Transit of the main phenological phases in native grape varieties.
\r\n\toxygen-free atmosphere. Biochar has been used for many years as a soil amendment and in general soil applications. Nonetheless, biochar is far more than a mere soil amendment. In this review, we report all the applications of biochar including environmental remediation, energy storage, composites, and catalyst production. In this book, we intend to collect contributions from worldwide experts in the field of biochar production and utilization providing a general overview of the recent uses of biochar in material science, thus presenting this cheap and waste-derived material as a high value-added carbonaceous source. Furthermore, we are aiming to give readers a handy and effective tool to easily understand how this field is interesting and diverse. It is a goal that this book could be easily used by any reader with a strong scientific background ranging from scientific company advisors to academic members. Nonetheless, students enrolled in scientific undergraduate and graduate programs could be consulted to this text for any further and deeper investigation. In the end, we intend to propose a very high scientific content book that could represent the reference text for any consideration and future study about biochar for the next years.
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Besides, Edwards and Aronin [2, 3] contend that multilingualism is the phenomena of the present age; however, it has existed throughout the whole of human history. As society moves ahead, the expansion of multilingualism is attributed to the social, linguistic, and cultural changes derived from globalization, geographical, and social mobility, economic and political transformations, and the development of technology [2, 3]. Hammarberg [4] states that multilingualism is the normal condition of language ability and that humans are multilingual by nature [4].
In the book
According to Blommaert [6], we are all multilingual to a certain degree since we use different “linguistic varieties, genres, registers, accents,” and it does not matter if our linguistic recourses belong only to one “conventionally defined language” or several of them. He further points out language ideologies in his conception about multilingualism. He connects these ideologies with the ideas people have about the way of using languages they possess, the way they define a language and multilingualism, their beliefs about how language is used and how it works. Aronin and Singleton [7] share with Blommaert’s [6] similar ideas about multilingualism. They describe it as a new social phenomenon in itself, not just adding numbers of languages to individuals and societies. They view multilingualism as a “new linguistic dispensation,” which means “language ideologies and policies, language education in all its dimensions, and the patterns of language use of communities and individuals. It also encompasses the systemic development and evolving status of the full spectrum of extant and emergent language varieties” [7].
According Franceschini [8], today the term multilingualism “denotes various forms of social, institutional and individual usage as well as individual and group competence, plus various contexts of contact and involvement with more than one language.” Franceschini states that the study of multilingual phenomena takes into account the practice of using more than one language, including regional languages, minority languages, migration languages, and language varieties such as dialects, to varying degrees of proficiency among individuals and societies [8]. Thus, the term “multilingualism” is being used increasingly and it refers to societies, nations, individuals, who use more than one language in everyday life, in variety of situations to varying degrees. Multilinguals then are the one who have two or three languages in their repertoire.
“Bilingualism and multilingualism are normal, unremarkable necessities of everyday life for the majority of the world’s population” [9]. However, different sociolinguists use the terms “bilingualism” and “multilingualism” in different ways. For example, Romaine [10] uses these terms interchangeably to refer to the routine use of two or more languages in multilingual speech communities. In this chapter, I use the term “multilingualism” to refer to the routine use of two or more languages in a community. Sociolinguists know that multilingualism is not the aberration or minority phenomenon many speakers suppose it to be. It is, rather, a normal and unremarkable necessity for the majority of the world’s population. Although it is so difficult to provide the exact statistical data on the multilingual speakers and distribution of multilingualism in the world, the focus of this chapter is to succinctly describe the sociolinguistic aspects of language choice and use of multilingual speakers in various domains. Besides, some of the relevant issues are related to language choice and use in multilingual speech communities, in different parts of the world. Furthermore, factors and recent developments for the spread of multilingualism in various parts of the world are also reviewed and included in this chapter.
Spolsky [11] affirms that, during the last 40 years or so, sociolinguistics has been acknowledged as an independent scientific study that accounts for the relationship between language and society. The field of sociolinguistics, Llamas [12] maintain, in the early twenty-first century has become a mature, definitive, and vigorous discipline. Hudson [13] on his part propounds sociolinguistics as the study of language in relation to society. Yet again, according to Coupland and Jaworski [14], sociolinguistics is defined as “the study of language in its social contexts and the study of social life through linguistics.” Further, Fishman [15] uses the term sociolinguistics to embrace both the sociology of language and sociolinguistic. Multilingualism is one of the basic concepts dealt in sociolinguistics.
In sociolinguistics, no matter how it is defined, as partially already mentioned, “Language is not simply a means of communicating information. It is also a very important means of establishing and maintain relationships with other people” [16, 17]. In other words, “the fundamental sociolinguistic question is posed by the need to understand why anyone says anything” [18]. Clearly, in the field of sociolinguistics, language is the key point that links speakers to other people and to society in general. As a matter of fact, the use of language is probably what separates humans from other species and what explains the peculiar ways of living together we can call society or community [19]. That is to say, whether it is used as a basis or as the main topic, language is the essential and central instrument that brings human beings together by creating societies and communities. In [20] terms, “language is the principal means whereby we conduct our social lives. It expresses cultural reality through all its verbal and non-verbal aspects, language embodies cultural reality.” In other words, language might be consider the fundamental instrument within the society in terms of communication, but also one of the main tools that convey and constitute elements of culture and values. This point, on which there seems to be no conflicting opinions, allows all sociolinguistic research to be carried out.
How many languages are there in the world? Questions such as these are central to the study of multilingualism, which can be defined as the use of more than two languages by individuals, and/or within societies and countries. This definition of multilingualism subsumes the definition of bilingualism, which can be defined as the use of two languages by individuals [21]. The term can be applied to people who have competences in a number of languages or to places where many languages are used. The ability to use more than one language) as the attribute of an individual who has a “plurilingual repertoire” of language competences [1]. Plurilingualism is the opposite of monolingualism because it refers to the variety of languages that many people use; it includes the linguistic diversity referred to as “mother tongue” or “first language,” as well as a variety of additional languages or varieties.
Multilingualism can be defined as follows:
The act of using or promoting the use of many languages by an individual speaker or a group of speakers in general. In the world’s population, multilingual speakers predominate monolingual speakers.
Polyglottism is yet another term for it. Polyglots are people who are multilingual. This has evolved into a societal phenomenon governed by globalization and cultural openness requirements.
In a general way, a multilingual person is someone who can communicate in more than one language, whether actively through speaking, writing or signing, or passively through listening, reading or perceiving.
Multilingual speakers have acquired and maintained at least one language during childhood, that is, first language (L1) or mother tongue. This is something that can be acquired without a formal education. Even if a person is proficient in two or more languages, his or her “communicative competence” or “ability” may be unequal.
In society, linguistic diversity has been viewed in three ways: as a problem, a right, and a resource [22]. Ethnic linguistic minority is considered as a problem that must be solved by assimilation into the majority language from the first perspective. Supporters of this viewpoint believe that minorities should fully embrace the behavior and language of the majority group. The second viewpoint views minority language maintenance as a right, while the third viewpoint argues that a minority language is a resource that can enrich the experiences and perceptions of all community members, regardless of their first language, [23]. This third view of multilingualism and linguistic diversity has been advocated in a number of studies [24, 25], where three main benefits of multilingualism have been identified: improved international relations and trade; cultural enrichment; and social inclusion [25]. Multilingualism is also seen as a key factor through which different ethnolinguistic groups in society can successfully coexist. Auer and Wei [24] commented as: “Far from being a problem, multilingualism is part of the solution for our future. Social stability, economic development, tolerance and cooperation between groups are possible only when multilingualism is respected” [24]. Thus, this shows that multilingualism is a necessary part of the solution to problems surrounding language and inequality in a given polity.
In this section, I examine at some of the different meanings of multilingualism offered by the different authors. I also go through the definitions of the some of the concepts that have been related to multilingualism, albeit with some preconceptions.
Multilingualism is a fundamental phenomenon that involves language competences and communicative practices in most communities around the globe, according to Heller and Edwards [2, 26]. Multilingualism is an important linguistic dispensation in respect of people’s communication patterns, according to Aronin and Singleton [27, 28]. They claim that multilingualism is the worldwide norm, notably in Africa and Asia, and that it manifests itself at the individual and societal levels. Although language uniformity has long been valued in Europe, there is a growing tendency toward embracing linguistic diversity [8].
The term multilingualism refers to the knowledge and use of a wide range of languages and language varieties with various statuses on the one hand, such as official, national, majority, minority, non-standard varieties, mixed languages, and domains of use on the other, such as home, school, and work places [8, 29]. It also entails all levels of language knowledge and skills. Research on multilingualism has greatly influenced studies in the fields of Linguistics, Applied Linguistics, Psycholinguistics and Sociolinguistics. Jessner [29] states that one of the reasons for the challenge in creating widely recognized definitions of multilingualism is that monolingualism’s principles do not match the unique arrangements that occur when individuals or groups know and use many languages. This is also evident of different conceptions for different terms and concepts crucial to multilingual studies, such as the meaning of “language,” which is the primary object of study in various domains.
Since “multilingualism” emerged as a theme in linguistic research, different attempts have been made toward defining it. According to Kemp [30], the different definitions stem from the complexity of language practices in different communities on the one hand, and differing ideologies and goals of researchers in studying multilingualism and multilingual societies on the other hand. The understanding of multilingualism starts from the understanding of its basic ingredient, “language,” which in the classical sense is defined as an abstract tool of communication with territorial and cultural boundaries [5, 31, 32]. Its bounded nature inspired the creation of language names like English attached to specific geographical territories [6]. In this sense, language is a quantifiable entity. The fact that the people or communities could have many such institutions inspired the counting convention. The practice of counting languages led to the coining of terminology such as “bilingualism,” “trilingualism,” “plurilingualism,” and, of course, “multilingualism” [4, 5, 30]. In light of the aforesaid, Edwards [2] defines “multilingualism” in terms of individual knowledge and use of language (individual multilingualism). He recognizes that the ability of an individual to speak different languages is varied does not exist at the same level for all languages. This discussion forms the base for a binary approach in research, which distinguishes the complexity of multilingualism as opposed to monolingualism, and which subsumes “multilingualism” under “bilingualism” by authors of [33, 34, 35].
At earlier, descriptions of multilingualism emphasized on languages as abstract objects, with multilingualism being associated with having a number of independent monolingual systems. Before the industrial revolution, it was uncommon to find people who spoke more than two languages in Europe. As a result, the term multilingualism was first applied to civilizations where multiple languages coexisted, rather than to individuals. Canagarajah [36] for example refers to “national multilingualism” which he defined it as the use of many languages in a country. This concept illustrates how the presence of multiple languages can be a barrier to easy communication because people are not thought to have the ability to quickly learn new languages for trans-local contact. For many years, this perception of multilingualism resulted in its denunciation in communities and among people [37]. On the similar vein, Blommaert [6], mentions that it has since been revisited in light of the ongoing and increasing migration and globalization, which promotes the constant transfer of languages and cultures from one place to another, needing individuals to construct communicative practices that are compliant with the diversity in order to either provide or access services. The peculiar trends of communication observed in certain parts of the world such as South Asia, particularly India [2] and Africa [37] have presented linguists with a complex scenario that prompts more critical attention than just numerical consideration of languages [38]. This, as Blommaert and Heller [6, 39] mention, highlights the situated nature of language practices that makes people acquire and use bits of language that suit particular contexts.
Franceschini [8] elaborates that the concept of multilingualism is to be caught on as the capacity of social orders, teach, bunches, and people to lock in on a customary premise in space and time with more than one dialect in regular life. This means that multilingualism is a product of the fundamental human ability to communicate in a number of languages. Operational distinctions may then be drawn between social, institutional, discursive, and individual multilingualism. This is in line with Groasjean’s [33] assessment that “bilingualism” involves open interaction and contact especially involving different cultures. Franceschini [8] further addresses the unfixed nature of communities and practices by acknowledging language use in space and time, and the aspect of contact. She emphasizes the value of communities of practice (institutions and groups) which breed the environment for societal and individual practices that utilize and produce language for different purposes. Groasjean [33] on the other hand asserts that “bilingualism is not a phenomenon of language; it is a characteristic of its use.” In an attempt to give a profound description of multilingualism, Cruz-Ferreira [34] emphasizes [32, 33] assertion by viewing “multilingualism” as an aspect of individuals and not of languages. Makoni and Pennycook [32] contend that multilingualism has nothing to do with languages, because languages are not multilingual, rather people are capable. This is not to say that there is not a language element to the concept of multilingualism. It all more strongly mirrors Stewart’s [31] argument that language is a local practice formed by individuals’ repeated activities in their many communicative interactions in various social contexts. In other words, individuals’ social practices (what people do) with languages cause multilingualism [34, 40]. Thus, Makoni and Pennycook [32] suggest that in order to understand and ably describe “multilingualism,” there is a need to study speakers’ language practices.
Sociolinguists list down different competencies of multilingual speakers. In multilingual societies, not all speakers need to be multilingual. Some states have multilingual policies and recognize several official languages, such as Canada (English and French). In some other states, particular languages may be associated with particular regions in the states, when all speakers are multilingual linguists classify the community according to the functional distribution of the languages involved.
Resources in a multilingual repertoire are obtained with a variation of competences for use in specific contexts [41] and for specific purposes. Henceforth, language choice is an important aspect to discuss in a study of multilingualism [42, 43]. Gumperz and Duranti [42, 44] moreover keep up that multilingual speakers in multilingual settings continually make choices as to which etymological asset to convey in a given setting and with a given group of bystanders. Gumperz [42] accepts that dialect choice depends on the realization of the communicative capacities of the questioners such that comprehensible is of center intrigued. Myers-Scotton [45] on the other hand asserts that language choice is motivated by performance of identity and negotiation of agency especially during social interactions. With this view, Myers-Scotton [45] is inclined to language choice as a function of identity negotiation whereby every time the communication situation changes and people assume different subject positions, Kramsch [46] chooses a code that reflects their personae. Meyer and Apfelbaum [47] argue that “cognitive, social and historical aspects may play an important role in multilingual communication such as level of linguistic competence of participants and the degree of linguistic regulation of interaction spaces.”
Scholars have identified a number of factors which they believe influence language choice and language use in ethnic minority settings. These are as follows: domain, interlocutors, and topic. These factors are discussed in the following sections:
Interlocutors—Interlocutors have a significant impact on language choice. While researching the linguistic behavior of ethnic minority communities in the London suburbs, Harris [52] identified three patterns: one with parents, which usually involved a mixed language of mainstream and minority languages; one with siblings, which mainly involved using the mainstream language; and one with grandparents, which mainly involved using the minority language. Other researchers Lawson and Yagmur [53, 54] reported similar results, suggesting that language use may be connected to the speakers’ age. Gender differences are thought to influence language usage patterns [52, 55].
The concept of domain analysis developed by Fishman remains useful for both description and explanation of the distribution and use of language in domains and is based on [49] famous question of “Who speaks what language to whom, and when.” There is a correlation between language choice and a wide range of social factors, such as the number and geographical distribution of the language’s speakers. Domain analysis, therefore, is the framework on which the survey questionnaires for this study are based. Domain analysis approached the study of language use by relating self-reported language behaviors and attitudes of the respondents to sociological indices in the groups under study. The language domain should be considered an abstraction of an interactional situation in which a cluster of sociocultural, sociolinguistic, and linguistic factors is at work.
The family, the playground, and the street, the school, the church, work, literature, the mass media, the courts, and other administrative agencies are examples of domains described in the literature. The precise description and classification of domains necessitates a thorough understanding of a society’s sociocultural dynamics, norms, and values at a specific point in time. This is because the quantity and intensity of language behavior domains can vary from context to context [49].
Domain, an important determinant of language choice, refers to the context of language use, for instance, that of family, friendship, neighborhood, education, and transaction. With reference to domain distribution of language use, Wallwork [60] says that in some domains there may be contact with other people with whom there is a potential choice of two or even three languages. The decision may be focused on the function of the two speakers in relation to each other, or the topic of the conversation who both view domain in the same ways [61].
The impacts of domain on language choice have been investigated in a number of research. Greenfield [62] states that in the multilingual Puerto Rican population of New York, the low language, Spanish, is preferred in intimate domains such as family and friendship, while the high language, English, is preferred for job and education. Parasher [63] demonstrates that in India, people use their mother tongue and another language in the family domain, although English dominates high domains like education, government, and employment, as well as some low domains like friendship and neighborhood. Similar findings were reported by Hohenthal [64], who found that languages are employed differently depending on the domain. The concept of domain and domain analysis, however, has been criticized. Some of the studies reported partial effect of domain on language choice whereas others reported even no effect at all. Pascasio and Hidalgo [65] examined how role-relationships, domains, and speech situations affect language use among bilinguals in Philippines. The speech situations, however, do not seem to have much effect on language used. Gal [66] however, strongly disagreed with the influence of domain on language choice. The other situational factors such as audience, setting, occasion, and purpose have been found to influence the choice of language in other communities but these factors were found irrelevant to the Oberwart case in Austria.
Topic, role relation, and geography, according to Fishman [49], are elements that influence the concept of domain. In multilingual situations, he claims that topic can be a language regulator. When discussing specific topics, someone might, for example, adjust their language to that of the interlocutor. Role relation, according to Marjohan [67], is that the languages you use are decided by the interlocutors with whom you communicate. For instance, a father may converse with his mother, a child may converse with his mother, and a mother may converse with her child. He also says that locality influences the languages you use because of where the discussions take place. According to Marjohan and Tanner [67, 68], there are factors of choice to be setting in locale. The factors are content or topic, social distance and motivational factors. In social distance, there are two dimensions: vertical and horizontal dimensions. The vertical dimensions mean that the languages use are determined by the relative position of someone that is compared with others. Marjohan [67] States that you have to respect someone who is above you in terms of status, age or marital status. The horizontal dimensions refer to the relative closeness of someone with others. You tend to use a low code if you speak to someone who is close to you in terms of degree of friendship, sex, ethnic background, religious background or educational background. Someone has motivational factors when he or she is interested to speak with the interlocutors or interested about the topics even manipulative.
A number of studies have identified proficiency as a limiting factor in language choice. David [69] There have been reports that a shift can be attributed to a lack of proficiency in the ethnic language (language shift, switch, mix and maintenance are the ways through which language choice manifests). David also understands that code switching reflects a speaker’s level of expertise and comfort with a certain language. She also acknowledges that whether English or Malay is utilized as the lingua franca is determined by whether the speakers are fluent in both languages. Wallwork [60] has a similar view when he states that it is vital to consider an individual’s language skill in connection to the settings in which language is used. In a Puerto Rican bilingual education program in New Haven, Connecticut, Hakuta [70] looked into the links between language choice, proficiency, and attitude. She claimed that language transition in American Hispanic communities is frequently characterized by a combination of processes involving proficiency, choice, and attitude.
Ethnicity is widely acknowledged as a major limitation that determines people’s linguistic choices. The impact of ethnicity on language choice has been documented in several research. Gal’s [66] is one of the research that firmly suggests that language choice is determined by identity. In the Oberwart instance in Austria, Gal discovered that only the participants’ identities can account for their language choice and use. In their study in Valencia, Spain, Sankoff [71] discovered a similarly high link between ethnicity and language choice. According to the findings, ethnic identity is the most closely linked to language choice motivation. Another study Burhanudeen [72], conducted in Malaysia, where the current study is being conducted, finds that the ethnicity of the participants influences the Malays’ language choice.
Gender is also found to influence language choice. According to Lu [73], disparities in age, education, gender, and residency area result in various attitudes toward native language maintenance and legitimacy, and these attitudes encourage people to choose alternative languages. Chan [74], on the other hand, finds no gender differences in Minnanren’s language use (quoted in [75]). Domain, proficiency, ethnicity, and gender are all factors that influence language choice among Malaysian friends and neighbors, according to this study.
Given the scope of the term and the relevance of the various characteristics of attitudes, Garrett [76] contends that defining the idea of attitude is difficult. Attitudes, on the other hand, are divided into three categories: cognitive, affective, and behavioral [76]. The first is concerned with the impact of attitudes on an individual’s perceptions of the world and specific situations; the second is concerned with emotions in response to the attitude item, and the third is concerned with attitudes interfering with conduct [76]. There is a general consensus in the literature that learning and using a language are easier for people who have a positive attitude toward the language and its speakers [76, 77], because language attitudes can better determine others’ reactions to the language choice and thus influence this choice [76].
Scholars have argued pedagogical, theoretical, and empirical foundations for such multilingual language use policies in multiethnic countries. Increasing citizens’ language skills will be equally important in achieving European policy goals, particularly against a background of increasing global competition and the challenge of better exploiting Europe’s potential for sustainable growth and more and better jobs. For example, The European Union Commission’s long-term objective is to increase individual multilingualism until every citizen has practical skills in at least two languages in addition to his or her mother tongue. This framework should establish clear objectives for language choice and use of multilingual speakers at the various domains and be accompanied by a sustained effort to raise awareness of the importance of linguistic diversity and multilingualism.
Two patterns deserve comment in relation to the changing character of multilingualism in the world today. This is true for the spread of the major world languages such as English, Spanish, French, and Chinese especially in the major cities and urban centers in the world. This is because as those major languages spread in urban centers as well as other localities, people tend to prefer and use them (languages) in various domains instead of the other minority or less populous languages. The second condition in the new development of multilingualism in the world is the increasing linguistic and cultural diversity, and mobility in different parts of the world particularly in Europe and America where linguistic homogeneity was the major characters of these parts of the globe [6]. Of course, in these parts of the world (Europe, USA), mobility and waves of immigration are the main leading factors for the spread of multilingualism and multiculturalism across the world.
Sociolinguistics is the descriptive study of the effect of any and all aspects of society, including cultural norms, expectations, and context, on the way language is used, and the effects of language use on society. Multilingualism is the act of using polyglottism, or using multiple languages, either by an individual speaker or by a community of speakers. The simultaneous coexistence of a large number of languages in a country has also important cultural, economical, sanitary, and political effects on the life of its inhabitants, who will be crucially affected by the decisions taken by the government on language policy.
As already explained or stated in the introduction of the chapter, multilingualism is the common norm and way of life in many parts of the world. Nevertheless, for so long time, the concept of monolingualism has been also a dominant norm and way of life in various parts of world particularly in the Western countries. As has been stated in the chapter, the nature of multilingualism in different countries in the world is reviewed and presented. Besides, practical aspects of the multilingualism and language choice and use practices from empirical data were also reviewed and discussed for further understanding. Nevertheless, the coexistence of multiple languages in linguistically diversified settings by itself is not inherently the source of conflicts, miscommunication, or misunderstandings as a result of language choice and use of multilingual speakers. The real problem perhaps might be the inequalities existing between individuals and groups or communities who happen to speak and use different languages in various domains.
The introduction of varieties and hybrids with high stable yields, high quality products, resistant or tolerant to drought, low temperatures, the most aggressive pathogens and pests, low agricultural background is used in solving problems of resource conservation and environmental protection from destruction and pollution, contributes to the production of environmentally clean products [1, 2, 3].
In the process of evolution, native varieties of Crimea developed the properties to grow and produce good quality crops in the conditions of arid climate on poor rocky soils and on soils with a high level of salinity and liming [4, 5]. Changes of climate on our planet lead to the modification of adaptability of plants to the effects of biotic and abiotic environmental factors [3, 5, 6, 7]. In its turn it is expressed in changes of phenology, agrobiology and crop quality parameters [8, 9, 10, 11]. The adaptive ability of Crimean native grape cultivars is possible to increase by method of hybridization.
Selection program of grape varieties in the Institute “Magarach” is based on the study of the world gene pool and world trends [8, 12]. In this light, the creation of a new generation of grape varieties - analogues of the Crimean local varieties - highly productive and high quality, carrying genetic adaptability to environmental conditions, while possessing genetically determined signs of resistance to biotic and abiotic factors, is relevant for today. The study of the issue of grape plant resistance, development of practical breeding ways, the study of variability and heredity, the main economic-valuable traits allows us to eventually create and introduce adaptive grape varieties into the industry. New varieties should play an important role in ecologization of viticulture industry.
The studies were carried out in the Laboratory of Generative and Clonal Selection All-Russian Research Institute of Viticulture and Winemaking “Magarach” on the experimental fields of the Ampelographic Collection Magarach at village of Vilino, Bakhchisarai district, Crimea (44°51′14.8”N 33°38′58.1″E). The area is characterized moderately warm, semi-humid climate: an average annual air temperature of 12,1°C, the sum of active temperatures (above 10 oС) − 3650 - 3680 oС, the number of days with a temperature above 10oС − 197-209, the annual amount of precipitation −380-450 mm. Each cultivar was represented by 10 bushes. Planting scheme of grape plants was 3.0 х 1.5m. Forming −2branch cordon. Grape plants were grafted to the rootstock Kober 5BB. The age of the vineyards is more than 30 years. Agricultural technology system of the ampelographic collection was in accordance with the technological map adopted for each cultivar in the area. The study included native grape varieties of Crimea, related to the direction of use in three groups: wine, table-wine and table.
Assessment of agrobiological and phonological traits was conducted according to the method of Lazarevsky [13] and to the standard OIV method [14]. In short, for each genotype the following trait were recorded: number of latent buds, number of developed shoots, number of fertile shoots, number of inflorescence, number of bunches, average bunch weight (g) and yield per plant (kg). Phytopathological field evaluation was conducted by the examination of untreated plants against a natural infection pressure. In each season, two counts were carried out: the first - after flowering of grapes, the second - at the beginning of grape ripening. The nature and percentage of damage of leaves were scored according to the recommended method [14]. Precisely, on each counting bush up to 30 leaves were evaluated from both sides for signs of infestations. The percentage of affected leaves and the degree of disease development on the leaf were determined using a scale:
0—no signs of infestation;
1—single, hardly visible spots on leaves (OIV resistance – 9 point);
2—up to 10% of leaf surface is affected (OIV resistance – 7 point);
3—11-25% of leaf surface is affected (OIV resistance – 5 point);
4—26-50% of leaf surface is affected (OIV resistance – 3 point);
5—more than 50% of leaf surface is affected (OIV resistance – 1 point).
The study used a laboratory method for testing of frost resistance based on the methodology Chernomorets [15] with some modernization [16].
The data was mathematically processed with the help of statistical software package SPSS Statistics 10.0.
The study includes the number of 11 native grape varieties of Crimea and 2control varieties ‘Cabernet Sauvignon ‘and ‘Rkatsiteli’. The study of varieties was carried out with 10 registered bushes in each study in the period of 2010–2012.
The degree of agrobiological characteristics of the variety depends on climatic conditions in the area of cultivation. Taking into consideration the fact that most of the native varieties of Crimea have a functionally female type of flower, weather conditions (in particular, precipitation, strong winds during the blossom period) influenced the processes of inflorescences, formation and berry-filling and, as a result, the mass of bunches and the yield in general.
The beginning of sap flow period was observed from the third decade of March to the first decade of April (Table 1).
Variety | Beginning of bud pushing, date | Beginning of blooming, date | Beginning of berries ripening, date | Industrial ripeness, date | Production period, date |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kefesiya | 24.04 | 7.06 | 8.08 | 18.09 | 146 |
Gevat Kara | 26.04 | 7.06 | 9.08 | 16.09 | 145 |
Krona | 23.04 | 3.06 | 6.08 | 17.09 | 146 |
Ekim Kara | 24.04 | 7.06 | 8.08 | 18.09 | 147 |
Cabernet Sauvignon (c) | 25.04 | 9.06 | 8.08 | 19.09 | 147 |
Kapselski Belyi | 24.04 | 6.06 | 7.08 | 18.09 | 147 |
Sary Pandas | 22.04 | 4.06 | 9.08 | 15.09 | 146 |
Solnechnodolinskii | 24.04 | 5.06 | 7.08 | 17.09 | 143 |
Kok Pandas | 23.04 | 4.06 | 5.08 | 15.09 | 146 |
Soldaiya | 24.04 | 6.06 | 7.08 | 16.09 | 145 |
Shabash | 23.04 | 6.06 | 6.08 | 18.09 | 148 |
Kokur Belyi | 24.04 | 5.06 | 4.08 | 14.09 | 145 |
Rkatsiteli (c) | 23.04 | 5.06 | 6.08 | 15.09 | 145 |
Transit of the main phenological phases in native grape varieties.
On average, the beginning of budding was observed from 23 to 26 of April. In 2012 this parameter shifted by 3–4 days in the direction of earlier dates. The earliest bud pushing is the characteristic of the varieties ‘Krona’, ‘Sary Pandas’, ‘Kok Pandas’ and the control variety ‘Rkatsiteli’. Blooming in this zone begins after 42–47 days from 3 to 9 of June. The group of early flowering includes varieties ‘Krona’, ‘Kok Pandas’ and ‘Sary Pandas’. The varieties ‘Kefesiya’, ‘Gevat Kara’, ‘Ekim Kara’ and ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ (c) are characterized by late flowering. It is necessary to note that ‘Solnechnodolinskii’ and ‘Kokur Belyi’ varieties, prone to late budding, entered the flowering phase early. The ripening of berries in studied and control varieties usually occurs after two months, about 59–64 days. The earliest softening of berries is observed in ‘Kokur Belyi’ variety and occurs on average over the years of study on August, 4; the latest - in the variety ‘Sary Pandas’. The earliest coloring of berries begins in ‘Krona’ variety, latest – ‘Gevat Kara’. The onset of industrial ripeness in white varieties is observed the earliest in ‘Kokur Belyi’ variety (September, 14), the latest in ‘Kapselski Belyi’ (September, 18). Speaking of the black varieties, the earliest in this group was ‘Gevat Kara’ (September, 16), the latest was ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ (c). On average, the industrial ripeness of the studied varieties practically did not differ and was observed from 14 to 19 of September.
The variety ‘Solnechnodolinskii’ has the shortest production period of 143 days, and variety ‘Shabash’ has the longest one of 148 days.
For the period of study, the load of eyes on the bush was distributed as follows: the smallest number was observed in the varieties ‘Kefesiya’ and ‘Ekim Kara’, and the biggest - in the variety ‘Kokur Belyi’ (Table 2). The largest percentage of vigorous shoots was observed in the varieties ‘Shabash’, ‘Kapselski Belyi’, ‘Kokur Belyi’, ‘Ekim Kara’ with share exceeding 90%.
Variety | Bush loading of | Coefficient of | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
eyes, pcs. | shoots, % | fruiting, C1 | fertility, C2 | ||
vigorous | fruit-bearing | ||||
Grape varieties with black berry | |||||
Kefesiya | 14.0 | 82.4 | 53.3 | 0.66 | 1.02 |
Ekim Kara | 14.5 | 91.8 | 61.2 | 0.67 | 1.00 |
Gevat Kara | 19.7 | 86.8 | 73.3 | 0.94 | 1.11 |
Krona | 20.3 | 91.8 | 58.1 | 0.64 | 1.01 |
Cabernet Sauvignon (c) | 19.5 | 82.9 | 75.7 | 0.95 | 1.04 |
LSD05 | 2.6 | 21.9 | 21.1 | 0.17 | 0.03 |
Grape varieties with white berry | |||||
Kapselski Belyi | 24.0 | 95.2 | 71.7 | 0.79 | 1.05 |
Solnechnodolinskii | 22.3 | 93.5 | 46.6 | 0.51 | 1.02 |
Sary Pandas | 25.7 | 88.5 | 76.7 | 0.88 | 1.02 |
Kok Pandas | 25.0 | 88.4 | 70.7 | 0.81 | 1.01 |
Kokur Belyi | 29.0 | 94.0 | 75.2 | 0.97 | 1.21 |
Shabash | 24.9 | 98.7 | 79.9 | 0.89 | 1.10 |
Soldaiya | 22.3 | 85.2 | 58.9 | 0.69 | 1.00 |
Rkatsiteli (c) | 21.0 | 89.6 | 77.4 | 0.92 | 1.06 |
LSD05 | 1.9 | 8.9 | 11.5 | 0.19 | 0.02 |
Agrobiological parameters of grape varieties under study.
In the variety ‘Solnechnodolinskii’ the proportion of sterile fruitless shoots does not exceed 50%. Varieties ‘Kefesiya’, ‘Krona’, ‘Soldaiya’, ‘Ekim Kara’ are characterized by a low number of fruit-bearing shoots – 50-60%. In other native grape varieties the parameters of growth of fruit-bearing shoots do not differ significantly from the control varieties and range from 70 to 80%. The highest fruiting coefficient (C1), approaching the one, had ‘Kokur Belyi’ and ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’. According to the parameter of fruit fertility coefficient (C2) the control variety ‘Kokur Belyi’ (1.21) significantly differs from the whole group of varieties. Crimean native varieties ‘Gevat Kara’, ‘Shabash’ have significant differences in this parameter with the control varieties ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ and ‘Rkatsiteli’. The highest values of fruiting and fertility coefficients belong to the varieties ‘Gevat Kara’ (0.94; 1.11), ‘Kokur Belyi’ (0.97; 1.21). Over the period of study the values of shoot productivity were determined (Table 3).
Variety | Average weight of the bunch, g | Mass concentration of | Crop yield, centner/ha | Index of productivity, g/shoot | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
sugars, Brix | titratable acids, g L−1 | ||||
Grape varieties with black berry | |||||
Kefesiya | 133.9 | 22.0 | 8.4 | 22.2 | 88.4 |
Ekim Kara | 112.7 | 21.0 | 8.4 | 22.2 | 75.5 |
Gevat Kara | 177.9 | 21.5 | 8.4 | 62.2 | 167.2 |
Krona | 109.7 | 22.1 | 7.5 | 28.9 | 70.2 |
Cabernet Sauvignon (c) | 176.9 | 20.6 | 9.7 | 58.7 | 168.1 |
LSD05 | 22.8 | 1.05 | 1.14 | 1.3 | 18.2 |
Grape varieties with white berry | |||||
Kapselski Belyi | 186.2 | 22.5 | 6.8 | 44.4 | 147.1 |
Solnechnodolinskii | 173.5 | 22.0 | 7.5 | 40.0 | 88.1 |
Sary Pandas | 125.4 | 22.5 | 6.8 | 28.9 | 110.4 |
Kok Pandas | 112.9 | 22.4 | 7.0 | 24.4 | 91.4 |
Kokur Belyi | 185.6 | 22.1 | 7.7 | 48.9 | 180.0 |
Shabash | 154.3 | 19.7 | 10.2 | 37.8 | 137.3 |
Soldaiya | 167.0 | 22.2 | 7.4 | 37.8 | 115.2 |
Rkatsiteli (c) | 187.9 | 20.0 | 10.0 | 44.4 | 172.9 |
LSD05 | 14.5 | 0.74 | 0.94 | 2.6 | 17.3 |
Productivity and grape quality of varieties under study.
According to the scale of productivity of grape varieties it was established that its level by the parameter of wet raw bunch weight in varieties ‘Gevat Kara’, ‘Kokur Belyi’ is characterized as average and do not significantly differ from the control, and in ‘Korona’ variety, the parameter of shoot productivity is very poor. Low level of shoot productivity in the range from 147 g/shoot to 75.5 g/shoot was noted in all other native varieties under study. The highest crop yield among the black-berried varieties belong to ‘Gevat Kara’ (62.2 centner/ha) and ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ (58.7 centner/ha).
In the group of white-berried varieties the highest yield was observed in ‘Kokur Belyi’ variety (48.9 centner/ha). By the weight of the bunch, all the studied black-berried varieties are inferior to the control variety ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ –176.9 g and variety ‘Gevat Kara’ –177.9 g. In the group of white-berried varieties the ‘Kapselski Belyi’, ‘Solnechnodolinskii’, ‘Kokur Belyi’ and ‘Rkatsiteli’ varieties do not differ from the average weight of the bunch. During the onset of technological ripeness, with almost same mass concentration of sugars from 20.6 to 22.1 g L−1, the content of titratable acids significantly decreases from 7.5 to 8.4 g L−1 in black varieties compared to the control (9.7 g L−1). In white-berried varieties the sugar content significantly exceeded their concentration in the control variety ‘Rkatsiteli’ (20.0 Brix), excluding ‘Shabash’ variety (19.7 Brix). The higher the parameter of the structure (the ratio of the weight of berries to the weight of the stems), the higher the economic value of the variety. To determine this parameter during the study period, the mechanical composition of the crop was studied (Table 4).
Variety | Weight of | Parameter of structure | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
stem, % | seeds, % | skin, % | pulp and juice, % | ||
Kefesiya | 2.1 | 5.2 | 7.9 | 84.8 | 46.7 |
Gevat Kara | 2.9 | 5.8 | 7.0 | 84.3 | 33.4 |
Ekim Kara | 4.3 | 4.6 | 6.0 | 85.1 | 22.3 |
Krona | 3.0 | 5.1 | 7.5 | 84.4 | 32.2 |
Cabernet Sauvignon (c) | 3.8 | 5.9 | 7.7 | 82.6 | 25.2 |
Kapselski Belyi | 3.0 | 2.0 | 3.4 | 91.6 | 31.8 |
Solnechnodolinskii | 3.9 | 3.3 | 6.8 | 86.0 | 246 |
Sary Pandas | 3.5 | 3.5 | 5.1 | 87.9 | 27.5 |
Kok Pandas | 4.7 | 3.2 | 4.0 | 88.1 | 20.2 |
Soldaiya | 3.8 | 1.8 | 3.9 | 90.5 | 25.2 |
Kokur Belyi | 3.4 | 2.3 | 10.0 | 91.0 | 28.4 |
Shabash | 3.0 | 3.6 | 3.5 | 89.9 | 32.3 |
Rkatsiteli (c) | 3.8 | 6.8 | 10.9 | 78.4 | 25.1 |
Mechanical composition of bunches of varieties under study.
The smallest proportion of the stem weight in the bunch was observed in the varieties ‘Kefesiya’ and ‘Gevat Kara’, the biggest in the varieties ‘Ekim Kara’ and ‘Kok Pandas’. The seeds in the structure of bunch had different quantity and weight, reflected in the percentage of the mechanical composition. It should be noted that Crimean native white-berried grape varieties have low seed weight. According to the parameter of skin weight, following groups may be distinguished: with the lowest value up to 4 percent of the content in the bunch: ‘Kapselski Belyi’, ‘Shabash’, ‘Soldaiya’, ‘Kok Pandas’. The highest value of this parameter is observed in the varieties ‘Kokur Belyi’ and ‘Rkatsiteli’. Content of pulp and juice in berries differs by variety: from 82.6 to 91.6%. The highest content of pulp and juice in berries was observed in ‘Kapselski Belyi’ variety. The highest structural parameter was observed in varieties ‘Kefesiya’ – 46.7.
Main parameters characterizing the economic value of the variety are: crop yield, cost of production, net income of the product obtained, and level of production profitability. According to the indexed calculation of the above parameters, all native varieties are profitable (Table 5).
Variety | Crop yield, centner/ha | Cost of production of 1c, RUB. | Net income of 1c, RUB. | Profitability of production, % |
---|---|---|---|---|
Kefesiya | 22.2 | 2252 | 748 | 33.2 |
Ekim Kara | 22.2 | 2252 | 748 | 33.2 |
Gevat Kara | 62.2 | 804 | 2196 | 273.1 |
Krona | 28.9 | 1730 | 1270 | 73.4 |
Cabernet Sauvignon (c) | 60.0 | 833 | 1167 | 140.1 |
Kapselski Belyi | 44.4 | 1126 | 1374 | 122.0 |
Solnechnodolinskii | 40.0 | 1250 | 1250 | 100.0 |
Sary Pandas | 28.9 | 1730 | 770 | 44.5 |
Kok Pandas | 24.4 | 2049 | 451 | 22.0 |
Kokur Belyi | 48.9 | 1022 | 1478 | 144.6 |
Shabash | 37.8 | 1323 | 1177 | 88.9 |
Soldaiya | 37.8 | 1323 | 1177 | 88.9 |
Rkatsiteli (c) | 44.4 | 1126 | 674 | 59.9 |
Economic effectiveness of cultivation of native grape varieties of Crimea.
Due to the low yield and high net cost of the cultivated grapes the varieties ‘Ekim Kara’ and ‘Kefesiya’ have a low profitability. The most profitable varieties are ‘Gevat Kara’ – 273.1%, ‘Kokur Belyi’ – 144.6%, ‘Kapselski Belyi’ – 122.0%.
Previous studies have determined advisable parameters for assessment of the effectiveness of hybridization of grapes [17, 18, 19]. Broadly speaking, the analysis of the effectiveness of hybridization includes an assessment of the crossing ability of the initial forms, risk of loss of a valuable genotype and combination ability, heterosis and transgression [20]. For practical work following evaluation parameters are used:
setting ability of seeds during self-pollination and cross pollination;
effectiveness of pollination;
biological effectiveness of hybridization;
breeding effectiveness of hybridization.
Setting ability of seeds is estimated as a ratio of the number of seeds to the number of inflorescences taken into consideration [20, 21]. The pollination efficiency expresses the yielding of seeds relative to the theoretically possible number of seeds from all pollinated inflorescences of a particular cross-combination. Biological efficiency of hybridization reflects the efficiency of pollination, vitality and germinating ability of seeds, survival rate of seedlings in a hybrid nursery-garden, the yield of seedlings. Breeding efficiency of hybridization reflects the efficiency of pollination, the vitality and germination of seeds, survival rate of seedlings in a hybrid nursery-garden, the total yield of seedlings and the yield of economically valuable hybrids and may be used as a final assessment of the efficiency of hybridization, but it is somewhat subjective. 142 combinations of crossing of intraspecific and interspecific hybridization performed in the period 2005–2019 were analyzed (Table 6). The study included: as female forms - 10 native varieties of Crimea with a functional female type of flower; as male forms - the pollen of 25 complex interspecific hybrids, 7 varieties of the West European ecological-geographical group and 9 native varieties of the Don were used.
Female form | Number of inflorescences | Number of berries formed | Seeds total | Number of seeds per cross-combination | Total of yearlings | Number of seedlings per 1 cross-combination |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
♀ Aibatly | 26 | 249 | 325 | 23.2 | 227 | 16.2 |
♀ Kefesiya | 48 | 2873 | 4775 | 227.4 | 1917 | 91.3 |
♀ Krona | 29 | 663 | 847 | 60.5 | 379 | 27.1 |
♀ Kok Pandas | 90 | 3688 | 6093 | 196.5 | 1636 | 52.8 |
♀ Sary Pandas | 91 | 2468 | 3605 | 112.7 | 1466 | 45.8 |
♀ Tashly | 32 | 1176 | 2566 | 285.1 | 947 | 105.2 |
♀ Khersonesskii | 22 | 137 | 151 | 16.8 | 65 | 7.2 |
♀ Kokur Chernyi | 9 | 300 | 364 | 91.0 | 33 | 8.3 |
♀ Misgiuli Kara | 11 | 555 | 626 | 156.5 | 157 | 39.3 |
♀ Misket | 9 | 243 | 295 | 73.8 | 104 | 26.0 |
Total | 367 | 12352 | 19647 | 6931 |
The results of hybridization 2005–2018.
The selection of female forms was carried out on the basis of a complex analysis of prospects of the variety (productivity, crop quality). Since the formation of berries (and setting of seeds) carries the nature of biological features of original female variety and depends on the male form to a small extent [18, 22], it is important to study these parameters in native varieties and distinguish those with the maximum potential for reproduction.
The number of 19647 seeds and 6931 yearlings were obtained as a result of hybridization during pollination of 367 inflorescences. The biggest number of crossings was carried out with the participation of the female parents ‘Sary Pandas’ and ‘Kok Pandas’. At the same time, the maximum number of seeds and hybrid seedlings per one cross-combination was obtained with the participation of the varieties ‘Tashly’ and ‘Kefesiya’. Minimum number of seeds and hybrid seedlings per one combination of crossing was noted in the varieties ‘Khersonesskiy’ and ‘Aibatly’. In combinations involving varieties ‘Sary Pandas’ and ‘Kok Pandas’, with the maximum number of inflorescences involved in hybridization, the percentage of successful crossings was 93.4 and 75.6% respectively (Figure 1). Estimating the percentage of successful crosses, there is a tendency to its decrease with an increase in the number of cross-combinations (Pearson’s pair correlation coefficient 0.9604).
Crossing efficiency of native varieties of Crimea.
Analysis of the results in the context of years showed that the most successful according to the parameters of crossbreeding were 2012 and 2016, and the least favorable were 2015 and 2018 (Table 7). Evaluating the variability of the parameter of setting ability of seeds in different years, it was noted that different varieties have high values, as presented in Figure 2.
Parameter | 2005 | 2012 | 2015 | 2016 | 2018 | 2019 | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number of: | |||||||
experiments* | 8 | 4 | 3 | 6 | 4 | 8 | 33 |
cross-combinations | 32 | 38 | 15 | 25 | 32 | 56 | 198 |
inflorescences | 75 | 74 | 63 | 75 | 80 | 138 | 505 |
seeds | 4311 | 5121 | 1303 | 7486 | 1428 | 3816 | 23465 |
Setting ability of seeds: | |||||||
average | 49.6 | 68.9 | 21.3 | 107.1 | 32.4 | 43.4 | 53.8 |
error of average | 15.59 | 11.41 | 5.51 | 22.24 | 8.65 | 11.1 | 12.4 |
standard deviation | 85.38 | 70.33 | 21.35 | 106.64 | 37.72 | 38.44 | 60.0 |
range of variation | 435 | 272 | 73 | 319 | 161 | 136 | 233 |
Setting ability of seeds in different years of study.
- number of experiments is equal to the number of female varieties involved in hybridization.
Changes in setting ability of seeds of ‘Sary Pandas’, ‘Kok Pandas’ and ‘Кefesiya’ grape varieties
From data presented in Table 8 it follows that on average over the years of study maximum number of berries and seeds was obtained in cross-combinations involving ‘Kok Pandas’ variety. In different cross-combinations the female form of ‘Kok Pandas’ provides the biggest number of berries in one bunch – 62.0 pcs., by the number of fully formed seeds it has average value range - 1.25 pcs., but it still has the smallest fully formed seeds percentage of the total number- 66.7.
Female form | Number of berries | Number of seeds | Fully formed seeds, % of the total number | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
total | per one bunch | total | fully formed | fully formed per one berry | ||
♀ Aibatly | 249 | 8,3 | 325 | 313 | 1.31 | 83.0 |
♀ Kefesiya | 2873 | 59.1 | 4775 | 4486 | 1.59 | 95.6 |
♀ Krona | 663 | 23.9 | 847 | 779 | 1.19 | 84.8 |
♀ Кок Pandas | 3688 | 62.0 | 6093 | 4421 | 1.15 | 66.7 |
♀ Sary Pandas | 2468 | 26.8 | 3605 | 3130 | 1.25 | 83.5 |
♀ Tashly | 1176 | 48.1 | 2566 | 2408 | 1.77 | 93.7 |
♀ Khersonesskii | 137 | 5.8 | 151 | 122 | 0.79 | 75.6 |
♀ Kokur Chernyi | 300 | 22.1 | 364 | 347 | 0.96 | 84.4 |
♀ Misgiuli Kara | 555 | 40.9 | 626 | 564 | 0.93 | 80.6 |
♀ Misket | 243 | 21.0 | 295 | 276 | 0.80 | 72.0 |
Average value | 1235 | 32 | 1965 | 1685 | 1.00 | 82.0 |
Coefficient of variation | 104.7 | 62.30 | 110.43 | 104.93 | 27.62 | 10.88 |
Percentage error of average | 33.1 | 19.70 | 34.92 | 33.18 | 8.73 | 3.44 |
Confidence range (+/−) | 801.5 | 12.28 | 1344.7 | 1095.6 | 0.20 | 5.53 |
Viability of hybrid seeds.
Varieties ‘Khersonesskii’ and ‘Aibatly’ form the smallest number of berries per one bunch of all studied grapevine cultivars – 5.8 and 8.3 pcs respectively. The number of fully formed seeds per one berry in combination with ‘Aibatly’ variety is quite high – 1.31 pcs. Combinations involving the varieties ‘Kefesiya’ and ‘Tashly’ provide a fairly high number of berries in one bunch – 59.1 and 48.1 pcs, the highest number of fully formed seeds per bunch is 1.59 and 1.77 pcs and the percentage of fully formed seeds is more than 90 of the total.
Germination of seeds depends on hereditary strength, consisting in the fact that the necessary tissues and organs are formed and matured to ensure germination in appropriate conditions. Obtaining of seeds of low viability is determined by the female genotype long before the pollination [18, 22, 23].
Considering the parameters of seed germination with the participation of various native varieties, high data variability is noted (Table 9).
Female form | Total yearlings | Number of seedlings per one cross-combination | Seedlings, % of fully formed seeds | |
---|---|---|---|---|
average (х) | limits (х max – x min) | |||
♀ Aibatly | 227 | 16.2 | 64.0 | 16.6–100.0 |
♀ Kefesiya | 1917 | 91.3 | 51.6 | 9.1–70.0 |
♀ Krona | 379 | 27.1 | 51.2 | 28.7–88.5 |
♀ Кок Pandas | 1636 | 52.8 | 42.3 | 2.6–100.0 |
♀ Sary Pandas | 1466 | 45.8 | 48.0 | 1.5–93.8 |
♀ Tashly | 947 | 105.2 | 30.7 | 4.2–48.0 |
♀ Khersonesskii | 65 | 7.2 | 60.8 | 40.0–100.0 |
♀ Kokur Chernyi | 33 | 8.3 | 21.9 | 5.6–38.1 |
♀ Misgiuli Kara | 157 | 39.3 | 30.9 | 23.7–36.2 |
♀ Misket | 104 | 26.0 | 48.3 | 36.1–58.8 |
Variability of parameter “germination of seeds”.
So in the cross-combinations with the participation of ‘Aibatly’ and ‘Khersonesskii’ varieties, the average number of seedlings per one cross-combination has a very low level - 7.2-16.2 pcs. Moreover, the seedlings obtained from fully formed seeds amount a very high percentage - more than 60.
In the total selection of the studied varieties, the female form ‘Tashly’ stands out, as it provides in hybridization the maximum number of seedlings per 1 combination of crossing, more than 100 pcs. The average percentage of seedlings obtained from full seeds is very low – 30.7 and the maximum level is 48%. The maximum variability of parameters of seed viability was noted in varieties ‘Kok Pandas’ and ‘Sary Pandas’. Further, during the analysis of data for practical determination of the effectiveness of hybridization, we dwelt on the definition of 3 complex parameters: seeds setting; pollination efficiency; biological effectiveness of hybridization. Table 10 presents these parameters in numerical terms, specific for the group of varieties under study and showing the range of variation of these parameters.
Female form | Setting of seeds | Pollination efficiency | Biological effectiveness of hybridization |
---|---|---|---|
♀ Aibatly | 40.5 | 0.0005 | 0.0003 |
♀ Kefesiya | 436.0 | 0.003 | 0.001 |
♀ Krona | 76.5 | 0.001 | 0.0006 |
♀ Кок Pandas | 316.2 | 0.007 | 0.003 |
♀ Sary Pandas | 141.0 | 0.003 | 0.002 |
♀ Tashly | 321.3 | 0.002 | 0.001 |
♀ Khersonesskii | 14.3 | 0.001 | 0.001 |
♀ Kokur Chernyi | 79.0 | 0.0001 | 0.00013 |
♀ Misgiuli Kara | 97.8 | 0.003 | 0.001 |
♀ Misket | 91.0 | 0.001 | 0.0004 |
Average of variants of crossing | 436.0 | 0.007 | 0.003 |
Effectiveness of hybridization of native varieties.
In denominator indicates the range of variation of the value.
Analyzing the clustering results of the studied group of autochthonous varieties (Figure 3), we see that the varieties divided into 2 separate clusters: I – group, consisting of 3 varieties: ‘Kok Pandas’, ‘Kefesiya’ and separate variety ‘Tashly’; II – group, including 7 varieties – divided into 2 big subclusters: а) varieties ‘Aibatly’ и ‘Khersonesskii’; b) ‘Krona’, ‘Kokur Chernyi’ and separate varieties ‘Sary Pandas’, ‘Misgiuli Kara’ and ‘Misket’.
Multifactorial hierarchic classification of genotypes under study by the effectiveness of their hybridization.
A group of varieties including ‘Kefesiya’, ‘Kok Pandas’ and ‘Tashly’, was selected in the analysis and demonstrates high hybridization efficiency in intraspecific crossing and in crossing with complex interspecific hybrids. Varieties ‘Sary Pandas’ and ‘Misgiuli Kara’ are distinguished by low setting ability of seeds, however, the biological effectiveness of hybridization remains at the level of group 1. Thus, we can confirm that female parent varieties ‘Sary Pandas’ and ‘Misgiuli Kara’ are specific in issues of crossing ability and viability of hybrid seeds.
Analysis of the laws of inheritance of resistance to oidium in hybrid progeny makes it possible to carry out scientific selection of initial forms for immunoselection programs realization. These objective laws are established on the basis of the study on a fixed infection background of representational material of hybrid populations obtained in the process of crossing of various parental forms with resistance to the pathogen. In different cross-combinations the variability of feature of oidium resistance was revealed.
A significant number of highly susceptible to oidium seedlings, up to 7%, was obtained in crossings with participation of varieties ‘Sary Pandas’ and ‘Misgiuli Kara’. The biggest percentage rate of highly resistant seedlings (9 points) was recorded in the combination of ‘Khersonesskii’ x ‘JS 26–205’ (22%). Crossings of ‘Kok Pandas’ x ‘Tsitronnyi Magaracha’ (4.5 points), ‘Kokur Chernyi’ x ‘Ifigenia’ (4.3 points), ‘Misket’ x ‘Ifigenia’ (4.3 points), ‘Muscat Jim’ x ‘Kokur Belyi’ (4.5 points) mostly followed to the formation of medium-resistant to oidium forms. It should be noted that the average score of resistance to oidium in all populations was higher than in the initial Crimean native varieties.
The breeding value shows the possibility of distinction of highly-resistant, resistant and medium-resistant to oidium plants in hybrid population in the contrast to the sensitive Crimean native varieties. It was determined as the percentage of seedlings in populations with 5, 7 and 9 points of oidium resistance. Cross-combinations (Table 11) involving complex interspecific hybrids of varieties ‘Muscat Jim’, ‘Spartanets Magaracha’ and ‘Magarach No. 31-77-10’ had the highest breeding value. The most effective was the combination of ‘Muscat Jim’ x ‘Shabash’ with the yield of resistant and highly-resistant seedlings 10.7 percent. Degree of the dominance reflects the contribution of parent components to the variability of the trait. Negative values of the degree of dominance show that the deviation of the traits of resistance to oidium goes to the direction of more susceptible parental form. The degree of dominance shows that in ‘Tashly’ x ‘Krymchanin’ there is a hybrid depression, in the population of ‘Kokur Chernyi’ x ‘Ifigeniya’, ‘Misket’ x ‘Ifigenia’, ‘Kok Pandas’ x ‘Tsitronnyi Magaracha’, ‘Khersonesskii’ x ‘JS 26–205’ - there is a deviation to a more susceptible parent. In populations ‘Kok Pandas’ x ‘Spartanets Magaracha’, ‘Muscat Jim’ x ‘Shabash’, ‘Kefesiya’ x ‘Spartanets Magaracha’, ‘Sary Pandas’ x ‘Spartanets Magaracha’ - there is a slight dominance of more stable parent. Only in one population ‘Magarach No. 31–77-10’ x ‘Gevat Kara’ (2.19%) there was a deviation to a more stable parental form.
Cross-combination | Breeding value, % | Coefficient of variation, % | Dominance degree, % | Heterosis hypothetic, % | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Magarach No. 31–77-10’ | Gevat Kara | 3.5 | 32.7 | 2.19 | 36.5 |
Kok Pandas | Spartanets Magaracha | 0.0 | 33.1 | 0.76 | 30.3 |
Muscat Jim | Shabash | 10.7 | 40.0 | 0.75 | 30.0 |
Kefesiya | Spartanets Magaracha | 2.0 | 36.8 | 0.60 | 24.0 |
Sary Pandas | Spartanets Magaracha | 7.8 | 37.1 | 0.38 | 15.1 |
Misgiuli Kara | Spartanets Magaracha | 7.4 | 36.6 | 0.07 | 1.9 |
Kokur Chernyi | Ifigenia | 0.0 | 37.2 | −0.26 | −6.5 |
Misket | Ifigenia | 0.0 | 22.8 | −0.32 | −8.0 |
Kok Pandas | Tsitronnyi Magaracha | 0.0 | 20.3 | −0.46 | −11.5 |
Khersonesskii | JS 26–205 | 0.0 | 21.9 | −0.78 | −13.0 |
Tashly | Krymchanin | 0.0 | 16.8 | −2.00 | −50.0 |
Breeding characteristics of hybrid populations by oidium resistance.
In populations with the participation of Crimean native varieties ‘Misgiuli Kara’, ‘Sary Pandas’, ‘Kefesiya’, ‘Shabash’, ‘Kok Pandas’, ‘Gevat Kara’ and ‘Magarach No. 31-77-10’ x ‘Gevat Kara’, hypothetic heterosis from 1.9 to 36.5 percent was noted. The transgressive recombinants were not observed in the studied combinations.
One of the main parameters characterizing the genetic potential of parental forms is the hereditability of breeding traits. The effectiveness of breeding selection in the studied populations is characterized by the parameter of hereditability of the trait, which is determined by the method of dispersion analysis of single-factor complexes. To calculate the hereditability indices, 13 single-factor complexes, including from 2 to 6 cross-combinations, were organized (Table 12). The lowest average score of 3.7 by the complex trait of resistance to oidium of Crimean native female forms possessed combinations of ‘Kefesiya’ and ‘Misgiuli Kara’ varieties, the highest - ‘Kokur Chernyi’ variety (4.2%), but the data presented for the last variety was not reliable (0.1). Inaccuracy did not indicate the absence of the influence of parents on genetic diversity of the progeny, but was explained by the limited number of seedlings in populations and small number of cross-combinations in some single-factor complexes. Average values of the remaining female forms did not exceed 4 points, and ranged in 3.8 points for ‘Sary Pandas’ variety and 3.9 points for ‘Kok Pandas’. In crossbreeding complexes with Crimean natives, where interspecific varieties ‘Muscat Jim’ and ‘Magarach No. 31-77-10’ were used as female forms, the resistance to oidium was 4.2 and 4.1 points respectively. The highest resistance among the complexes of male forms was observed in the variety ‘Spartanets Magaracha’.
Variety | Number of seedlings in the complex, pcs | Average score of resistance to oidium in the complex | Parameter of the power of influence of the variety | Parameter of reliability of the influence of the variety | Standard values of the criterion of Fisher |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Female forms | |||||
Sary Pandas | 269 | 3.8 | 0.0 | 6.5 | {1.6–2.0 – 2.6} |
Muscat Jim | 105 | 4.2 | 0.1 | 4.3 | {2.0–2.6 -3.4} |
Kok Pandas | 81 | 3.9 | 0.0 | 3.1 | {1.7–2.0 – 2.7} |
Magarach No. 31–77-10 | 131 | 4.1 | 0.1 | 2.5 | {1.6–2.0 – 2.6} |
Misgiuli Kara | 139 | 3.7 | 0.0 | 1.6 | {1.6–2.0 – 2.6} |
Kefesiya | 161 | 3.7 | 0.0 | 1.6 | {1.6–2.0 – 2.6} |
Kokur Chernyi | 53 | 4.2 | 0.0 | 0.1 | {2.0–2.7 – 3.5} |
Male forms | |||||
Spartanets Magaracha | 249 | 4.4 | 0.1 | 7.7 | {1.6–2.0 – 2.6} |
Ifigenia | 369 | 3.9 | 0.0 | 6.1 | {1.6–2.0 – 2.6} |
Tsitronnyi Magaracha | 129 | 4.1 | 0.1 | 5.3 | {1.7–2.0 –2.6} |
Gevat Kara | 111 | 3.8 | 0.0 | 5.1 | {1.7–2.0 – 2.7} |
Shabash | 68 | 3.9 | 0.0 | 5.0 | {1.7–2.0 – 2.7} |
Kokur Belyi | 57 | 3.7 | 0.0 | 0.1 | {1.7–2.0 – 2.7} |
Dispersive parameter of inheritance of resistance to oidium.
For female varieties strength of the influence (0.1) of interspecific varieties ‘Muscat Jim’ and ‘Magarach No. 31-77-10’ on the inheritance of resistance to oidium of the progeny in crossing with Crimean natives is reliably confirmed. Values of this parameter, 4.3 and 2.5, indicate that usage of these varieties as female forms in crossing with Crimean native varieties will make it possible to obtain stable seedlings in F1 depending on the specific combining ability of the parental components. The dispersion complexes of the Crimean natives ‘Sary Pandas’, ‘Kok Pandas’, ‘Migiuli Kara’, ‘Kefesiya’ and ‘Kokur Chernyi’ are characterized by zero influence on the progeny’s resistance to oidium, as confirmed by parameters of reliability. The use of these varieties as parental forms with various donors of resistance to oidium will not allow to obtain a significant number of resistant genotypes in F1.
It is established reliably that high proportion of genotypically determined inheritance of the trait of resistance to oidium is observed in crossing with male forms of interspecific origin ‘Spartanets Magaracha’, ‘Tsitronnyi Magaracha’. In other words, these donors of oidium resistance, regardless the stability of another parental component, provide a high yield of oidium resistant forms in hybrid populations. Local varieties of Crimea ‘Gevat Kara’, ‘Shabash’ and ‘Kokur Belyi’ do not affect the oidium resistance of their progeny.
Determination of frost-resistant native varieties of Crimea to identify sources of relative frost resistance and selection to the elite of the most frost-resistant genotypes obtained by crossing of native varieties of Crimea and hybrid varieties of complex interspecific origin is a promising direction of breeding work. The research objectives included: assessment of frost resistance of native varieties of Crimea by laboratory methods; selection to the elite the most frost-resistant genotypes obtained as a result of hybridization of Crimean native grape varieties with the complex interspecific hybrids.
As a result of the study, the frost resistance of 15 original forms, local varieties of Crimea, was tested using the laboratory method of assessment (Figure 4). The least frost resistance among the studied parental forms, local varieties of Crimea, showed the varieties ‘Shabash’, ‘Soldaiya’ and ‘Solnechnodolinskii’. The best frost resistance to minus 24°C among the analyzed local varieties of Crimea was shown by the varieties ‘Khersonesskii’ and ‘Kapselski’.
Differentiation of native grape varieties of the Crimea by resistance to frost.
The results of our researches correspond to the results of assessment of the reaction of 84 Crimean native grape varieties of the ampelographic collection of the Magarach Institute on the influence of extreme winter temperatures of 2006 (−22.5 °C) obtained by the field method. An assessment of the preservation of the main and base buds, as well as the analysis of regenerative ability of the bushes, allows us to divide the studied varieties by frost resistance into three groups:
the first group of non-resistant grape varieties; loss of 100% of main buds; loss of 95–100% of base buds; includes 57 varieties: ‘Kandavasta’, ‘Kozskiy Stolovyi’,’ Nasurla’, ‘Shabash’ and others; recovery of bushes of the remaining varieties was carried out with the help of base buds on fruit canes and sleeping buds of old wood of arms of the trunk and bush head;
the second group of varieties: preservation of main buds in these varieties was 0%, base buds - 1-9%; 5% of budded shoots on fruit canes; 5% - 50% of budded shoots with the help of sleeping buds of perennial wood; consists of 20 varieties: ‘Kanagyn Izium’, ‘Kefesiya’, ‘Kok Pandas’, ‘Solnechnaya Dolina 71/7’, ‘Firskii Ranniiy’, ‘Shira Izium’ and others.
the third group of relatively resistant grape varieties: preservation of main buds in these varieties was 0–7%, base buds - 3-25%; 25–50% of budded shoots on fruit canes; 5–50% of budded shoots with a help of sleeping buds of perennial wood; these are the varieties ‘Chivsiz Sary’, ‘Dere Izium’, ‘Solnechnaya Dolina 41’, ‘Biyas Aibatly’, ‘Kutlakskii Chernyi’, ‘Kapselski’ and ‘Khersonesskii’.
All local varieties of Crimea belong to different ecological and geographical groups by their origin [5, 9]. Varieties ‘Misgiuli Kara’, ‘Sary Pandas’, ‘Shabash’ belong to the eastern ecological-geographical group - convar
During an agrobiological study in the period 2012–2015 the numbers of 21 elite forms were selected from 296 promising seedlings of the Crimean native varieties crossed with the complex interspecific hybrids. The yielded vine passed similar to the above method of laboratory freezing tests. It is established that the buds of eight elite seedlings hold reduction of temperature to minus 22°С (Figure 5).
Resistance to frost in hybrids of native varieties of Crimea.
After freezing through at minus 24°C hardwood cuttings of the following populations were capable to green shoots formation: ‘Magarach No. 7-08-15-3’, ‘Magarach No. 11-08-17-2’, ‘Magarach No. 10-08-16-1’, ‘Magarach No. 10-08-8-3’, ‘Magarach No. 11-08-15-2’, ‘Magarach No. 11-08-13-3’, ‘Magarach No. 10-08-14-2’, ‘Magarach No. 10-08-17-2’, ‘Magarach No. 4-08-17-3’, ‘Magarach No. 5-08-8-4’, ‘Magarach No. 4-08-3-3’.
Freezing through at temperature of minus 26 °C of hardwood cuttings of elite form ‘Magarach No. 8-08-8-4’ (‘Kok Pandas’ х ‘Zeibel No. 6357’) did not follow to the damage of buds, and gave normal shoots after the exit of dormant state. The forms selected to the elite in each population have different frost resistance. Such difference is observed in the population of ‘Sary Pandas’ x ‘Tsitronnyi Magaracha’ in the form ‘Magarach No. 7-08-7-3’: frost resistance is minus 22°C, and in the form ‘Magarach No. 7-08-15-3’ it reaches minus 24°C. Similar situation was revealed in the population ‘Kefesiya’ x ‘Ifigenia’, where the elite form ‘Magarach No. 10-08-8-2’ is characterized by frost resistance of minus 22°C, and ‘Magarach No. 10-08-8-3’ - of minus 24°C. In the population ‘Misket’ x ‘JS 26205’, the form ‘Magarach No. 4-08-17-4’ withstands freezing through to minus 22°C, and the forms ‘Magarach No. 4-08-17-3’ and ‘Magarach No. 5-08-8-4’ - to minus 24°C. Moreover, almost all elite forms, in contrast to the initial Crimean native varieties in populations, are characterized by frost resistance higher by 2 °С.
The production compatible in the internal and international market is a national patrimony; in viticulture and winemaking this is the production made of unique native grape varieties. The introduction of new grape varieties, analogues of the Crimean autochthones, having a genetically determined association of qualitative and quantitative traits in combination with resistance to environmental stress factors, will increase the economic efficiency of viticulture and winemaking industry. We studied on a combination of parameters 10 promising black-berried forms obtained in crossing of native grape varieties of Crimea with complex interspecific hybrids. Analyzing the production period of the hybrid forms highlighted as elite in comparison with the control variety ‘Kefesiya’, the dates of onset of phenological phases should be specially indicated (Table 13).
Hybrid form, Magarach No. | Cross-combination | Onset of bud pushing, date | Onset of blooming, date | Onset of ripening of berries, date | Industrial ripeness, date | Productive period, days | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
♀ | ♂ | ||||||
5–08–8-4 | Misket | JS 26205 | 25.04 | 9.06 | 7.07 | 9.09 | 140 |
10–08–8-2 | Kefesiya | Ifigenia | 21.04 | 6.06 | 5.07 | 9.09 | 143 |
10–08–8-3 | Kefesiya | Ifigenia | 21.04 | 6.06 | 5.07 | 9.09 | 143 |
10–08–4-4 | Misgiuli Kara | Ifigenia | 26.04 | 10.06 | 9.07 | 15.09 | 145 |
4–08–3-3 | Misket | Ifigenia | 20.04 | 5.06 | 3.07 | 9.09 | 145 |
9–08–6-4 | Kokur Chernyi | Spartanets Мagaracha | 22.04 | 7.06 | 5.07 | 15.09 | 149 |
10–08–17-2 | Misgiuli Kara | Tsitronnyi Magaracha | 26.04 | 10.06 | 8.07 | 23.09 | 153 |
11–08–9-2 | Khersonesskii | Spartanets Мagaracha | 25.04 | 9.06 | 8.07 | 23.09 | 155 |
10–08–14–3 | Misgiuli Kara | Spartanets Мagaracha | 21.04 | 6.06 | 5.07 | 23.09 | 157 |
10–08–11-4 | Misgiuli Kara | Spartanets Мagaracha | 21.04 | 6.06 | 5.07 | 23.09 | 157 |
Kefesiya (c) | 24.04 | 7.06 | 8.07 | 18.09 | 146 | ||
23.04 | 7.06 | 6.08 | 16.09 | 148 | |||
σ | 2.30 | 1.80 | 1.89 | 6.31 | 6.09 | ||
V, % | 10.0 | 24.5 | 30.5 | 39.4 | 4.1 |
Phenology of hybrids of native grape varieties of the Crimea.
On average, in 2012–2015, the study of buds pushing in the researched hybrid forms began on April, 23. The coefficient of variation of this characteristic had an insignificant (10%) range of values of the trait in statistical population. The established standard deviation of 2,3 days allowed us to determine the varietal peculiarity of an earlier bud pushing for 3 days (April, 21) in the elite forms ‘Magarach №10–08–8-2’ and ‘Magarach №10–08–8-3’ compared to their initial form ‘Kefesiya’, studied as a control (April, 24). Blooming of the studied forms begins on average on June, 7 and coincides with the control variety. Range of the dates of blooming from June, 5 to June, 10 is determined by a coefficient of variation of 24.5%. Moreover, in 4 elite forms (‘Magarach № 5-08-8-4’, ‘Magarach № 10-08-4-4’, ‘Magarach № 10-08-17-2’, ‘Magarach № 11-08-9-2’) there is a deviation towards a later onset of blooming with an excess of the standard deviation (1.8 days) in comparison with the control. Totally the onset of blooming in the studied genotypes does not carry the character of significant difference. The beginning of the ripening period of berries in the studied forms was observed on average on August, 6. A significant difference between the genotypes was revealed at the stage of technological ripeness with the content of sugars in berries 21–22 Brix. The range of variability of onset of the technological ripeness (September, 16) in the average exceeded 33% and reached 39.4, which indicated the general dissimilarity of the whole in a trait.
The established biological variability of this trait, according to the existing gradation of the OIV scale, made it possible to distribute the studied genotypes by terms of ripening. Forms ‘Мagarach No.5–08–8-4’, ‘Мagarach No.10–08–8-2’, ‘Мagarach No.10–08–8-3’, ‘Мagarach No.10–08–4-4’, ‘Мagarach No.4–08–3-3’, ‘Мagarach No.9–08–6-4’ refer to varieties of average term of ripeness - 4 points – September, 01–15, and forms ‘Мagarach No.10–08–17-2’, ‘Мagarach No.11–08–9-2’, ‘Мagarach No.10–08–14–3’, ‘Мagarach No.10–08–11-4’ and control variety ‘Kefesiya’ – to varieties of average-late term of ripeness - 5 points – September, 16–30. To determine the biological productivity of the studied promising forms, it is necessary to consider their bearing potential (Table 14).
Hybrid form, Magarach No. | Shoot formation per bush, % | Coefficient | Productivity of the shoot, g/shoot | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
C1 | C2 | ||||
developed | fruit-bearing | ||||
10–08–8-2 | 50.0 | 22.2 | 0.22 | 1.00 | 42.2 |
9–08–6-4 | 46.2 | 33.3 | 0.34 | 1.00 | 57.7 |
10–08–11-3 | 48.1 | 38.5 | 0.60 | 1.20 | 62.2 |
4–08–4-3 | 63.2 | 29.2 | 0.31 | 1.10 | 67.2 |
10–08–17-2 | 66.1 | 56.4 | 1.10 | 1.90 | 69.8 |
11–08–9-2 | 86.4 | 31.6 | 0.66 | 1.00 | 70.3 |
10–08–14–3 | 62.5 | 46.7 | 0.57 | 1.00 | 75.3 |
10–08–4-4 | 70.3 | 50.0 | 0.58 | 1.15 | 84.7 |
5–08–8-4 | 66.7 | 37.5 | 0.50 | 1.33 | 85.0 |
10–08–8-3 | 75.7 | 44.9 | 0.50 | 1.17 | 86.4 |
Kefesiya (c) | 72.4 | 55.1 | 0.66 | 1.02 | 88.4 |
LSD05 | 15.9 | 11.1 | 0.17 | 0.03 | 17.2 |
Crop productivity of hybrids of native grape varieties of the Crimea.
Among the studied genotypes the least development of shoots was observed in forms ‘Magarach No. 10-08-8-2’, ‘Magarach No. 9-08-6-4’, ‘Magarach No. 10-08-11-3’. In other forms this trait did not have significant differences compared to the control and was in the range 62.5–86.4%.
Fruit-bearing coefficient is one of the main parameters determining the potential productivity of genotypes. Among the forms under study, a very low fruit-bearing coefficient was noted in the genotypes ‘Magarach No.10–08–8-2’, ‘Magarach No.9–08–6-4’ and ‘Magarach No.4–08–4-3’. Elite form ‘Magarach No.10–08–17-2’ had fruit-bearing coefficient (1.1) much higher than the control (0.66). Productiveness of the shoot in the wet raw bunch weight (g/shoot) should be considered as a resulting parameter of crop efficiency of variety. The inheritance of the forms under study with distinct direction of the trait value downwards was observed taking into account the varietal peculiarity of Crimean native wine grape cultivars and initial low productivity. Four studied forms were characterized by shoot productivity at the level of the control variety ‘Kefesiya’.
The adjusted varietal specificity of the potential productivity of ten promising forms allowed to select four hybrid forms to the elite – ‘Magarach No.5–08–8-4’, ‘Magarach No.10–08–4-4’, ‘Magarach No.10–08–8-3’, ‘Magarach No.10–08–14–3’.
Qualitative characteristics of promising forms were studied together with the determination of the productive period and fruit-bearing potential (Table 15). On average, among the studied forms the juice output was 58.2%. According to the gradation of the OIV scale, the studied genotypes ‘Magarach No.5–08–8-4’, ‘Magarach No. 10-08-14-3’ belong to the group of varieties with the low output of juice, and the elite forms ‘Magarach No. 10-08-4-4’, ‘Magarach No. 10-08-8-3’ and the control variety ‘Kefesiya’ - to the group of varieties with an average juice output. Form ‘Magarach No. 10–08–8-3’ in terms of the average weight of the bunch was quite different from initial form ‘Kefesiya’. Such a variety was explained by the different type of flower: female in the variety ‘Kefesiya’ and androgenous in the studied elite form ‘Magarach No. 10-08-8-3’. The output yield was recalculated per 1 ha depending on the average yield per bush in elite forms. Records determining the cropping potential of the studied genotypes were obtained. Form ‘Magarach No. 10–08–14–3’ was characterized by a very low productivity (21.9 center/ha), form ‘Magarach No. 5-08-8-4’ (45.2 center /ha) did not significantly differ from the control (48.0 center /ha). There was no difference between productivity of elite forms ‘Magarach No.10–08–4-4’ (53.2 center /ha) and ‘Magarach No.10–08–8-3’ (55.7 center /ha), but essential increase in crop yield of these genotypes compared to the control variety ‘Kefesiya’ was revealed.
Elite form, Magarach No. | Stem weight, % | Seeds weight, % | Skin and pulp weight, % | Juice output, % | Parameter of structure |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
5–08–8-4 | 3.5 | 8.0 | 37.1 | 51.4 | 18.6 |
10–08–4-4 | 2.7 | 8.9 | 29.0 | 59.4 | 43.0 |
10–08–8-3 | 3.9 | 5.9 | 29.8 | 60.2 | 25.0 |
10–08–14–3 | 1.5 | 11.1 | 34.5 | 52.9 | 67.5 |
Kefesiya (c) | 2.1 | 5.2 | 32.4 | 62.4 | 46.7 |
3.0 | 7.3 | 30.2 | 58.2 | 37.2 | |
σ | 1.1 | 2.5 | 6.6 | 8.1 | 18.7 |
V,% | 35.6 | 33.9 | 21.8 | 14.0 | 50.3 |
Mechanical composition of the bunch of elite form.
We have obtained data that determine the potential juice yield per hectare. It allowed us to recommend the elite form for production tests. The highest value of the parameter of juice output per hectare (336.4) among the studied genotypes was noted in form ‘Magarach No. 10-08-8-3’ (‘Kefesiya’ x ‘Ifigenia’) (Table 16).
Elite form, Magarach No. | Bunch weight, g | Yield, kg/bush | Crop productivity, center /ha | Juice output, dL/ha |
---|---|---|---|---|
5–08–8-4 | 170 | 1.356 | 45.2 | 232.3 |
10–08–4-4 | 146 | 1.595 | 53.2 | 315.8 |
10–08–8-3 | 173 | 1.670 | 55.7 | 336.4 |
10–08–14–3 | 108 | 0.659 | 21.9 | 116.2 |
Kefesiya (c) | 162 | 1.414 | 48.0 | 299.5 |
LSD05 | 9.1 | 0.07 | 3.7 | 17.2 |
Crop productivity of elite forms.
As a general matter, the obtained data of the productive period, potential crop efficiency, mechanical composition and yielding capacity of the studied gene pool, was united to choose and highlight two elite forms ‘Magarach No. 10-08-4-4’ (‘Misgiuli Kara’ x ‘Ifigenia’) and ‘Magarach No. 10-08-8-3’ (‘Kefesiya’ x ‘Ifigenia’).
In the process of studying the biology of local grape varieties of the Crimean region investigated the possibility of their use in breeding to obtain more adaptive grape varieties that can be competitive in the viticulture and winemaking market. The grape plant in more than 2000 years of culture has shown in itself an exceptionally high adaptive capacity to stress factors. Nevertheless, thanks to introgression of genes of resistance to drought, low temperatures, and pathogens, we are able to manage the genetic diversity of the crop and create a wide range of new grape varieties.
Thus, we can state: according to the main economic parameters, the most profitable for cultivation without irrigation in the eastern South Coast zone of viticulture of Crimea among the native grape varieties are ‘Gevat Kara’, ‘Kokur Belyi’ and ‘Kapselski Belyi’. A group of varieties including ‘Kefesiya’, ‘Kok Pandas’ and ‘Tashly’, was selected in the analysis and demonstrates high hybridization efficiency in intraspecific crossing and in crossing with complex interspecific hybrids. Hybridological analysis of the progeny in F1 showed that the average index of resistance to oidium depends on the genetic characteristics of the parent components. Hybridological analysis showed that the most resistant progeny developed in the crossing of ‘Khersonesskii’ × ‘JS 26–205’ (6.8 points). It is established that a high degree of genotypically determined inheritance of the trait of resistance to oidium is observed in crossings with the participation of female forms of interspecific origin – ‘Magarach No. 31-77-10’, ‘Muscat Jim’ and male forms– ‘Spartanets Magaracha’ and ‘Tsitronnyi Magaracha’. The forms selected to the elite in each population have different frost resistance. Such difference is observed in the population of ‘Sary Pandas’ x ‘Tsitronnyi Magaracha’ in the form ‘Magarach No. 7-08-7-3’: frost resistance is minus 22 °C, and in the form ‘Magarach No. 7-08-15-3’ it reaches minus 24°C. Almost all elite forms, in contrast to the initial Crimean native varieties in populations, are characterized by frost resistance higher by 2°С. Four genotypes 5–08–8-4 (‘Misket’ x ‘JS 26205’), 10–08–4-4 (‘Misgiuli Kara’ x ‘Ifigenia’), 10–08–8-3 (‘Kefesiya’ x ‘Ifigenia’) and 10–08–14–3 (‘Misgiuli Kara’ x ‘Spartanets Мagaracha’) were selected from the group of native grape varieties - donors of traits and obtaining hybrids of the first generation, which are improved analogues of the native grape varieties of Crimea.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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It is important to understand how these facets interact, given that those diagnosed with AN often fluctuate and relapse–as opposed to maintaining a stable diagnosis—between Diagnostic and Statistical Manual version 5 (DSM-5) categories, over the life course. The National Institute of Health’s Research Domain Criteria (NIH RDoC) subscribes to the transdiagnostic view of mental disorders and provides progressive guidelines for neuroscience research. As such, using the RDoC guidelines may help to pinpoint how impulsivity and compulsivity contribute to the cognitive mechanisms underlying variations in appetite restraint in eating disorders and common psychiatric comorbidities such as anxiety and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Exploring impulsivity and compulsivity in AN from the perspective of the RDoC cognitive systems domain is aided by measures of genetic, molecular, cellular, neural, physiological, behavioural and cognitive task paradigms. Thus, from the standpoint of the RDoC measures, this chapter will describe some of the ways in which impulsivity and compulsivity contribute to the cognitive systems associated with appetite restraint in AN, with the aim of further clarifying a model of appetite restraint to improve treatment interventions.",book:{id:"7885",slug:"anorexia-and-bulimia-nervosa",title:"Anorexia and Bulimia Nervosa",fullTitle:"Anorexia and Bulimia Nervosa"},signatures:"Samantha Jane Brooks and Helgi Schiöth",authors:[{id:"273344",title:"Dr.",name:"Samantha",middleName:null,surname:"Brooks",slug:"samantha-brooks",fullName:"Samantha Brooks"},{id:"293440",title:"Prof.",name:"Helgi",middleName:null,surname:"Schioth",slug:"helgi-schioth",fullName:"Helgi Schioth"}]},{id:"52677",doi:"10.5772/65695",title:"EMDR in Anorexia Nervosa: From a Theoretical Framework to the Treatment Guidelines",slug:"emdr-in-anorexia-nervosa-from-a-theoretical-framework-to-the-treatment-guidelines",totalDownloads:2262,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"Studies on the risks and on the positive factors implied in the onset of anorexia nervosa (AN) have reported the role of an insecure or disorganized state of mind (SoM) with respect to attachment. We compare the effects of eyes movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) approach with cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) in the treatment of AN in terms of SoMs, reflective function (RF), and narrative coherence (Coh). Our results are part of a broader observational clinical comparative study of the two approaches, and it is based on the Adult Attachment Interview (AAI) outcomes. Differences in terms of belongingness to a secure group and an unsecure group before and after the treatments in EMDR and CBT group have been reported through McNemar's test. The generalized linear model (GLM) repeated‐measures multivariate ANOVA (RM‐MANOVA) has been selected. Our results suggest that EMDR allows an active reprocessing of traumatic memories related to family dynamics and to eating behaviors, which could enable a positive resolution of eating disorder (ED) symptoms. The emotional reprocessing of unresolved attachment issues can allow a better modulation of the control‐related rigidity that is a commonality between AN patients.",book:{id:"5372",slug:"eating-disorders-a-paradigm-of-the-biopsychosocial-model-of-illness",title:"Eating Disorders",fullTitle:"Eating Disorders - A Paradigm of the Biopsychosocial Model of Illness"},signatures:"Maria Zaccagnino, Cristina Civilotti, Martina Cussino, Chiara\nCallerame and Isabel Fernandez",authors:[{id:"186530",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Zaccagnino",slug:"maria-zaccagnino",fullName:"Maria Zaccagnino"},{id:"194184",title:"Dr.",name:"Cristina",middleName:null,surname:"Civilotti",slug:"cristina-civilotti",fullName:"Cristina Civilotti"},{id:"194185",title:"Dr.",name:"Martina",middleName:null,surname:"Cussino",slug:"martina-cussino",fullName:"Martina Cussino"},{id:"194186",title:"Dr.",name:"Chiara",middleName:null,surname:"Callerame",slug:"chiara-callerame",fullName:"Chiara Callerame"},{id:"194187",title:"Dr.",name:"Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"Fernandez",slug:"isabel-fernandez",fullName:"Isabel Fernandez"}]},{id:"53353",doi:"10.5772/65305",title:"Communication Challenges Within Eating Disorders: What People Say and What Individuals Hear",slug:"communication-challenges-within-eating-disorders-what-people-say-and-what-individuals-hear",totalDownloads:2140,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"Communication challenges are apparent in many different ways when working with individuals who struggle with eating disorders. These issues can include the influence of parenting styles to society’s weight messages to comments by professionals as they interact with those struggling with eating disorders. Other challenges come from the skewed interpretations that individuals with eating disorders can place on messages that they receive. This chapter examines the literature on many of these issues, highlights challenges with clinical examples, and proposes potential tools to ameliorate some of the impact of these issues on communication.",book:{id:"5372",slug:"eating-disorders-a-paradigm-of-the-biopsychosocial-model-of-illness",title:"Eating Disorders",fullTitle:"Eating Disorders - A Paradigm of the Biopsychosocial Model of Illness"},signatures:"Martha Peaslee Levine",authors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}]},{id:"52740",doi:"10.5772/65844",title:"Eating Disorders with Comorbidity Anxiety Disorders",slug:"eating-disorders-with-comorbidity-anxiety-disorders",totalDownloads:1788,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Although eating disorders and anxiety disorders (AD) are under different diagnosis categories, it is striking that they have high comorbidity and similar clinical features. The most frequently informed anxiety disorders are obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), social anxiety disorder (SAD) and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Moreover, in cases with a tendency of perfectionism, concern and harm avoidance before the diagnosis of eating disorder, the anxiety disorder is able to be failed to notice. The existence of anxiety disorder or eating disorder makes these syndromes worse. Until today, the relation in between eating disorder and AD has tried to be clarified by phenomenological, neurobiological and family studies. But even if a significant relation has been specified in phenomenological aspect in between OCD and eating disorders, the relation in between eating disorders and other AD is not clear. The existence of AD may be a risk factor in the arise of eating disorders. Therefore, diagnosis and treatment of childhood-adolescence occurring AD may prevent the development of eating disorders. The comorbidity of eating disorders and AD is negatively affecting the treatment and prognosis of the disorder. Moreover, there is limited evidence regarding the effectiveness of treatment options (medication, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), family therapy, dialectic behavioral therapy, interpersonal therapy) used in the treatment of cases with a diagnosis of concurrent eating disorder and anxiety disorder. In this chapter, a review of the literature on the comorbidity between eating disorders and the anxiety disorders of OCD, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), SAD, GAD, simple phobia, agoraphobia and panic disorder.",book:{id:"5372",slug:"eating-disorders-a-paradigm-of-the-biopsychosocial-model-of-illness",title:"Eating Disorders",fullTitle:"Eating Disorders - A Paradigm of the Biopsychosocial Model of Illness"},signatures:"Cicek Hocaoglu",authors:[{id:"28322",title:"Prof.",name:"Cicek",middleName:null,surname:"Hocaoglu",slug:"cicek-hocaoglu",fullName:"Cicek Hocaoglu"}]},{id:"66979",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86083",title:"Patients’ and Carers’ Perspectives of Psychopharmacological Interventions Targeting Anorexia Nervosa Symptoms",slug:"patients-and-carers-perspectives-of-psychopharmacological-interventions-targeting-anorexia-nervosa-s",totalDownloads:937,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"In clinical practice, patients with anorexia nervosa (AN), their carers and clinicians often disagree about psychopharmacological treatment. We developed two corresponding questionnaires to survey the perspectives of patients with AN and their carers on psychopharmacological treatment. These questionnaires were distributed to 36 patients and 37 carers as a quality improvement project on a specialist unit for eating disorders at the South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust. Although most patients did not believe that medication could help with AN, the majority thought that medication for AN should help with anxiety (61.1%), concentration (52.8%), sleep problems (52.8%) and anorexic thoughts (55.6%). Most of the carers shared the view that drug treatment for AN should help with anxiety (54%) and anorexic thoughts (64.8%). Most patients had concerns about potential weight gain, increased appetite, changes in body shape and metabolism during psychopharmacological treatment. By contrast, the majority of carers were not concerned about these specific side effects. Some of the concerns expressed by the patients seem to be AN-related. However, their desire for help with anxiety and anorexic thoughts, which is shared by their carers, should be taken seriously by clinicians when choosing a medication or planning psychopharmacological studies.",book:{id:"7885",slug:"anorexia-and-bulimia-nervosa",title:"Anorexia and Bulimia Nervosa",fullTitle:"Anorexia and Bulimia Nervosa"},signatures:"Amabel Dessain, Jessica Bentley, Janet Treasure, Ulrike Schmidt and Hubertus Himmerich",authors:[{id:"231568",title:"Dr.",name:"Hubertus",middleName:null,surname:"Himmerich",slug:"hubertus-himmerich",fullName:"Hubertus Himmerich"},{id:"240670",title:"Ms.",name:"Jessica",middleName:null,surname:"Bentley",slug:"jessica-bentley",fullName:"Jessica Bentley"},{id:"284593",title:"Dr.",name:"Amabel",middleName:null,surname:"Dessain",slug:"amabel-dessain",fullName:"Amabel Dessain"},{id:"295428",title:"Prof.",name:"Janet",middleName:null,surname:"Treasure",slug:"janet-treasure",fullName:"Janet Treasure"},{id:"295429",title:"Prof.",name:"Ulrike",middleName:null,surname:"Schmidt",slug:"ulrike-schmidt",fullName:"Ulrike Schmidt"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"53036",title:"Neurobiology and the Changing Face of Eating Disorder Treatment: Healing the Eating Disordered Brain",slug:"neurobiology-and-the-changing-face-of-eating-disorder-treatment-healing-the-eating-disordered-brain",totalDownloads:2037,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"By recognizing eating disorders (EDs) as disruptions in brain circuitry, neuroscience has begun to shed light on how people make changes in psychotherapy. The clinician who treats the eating disordered patient also treats the eating disordered brain. It is time for practitioners to become better acquainted with the organ they treat, and to apply neuroplasticity research findings to clinical practice. Eating disorders and body image disturbances signify the loss of integrity of the core self. Twenty-first century research and technology has validated the age‐old notion that healthy neuronal connectivity within, and between, mind(s), brain(s), and body(s) reintegrates and defines the healthy self. The concept of the “self” as embodied (grounded in somatic reality) expands the scope of effective healing practices. Neurophysiological (somatosensory education and mindful psychotherapeutic attachments) interventions that support the emergence of embodied mindfulness and sensory awareness facilitate the reintegration of the eating disordered brain, and of the fragmented core self. Both lie at the heart of eating disorder recovery. Nowhere in the field of mental health are the concepts of the embedded self and embodied healing as significant as in the treatment of eating disorders and body image disturbances. This article discusses the healing impact of neurophysiological connections, intrapersonal and interpersonal, that foster recovery of the self.",book:{id:"5372",slug:"eating-disorders-a-paradigm-of-the-biopsychosocial-model-of-illness",title:"Eating Disorders",fullTitle:"Eating Disorders - A Paradigm of the Biopsychosocial Model of Illness"},signatures:"Abigail H. Natenshon",authors:[{id:"186482",title:"M.A.",name:"Abigail H.",middleName:null,surname:"Natenshon",slug:"abigail-h.-natenshon",fullName:"Abigail H. Natenshon"}]},{id:"67092",title:"Bulimia Nervosa and Body Dissatisfaction in Terms of Self-Perception of Body Image",slug:"bulimia-nervosa-and-body-dissatisfaction-in-terms-of-self-perception-of-body-image",totalDownloads:1038,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Bulimia nervosa is characterized by disturbed body image, repetitive binge eating, and compensatory behaviours such as self-induced vomiting, laxative abuse, or fasting. Body image dissatisfaction and eating disordered behaviours (e.g. food restriction, purging, and binge eating) can affect men and women of varied ages, races, and cultural backgrounds. Body dissatisfaction is defined as a negative subjective evaluation of the weight and shape of one’s own body. Body dissatisfaction predicts the onset, severity, and treatment outcomes of eating disorders. A core component of body dissatisfaction is appearance-based social comparisons. In this context a study on self-perception of body image of women in Riyadh in 2018 revealed that a sudden spurt in obesity after marriage is leading to shift of higher percentage of women from positive to negative perception. Overall, an underestimation of body weight in terms of BMI was found among the participants. Such misconceptions should be addressed in view of the high obesity prevalence. It was also evident that positive and negative body image perception will lead to eating disorders in adolescents.",book:{id:"7885",slug:"anorexia-and-bulimia-nervosa",title:"Anorexia and Bulimia Nervosa",fullTitle:"Anorexia and Bulimia Nervosa"},signatures:"Layam Anitha, Asma Abdulaziz Alhussaini, Hessah Ibrahim Alsuwedan, Hessa Faleh Alnefaie, Rehab Abduallah Almubrek and Shima Abdulaziz Aldaweesh",authors:[{id:"276645",title:"Dr.",name:"Anitha",middleName:null,surname:"Layam",slug:"anitha-layam",fullName:"Anitha Layam"},{id:"408346",title:"Dr.",name:"Asma",middleName:null,surname:"Abdulaziz Alhussaini",slug:"asma-abdulaziz-alhussaini",fullName:"Asma Abdulaziz Alhussaini"},{id:"408347",title:"Dr.",name:"Hessah",middleName:null,surname:"Ibrahim Alsuwedan",slug:"hessah-ibrahim-alsuwedan",fullName:"Hessah Ibrahim Alsuwedan"},{id:"408348",title:"Dr.",name:"Hessa",middleName:null,surname:"Faleh Alnefaie",slug:"hessa-faleh-alnefaie",fullName:"Hessa Faleh Alnefaie"},{id:"408349",title:"Dr.",name:"Rehab",middleName:null,surname:"Abduallah Almubrek",slug:"rehab-abduallah-almubrek",fullName:"Rehab Abduallah Almubrek"},{id:"408350",title:"Dr.",name:"Shima",middleName:null,surname:"Abdulaziz Aldaweesh",slug:"shima-abdulaziz-aldaweesh",fullName:"Shima Abdulaziz Aldaweesh"}]},{id:"64858",title:"The Neurobiology of Anorexia Nervosa",slug:"the-neurobiology-of-anorexia-nervosa",totalDownloads:1557,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Anorexia nervosa is considered the most deadly psychological illness. Individuals with and recovered from anorexia nervosa experience numerous physical and mental health difficulties, and treatment outcomes remain unpromising. Anorexia nervosa is rare in the general population, but common among individuals with a first-degree relative with the disorder. In addition, the onset of anorexia nervosa is developmentally specific, which suggests a partly biological etiology. A better understanding of the biological and neurobiological etiology of anorexia nervosa is direly needed to inform new therapies and to identify individuals at risk for the disorder. This paper summarizes the research related to neurotransmitter abnormalities, aberrant brain activity, and genetic and epigenetic mechanisms that may contribute to the etiology of this deadly disorder.",book:{id:"7885",slug:"anorexia-and-bulimia-nervosa",title:"Anorexia and Bulimia Nervosa",fullTitle:"Anorexia and Bulimia Nervosa"},signatures:"Ashley Higgins",authors:[{id:"274781",title:"Dr.",name:"Ashley",middleName:null,surname:"Higgins",slug:"ashley-higgins",fullName:"Ashley Higgins"}]},{id:"53353",title:"Communication Challenges Within Eating Disorders: What People Say and What Individuals Hear",slug:"communication-challenges-within-eating-disorders-what-people-say-and-what-individuals-hear",totalDownloads:2140,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"Communication challenges are apparent in many different ways when working with individuals who struggle with eating disorders. These issues can include the influence of parenting styles to society’s weight messages to comments by professionals as they interact with those struggling with eating disorders. Other challenges come from the skewed interpretations that individuals with eating disorders can place on messages that they receive. This chapter examines the literature on many of these issues, highlights challenges with clinical examples, and proposes potential tools to ameliorate some of the impact of these issues on communication.",book:{id:"5372",slug:"eating-disorders-a-paradigm-of-the-biopsychosocial-model-of-illness",title:"Eating Disorders",fullTitle:"Eating Disorders - A Paradigm of the Biopsychosocial Model of Illness"},signatures:"Martha Peaslee Levine",authors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}]},{id:"53044",title:"Oral Implications of Eating Disorders",slug:"oral-implications-of-eating-disorders",totalDownloads:1321,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Eating disorders (EDs) are defined as persistent behavioural problems related to food and weight control, which significantly damage the physical and mental health with dramatic effects on the oral cavity. We briefly describe the effect on oral health and the principles of dental management.",book:{id:"5372",slug:"eating-disorders-a-paradigm-of-the-biopsychosocial-model-of-illness",title:"Eating Disorders",fullTitle:"Eating Disorders - A Paradigm of the Biopsychosocial Model of Illness"},signatures:"Aurea Lumbau and Giovanni Spano",authors:[{id:"186217",title:"Dr.",name:"Aurea",middleName:null,surname:"Lumbau",slug:"aurea-lumbau",fullName:"Aurea Lumbau"},{id:"194431",title:"Dr.",name:"Giovanni",middleName:null,surname:"Spano",slug:"giovanni-spano",fullName:"Giovanni Spano"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"1113",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:318,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:106,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:15,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 29th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:32,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",slug:"rosa-maria-martinez-espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa has been a Spanish Full Professor since 2020 (Biochemistry and Molecular Biology) and is currently Vice-President of International Relations and Cooperation development and leader of the research group 'Applied Biochemistry” (University of Alicante, Spain). Other positions she has held at the university include Vice-Dean of Master Programs, Vice-Dean of the Degree in Biology and Vice-Dean for Mobility and Enterprise and Engagement at the Faculty of Science (University of Alicante). She received her Bachelor in Biology in 1998 (University of Alicante) and her PhD in 2003 (Biochemistry, University of Alicante). She undertook post-doctoral research at the University of East Anglia (Norwich, U.K. 2004-2005; 2007-2008).\nHer multidisciplinary research focuses on investigating archaea and their potential applications in biotechnology. She has an H-index of 21. She has authored one patent and has published more than 70 indexed papers and around 60 book chapters.\nShe has contributed to more than 150 national and international meetings during the last 15 years. Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. Dr. Beydemir is also Rector of Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Turkey.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",slug:"deniz-ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",biography:"Dr. Deniz Ekinci obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 2004, MSc in Biochemistry in 2006, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2009 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He studied at Stetson University, USA, in 2007-2008 and at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Germany, in 2009-2010. Dr. Ekinci currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Agriculture and is the Head of the Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Division, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Turkey. He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. Dr. Ekinci serves as the Editor in Chief of four international books and is involved in the Editorial Board of several international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",slug:"yannis-karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",biography:"Yannis Karamanos, born in Greece in 1953, completed his pre-graduate studies at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, then his Masters and Doctoral degree at the Université de Lille (1983). He was associate professor at the University of Limoges (1987) before becoming full professor of biochemistry at the Université d’Artois (1996). He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. His teaching areas are energy metabolism and regulation, integration and organ specialization and metabolic adaptation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",slug:"paolo-iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",biography:"Paolo Iadarola graduated with a degree in Chemistry from the University of Pavia (Italy) in July 1972. He then worked as an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Science of the same University until 1984. In 1985, Prof. Iadarola became Associate Professor at the Department of Biology and Biotechnologies of the University of Pavia and retired in October 2017. Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. He is a Consultant Reviewer for several journals, including the Journal of Chromatography A, Journal of Chromatography B, Plos ONE, Proteomes, International Journal of Molecular Science, Biotech, Electrophoresis, and others. He is also Associate Editor of Biotech.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",slug:"simona-viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",biography:"Simona Viglio is an Associate Professor of Biochemistry at the Department of Molecular Medicine at the University of Pavia. She has been working since 1995 on the determination of proteolytic enzymes involved in the degradation process of connective tissue matrix and on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. She is an author of about 90 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; According to WOS: H-Index: 20) on peer-reviewed journals, a member of the “Società Italiana di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare,“ and a Consultant Reviewer for International Journal of Molecular Science, Journal of Chromatography A, COPD, Plos ONE and Nutritional Neuroscience.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:36,paginationItems:[{id:"82195",title:"Endoplasmic Reticulum: A Hub in Lipid Homeostasis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105450",signatures:"Raúl Ventura and María Isabel Hernández-Alvarez",slug:"endoplasmic-reticulum-a-hub-in-lipid-homeostasis",totalDownloads:3,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Endoplasmic Reticulum",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11674.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"82409",title:"Purinergic Signaling in Covid-19 Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105008",signatures:"Hailian Shen",slug:"purinergic-signaling-in-covid-19-disease",totalDownloads:3,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82374",title:"The Potential of the Purinergic System as a Therapeutic Target of Natural Compounds in Cutaneous Melanoma",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105457",signatures:"Gilnei Bruno da Silva, Daiane Manica, Marcelo Moreno and Margarete Dulce Bagatini",slug:"the-potential-of-the-purinergic-system-as-a-therapeutic-target-of-natural-compounds-in-cutaneous-mel",totalDownloads:9,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82103",title:"The Role of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Its Regulation in the Progression of Neurological and Infectious Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105543",signatures:"Mary Dover, Michael Kishek, Miranda Eddins, Naneeta Desar, Ketema Paul and Milan Fiala",slug:"the-role-of-endoplasmic-reticulum-stress-and-its-regulation-in-the-progression-of-neurological-and-i",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Endoplasmic Reticulum",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11674.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:32,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7006",title:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7006.jpg",slug:"biochemistry-and-health-benefits-of-fatty-acids",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Viduranga Waisundara",hash:"c93a00abd68b5eba67e5e719f67fd20b",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",editors:[{id:"194281",title:"Dr.",name:"Viduranga Y.",middleName:null,surname:"Waisundara",slug:"viduranga-y.-waisundara",fullName:"Viduranga Y. Waisundara",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/194281/images/system/194281.jpg",biography:"Dr. Viduranga Waisundara obtained her Ph.D. in Food Science\nand Technology from the Department of Chemistry, National\nUniversity of Singapore, in 2010. She was a lecturer at Temasek Polytechnic, Singapore from July 2009 to March 2013.\nShe relocated to her motherland of Sri Lanka and spearheaded the Functional Food Product Development Project at the\nNational Institute of Fundamental Studies from April 2013 to\nOctober 2016. She was a senior lecturer on a temporary basis at the Department of\nFood Technology, Faculty of Technology, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka. She is\ncurrently Deputy Principal of the Australian College of Business and Technology –\nKandy Campus, Sri Lanka. 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Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. 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Ms. Mehtab has published seven papers in international conferences and one of her papers has been accepted for publication in a reputable international journal. She has won the best paper awards in two prestigious international conferences – BAICONF 2019, and ICADCML 2021, organized in the Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore, India in December 2019, and SOA University, Bhubaneswar, India in January 2021. Besides, Ms. Mehtab has also published two book chapters in two books. Seven of her book chapters will be published in a volume shortly in 2021 by Cambridge Scholars’ Press, UK. Currently, she is working as the joint editor of two edited volumes on Time Series Analysis and Forecasting to be published in the first half of 2021 by an international house. Currently, she is working as a Data Scientist with an MNC in Delhi, India.",institutionString:"NSHM College of Management and Technology",institution:null},{id:"226240",title:"Dr.",name:"Andri Irfan",middleName:null,surname:"Rifai",slug:"andri-irfan-rifai",fullName:"Andri Irfan Rifai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226240/images/7412_n.jpg",biography:"Andri IRFAN is a Senior Lecturer of Civil Engineering and Planning. He completed the PhD at the Universitas Indonesia & Universidade do Minho with Sandwich Program Scholarship from the Directorate General of Higher Education and LPDP scholarship. He has been teaching for more than 19 years and much active to applied his knowledge in the project construction in Indonesia. His research interest ranges from pavement management system to advanced data mining techniques for transportation engineering. He has published more than 50 papers in journals and 2 books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Internasional Batam",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"314576",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibai",middleName:null,surname:"Laña",slug:"ibai-lana",fullName:"Ibai Laña",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314576/images/system/314576.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ibai Laña works at TECNALIA as a data analyst. He received his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence from the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Spain, in 2018. He is currently a senior researcher at TECNALIA. His research interests fall within the intersection of intelligent transportation systems, machine learning, traffic data analysis, and data science. He has dealt with urban traffic forecasting problems, applying machine learning models and evolutionary algorithms. He has experience in origin-destination matrix estimation or point of interest and trajectory detection. Working with large volumes of data has given him a good command of big data processing tools and NoSQL databases. He has also been a visiting scholar at the Knowledge Engineering and Discovery Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"314575",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus",middleName:null,surname:"L. Lobo",slug:"jesus-l.-lobo",fullName:"Jesus L. Lobo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314575/images/system/314575.png",biography:"Dr. Jesús López is currently based in Bilbao (Spain) working at TECNALIA as Artificial Intelligence Research Scientist. In most cases, a project idea or a new research line needs to be investigated to see if it is good enough to take into production or to focus on it. That is exactly what he does, diving into Machine Learning algorithms and technologies to help TECNALIA to decide whether something is great in theory or will actually impact on the product or processes of its projects. So, he is expert at framing experiments, developing hypotheses, and proving whether they’re true or not, in order to investigate fundamental problems with a longer time horizon. He is also able to design and develop PoCs and system prototypes in simulation. He has participated in several national and internacional R&D projects.\n\nAs another relevant part of his everyday research work, he usually publishes his findings in reputed scientific refereed journals and international conferences, occasionally acting as reviewer and Programme Commitee member. Concretely, since 2018 he has published 9 JCR (8 Q1) journal papers, 9 conference papers (e.g. ECML PKDD 2021), and he has co-edited a book. He is also active in popular science writing data science stories for reputed blogs (KDNuggets, TowardsDataScience, Naukas). Besides, he has recently embarked on mentoring programmes as mentor, and has also worked as data science trainer.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",slug:"yalcin-isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",biography:"Yalcin Isler (1971 - Burdur / Turkey) received the B.Sc. degree in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey, in 1993, the M.Sc. degree from the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey, in 1996, the Ph.D. degree from the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey, in 2009, and the Competence of Associate Professorship from the Turkish Interuniversity Council in 2019.\n\nHe was Lecturer at Burdur Vocational School in Suleyman Demirel University (1993-2000, Burdur / Turkey), Software Engineer (2000-2002, Izmir / Turkey), Research Assistant in Bulent Ecevit University (2002-2003, Zonguldak / Turkey), Research Assistant in Dokuz Eylul University (2003-2010, Izmir / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering in Bulent Ecevit University (2010-2012, Zonguldak / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering in Izmir Katip Celebi University (2012-2019, Izmir / Turkey). He is an Associate Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir / Turkey, since 2019. In addition to academics, he has also founded Islerya Medical and Information Technologies Company, Izmir / Turkey, since 2017.\n\nHis main research interests cover biomedical signal processing, pattern recognition, medical device design, programming, and embedded systems. He has many scientific papers and participated in several projects in these study fields. He was an IEEE Student Member (2009-2011) and IEEE Member (2011-2014) and has been IEEE Senior Member since 2014.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"339677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mrinmoy",middleName:null,surname:"Roy",slug:"mrinmoy-roy",fullName:"Mrinmoy Roy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/339677/images/16768_n.jpg",biography:"An accomplished Sales & Marketing professional with 12 years of cross-functional experience in well-known organisations such as CIPLA, LUPIN, GLENMARK, ASTRAZENECA across different segment of Sales & Marketing, International Business, Institutional Business, Product Management, Strategic Marketing of HIV, Oncology, Derma, Respiratory, Anti-Diabetic, Nutraceutical & Stomatological Product Portfolio and Generic as well as Chronic Critical Care Portfolio. A First Class MBA in International Business & Strategic Marketing, B.Pharm, D.Pharm, Google Certified Digital Marketing Professional. Qualified PhD Candidate in Operations and Management with special focus on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning adoption, analysis and use in Healthcare, Hospital & Pharma Domain. Seasoned with diverse therapy area of Pharmaceutical Sales & Marketing ranging from generating revenue through generating prescriptions, launching new products, and making them big brands with continuous strategy execution at the Physician and Patients level. Moved from Sales to Marketing and Business Development for 3.5 years in South East Asian Market operating from Manila, Philippines. Came back to India and handled and developed Brands such as Gluconorm, Lupisulin, Supracal, Absolut Woman, Hemozink, Fabiflu (For COVID 19), and many more. In my previous assignment I used to develop and execute strategies on Sales & Marketing, Commercialization & Business Development for Institution and Corporate Hospital Business portfolio of Oncology Therapy Area for AstraZeneca Pharma India Ltd. Being a Research Scholar and Student of ‘Operations Research & Management: Artificial Intelligence’ I published several pioneer research papers and book chapters on the same in Internationally reputed journals and Books indexed in Scopus, Springer and Ei Compendex, Google Scholar etc. Currently, I am launching PGDM Pharmaceutical Management Program in IIHMR Bangalore and spearheading the course curriculum and structure of the same. I am interested in Collaboration for Healthcare Innovation, Pharma AI Innovation, Future trend in Marketing and Management with incubation on Healthcare, Healthcare IT startups, AI-ML Modelling and Healthcare Algorithm based training module development. I am also an affiliated member of the Institute of Management Consultant of India, looking forward to Healthcare, Healthcare IT and Innovation, Pharma and Hospital Management Consulting works.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lovely Professional University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"310576",title:"Prof.",name:"Erick Giovani",middleName:null,surname:"Sperandio Nascimento",slug:"erick-giovani-sperandio-nascimento",fullName:"Erick Giovani Sperandio Nascimento",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y00002pDKxDQAW/ProfilePicture%202022-06-20%2019%3A57%3A24.788",biography:"Prof. Erick Sperandio is the Lead Researcher and professor of Artificial Intelligence (AI) at SENAI CIMATEC, Bahia, Brazil, also working with Computational Modeling (CM) and HPC. He holds a PhD in Environmental Engineering in the area of Atmospheric Computational Modeling, a Master in Informatics in the field of Computational Intelligence and Graduated in Computer Science from UFES. He currently coordinates, leads and participates in R&D projects in the areas of AI, computational modeling and supercomputing applied to different areas such as Oil and Gas, Health, Advanced Manufacturing, Renewable Energies and Atmospheric Sciences, advising undergraduate, master's and doctoral students. He is the Lead Researcher at SENAI CIMATEC's Reference Center on Artificial Intelligence. In addition, he is a Certified Instructor and University Ambassador of the NVIDIA Deep Learning Institute (DLI) in the areas of Deep Learning, Computer Vision, Natural Language Processing and Recommender Systems, and Principal Investigator of the NVIDIA/CIMATEC AI Joint Lab, the first in Latin America within the NVIDIA AI Technology Center (NVAITC) worldwide program. He also works as a researcher at the Supercomputing Center for Industrial Innovation (CS2i) and at the SENAI Institute of Innovation for Automation (ISI Automação), both from SENAI CIMATEC. He is a member and vice-coordinator of the Basic Board of Scientific-Technological Advice and Evaluation, in the area of Innovation, of the Foundation for Research Support of the State of Bahia (FAPESB). He serves as Technology Transfer Coordinator and one of the Principal Investigators at the National Applied Research Center in Artificial Intelligence (CPA-IA) of SENAI CIMATEC, focusing on Industry, being one of the six CPA-IA in Brazil approved by MCTI / FAPESP / CGI.br. He also participates as one of the representatives of Brazil in the BRICS Innovation Collaboration Working Group on HPC, ICT and AI. He is the coordinator of the Work Group of the Axis 5 - Workforce and Training - of the Brazilian Strategy for Artificial Intelligence (EBIA), and member of the MCTI/EMBRAPII AI Innovation Network Training Committee. He is the coordinator, by SENAI CIMATEC, of the Artificial Intelligence Reference Network of the State of Bahia (REDE BAH.IA). He leads the working group of experts representing Brazil in the Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI), on the theme \"AI and the Pandemic Response\".",institutionString:"Manufacturing and Technology Integrated Campus – SENAI CIMATEC",institution:null},{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",institution:{name:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"221364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneko",middleName:null,surname:"Osaba",slug:"eneko-osaba",fullName:"Eneko Osaba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221364/images/system/221364.jpg",biography:"Dr. Eneko Osaba works at TECNALIA as a senior researcher. He obtained his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence in 2015. He has participated in more than twenty-five local and European research projects, and in the publication of more than 130 papers. He has performed several stays at universities in the United Kingdom, Italy, and Malta. Dr. Osaba has served as a program committee member in more than forty international conferences and participated in organizing activities in more than ten international conferences. He is a member of the editorial board of the International Journal of Artificial Intelligence, Data in Brief, and Journal of Advanced Transportation. He is also a guest editor for the Journal of Computational Science, Neurocomputing, Swarm, and Evolutionary Computation and IEEE ITS Magazine.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"275829",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Villar-Rodriguez",slug:"esther-villar-rodriguez",fullName:"Esther Villar-Rodriguez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/275829/images/system/275829.jpg",biography:"Dr. Esther Villar obtained a Ph.D. in Information and Communication Technologies from the University of Alcalá, Spain, in 2015. She obtained a degree in Computer Science from the University of Deusto, Spain, in 2010, and an MSc in Computer Languages and Systems from the National University of Distance Education, Spain, in 2012. Her areas of interest and knowledge include natural language processing (NLP), detection of impersonation in social networks, semantic web, and machine learning. Dr. Esther Villar made several contributions at conferences and publishing in various journals in those fields. Currently, she is working within the OPTIMA (Optimization Modeling & Analytics) business of TECNALIA’s ICT Division as a data scientist in projects related to the prediction and optimization of management and industrial processes (resource planning, energy efficiency, etc).",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:null},{id:"278948",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"carlos-pedro-goncalves",fullName:"Carlos Pedro Gonçalves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRcmyQAC/Profile_Picture_1564224512145",biography:'Carlos Pedro Gonçalves (PhD) is an Associate Professor at Lusophone University of Humanities and Technologies and a researcher on Complexity Sciences, Quantum Technologies, Artificial Intelligence, Strategic Studies, Studies in Intelligence and Security, FinTech and Financial Risk Modeling. He is also a progammer with programming experience in:\n\nA) Quantum Computing using Qiskit Python module and IBM Quantum Experience Platform, with software developed on the simulation of Quantum Artificial Neural Networks and Quantum Cybersecurity;\n\nB) Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning programming in Python;\n\nC) Artificial Intelligence, Multiagent Systems Modeling and System Dynamics Modeling in Netlogo, with models developed in the areas of Chaos Theory, Econophysics, Artificial Intelligence, Classical and Quantum Complex Systems Science, with the Econophysics models having been cited worldwide and incorporated in PhD programs by different Universities.\n\nReceived an Arctic Code Vault Contributor status by GitHub, due to having developed open source software preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\" for future generations (https://archiveprogram.github.com/arctic-vault/), with the Strategy Analyzer A.I. module for decision making support (based on his PhD thesis, used in his Classes on Decision Making and in Strategic Intelligence Consulting Activities) and QNeural Python Quantum Neural Network simulator also preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\", for access to these software modules see: https://github.com/cpgoncalves. He is also a peer reviewer with outsanding review status from Elsevier journals, including Physica A, Neurocomputing and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence. Science CV available at: https://www.cienciavitae.pt//pt/8E1C-A8B3-78C5 and ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0298-3974',institutionString:"University of Lisbon",institution:{name:"Universidade Lusófona",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"241400",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Bsiss",slug:"mohammed-bsiss",fullName:"Mohammed Bsiss",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241400/images/8062_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"276128",title:"Dr.",name:"Hira",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",slug:"hira-fatima",fullName:"Hira Fatima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/276128/images/14420_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Hira Fatima\nAssistant Professor\nDepartment of Mathematics\nInstitute of Applied Science\nMangalayatan University, Aligarh\nMobile: no : 8532041179\nhirafatima2014@gmal.com\n\nDr. Hira Fatima has received his Ph.D. degree in pure Mathematics from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh India. Currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mathematics, Institute of Applied Science, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh. She taught so many courses of Mathematics of UG and PG level. Her research Area of Expertise is Functional Analysis & Sequence Spaces. She has been working on Ideal Convergence of double sequence. She has published 17 research papers in National and International Journals including Cogent Mathematics, Filomat, Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, Advances in Difference Equations, Journal of Mathematical Analysis, Journal of Mathematical & Computer Science etc. She has also reviewed few research papers for the and international journals. She is a member of Indian Mathematical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"414880",title:"Dr.",name:"Maryam",middleName:null,surname:"Vatankhah",slug:"maryam-vatankhah",fullName:"Maryam Vatankhah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Borough of Manhattan Community College",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"414879",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammad-Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",slug:"mohammad-reza-akbarzadeh-totonchi",fullName:"Mohammad-Reza Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ferdowsi University of Mashhad",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"414878",title:"Prof.",name:"Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Fazel-Rezai",slug:"reza-fazel-rezai",fullName:"Reza Fazel-Rezai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"American Public University System",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"302698",title:"Dr.",name:"Yao",middleName:null,surname:"Shan",slug:"yao-shan",fullName:"Yao Shan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Dalian University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"125911",title:"Prof.",name:"Jia-Ching",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"jia-ching-wang",fullName:"Jia-Ching Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Central University",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"357085",title:"Mr.",name:"P. Mohan",middleName:null,surname:"Anand",slug:"p.-mohan-anand",fullName:"P. Mohan Anand",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"356696",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"P.V.",middleName:null,surname:"Sai Charan",slug:"p.v.-sai-charan",fullName:"P.V. Sai Charan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"357086",title:"Prof.",name:"Sandeep K.",middleName:null,surname:"Shukla",slug:"sandeep-k.-shukla",fullName:"Sandeep K. Shukla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"356823",title:"MSc.",name:"Seonghee",middleName:null,surname:"Min",slug:"seonghee-min",fullName:"Seonghee Min",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Daegu University",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"353307",title:"Prof.",name:"Yoosoo",middleName:null,surname:"Oh",slug:"yoosoo-oh",fullName:"Yoosoo Oh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:"Yoosoo Oh received his Bachelor's degree in the Department of Electronics and Engineering from Kyungpook National University in 2002. He obtained his Master’s degree in the Department of Information and Communications from Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) in 2003. In 2010, he received his Ph.D. degree in the School of Information and Mechatronics from GIST. In the meantime, he was an executed team leader at Culture Technology Institute, GIST, 2010-2012. In 2011, he worked at Lancaster University, the UK as a visiting scholar. In September 2012, he joined Daegu University, where he is currently an associate professor in the School of ICT Conver, Daegu University. Also, he served as the Board of Directors of KSIIS since 2019, and HCI Korea since 2016. From 2017~2019, he worked as a center director of the Mixed Reality Convergence Research Center at Daegu University. From 2015-2017, He worked as a director in the Enterprise Supporting Office of LINC Project Group, Daegu University. His research interests include Activity Fusion & Reasoning, Machine Learning, Context-aware Middleware, Human-Computer Interaction, etc.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"262719",title:"Dr.",name:"Esma",middleName:null,surname:"Ergüner Özkoç",slug:"esma-erguner-ozkoc",fullName:"Esma Ergüner Özkoç",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Başkent University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"346530",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibrahim",middleName:null,surname:"Kaya",slug:"ibrahim-kaya",fullName:"Ibrahim Kaya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"419199",title:"Dr.",name:"Qun",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"qun-yang",fullName:"Qun Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Auckland",country:{name:"New Zealand"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"92",type:"subseries",title:"Health and Wellbeing",keywords:"Ecology, Ecological, Nature, Health, Wellbeing, Health production",scope:"\r\n\tSustainable approaches to health and wellbeing in our COVID 19 recovery needs to focus on ecological approaches that prioritize our relationships with each other, and include engagement with nature, the arts and our heritage. This will ensure that we discover ways to live in our world that allows us and other beings to flourish. We can no longer rely on medicalized approaches to health that wait for people to become ill before attempting to treat them. We need to live in harmony with nature and rediscover the beauty and balance in our everyday lives and surroundings, which contribute to our well-being and that of all other creatures on the planet. This topic will provide insights and knowledge into how to achieve this change in health care that is based on ecologically sustainable practices.
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