\r\n\t
",isbn:"978-1-83968-727-3",printIsbn:"978-1-83968-726-6",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83968-728-0",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"625b869ee498e8ac2159ddaf9fb4a906",bookSignature:"Dr. Sonia Soloneski and Dr. Marcelo L. Larramendy",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10368.jpg",keywords:"Biomarkers, Safety Testing, Pesticides, Biomolecules, Medical Devices, Nanomaterials, Drugs, Radiation, Apoptosis, Autophagy, Cytotoxicity Testing, Standardized Procedures",numberOfDownloads:134,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"September 7th 2020",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"October 5th 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"December 4th 2020",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"February 22nd 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"April 23rd 2021",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"6 months",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"An Assistant Professor of Molecular Cell Biology at the National University of La Plata (Argentina) that authored more than 380 contributions in the field, including scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and research communications.",coeditorOneBiosketch:"Head of the Laboratory of Molecular Cytogenetics and Genotoxicology at the National University of La Plata (Argentina) and author of more than 450 contributions, including scientific publications, research communications, and conferences worldwide.A recipient of several national and international awards.",coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"14863",title:"Dr.",name:"Sonia",middleName:null,surname:"Soloneski",slug:"sonia-soloneski",fullName:"Sonia Soloneski",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/14863/images/system/14863.jpg",biography:"Sonia Soloneski has a Ph.D. in Natural Sciences and is an Assistant Professor of Molecular Cell Biology at the School of Natural Sciences and Museum of La Plata, National University of La Plata, Argentina. She is a member of the National Scientific and Technological Research Council (CONICET) of Argentina in the genetic toxicology field, the Latin American Association of Environmental Mutagenesis, Teratogenesis and Carcinogenesis (ALAMCTA), the Argentinean Society of Toxicology (ATA), the Argentinean Society of Genetics (SAG), the Argentinean Society of Biology (SAB), and the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC). She has authored more than 380 contributions in the field, including scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and research communications. She has served as a review member for more than 30 scientific international journals. She has been a plenary speaker in scientific conferences and a member of scientific committees. She is a specialist in issues related to genetic toxicology, mutagenesis, and ecotoxicology.",institutionString:"National University of La Plata",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"6",institution:{name:"National University of La Plata",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Argentina"}}}],coeditorOne:{id:"14764",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo L.",middleName:null,surname:"Larramendy",slug:"marcelo-l.-larramendy",fullName:"Marcelo L. Larramendy",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/14764/images/system/14764.jpeg",biography:"Marcelo L. Larramendy, Ph.D., serves as a Professor of Molecular Cell Biology at the School of Natural Sciences and Museum (National University of La Plata, Argentina). He is the appointed Senior Researcher of the National Scientific and Technological Research Council of Argentina and a former member of the Executive Committee of the Latin American Association of Environmental Mutagensis, Teratogenesis and Carcinogenesis. He is the author of more than 450 contributions, including scientific publications, research communications, and conferences worldwide. He is the recipient of several national and international awards. Prof. Larramendy is a regular lecturer at the international A. Hollaender courses organized by the IAEMS and a former guest scientist at NIH (USA) and University of Helsinki (Finland). He is an expert in genetic toxicology and is, or has been, a referee for more than 20 international scientific journals. He was a member of the International Panel of Experts at the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC, WHO, Lyon, France) in 2015 for the evaluation of DDT, 2,4-D and Lindane. Presently, Prof. Dr. Larramendy is Head of the Laboratory of Molecular Cytogenetics and Genotoxicology at the UNLP.",institutionString:"National University of La Plata",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"18",institution:{name:"National University of La Plata",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Argentina"}}},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"6",title:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",slug:"biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology"}],chapters:[{id:"74937",title:"Cytotoxic and Antimicrobial Activities of Quinones Isolated from Different Organism",slug:"cytotoxic-and-antimicrobial-activities-of-quinones-isolated-from-different-organism",totalDownloads:58,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"75290",title:"Cytotoxicity as a Fundamental Response to Xenobiotics",slug:"cytotoxicity-as-a-fundamental-response-to-xenobiotics",totalDownloads:38,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"74835",title:"Some Methodological Aspects in Studies of Metal Nanoparticles’ Toxicity towards Cultured Cells",slug:"some-methodological-aspects-in-studies-of-metal-nanoparticles-toxicity-towards-cultured-cells",totalDownloads:38,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"9699",firstName:"Iva",lastName:"Lipović",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/9699/images/4740_n.png",email:"iva.l@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"874",title:"Integrated Pest Management and Pest Control",subtitle:"Current and Future Tactics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f9bb193803d54978099900e0645e2637",slug:"integrated-pest-management-and-pest-control-current-and-future-tactics",bookSignature:"Marcelo L. Larramendy and Sonia Soloneski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/874.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"14863",title:"Dr.",name:"Sonia",surname:"Soloneski",slug:"sonia-soloneski",fullName:"Sonia Soloneski"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3801",title:"Pesticides",subtitle:"Toxic Aspects",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e0e479dbebe7f25ae49495b3d6d22eb2",slug:"pesticides-toxic-aspects",bookSignature:"Marcelo L. Larramendy and Sonia Soloneski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3801.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"14863",title:"Dr.",name:"Sonia",surname:"Soloneski",slug:"sonia-soloneski",fullName:"Sonia Soloneski"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3521",title:"Weed and Pest Control",subtitle:"Conventional and New Challenges",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"66ed4d91a67af8b180cb863d339021c1",slug:"weed-and-pest-control-conventional-and-new-challenges",bookSignature:"Sonia Soloneski and Marcelo Larramendy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3521.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"14863",title:"Dr.",name:"Sonia",surname:"Soloneski",slug:"sonia-soloneski",fullName:"Sonia Soloneski"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2035",title:"Insecticides",subtitle:"Basic and Other Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a1a58545e043b9616c972a9eed86b0f1",slug:"insecticides-basic-and-other-applications",bookSignature:"Sonia Soloneski and Marcelo Larramendy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2035.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"14863",title:"Dr.",name:"Sonia",surname:"Soloneski",slug:"sonia-soloneski",fullName:"Sonia Soloneski"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6644",title:"Emerging Pollutants",subtitle:"Some Strategies for the Quality Preservation of Our Environment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e03aeca8b09510ef11fcf3621a2a996",slug:"emerging-pollutants-some-strategies-for-the-quality-preservation-of-our-environment",bookSignature:"Sonia Soloneski and Marcelo L. Larramendy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6644.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"14863",title:"Dr.",name:"Sonia",surname:"Soloneski",slug:"sonia-soloneski",fullName:"Sonia Soloneski"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9394",title:"Genotoxicity and Mutagenicity",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Test Methods",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9ee7e597358dbbfb5e33d0beb76e6fff",slug:"genotoxicity-and-mutagenicity-mechanisms-and-test-methods",bookSignature:"Sonia Soloneski and Marcelo L. Larramendy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9394.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"14863",title:"Dr.",name:"Sonia",surname:"Soloneski",slug:"sonia-soloneski",fullName:"Sonia Soloneski"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6694",title:"New Trends in Ion Exchange Studies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3de8c8b090fd8faa7c11ec5b387c486a",slug:"new-trends-in-ion-exchange-studies",bookSignature:"Selcan Karakuş",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6694.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"206110",title:"Dr.",name:"Selcan",surname:"Karakuş",slug:"selcan-karakus",fullName:"Selcan Karakuş"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"62294",title:"Understanding Adaptive Mainstream Users’ Values in Housing Transformation towards Sustainable Housing Development",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.78577",slug:"understanding-adaptive-mainstream-users-values-in-housing-transformation-towards-sustainable-housing",body:'\nWidespread expansion of cities due to rapid population increase has overstretched urban facilities particularly housing. As a result, cityscapes now assume cosmopolitan dimension with old and new settlements side by side, urban and sub-urban habitations as well as city centres and fringes accommodating people of varied background. Despite huge investments by private developers and governments in the cities of developing nations towards production and provision of sustainable housing particularly for the middle- and low-income group, it remains unachievable. Correspondingly, culture inclusive designs manifest from housing transformations as tangible benefits even though it is overlooked. This is often associated with sub-standard developments due to unguided transformation activities by individual residents. Meanwhile, stakeholders particularly development control agencies usually focus on the distortions made to cities’ master plan and disregard for planning laws rather than paying attention to considerations given to the reasons behind their actions and the value of the final product, thus concentrating on the phenomenon of interest rather than considering the subject matter adequately from the overall model. This led to researchers’ interest in spatial behaviour of inhabitants’ space transaction in order to attain growing need for sustainable housing provision.
\nMeanwhile, architecture indeed has accommodated and as well constrains behaviour, thus the growing interest in architectural design and behavioural sciences. Yet gaps exist between the architects and behavioural scientists in comprehending inhabitants’ interactions with space. This is aggravated with the complexity of behaviour as it includes observed activity pattern, cognition, and perception.
\nBut, spatial patterns and cultural determinants significantly describe the indigenous urban architectural character in cultured communities. These features characterise sustainable housing growth where inhabitants transact with their habitation and achieve satisfaction because they are able to realise desired values.
\nThese desired values as expressed and seen in housing characteristics are key determinants for housing efficiency and satisfaction towards the realisation of social inclusion goals as promoted by United Nations (UN) in its sustainable development goals (SDGs). Therefore, this chapter focuses on inquiry of typical ordinary group, showcasing their in-depth expression and attachment to neglected values with information-rich sample cases. Case study research such as this one commonly focuses on people or structure, perspective or world view, geography, activity, and usually time bound. Thus, purposeful sampling with illustrative strategy was adopted for this qualitative research.
\nCognitive scientists have argued that ‘relation attention’, which implies how people collectively think together, is a social reasoning phenomenon developed from observations and concepts derived from interdisciplinary studies [1]. As such, human cognition is found in the duo of cultural and societal environments. I found this assertion reliable and useful in describing the significant origin and attachment of inhabitants to their mainstream societal values. Environment tends to generate events that are time series bound and shapes the cognitive insight of its inhabitants. Therefore, the evidence forms the assertion that inhabitants’ societal values shape their perception of the environment and as well determine their transaction with the environment.
\nFurther still, cross-cultural research usually discloses a range of attributes that are mostly beyond those found in one research. Meanwhile, some of these attributes are common to specific environment and defines their values and behaviour. Therefore, it is also important to understand contextual environmental behaviours in order to distinguish culture-specific and culture-common concepts (emic [specific to given cultures] and etic [found in all cultures]). Often, culture-specific values are misconstrued as it communicates less to a researcher who does not belong to the culture. His attributions are assumed on the relative meaning of confounding variables. It then becomes difficult to connect with inhabitants’ behaviour as they relate to their habitation, hence do not appreciate the value that lies therein.
\nIn addition, it is noteworthy that even though culture-specific concepts are not found in all societies but in specific ones, they sometimes determine to a great extent the existence of settlements. They can exist as additional variants to culture-common concepts or a culture’s unique adaptations to the cultural landscape (geography and architecture). Apparently, perception and familiarity with culture-specific values ignite sustainability, as they are ingrained in human mind and tend to reflect as a process in behavioural interactions with space.
\nMeanwhile, most times it is assumed that a combination of the emic and etic ideals is thought to provide solutions to human behavioural issues in cross-cultural examinations. But appreciably, mainstream values sometimes override the common attributes and become a concern towards developing lasting solutions to environmental issues even in the intangible form. In this situation, it becomes important to adopt indigenous approach in examining exclusive emic concerns. Thus, attempt should be made towards understanding observed behaviours, why people behave as they do and the significance of these behaviours in the built environment. It is only then that these values are well interpreted from the inhabitants’ viewpoint. Scholars agree that insiders’ view of houses affords more genuine and valid information than the outsiders’ view [2]. As a result, it is desirable to understand individuals and the environments they cohabit, and also recognise the components of these environments and their relationships [3]. In the meantime, cultural core has been predicted as central underlying attributes to changes in domestic space.
\nSeveral studies on house, form, and culture are specific to socio-cultural contexts. This results from the distinctive quality of human cultural traits. Morphologically, housing should distinguish between spaces that are adaptive to accommodating several functions, more so that sometimes activities performed particularly in the modern domestic space settings are irreconcilable. The morphology usually defines the distribution of family activities in a house setting. In this case, analysing the spatial configuration is less significant when compared to analysing the spatial pattern of activities. The later demonstrates the morphology of the domestic experience that also includes activities done not only outside the house but also around the surroundings of the dwellings. Thus, in cultured settings, activity patterns define the domestic experience rather than the spatial arrangement.
\nSimilarly, flexible and multipurpose space uses are usually time bound. For instance, courtyards provide activity space for different functions across the day. Also, this is important in relating and integrating values in space utilisation. Thus, conflicting activities are assigned to a space but separated by time of performance in order to clarify the inconsistency [4]. Thus, social, private, and service spaces with some overlaps are found in flexible dwelling space ordering. The routine interaction with the spaces shows that despite the complexity in space use, conflicts of activity performance do not exist; rather mainstream values are exhibited in the use of space with optimum satisfaction exhibited by the inhabitants across the day.
\nTruly, in more western-influenced and traditionally conceived housing set-up, inhabitants’ lifestyle distinguishes the arrangement of objects and activities in the home [2]. While flexibility of planning is seen in the later, inflexibility is associated with space design of the former as functions are rigidly assigned to spaces. Thus, housing transformational activities are carried out to adjust the form and functional spaces in order to accommodate flexible functional activities.
\nEven till today, globally vernacular design decisions have remained significant as though it relates basic human relationships, social habits, and cultural traits [5]. Both in tangible and intangible forms, it echoes typical building culture in the traditional and informal communal settings. And even though they may differ in their mainstream values, commonalities in their principles that are ingrained in the patterned building culture form a generic understanding of the roots of overall building culture. Indeed, even as they exist in varieties, the functional configurations depict similar situation hence rooted to the communal values. Therefore, the assertion confirms buildings as cultural products with traced link to the root. Thus, grasping the essential feature of the inhabitants’ lifestyle becomes necessary in providing sustainable designs. Indeed, even though some architects are still linked to their cultural roots, it is understandable to note that the paradigm underlying design now seems to exhibit invariance usually associated with traditional and vernacular homes [6].
\nIncessantly, individuals’ action on buildings and the built environment remains constantly a steady transformation of the built world. Invariably, actions taken on building systems are outcomes of a multifarious structure of human experience and knowledge attained through long historical evolution and consisting of specific configurations of knowledge, institutions, rules, and built results—a building culture (Howard Davis) [7]. Thus, origins of settlements are traced back to the revealed distinctive identity of their building cultures as they handle issues in similar pattern but differ in the mode of operation. Moreover, the knowledge of building is widely communicated as skills among community inhabitants across generations. Consequently, revealing the existing linkage between inhabitants on the one hand, their mainstream values and the built environment on the other hand. As these express deep meaning, aspirations and socio-cultural order of the inhabitants’ culture.
\nHowever, contemporary building culture trends that grew through industrialisation and technological advancement are characterised with bureaucratic laws and management principles. Authorities are strict with regard to quality and standards, safety rules, performance, and operation. Explicit scientific knowledge evolved to replace traditionally shared communal methods and knowledge ideals. Most cities in their quest for such development in the built environment enforce these knowledge ideals irrespective of the users’ socio-cultural values.
\nMeanwhile, a great deal of buildings across the world are continuously remodelled or renovated by the owners without the involvement of architects or even engineers. In such circumstances, people derive their ideas from previous experiences and unprofessional comprehension of the built environment but mostly from relevant understanding of building culture as reflected in space and activities’ transaction.
\nOften architectural problems are vague as the scopes of these problems are seldom clear as it sometimes emerges from cultural issues. Also sometimes, it is difficult to ascertain the aspects that professionally concern the architect. Thus, architects often face challenges that are not architectural in origin and by nature, but must be resolved in order to ensure effectiveness of design. Most often, these are accompanied by contradictions in physiological, activity pattern, psychological, and technological requirements [8].
\nMeanwhile, the design process targets provision of a building product that supports psychological mindset, maintains needed physiological state of inhabitants, and also permits people to receive chances to exhibit specific pattern of behaviour. Therefore, in order to ensure that people attain their goals, then designing for human behaviour becomes essential.
\nIn this regard, inclusive rather than exclusive design approach becomes essential. Architectural concepts of housing should dynamically express the socio-cultural tenets of its inhabitants [9]. In most Nigerian cities, for instance, houses are acquired mainly through self-developed initiatives from income savings. Other sources include purchasing of government housing estates [10], which are usually based on owner occupier schemes with gradual payment from income, loan schemes from mortgage banks, and institutional-based co-operative development schemes. Some categories of citizen access housing by renting from private developers or available government quarters. In all, only the first category exerts power of ownership and thus subjects their dwelling to transformation from time to time, thus expressing sustainable values in the dwelling. Usually, socio-cultural tenets are missing in the initial configurations. Some of these tenets are thus illustrated with examples in the succeeding sections of this chapter.
\nThe concept of mixed-use building planning has steadily faded and replaced by neighbourhood zoning in most emerging and advanced cities of the world. This results from the growing complexities in these cities and changing lifestyle of the inhabitants. This operation has redefined the building culture in the contemporary world. Undoubtedly, single buildings now accommodate residences alongside commercial outfits, offices and civic functions, healthcare, and educational functions in both vertical and horizontal configured buildings.
\nSimilarly, small family businesses have always determined the shop house of the early twentieth century in America and Europe [11]. Thereafter, home enterprise has become a common function in the dwelling configuration. Accordingly, the need to improve family income, women’s (sometimes housewives) participation in commercial ventures, and high costs of property rent are often reasons that lead house owners into introducing spaces for home-based business ventures. In the developing world, home-based enterprise has since become part of their lifestyles and cherished values. This connotes a shared desire for self-determination in spatial transactions. In most cities of cultured communities, such places are desired for sustainable liveability particularly for the low- and medium-income earners.
\nIn Nigeria, for instance, the trend is common and not limited to the low-income earners. It is usually practiced even among the middle- and sometimes high-income earners as these configurations are also found in the medium- and high-income housing layouts. The fact that these actions started as dwelling transformations and later incorporated into initial designs by prospective client makes it a tangible value derived from the users’ dwelling transformation process and desired for sustainable housing design (Figures 1–3).
\nStreets with shops attached to self-built houses in medium-income districts of Katsina and Minna, Nigeria.
Shops attached to self-built residences in a low-income neighbourhood of Minna, Nigeria.
Shops attached to self-built residences in a high-income neighbourhood of Makurdi, Nigeria.
The introduction of shops along the streets in these residences appears to present an architectural pattern in houses’ front views across the streets in the urban neighbourhoods of Nigeria. Therefore, initiating a hybrid architectural character that tends to be unnoticed and redefining the urban architecture in cultured communities. Although unrecognised, it is fast reshaping cities’ inner-city, fringes, and sub-urban environments in cultured communities.
\nLiving rooms are multipurpose activity spaces in dwellings across cultured communities. It hosts activities such as guest reception, family relaxation and leisure time out, dining, worship, and meetings. Aside from ensuring that the flexibility potential is achieved in its design, in order to accommodate these activities, the configuration pattern and location are necessary for consideration. For instance, the Tiv community of central Nigeria considers the
Typical
Typical
Cooking space is another significant place in the design of a house. This place is usually arranged alongside other spaces under the same roof in a network of functional arrangement in contemporary designs. Meanwhile, in traditional settings of some cultured communities like those found in Northern Nigeria, this function is usually detached from the main building. The type of fuel (usually charcoal or firewood) used for cooking might be thought to have accounted for the detachment. However, the climatic factors also play a significant role as most parts of Nigeria are within the tropical region and the heat generated usually increases the total heat gain within the building, hence making the building interior uncomfortable particularly during the summer season. Surprisingly, this action of detaching the kitchen has overtime become a norm and applied even when other sources of fuel (kerosene and gas) are used for cooking. Thus, a sustainable design would tangibly consider detaching the kitchen from the main building in cultured communities like Northern Nigeria (Figures 6–9).
\nTypical outdoor cooking in a traditional dwelling in Katsina, Nigeria.
A detached kitchen located at the rear courtyard of a modern house in Minna, Nigeria.
A detached kitchen opening to the central courtyard of a transformed public housing dwelling in Minna, Nigeria.
Typical detached kitchen located at the rear courtyard of a contemporary housing estate in Minna, Nigeria.
Open spaces within and around the dwellings are intangible activity spaces that are significant in ensuring sustainable housing provision in cultured communities such as those found in Nigeria. In Nigeria, courtyards are main features in dwellings and are most times centralised within the built form. They could also be located at the back of the building or as a fore courtyard in front of the compound. In achieving the rear and fore courtyards, the compound is usually bordered by a wall fence screening it from outside view. The functions of the courtyards include aerating the building, drying of food crops, and microhome farming such as rearing of poultry and they also serve as indoor relaxation area. Usually, most dwellings have outdoor areas behind the dwelling (rear courtyard) where domestic chores are carried out. Most times, the detached kitchen is located here. This space is usually defined by the building serving as boundary on one side and wall fencing on the other sides. Similarly, in front of the building, a fore courtyard exists bounded by the building and wall fencing. The fore courtyard and rear courtyard are usually linked with an exit and a route thus providing additional access, which is sometimes gender preferred (Figures 10–13).
\nTypical fore courtyard with side exit leading to the rear courtyard created in a housing estate in Sokoto, Nigeria.
Typical fore courtyard created in a housing estate in Minna, Nigeria.
A modern house facing a wall-bounded fore courtyard in Minna, Nigeria.
A central courtyard in a modern transformed dwelling in Minna, Nigeria.
The results indicate the features identifiable through adaptive dimensions derived from dwelling transformation. It also shows that inhabitants give priority to activity performance than the space that host the activity. In the long run, transaction with spaces over time by users creates design indices; thus, cultural order determines adaptive character of sustainable housing.
\nUnderstandably the architects’ probable problem is the fact that buildings are expected to have long life with anticipated relevance and usefulness through time [12]. Thus, design and configuration of spaces is expected to take that dimension. Hence, there is need for designers to envisage future maintenance, alterations, expansions, additions, and if need be reconfiguration of dwelling spaces.
\nCities must, therefore, provide balanced skilled minds that can shape the spatial developmental tract of the built environment. These experts must be closely familiar with regional and local problems in order to express both etic and emic goals of architectural design in housing production. They should be able to harness from transformation experience of home owners in building creative and innovative spaces that accommodates users’ mainstream values.
\nHuman realities shaped the built world, thus architect and designers have to respect these ideals. Only then can we appreciate the values that lie in users’ transactions and transformations to the built environment, which initially would seem odd. The complexities of urban-built environment has consistently respected ordinary daily living ideals, and whenever this is missing or ignored, inhabitants recreate the situation.
\nAdaptive housing features in cultured communities are evident in the reflective appearances of transformed dwellings layouts. The underlying determinants imply that users’ prioritise the ability to perform activity more than the host space. As such, dwelling spaces are valued based on their ability to accommodate inhabitants’ activities. Usually, these stems from users’ acquired experiences with space through transactions over a period of time. It usually reshapes urban housing architecture through the influence of cultural order. Invariably, it shows a synthesised model that combines root values and modern design ideals making the product-culture responsive housing design.
\nConsistently, features of the overall emerging pattern reflect housing procedure that is grounded on evidences from users’ experiences and initiatives achieved during transformation of dwellings. Together, they form the critical features required for sustainable housing. Spaces in dwellings are gauged by their ability to accommodate multiple functions. These functions are most times repetitive and are time based. Socially dwelling spaces are inclined to gender, age range, and privacy level. Irrespective of the technological influence, spaces are ordered and arranged with family structure in consideration. Usually, household‘s lifecycle shows changes in family structure, which provides the need for transformation.
\nMeanwhile, the arrangement includes a core and a flexible main that usually evolve overtime in phases from the core. The core is the initial configuration at occupation, while the flexible main are additions and adjustments made to accommodate changing family structure. This conforms that houses that grow with users’ behavioural character shown in their transactions as the growth determinant is usually preferred in cultured communities. The climax of major transformation activities marks the apex of adaptive sustainability in the configuration of houses. These houses become a model for derivation of design indices and a research platform for regional and local sustainable houses.
\nFurthermore, features of adaptive sustainable housing blends with the mixed-use space concept of the space utilisation common with households in cultured communities. For example, it is not uncommon to have spaces such as study rooms, library, consulting rooms for doctors and lawyers, and studios for architects incorporated in their dwelling arrangements in modern houses. Similarly, shops are common spaces attached to residential buildings in most urban communities of developing countries [13] aimed at boosting the family income. In this regard, home-based businesses are on the increase in cities.
\nBeneficially, these features are usually derived from the evaluation of transformed houses and the basic space needs differ across regions and communities. Flexibility in space-use pattern remains consistent and enhances livelihood and inhabitants’ liveability. In addition, tangible and intangible indoor and outdoor spaces are crucial in adaptive sustainable housing provision. Such houses are seen to be occupied for longer period with inhabitants developing a sense of place attachment and a choice to remain rather than change dwelling overtime.
\nThe architectural paradigm presented in this chapter is targeted at creating the need for stakeholders to harness benefit of housing transformations, and then use it towards improving housing design and ensuring sustainability of emerging configurations. While implementation is expected to project adaptive sustainability principles in housing design, it will require further advancement of specific attributes and patterns peculiar to environments. In the long run, values are respected and integrated, while resources and expertise are introduced to standardise transformation benefits towards ensuring sustainable housing.
\nHousing transformation benefits have posed clear values of long history. The use of digitalised building culture to override the values of inhabitants in building production across cultured settlements is usually confronted with resistance. But rather efforts should be focused on innovatively reshaping the existing cultures towards opening greater possibilities. These would eliminate the perception of undermining local content, attachment to place despite environmental pervasiveness, factoring the inhabitants’ lifestyle. Thus, several city dwellers that like to live a local lifestyle in a global world with dwellings that fit into their values are tolerated.
\nThe research has established that socio-cultural tenets are significant considerations in adaptive sustainable urban housing for the low- and middle-income groups in cultured communities. In such habitation, housing configuration is delineated based on communal activity patterns determined by cumulative domestic experience, which triggers housing transformation of spatial arrangement in contemporary dwellings. As a product, users’ experiences are upheld in transformed housing buildings.
\nCulture-specific values determine sustainable housing as it connects inhabitants’ activities with spaces in the built environment. The persistent action of dwelling transformation indicates that these values lead to housing satisfaction and are ingrained in the human mind, which should be recognised in sustainable housing provision. Since human behavioural issues in space transactions are linked to their values, adaptive elements that emerge from their housing transformation activities are best regarded as critical adaptive design elements in cultured communities.
\nThe adaptive concept relays spatial distribution of activities—it consists of evidence-based design solutions with space flexibility features that accommodate multifunctional domestic activities moderated by time, gender, and season. The emergent building culture is a dynamic indigenous and adaptive dimension of sustainable housing in cultured communities. It is theoretically influenced by the inhabitants’ cultural order tangibly and intangibly. For instance, this is illustrated in the home enterprise inclusion in dwelling configuration, living room, kitchen, and open spaces’ design in Nigerian cultured communities. Finally, the integrated developmental plans that guide housing and urban developments at building level must respect these ideals supported by the cultural order. Through these challenges of housing sustainability in unplanned cities with uncontrolled spatial growth, increased sprawl settlements would be minimised.
\nWhen we talk about Artificial Intelligence, we immediately think of cutting-edge technologies, robots capable of understanding and deciding the actions to be taken and a futuristic world in which machines and humans coexist. In fact, Artificial Intelligence and its use are much more real than one might imagine and are now used in various areas of daily life. In this chapter, we want to discuss the state of the art of the application of artificial intelligence for the management of water resources.
The “White Paper on Artificial Intelligence - A European Approach to Excellence and Trust”, COM (2020) 65, highlights how digital technology has improved our lives allowing easier access to knowledge and content. Nowadays, Europe is called to make two transformations (green and digital) which, in the water management sector, could have common objectives: the first requires to take actions towards more sustainable solutions, the second consists in directing the social transformations in such a way that every citizen can take full and maximum benefit. In line with these objectives, the applications of artificial intelligence can contribute to preserving the environment and first of all the most precious resource: water.
Digital and AI are an engine of change that can allow companies to expand and consolidate their competitive positions in international markets in the name of sustainability [1]. The challenges faced in recent months and the Commission’s guidelines [2] aim to promote a series of initiatives, both legislative and development programs, to guide our society towards a more modern, equitable model that can exploit better the power of data and AI. One focus will be on extracting hidden information from available data.
The full exploitation of the significant potential of AI in the water sector to process important amounts of data and analyze relationships allows supporting technical and political choices especially during the planning stage. The management of water resources is particularly important also for the protection of the natural biodiversity which expresses a profound complexity, which is reflected in the extraordinary numbers of animal and plant biodiversity and the environmental parameters that our territory records [3]; but also natural and anthropogenic threats touch different levels of scale and complexity, causing alterations and changes in the stability of ecosystems, reducing functionality and resilience. Mathematical and geostatistical tools for the study of environmental complexity represent a fundamental tool for understanding the complexity of processes that can impact on the quality of life, but many times they are not sufficient [4]. Understanding and analyzing the complex and often imperceptible relationships between the environment and health are fully part of the issues that require a joint scientific commitment which, starting from the in-depth examination of each environmental and anthropic component in its complexity numerical, leads to an indispensable multidisciplinary collaboration often difficult to achieve [5]. A multitude of algorithms defined by different expertise and formalized in Artificial Intelligence systems can contribute to overcoming these criticalities [6]. We collectively need integrated analysis strategies of environmental information, which take us beyond the short-term horizon of specific sectoral knowledge, albeit specialized, aiming at the harmony of knowledge to face the challenges of protecting the water resources that impact not positively on the conservation of the environment and the preservation of health. The numbers involved allow us to understand the indispensability of
The aforementioned complexity makes the creation of an ecosystem of excellence based on AI extremely positive, capable of introducing scientific innovation that can be transferred to the sector of Public Administration and Companies.
The hope is that the economic support for research can stimulate and reward the excellences present in the territories, determining a distribution growth of the communities on AI. I believe it is appropriate to encourage the use of technologies based on AI in relation to the resolution of application problems in sectors based on regional strategies designed for innovation areas such as “Human health and the environment”, as well as “Sustainable manufacturing” with particular attention reference to water management in production processes.
In particular, concerning the theme of “
Water, as a primary source of life and as a natural, cultural, economic and political resource, requires
The management of water resources requires the formulation of new paradigms capable of combining, on the one hand, the protection of water resources, through new systems and intelligent technologies, capable of increasing the efficiency in the use of resources and the performances of networks and treatment plants present in the territory and on the other hand the development of new monitoring systems distributed and easy to access for widespread control of the quality status. In both cases, the AI plays an extraordinarily important role, especially in the presence of massive amounts of data: an increasingly recurring situation due to the strengthening of water and environmental monitoring systems. The development of interoperable technologies capable of promoting the dissemination and exchange of large volumes of information between decision-makers, managers and citizens, can lead to the creation of
In line with the definitions of the Water Framework Directive 2000/60/EC and the updates in progress, and in general with the articulated Community, national and regional regulatory framework, it is necessary to pursue the objectives of safeguarding, protecting and improving the environmental quality of water bodies, as well as the prudent and rational use of natural resources based on management that is not only sustainable but adaptable to the circumstances that arise also as a result of global changes: all elements of high complexity that find in AI an indispensable ally. In this vision, participatory processes that can also be activated through AI are crucial for triggering paths that lead to the construction of the economic and social vocation of smart cities.
The keyword underlying the concept of AI is “
A correct understanding of the management of water resources can certainly not be limited to the simple government of only one of the components such as, procurement, distribution networks, purification, etc., but it requires a broader perspective that allows the analysis and definition of coordinated and integrated strategies that affect the entire water cycle (Figure 1).
Water cycle and pressure factors and areas of application of AI [
Furthermore, even the potentially most efficient strategies have no chance of success if they are not supported by an “awareness” of citizens who must be directly involved as actors within a system that cannot ignore virtuous behavior at the macro level and micro-communities.
It must be emphasized that the constantly growing demographic evolutions, the consequent increased use of the intensification of crops, the effects of climate change with the increase in the frequency of extreme events, determine an extreme urgency in implementing every possible solution (including technological and “intelligent”) that can make the resource management system as a whole more efficient, both in quantitative and qualitative terms.
In this context, the research activities on AI that envisage water management in the implementation of environmental policies, in close connection with the Europe 2020 strategy which has identified smart growth, sustainable growth and inclusive growth, as engines of the relaunch of the economy.
The applications of AI in the water management sector, operating on huge amounts of data, concern the monitoring and management of extreme events also interface with the “
By way of example, a monitoring system based on AI technologies makes it possible to more effectively target control actions on diffused loads generated as a result of an overflow of the network and on production ones, in order to reduce the presence of metal contaminants and organic and maximize nutrient recovery. The AI itself, combined with innovative devices for controlling the efficiency of urban sewers, allows immediate intervention, reducing the risk of contamination of the unsaturated and groundwater [9]. Precisely for these reasons, these technologies are particularly functional for achieving
AI can be decisive in identifying and managing adaptation guidelines in relation to the climate changes underway. In particular, it can be useful for:
water supply management sector:
the definition of
water resources management sector:
the promotion of the
support
transversal sectors for example in relation to climate change:
support and promote
support the adoption and implementation of a
support the modeling and monitoring of hazards, including algae blooms and the production of toxins in the aquatic environment;
avoid the effects on water quality due to floods, etc.
As better specified below, in urban and semi-urban areas, AI can also intervene effectively in the urban wastewater purification sector, orienting technological applications to improve the efficiency and versatility of plants and favoring low environmental impact technologies, in terms of occupied surfaces, production of sludge and odor emissions, aimed at maximizing energy recovery and the recovery of raw materials and in particular nutrients and biofuels [10].
The availability of sensors in the home, interfaced via Wi-Fi network to routers or smartphones and computers, allows to acquire important amounts of data that can be used both for the benefit of the individual user, but also and above all for the benefit of the manager, allowing responsible management of consumption, maintenance of the plants and networks as well as the operating pressures in the different time bands.
In addition, the
Technologies based on microelectronic applications make it possible to create multiple systems of specialized micro and nanosensors, capable of monitoring in real-time the main physic-chemical parameters that establish the characteristics of the water.
Among the many types of sensors available or in advanced development we remember in particular:
selective ion field-effect transistors (ISFET) and enzyme-modified field-effect transistors (ENFET) for the measurement of pH, concentration of nitrates and ions of alkali metals and halides such as Ca and Cl, of surfactants anionic and cationic, pesticides and for monitoring the level of fertilizers in the soil;
potentiometric sensors with a polymeric membrane with selective ionic planar electrodes used for the determination of the presence of organic ionic pollutants;
potentiometric sensors based on amorphous chalcogenides for the detection of the presence of heavy metals, including Cu, Pb, Cd, Ag, Cr and Fe, even at very low concentrations of the order of nanomoles;
semiconductor/graphene/metal (SGM) thin-film devices for the detection of traces of organic contaminants;
laser interferometry sensors that measure the change in the refractive index of water with respect to the reference value determined by the presence of chemical contaminants, capable of detecting the main chemical contamination agents at the level of one part per million and acting as localized
MEMS (Micro- Electro - Mechanical Systems) acceleration sensors consisting of micrometric mechanical transducers to measure the variations in water flow with an integrated wireless data transmission system with very low consumption;
arrays of MEMS sensors (Micro- Electro - Mechanical Systems) with enzymatic amplification for the detection of bacterial agents by means of amperometric techniques.
The dimensions of these sensors, all of the order of more than a few millimeters, allow them to be installed in smart meters and, in perspective, directly in the flow limiters of the taps according to advantages (water conservation, energy saving) and disadvantages (initial investments, reflective surfaces and extremely bright colors for infrared sensors) [11] also from the point of view of the loss of transmission signals [12].
For data collection, industrial research has already developed numerous types of computational models [13], which, however, are susceptible to important innovations related to the measurement of consumption with quantitative assessments. Sensors installed in the same meters have to transmit data wirelessly to second-level data collection systems, similar to the cells of the cellular telephone network, in turn, connected directly to the data collection and processing network of the water network operator. Similarly, techniques borrowed from artificial intelligence are mature that can allow data to be collected from smart meters to transmit them (after appropriate processing) directly to the network manager, transparently using the decentralized network made up of the smartphones of users who are nearby. This could avoid the implementation of second-level data collection systems, with significant benefits at the level of complexity and overall cost of the system. Such projects, but on a much smaller scale, have already been developed and implemented both in the Netherlands and in Singapore. A Dutch water distributor, has implemented a “
The chemical-bacteriological characteristics are monitored in real-time by measuring the change in the refractive index of the water using a laser beam and comparing it with the seasonal reference values for pure water. All this makes it possible to build an “
Ultimately, these low-cost
These low-cost sensors are born with the aim of connecting element between the
The implementation of low-cost sensors that can be marketed through distribution channels of simple access, allows reaching citizens in a widespread manner, supporting mechanisms for acquiring information useful both to users/citizens and to public decision-makers. In this direction, AI systems capable of reading and interpreting large amounts of data from individual users allows
The AI System, acquiring information from individual users on a daily basis, is able to identify any anomalies in real-time, signaling possible malfunctions and providing alarm signals. In this direction, AI can be profitably aimed at implementing efficient systems for controlling and reducing water losses both in distribution networks and in the home, favoring technological convergences between the scientific fields of electronics and hydraulics.
The monitoring of discharges assumes particular importance in the context of water management, both because it is allowed to obtain useful information along the pipeline in order to evaluate the presence of any illegal connections and illegal discharges and both because it allows modulating the management of the plant’s purification as a function of the monitored polluting load and other ancillary parameters. The monitoring of the hydraulic efficiency of the drainage system, the chemical and physical parameters and the functionality of wastewater treatment plants is an important prerequisite for ensuring the smooth operation on environmental, health, a city economic and social.
In this field too, the main applications of AI derive from the presence of sensors and the progress of research. Engineers and chemists have made it possible to develop devices capable of evaluating pollutants present in water such as oils, hydrocarbons and/or derivatives from a qualitative and quantitative point of view (Figure 2) [15].
Artificial intelligence applications for the expeditious characterization of oils in water [
In particular, starting from the acquisition of detailed information on the quality and quantity of wastewater that passes through a sewer section, it is possible to obtain useful data referring to events that characterize the functioning of a wastewater collection system (variations in flow rates and load, anomalous discharges, exceptional meteorological events). On the basis of the data collected from chemical/physical monitoring, with the help of AI, it is possible to develop useful knowledge to build a complete picture on the composition of wastewater, also identifying the presence of inter-correlation between the different parameters and users (private, artisanal or industrial) that contribute to the composition of the wastewater. Elements of innovations and which contribute to confer added value to Artificial Intelligence applications mainly relate to:
optimization processes of qualitative-quantitative monitoring of the wastewater collected in the sewer pipes;
determination of primary parameters (directly measured by existing sensors) and secondary (recognizable through specific patterns) and the definition of their weight on the analysis of the wastewater collected in the sewer pipes;
progressive refinement of typical artificial intelligence methodologies and numerical resolution of complex and approximate systems of equations to study the correlation between the data acquired by sensors and the data derived from chemical/physical analytical monitoring;
definition of a model the applicability on a sliding scale to the continuous monitoring and in real-time of the wastewater in the sewage pipelines collected;
system realization of the alert and who cannot afford to intervene rapidly and in a targeted manner by providing timely, useful information both on-site and on the modalities and intervention issues.
The monitoring of sewage discharges and the intelligent management of data with the consequent construction of scenarios, also allows the optimization of biological purification processes also for the purpose of subsequent reuse of the effluent of the purification plants. For example in the agricultural sector, within a broader framework of guaranteeing food safety (ensuring quality agricultural production), reducing hydrological stress in the summer (characterized by scarcity of irrigation water of natural origin), reducing pollution of surface and groundwater (reducing the excess of nutritional elements that flow into the surface water network and decreasing the pollution of the groundwater by nitrates).
The possibility that non-authorized industrial and/or artisanal discharges occur in the sewerage network, with high concentrations of chemical substances, represents a criticality that often occurs and that can affect subsequent purification processes but also of circular economy (both with reference to waters than mud). In relation to the type, to the masses and concentrations of quests and chemicals, in fact, such recovery processes may be more or less efficient or even be inhibited. The identification and subsequent elimination of unauthorized discharges are therefore essential for the success of nutrient recovery processes and can be carried out through the combination of modeling and qualitative-quantitative monitoring of the sewer network. It should be noted that these discharges have the characteristic of being intermittent and irregular over time and can also occur in points other than those of the production activities that generated them. Their identification is therefore complex and is difficult to detect through ordinary sampling and analysis methods. However, the availability of smart sensors interfaced with AI systems can gradually refine their localization and therefore selectively organize and improve the control activity (also by modifying the location of the sensors) until the exact identification (even in flagrant) of the unloading operations.
Further monitoring element concerns the sediments into the sewer, which is a very important problem because of the considerable hydraulic and environmental uncertainties associated with the deposits. The accumulation of sediments in the sewer can, in fact, cause considerable hydraulic problems connected to the reduction of the flow capacity of the canals and, consequently, to the increase in the risk of flooding in urban areas; it can also be the cause of significant environmental and health problems, due for example to the resuspension from the bottom of the channels of solids and associated pollutants with consequent discharge through the overflow devices during the most intense meteoric events. In addition, phenomena of anaerobic transformation may occur, linked to the establishment of septic conditions within the accumulations of solid material, with the development of corrosive phenomena, but also with the formation and release of toxic substances and bad smells. Furthermore, the development of management methods of sewage sediments that guarantee a regular solid flow to the treatment allows to optimize the management of purification processes and, at the same time, to act on some of the criticalities that are typically induced by the provision of rainwater on the functionality of urban purification plants. Even with reference to these critical issues, AI support can be strategic.
The AI accelerate the design of systems procurement, distribution, treatment and reuse of water, using an increasingly widespread use of computer technology and equipment monitoring. Advanced diagnostic tools make water management more customized and intelligent in the water sector. In addition the, in fact, a raised will allow you to overlay information and animations on real-world images with model projections arising from AI applications to help in activities on an daily management and planning and to manage the resource more efficiently. The
In the coming years, the offer of AI directed to researchers and companies will be able to expand further thanks to programs that are simple to use, to be used in the design, promoting the so-called “fourth industrial revolution”: a systemic transformation that can have direct impacts also in the management of the waters.
The AI can determine the output of the information correct exactly at the moment when it is needed, such as when it is necessary to make choices, reducing the chances of error and, increases efficiency and improves the productivity.
Contextualizing to the water sector, the intervention of the AI will be able to optimize the distribution or disposal of water, make the removal of polluted substances more efficient [16], facilitate the reuse of purified wastewater [17], providing real-time images of the areas in which criticalities occur.
In addition, in the last years, artificial intelligence has started to increase the efficiency of the design and synthesis phases of new materials that can also be used in the water sector, making applications faster, easier and more economical, for example, by reducing the use of chemicals or sludge.
In AI, evolutionary machine learning algorithms analyze all relevant experiments; both those that worked and those that failed, effectively preventing further possibilities for error. On the basis of the experiments carried out and the consequent success, the algorithms foresee potentially useful paths. There is no machine learning tool capable of doing all this alone, but AI-based technologies are also spreading in the design of systems and structures for water management such as reservoirs, adductors, lifting systems, distribution, sewer networks, purification plants, etc.
The management of the integrated water cycle is transversal to numerous scientific fields and artificial intelligence is also expanding in all life sciences because it helps to identify
Even more promising prospects derive from quantum computer applications, which in a few years could greatly exceed the performance of the classical ones, thanks to the significant work on specific hardware and algorithms, exploiting quantum mechanics to perform the calculations and returning greater and further the force on AI.
The AI may soon create a new form of superintelligence life. Nevertheless also in the field of water management is useful to plan a close relationship synergy between human and artificial intelligence so that it becomes a useful ally, using a shared ethical approach, transparency of governance of innovation processes and the possibility to citizens to exercise their rights and express their opinions by contributing to the growth of artificial consciousness and collective knowledge.
IntechOpen books are indexed by the following abstracting and indexing services:
",metaTitle:"Indexing and Abstracting",metaDescription:"IntechOpen was built by scientists, for scientists. We understand the community we serve, but to bring an even better service to the table for IntechOpen Authors and Academic Editors, we partnered with the leading companies and associations in the industry and beyond.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/indexing-and-abstracting",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"Clarivate Web Of Science - Book Citation Index
\\n\\nCroatian Library (digital NSK)
\\n\\nOCLC (Online Computer Library Center) - WorldCat® Digital Collection Gateway
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Clarivate Web Of Science - Book Citation Index
\n\nCroatian Library (digital NSK)
\n\nOCLC (Online Computer Library Center) - WorldCat® Digital Collection Gateway
\n\n\n\n
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/55578/images/4574_n.png",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5816},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5281},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1754},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:10511},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:906},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:15913}],offset:12,limit:12,total:119060},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{hasNoEditors:"0",sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish"},books:[{type:"book",id:"10567",title:"Uncertainty Management in Engineering - Topics in Pollution Prevention and Controls",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"4990db602d31f1848c590dbfe97b6409",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Rehab O. Abdel Rahman and Dr. Yung-Tse Hung",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10567.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"92718",title:"Prof.",name:"Rehab",surname:"Abdel Rahman",slug:"rehab-abdel-rahman",fullName:"Rehab Abdel Rahman"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8977",title:"Protein Kinase - New Opportunities, Challenges and Future Perspectives",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"6d200cc031706a565b554fdb1c478901",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Rajesh Kumar Singh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8977.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"329385",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh",surname:"Singh",slug:"rajesh-singh",fullName:"Rajesh Singh"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10582",title:"Chemical Vapor Deposition",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f9177ff0e61198735fb86a81303259d0",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Sadia Ameen, Dr. M. Shaheer Akhtar and Prof. Hyung-Shik Shin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10582.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"52613",title:"Dr.",name:"Sadia",surname:"Ameen",slug:"sadia-ameen",fullName:"Sadia Ameen"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10814",title:"Anxiety, Uncertainty, and Resilience During the Pandemic Period - Anthropological and Psychological Perspectives",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"2db4d2a6638d2c66f7a5741d0f8fe4ae",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Fabio Gabrielli and Dr. Floriana Irtelli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10814.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"259407",title:"Prof.",name:"Fabio",surname:"Gabrielli",slug:"fabio-gabrielli",fullName:"Fabio Gabrielli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10519",title:"Middleware Architecture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c326d436ae0f4c508849d2336dbdfb48",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Mehdia Ajana El Khaddar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10519.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"26677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehdia",surname:"Ajana El Khaddar",slug:"mehdia-ajana-el-khaddar",fullName:"Mehdia Ajana El Khaddar"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10504",title:"Crystallization",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"3478d05926950f475f4ad2825d340963",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Youssef Ben Smida and Dr. Riadh Marzouki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10504.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"311698",title:"Dr.",name:"Youssef",surname:"Ben Smida",slug:"youssef-ben-smida",fullName:"Youssef Ben Smida"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9816",title:"Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"365bb9762ba33db2d07e677690af1772",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Salim Surani and Dr. Venkat Rajasurya",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9816.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"15654",title:"Dr.",name:"Salim",surname:"Surani",slug:"salim-surani",fullName:"Salim Surani"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10789",title:"Cervical Cancer - A Global Public Health Treatise",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"3f7a79875d0d0ae71479de8c60276913",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Rajamanickam Rajkumar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10789.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"120109",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajamanickam",surname:"Rajkumar",slug:"rajamanickam-rajkumar",fullName:"Rajamanickam Rajkumar"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10568",title:"Hysteresis in Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"6482387993b3cebffafe856a916c44ce",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Giuseppe Viola",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10568.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"173586",title:"Dr.",name:"Giuseppe",surname:"Viola",slug:"giuseppe-viola",fullName:"Giuseppe Viola"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10668",title:"Sustainable Concrete",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"55856c6a8bc3a5b21dae5a1af09a56b6",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Hosam M. Saleh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10668.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam",surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-saleh",fullName:"Hosam Saleh"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10557",title:"Elaeis guineensis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"79500ab1930271876b4e0575e2ed3966",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Hesam Kamyab",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10557.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"225957",title:"Dr.",name:"Hesam",surname:"Kamyab",slug:"hesam-kamyab",fullName:"Hesam Kamyab"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10648",title:"Vibrios",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"863c86c37b8a066ed95397fd9a114a71",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Lixing Huang and Dr. Jie Li",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10648.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"333148",title:"Dr.",name:"Lixing",surname:"Huang",slug:"lixing-huang",fullName:"Lixing Huang"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:25},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:25},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:44},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:2}],offset:12,limit:12,total:169},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8472",title:"Bioactive Compounds in Nutraceutical and Functional Food for Good Human Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8855452919b8495810ef8e88641feb20",slug:"bioactive-compounds-in-nutraceutical-and-functional-food-for-good-human-health",bookSignature:"Kavita Sharma, Kanchan Mishra, Kula Kamal Senapati and Corina Danciu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8472.jpg",editors:[{id:"197731",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavita",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"kavita-sharma",fullName:"Kavita Sharma"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9685",title:"Agroecosystems",subtitle:"Very Complex Environmental Systems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c44f7b43a9f9610c243dc32300d37df6",slug:"agroecosystems-very-complex-environmental-systems",bookSignature:"Marcelo L. Larramendy and Sonia Soloneski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9685.jpg",editors:[{id:"14764",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo L.",middleName:null,surname:"Larramendy",slug:"marcelo-l.-larramendy",fullName:"Marcelo L. Larramendy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8564",title:"Cell Interaction",subtitle:"Molecular and Immunological Basis for Disease Management",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"98d7f080d80524285f091e72a8e92a6d",slug:"cell-interaction-molecular-and-immunological-basis-for-disease-management",bookSignature:"Bhawana Singh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8564.jpg",editors:[{id:"315192",title:"Dr.",name:"Bhawana",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"bhawana-singh",fullName:"Bhawana Singh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9629",title:"Electroencephalography",subtitle:"From Basic Research to Clinical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8147834b6c6deeeec40f407c71ad60b4",slug:"electroencephalography-from-basic-research-to-clinical-applications",bookSignature:"Hideki Nakano",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9629.jpg",editors:[{id:"196461",title:"Prof.",name:"Hideki",middleName:null,surname:"Nakano",slug:"hideki-nakano",fullName:"Hideki Nakano"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8760",title:"Structure Topology and Symplectic Geometry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8974840985ec3652492c83e20233bf02",slug:"structure-topology-and-symplectic-geometry",bookSignature:"Kamal Shah and Min Lei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8760.jpg",editors:[{id:"231748",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"kamal-shah",fullName:"Kamal Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9161",title:"Frailty in the Elderly",subtitle:"Understanding and Managing Complexity",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a4f0f2fade8fb8ba35c405f5ad31a823",slug:"frailty-in-the-elderly-understanding-and-managing-complexity",bookSignature:"Sara Palermo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9161.jpg",editors:[{id:"233998",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Palermo",slug:"sara-palermo",fullName:"Sara Palermo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8445",title:"Dam Engineering",subtitle:"Recent Advances in Design and Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a7e4d2ecbc65d78fa7582e0d2e143906",slug:"dam-engineering-recent-advances-in-design-and-analysis",bookSignature:"Zhongzhi Fu and Erich Bauer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8445.jpg",editors:[{id:"249577",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhongzhi",middleName:null,surname:"Fu",slug:"zhongzhi-fu",fullName:"Zhongzhi Fu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8937",title:"Soil Moisture Importance",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3951728ace7f135451d66b72e9908b47",slug:"soil-moisture-importance",bookSignature:"Ram Swaroop Meena and Rahul Datta",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8937.jpg",editors:[{id:"313528",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Ram Swaroop",middleName:null,surname:"Meena",slug:"ram-swaroop-meena",fullName:"Ram Swaroop Meena"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7031",title:"Liver Pathology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"631321b0565459ed0175917f1c8c727f",slug:"liver-pathology",bookSignature:"Vijay Gayam and Omer Engin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7031.jpg",editors:[{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8158",title:"Veganism",subtitle:"a Fashion Trend or Food as a Medicine",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8e51fc25a379e5b92a270addbb4351d",slug:"veganism-a-fashion-trend-or-food-as-a-medicine",bookSignature:"Miljana Z. Jovandaric",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8158.jpg",editors:[{id:"268043",title:"Dr.",name:"Miljana Z.",middleName:"Z",surname:"Jovandaric",slug:"miljana-z.-jovandaric",fullName:"Miljana Z. Jovandaric"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:5315},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8472",title:"Bioactive Compounds in Nutraceutical and Functional Food for Good Human Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8855452919b8495810ef8e88641feb20",slug:"bioactive-compounds-in-nutraceutical-and-functional-food-for-good-human-health",bookSignature:"Kavita Sharma, Kanchan Mishra, Kula Kamal Senapati and Corina Danciu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8472.jpg",editors:[{id:"197731",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavita",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"kavita-sharma",fullName:"Kavita Sharma"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9685",title:"Agroecosystems",subtitle:"Very Complex Environmental Systems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c44f7b43a9f9610c243dc32300d37df6",slug:"agroecosystems-very-complex-environmental-systems",bookSignature:"Marcelo L. Larramendy and Sonia Soloneski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9685.jpg",editors:[{id:"14764",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo L.",middleName:null,surname:"Larramendy",slug:"marcelo-l.-larramendy",fullName:"Marcelo L. Larramendy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8564",title:"Cell Interaction",subtitle:"Molecular and Immunological Basis for Disease Management",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"98d7f080d80524285f091e72a8e92a6d",slug:"cell-interaction-molecular-and-immunological-basis-for-disease-management",bookSignature:"Bhawana Singh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8564.jpg",editors:[{id:"315192",title:"Dr.",name:"Bhawana",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"bhawana-singh",fullName:"Bhawana Singh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9629",title:"Electroencephalography",subtitle:"From Basic Research to Clinical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8147834b6c6deeeec40f407c71ad60b4",slug:"electroencephalography-from-basic-research-to-clinical-applications",bookSignature:"Hideki Nakano",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9629.jpg",editors:[{id:"196461",title:"Prof.",name:"Hideki",middleName:null,surname:"Nakano",slug:"hideki-nakano",fullName:"Hideki Nakano"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8760",title:"Structure Topology and Symplectic Geometry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8974840985ec3652492c83e20233bf02",slug:"structure-topology-and-symplectic-geometry",bookSignature:"Kamal Shah and Min Lei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8760.jpg",editors:[{id:"231748",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"kamal-shah",fullName:"Kamal Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9161",title:"Frailty in the Elderly",subtitle:"Understanding and Managing Complexity",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a4f0f2fade8fb8ba35c405f5ad31a823",slug:"frailty-in-the-elderly-understanding-and-managing-complexity",bookSignature:"Sara Palermo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9161.jpg",editors:[{id:"233998",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Palermo",slug:"sara-palermo",fullName:"Sara Palermo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8445",title:"Dam Engineering",subtitle:"Recent Advances in Design and Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a7e4d2ecbc65d78fa7582e0d2e143906",slug:"dam-engineering-recent-advances-in-design-and-analysis",bookSignature:"Zhongzhi Fu and Erich Bauer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8445.jpg",editors:[{id:"249577",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhongzhi",middleName:null,surname:"Fu",slug:"zhongzhi-fu",fullName:"Zhongzhi Fu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8937",title:"Soil Moisture Importance",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3951728ace7f135451d66b72e9908b47",slug:"soil-moisture-importance",bookSignature:"Ram Swaroop Meena and Rahul Datta",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8937.jpg",editors:[{id:"313528",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Ram Swaroop",middleName:null,surname:"Meena",slug:"ram-swaroop-meena",fullName:"Ram Swaroop Meena"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7031",title:"Liver Pathology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"631321b0565459ed0175917f1c8c727f",slug:"liver-pathology",bookSignature:"Vijay Gayam and Omer Engin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7031.jpg",editors:[{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8472",title:"Bioactive Compounds in Nutraceutical and Functional Food for Good Human Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8855452919b8495810ef8e88641feb20",slug:"bioactive-compounds-in-nutraceutical-and-functional-food-for-good-human-health",bookSignature:"Kavita Sharma, Kanchan Mishra, Kula Kamal Senapati and Corina Danciu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8472.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"197731",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavita",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"kavita-sharma",fullName:"Kavita Sharma"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8760",title:"Structure Topology and Symplectic Geometry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8974840985ec3652492c83e20233bf02",slug:"structure-topology-and-symplectic-geometry",bookSignature:"Kamal Shah and Min Lei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8760.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"231748",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"kamal-shah",fullName:"Kamal Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9536",title:"Education at the Intersection of Globalization and Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0cf6891060eb438d975d250e8b127ed6",slug:"education-at-the-intersection-of-globalization-and-technology",bookSignature:"Sharon Waller, Lee Waller, Vongai Mpofu and Mercy Kurebwa",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9536.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"263302",title:"Dr.",name:"Sharon",middleName:null,surname:"Waller",slug:"sharon-waller",fullName:"Sharon Waller"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8564",title:"Cell Interaction",subtitle:"Molecular and Immunological Basis for Disease Management",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"98d7f080d80524285f091e72a8e92a6d",slug:"cell-interaction-molecular-and-immunological-basis-for-disease-management",bookSignature:"Bhawana Singh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8564.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"315192",title:"Dr.",name:"Bhawana",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"bhawana-singh",fullName:"Bhawana Singh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9629",title:"Electroencephalography",subtitle:"From Basic Research to Clinical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8147834b6c6deeeec40f407c71ad60b4",slug:"electroencephalography-from-basic-research-to-clinical-applications",bookSignature:"Hideki Nakano",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9629.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"196461",title:"Prof.",name:"Hideki",middleName:null,surname:"Nakano",slug:"hideki-nakano",fullName:"Hideki Nakano"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9685",title:"Agroecosystems",subtitle:"Very Complex Environmental Systems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c44f7b43a9f9610c243dc32300d37df6",slug:"agroecosystems-very-complex-environmental-systems",bookSignature:"Marcelo L. Larramendy and Sonia Soloneski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9685.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"14764",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo L.",middleName:null,surname:"Larramendy",slug:"marcelo-l.-larramendy",fullName:"Marcelo L. Larramendy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9524",title:"Organ Donation and Transplantation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6ef47e03cd4e6476946fc28ca51de825",slug:"organ-donation-and-transplantation",bookSignature:"Vassil Mihaylov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9524.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"313113",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Vassil",middleName:null,surname:"Mihaylov",slug:"vassil-mihaylov",fullName:"Vassil Mihaylov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9280",title:"Underwater Work",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"647b4270d937deae4a82f5702d1959ec",slug:"underwater-work",bookSignature:"Sérgio António Neves Lousada",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9280.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"248645",title:"Dr.",name:"Sérgio António",middleName:null,surname:"Neves Lousada",slug:"sergio-antonio-neves-lousada",fullName:"Sérgio António Neves Lousada"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9161",title:"Frailty in the Elderly",subtitle:"Understanding and Managing Complexity",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a4f0f2fade8fb8ba35c405f5ad31a823",slug:"frailty-in-the-elderly-understanding-and-managing-complexity",bookSignature:"Sara Palermo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"233998",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Palermo",slug:"sara-palermo",fullName:"Sara Palermo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8158",title:"Veganism",subtitle:"a Fashion Trend or Food as a Medicine",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8e51fc25a379e5b92a270addbb4351d",slug:"veganism-a-fashion-trend-or-food-as-a-medicine",bookSignature:"Miljana Z. Jovandaric",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8158.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"268043",title:"Dr.",name:"Miljana Z.",middleName:"Z",surname:"Jovandaric",slug:"miljana-z.-jovandaric",fullName:"Miljana Z. Jovandaric"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"70",title:"Health Administration",slug:"health-administration",parent:{title:"Business, Management and Economics",slug:"business-management-and-economics"},numberOfBooks:2,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:24,numberOfWosCitations:8,numberOfCrossrefCitations:4,numberOfDimensionsCitations:11,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"health-administration",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"6750",title:"Selected Issues in Global Health Communications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"cd4e1fe9cc4490881657a3ac8c80591e",slug:"selected-issues-in-global-health-communications",bookSignature:"Muhiuddin Haider and Heather Nicole Platter",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6750.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"38977",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhiuddin",middleName:null,surname:"Haider",slug:"muhiuddin-haider",fullName:"Muhiuddin Haider"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5808",title:"Advances in Health Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"964451b7f2d30a4d8f4dbadd374df7ea",slug:"advances-in-health-management",bookSignature:"Ubaldo Comite",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5808.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"195399",title:"Prof.",name:"Ubaldo",middleName:null,surname:"Comite",slug:"ubaldo-comite",fullName:"Ubaldo Comite"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:2,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"54609",doi:"10.5772/67817",title:"The Efficiency of Post‐Communist Countries’ Health Systems",slug:"the-efficiency-of-post-communist-countries-health-systems",totalDownloads:768,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,book:{slug:"advances-in-health-management",title:"Advances in Health Management",fullTitle:"Advances in Health Management"},signatures:"Justyna Kujawska",authors:[{id:"198853",title:"Dr.",name:"Justyna",middleName:null,surname:"Kujawska",slug:"justyna-kujawska",fullName:"Justyna Kujawska"}]},{id:"56415",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69954",title:"Low-Cost Health/Medical Tourism of Italians",slug:"low-cost-health-medical-tourism-of-italians",totalDownloads:705,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"advances-in-health-management",title:"Advances in Health Management",fullTitle:"Advances in Health Management"},signatures:"Tullio Romita and Antonella Perri",authors:[{id:"204991",title:"Dr.",name:"Tullio",middleName:null,surname:"Romita",slug:"tullio-romita",fullName:"Tullio Romita"},{id:"213614",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",middleName:null,surname:"Perri",slug:"antonella-perri",fullName:"Antonella Perri"}]},{id:"60101",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.75725",title:"Using Sensemaking Theory to Improve Risk Management and Risk Communication: What Can We Learn?",slug:"using-sensemaking-theory-to-improve-risk-management-and-risk-communication-what-can-we-learn-",totalDownloads:578,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"selected-issues-in-global-health-communications",title:"Selected Issues in Global Health Communications",fullTitle:"Selected Issues in Global Health Communications"},signatures:"Emily J. Haas and Patrick L. Yorio",authors:[{id:"237078",title:"Dr.",name:"Emily",middleName:null,surname:"Haas",slug:"emily-haas",fullName:"Emily Haas"},{id:"240084",title:"Dr.",name:"Patrick",middleName:null,surname:"Yorio",slug:"patrick-yorio",fullName:"Patrick Yorio"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"61405",title:"Social Marketing for Health: Theoretical and Conceptual Considerations",slug:"social-marketing-for-health-theoretical-and-conceptual-considerations",totalDownloads:1801,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"selected-issues-in-global-health-communications",title:"Selected Issues in Global Health Communications",fullTitle:"Selected Issues in Global Health Communications"},signatures:"Mohsen Shams",authors:[{id:"239499",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohsen",middleName:null,surname:"Shams",slug:"mohsen-shams",fullName:"Mohsen Shams"}]},{id:"54168",title:"European Health System Typologies: Last 30 Years Under Review",slug:"european-health-system-typologies-last-30-years-under-review",totalDownloads:1104,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"advances-in-health-management",title:"Advances in Health Management",fullTitle:"Advances in Health Management"},signatures:"Aida Isabel Pereira Tavares",authors:[{id:"196819",title:"Prof.",name:"Aida Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"Tavares",slug:"aida-isabel-tavares",fullName:"Aida Isabel Tavares"}]},{id:"54483",title:"Assessment of Avoidable Mortality Concepts in the European Union Countries, Their Benefits and Limitations",slug:"assessment-of-avoidable-mortality-concepts-in-the-european-union-countries-their-benefits-and-limita",totalDownloads:878,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"advances-in-health-management",title:"Advances in Health Management",fullTitle:"Advances in Health Management"},signatures:"Beata Gavurova and Tatiana Vagasova",authors:[{id:"197261",title:"Prof.",name:"Beata",middleName:null,surname:"Gavurova",slug:"beata-gavurova",fullName:"Beata Gavurova"},{id:"201172",title:"Dr.",name:"Tatiana",middleName:null,surname:"Vagasova",slug:"tatiana-vagasova",fullName:"Tatiana Vagasova"}]},{id:"54609",title:"The Efficiency of Post‐Communist Countries’ Health Systems",slug:"the-efficiency-of-post-communist-countries-health-systems",totalDownloads:768,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,book:{slug:"advances-in-health-management",title:"Advances in Health Management",fullTitle:"Advances in Health Management"},signatures:"Justyna Kujawska",authors:[{id:"198853",title:"Dr.",name:"Justyna",middleName:null,surname:"Kujawska",slug:"justyna-kujawska",fullName:"Justyna Kujawska"}]},{id:"54844",title:"Extending Health Information System Evaluation with an Importance‐Performance Map Analysis",slug:"extending-health-information-system-evaluation-with-an-importance-performance-map-analysis",totalDownloads:878,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"advances-in-health-management",title:"Advances in Health Management",fullTitle:"Advances in Health Management"},signatures:"Mohd Idzwan Mohd Salleh, Rosni Abdullah and Nasriah Zakaria",authors:[{id:"198049",title:"Mr.",name:"Mohd Idzwan",middleName:null,surname:"Mohd Salleh",slug:"mohd-idzwan-mohd-salleh",fullName:"Mohd Idzwan Mohd Salleh"},{id:"205599",title:"Prof.",name:"Rosni",middleName:null,surname:"Abdullah",slug:"rosni-abdullah",fullName:"Rosni Abdullah"},{id:"205600",title:"Dr.",name:"Nasriah",middleName:null,surname:"Zakaria",slug:"nasriah-zakaria",fullName:"Nasriah Zakaria"}]},{id:"56229",title:"Universal Health Coverage and Environmental Health: An Investigation in Decreasing Communicable and Chronic Disease by Including Environmental Health in UHC",slug:"universal-health-coverage-and-environmental-health-an-investigation-in-decreasing-communicable-and-c",totalDownloads:808,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"advances-in-health-management",title:"Advances in Health Management",fullTitle:"Advances in Health Management"},signatures:"Muhiuddin Haider and Katrina Bibb",authors:[{id:"38977",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhiuddin",middleName:null,surname:"Haider",slug:"muhiuddin-haider",fullName:"Muhiuddin Haider"}]},{id:"60101",title:"Using Sensemaking Theory to Improve Risk Management and Risk Communication: What Can We Learn?",slug:"using-sensemaking-theory-to-improve-risk-management-and-risk-communication-what-can-we-learn-",totalDownloads:578,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"selected-issues-in-global-health-communications",title:"Selected Issues in Global Health Communications",fullTitle:"Selected Issues in Global Health Communications"},signatures:"Emily J. Haas and Patrick L. Yorio",authors:[{id:"237078",title:"Dr.",name:"Emily",middleName:null,surname:"Haas",slug:"emily-haas",fullName:"Emily Haas"},{id:"240084",title:"Dr.",name:"Patrick",middleName:null,surname:"Yorio",slug:"patrick-yorio",fullName:"Patrick Yorio"}]},{id:"60947",title:"Healthcare Message Design toward Social Communication: Convergence Based on Philosophical and Theoretical Perspectives",slug:"healthcare-message-design-toward-social-communication-convergence-based-on-philosophical-and-theoret",totalDownloads:513,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"selected-issues-in-global-health-communications",title:"Selected Issues in Global Health Communications",fullTitle:"Selected Issues in Global Health Communications"},signatures:"Ji-Young An and Jinkyung Paik",authors:[{id:"239298",title:"Prof.",name:"Jiyoung",middleName:null,surname:"An",slug:"jiyoung-an",fullName:"Jiyoung An"},{id:"239956",title:"Prof.",name:"Jinkyung",middleName:null,surname:"Paik",slug:"jinkyung-paik",fullName:"Jinkyung Paik"}]},{id:"54476",title:"Health Support in the Palm of Your Hand: The Role of Technology in Achieving Health Goals",slug:"health-support-in-the-palm-of-your-hand-the-role-of-technology-in-achieving-health-goals",totalDownloads:753,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"advances-in-health-management",title:"Advances in Health Management",fullTitle:"Advances in Health Management"},signatures:"Alicia De la Pena and Bernardo Amezcua",authors:[{id:"196878",title:"Dr.",name:"Alicia",middleName:null,surname:"De La Pena",slug:"alicia-de-la-pena",fullName:"Alicia De La Pena"},{id:"204774",title:"Dr.",name:"Bernardo",middleName:null,surname:"Amezcua",slug:"bernardo-amezcua",fullName:"Bernardo Amezcua"}]},{id:"63267",title:"Introductory Chapter: Global Health Communication - Focused Issues and Challenges",slug:"introductory-chapter-global-health-communication-focused-issues-and-challenges",totalDownloads:444,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"selected-issues-in-global-health-communications",title:"Selected Issues in Global Health Communications",fullTitle:"Selected Issues in Global Health Communications"},signatures:"Anton Schneider and Muhiuddin Haider",authors:[{id:"38977",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhiuddin",middleName:null,surname:"Haider",slug:"muhiuddin-haider",fullName:"Muhiuddin Haider"},{id:"270505",title:"Dr.",name:"Anton",middleName:null,surname:"Schneider",slug:"anton-schneider",fullName:"Anton Schneider"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"health-administration",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10176",title:"Microgrids and Local Energy Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c32b4a5351a88f263074b0d0ca813a9c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Nick Jenkins",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10176.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"55219",title:"Prof.",name:"Nick",middleName:null,surname:"Jenkins",slug:"nick-jenkins",fullName:"Nick Jenkins"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:8,limit:8,total:1},route:{name:"book.detail",path:"/books/weed-control",hash:"",query:{},params:{book:"weed-control"},fullPath:"/books/weed-control",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()