title:"Ms",name:"Christine",middleName:null,surname:"Sabatini",fullName:"Christine Sabatini",slug:"christine-sabatini"},{id:"87687",title:"Ms",name:"Sophie",middleName:null,surname:"Ardiot",fullName:"Sophie Ardiot",slug:"sophie-ardiot"},{id:"87688",title:"Mr",name:"Gérard",middleName:null,surname:"Huyghe",fullName:"Gérard Huyghe",slug:"gerard-huyghe"},{id:"87689",title:"Dr",name:"Claude",middleName:null,surname:"Lemarié",fullName:"Claude Lemarié",slug:"claude-lemarie"},{id:"87690",title:"Dr",name:"Fabienne",middleName:null,surname:"Pouthier",fullName:"Fabienne Pouthier",slug:"fabienne-pouthier"},{id:"87691",title:"Ms",name:"Laurence",middleName:null,surname:"Mouillot",fullName:"Laurence Mouillot",slug:"laurence-mouillot"}]},{id:"17237",title:"Hydrogels: Methods of Preparation, Characterisation and Applications",slug:"hydrogels-methods-of-preparation-characterisation-and-applications",signatures:"Syed K. H. Gulrez, Saphwan Al-Assaf and Glyn O Phillips",authors:[{id:"58120",title:"Prof.",name:"Saphwan",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Assaf",fullName:"Saphwan Al-Assaf",slug:"saphwan-al-assaf"}]},{id:"17238",title:"Chemical Mediated Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles and its Potential Antibacterial Application",slug:"chemical-mediated-synthesis-of-silver-nanoparticles-and-its-potential-antibacterial-application",signatures:"P.Prema",authors:[{id:"46312",title:"Prof.",name:"Paulpandian",middleName:null,surname:"Prema",fullName:"Paulpandian Prema",slug:"paulpandian-prema"}]},{id:"17239",title:"Polymer-Mediated Broad Spectrum Antiviral Prophylaxis: Utility in High Risk Environments",slug:"polymer-mediated-broad-spectrum-antiviral-prophylaxis-utility-in-high-risk-environments",signatures:"Dana L. Kyluik, Troy C. Sutton, Yevgeniya Le and Mark D. Scott",authors:[{id:"41038",title:"Dr.",name:"Mark",middleName:"D.",surname:"Scott",fullName:"Mark Scott",slug:"mark-scott"},{id:"80480",title:"Ms.",name:"Dana L.",middleName:null,surname:"Kyluik",fullName:"Dana L. Kyluik",slug:"dana-l.-kyluik"},{id:"80481",title:"Dr.",name:"Troy C.",middleName:null,surname:"Sutton",fullName:"Troy C. Sutton",slug:"troy-c.-sutton"},{id:"80482",title:"Dr.",name:"Yevgeniya",middleName:null,surname:"Le",fullName:"Yevgeniya Le",slug:"yevgeniya-le"}]},{id:"17240",title:"Solid Lipid Nanoparticles: Technological Developments and in Vivo Techniques to Evaluate Their Interaction with the Skin",slug:"solid-lipid-nanoparticles-technological-developments-and-in-vivo-techniques-to-evaluate-their-intera",signatures:"Mariella Bleve, Franca Pavanetto and Paola Perugini",authors:[{id:"34406",title:"Prof.",name:"Paola",middleName:null,surname:"Perugini",fullName:"Paola Perugini",slug:"paola-perugini"},{id:"49874",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariella",middleName:null,surname:"Bleve",fullName:"Mariella Bleve",slug:"mariella-bleve"},{id:"49875",title:"Prof.",name:"Franca",middleName:null,surname:"Pavanetto",fullName:"Franca Pavanetto",slug:"franca-pavanetto"}]},{id:"17241",title:"Bioprocess Design: Fermentation Strategies for Improving the Production of Alginate and Poly-β-Hydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) by Azotobacter vinelandii",slug:"bioprocess-design-fermentation-strategies-for-improving-the-production-of-alginate-and-poly-hydroxya",signatures:"Carlos Peña, Tania Castillo, Cinthia Núñez and Daniel Segura",authors:[{id:"38725",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos F",middleName:null,surname:"Peña-Malacara",fullName:"Carlos F Peña-Malacara",slug:"carlos-f-pena-malacara"},{id:"38788",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Segura-Gonzalez",fullName:"Daniel Segura-Gonzalez",slug:"daniel-segura-gonzalez"},{id:"49334",title:"Dr.",name:"Cinthia",middleName:null,surname:"Nuñez",fullName:"Cinthia Nuñez",slug:"cinthia-nunez"},{id:"62879",title:"MSc",name:"Tania",middleName:null,surname:"Castillo",fullName:"Tania Castillo",slug:"tania-castillo"}]},{id:"17242",title:"Research and Development of Biotechnologies Using Zebrafish and Its Application on Drug Discovery",slug:"research-and-development-of-biotechnologies-using-zebrafish-and-its-application-on-drug-discovery",signatures:"Yutaka Tamaru, Hisayoshi Ishikawa, Eriko Avşar-Ban, Hajime Nakatani, Hideo Miyake and Shin’ichi Akiyama",authors:[{id:"34658",title:"Dr.",name:"Yutaka",middleName:null,surname:"Tamaru",fullName:"Yutaka Tamaru",slug:"yutaka-tamaru"},{id:"96677",title:"MSc.",name:"Hisayoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Ishikawa",fullName:"Hisayoshi Ishikawa",slug:"hisayoshi-ishikawa"},{id:"96679",title:"MSc.",name:"Eriko",middleName:null,surname:"Avşar-Ban",fullName:"Eriko Avşar-Ban",slug:"eriko-avsar-ban"},{id:"96680",title:"Dr.",name:"Hajime",middleName:null,surname:"Nakatani",fullName:"Hajime Nakatani",slug:"hajime-nakatani"},{id:"96738",title:"Dr.",name:"Hideo",middleName:null,surname:"Miyake",fullName:"Hideo Miyake",slug:"hideo-miyake"},{id:"96739",title:"Prof.",name:"Shin'Ichi",middleName:null,surname:"Akiyama",fullName:"Shin'Ichi Akiyama",slug:"shin'ichi-akiyama"}]},{id:"17243",title:"Liver Regeneration: the Role of Bioengineering",slug:"liver-regeneration-the-role-of-bioengineering",signatures:"Pedro M. Baptista, Dipen Vyas and Shay Soker",authors:[{id:"43679",title:"Dr.",name:"Pedro",middleName:"M.",surname:"Baptista",fullName:"Pedro Baptista",slug:"pedro-baptista"},{id:"52899",title:"Prof.",name:"Shay",middleName:null,surname:"Soker",fullName:"Shay Soker",slug:"shay-soker"}]},{id:"17244",title:"Platelet Rich Plasma in Reconstructive Periodontal Therapy",slug:"platelet-rich-plasma-in-reconstructive-periodontal-therapy",signatures:"Selcuk Yılmaz, Gokser Cakar and Sebnem Dirikan Ipci",authors:[{id:"50002",title:"Prof.",name:"Selcuk",middleName:null,surname:"Yilmaz",fullName:"Selcuk Yilmaz",slug:"selcuk-yilmaz"},{id:"50027",title:"Dr.",name:"Gokser",middleName:null,surname:"Cakar Gurluman",fullName:"Gokser Cakar Gurluman",slug:"gokser-cakar-gurluman"},{id:"50028",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebnem",middleName:null,surname:"Dirikan Ipci",fullName:"Sebnem Dirikan Ipci",slug:"sebnem-dirikan-ipci"}]},{id:"17245",title:"Ocular Surface Reconstitution",slug:"ocular-surface-reconstitution",signatures:"Pho Nguyen, Shabnam Khashabi and Samuel C Yiu",authors:[{id:"49623",title:"Dr.",name:"Samuel",middleName:null,surname:"Yiu",fullName:"Samuel Yiu",slug:"samuel-yiu"},{id:"49626",title:"Dr.",name:"Pho",middleName:null,surname:"Nguyen",fullName:"Pho Nguyen",slug:"pho-nguyen"},{id:"49627",title:"Dr.",name:"Shabnam",middleName:null,surname:"Khashabi",fullName:"Shabnam Khashabi",slug:"shabnam-khashabi"}]},{id:"17246",title:"A Liquid Ventilator Prototype for Total Liquid Ventilation Preclinical Studies",slug:"a-liquid-ventilator-prototype-for-total-liquid-ventilation-preclinical-studies",signatures:"Philippe Micheau, Raymond Robert, Benoit Beaudry, Alexandre Beaulieu, Mathieu Nadeau, Olivier Avoine, Marie-Eve Rochon, Jean-Paul Praud and Hervé Walti",authors:[{id:"43309",title:"Prof.",name:"Philippe",middleName:null,surname:"Micheau",fullName:"Philippe Micheau",slug:"philippe-micheau"},{id:"48883",title:"Mr.",name:"Raymond",middleName:null,surname:"Robert",fullName:"Raymond Robert",slug:"raymond-robert"},{id:"48884",title:"Mr.",name:"Hervé",middleName:null,surname:"Walti",fullName:"Hervé Walti",slug:"herve-walti"},{id:"48885",title:"Mr.",name:"Jean-Paul",middleName:null,surname:"Praud",fullName:"Jean-Paul Praud",slug:"jean-paul-praud"},{id:"48886",title:"Mr.",name:"Alexandre",middleName:null,surname:"Beeaulieu",fullName:"Alexandre Beeaulieu",slug:"alexandre-beeaulieu"},{id:"48887",title:"Mr.",name:"Olivier",middleName:null,surname:"Avoine",fullName:"Olivier Avoine",slug:"olivier-avoine"},{id:"48888",title:"BSc.",name:"Mathieu",middleName:null,surname:"Nadeau",fullName:"Mathieu Nadeau",slug:"mathieu-nadeau"},{id:"48889",title:"Mr.",name:"Marie Eve",middleName:null,surname:"Rochon",fullName:"Marie Eve Rochon",slug:"marie-eve-rochon"},{id:"86905",title:"MSc.",name:"Benoit",middleName:null,surname:"Beaudry",fullName:"Benoit Beaudry",slug:"benoit-beaudry"}]},{id:"17247",title:"Isolation and Purification of Bioactive Proteins from Bovine Colostrum",slug:"isolation-and-purification-of-bioactive-proteins-from-bovine-colostrum",signatures:"Mianbin Wu, Xuewan Wang, Zhengyu Zhang and Rutao Wang",authors:[{id:"38025",title:"Dr.",name:"Mianbin",middleName:null,surname:"Wu",fullName:"Mianbin Wu",slug:"mianbin-wu"},{id:"48166",title:"MSc.",name:"Zhengyu",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",fullName:"Zhengyu Zhang",slug:"zhengyu-zhang"},{id:"87568",title:"MSc.",name:"Rutao",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Rutao Wang",slug:"rutao-wang"},{id:"87570",title:"MSc.",name:"Xuewan",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Xuewan Wang",slug:"xuewan-wang"}]},{id:"17248",title:"Separation of Biosynthetic Products by Pertraction",slug:"separation-of-biosynthetic-products-by-pertraction",signatures:"Anca-Irina Galaction and Dan Caşcaval",authors:[{id:"32932",title:"Prof.",name:"Anca",middleName:"Irina",surname:"Galaction",fullName:"Anca Galaction",slug:"anca-galaction"},{id:"40415",title:"Prof.",name:"Dan",middleName:null,surname:"Cascaval",fullName:"Dan Cascaval",slug:"dan-cascaval"}]},{id:"17249",title:"Screening of Factors Influencing Exopolymer Production by Bacillus licheniformis Strain T221a Using 2-Level Factorial Design",slug:"screening-of-factors-influencing-exopolymer-production-by-bacillus-licheniformis-strain-t221a-using-",signatures:"Nurrazean Haireen Mohd Tumpang,\nMadihah Md. Salleh and Suraini Abd-Aziz",authors:[{id:"35403",title:"Dr.",name:"Madihah",middleName:null,surname:"Salleh",fullName:"Madihah Salleh",slug:"madihah-salleh"},{id:"46866",title:"Ms",name:"Azean Haireen",middleName:null,surname:"Tumpang",fullName:"Azean Haireen Tumpang",slug:"azean-haireen-tumpang"},{id:"46867",title:"Dr.",name:"Suraini",middleName:null,surname:"Abdul Aziz",fullName:"Suraini Abdul Aziz",slug:"suraini-abdul-aziz"}]},{id:"17250",title:"Biocatalysts in Control of Phytopatogenic Fungi and Methods for Antifungal Effect Detection",slug:"biocatalysts-in-control-of-phytopatogenic-fungi-and-methods-for-antifungal-effect-detection",signatures:"Cecilia Balvantín–García, Karla M. Gregorio-Jáuregui, Erika Nava-Reyna, Alejandra I. Perez-Molina, José L. Martínez-Hernández, Jesús Rodríguez-Martínez and Anna Ilyina",authors:[{id:"48689",title:"Dr.",name:"Anna",middleName:null,surname:"Ilyina",fullName:"Anna Ilyina",slug:"anna-ilyina"},{id:"49575",title:"MSc.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Balvantín – García",fullName:"Cecilia Balvantín – García",slug:"cecilia-balvantin-garcia"},{id:"49576",title:"MSc.",name:"Erika",middleName:null,surname:"Nava-Reyna",fullName:"Erika Nava-Reyna",slug:"erika-nava-reyna"},{id:"49577",title:"MSc.",name:"Alejandra",middleName:"Ivett",surname:"Pérez-Molina",fullName:"Alejandra Pérez-Molina",slug:"alejandra-perez-molina"},{id:"49578",title:"MSc.",name:"Karla M.",middleName:null,surname:"Gregorio-Jáuregui",fullName:"Karla M. Gregorio-Jáuregui",slug:"karla-m.-gregorio-jauregui"},{id:"49579",title:"Dr.",name:"José L.",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Hernández",fullName:"José L. Martínez-Hernández",slug:"jose-l.-martinez-hernandez"},{id:"49580",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesús",middleName:null,surname:"Rodríguez-Martínez",fullName:"Jesús Rodríguez-Martínez",slug:"jesus-rodriguez-martinez"}]},{id:"17251",title:"Cofactor Engineering Enhances the Physiological Function of an Industrial Strain",slug:"cofactor-engineering-enhances-the-physiological-function-of-an-industrial-strain",signatures:"Liming Liu and Jian Chen",authors:[{id:"30862",title:"Dr.",name:"Liming",middleName:null,surname:"Liu",fullName:"Liming Liu",slug:"liming-liu"}]},{id:"17252",title:"The Bioengineering and Industrial Applications of Bacterial Alkaline Proteases: the Case of SAPB and KERAB",slug:"the-bioengineering-and-industrial-applications-of-bacterial-alkaline-proteases-the-case-of-sapb-and-",signatures:"Bassem Jaouadi, Badis Abdelmalek, Nedia Zaraî Jaouadi and Samir Bejar",authors:[{id:"54039",title:"Prof.",name:"Bejar",middleName:null,surname:"Samir",fullName:"Bejar Samir",slug:"bejar-samir"},{id:"119270",title:"Dr.",name:"Bassem",middleName:null,surname:"Jaouadi",fullName:"Bassem Jaouadi",slug:"bassem-jaouadi"}]},{id:"17253",title:"Bioengineering Recombinant Diacylglycerol Acyltransferases",slug:"bioengineering-recombinant-diacylglycerol-acyltransferases",signatures:"Heping Cao",authors:[{id:"33261",title:"Dr.",name:"Heping",middleName:null,surname:"Cao",fullName:"Heping Cao",slug:"heping-cao"}]},{id:"17254",title:"Microalgal Biotechnology and Bioenergy in Dunaliella",slug:"microalgal-biotechnology-and-bioenergy-in-dunaliella",signatures:"Mansour Shariati and Mohammad Reza Hadi",authors:[{id:"33389",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammad Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Hadi",fullName:"Mohammad Reza Hadi",slug:"mohammad-reza-hadi"},{id:"33405",title:"Dr.",name:"Mansour",middleName:null,surname:"Shariati",fullName:"Mansour Shariati",slug:"mansour-shariati"}]},{id:"17255",title:"New Trends for Understanding Stability of Biological Materials from Engineering Prospective",slug:"new-trends-for-understanding-stability-of-biological-materials-from-engineering-prospective",signatures:"Ayman H. Amer Eissa and Abdul Rahman O. Alghannam",authors:[{id:"32499",title:"Prof.",name:"Ayman",middleName:"Hafiz",surname:"Amer Eissa",fullName:"Ayman Amer Eissa",slug:"ayman-amer-eissa"}]},{id:"17256",title:"Morphology Control of Ordered Mesoporous Carbon Using Organic-Templating Approach",slug:"morphology-control-of-ordered-mesoporous-carbon-using-organic-templating-approach",signatures:"Shunsuke Tanaka and Norikazu Nishiyama",authors:[{id:"31174",title:"Dr",name:"Shunsuke",middleName:null,surname:"Tanaka",fullName:"Shunsuke Tanaka",slug:"shunsuke-tanaka"},{id:"77598",title:"Prof.",name:"Norikazu",middleName:null,surname:"Nishiyama",fullName:"Norikazu Nishiyama",slug:"norikazu-nishiyama"}]},{id:"17257",title:"Streambank Soil Bioengineering Approach to Erosion Control",slug:"streambank-soil-bioengineering-approach-to-erosion-control",signatures:"Francisco Sandro Rodrigues Holanda and Igor Pinheiro da Rocha",authors:[{id:"39942",title:"Prof.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Holanda",fullName:"Francisco Holanda",slug:"francisco-holanda"},{id:"102464",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Pinheiro",surname:"Rocha",fullName:"Igor Rocha",slug:"igor-rocha"}]},{id:"17258",title:"Improving Biosurfactant Recovery from Pseudomonas aeruginosa Fermentation",slug:"improving-biosurfactant-recovery-from-pseudomonas-aeruginosa-fermentation",signatures:"Salwa Mohd Salleh, Nur Asshifa Md Noh and Ahmad Ramli Mohd Yahya",authors:[{id:"51907",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmad R.M.",middleName:null,surname:"Yahya",fullName:"Ahmad R.M. Yahya",slug:"ahmad-r.m.-yahya"},{id:"52584",title:"Ms.",name:"Salwa",middleName:null,surname:"M.S",fullName:"Salwa M.S",slug:"salwa-m.s"},{id:"55412",title:"Mrs",name:"M. N.",middleName:null,surname:"Asshifa",fullName:"M. N. Asshifa",slug:"m.-n.-asshifa"}]},{id:"17259",title:"New Insight into Biodegradation of Poly (L-Lactide), Enzyme Production and Characterization",slug:"new-insight-into-biodegradation-of-poly-l-lactide-enzyme-production-and-characterization",signatures:"Sukhumaporn Sukkhum and Vichien Kitpreechavanich",authors:[{id:"35049",title:"Dr.",name:"Vichien",middleName:null,surname:"Kitpreechavanich",fullName:"Vichien Kitpreechavanich",slug:"vichien-kitpreechavanich"},{id:"48701",title:"Dr.",name:"Sukhumaporn",middleName:null,surname:"Sukkhum",fullName:"Sukhumaporn Sukkhum",slug:"sukhumaporn-sukkhum"}]},{id:"17260",title:"Engineering Bacteria for Bioremediation",slug:"engineering-bacteria-for-bioremediation",signatures:"Elen Aquino Perpetuo, Cleide Barbieri Souza and Claudio Augusto Oller Nascimento",authors:[{id:"35301",title:"Dr.",name:"Elen",middleName:null,surname:"Perpetuo",fullName:"Elen Perpetuo",slug:"elen-perpetuo"},{id:"50350",title:"Prof.",name:"Claudio",middleName:null,surname:"Oller Do Nascimento",fullName:"Claudio Oller Do Nascimento",slug:"claudio-oller-do-nascimento"},{id:"87386",title:"Dr.",name:"Cleide",middleName:null,surname:"Barbieri De Souza",fullName:"Cleide Barbieri De Souza",slug:"cleide-barbieri-de-souza"}]},{id:"17261",title:"Construction and Characterization of Novel Chimeric β -Glucosidases with Cellvibrio gilvus (CG) and Thermotoga maritima (TM) by Overlapping PCR",slug:"construction-and-characterization-of-novel-chimeric-glucosidases-with-cellvibrio-gilvus-cg-and-therm",signatures:"Kim Jong Deog and Hayashi Kiyoshi",authors:[{id:"31115",title:"Prof.",name:"Jongdeog",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",fullName:"Jongdeog Kim",slug:"jongdeog-kim"},{id:"31120",title:"Prof.",name:"Kiyoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Hayashi",fullName:"Kiyoshi Hayashi",slug:"kiyoshi-hayashi"},{id:"31121",title:"Dr.",name:"HyoJin",middleName:null,surname:"SEO",fullName:"HyoJin SEO",slug:"hyojin-seo"}]}]}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"72350",title:"Mixed Reality in the Presentation of Industrial Heritage Development",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92645",slug:"mixed-reality-in-the-presentation-of-industrial-heritage-development",body:'\n
Industrial heritage provides one of the most important records of urban development and progress of human civilization in the last two centuries. Monumental industrial buildings reflect the extraordinary technical and economical development and the progress in science and technology. Even after the termination of their original function, industrial heritage buildings and equipment with their architecture are still significantly participating in the character of each city. A global problem is the decreasing interest of young people in studying natural sciences and engineering, which is a prerequisite for further technological progress and socio-economic development of the life of inhabitants. This lack of interest is justified by the high abstraction and lack of clarity in the scientific and technical fields which are separated from people’s everyday lives. Therefore the current trend nowadays is developing an interactive mixed reality model of presentations—those are able to make more attractive inspirational use of this rich source of knowledge and experiences [1].
\nThe interdisciplinary research team at the Faculty of Architecture STU BA systematically focuses its work on applications of mixed reality by merging different sensorial inputs from real and virtual environment. This chapter aimed to explore opportunities for collaboration between theoretical research, monument preservation, virtual reality and architectural practice. It deals with the identified key factors that conditionally affect the quality and efficiency of architectural design and mixed reality process. For this purpose, the chapter examines case studies and describes possible applications on the basis of the operational research model so-called ‘Educational Polygon’ [2]. This model is used as a tool for identification of industrial heritage potential and it also serves as an effective communication and educational instrument throughout the active development process. Effectiveness of used procedures of the system Educational Polygon (EP) has been verified within the research KEGA and in the main case study reconstruction of Old Power Plant in city Piešťany and in the education and design process in Bratislava.
\nIndustrial heritage consists of the remains of industrial culture that are of historical, technological, social, architectural or scientific value. These remains consist of buildings and machinery, workshops, mills and factories, mines and sites for processing and refining, warehouses and stores, places where energy is generated, transmitted and used, transport and its entire infrastructure [3]. Industrial heritage represents a considerable qualitative and quantitative economic potential for future development. In this context an architectural profession often finds itself in the role of mediator between investors, government, municipality, scientific community and general public.
\nThis happens during the whole process of industrial heritage restoration, when in the given circumstances architects requires Mixed Reality to present the design changes of industrial heritage to the public.
\nIn order to clarify terms in this article, Mixed Reality is a term used to cover all concepts of reality as shown in the classification of MR technologies in the Figure 1. For the presentation of industrial heritage in the case studies, augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) were used mainly. Displayed types of realities differ according to degree of reality, on the left side there is real reality with the highest degree of reality. On the other side of the scope is placed VR, which could be understood as complete absence of real world.
\nOrder of reality concepts ranging from reality to virtuality (Schnabel et al., 2008) [4].
The crucial difference between AR and VR is that AR in contrast to VR does not abstract completely from the physical world; virtual objects interact with the physical world and are placed into the context of real world. Furthermore, AR represents a less invasive concept as it is based on real physical laws, which does not have to be the case with VR. Technological progress erases the borders between reality and virtual reality. Perception of the world can be manipulated through the technology. Various illusions can be fabricated in real world through the physical installations or in mixed reality. New mixed reality devices are coming to the commercial market and enable more dynamic and realistic perception of the computer-designed world. The possibility to create photo-realistic scenes in game engines plays important advance in design of projects and applications in virtual and mixed reality in the presentation of industrial heritage [5].
\nThis research is based on Steed’s revisiting of virtual continuum by extending the notions of virtual and real environment, building on Milgram’s and Kishino’s diagram. Steed explained that even within a ‘standard’ VR, there are links to the real world, and what one sees in the virtual environment might reflect some aspects of the current state of the real world. This situation could be observed by using body avatars or real object’s representations in the virtual environment.
\nThis blend between real and virtual has long been objective of studies by the real-time graphics communities. In 1994, Milgram and Kishino created a diagram, which has framed these concepts and provided the description for virtuality continuum (Figure 2). ‘Milgram and Kishino have placed real environments and virtual environments at the opposite ends of a spectrum that includes various levels of “mixing” of realities, hence the generic term mixed reality (MR). This is a rough description that shows that one can add virtual elements to a real scene to create an “augmented reality” (AR), or real elements to a virtual environment to create an “augmented virtuality” (AV). Some authors just use the term AR, without using the term augmented virtuality’ [6].
\nVirtuality continuum diagram by Milgram and Kishino [6].
The taxonomy of Milgram and Kishino provides a way of contrasting different types of mixed reality. Complementing their taxonomy, Steed introduces two further considerations that distinguish between different systems: primary environment and immediacy of representation. The primary environment is always one of three things: a pure virtual environment, the local real environment or a remote real environment. Immediacy of representation is a simple concept, which refers to the age of the represented content in the mixed reality and thus its veracity [6]. Steed is describing those terms mainly on visual situations and examples. Besides mixing of visual elements from real and virtual, the experimental work described in this chapter is focused also on various fusions of other different sensorial inputs from real world such as touch, smell and hearing with virtual environment.
\nDidactic theory confirms that the senses are portals of information. One learns by hearing, sight or by activity (Figure 3). We all use these methods and each of us prefers a different way of teaching. The use of the senses and their combinations is typical for mixing learning styles.
\nGraph of sensory reception and picture of Senzulor (Scheme: Ganobjak and Hain, 2017) [8].
With every sense, we receive a different percentage of information and we remember it differently. A distinction needs to be made between receiving and remembering information. We receive most information visually and less by hearing. We remember 20% of what we hear, 30% of what we see in visual form and 90% of what we are actively doing [7].
\nMixed reality also actively uses the first two senses through which we receive the most information, sight and hearing. Kinesthetic style uses activity and engages all (other) senses without preference. It is proven that the greatest learning effectiveness is the way of learning through a combination of learning styles. In this way, one can remember up to 80–90% of what one hears, sees and does at once. Although the representation of other senses versus sight and hearing is negligible in receiving information, it appears that combinations of activating multiple senses are highly effective. The sensory overlap with which the information was captured, creates stronger links between them for remembering, which is absent in the case of selective perceptions.
\nAmong us, there are several cases of people with visual, hearing or other disabilities that should not be forgotten. In such a situation, one or more of the senses are lacking and are therefore replaced, represented and compensated by another. Each is unique and different, it would be appropriate to pay special attention to each person with regard to its properties. However, it is not possible to set up a specific exposure for each, either spatially or financially. Here, universal design rules are offered, as if they are the opposite of barrier-free design. It is not a design for a narrowly specified group, but rather for the widest possible range of users. All you have to do is create one quality exposure that is universal for everyone. One solution to achieve such a balanced state is to create an exposure and at the same time every single exhibit perceived by multiple senses simultaneously. Thus, anyone will be provided with full information. Moreover, such a Mixed Reality exposition allows the situation to be better, more clearly, imagined, understood and remembered not only for children but also for people with limited abilities.
\nWhen we create an exposition, it is necessary to focus not only on the collection of objects that can be seen, but also to make the exhibits available in a non-visual way for universal design. Such an exhibition focused on other senses than sight, will bring a new experience, allowing visitors to get to know nature often from another side. An inseparable part is also a fun factor. The fun factor is always pleasant refreshment in the amount of testimonial information that seeks our attention.
\nThe sensor image (Figure 4) shows the reach of our senses. At the same time, it shows the radius of information that we are able to take in that sense. While our eyes catch most of the information, we are also saturated with visual information, so it is possible to use the way of inverse engagement of the senses. Not many educational exhibitions are conceived in taste, tact, smell or acoustically. Just as we perceive the stimulus closer to the body, it may leave a larger memory footprint.
\nInverse sensory orientation of exposure. Combinations of sensory perception affect the overall impression (scheme: Ganobjak and Hain, 2017) [8].
One subconsciously favours those impulses and stimuli from the environment that act closer to the surface of the body. This proximity gives rise to an approximatively defined sequence of its sensory zones from the tactile zone to the thermal zone, the olfactory zone, the acoustical zone, to the human dominant visual zone. The irritation of our receptors affects the perception of the surroundings, the orientation and behaviour in space and the overall relation to the environment. By the centre of gravity are activated sensory organs determine to the size and nature of individual spatial frames of human zones. This dependency is expressed by the sensor.
\nThe sensory organs provide the brain with information about the specificities of the external environment. Different organized sensory organs, with different sensitivity and complexity, can either receive one and the same information or multiple information at the same time. These combinations of sensory perception affect the overall impression, feeling or condition of a person in a variety of situations. These phenomena are positively or negatively manifested especially in the perception of the exhibition and therefore it is important to address them also when designing Mixed Reality.
\nBased on the results of the FA STU research and the KEGA grant [8], an industrial heritage visitor will best understand the information with a logical structure where the individual themes and exhibits are linked to one another. Therefore, when designing Mixed Reality, it is crucial to organize the exposure with the exhibits into a system with a logical (semantic) structure that clearly implies what is primary, principal, essential, and secondary, complementary, which are the main and secondary elements of the exposure and what are the relationships between them.
\nThe average person remembers approximately:
10% of what he/she reads,
20% of what he/she hears,
30% of what he/she sees in visual form,
70% of what he/she sees and hears at the same time,
80% of what he/she sees, hears and speaks at the same time,
90% of what he/she is actively doing.
It follows from the above that it is important to include and combine the perception of multiple senses during exposure, to change the senses several times during the exhibit and to repeat the new stimuli [8].
\nThe fluency/continuity of the exposure is achieved by its spatial and thematic continuity. This can be done by linearly designing the exposure, by its loop, or by multiple looping. Linearity means: ‘A loop allowing the linearity and sequence of exposure to be maintained, giving the possibility of returning to the previous point where the rest zone can be situated’. Combining exposure helps achieve spatial compactness. On the smallest scale, a single room can also be a loop. It is not advisable to create blind offshoots of exposure with longer and deeper spaces, after which visitors must go back in the same way as in virtual reality (Figure 5).
\nRounding the exposure helps to achieve spatial compactness and prevent muscular fatigue syndrome (scheme: Ganobjak and Hain, 2017) [8].
This augmentation of virtual by senses is related to the understanding of virtuality and its perception. As Calleja indicates, media can create the phenomenon described by the notions of presence and immersion in them [9]. This phenomenon could be seen as degree of ‘realness’ of medium. In the heritage presentations and architectural design, we can presume that building plans have different degree of immersion as the physical and digital models. The immersion rises with quantity and nature of information received by the user. By involving various sensory stimuli, the information stream is widened and thus it is easier to compare user experience to the real situation [10], which is closer to our innate learning by experience, and to gather relevant data about the users. These data are used as feedback from the users, which could improve future designs of the next presentations and environments.
\nFor this purpose, there are several techniques of how to process spatial information. It is possible to 3D scan the space or measure it with routine techniques and to compare it with suitable historical documentation. Then to model it accordingly in form of a digital mesh model, individual characteristic surfaces need to be photographed to create textures with appropriate qualities such as colour, reflections, structure etc. For unpreserved surfaces, it is possible to use retouched techniques or replace them with equivalent textures from similar spaces.
\nThe choice of theme, exhibits, choice of methods of mixed reality presentation, organizational forms and material means should be guided by didactic principles.
\n\n
The principle of creating optimal conditions for the observation and educational process of exposure
The principle of adequacy of exposure to target groups and individual treatment of visitors
Principle of science
The principle of connection of scientific exhibits with life, theory and practice
Principle of illustration
The principle of motivation, awareness and activity
Principle of continuity and sequence of teaching
Principle of durability and operability of the educational process of exposure
Its essence is that the knowledge and skills of users should be the result of their own thinking. All modern concepts agree that the visitor should be motivated and active in getting to know museums or expositions of industrial heritage. To do this, a clear and comprehensive specification of exposure and education objectives is needed, and the following principles serve to create a mixed reality design.
\nMixed reality is an interesting option for representation of objects within heritage conservation. Objects are exhibited in augmented or virtual reality and aspect of interactivity produces greater immersion for users. Representation of objects within heritage conservation through mixed reality creates an opportunity to rediscover history in new and exciting way. However, it is a complex scheme of organized design process (Figure 6) with key educational elements of Educational Polygon, which is divided into several phases:
Defining the target user of mixed reality: for the needs of the Educational Polygon, we can basically divide all participants of the process into five main groups of stakeholders: 1. architect, 2. investor, 3. municipality, 4. professional community and 5. general public—NGOs, people living in the neighbourhood, former employees and important stakeholders in local development—potential users (Figure 6).
Key elements for definition of optimization problem of mixed reality:
accessibility: 1. personal, 2. local, 3. regional, 4. continental and 5. worldwide.
aspects that represent creation of the mixed reality model—6 limits (6E) which represent legitimate requests for creation of the mixed reality model: economic, 2. ecological, 3. ethical, 4. effective, 5. aesthetic and 6. educational.
the target we want to optimize by mixed reality—this objective must be measurable (max/min): maximize the potential of the industrial heritage presentation; and minimize the loss in value of industrial heritage.
the period for which is designated the result of presentation: 1. past, 2. present and 3. future (short term, medium term and long term).
Scheme of organized design process with key educational elements and interdisciplinary cooperation (scheme: Hain, 2014) [2].
The scheme includes criteria and aspects generating ‘matrix of externalities’ [11].
\nThe matrix of externalities reflects a combination of all possible decisions. By the interaction of all these elements, an educational benefit for all subjects could be received.
\nUsing the principles of Educational Polygon ensures a certain flexibility, cross-checking feedback as well as analysis of the results (Figure 7), which is a prerequisite for setting qualitative conversion process of industrial heritage [12].
\nEducational Polygon-managing team in dynamic model in the process of industrial heritage maintenance and presentation. Various relations emerge between the subjects by the presentation of the different time periods of the project [13] (scheme and photo of Educational Polygon: Hain).
The case study ‘the reconstruction of Old Power Plant in city Piešťany’ is an example of how to organize work in interdisciplinary partnership in order to integrate and implement Educational Polygon into practice within the existing structure of the restoration process. In addition, the study shows how it is possible to learn and discover new values and possibilities for designing architectures through the Operational research [14] and Mixed mediated reality [15] (Figure 8).
\nEducational Polygon and Operations research in practice—case study ‘Reconstruction of Old Power Plant Piešťany 2014’ (scheme: Hain [2]).
The first case study described in this chapter is representative by implementation of mentioned methodology from the previous sections. Additionally the research is focused on the use of Mixed reality as an analytical tool of design. This way, the exploration of the new simulation techniques and educational qualities of industrial spaces is connected to the gathering information about users.
\nThe power plant for heavy oil burning in Piešťany was built in 1906 as one of the first of its kind in the former Austro-Hungarian Empire. Later, the plant only provided distribution and energy transformation till the 1990s. The original engine equipment was sold off and the main hall became empty [16] (Figure 9).
\nPicture of the virtual machinery hall with machine equipment—at the first stage of the power plant in 1906 and the machinery hall in 2014 (Archival images: Hain).
After conversion, the building is now used as a technical science museum, which interactively educates about the energy and electricity sector. The machinery hall, which originally had six diesel engines and generators, is now a multifunctional room for exhibitions, scientific devices and social events. Retained documents about the original state of the machinery hall allowed the exact appearance to be replicated through VR (Figure 10).
\nTypological power plant and archival documents of the building, changes from the National Archive in Trnava from 1906 to 1938 (Archival images: Hain).
In the Mixed reality, the part of real world represents the old industrial building and the virtual part digital objects of original engine equipment that are already gone. Thanks to that, the building itself can be used for multifunctional cultural purposes and at the same time the visitors could find out a lot of interesting additional information about the history of electricity. The exhibition is a hybrid of augmented reality, virtual reality, 3D models and physical industrial artefacts and creates ‘mediated reality’ about industrial heritage. The presentation of a hypothetical reconstruction by VR can serve to bring the history, culture and technology closer to the public.
\nAfter creating a spatial scheme of exposure and optimizing the distribution of individual exhibits according to the above-mentioned didactic principles, it was decided within the interdisciplinary team of experts in what form of Mixed Reality the individual parts will be presented. A realistic 3D model was then created for VR (Figure 11).
\nThe spatial scheme and final results of reconstructed building with realistic virtual presentation—output of Unreal Engine 4 by O. Virág (Archival images: Hain) [16].
Model solutions are defined according to the restoration value of the monument [17]. The materials, proportions and details have been derived from preserved and functional historic diesel engines from the Technical Museum in Vienna through 3D scanning. Photogrammetric processes took 3 days. A 3D remodel of the historic 1906 engine was then created. Based on the interdisciplinary cooperation of STU experts and the analysis of historical documents, the historic appearance and hypothetical scene of the power plant machinery hall was hypothesized, presented via VR and later fully animated.
\nThe movie was accompanied by sound taken from similar diesel engines recorded at the Technical Museum in Vienna (permission granted 2014). The sound was recorded using a camera Canon Eos 20D and Nikon D7000 with microphone (after permission was granted in 2014) and then optimized and purified via Adobe Premiere Pro and Agisoft.
\nThis model serves as a 1:1 reference from which it was possible to analogically capture the proportions of the details (Figure 12) and draw them in new precise 3D model. Based on the archival research and the measurements in situ, we sought to find out whether the initial building was built according to plan in 1906. The next research identified all periods of the building’s construction additions and removals and various stages of the finished look (1920–1945). For this case study, it was decided to visualize the first and oldest period from 1906 [16].
\nHistorical diesel engine from Vienna Technical Museum and Photogrammetry via software Reality Capture and Agisoft by O. Virág. (Archival images: Hain) [16].
The digital 3D model of the building was created in accordance with the current measurements and compared with historical plans and identified construction phases. Some standard components of the models (Industry Props Pack, Handyman Tool Pack) are from UE marketplace & Turbosquid (screws, watering-can), and graphic works have been carried out with texturing, UV mapping (UV Layout), animation and programming (Textured: Quixel NDO, DDO, Substance Painter & Designer).
\nThe final application runs via the Unreal Engine (Figure 13). Initially the scene was tested with Oculus Rift, which had delays in the synchronization of head movements and caused dizziness of VR users. Finally the new more developed version is compatible with HTC Vive as well [16].
\nFinal VR 3D model of the virtual presentation was presented by VR headset Oculus Rift in the Power Plant Piešťany, where it was possible to compare the current and historical status on-site—an overlay of physical and virtual reality (Archival images: Hain [16]).
At this point, a user can see an atmosphere of characteristic historical design of space in the original, photo-realistic quality, along with animations and sounds in real time. The 3D model and VR objects were prepared in Unreal Engine 4, which provides photo-realistic images with high-quality textures and lighting. Outcomes are suitable for all these chosen devices: Oculus Rift, HTC Vive, Cyberith, etc. [1].
\nThe VR scene for the Old Power Plant created in 1906 (Figure 13) is designed for the visual communication of technical information, but it also ties in with the diversity of the educational and multisensory exhibition, which is more universal (e.g., for people with disabilities). The target audience represents all the visitors to the hands-on science centre EP (Elektrárňa Piešťany—Power Plant Piešťany), who can not only be entertained but also educated by an exhibition created in this way. The project target group consists of professionals and the general public. Primary school pupils can gain additional educational support from the exhibition. Animators, tutors, lecturers, heritage methodologists, curators, artists and culture administrators can present new findings from the interactive history in practice, in addition to mediating facts from the world of science and technology history.
\nThe created VR 3D model of the machinery hall seeks to eliminate the extreme situations of negative emotions of the space; it is ‘phobia free’. VR respects the senses and aims to eliminate negative emotions, thereby becoming universally appropriate. VR evokes feelings from this environment supplemented by authentic sounds of diesel engines that invoke an industrial atmosphere. At the event that took place on Friday 13 May 2016, the virtual reality project was presented for the first time in the Old Power Plant Piešťany through Oculus glasses (
The presentation in animated Virtual Reality with the possibility of synchronized movement in space is interactive and creates a subjective experience. It uses an audiovisual design, and in the original Old Power Plant hall it is sensually complemented by the historically present smell of black oil (unrefined diesel). This affects the imagination of the observer. It allows him to better immerse, so-called ‘deep-rooted’ and the potential for long-term information storage. At the same time, the presentation of the premises through the VR is a more interesting form for a wider audience of different ages and for people with some forms of disability.
\nThe VR is able to appeal to an age-wide and professional audience, thus ensuring the transmission of the legacy of the non-preserved cultural values of the buildings of the past. Virtual reality has proven to be a suitable tool for commemorating the extinct heritage and reinterpreting its significance for the present (Figure 14).
\nVR application testing at the Researchers’ Night 2019 in Bratislava and testing by students of the University of the Third Age of the Faculty of Architecture in Bratislava (photo: Hain).
The virtual machinery hall was tested at the European Researchers’ Night in Bratislava, where it was explored by tracked visitors. The motivation, which induced natural behaviour was taking photos of subjectively interesting motives. Supportive reward system with the impact on the real was publishing of their photos and motions on the second screen. Additionally, the users’ photos were valuable feedback information describing the most attractive exhibition places and motives. After the visit, users were asked to fill short questionnaires about the exhibition’s quality and feelings in VR [18].
\nMixed reality a presentation is suitable for people with various disabilities—the possibility of virtual movement without physical movement for people in wheelchairs, for the deaf a visual scene, for the visually impaired an intensive contrast of colours and brightness, and for the blind, a sound experience.
\nThe exhibition itself allows arbitrary graphical design, expression dynamics while saving space and adaptability. Authentic unavailable spaces shall be made available to the public and the diagrams shall explain the operation of the cooling water and fuel pipes to the generators in the engine room. The original equipment is complemented by LCD touch panels with educational presentation schemes in different languages explaining their function and operation during operation, as well as other options for generating electricity. Complemented reality is utilized on an example of an interactive timeline of electricity milestones. The individual points of the axis are traceable via tablets bound to a specific power plant background (wall or floor) by visitors independently. The exhibition space is complemented by an impressive Tesla coil, which is suspended on steel ropes and throws lightning over the heads of visitors. At the bottom of the turret room is a Van der Graaf generator in the form of a stainless-steel ball that bristles the hair of the person who touches it (Figure 15).
\nMixed reality exhibition in the Old Power Plant Piešťany with augmented reality, virtual reality and of original engine equipment (mixed reality design: Hain, Ganobjak).
The absence of a virtual avatar body in the VR as reported by visitors was a strange experience with feelings of disorientation and confusion, although it is disputable if the presence of an avatar body in VR would have avoided those feelings. Augmented reality, accompanied with the use of physical reality as an anchor for position and navigation, appears to be a further tool for effective education, with the brain effectively distinguishing the essence of a variety of information at a real place. Virtual reality has also shown in this case study to be useful for presentations at several events outside the industrial heritage site.
\nThe Mixed reality visit of the industrial space teleports the viewer into a virtual scene where it is also still possible to look around in a traditional manner. Virtual reality allows the handicapped to perform virtual movements without physical effort to places/through place where it would otherwise be impossible to go.
\nIn this case, Oculus was more useful than HTC Vive (depending on the mobility of physically impaired persons). The same virtual scene is perceptible from the perspective of a pedestrian. The perception of users and feeling of size could be changed (the visitor is like a giant and the scene is only a scaled model, or vice versa).
\nThe opportunity to experience a future, fictional world, to take a walk in the past or virtually teleport to other points of interest is opened up through VR presentations. Visual perception is supported with realistic materials and textures. Experience in a VR scene installed in the original Machinery Hall is supported by the real in situ scent of heavy oil that is still possible to smell in the existing premises.
\nVirtual reality with synchronized movement enables the visitors to view the exhibition from anywhere, even from outside Piešťany, it is possible to walk in the historic yet nonexisting interior of the Machinery Hall of 1906. Synchronized movement in virtual and physical reality is compelling and confirms the meaningful use of Mixed reality as a vehicle for presenting the defunct cultural (industrial) heritage against the backdrop of a direct comparison of the contemporary and the original state [18].
\nThe further studies show other attempts to present the revitalization of heritage and future architectural designs by mixed reality. The subsequent study has compared mixed reality by combination of virtual environment, sound and smell of real exterior environment. The presentation was an outcome of the interdisciplinary cooperation of FA STU, Pixel Federation and Eurosense. For that study, three students’ projects have been prepared for different types of virtual reality: Oculus Rift, Google Cardboard and HTC Vive in Unity Engine. The presented projects included the proposals for revitalization of Danube River bank and old industrial bridge, near the forested site in Bratislava. In the study, the involvement of the visitors, their willingness to discuss and their ability to link the projects with the real site were observed.
\nThe visitors participated when the projects were presented in situ, near the forest and in the university building, away from the real site. When presenting in situ, the primary environment was the local real environment, but when the presentation took place in the university, the primary environment was the remote real environment (Figure 16). The projects were presented in situ with Oculus Rift and Google Cardboard. Away from site, the projects were presented with included sounds from site by these technologies and with HTC Vive, which allowed users to move more naturally.
\nLeft—Presenting the projects in situ. Right—Presenting in the university (photo: Hajtmanek, 2016).
The three projects were similar in the means of orientation; the main dominants (main building, old industrial bridge and Bratislava Castle) were on the same places with the same visual and road connections, but the projects differentiated in the way of displaying and architectural form. One of the projects was displayed monoscopically (both eyes had the same image), the other two projects were displayed stereoscopically. All the projects were included in one exhibition application used on all mentioned VR technologies, so every user could visit all projects successively. One of the stereoscopically displayed projects had fluid architectural form, without recognizable architectural elements as columns, windows and doors. The other projects had more usual form with recognizable architectural elements. The summarized projects with their properties are shown in Figure 17.
\nPresented projects. Left—Project with recognizable architectural elements, presented monoscopically. Middle and right—Projects presented stereoscopically, the project on the right was the one with fluid form (Archival images: Hajtmanek).
The study showed that users did not notice that the one of the projects was presented monoscopically; but in this project and in the project without recognizable architectural elements, the users had problems with orientation. On the other hand, the problems with the orientation were lesser while presenting in situ. The comparison of the users’ ability to orient in the projects is summarized in the Table 1.
\n\n | Presented in situ | \nPresented in the remote environment | \n
---|---|---|
Project with familiar architectural elements, monoscopically presented | \nLesser problems with orientation | \nProblems with orientation | \n
Project with familiar architectural elements, stereoscopically presented | \nNo problems with orientation | \nLesser problems with orientation | \n
Project without familiar architectural elements, stereoscopically presented | \nLesser problems with orientation | \nProblems with orientation | \n
Comparison of the projects with different ways of presentation by users’ ability to orient in them (author: Hajtmanek).
The ability to see, smell and hear the sounds from the local real environment helped to better blend and understand the proposals with the reality. The visitors of in situ presentation were also more attracted and open to discussion by the proposals as they could directly compare it to the real situation.
\nUsed different technologies of VR for such a presentation showed that they did not have the effect on the orientation, but they influenced natural behaviour of the users. The HTC Vive was shown to be most suitable tool for similar presentations, because it allowed the users to move more freely in real and virtual space simultaneously.
\nThe Mixed connection between virtual and real was shown to be a proper tool to present the future proposals of new use of other historical heritage. The subsequent study examined the presentation in scaled physical model by augmenting it with the virtual layer, thus combining touch and visual senses. The combination of visual senses from real and virtual to improve the perception of scale and proportions on physical model of the designed environment has a long history. One of the first attempts to achieve the correct perception of scale of the physical model was filming it by special camera simulating the first-person movement [19]. The setup for this filming is shown in Figure 18.
\nLaboratory for model simulation FA STU in Bratislava (Kardoš, 1999) [19].
Today, it is possible to merge the virtual and real by using the tools for augmented reality and augmented virtuality. In cooperation with Studio Hani Rashid, University of Applied Arts in Vienna the augmented model of speculative proposal for Museum of Futures on Heldenplatz was made and presented on Vienna Speculative Futures Exhibition. The virtual layer was mapped on the physical model by tablet and Vuforia for Unity. The system precisely showed kinetic and programmatic capabilities of the building (Figure 19).
\nAugmented model of Museum of Future on Heldenplatz. Left—Setup of the exhibition with the marker. Right—Running of the application on tablet in the exhibition without any markers (Archival images: Hajtmanek).
This way of presenting showed its weaknesses, when it was compared to the mixing of the visual senses from virtual reality with local real surrounding environment. The interaction with the augumented reality model can be observed and interacted by more users together. However, the scale was not understood completely in the comparison to the visiting the model through the augmented virtuality. On the other hand, visitors comprehended the bigger picture of the building’s program and its surroundings. Nevertheless, this way of presentation attracted the attention of visitors and showed potential for detailly presenting the smaller objects in product design and building context with its surroundings in architectural design.
\nInviting the observers to visit the old and future spaces in augmented virtuality proved that they behaved very similar to the real situations, because they intuitively related the virtual environment to the real one. This relation between the real and virtual was further explored to use the user’s behaviour as feedback for designing the new presentations and future spaces. In one of the studies of Old Power Plant Piešťany, the users’ movements and gaze were recorded to predict their behaviour in new exhibitions by machine learning model [18].
\nSimilar approach was applied to evaluation of co-working offices of Hub Hub in Bratislava. The digital representation of offices was modelled, prepared for VR and presented in the real offices. It was visited and evaluated by the local co-workers, who had the best knowledge of the real space, which they were using (Figure 20).
\nLeft—Virtual model of the offices. Right—Evaluating of the space in situ (3D model and photo: Hajtmanek, 2019) [20].
The users had the task to choose the best place in the spaces and subjectively evaluate its openness, height, contact with exterior and illumination. The evaluation was recorded via gradient spots, creating heat maps in the plan of the building. The evaluation was expressed by white colour—nevertheless the spot was, the evaluation was more positive. In the virtual model, the same evaluated properties of space (openness, height contact with exterior and illumination) were precisely measured in every position from the grid in module of 60 by 60 cm. This information was noted via RGB channels to small textures—samples of size 16 by 16 pixels (Figure 21).
\nLeft—Users’ evaluation of the space. Right—Measured parameters of the space noted via small textures (Hajtmanek, 2019) [20].
This way, every position in the grid had the values of subjective evaluation and measured properties of the space. On these data, the artificial neural network (ANN) was trained by supervised learning. ANN learned on data from small offices and terrace and then it was tested on the space in the middle. The comparison between the original and the predicted evaluation on the testing space proved that the final model could predict the evaluation of the users from new given spatial parameters. The evaluation of the openness was most effectively predicted with accuracy of 90, 25% (Figure 22).
\nComparison of original and predicted evaluation of the openness of the tested space. Evaluations are coloured (blue—positive evaluation, black—negative evaluation) and blurred to blend sampling (Hajtmanek, 2019) [20].
The study showed that the relation in between the simultaneous perception of virtual and real by all senses is possible to learn by machine learning model and use it as evaluation tool in architectural design of future spaces, which are similar to the evaluated one in the study. This feedback loop between the designer and users could bring the more effective and better suited future environment.
\nIn the multiple studies, the relation between virtual and real was explored by combining different sensorial stimuli. Combination of the senses of smelling, hearing and touching the real environment with the visual sense of virtual environment showed that viewers behaved more usually, because they easily related the virtual environment to the real one.
\nIn such presentations, they realized and perceived the scale and proportions of the presented objects more properly as seeing on the plans, scaled physical models or screens. On the other hand, combining of touch and visual stimuli from real environment and visual stimulus from virtual environment on the scaled physical model showed that perception of scale was not trivial.
\nTo provide the better idea of scale in this combination of stimuli from real and virtual, it would be better to see the physical model, choose the position and then visit it from the first-person view in virtual reality or by the camera, which implies that in these studies, the use of augmented virtuality could be suited better than application of augmented reality.
\nThe research raises questions about VR’s usefulness, relevance, controversy and entertaining applications. Numerous psychologists also suggest that inappropriately applied VR may constitute a risk: being cut-off from the real world and creating a brain fallacy by optical illusion is unnatural and in the long-term risky. In this case study, VR as a practical tool enables the public to learn about by-gone heritage. Even with the numerous controversial VR uses, this example of VR could be considered meaningful and beneficial in practice [21].
\nMixed reality (MR) in the presentation of industrial heritage requires thorough knowledge and evaluation of the subject, causality—with a strong theoretical background and a target-oriented assessment perspective of the presentation and education level.
\nThe principle of interdisciplinary cooperation is not only synergistic element in a complex scheme of organized design process, but also a key educational element in mixed reality.
\nThe case study through MR has reinterpreted the history of the cultural industrial heritage, which was not possible to recover in physical reality, and has brought it to a contemporary audience. Through this practical interactive tool, the general public can learn about lost heritage. Interactive virtual parts can be embedded in conventional channels and animations controlled by focusing on specific objects.
\nUser tracking and the whole principle of interdisciplinary cooperation is not only a synergistic element in a complex organized design process, but also a key educational element in the protection of the local industrial heritage for involved participants.
\nHowever, each case of heritage management requires a specific and detailed study of the subject. Therefore, the study aims to serve as an initial model for further studies on the application of Mixed reality in the preservation and educational management of industrial and cultural heritage.
\nThis project has been supported with public funds provided by the Slovak Arts Council FPU 16-362-03415, by the subsidy project Supportive Program for Young Researchers SUPNVN and project KEGA 038STU-4/2017.
\nAt IntechOpen, we not only specialize in the publication of Book Chapters as part of our Edited Volumes, but also the publication and dissemination of longer manuscripts, known as Long Form Monographs. Monographs allow Authors to focus on presenting a single subject or a specific aspect of that subject and publish their research in detail.
\n\nEven if you have an area of research that does not at first sight fit within a previously defined IntechOpen project, we can still offer support and help you in publishing your individual research. Publishing your IntechOpen book in the form of a Long Form Monograph is a viable alternative.
",metaTitle:"Publish a Whole Book",metaDescription:"At IntechOpen, we not only specialize in the publication of book chapters as part of our Edited Volumes, but also the publication and dissemination of long form manuscripts, known as monographs. Monographs allow authors to focus on presenting a single subject or a specific aspect of that subject and publish their research at length.\n\nPerhaps you have an area of research that does not fit within a previously defined IntechOpen project, but rather need help in publishing your individual research? Publishing your IntechOpen book in the form of a long form monograph is a great alternative.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/publish-a-whole-book",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"MONOGRAPH - LONG FORM MANUSCRIPT
\\n\\nFORMATS
\\n\\nCOST
\\n\\n10,000 GBP Monograph - Long Form
\\n\\nThe final price includes project management, editorial and peer-review services, technical editing, language copyediting, cover design, book layout, book promotion and ISBN assignment.
\\n\\n*The price does not include Value-Added Tax (VAT). Residents of European Union countries need to add VAT based on the specific rate applied in their country of residence. Institutions and companies registered as VAT taxable entities in their own EU member state will not pay VAT by providing us with their VAT registration number. This is made possible by the EU reverse charge method.
\\n\\nOptional Services
\\n\\nIntechOpen has collaborated with Enago, through its sister brand, Ulatus, which is one of the world’s leading providers of book translation services. The services are designed to convey the essence of your work to readers from across the globe in a language they understand. Enago’s expert translators incorporate cultural nuances in translations to make the content relevant for local audiences while retaining the original meaning and style. Enago translators are equipped to handle all complex and multiple overlapping themes encompassed in a single book and their high degree of linguistic and subject expertise enables them to deliver a superior quality output.
\\n\\nIntechOpen Authors that wish to use this service will receive a 20% discount on all translation services. To find out more information or obtain a quote, please visit: https://www.enago.com/intech.
\\n\\nFUNDING
\\n\\nWe feel that financial barriers should never prevent researchers from publishing their work. Please consult our Open Access Funding page to explore funding opportunities and learn more about how you can finance your IntechOpen publication.
\\n\\nBENEFITS
\\n\\nPUBLISHING PROCESS STEPS
\\n\\nFor a complete overview of all publishing process steps and descriptions, go to How Open Access Publishing Works.
\\n\\nSEND YOUR PROPOSAL
\\n\\nIf you are interested in publishing your book with IntechOpen, please submit your book proposal by completing the Publishing Proposal Form.
\\n\\nNot sure if this is the right option for you? Please refer back to the main Publish with IntechOpen page or feel free to contact us directly at book.department@intechopen.com.
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'MONOGRAPH - LONG FORM MANUSCRIPT
\n\nFORMATS
\n\nCOST
\n\n10,000 GBP Monograph - Long Form
\n\nThe final price includes project management, editorial and peer-review services, technical editing, language copyediting, cover design, book layout, book promotion and ISBN assignment.
\n\n*The price does not include Value-Added Tax (VAT). Residents of European Union countries need to add VAT based on the specific rate applied in their country of residence. Institutions and companies registered as VAT taxable entities in their own EU member state will not pay VAT by providing us with their VAT registration number. This is made possible by the EU reverse charge method.
\n\nOptional Services
\n\nIntechOpen has collaborated with Enago, through its sister brand, Ulatus, which is one of the world’s leading providers of book translation services. The services are designed to convey the essence of your work to readers from across the globe in a language they understand. Enago’s expert translators incorporate cultural nuances in translations to make the content relevant for local audiences while retaining the original meaning and style. Enago translators are equipped to handle all complex and multiple overlapping themes encompassed in a single book and their high degree of linguistic and subject expertise enables them to deliver a superior quality output.
\n\nIntechOpen Authors that wish to use this service will receive a 20% discount on all translation services. To find out more information or obtain a quote, please visit: https://www.enago.com/intech.
\n\nFUNDING
\n\nWe feel that financial barriers should never prevent researchers from publishing their work. Please consult our Open Access Funding page to explore funding opportunities and learn more about how you can finance your IntechOpen publication.
\n\nBENEFITS
\n\nPUBLISHING PROCESS STEPS
\n\nFor a complete overview of all publishing process steps and descriptions, go to How Open Access Publishing Works.
\n\nSEND YOUR PROPOSAL
\n\nIf you are interested in publishing your book with IntechOpen, please submit your book proposal by completing the Publishing Proposal Form.
\n\nNot sure if this is the right option for you? Please refer back to the main Publish with IntechOpen page or feel free to contact us directly at book.department@intechopen.com.
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/55578/images/4574_n.png",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5758},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5220},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1711},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:10348},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:895},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:15755}],offset:12,limit:12,total:118014},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{hasNoEditors:"0",sort:"ebgfFaeGuveeFgfcChcyvfu"},books:[],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:12},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:15},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:29},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:1}],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.png",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8985",title:"Natural Resources Management and Biological Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5c2e219a6c021a40b5a20c041dea88c4",slug:"natural-resources-management-and-biological-sciences",bookSignature:"Edward R. Rhodes and Humood Naser",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8985.jpg",editors:[{id:"280886",title:"Prof.",name:"Edward R",middleName:null,surname:"Rhodes",slug:"edward-r-rhodes",fullName:"Edward R Rhodes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9027",title:"Human Blood Group Systems and Haemoglobinopathies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d00d8e40b11cfb2547d1122866531c7e",slug:"human-blood-group-systems-and-haemoglobinopathies",bookSignature:"Osaro Erhabor and Anjana Munshi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9027.jpg",editors:[{id:"35140",title:null,name:"Osaro",middleName:null,surname:"Erhabor",slug:"osaro-erhabor",fullName:"Osaro Erhabor"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7841",title:"New Insights Into Metabolic Syndrome",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ef5accfac9772b9e2c9eff884f085510",slug:"new-insights-into-metabolic-syndrome",bookSignature:"Akikazu Takada",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7841.jpg",editors:[{id:"248459",title:"Dr.",name:"Akikazu",middleName:null,surname:"Takada",slug:"akikazu-takada",fullName:"Akikazu Takada"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8620",title:"Mining Techniques",subtitle:"Past, Present and Future",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b65658f81d14e9e57e49377869d3a575",slug:"mining-techniques-past-present-and-future",bookSignature:"Abhay Soni",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8620.jpg",editors:[{id:"271093",title:"Dr.",name:"Abhay",middleName:null,surname:"Soni",slug:"abhay-soni",fullName:"Abhay Soni"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8558",title:"Aerodynamics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"db7263fc198dfb539073ba0260a7f1aa",slug:"aerodynamics",bookSignature:"Mofid Gorji-Bandpy and Aly-Mousaad Aly",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8558.jpg",editors:[{id:"35542",title:"Prof.",name:"Mofid",middleName:null,surname:"Gorji-Bandpy",slug:"mofid-gorji-bandpy",fullName:"Mofid Gorji-Bandpy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9668",title:"Chemistry and Biochemistry of Winemaking, Wine Stabilization and Aging",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c5484276a314628acf21ec1bdc3a86b9",slug:"chemistry-and-biochemistry-of-winemaking-wine-stabilization-and-aging",bookSignature:"Fernanda Cosme, Fernando M. Nunes and Luís Filipe-Ribeiro",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9668.jpg",editors:[{id:"186819",title:"Prof.",name:"Fernanda",middleName:null,surname:"Cosme",slug:"fernanda-cosme",fullName:"Fernanda Cosme"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7847",title:"Medical Toxicology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"db9b65bea093de17a0855a1b27046247",slug:"medical-toxicology",bookSignature:"Pınar Erkekoglu and Tomohisa Ogawa",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7847.jpg",editors:[{id:"109978",title:"Prof.",name:"Pınar",middleName:null,surname:"Erkekoglu",slug:"pinar-erkekoglu",fullName:"Pınar Erkekoglu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9660",title:"Inland Waters",subtitle:"Dynamics and Ecology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"975c26819ceb11a926793bc2adc62bd6",slug:"inland-waters-dynamics-and-ecology",bookSignature:"Adam Devlin, Jiayi Pan and Mohammad Manjur Shah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9660.jpg",editors:[{id:"280757",title:"Dr.",name:"Adam",middleName:"Thomas",surname:"Devlin",slug:"adam-devlin",fullName:"Adam Devlin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9731",title:"Oxidoreductase",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"852e6f862c85fc3adecdbaf822e64e6e",slug:"oxidoreductase",bookSignature:"Mahmoud Ahmed Mansour",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9731.jpg",editors:[{id:"224662",title:"Prof.",name:"Mahmoud Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Mansour",slug:"mahmoud-ahmed-mansour",fullName:"Mahmoud Ahmed Mansour"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9864",title:"Hydrology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"02925c63436d12e839008c793a253310",slug:"hydrology",bookSignature:"Theodore V. Hromadka II and Prasada Rao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9864.jpg",editors:[{id:"181008",title:"Dr.",name:"Theodore V.",middleName:"V.",surname:"Hromadka II",slug:"theodore-v.-hromadka-ii",fullName:"Theodore V. Hromadka II"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9083",title:"Rodents",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"480148de5ecf236b3e0860fc3954b2d4",slug:"rodents",bookSignature:"Loth S. Mulungu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9083.jpg",editors:[{id:"108433",title:"Dr.",name:"Loth S.",middleName:null,surname:"Mulungu",slug:"loth-s.-mulungu",fullName:"Loth S. Mulungu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:5220},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.png",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8985",title:"Natural Resources Management and Biological Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5c2e219a6c021a40b5a20c041dea88c4",slug:"natural-resources-management-and-biological-sciences",bookSignature:"Edward R. Rhodes and Humood Naser",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8985.jpg",editors:[{id:"280886",title:"Prof.",name:"Edward R",middleName:null,surname:"Rhodes",slug:"edward-r-rhodes",fullName:"Edward R Rhodes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9027",title:"Human Blood Group Systems and Haemoglobinopathies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d00d8e40b11cfb2547d1122866531c7e",slug:"human-blood-group-systems-and-haemoglobinopathies",bookSignature:"Osaro Erhabor and Anjana Munshi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9027.jpg",editors:[{id:"35140",title:null,name:"Osaro",middleName:null,surname:"Erhabor",slug:"osaro-erhabor",fullName:"Osaro Erhabor"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7841",title:"New Insights Into Metabolic Syndrome",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ef5accfac9772b9e2c9eff884f085510",slug:"new-insights-into-metabolic-syndrome",bookSignature:"Akikazu Takada",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7841.jpg",editors:[{id:"248459",title:"Dr.",name:"Akikazu",middleName:null,surname:"Takada",slug:"akikazu-takada",fullName:"Akikazu Takada"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8620",title:"Mining Techniques",subtitle:"Past, Present and Future",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b65658f81d14e9e57e49377869d3a575",slug:"mining-techniques-past-present-and-future",bookSignature:"Abhay Soni",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8620.jpg",editors:[{id:"271093",title:"Dr.",name:"Abhay",middleName:null,surname:"Soni",slug:"abhay-soni",fullName:"Abhay Soni"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8558",title:"Aerodynamics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"db7263fc198dfb539073ba0260a7f1aa",slug:"aerodynamics",bookSignature:"Mofid Gorji-Bandpy and Aly-Mousaad Aly",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8558.jpg",editors:[{id:"35542",title:"Prof.",name:"Mofid",middleName:null,surname:"Gorji-Bandpy",slug:"mofid-gorji-bandpy",fullName:"Mofid Gorji-Bandpy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9668",title:"Chemistry and Biochemistry of Winemaking, Wine Stabilization and Aging",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c5484276a314628acf21ec1bdc3a86b9",slug:"chemistry-and-biochemistry-of-winemaking-wine-stabilization-and-aging",bookSignature:"Fernanda Cosme, Fernando M. Nunes and Luís Filipe-Ribeiro",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9668.jpg",editors:[{id:"186819",title:"Prof.",name:"Fernanda",middleName:null,surname:"Cosme",slug:"fernanda-cosme",fullName:"Fernanda Cosme"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9731",title:"Oxidoreductase",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"852e6f862c85fc3adecdbaf822e64e6e",slug:"oxidoreductase",bookSignature:"Mahmoud Ahmed Mansour",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9731.jpg",editors:[{id:"224662",title:"Prof.",name:"Mahmoud Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Mansour",slug:"mahmoud-ahmed-mansour",fullName:"Mahmoud Ahmed Mansour"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7847",title:"Medical Toxicology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"db9b65bea093de17a0855a1b27046247",slug:"medical-toxicology",bookSignature:"Pınar Erkekoglu and Tomohisa Ogawa",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7847.jpg",editors:[{id:"109978",title:"Prof.",name:"Pınar",middleName:null,surname:"Erkekoglu",slug:"pinar-erkekoglu",fullName:"Pınar Erkekoglu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9660",title:"Inland Waters",subtitle:"Dynamics and Ecology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"975c26819ceb11a926793bc2adc62bd6",slug:"inland-waters-dynamics-and-ecology",bookSignature:"Adam Devlin, Jiayi Pan and Mohammad Manjur Shah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9660.jpg",editors:[{id:"280757",title:"Dr.",name:"Adam",middleName:"Thomas",surname:"Devlin",slug:"adam-devlin",fullName:"Adam Devlin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9731",title:"Oxidoreductase",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"852e6f862c85fc3adecdbaf822e64e6e",slug:"oxidoreductase",bookSignature:"Mahmoud Ahmed Mansour",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9731.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"224662",title:"Prof.",name:"Mahmoud Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Mansour",slug:"mahmoud-ahmed-mansour",fullName:"Mahmoud Ahmed Mansour"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8985",title:"Natural Resources Management and Biological Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5c2e219a6c021a40b5a20c041dea88c4",slug:"natural-resources-management-and-biological-sciences",bookSignature:"Edward R. Rhodes and Humood Naser",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8985.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"280886",title:"Prof.",name:"Edward R",middleName:null,surname:"Rhodes",slug:"edward-r-rhodes",fullName:"Edward R Rhodes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9027",title:"Human Blood Group Systems and Haemoglobinopathies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d00d8e40b11cfb2547d1122866531c7e",slug:"human-blood-group-systems-and-haemoglobinopathies",bookSignature:"Osaro Erhabor and Anjana Munshi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9027.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"35140",title:null,name:"Osaro",middleName:null,surname:"Erhabor",slug:"osaro-erhabor",fullName:"Osaro Erhabor"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9083",title:"Rodents",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"480148de5ecf236b3e0860fc3954b2d4",slug:"rodents",bookSignature:"Loth S. Mulungu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9083.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"108433",title:"Dr.",name:"Loth S.",middleName:null,surname:"Mulungu",slug:"loth-s.-mulungu",fullName:"Loth S. Mulungu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9864",title:"Hydrology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"02925c63436d12e839008c793a253310",slug:"hydrology",bookSignature:"Theodore V. Hromadka II and Prasada Rao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9864.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"181008",title:"Dr.",name:"Theodore V.",middleName:"V.",surname:"Hromadka II",slug:"theodore-v.-hromadka-ii",fullName:"Theodore V. Hromadka II"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7841",title:"New Insights Into Metabolic Syndrome",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ef5accfac9772b9e2c9eff884f085510",slug:"new-insights-into-metabolic-syndrome",bookSignature:"Akikazu Takada",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7841.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"248459",title:"Dr.",name:"Akikazu",middleName:null,surname:"Takada",slug:"akikazu-takada",fullName:"Akikazu Takada"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.png",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8620",title:"Mining Techniques",subtitle:"Past, Present and Future",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b65658f81d14e9e57e49377869d3a575",slug:"mining-techniques-past-present-and-future",bookSignature:"Abhay Soni",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8620.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"271093",title:"Dr.",name:"Abhay",middleName:null,surname:"Soni",slug:"abhay-soni",fullName:"Abhay Soni"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9423",title:"AI and Learning Systems",subtitle:"Industrial Applications and Future Directions",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"10ac8fb0bdbf61044395963028653d21",slug:"ai-and-learning-systems-industrial-applications-and-future-directions",bookSignature:"Konstantinos Kyprianidis and Erik Dahlquist",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9423.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"35868",title:"Prof.",name:"Konstantinos",middleName:"G.",surname:"Kyprianidis",slug:"konstantinos-kyprianidis",fullName:"Konstantinos Kyprianidis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8990",title:"Current Concepts in Zika Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f410c024dd429d6eb0e6abc8973ecc14",slug:"current-concepts-in-zika-research",bookSignature:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8990.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"131400",title:"Dr.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"628",title:"Ionosphere",slug:"ionosphere",parent:{title:"Atmospheric Sciences",slug:"atmospheric-sciences"},numberOfBooks:1,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:2,numberOfWosCitations:18,numberOfCrossrefCitations:19,numberOfDimensionsCitations:36,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"ionosphere",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"4515",title:"Mitigation of Ionospheric Threats to GNSS",subtitle:"an Appraisal of the Scientific and Technological Outputs of the TRANSMIT Project",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c918152c31a659ee4f4b6146d3ed8867",slug:"mitigation-of-ionospheric-threats-to-gnss-an-appraisal-of-the-scientific-and-technological-outputs-of-the-transmit-project",bookSignature:"Riccardo Notarpietro, Fabio Dovis, Giorgiana De Franceschi and Marcio Aquino",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4515.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"95805",title:"Dr.",name:"Riccardo",middleName:null,surname:"Notarpietro",slug:"riccardo-notarpietro",fullName:"Riccardo Notarpietro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:1,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"47158",doi:"10.5772/58774",title:"Performance Analysis of Empirical Ionosphere Models by Comparison with CODE Vertical TEC Maps",slug:"performance-analysis-of-empirical-ionosphere-models-by-comparison-with-code-vertical-tec-maps",totalDownloads:1955,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:8,book:{slug:"mitigation-of-ionospheric-threats-to-gnss-an-appraisal-of-the-scientific-and-technological-outputs-of-the-transmit-project",title:"Mitigation of Ionospheric Threats to GNSS",fullTitle:"Mitigation of Ionospheric Threats to GNSS: an Appraisal of the Scientific and Technological Outputs of the TRANSMIT Project"},signatures:"Pavel Najman and Tomislav Kos",authors:null},{id:"47118",doi:"10.5772/58769",title:"Kalman Filter Based PLL Robust Against Ionospheric Scintillation",slug:"kalman-filter-based-pll-robust-against-ionospheric-scintillation",totalDownloads:1822,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:7,book:{slug:"mitigation-of-ionospheric-threats-to-gnss-an-appraisal-of-the-scientific-and-technological-outputs-of-the-transmit-project",title:"Mitigation of Ionospheric Threats to GNSS",fullTitle:"Mitigation of Ionospheric Threats to GNSS: an Appraisal of the Scientific and Technological Outputs of the TRANSMIT Project"},signatures:"Melania Susi, Marcus Andreotti and Marcio Aquino",authors:null},{id:"47138",doi:"10.5772/58778",title:"A Filtering Method Developed to Improve GNSS Receiver Data Quality in the CALIBRA Project",slug:"a-filtering-method-developed-to-improve-gnss-receiver-data-quality-in-the-calibra-project",totalDownloads:1559,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:5,book:{slug:"mitigation-of-ionospheric-threats-to-gnss-an-appraisal-of-the-scientific-and-technological-outputs-of-the-transmit-project",title:"Mitigation of Ionospheric Threats to GNSS",fullTitle:"Mitigation of Ionospheric Threats to GNSS: an Appraisal of the Scientific and Technological Outputs of the TRANSMIT Project"},signatures:"Luca Spogli, Vincenzo Romano, Giorgiana De Franceschi, Lucilla\nAlfonsi, Eleftherios Plakidis, Claudio Cesaroni, Marcio Aquino, Alan\nDodson, Joao Francisco Galera Monico and Bruno Vani",authors:null}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"47155",title:"The Concept of the TRANSMIT Prototype –Network Based Service for Mitigation of Ionospheric Threats to GNSS",slug:"the-concept-of-the-transmit-prototype-network-based-service-for-mitigation-of-ionospheric-threats-to",totalDownloads:1380,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"mitigation-of-ionospheric-threats-to-gnss-an-appraisal-of-the-scientific-and-technological-outputs-of-the-transmit-project",title:"Mitigation of Ionospheric Threats to GNSS",fullTitle:"Mitigation of Ionospheric Threats to GNSS: an Appraisal of the Scientific and Technological Outputs of the TRANSMIT Project"},signatures:"Hiroatsu Sato, Nikolai Hlubek and Marcio Aquino",authors:null},{id:"47119",title:"Data Management Strategy for GNSS Services — The TRANSMIT Project Case",slug:"data-management-strategy-for-gnss-services-the-transmit-project-case",totalDownloads:2113,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"mitigation-of-ionospheric-threats-to-gnss-an-appraisal-of-the-scientific-and-technological-outputs-of-the-transmit-project",title:"Mitigation of Ionospheric Threats to GNSS",fullTitle:"Mitigation of Ionospheric Threats to GNSS: an Appraisal of the Scientific and Technological Outputs of the TRANSMIT Project"},signatures:"Eleftherios Plakidis, Vincenzo Romano, Luca Spogli and Giorgiana\nDe Franceschi",authors:null},{id:"47118",title:"Kalman Filter Based PLL Robust Against Ionospheric Scintillation",slug:"kalman-filter-based-pll-robust-against-ionospheric-scintillation",totalDownloads:1823,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:7,book:{slug:"mitigation-of-ionospheric-threats-to-gnss-an-appraisal-of-the-scientific-and-technological-outputs-of-the-transmit-project",title:"Mitigation of Ionospheric Threats to GNSS",fullTitle:"Mitigation of Ionospheric Threats to GNSS: an Appraisal of the Scientific and Technological Outputs of the TRANSMIT Project"},signatures:"Melania Susi, Marcus Andreotti and Marcio Aquino",authors:null},{id:"47138",title:"A Filtering Method Developed to Improve GNSS Receiver Data Quality in the CALIBRA Project",slug:"a-filtering-method-developed-to-improve-gnss-receiver-data-quality-in-the-calibra-project",totalDownloads:1560,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:5,book:{slug:"mitigation-of-ionospheric-threats-to-gnss-an-appraisal-of-the-scientific-and-technological-outputs-of-the-transmit-project",title:"Mitigation of Ionospheric Threats to GNSS",fullTitle:"Mitigation of Ionospheric Threats to GNSS: an Appraisal of the Scientific and Technological Outputs of the TRANSMIT Project"},signatures:"Luca Spogli, Vincenzo Romano, Giorgiana De Franceschi, Lucilla\nAlfonsi, Eleftherios Plakidis, Claudio Cesaroni, Marcio Aquino, Alan\nDodson, Joao Francisco Galera Monico and Bruno Vani",authors:null},{id:"47144",title:"Regional Ionosphere Mapping with Kriging and B-spline Methods",slug:"regional-ionosphere-mapping-with-kriging-and-b-spline-methods",totalDownloads:1569,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,book:{slug:"mitigation-of-ionospheric-threats-to-gnss-an-appraisal-of-the-scientific-and-technological-outputs-of-the-transmit-project",title:"Mitigation of Ionospheric Threats to GNSS",fullTitle:"Mitigation of Ionospheric Threats to GNSS: an Appraisal of the Scientific and Technological Outputs of the TRANSMIT Project"},signatures:"Oksana Grynyshyna-Poliuga, Iwona Stanislawska and Anna Swiatek",authors:null},{id:"47157",title:"Computation of Scintillation Indices for the Galileo E1 Signals Using a Software Receiver",slug:"computation-of-scintillation-indices-for-the-galileo-e1-signals-using-a-software-receiver",totalDownloads:1477,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"mitigation-of-ionospheric-threats-to-gnss-an-appraisal-of-the-scientific-and-technological-outputs-of-the-transmit-project",title:"Mitigation of Ionospheric Threats to GNSS",fullTitle:"Mitigation of Ionospheric Threats to GNSS: an Appraisal of the Scientific and Technological Outputs of the TRANSMIT Project"},signatures:"Marko Vuckovic and Samo Stanic",authors:null},{id:"47149",title:"The Reliability Evaluation of GNSS Observations in the Presence of Ionospheric Perturbations",slug:"the-reliability-evaluation-of-gnss-observations-in-the-presence-of-ionospheric-perturbations",totalDownloads:1335,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"mitigation-of-ionospheric-threats-to-gnss-an-appraisal-of-the-scientific-and-technological-outputs-of-the-transmit-project",title:"Mitigation of Ionospheric Threats to GNSS",fullTitle:"Mitigation of Ionospheric Threats to GNSS: an Appraisal of the Scientific and Technological Outputs of the TRANSMIT Project"},signatures:"Kinga Węzka",authors:null},{id:"47117",title:"Implementation of Ionospheric Asymmetry Index in TRANSMIT Prototype",slug:"implementation-of-ionospheric-asymmetry-index-in-transmit-prototype",totalDownloads:1290,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"mitigation-of-ionospheric-threats-to-gnss-an-appraisal-of-the-scientific-and-technological-outputs-of-the-transmit-project",title:"Mitigation of Ionospheric Threats to GNSS",fullTitle:"Mitigation of Ionospheric Threats to GNSS: an Appraisal of the Scientific and Technological Outputs of the TRANSMIT Project"},signatures:"M.M. Shaikh, R. Notarpietro and Bruno Nava",authors:[{id:"95805",title:"Dr.",name:"Riccardo",middleName:null,surname:"Notarpietro",slug:"riccardo-notarpietro",fullName:"Riccardo Notarpietro"}]},{id:"47152",title:"Statistical Case Studies of High and Low Latitude Ionospheric Scintillations",slug:"statistical-case-studies-of-high-and-low-latitude-ionospheric-scintillations",totalDownloads:1279,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"mitigation-of-ionospheric-threats-to-gnss-an-appraisal-of-the-scientific-and-technological-outputs-of-the-transmit-project",title:"Mitigation of Ionospheric Threats to GNSS",fullTitle:"Mitigation of Ionospheric Threats to GNSS: an Appraisal of the Scientific and Technological Outputs of the TRANSMIT Project"},signatures:"Đorđe Stevanović",authors:null},{id:"47141",title:"Challenges of Real-Time Monitoring of Ionospheric Perturbations and TEC Fluctuations with GPS Single Station",slug:"challenges-of-real-time-monitoring-of-ionospheric-perturbations-and-tec-fluctuations-with-gps-single",totalDownloads:1079,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"mitigation-of-ionospheric-threats-to-gnss-an-appraisal-of-the-scientific-and-technological-outputs-of-the-transmit-project",title:"Mitigation of Ionospheric Threats to GNSS",fullTitle:"Mitigation of Ionospheric Threats to GNSS: an Appraisal of the Scientific and Technological Outputs of the TRANSMIT Project"},signatures:"Marija Cokrlic",authors:null}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"ionosphere",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10176",title:"Microgrids and Local Energy Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c32b4a5351a88f263074b0d0ca813a9c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Nick Jenkins",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10176.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"55219",title:"Prof.",name:"Nick",middleName:null,surname:"Jenkins",slug:"nick-jenkins",fullName:"Nick Jenkins"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:8,limit:8,total:1},route:{name:"book.detail",path:"/books/fundamental-and-advanced-topics-in-wind-power",hash:"",query:{},params:{book:"fundamental-and-advanced-topics-in-wind-power"},fullPath:"/books/fundamental-and-advanced-topics-in-wind-power",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()