Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
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We wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
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Throughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\n
We wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
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Over two sections, the book examines the adverse effects of trace elements in the human body and the atmosphere and how to overcome them.",isbn:"978-1-83968-645-0",printIsbn:"978-1-83968-644-3",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83968-646-7",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91798",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"trace-elements-and-their-effects-on-human-health-and-diseases",numberOfPages:120,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"e2da9976c604555053135b2b3abccef4",bookSignature:"Daisy Joseph",publishedDate:"September 1st 2021",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10429.jpg",numberOfDownloads:1424,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:1,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:3,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:4,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"September 1st 2020",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"September 29th 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"November 28th 2020",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"February 16th 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"April 17th 2021",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"187281",title:"Dr.",name:"Daisy",middleName:null,surname:"Joseph",slug:"daisy-joseph",fullName:"Daisy Joseph",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/187281/images/system/187281.png",biography:"Dr. Daisy Joseph is a scientist at the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), Mumbai. She obtained a Ph.D. in Physics from Mumbai University with her thesis, “Study of X-ray spectra by photo, proton and heavy ion excitation.” She is an expert in energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) and particle-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) and has around 100 publications on these topics in peer-reviewed journals. She has also written a book chapter and edited the book Synchrotron Radiation. She is the associate editor for Advances in Basic Science and BioScience. She has guided several Ph.D. students from India. She has represented BARC, India, at many international conferences and workshops in her field. She is a collaborator with institutes in India, including Christ University, Bangalore; Karnatak University, Dharwad; Punjab University, Chandigarh; SR & BGNR College of Science and Arts, Khammam, Andhra Pradesh; National Institute of Manipur, Langol; Manipur University Department of Physics; Mumbai University; and Birla Institute of Technology & Science (BITS), Pilani. She is a reviewer for several journals including X-ray Spectrometry, Journal of Radiation Isotopes, Bio-Science Journal, and Spectroscopy Letters.",institutionString:"Bhabha Atomic Research Centre",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"University of Mumbai",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"43",title:"Biochemistry",slug:"biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology-biochemistry"}],chapters:[{id:"76227",title:"Introductory Chapter: Tracelement Effects in Biological Applications Using Photon Induced (EDXRF), Proton Induced (PIXE) and Synchrotron Induced (EXAFS) X-Ray Spectrometry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97387",slug:"introductory-chapter-tracelement-effects-in-biological-applications-using-photon-induced-edxrf-proto",totalDownloads:92,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Daisy Joseph",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/76227",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/76227",authors:[{id:"187281",title:"Dr.",name:"Daisy",surname:"Joseph",slug:"daisy-joseph",fullName:"Daisy Joseph"}],corrections:null},{id:"74665",title:"Role of Trace Elements in Breast Cancer and Their Characterization Using X-Ray Fluorescence Techniques",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95491",slug:"role-of-trace-elements-in-breast-cancer-and-their-characterization-using-x-ray-fluorescence-techniqu",totalDownloads:259,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Breast cancer is the most common serious disease that occurs in the human body. Trace elements have an important function in biological and metabolism processes including activation or inhibition of enzymatic reaction, reactive oxygen species (ROS), competition between trace elements and metal proteins for binding positions and modifications in the permeability of cellular membranes which influence carcinogenic processes. A significant association between the abnormal concentration of trace elements and breast cancer has been found in many studies using XRF techniques like energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF), particle induced X-ray emission (PIXE), total reflection X-ray fluorescence (TXRF), wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) and synchrotron induced X-ray fluorescence (SRIXE). This chapter considers trace elements like Fe, Cu, Zn, Cr, Cl, Ca, P, S, K, Na, Mg, Se, As and Sr. from the standpoint of their role as either inhibitory or causative agents of breast cancer. XRF techniques and sample preparation methods for analysis of biological samples are also reviewed.",signatures:"Harpreet Singh Kainth, Deeksha Khandelwal, Ranjit Singh, Gurjeet Singh and Sanjiv Puri",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74665",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74665",authors:[{id:"315789",title:"Dr.",name:"Harpreet",surname:"Kainth",slug:"harpreet-kainth",fullName:"Harpreet Kainth"},{id:"339830",title:"Ms.",name:"Deeksha",surname:"Khandelwal",slug:"deeksha-khandelwal",fullName:"Deeksha Khandelwal"},{id:"339831",title:"Dr.",name:"Ranjit",surname:"Singh",slug:"ranjit-singh",fullName:"Ranjit Singh"},{id:"340200",title:"Prof.",name:"Sanjiv",surname:"Puri",slug:"sanjiv-puri",fullName:"Sanjiv Puri"},{id:"344178",title:"Dr.",name:"Gurjeet",surname:"Singh",slug:"gurjeet-singh",fullName:"Gurjeet Singh"}],corrections:null},{id:"74768",title:"Analysis of Occurrence of Elements in Tissues of the Knee Joint",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95418",slug:"analysis-of-occurrence-of-elements-in-tissues-of-the-knee-joint",totalDownloads:131,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The mineral structure of bones is never static, it is a living structure, reacting and adapting to load and having the ability to remodel. Skeletal cells work continuously to maintain the remodelling process therefore they are in a constant state of dynamic balance both in the sense of composition and structure, and they react to external mechanical forces. The remodelling processes that occur in the bone tissue allow for a proper functioning of this tissue, as well as for inclusion of additional elements, toxic ones included, in the remodelled bone, and they affect the metabolic processes occurring therein. This may result in disturbances in the osteoarticular system, manifested by changes in the bone tissue and within other organs. The influence of tobacco smoking on the content of strontium, lead, calcium, phosphorus, sodium and magnesium has not been confirmed. Non-smokers showed a high iron content in knee joint tissues compared to smokers. There were no statistically significant differences in the content of cadmium, nickel, copper and zinc in women and men in the studied knee joint components. With age, an increase in the content of chromium in knee joint tissues was observed, while gender, place of residence and occupational exposure had no effect.",signatures:"Wojciech Roczniak, Magdalena Babuśka Roczniak, Elżbieta Cipora and Barbara Brodziak Dopierała",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74768",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74768",authors:[{id:"333277",title:"Prof.",name:"Wojciech",surname:"Roczniak",slug:"wojciech-roczniak",fullName:"Wojciech Roczniak"},{id:"334176",title:"Dr.",name:"Magdalena",surname:"Babuśka - Roczniak",slug:"magdalena-babuska-roczniak",fullName:"Magdalena Babuśka - Roczniak"},{id:"334177",title:"Prof.",name:"Elżbieta",surname:"Cipora",slug:"elzbieta-cipora",fullName:"Elżbieta Cipora"},{id:"334178",title:"Prof.",name:"Barbara",surname:"Brodziak - Dopierała",slug:"barbara-brodziak-dopierala",fullName:"Barbara Brodziak - Dopierała"}],corrections:null},{id:"77500",title:"Natural Iron Chelators as Potential Therapeutic Agents for the Treatment of Iron Overload Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98749",slug:"natural-iron-chelators-as-potential-therapeutic-agents-for-the-treatment-of-iron-overload-diseases",totalDownloads:226,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Iron overload disease is a group of heterogeneous disease, which is caused either due to hereditary or acquired condition. Excess of iron participate in redox reactions that catalyzes the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and increases oxidative stress, which causes cellular damage and encourage the cell injury and cell death. The electronic databases of Scopus, PubMed and Google Scholar have been intensively searched for the research as well as review articles published with the full text available and with the key words such as natural iron chelating agent, synthetic iron chelating agents, iron overload disease, oxidative stress and antioxidant which were appearing in the title, abstract or keywords. In light of the literature review presented in this artial, based on meta-analyses, we suggest that iron chelating agents were used for the management of iron overload disease. These agents were having wide spectrum of activity, they were not only used for the management of iron overload disease but also used as anticancer and antioxidant in various oxidative stress mediated diseases. Last from many years Desferoxamine (DFO) was used as standard iron chelator but currently two new synthetic iron chelators such as Deferiprone (DFP) and Deferasirox (DFS) are available clinically. These clinically available synthetic iron chelators were having serious side effects and certain limitations. Phytochemicals such as flavonoids and polyphenols compounds were having iron chelating as well as antioxidant property with no or minimal side effects. Hence, this review provides an updates on natural iron chelation therapy for the safe and efficacious management of iron overload diseases.",signatures:"Naheed Waseem A. Sheikh, Satish B. Kosalge, Tusharbindu R. Desai, Anil P. Dewani, Deepak S. Mohale and Alok S. Tripathi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77500",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77500",authors:[{id:"254062",title:"Dr.",name:"Naheen Waseem",surname:"Sheikh",slug:"naheen-waseem-sheikh",fullName:"Naheen Waseem Sheikh"},{id:"275976",title:"Dr.",name:"Deepak S.",surname:"Mohale",slug:"deepak-s.-mohale",fullName:"Deepak S. Mohale"},{id:"330341",title:"Dr.",name:"Tusharbindu R.",surname:"Desai",slug:"tusharbindu-r.-desai",fullName:"Tusharbindu R. Desai"},{id:"330343",title:"Dr.",name:"Satish B.",surname:"Kosalge",slug:"satish-b.-kosalge",fullName:"Satish B. Kosalge"},{id:"330344",title:"Prof.",name:"Alok S.",surname:"Tripathi",slug:"alok-s.-tripathi",fullName:"Alok S. Tripathi"},{id:"330345",title:"Prof.",name:"Anil P.",surname:"Dewani",slug:"anil-p.-dewani",fullName:"Anil P. Dewani"}],corrections:null},{id:"76277",title:"Chromium Genotoxicity Associated with Respiratory Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97336",slug:"chromium-genotoxicity-associated-with-respiratory-disease",totalDownloads:285,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Chromium existing in the biosphere in prominent two forms Cr (III) and Cr (VI) is a well-studied heavy metal. Cr (III) is considered as non-harmful and necessary element in diet whereas Cr(VI) is extremely toxic exerting various negative health impacts on human and other organisms. Mining activity is must for extracting economic minerals and a large number of people are related to these sites as worker or habitants and a major source of chromium exposure. Present chapter discusses genotoxic nature of chromium considering respiratory disease resulted from chromium exposure. The genotoxicity is illustrated in terms of chromium induced differential expressed genes (DEGs), transcription factors and microRNA regulating the DEGs and their gene ontology.",signatures:"Jyoti Kant Choudhari, Jyotsna Choubey, Mukesh Kumar Verma, Anand Kumar Jayapal and Biju Prava Sahariah",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/76277",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/76277",authors:[{id:"237715",title:"Dr.",name:"Anandkumar",surname:"Jayapal",slug:"anandkumar-jayapal",fullName:"Anandkumar Jayapal"},{id:"339610",title:"Dr.",name:"Biju",surname:"Sahariah",slug:"biju-sahariah",fullName:"Biju Sahariah"},{id:"415365",title:"Dr.",name:"Jyoti Kant",surname:"Choudhari",slug:"jyoti-kant-choudhari",fullName:"Jyoti Kant Choudhari"},{id:"415366",title:"Dr.",name:"Jyotsna",surname:"Choubey",slug:"jyotsna-choubey",fullName:"Jyotsna Choubey"},{id:"415367",title:"Dr.",name:"Mukesh",surname:"Kumar Verma",slug:"mukesh-kumar-verma",fullName:"Mukesh Kumar Verma"}],corrections:null},{id:"75453",title:"Trace Elements in Urban Particulate Matters: Variations in Serum Levels, Inhalation Bioaccessibility, Health and Disease Effects",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96364",slug:"trace-elements-in-urban-particulate-matters-variations-in-serum-levels-inhalation-bioaccessibility-h",totalDownloads:234,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Trace elements-bound to particulate matters are often become entrained in human respiratory airway, deposited in human nasal cavity and made available for absorption by human tracheobronchial. It has been assumed that variability and bioaccessibility of elements in the serum correlate with some health and diseases. This chapter is a summary of previous works on bioaccessibility of trace elements bound to inhale particulates using different kinds of simulated body fluids. Presented also are evidences of serum variation in some respiratory diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (with or without hypertension), emphysema, bronchiectasis and bronchial asthma, non-tuberculose mycobacterial (NTM) lung disease, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF).",signatures:"Emmanuel Gbenga Olumayede, B. Babalola and I. Oghenovo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75453",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75453",authors:[{id:"330883",title:"Prof.",name:"Olumayede",surname:"Emmanuel",slug:"olumayede-emmanuel",fullName:"Olumayede Emmanuel"},{id:"346497",title:"Dr.",name:"Babalola",surname:"Bolanle",slug:"babalola-bolanle",fullName:"Babalola Bolanle"},{id:"346557",title:"Mrs.",name:"Itebimien",surname:"Oghenovo",slug:"itebimien-oghenovo",fullName:"Itebimien Oghenovo"}],corrections:null},{id:"74448",title:"Analysis of Aristolochia longa L. Medicinal Plant from Algeria",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95298",slug:"analysis-of-em-aristolochia-longa-em-l-medicinal-plant-from-algeria",totalDownloads:199,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In recent time, the therapeutic use of medicinal plants has increased all over the world. The efficacy of herbs for curative purposes is often accounted of its mineral and organic constituents. Neutron activation analysis (INAA) has been applied to mineral determination of Aristolochia Longa (bereztem), medicinal plant used to cure some diseases observed in Algeria especially cancer. In this work the mass fractions of Cr (15.22 ± 3.5 μg/g), Na (269.98 ± 25.01 μg/g), La (0.478 ± 0.041 μg/g), K (1.33 ± 0.23 μg/g), Br (1.2 ± 0.19 μg/g), As (0.697 ± 0.038) and Sb (66.09 ± 11.24 μg/g), were determined. This herb was collected from Taourirt Aden Berber village situated in Northern Algeria. Five elements were quantified in certified AIEA standards IAEA-V10 and IAEA-SL1 for checking the accuracy of our procedure. It was noteworthy the values obtained from this work are in good agreement with the certified values, the Z-score values for all elements were |Z| < 3. We believe that herb is natural and harmless compared with chemical drugs. Unfortunately the potential toxicity due to the Aristolochia Acids content has required the analysis of Aristolochia Longa by CG/MS and HPLC to highlight this compound. The standard of Aristolochic Acid (Sigma A5512-25 mg Yellow powder lot # wxbb6331VPCODE) was used as reference.",signatures:"Zohra Lamari and Houria Negache",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74448",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74448",authors:[{id:"332242",title:"M.A.",name:"Zohra",surname:"Lamari",slug:"zohra-lamari",fullName:"Zohra Lamari"},{id:"344398",title:"Dr.",name:"Houria",surname:"Negache",slug:"houria-negache",fullName:"Houria Negache"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8628",title:"Synchrotron Radiation",subtitle:"Useful and Interesting Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5bbb65395b91d370fc0f3652e9fbc359",slug:"synchrotron-radiation-useful-and-interesting-applications",bookSignature:"Daisy Joseph",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8628.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"187281",title:"Dr.",name:"Daisy",surname:"Joseph",slug:"daisy-joseph",fullName:"Daisy Joseph"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8176",title:"DNA Methylation Mechanism",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1de018af20c3e9916b5a9b4fed13a4ff",slug:"dna-methylation-mechanism",bookSignature:"Metin Budak and Mustafa Yıldız",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8176.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"226275",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Metin",surname:"Budak",slug:"metin-budak",fullName:"Metin Budak"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7004",title:"Metabolomics",subtitle:"New Insights into Biology and Medicine",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"35a30d8241442b716a4aab830b6de28f",slug:"metabolomics-new-insights-into-biology-and-medicine",bookSignature:"Wael N. 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\r\n\tThe importance of education and care in the early stages of life has long been debated and documented. However, in a world that faces ongoing crises and challenges, early childhood education is in a constant quest for pedagogies that respond to acute problems such as:
\r\n
\r\n\ta. Environmental crises which result in food & water shortages \r\n\tb. The growth of digital environments which can educate and empower as well as exploit and destroy (mobile learning, STEM education, tablets, etc.). \r\n\tc. Social, racial, class, and gender-based discriminations that restrict the developmental potential and the prosperity perspectives \r\n\td. Health hazards and illnesses such as the laters COVID-19 pandemic. \r\n\te. Armed conflicts with casualties and displacements of populations seeking refuge \r\n\tf. Lack of physical spaces that will support and nourish development and learning, etc.
\r\n
\r\n\tEducation in the post-modern era strives to address the above issues and develop policies, curricula, methodologies, and strategies to contribute to an environmentally and socially sustainable future. It embraces multiple perspectives and worldviews and seeks to touch on inequalities and discriminations in favor of equity. In this direction, children’s s agency lies at the heart of democratic approaches. Educational processes adopt forms of interactions that actualize learning as “becoming” and place it in a continuum between past, present, and future. This book intends to feature innovative approaches that employ transformative elements (targets, methods, materials, ideas, etc.) and embrace the concept of child development as “becoming” in an ever-changing and challenging world.
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\r\n\tWe invite authors to contribute original research or research review papers that present innovative approaches addressing personal and social transformation. All aspects of early childhood education will be considered, including research methodology for the early years.
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1. Introduction
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Drought phenomenon has been considered as one of the major natural hazards causing numerous economic, social, and environmental losses [1]. In the context of ongoing global warming, an increase in frequency and intensity of this kind of extreme event is expected [2, 3, 4], and therefore, its accurate characterization is of high relevance for both mitigation and adaptation. In broad terms, drought is usually characterized as the scarcity of precipitation over a prolonged time period, but it is difficult to define and identify due to the great number of variables involved as well as the variety of sectors affected. Moreover, the characterization of the spatiotemporal patterns of drought is very complex since it is very variable in space and time, this being particularly true in transitional zones such as the Iberian Peninsula (IP) [5].
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In recent years, drought indices have been commonly used to identify, analyze, and monitor the occurrence of droughts. As indicated in [6], drought indices are variables based on climate information (e.g., precipitation, evapotranspiration, soil moisture, or runoff). They are used to analyze the effects of drought, allowing the definition of different drought characteristics (i.e., the duration and severity of droughts as well as the spatial extent). However, their accuracy strongly depends on long-term consistent climate data, and unfortunately, spatially and temporally regular climate observations are rare. In this context, the regional climate models (RCMs) are valuable tools providing climate information at an adequate spatiotemporal resolution to characterize regional drought patterns. In fact, drought phenomena are spatially complex, so detailed spatial scales are required in the study of droughts [7]. Additionally, Abatzoglou et al. [8] investigated the sensibility of drought indicators to the spatial resolution and found that the indices computed with the highest resolution explained over 10% more variability than those from coarser datasets.
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Among different drought indices developed in recent years, the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) [9] was proposed as an alternative to the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) [10]. Contrariwise to the SPI, the SPEI takes into account the effect of temperature for detecting droughts, and therefore, it seems to be more accurate in the context of global warming [11]. In fact, the increased global temperature trend is expected to increase the atmospheric evaporative demand, so regions, where the precipitation is normal in a given period (or even higher than normal), could be considered to suffer droughts. For instance, the role of the temperature is clear for the event occurred during summer 2003, which had devastating effects in central Europe mainly because of the anomalous temperatures in this period [9]. Furthermore, taking into account temperature data, this drought indicator has shown better performance than others based solely on precipitation (e.g., the SPI) for detecting droughts during summer, when the related impacts may become stronger [11].
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This work investigates spatiotemporal patterns of drought through the SPEI to understand the drought temporal behavior over the IP, identifying those periods especially accused. This is of major relevance because the IP is characterized by highly variable and scarce precipitation leading to recurrent drought occurrences [12]. For this purpose, a 35-year climate simulation has been completed using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model [13] with the purpose of obtaining high-resolution climate data.
\n
The chapter is structured as follows: Section 2 is devoted to detail the WRF model configuration as well as the statistical method applied to characterize the spatiotemporal patterns of droughts over the study region. Section 3 presents the main results regarding the temporal evolution of drought for the 35-year period (1980–2014), the identification of drought characteristics as well as the analysis of the relationships of the SPEI with other drought-related variables, such as the surface (actual) evapotranspiration, the soil moisture content, and the runoff. Finally, Section 4 summarizes the main conclusions obtained in this study.
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\n
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2. Methodology
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2.1 Climate input data
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Hydroclimate variables at high spatiotemporal resolution were obtained by using the WRF-ARW model version 3.6.1. This RCM was run to simulate current climate characteristics over the IP and Balearic Islands (Figure 1a). The WRF model was driven by the ECMWF ERA-Interim reanalysis data [14]. Table 1 summarizes the main model setup used in this study. This configuration has been successfully used to represent the spatiotemporal patterns of droughts in the study region [15]. In [15], the authors analyzed the added value of using downscaled climate data to detect drought through the comparison with observational data and found that WRF provided a benefit with respect to its driving data in this regard.
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Figure 1.
(a) WRF domains: the EURO-CORDEX region (d01) at 0.44° of spatial resolution and the IP region (d02) with a spatial resolution of 0.088°, and (b) the main river basins over the IP.
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\n
\n\n
\n
Parameters
\n
Description
\n
\n\n\n
\n
Spatial configuration
\n
Two “one-way” nested domains: (d01) EURO-CORDEX region at 0.44° (~50 km) of spatial resolution, and (d02) the IP at a spatial resolution of 0.088° (~10 km)
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\n
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Temporal period
\n
Period 1980–2014 with 11 months of spin-up
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\n
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Vertical layer
\n
41 vertical levels set the top of the atmosphere at 10 hPa
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\n
\n
Nudging and sponge zone
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Spectral nudging for waves above 600 km, only over the coarser domain and above the planetary boundary (PBL) Sponge zone: the 10 outer grid points of each domain
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\n
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Physics schemes
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Microphysics: WRF single-moment-3-class [16] Convection: Betts-Miller-Janjic [17, 18] PBL: convective asymmetric model version 2 [19] Land surface model: Noah LSM [20] Radiation: community atmosphere model 3.0 [21]
In this study, the 3-hourly outputs in their native grid resolution have been used as climatic input data to analyze drought occurrences. In this way, the outputs of the WRF model at 10 km of spatial resolution (i.e., those from the inner domain d02, Figure 1a) were temporally aggregated at monthly scale, obtaining thus gridded long-term monthly climate data over land for the entire study region, for the period 1980–2014. The monthly variables used here are the averaged maximum and minimum temperature (Tmax and Tmin, respectively), the accumulated precipitation (pr), the accumulated surface evapotranspiration (SFCEVP), the mean soil moisture contained in the upper 1 m (SM), and the runoff. The WRF model, through the coupled Noah LSM scheme, contemplates two different runoff components, the surface and subsurface runoff. Here, the runoff was understood as the sum of these two components.
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2.2 Defining drought occurrences over the Iberian Peninsula
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2.2.1 The Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI)
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The SPEI has been widely used in recent years to characterize droughts, showing a good ability to detect, monitor, and analyze drought events [22, 23, 24]. This drought indicator is based on the SPI and differs in that it uses a simple “climatic water balance” instead of precipitation data in determining droughts. The temperature effect is indeed considered through the difference between the precipitation and the reference evapotranspiration (ET0), this being aggregated at a range of time scales (1–48 months). Then, the aggregated climatic water balance is fitted to a statistical distribution, and subsequently, its probability density function is transformed into a random normal variable Z with mean of 0 and variance of 1. This latter assumption enables the comparison across regions by determining the probability of occurrence of a given drought event (Table 2). Thus, Z is the corresponding SPEI and indicates the number of standard deviations from the climatological mean. Therefore, and similar to the SPI, the SPEI is statistically robust, simple to compute and easily interpretable. Even more, the option to compute it at different time aggregations makes this index suitable for assessing different drought types (i.e., meteorological, agricultural, or hydrological droughts) [9].
\n
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\n\n
\n
SPEI value
\n
Category
\n
Probability (%)
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\n\n\n
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SPEI ≥2
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Extremely wet
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2.3
\n
\n
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2 ≥ SPEI >1.5
\n
Severely wet
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4.4
\n
\n
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1.5 ≥ SPEI >1
\n
Moderately wet
\n
9.2
\n
\n
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1 ≥ SPEI >0.5
\n
Mildly wet
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15.0
\n
\n
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0.5 ≥ SPEI > −0.5
\n
Nearly normal
\n
38.2
\n
\n
\n
−0.5 ≥ SPEI > −1.0
\n
Mild drought
\n
15.0
\n
\n
\n
−1 ≥ SPEI > −1.5
\n
Moderate drought
\n
9.2
\n
\n
\n
−1.5 ≥ SPEI > −2
\n
Severe drought
\n
4.4
\n
\n
\n
SPEI < −2
\n
Extreme drought
\n
2.3
\n
\n\n
Table 2.
Drought categories and their probability of occurrence.
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In this study, the SPEI was computed at two different time aggregations: the 3- and 12-month time scales (hereinafter SPEI-03 and SPEI-12, respectively) using the SPEI R-package [25]. These time scales were chosen with the purpose of characterizing agricultural and hydrological droughts [6], respectively. Temporal series of the climatic water balance were obtained for the entire IP using the pr and the Tmax and Tmin from WRF at monthly scale. To approximate the ET0, the Hargreaves equation [26] was used. Studies such as [27] evidenced that the Hargreaves method is able to approximate the ET0 showing similar results to the Penman-Monteith equation [28] with the advantage that only temperature data are required to calculate it. The climatic water balance, here, is assumed to follow a log-logistic distribution [27]. This distribution has been used in many studies (e.g., [10, 27]) to fit the SPEI, mostly because it is a three-parameter distribution (i.e., negative values are permitted), which has been proved to better estimate the climatic water balance [27].
\n
Then, the temporal series of SPEI at both 3- and 12-month time scales for each grid point were spatially averaged obtaining the SPEI evolution for each main river basin over the IP. Twelve main river basins were considered, as the result of aggregating smaller watersheds. They are North Atlantic (NA; composed by the Galician coast, the Western Cantabrian, and the Eastern Cantabrian watersheds), Miño-Sil (MS; the Miño-Sil, the Cávado, the Ave, and the Leça watersheds), Duero (DU), Ebro (EB), Northeastern Basins (NE), Portugal Basins (PB; the Vouga, Mondego, Lis, and Ribeiras do Oeste), Tajo (TJ), Southeastern Basins (SE), Guadiana (GU; Guadiana, Sado, Mira, and Ribeiras do Algarve), Guadalquivir (GQ; Guadalquivir, Tinto, Odiel, Piedras, Guadalete, and Barbate), Southern Basins (SB), and the Balearic Islands (BI) (Figure 1b).
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In order to explore the severity of droughts, different drought characteristics have also been analyzed. For this, the established condition is that a dry event is occurring when at least two consecutive months are under the defined drought conditions. Therefore, a dry event was considered to begin when the SPEI falls below zero, and it ends when recovering positive values. Moreover, such a dry period is defined as drought if at least 1 month within the period reaches mild drought conditions (i.e., SPEI below −0.5 [29]). Then, the duration of droughts is understood as the number of months in each drought event. The intensity is the averaged value of the SPEI within the period expressed in absolute value. Additionally, the severity of the event (or minimum value reached) was also explored, which is expressed in terms of absolute value of the SPEI.
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\n
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2.2.2 Temporal evolution of drought-related variables
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Time series for each river basin from other drought-related variables were also examined. In this regard, the SM and SFCEVP were examined because they directly affect the agricultural droughts. In fact, soil water availability is the major driver of the plant transpiration. To do this, the monthly time series of SM and SFCEVP were used to compute the standardized anomalies of such variables. These anomalies were computed with two purposes: (1) to remove seasonality and (2) to make the temporal evolutions comparable across regions. The SFCEVP was previously accumulated using 3-month time slices to also compare it with the SPEI-03, which is the time scale here used to characterize agricultural droughts.
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On the other hand, to further investigate hydrological droughts, the temporal series of runoff, previously aggregated at annual scale, were used to compute the standardized anomalies series. This variable allows us to incorporate hydrological processes in drought characterization [6]. Hydrological droughts are developed slowly and persist longer than other forms of drought [30], so relationships between temporal series of runoff and the SPEI-12 must occur.
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The relationship between such drought-related variables with the SPEI was investigated by computing temporal correlation coefficients for all river basins. Additionally, a t-test at the 95% confidence level was used to determine the significance of the correlation coefficients, previously considering the effect of the serial correlation by following the methodology proposed by Bretherton et al. [31].
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\n
\n
\n
3. Spatiotemporal patterns of droughts
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\n
3.1 Temporal evolution of the SPEI
\n
This study begins with the analysis of the temporal evolution of the SPEI-03 and the SPEI-12 for all river basins over the entire study period (Figure 2). In the interest of clarity, SPEI evolution is represented according to the different drought categories (see Table 2). Concerning the SPEI-03 evolution (Figure 2a), the results showed a high temporal variability, which is a characteristic of meteorological droughts. That is, the SPEI changes frequently between drought and wet conditions. Furthermore, these results evidence the complexity of drought phenomena and therefore its characterization since very different conditions may be found in the different watersheds in a given moment (i.e., while certain river basins are affected by drought conditions, others presented normal or wet conditions). Several drought events were recorded over the study period. For instance, moderate to extreme drought conditions appeared during the years 1985, 1994–1995, 2005, and 2012 across a large part of the IP. Contrariwise, the years 1984, 1996–1998, 2003–2004 2010, and 2013 showed wet conditions over a large part of the IP.
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Figure 2.
Temporal evolution of the SPEI in all river basins between 1980 and 2014 at (a) 3- and (b) 12-month time scales. The color code is established according to the drought categories. Nomenclature: North Atlantic (NA), Miño-Sil (MS), Duero (DU), Ebro (EB), Northeastern Basins (NE), Portugal Basins (PB), Tajo (TJ), Southeastern Basins (SE), Guadiana (GU), Guadalquivir (GQ), Southern Basins (SB), and the Balearic Islands (BI).
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Looking at the longest time scale (Figure 2b), the results presented a less variable behavior. In fact, for 12 months, the SPEI is less sensitive to variations from a given month, and hence, the changes between wet and dry conditions are less frequent and these are also longer. Moreover, the results display that, in general, dry and wet conditions are allocated in the same periods than those from the 3-month time scale, with the most severe droughts happening during 1995, 1999, 2005, and 2012. For these years, many watersheds were affected by severe drought conditions (i.e., SPEI below −2). Conversely, wet periods also appeared over many river basins during the years 1984, 1997, 2010, and 2013. Note the extreme wet conditions occurring during 2001 in the PB and the MS river basins.
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3.2 Climatological characteristics of droughts
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In order to further explore drought phenomenon, the duration distributions of drought events were explored for all river basins. Figure 3 displays the box plots of the duration of droughts for both the SPEI-03 and the SPEI-12 and for all river basins. This representation shows the scores of duration (in months) as well as their distributional characteristics. At 3 months (Figure 3a), the median was between 3 and 4 months, and the mean was around 4 months. Therefore, the mean was slightly higher than the median in all river basins, showing that the distributions are skewed to the right. The 97.5th percentile (limits of the upper whiskers) ranges from about 7.5 to 14.5 months, with the shortest and the longest durations occurring for the NE and the GQ river basins, respectively. On the other hand, the spread of the distribution is a signal of high variability in drought events, and it is marked by the size of the box (i.e., the interquartile range). In this regard, southern river basins (i.e., the TJ, SE, GU, GQ , and SB river basins) showed larger interquartile range than the northern ones (i.e., the NA, MS, DU, NE, and PB river basins).
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Figure 3.
Box plots of duration of drought events for all river basins, (a) for the SPEI-03 and (b) for the SPEI-12. The lower and upper parts of the boxes represent the 25th and the 75th percentiles, respectively; the line in the middle of each box is the median and the upper and lower whiskers indicate the 2.5th and 97.5th percentiles, respectively. The mean is displayed with black dots.
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For the SPEI-12 (Figure 3b), longer durations appeared for the period 1980–2014 in general, showing also more spread in their distributions. The median was between 5 and 14 months, reaching the maximum values again over the southern river basins. The mean duration of droughts was around 12 months, indicating that the mean was higher than the median in many cases. The 97.5th percentile was between 12 and 53 months with the highest one over the BI river basin. The major variability in terms of interquartile range seems to appear again over the BI river basin, which presented a large difference between the median and the third quartile (a difference of about 27 months). This latter feature reveals that most of the events for this period were short, but a longer event also occurred. The same behavior also appears in the SE river basins, but here the distribution is more homogenous, showing shorter events.
\n
The box plots for the intensity of the drought events were also examined. In fact, the effects of drought phenomenon are stronger for longer events, but they are also the results of strong intensities. Hence, the distribution of the intensity has to be analyzed. In general, both time scales presented distributions with a low spread, particularly for those events from the SPEI-12. For the 3-month time scale (Figure 4a), the median was around 1 for all river basins, indicating that the events were, on average, moderate. As for duration, the mean was slightly higher than the median, reaching values of around 1.1. Concerning the extreme values, the 97.5th percentile was around 1.5 in general and reached a maximum above 1.7 (severe drought) over the EB and the PB river basins. Slightly lower medians are presented for events computed at 12 months (Figure 4b), where median intensities rise to values between 0.86 and 1.17 (i.e., from mild to moderate droughts). The mean values were around 1, and these were slightly higher than the median values in most of them. Some basins as MS, EB, or PB presented the opposite behavior. Concerning the extreme values in terms of intensity, the 97.5th percentile was also slightly lower than for the previous time scale (values around 1.45), reaching values above 1.5 over the GQ , the SB, and the PB river basins.
\n
Figure 4.
Box plots of intensity of drought events for all river basins, (a) for the SPEI-03 and (b) for the SPEI-12. The lower and upper parts of the boxes represent the 25th and the 75th percentiles, respectively; the line in the middle of each box is the median and the upper and lower whiskers indicate the 2.5th and 97.5th percentiles, respectively. The mean is displayed with black dots.
\n
In addition, to examine trends of drought occurrences along the study period, the duration, intensity, and severity of drought events were analyzed by computing such parameters in two different periods: 1980–1999 and 2000–2014. Then, the median changes between both periods in the three parameters were used to develop a categorical classification.
\n
Figure 5 displays the trends for the main river basins and for both time scales. At 3 months (left map), different behaviors were shown. The DU river basin has a positive trend in the three parameters, and the EB presented the opposite behavior. Intermediate trends appeared in the rest of the IP, showing watersheds where a positive trend occurred only in the median severity (i.e., the MS and the SE river basins). In other watersheds, the positive trend only appeared in the median intensity (i.e., the NE, the BI, and GQ river basins), but there were also watersheds with an increase in two of the characteristics analyzed. However, for the 12-month time scale (right map), the positive trends are less frequent, showing an increased trend in more than one parameter only for the PB, the DU, and the EB river basins. In these three basins, the results showed an increase in both severity and duration of drought events.
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Figure 5.
Categorical classification of droughts for the SPEI-03 (left) and the SPEI-12 (right) based on the changes in severity (ΔS), intensity (ΔI), and duration (ΔD) between the periods 1980–1999 and 2000–2014.
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\n
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4. Temporal evolution of drought-related variables
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Finally, we investigated the relationship between the SPEI and other drought-related variables. Figure 6 shows the temporal evolution of the standardized anomalies of SFCEVP accumulated at 3 months as well as of the monthly mean SM for all river basins. The SPEI-03 was also displayed with comparative purposes. In broad terms, the SM evolves similar to the SPEI-03, showing correlations above 0.7 in all river basins (second column in Table 3). However, the SFCEVP presents more discrepancies, especially for the NA and the MS river basins. This latter is probably produced because wet zones such as the northwestern IP are characterized by a SFCEVP less sensitive to changes in SM, being energy-limited regions. Here, only under very long periods of precipitation scarcity, the SFCEVP is strongly affected by the water availability. Contrariwise, in transitional zones (i.e., southern IP), the SFCEVP is usually limited, and then, the SM, and consequently the precipitation, largely controls the SFCEVP. In this region (e.g., the GQ or the SE river basins), the SFCEVP agrees really well with the SPEI-03. This behavior is reflected in the temporal correlations between the SFCEVP and the SPEI-03 (third column in Table 3), which tends to be higher over the southern river basins. In broad terms, the Pearson’s correlations also show that the SPEI-03 correlates well in general with the SFCEVP, showing significant correlations at the 95% confidence level for all river basins, except over the NA river basins.
\n
Figure 6.
Standardized anomalies of the 3 months accumulated SM (blue line) and SFCEVP (orange line), SPEI-03 (gray area) evolutions for the NA, MS, DU, EB, NE, PB, TJ, SE, GU, GQ, SB, and BI river basins.
Pearson’s temporal correlation (r) between the SPEI-03 and the soil moisture content (SPEI-SM) and SFCEVP (SPEI-SFCEVP), and between the SPEI-12 and the 12 months\' accumulated runoff (SPEI-runoff).
Significant correlations at 95% confidence level.
\n
The hydrological droughts are represented in Figure 7. Here, the temporal evolution of the runoff, which was obtained by aggregated standardized anomalies at 12 months, was displayed, as well as the SPEI-12. As for the previous analysis, different periods with positive and negative anomalies were recorded in all river basins, reproducing wet and dry periods similar to the SPEI-12. In fact, the SPEI-12 reflects long-term precipitation patterns, being thus useful to determine streamflow and reservoir levels. For instance, a marked wet period clearly appeared during 2001 over the NA, the MS, the DU, the PB, and the TJ river basins in both the runoff and the SPEI-12 temporal series. In the same way, certain river basins presented marked negative standardized anomalies of runoff during 2005, which also showed important negative values of SPEI-12. As expected, r between the SPEI-12 and the runoff was really high showing values around 0.85, with the highest ones over the NA and the MS river basins (r values of 0.91).
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Figure 7.
Standardized anomalies of the 12 months accumulated runoff (blue line) and the SPEI-12 (gray area) temporal series for NA, MS, DU, EB, NE, PB, TJ, SE, GU, GQ, SB, and BI river basins.
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\n
\n
5. Conclusions
\n
This chapter is devoted to analyzing spatiotemporal patterns of droughts over the IP, a region particularly vulnerable to this extreme event [7] for the period 1980–2014. To do this, a regional climate simulation using the WRF model was completed, obtaining thus high spatiotemporal resolution climate data. Temperature and precipitation data from WRF were used to compute the SPEI at 3- and 12-month time scales with the purpose of analyzing different drought applications (e.g., agricultural and hydrological). This index has proved to be adequate to analyze droughts in the context of global warming.
\n
Firstly, the regional performance of the SPEI was assessed. The most general evolution in droughts is consistent with other studies that allocated the main drought episodes occurred over the IP (e.g., [27]). The results evidenced that WRF appears as a promising tool for analyzing droughts since they provide a great number of climate variables at adequate spatial and temporal resolutions, which are unusually obtained from observations. In fact, climate data from regional simulations may be useful to determine where and when drought is occurring, providing valuable information to compute different drought indices using different drought-related variables.
\n
These results also show that the SPEI-03 represents more frequent and shorter episodes, with the median duration and intensity of about 3–4 months and 1, respectively. In this regard, the largest events occurred over the southern IP, which is especially vulnerable due to its aridity conditions. In fact, this region is arid and then major damages may be produced under the occurrence of severe drought events.
\n
On the other hand, the SPEI-12 presented longer drought episodes, showing, in general, more spread in its duration distributions, with the median values ranging from 5 to 17 months. However, in regard to the intensity, droughts presented similar behavior for both time scales.
\n
Concerning the existence of the trends in droughts along the analyzed period, the results indicate that, in general, an increase in at least one of the drought properties occurred over the period 2000–2014 with respect to the period 1980–1999 in most of the river basins, more evident for the SPEI-03.
\n
In the comparison between the SM and the SPEI-03, the results show that this variable presents a good agreement with the SPEI, which is an index based on a balance between water supply and potential demand at 3 months, which suggests that the 3-month time scale is adequate to study agricultural drought in general over the IP. In fact, it is well known that variations in the SM are the result of changes in precipitation, SFCEVP, and runoff. Therefore, it is an accumulated measure of water availability, and thus, it can be used to detect dry and wet periods [32]. On the other hand, the SFCEVP also affects the agricultural systems, but its relationship with droughts is more complex. That is, the SFCEVP is the actual loss of water, which depends on the water demand by plants and the atmosphere (i.e., the potential evapotranspiration and consequently the temperature), but also on the water availability. This is clearly shown in arid regions, in which the SM largely controls the SFCEVP. Therefore, the actual water balance can be used as a proxy of drought occurrences, but it must be interpreted with caution in regions in which the SFCEVP is not a limiting factor such as the northwestern IP.
\n
Hydrological droughts can be defined as the scarcity of surface and subsurface water resources that leads to negative effects in water resources management system. In this regard, our results indicate that the annual runoff seems to be a good variable to identify hydrological droughts, showing an especial good agreement with the SPEI-12.
\n
The agreement between variables shown here also evidences that the SPEI is an adequate index to investigate drought conditions over the IP, reproducing these in a similar way than other drought-related variables over the study period. This is of high relevance to adequately develop strategies to mitigate the effects of droughts in the future.
\n
\n
Acknowledgments
\n
This study has been financed by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, with additional support from the European Community fund (FEDER), project CGL2013-48539-R and CGL2017-89836-R. The WRF simulation was run in the ALHAMBRA supercomputer infrastructure (https://alhambra.ugr.es). The ERA-Interim data were obtained from ECMWF portal and the WRF model from NCAR.
\n
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in absence of any potential conflict of interest.
\n',keywords:"Weather Research and Forecasting model, regional climate models, drought indices, Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index, Iberian Peninsula",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/66400.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/66400.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66400",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66400",totalDownloads:822,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:1,dateSubmitted:"November 26th 2018",dateReviewed:"February 26th 2019",datePrePublished:"April 8th 2019",datePublished:"January 15th 2020",dateFinished:"March 27th 2019",readingETA:"0",abstract:"The analysis and understanding of drought phenomenon are essential for the management of hydrological resources. Drought indices are commonly used to predict these extreme events, being their suitability partly due to the use of climate fields at an adequate spatiotemporal resolution. This work aims to examine spatiotemporal patterns of drought over the Iberian Peninsula (IP), which is a region especially vulnerable to drought phenomenon. For this, climate data from a simulation completed with the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model have been used. The spatiotemporal patterns of drought over the period 1980–2014 were examined using the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) at the 3- and the 12-month time scales, and they were compared with other drought-related variables such as the surface evapotranspiration (SFCEVP), soil moisture (SM), and runoff. The results evidence that WRF is a valuable tool for characterizing droughts over the IP, providing large amounts of climate data at an adequate spatial resolution. Drought events seem to be more severe in regard to their duration over southern IP. Moreover, a good agreement between the SPEI at 3-month time scale with the SM and the SFCEVP is found. Additionally, the annual runoff evolves similarly to the SPEI at 12-month time scale.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/66400",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/66400",signatures:"Matilde García-Valdecasas Ojeda, Emilio Romero Jiménez, Sonia R. Gámiz-Fortis, Yolanda Castro-Díez and María Jesús Esteban Parra",book:{id:"8489",type:"book",title:"Drought",subtitle:"Detection and Solutions",fullTitle:"Drought - Detection and Solutions",slug:"drought-detection-and-solutions",publishedDate:"January 15th 2020",bookSignature:"Gabrijel Ondrasek",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8489.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:"978-1-78984-781-9",printIsbn:"978-1-78984-780-2",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83968-354-1",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"46939",title:"Prof.",name:"Gabrijel",middleName:null,surname:"Ondrasek",slug:"gabrijel-ondrasek",fullName:"Gabrijel Ondrasek"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"87406",title:"Prof.",name:"Sonia",middleName:"Raquel",surname:"Gamiz-Fortis",fullName:"Sonia Gamiz-Fortis",slug:"sonia-gamiz-fortis",email:"srgamiz@ugr.es",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"University of Granada",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"97331",title:"Dr.",name:"María Jesús",middleName:null,surname:"Esteban-Parra",fullName:"María Jesús Esteban-Parra",slug:"maria-jesus-esteban-parra",email:"esteban@ugr.es",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"University of Granada",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"97332",title:"Dr.",name:"Yolanda",middleName:null,surname:"Castro-Díez",fullName:"Yolanda Castro-Díez",slug:"yolanda-castro-diez",email:"ycastro@ugr.es",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"University of Granada",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"287150",title:"Dr.",name:"Matilde",middleName:null,surname:"García-Valdecasas Ojeda",fullName:"Matilde García-Valdecasas Ojeda",slug:"matilde-garcia-valdecasas-ojeda",email:"mgvaldecasas@ugr.es",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"University of Granada",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"289131",title:"MSc.",name:"Emilio",middleName:null,surname:"Romero-Jiménez",fullName:"Emilio Romero-Jiménez",slug:"emilio-romero-jimenez",email:"emiliorj@ugr.es",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Methodology",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2_2",title:"2.1 Climate input data",level:"2"},{id:"sec_3_2",title:"2.2 Defining drought occurrences over the Iberian Peninsula",level:"2"},{id:"sec_3_3",title:"Table 2.",level:"3"},{id:"sec_4_3",title:"2.2.2 Temporal evolution of drought-related variables",level:"3"},{id:"sec_7",title:"3. Spatiotemporal patterns of droughts",level:"1"},{id:"sec_7_2",title:"3.1 Temporal evolution of the SPEI",level:"2"},{id:"sec_8_2",title:"3.2 Climatological characteristics of droughts",level:"2"},{id:"sec_10",title:"4. Temporal evolution of drought-related variables",level:"1"},{id:"sec_11",title:"5. Conclusions",level:"1"},{id:"sec_12",title:"Acknowledgments",level:"1"},{id:"sec_15",title:"Conflict of interest",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Whilite DA. Drought as a natural hazard: Concepts and definitions. In: Whilite DA, editor. Drought: A Global Assessment. London: Routledge; 2010. pp. 3-18\n'},{id:"B2",body:'Sheffield J, Wood EF. Projected changes in drought occurrence under future global warming from multi-model, multi-scenario, IPCC AR4 simulations. Climate Dynamics. 2008;31:79-105. DOI: 10.1007/s00382-007-0340-z\n'},{id:"B3",body:'Dai A. Drought under global warming: A review. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change. 2011;2:45-65. DOI: 10.1002/wcc.81\n'},{id:"B4",body:'Wang K, Dickinson RE, Liang S. Global atmospheric evaporative demand over land from 1973 to 2008. Journal of Climate. 2012;25:8353-8361. DOI: 10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00492.1\n'},{id:"B5",body:'Vicente-Serrano SM. Spatial and temporal analysis of droughts in the Iberian Peninsula (1910-2010). Hydrological Science Journal. 2006;51:83-97. DOI: 10.1623/hysj.51.1.83\n'},{id:"B6",body:'Mishra AK, Singh VP. A review of drought concepts. Journal of Hydrology. 2010;391:202-216. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2010.07.012\n'},{id:"B7",body:'Vicente-Serrano SM, Cuadrat-Prats JM. Trends in drought intensity and variability in the middle Ebro valley (NE of the Iberian Peninsula) during the second half of the twentieth century. Theoretical and Applied Climatology. 2007;88:247-258. DOI: 10.1007/s00704-006-0236-6\n'},{id:"B8",body:'Abatzoglou JT, Barbero R, Wolf JW, Holden ZA. Tracking interannual streamflow variability with drought indices in the US Pacific Northwest. Journal of Hydrometeorology. 2014;15:1900-1912. DOI: 10.1175/JHM-D-13-0167.1\n'},{id:"B9",body:'Vicente-Serrano SM, Beguería S, López-Moreno JI. A multiscalar drought index sensitive to global warming: The standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index. Journal of Climate. 2010;23:1696-1718. DOI: 10.1175/2009JCLI2909.1\n'},{id:"B10",body:'McKee TB, Doesken NJ, Kleist J. The relationship of drought frequency and duration to time scales. In: Proceedings of the 8th Conference on Applied Climatology; 17 January 1993. Boston, MA: American Meteorological Society; 1993. pp. 179-183\n'},{id:"B11",body:'Vicente-Serrano SM, Beguería S, Lorenzo-Lacruz J, Camarero JJ, López-Moreno JI, Azorin-Molina C, et al. Performance of drought indices for ecological, agricultural, and hydrological applications. Earth Interactions. 2012;16:1-27. DOI: 10.1175/2012EI000434.1\n'},{id:"B12",body:'Vicente-Serrano SM, Lopez-Moreno JI, Beguería S, Lorenzo-Lacruz J, Sanchez-Lorenzo A, García-Ruiz JM, et al. Evidence of increasing drought severity caused by temperature rise in southern Europe. Environmental Research Letters. 2014;9:044001. DOI: 10.1088/1748-9326/9/4/044001\n'},{id:"B13",body:'Skamarock WC, Klemp JB, Dudhia J, Gill DO, Barker DM, Duda MG, et al. A Description of the Advanced Research WRF Version 3, NCAR Technical Note. Boulder, Colorado, USA: Mesoscale and Microscale Meteorology Division. National Center for Atmospheric Research; 2008\n'},{id:"B14",body:'Dee DP, Uppala SM, Simmons AJ, Berrisford P, Poli P, Kobayashi S, et al. The ERA-interim reanalysis: Configuration and performance of the data assimilation system. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society. 2011;137:553-597. DOI: 10.1002/qj.828\n'},{id:"B15",body:'García-Valdecasas Ojeda M, Gámiz-Fortis SR, Castro-Díez Y, Esteban-Parra MJ. Evaluation of WRF capability to detect dry and wet periods in Spain using drought indices. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 2017;122:1569-1594. DOI: 10.1002/2016JD025683\n'},{id:"B16",body:'Hong SY, Dudhia J, Chen SH. A revised approach to ice microphysical processes for the bulk parameterization of clouds and precipitation. Monthly Weather Review. 2004;132:103-120. DOI: 10.1175/1520-0493(2004)132<0103:AR ATIM>2.0.CO;2\n'},{id:"B17",body:'Betts AK, Miller MJ. A new convective adjustment scheme. Part II: Single column tests using GATE wave, BOMEX, ATEX and arctic air-mass data sets. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society. 1986;112:693-709. DOI: 10.1002/qj.49711247308\n'},{id:"B18",body:'Janjić ZI. The step-mountain coordinate: Physical package. Monthly Weather Review. 1990;118:1429-1443. DOI: 10.1175/1520-0493(1990)118<1429:TSMCPP>2.0.CO;2\n'},{id:"B19",body:'Pleim JE. A combined local and nonlocal closure model for the atmospheric boundary layer. Part I: Model description and testing. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology. 2007;46:1383-1395. DOI: 10.1175/JAM2539.1\n'},{id:"B20",body:'Chen F, Dudhia J. Coupling an advanced land surface—Hydrology model with the Penn State—NCAR MM5 modeling system. Part I: Model implementation and sensitivity. Monthly Weather Review. 2001;129:569-585. DOI: 10.1175/1520-0493(2001)129<0569:CAALSH>2.0.CO;2\n'},{id:"B21",body:'Collins WD, Rasch PJ, Boville BA, Hack JJ, McCaa JR, Williamson DL, et al. Description of the NCAR Community Atmosphere Model (CAM 3.0). NCAR Technical Note NCAR/TN-464+ STR; 2004. p. 226\n'},{id:"B22",body:'Kim BS, Chang IG, Sung JH, Han HJ. Projection in future drought hazard of South Korea based on RCP climate change scenario 8.5 using SPEI. Advances in Meteorology. 2016;2016(4148710):1-23. DOI: 10.1155/2016/4148710\n'},{id:"B23",body:'Wang W, Ertsen MW, Svoboda MD, Hafeez M. Propagation of drought: From meteorological drought to agricultural and hydrological drought. Advances in Meteorology. 2016;2016(6547209):1-5. DOI: 10.1155/2016/6547209\n'},{id:"B24",body:'Meque A, Abiodun BJ. Simulating the link between ENSO and summer drought in southern Africa using regional climate models. Climate Dynamics. 2015;44:1881-1900. DOI: 10.1007/s00382-014-2143-3\n'},{id:"B25",body:'Beguería S, Vicente-Serrano SM. SPEI: Calculation of the Standardized Precipitation-Evapotranspiration Index. R Package Version. 2013. p. 1. Available from: http://cran.r-project.org/package=SPEI\n\n'},{id:"B26",body:'Hargreaves GH. Defining and using reference evapotranspiration. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering. 1994;120:1132-1139. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9437(1994)120%3A6(1132)\n'},{id:"B27",body:'Beguería S, Vicente-Serrano SM, Reig F, Latorre B. Standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI) revisited: Parameter fitting, evapotranspiration models, tools, datasets and drought monitoring. International Journal of Climatology. 2014;34:3001-3023. DOI: 10.1002/joc.3887\n'},{id:"B28",body:'Allen RG, Pereira LS, Raes D, Smith M. Crop Evapotranspiration-Guidelines for Computing Crop Water Requirements. FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper 56. Rome: FAO; 1998. 300:D05109\n'},{id:"B29",body:'Y-j L, Zheng X-d, Lu F, Ma J. Analysis of drought evolvement characteristics based on standardized precipitation index in the Huaihe River basin. Procedia Engineering. 2012;28:434-437. DOI: 10.1016/j.proeng.2012.01.746\n'},{id:"B30",body:'Keyantash J, Dracup JA. The quantification of drought: An evaluation of drought indices. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 2002;83:1167-1180. DOI: 10.1175/1520-0477-83.8.1167\n'},{id:"B31",body:'Bretherton CS, Widmann M, Dymnikov VP, Wallace JM, Bladé I. The effective number of spatial degrees of freedom of a time-varying field. Journal of Climate. 1999;12:1990-2009. DOI: 10.1175/1520-0442(1999)012<1990:TENOSD>2.0.CO;2\n'},{id:"B32",body:'Sheffield J, Wood EF. Global trends and variability in soil moisture and drought characteristics, 1950-2000, from observations-driven simulations id the terrestrial water cycle. Journal of Climate. 2008;21:432-458. DOI: 10.1175/2007JCLI1822.1\n'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Matilde García-Valdecasas Ojeda",address:"mgvaldecasas@ugr.es",affiliation:'
Department of Applied Physics, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
Department of Applied Physics, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
'}],corrections:null},book:{id:"8489",type:"book",title:"Drought",subtitle:"Detection and Solutions",fullTitle:"Drought - Detection and Solutions",slug:"drought-detection-and-solutions",publishedDate:"January 15th 2020",bookSignature:"Gabrijel Ondrasek",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8489.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:"978-1-78984-781-9",printIsbn:"978-1-78984-780-2",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83968-354-1",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"46939",title:"Prof.",name:"Gabrijel",middleName:null,surname:"Ondrasek",slug:"gabrijel-ondrasek",fullName:"Gabrijel Ondrasek"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},profile:{item:{id:"11981",title:"Prof.",name:"Hiroshi",middleName:null,surname:"Ishiguro",email:"ishiguro@sys.es.osaka-u.ac.jp",fullName:"Hiroshi Ishiguro",slug:"hiroshi-ishiguro",position:null,biography:"Hiroshi Ishiguro is an award-winning roboticist and innovator. As the Director of the Intelligent Robotics Laboratory, which is part of the Department of Systems Innovation in the Graduate School of Engineering Science at Osaka University, Japan, Ishiguro concentrates on making robots that are similar as possible to humans to understand the human species. A notable project of his laboratory is the Actroid, a humanoid robot with a lifelike appearance and observable behavior such as facial movements. (Sources: http://www.geminoid.jp/en/index.html, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroshi_Ishiguro)",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRglaQAC/Profile_Picture_1626411846553",totalCites:0,totalChapterViews:"0",outsideEditionCount:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"10",totalEditedBooks:"0",personalWebsiteURL:null,twitterURL:null,linkedinURL:null,institution:{name:"Osaka University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},booksEdited:[],chaptersAuthored:[{id:"126",title:"Conversation System of an Everyday Robot Robovie-IV",slug:"conversation_system_of_an_everyday_robot_robovie-iv",abstract:null,signatures:"Noriaki Mitsunaga, Zenta Miyashita, Takahiro Miyashita, Hiroshi Ishiguro and Norihiro Hagita",authors:[{id:"11981",title:"Prof.",name:"Hiroshi",surname:"Ishiguro",fullName:"Hiroshi Ishiguro",slug:"hiroshi-ishiguro",email:"ishiguro@sys.es.osaka-u.ac.jp"}],book:{id:"3371",title:"Robust Speech",slug:"robust_speech_recognition_and_understanding",productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume"}}},{id:"176",title:"Generating Natural Motion in an Android by Mapping Human Motion",slug:"generating_natural_motion_in_an_android_by_mapping_human_motion",abstract:null,signatures:"Daisuke Matsui, Takashi Minato, Karl F. 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Particularly in the case of motor imagery BCIs, users may need several training sessions before they learn how to generate desired brain activity and reach an acceptable performance. A typical training protocol for such BCIs includes execution of a motor imagery task by the user, followed by presentation of an extending bar or a moving object on a computer screen. In this chapter, we discuss the importance of a visual feedback that resembles human actions, the effect of human factors such as confidence and motivation, and the role of embodiment in the learning process of a motor imagery task. Our results from a series of experiments in which users BCI-operated a humanlike android robot confirm that realistic visual feedback can induce a sense of embodiment, which promotes a significant learning of the motor imagery task in a short amount of time. 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Open Access Funding
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850 GBP Chapter - Book Series Topic (Annual Volume)
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4,000 GBP Compacts Monograph - Short Form
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850 GBP Journal Article (Across Portfolio)
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English language copyediting and proofreading, including the correction of grammatical, spelling, and other common errors
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XML Typesetting and pagination - web (PDF, HTML) and print files preparation
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Permanent and unrestricted online access to your work
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If a manuscript requires Heavy Editing or Language Polishing, this will incur additional fees.
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Your Author Service Manager will inform you of any items not covered by the OAPF and provide exact information regarding those additional costs before proceeding.
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Open Access Funding
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To explore funding opportunities and learn more about how you can finance your IntechOpen publication, go to our Open Access Funding page. IntechOpen offers expert assistance to all of its Authors. We can support you in approaching funding bodies and institutions in relation to publishing fees by providing information about compliance with the Open Access policies of your funder or institution. We can also assist with communicating the benefits of Open Access in order to support and strengthen your funding request and provide personal guidance through your application process. You can contact us at funders@intechopen.com for further details or assistance.
\n\n
For Authors who are still unable to obtain funding from their institutions or research funding bodies for individual projects, IntechOpen does offer the possibility of applying for a Waiver to offset some or all processing feed. Details regarding our Waiver Policy can be found here.
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Added Value of Publishing with IntechOpen
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Indexing and listing across major repositories, see details ...
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That is exactly what he does, diving into Machine Learning algorithms and technologies to help TECNALIA to decide whether something is great in theory or will actually impact on the product or processes of its projects. So, he is expert at framing experiments, developing hypotheses, and proving whether they’re true or not, in order to investigate fundamental problems with a longer time horizon. He is also able to design and develop PoCs and system prototypes in simulation. He has participated in several national and internacional R&D projects.\n\nAs another relevant part of his everyday research work, he usually publishes his findings in reputed scientific refereed journals and international conferences, occasionally acting as reviewer and Programme Commitee member. Concretely, since 2018 he has published 9 JCR (8 Q1) journal papers, 9 conference papers (e.g. ECML PKDD 2021), and he has co-edited a book. He is also active in popular science writing data science stories for reputed blogs (KDNuggets, TowardsDataScience, Naukas). Besides, he has recently embarked on mentoring programmes as mentor, and has also worked as data science trainer.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",slug:"yalcin-isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",biography:"Yalcin Isler (1971 - Burdur / Turkey) received the B.Sc. degree in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey, in 1993, the M.Sc. degree from the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey, in 1996, the Ph.D. degree from the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey, in 2009, and the Competence of Associate Professorship from the Turkish Interuniversity Council in 2019.\n\nHe was Lecturer at Burdur Vocational School in Suleyman Demirel University (1993-2000, Burdur / Turkey), Software Engineer (2000-2002, Izmir / Turkey), Research Assistant in Bulent Ecevit University (2002-2003, Zonguldak / Turkey), Research Assistant in Dokuz Eylul University (2003-2010, Izmir / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering in Bulent Ecevit University (2010-2012, Zonguldak / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering in Izmir Katip Celebi University (2012-2019, Izmir / Turkey). He is an Associate Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir / Turkey, since 2019. In addition to academics, he has also founded Islerya Medical and Information Technologies Company, Izmir / Turkey, since 2017.\n\nHis main research interests cover biomedical signal processing, pattern recognition, medical device design, programming, and embedded systems. He has many scientific papers and participated in several projects in these study fields. He was an IEEE Student Member (2009-2011) and IEEE Member (2011-2014) and has been IEEE Senior Member since 2014.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"339677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mrinmoy",middleName:null,surname:"Roy",slug:"mrinmoy-roy",fullName:"Mrinmoy Roy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/339677/images/16768_n.jpg",biography:"An accomplished Sales & Marketing professional with 12 years of cross-functional experience in well-known organisations such as CIPLA, LUPIN, GLENMARK, ASTRAZENECA across different segment of Sales & Marketing, International Business, Institutional Business, Product Management, Strategic Marketing of HIV, Oncology, Derma, Respiratory, Anti-Diabetic, Nutraceutical & Stomatological Product Portfolio and Generic as well as Chronic Critical Care Portfolio. A First Class MBA in International Business & Strategic Marketing, B.Pharm, D.Pharm, Google Certified Digital Marketing Professional. Qualified PhD Candidate in Operations and Management with special focus on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning adoption, analysis and use in Healthcare, Hospital & Pharma Domain. Seasoned with diverse therapy area of Pharmaceutical Sales & Marketing ranging from generating revenue through generating prescriptions, launching new products, and making them big brands with continuous strategy execution at the Physician and Patients level. Moved from Sales to Marketing and Business Development for 3.5 years in South East Asian Market operating from Manila, Philippines. Came back to India and handled and developed Brands such as Gluconorm, Lupisulin, Supracal, Absolut Woman, Hemozink, Fabiflu (For COVID 19), and many more. In my previous assignment I used to develop and execute strategies on Sales & Marketing, Commercialization & Business Development for Institution and Corporate Hospital Business portfolio of Oncology Therapy Area for AstraZeneca Pharma India Ltd. Being a Research Scholar and Student of ‘Operations Research & Management: Artificial Intelligence’ I published several pioneer research papers and book chapters on the same in Internationally reputed journals and Books indexed in Scopus, Springer and Ei Compendex, Google Scholar etc. Currently, I am launching PGDM Pharmaceutical Management Program in IIHMR Bangalore and spearheading the course curriculum and structure of the same. I am interested in Collaboration for Healthcare Innovation, Pharma AI Innovation, Future trend in Marketing and Management with incubation on Healthcare, Healthcare IT startups, AI-ML Modelling and Healthcare Algorithm based training module development. I am also an affiliated member of the Institute of Management Consultant of India, looking forward to Healthcare, Healthcare IT and Innovation, Pharma and Hospital Management Consulting works.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lovely Professional University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",institution:{name:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"221364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneko",middleName:null,surname:"Osaba",slug:"eneko-osaba",fullName:"Eneko Osaba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221364/images/system/221364.jpg",biography:"Dr. Eneko Osaba works at TECNALIA as a senior researcher. He obtained his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence in 2015. He has participated in more than twenty-five local and European research projects, and in the publication of more than 130 papers. He has performed several stays at universities in the United Kingdom, Italy, and Malta. Dr. Osaba has served as a program committee member in more than forty international conferences and participated in organizing activities in more than ten international conferences. He is a member of the editorial board of the International Journal of Artificial Intelligence, Data in Brief, and Journal of Advanced Transportation. He is also a guest editor for the Journal of Computational Science, Neurocomputing, Swarm, and Evolutionary Computation and IEEE ITS Magazine.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"275829",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Villar-Rodriguez",slug:"esther-villar-rodriguez",fullName:"Esther Villar-Rodriguez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/275829/images/system/275829.jpg",biography:"Dr. Esther Villar obtained a Ph.D. in Information and Communication Technologies from the University of Alcalá, Spain, in 2015. She obtained a degree in Computer Science from the University of Deusto, Spain, in 2010, and an MSc in Computer Languages and Systems from the National University of Distance Education, Spain, in 2012. Her areas of interest and knowledge include natural language processing (NLP), detection of impersonation in social networks, semantic web, and machine learning. Dr. Esther Villar made several contributions at conferences and publishing in various journals in those fields. Currently, she is working within the OPTIMA (Optimization Modeling & Analytics) business of TECNALIA’s ICT Division as a data scientist in projects related to the prediction and optimization of management and industrial processes (resource planning, energy efficiency, etc).",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:null},{id:"278948",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"carlos-pedro-goncalves",fullName:"Carlos Pedro Gonçalves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRcmyQAC/Profile_Picture_1564224512145",biography:'Carlos Pedro Gonçalves (PhD) is an Associate Professor at Lusophone University of Humanities and Technologies and a researcher on Complexity Sciences, Quantum Technologies, Artificial Intelligence, Strategic Studies, Studies in Intelligence and Security, FinTech and Financial Risk Modeling. He is also a progammer with programming experience in:\n\nA) Quantum Computing using Qiskit Python module and IBM Quantum Experience Platform, with software developed on the simulation of Quantum Artificial Neural Networks and Quantum Cybersecurity;\n\nB) Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning programming in Python;\n\nC) Artificial Intelligence, Multiagent Systems Modeling and System Dynamics Modeling in Netlogo, with models developed in the areas of Chaos Theory, Econophysics, Artificial Intelligence, Classical and Quantum Complex Systems Science, with the Econophysics models having been cited worldwide and incorporated in PhD programs by different Universities.\n\nReceived an Arctic Code Vault Contributor status by GitHub, due to having developed open source software preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\" for future generations (https://archiveprogram.github.com/arctic-vault/), with the Strategy Analyzer A.I. module for decision making support (based on his PhD thesis, used in his Classes on Decision Making and in Strategic Intelligence Consulting Activities) and QNeural Python Quantum Neural Network simulator also preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\", for access to these software modules see: https://github.com/cpgoncalves. He is also a peer reviewer with outsanding review status from Elsevier journals, including Physica A, Neurocomputing and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence. Science CV available at: https://www.cienciavitae.pt//pt/8E1C-A8B3-78C5 and ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0298-3974',institutionString:"University of Lisbon",institution:{name:"Universidade Lusófona",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"241400",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Bsiss",slug:"mohammed-bsiss",fullName:"Mohammed Bsiss",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241400/images/8062_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"276128",title:"Dr.",name:"Hira",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",slug:"hira-fatima",fullName:"Hira Fatima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/276128/images/14420_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Hira Fatima\nAssistant Professor\nDepartment of Mathematics\nInstitute of Applied Science\nMangalayatan University, Aligarh\nMobile: no : 8532041179\nhirafatima2014@gmal.com\n\nDr. Hira Fatima has received his Ph.D. degree in pure Mathematics from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh India. Currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mathematics, Institute of Applied Science, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh. She taught so many courses of Mathematics of UG and PG level. Her research Area of Expertise is Functional Analysis & Sequence Spaces. She has been working on Ideal Convergence of double sequence. She has published 17 research papers in National and International Journals including Cogent Mathematics, Filomat, Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, Advances in Difference Equations, Journal of Mathematical Analysis, Journal of Mathematical & Computer Science etc. She has also reviewed few research papers for the and international journals. She is a member of Indian Mathematical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"414880",title:"Dr.",name:"Maryam",middleName:null,surname:"Vatankhah",slug:"maryam-vatankhah",fullName:"Maryam Vatankhah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Borough of Manhattan Community College",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"414879",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammad-Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",slug:"mohammad-reza-akbarzadeh-totonchi",fullName:"Mohammad-Reza Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ferdowsi University of Mashhad",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"414878",title:"Prof.",name:"Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Fazel-Rezai",slug:"reza-fazel-rezai",fullName:"Reza Fazel-Rezai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"American Public University System",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"302698",title:"Dr.",name:"Yao",middleName:null,surname:"Shan",slug:"yao-shan",fullName:"Yao Shan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Dalian University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"125911",title:"Prof.",name:"Jia-Ching",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"jia-ching-wang",fullName:"Jia-Ching Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Central University",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"357085",title:"Mr.",name:"P. Mohan",middleName:null,surname:"Anand",slug:"p.-mohan-anand",fullName:"P. Mohan Anand",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"356696",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"P.V.",middleName:null,surname:"Sai Charan",slug:"p.v.-sai-charan",fullName:"P.V. Sai Charan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"357086",title:"Prof.",name:"Sandeep K.",middleName:null,surname:"Shukla",slug:"sandeep-k.-shukla",fullName:"Sandeep K. Shukla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"356823",title:"MSc.",name:"Seonghee",middleName:null,surname:"Min",slug:"seonghee-min",fullName:"Seonghee Min",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Daegu University",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"353307",title:"Prof.",name:"Yoosoo",middleName:null,surname:"Oh",slug:"yoosoo-oh",fullName:"Yoosoo Oh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:"Yoosoo Oh received his Bachelor's degree in the Department of Electronics and Engineering from Kyungpook National University in 2002. He obtained his Master’s degree in the Department of Information and Communications from Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) in 2003. In 2010, he received his Ph.D. degree in the School of Information and Mechatronics from GIST. In the meantime, he was an executed team leader at Culture Technology Institute, GIST, 2010-2012. In 2011, he worked at Lancaster University, the UK as a visiting scholar. In September 2012, he joined Daegu University, where he is currently an associate professor in the School of ICT Conver, Daegu University. Also, he served as the Board of Directors of KSIIS since 2019, and HCI Korea since 2016. From 2017~2019, he worked as a center director of the Mixed Reality Convergence Research Center at Daegu University. From 2015-2017, He worked as a director in the Enterprise Supporting Office of LINC Project Group, Daegu University. His research interests include Activity Fusion & Reasoning, Machine Learning, Context-aware Middleware, Human-Computer Interaction, etc.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"262719",title:"Dr.",name:"Esma",middleName:null,surname:"Ergüner Özkoç",slug:"esma-erguner-ozkoc",fullName:"Esma Ergüner Özkoç",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Başkent University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"346530",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibrahim",middleName:null,surname:"Kaya",slug:"ibrahim-kaya",fullName:"Ibrahim Kaya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"419199",title:"Dr.",name:"Qun",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"qun-yang",fullName:"Qun Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Auckland",country:{name:"New Zealand"}}},{id:"351158",title:"Prof.",name:"David W.",middleName:null,surname:"Anderson",slug:"david-w.-anderson",fullName:"David W. Anderson",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Calgary",country:{name:"Canada"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"11",type:"subseries",title:"Cell Physiology",keywords:"Neurodevelopment and Neurodevelopmental Disease, Free Radicals, Tumor Metastasis, Antioxidants, Essential Fatty Acids, Melatonin, Lipid Peroxidation Products and Aging Physiology",scope:"
\r\n\tThe integration of tissues and organs throughout the mammalian body, as well as the expression, structure, and function of molecular and cellular components, is essential for modern physiology. The following concerns will be addressed in this Cell Physiology subject, which will consider all organ systems (e.g., brain, heart, lung, liver; gut, kidney, eye) and their interactions: (1) Neurodevelopment and Neurodevelopmental Disease (2) Free Radicals (3) Tumor Metastasis (4) Antioxidants (5) Essential Fatty Acids (6) Melatonin and (7) Lipid Peroxidation Products and Aging Physiology.
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He is Member ofthe National Research Council (CONICET), Argentina, and Argentine Society foBiochemistry and Molecular Biology (SAIB). His laboratory has been interested for manyears in the lipid peroxidation of biological membranes from various tissues and different species. Professor Catalá has directed twelve doctoral theses, publishedover 100 papers in peer reviewed journals, several chapters in books andtwelve edited books. Angel Catalá received awards at the 40th InternationaConference Biochemistry of Lipids 1999: Dijon (France). W inner of the Bimbo PanAmerican Nutrition, Food Science and Technology Award 2006 and 2012, South AmericaHuman Nutrition, Professional Category. 2006 award in pharmacology, Bernardo\r\nHoussay, in recognition of his meritorious works of research. Angel Catalá belongto the Editorial Board of Journal of lipids, International Review of Biophysical ChemistryFrontiers in Membrane Physiology and Biophysics, World Journal oExperimental Medicine and Biochemistry Research International, W orld Journal oBiological Chemistry, Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, Diabetes and thePancreas, International Journal of Chronic Diseases & Therapy, International Journal oNutrition, Co-Editor of The Open Biology Journal.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National University of La Plata",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Argentina"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"10",title:"Physiology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",issn:"2631-8261"},editorialBoard:[{id:"186048",title:"Prof.",name:"Ines",middleName:null,surname:"Drenjančević",slug:"ines-drenjancevic",fullName:"Ines Drenjančević",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186048/images/5818_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of 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Many parasitic diseases are classified as neglected tropical diseases because they have received minimal funding over recent years and, in many cases, are under-reported despite the critical role they play in morbidity and mortality among human and animal hosts. The current topic, Parasitic Infectious Diseases, in the Infectious Diseases Series aims to publish studies on the systematics, epidemiology, molecular biology, genomics, pathogenesis, genetics, and clinical significance of parasitic diseases from blood borne to intestinal parasites as well as zoonotic parasites. We hope to cover all aspects of parasitic diseases to provide current and relevant research data on these very important diseases. In the current atmosphere of the Coronavirus pandemic, communities around the world, particularly those in different underdeveloped areas, are faced with the growing challenges of the high burden of parasitic diseases. 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