Barely three months into the new year and we are happy to announce a monumental milestone reached - 150 million downloads.
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This achievement solidifies IntechOpen’s place as a pioneer in Open Access publishing and the home to some of the most relevant scientific research available through Open Access.
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We are so proud to have worked with so many bright minds throughout the years who have helped us spread knowledge through the power of Open Access and we look forward to continuing to support some of the greatest thinkers of our day.
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Thank you for making IntechOpen your place of learning, sharing, and discovery, and here’s to 150 million more!
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It is the most common pathologic abnormality of the female genital tract. It is found in 20 - 50% of women older than 30 years but is rare in children and post-menopausal women. It can present as an asymptomatic pelvic mass or as abnormal vaginal bleeding, or it may be associated with painful urinary symptoms, sexual dysfunction and dyspareunia, infertility, and recurrent pregnancy loss. The etiology of uterine fibroids is unclear. Diagnosis by clinical history and physical examination, pelvic examination, ultrasound pelvis and CT scan, and MRI are helpful. Management can be medical hormonal or non-hormonal, open surgical, endoscopic, or uterine artery embolization.",isbn:"978-1-78985-424-4",printIsbn:"978-1-78985-423-7",pdfIsbn:"978-1-78985-830-3",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.77799",price:100,priceEur:109,priceUsd:129,slug:"leiomyoma",numberOfPages:62,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"659a9fef0f90168b2184c86af85d3a42",bookSignature:"Hassan Abduljabbar",publishedDate:"March 4th 2020",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7969.jpg",numberOfDownloads:3884,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"January 24th 2019",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"April 29th 2019",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"June 28th 2019",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"September 16th 2019",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"November 15th 2019",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"68175",title:"Prof.",name:"Hassan",middleName:"S",surname:"Abduljabbar",slug:"hassan-abduljabbar",fullName:"Hassan Abduljabbar",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/68175/images/system/68175.png",biography:"Hassan S. Abduljabbar, MD, FRCSC, American Board Diplomate, is a professor at the College of Medicine, King Abdulaziz\nUniversity, Saudi Arabia. He is also the president of the Saudi Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology and the Federation of Arab\nGynecology Obstetric Societies (FAGOS). He is a referee for\nmany international scientific journals. He is also an examiner for\ngraduate degrees as well as for the Saudi and Arab board exams.\nDr. Abduljabbar has published more than fifty articles and edited three books.",institutionString:"Dr. Erfan & Bagedo General Hospital",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"7",institution:{name:"King Abdulaziz University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"189",title:"Obstetrics and Gynecology",slug:"obstetrics-and-gynecology"}],chapters:[{id:"69154",title:"Uterine Fibroids: Clinical Presentation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88473",slug:"uterine-fibroids-clinical-presentation",totalDownloads:923,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The signs and symptoms of leiomyoma are varied. Most patients with uterine fibroids are asymptomatic and require no treatment. This is especially so in patients with small subserosal and intramural leiomyomas. Such patients may have the leiomyomas discovered incidentally during workup for other medical condition such as pregnancy. Some of them are also incidentally discovered in hysterectomy specimens for other pelvic masses. The common symptoms associated with leiomyomas include menorrhagia, pelvic pain or pressure, and subfertility. These symptoms vary from one patient to another and do not necessarily correlate to the size of the fibroids. Abdomino-pelvic examination may be normal if the fibroids are small. However, findings of a suprapubic mass and tenderness are not an uncommon finding for bigger myomas.",signatures:"Felix J.M. Oindi and Mukaindo A. Mwaniki",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69154",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69154",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"69919",title:"Bizarre Leiomyoma of the Uterus: Therapeutic Mapping",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89963",slug:"bizarre-leiomyoma-of-the-uterus-therapeutic-mapping",totalDownloads:795,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Leiomyomas represent the most common type of benign tumors of the female genital tract. Assiduous preoperative imaging findings reflect proper therapeutic mapping. In cases of female patients of reproductive age, the ultimate goal remains the fertility preservation and the quality of life of the patient. According to recent bibliography, bizarre leiomyomas remain a controversial issue regarding the preoperative and postoperative therapeutic mapping. Giant cells with pleomorphic nuclei and little or no mitotic activity compose the microscopic analysis of such lesions. Multidisciplinary approach is mandatory in order to establish ultimate diagnosis and treatment. Bizarre leiomyomas still represent a gray scale among the whole scientific community.",signatures:"Chrisostomos Sofoudis",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69919",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69919",authors:[{id:"173802",title:"Dr.",name:"Chrisostomos",surname:"Sofoudis",slug:"chrisostomos-sofoudis",fullName:"Chrisostomos Sofoudis"}],corrections:null},{id:"69751",title:"Different Surgical Techniques for Management of Leiomyoma",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89348",slug:"different-surgical-techniques-for-management-of-leiomyoma",totalDownloads:524,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The objective is to review the methods of treatment for all cases diagnosed as leiomyoma at Tertiary Teaching Hospital. This is a retrospective study on the medical files of all cases diagnosed as leiomyoma at King Abdulaziz University Hospital. It is a teaching hospital with a capacity of 800 beds in total and 180 beds in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology. The study was approved by ethical hospital committee to be performed from July 2016 till September 2018. The total number of admitted cases of Leiomyoma, with a clinical diagnosis and confirmed postoperatively with a histological pathology, were 385. About 244 of Leiomyoma were managed with hysterectomy (63.4%). Open myomectomy was the method of choice to treat 141 cases, which contribute to (36.4%), a different technique used, Hysteroscopic, laparoscopic or open depending on the age of the patients, location, type of leiomyoma and fertility preservation. A number of cases treated with open surgery were 70 out of 141 (49.6%) and laparoscopic myomectomy were 51 out of 141 (36.2%); only 20 cases had hysteroscopic resection of myoma (14.2%). Although hysterectomy is not an acceptable method of treatment for leiomyoma by many patients, still it is the most common surgical method for the treatment of leiomyoma.",signatures:"Hassan S.O. Abduljabbar and Abdullah K. Agabawi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69751",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69751",authors:[{id:"68175",title:"Prof.",name:"Hassan",surname:"Abduljabbar",slug:"hassan-abduljabbar",fullName:"Hassan Abduljabbar"}],corrections:null},{id:"68384",title:"New Hysteroscopic Approaches to Uterine Fibroids",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88474",slug:"new-hysteroscopic-approaches-to-uterine-fibroids",totalDownloads:551,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The hysteroscopic myomectomy is a very important application of the gynecologic endoscopy, as it allows minimal invasive removal of the type 0, 1, and 2 fibroids with minimal damage to the uterine wall. In the last decade, new developments of this method allowed an even less invasive approach, with possibility of ambulatory procedure. We discuss the importance of these new developments, based very much on the pseudocapsule of the myoma, and analyze the literature data regarding the outcome. The cold loop resection is a technique that could be used in type 1 and type 2 myomas, with less complications and limitations than the classical electrical resectoscope. Another development, more useful for type 0 and 1 myoma, is the hysteroscopic morcellator, similar to the laparoscopic one, but providing a faster and safer procedure. We also update the complications of hysteroscopic myomectomy and their management, including long-term and obstetrical complications related to hysteroscopic myomectomy. In conclusion, new developments and studies show that hysteroscopic myomectomy has become a valid endoscopic technique ready to be used by many specialists.",signatures:"Razvan Socolov, Ioana Pavaleanu, Demetra Socolov, Mona Akad and Ciprian Ilea",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68384",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68384",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"67700",title:"Uterine Fibroid Embolization",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86937",slug:"uterine-fibroid-embolization",totalDownloads:1091,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Uterine fibroids or leiomyomas are benign, hormone-dependent smooth muscle cell tumors that can be associated with menorrhagia, anemia, pelvic pain, urinary and/or intestinal symptoms, and dyspareunia. Traditionally, the mainstay of treatment has been surgical, consisting of hysterectomy or myomectomy. However, uterine artery embolization has become an increasingly utilized, minimally invasive treatment modality that can be offered as either sole therapy or as a staged, pre-operative measure to hysterectomy. A thorough knowledge of pelvic vascular anatomy and facility with specific embolotherapeutic techniques are required for safe and effective fibroid embolization.",signatures:"Said Izreig, Arash Fereydooni and Naiem Nassiri",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/67700",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/67700",authors:[null],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10485",title:"Fibroids",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"64ad14b1aba83e47fb100fa63e21533e",slug:"fibroids",bookSignature:"Hassan Abduljabbar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10485.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"68175",title:"Prof.",name:"Hassan",surname:"Abduljabbar",slug:"hassan-abduljabbar",fullName:"Hassan Abduljabbar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7132",title:"Complications of Pregnancy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d2bdac8e99a71feab10bd0b9e1063bb9",slug:"complications-of-pregnancy",bookSignature:"Hassan Abduljabbar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7132.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"68175",title:"Prof.",name:"Hassan",surname:"Abduljabbar",slug:"hassan-abduljabbar",fullName:"Hassan Abduljabbar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"814",title:"Steroids",subtitle:"Basic Science",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"74304f5d822f8f45d4b48a0e00ebd375",slug:"steroids-basic-science",bookSignature:"Hassan Abduljabbar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/814.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"68175",title:"Prof.",name:"Hassan",surname:"Abduljabbar",slug:"hassan-abduljabbar",fullName:"Hassan Abduljabbar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2013",title:"Steroids",subtitle:"Clinical Aspect",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"31dfd32a77f71bc348d7922af48b8e62",slug:"steroids-clinical-aspect",bookSignature:"Hassan Abduljabbar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2013.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"68175",title:"Prof.",name:"Hassan",surname:"Abduljabbar",slug:"hassan-abduljabbar",fullName:"Hassan Abduljabbar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10721",title:"Preeclampsia",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eb38592b7a656d02dd6b28c34e43de32",slug:"preeclampsia",bookSignature:"Hassan Abduljabbar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10721.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"68175",title:"Prof.",name:"Hassan",surname:"Abduljabbar",slug:"hassan-abduljabbar",fullName:"Hassan Abduljabbar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5937",title:"Obstetrics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"092197b1191815505a23e7dd1c9edde6",slug:"obstetrics",bookSignature:"Hassan Salah Abduljabbar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5937.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"68175",title:"Prof.",name:"Hassan",surname:"Abduljabbar",slug:"hassan-abduljabbar",fullName:"Hassan Abduljabbar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6191",title:"Selected Topics in Breastfeeding",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3334b831761ffa52e78de6fc681e33b3",slug:"selected-topics-in-breastfeeding",bookSignature:"R. Mauricio Barría P.",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6191.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"88861",title:"Dr.",name:"R. Mauricio",surname:"Barría",slug:"r.-mauricio-barria",fullName:"R. 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Gurgel Pereira",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10929.jpg",editedByType:"Authored by",editors:[{id:"202246",title:"Prof.",name:"Helena",surname:"Trindade Lopes",slug:"helena-trindade-lopes",fullName:"Helena Trindade Lopes"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"416486",title:"Dr.",name:"Ronaldo G.",middleName:"Guilherme",surname:"Gurgel Pereira",slug:"ronaldo-g.-gurgel-pereira",fullName:"Ronaldo G. Gurgel Pereira",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/416486/images/system/416486.jpg",biography:"Ronaldo Guilherme Gurgel Pereira is a historian (Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) and archaeologist (Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal). In 2010, he received a Ph.D. in Egyptology from the University of Basel, Switzerland.\nFrom 2012 to 2017, Dr. Pereira was a post-doctoral fellow at CHAM/FCSH – Universidade Nova de Lisboa.\nIn 2018, he became an Onassis Fellow, hosted by the Department of Mediterranean Studies, University of the Aegean, Greece. \nIn 2019, he became an auxiliary researcher at CHAM/FCSH – Universidade Nova de Lisboa. He teaches Middle Egyptian grammar, Hieratic, and disciplines regarding Egyptology, and the history of Phoenician and Greek expansion in the Mediterranean basin. \nIn 2021, he was awarded a CAARI Scholar in Residence Fellowship.",institutionString:"Universidade NOVA de Lisboa",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Universidade Nova de Lisboa",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"4",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Authored by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"66063",slug:"corrigendum-to-introductory-chapter-historical-perspective-and-brief-overview-of-insulin",title:"Corrigendum to: Introductory Chapter: Historical Perspective and Brief Overview of Insulin",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/66063.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66063",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66063",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/66063",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/66063",chapter:{id:"63640",slug:"introductory-chapter-historical-perspective-and-brief-overview-of-insulin",signatures:"Gaffar Sarwar Zaman",dateSubmitted:"June 29th 2018",dateReviewed:"August 28th 2018",datePrePublished:"November 5th 2018",datePublished:"February 6th 2019",book:{id:"6675",title:"Ultimate Guide to Insulin",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Ultimate Guide to Insulin",slug:"ultimate-guide-to-insulin",publishedDate:"February 6th 2019",bookSignature:"Gaffar Zaman",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6675.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"203015",title:"Dr.",name:"Gaffar",middleName:"Sarwar",surname:"Zaman",slug:"gaffar-zaman",fullName:"Gaffar Zaman"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"203015",title:"Dr.",name:"Gaffar",middleName:"Sarwar",surname:"Zaman",fullName:"Gaffar Zaman",slug:"gaffar-zaman",email:"gffrzaman@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null}]}},chapter:{id:"63640",slug:"introductory-chapter-historical-perspective-and-brief-overview-of-insulin",signatures:"Gaffar Sarwar Zaman",dateSubmitted:"June 29th 2018",dateReviewed:"August 28th 2018",datePrePublished:"November 5th 2018",datePublished:"February 6th 2019",book:{id:"6675",title:"Ultimate Guide to Insulin",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Ultimate Guide to Insulin",slug:"ultimate-guide-to-insulin",publishedDate:"February 6th 2019",bookSignature:"Gaffar Zaman",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6675.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"203015",title:"Dr.",name:"Gaffar",middleName:"Sarwar",surname:"Zaman",slug:"gaffar-zaman",fullName:"Gaffar Zaman"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"203015",title:"Dr.",name:"Gaffar",middleName:"Sarwar",surname:"Zaman",fullName:"Gaffar Zaman",slug:"gaffar-zaman",email:"gffrzaman@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null}]},book:{id:"6675",title:"Ultimate Guide to Insulin",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Ultimate Guide to Insulin",slug:"ultimate-guide-to-insulin",publishedDate:"February 6th 2019",bookSignature:"Gaffar Zaman",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6675.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"203015",title:"Dr.",name:"Gaffar",middleName:"Sarwar",surname:"Zaman",slug:"gaffar-zaman",fullName:"Gaffar Zaman"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"12106",leadTitle:null,title:"Global Women's Health",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book will be a self-contained collection of scholarly papers targeting an audience of practicing researchers, academics, PhD students and other scientists. 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1. Introduction
Electric energy storage systems (ESSs) are widely recognized as one of the most promising technology for enabling the transition toward a sustainable energy system [1, 2, 3]. Particularly, transportation electrification is pushing toward progressive improvements of ESS technologies, especially for light- and heavy-road electric vehicles: these have to rely on on-board ESSs for guaranteeing long mileage and short charging time. Consequently, high efficiency, low costs, small volumes, and weights are desirable. The employment of ESSs is increasingly considered also for such systems that have been propelled electrically since a long time, such as railway and ships, in order to increase system efficiency and fuel economy, as well as ensuring reliable operation of on-board power systems [4, 5, 6]. In this context, both hybrid and all-electric ships are expected to be appealing in the forthcoming future. Similarly, ESSs are a key point for designing more electric aircrafts, in which pneumatic and hydraulic actuators are being replaced with electrical ones [7]. Therefore, on-board ESSs should start the engines, maintain DC-link voltage constant over dynamic operations, and, above all, guarantee emergency power supply. ESSs can be employed successfully also for addressing several issues affecting modern power systems, such as reduced level of power quality, massive growth of distributed generation, and high penetration of renewable energy sources [8, 9, 10]. Particularly, integrating the massive and increasing share of photovoltaic and wind power plants installed all over the world is one of the main challenges for future power systems, which will be faced resorting to smart grid and microgrid concepts. In this context, ESSs are the ideal solution for mitigating power fluctuations, storing overproduction, and releasing it when required, improving overall reliability and power quality.
An ESS consists of two main stages, i.e., the power conversion system and the energy storage unit, as shown in Figure 1. The power conversion system is generally represented by a power electronic converter, which has to regulate ESS voltage and current levels in order to match application requirements. Whereas, the energy conversion occurs within the energy storage unit, which exchange electrical energy only, storing it into different forms (mechanical, chemical, magnetic, etc.).
Figure 1.
ESS schematic representation.
There are several ESSs available on the market, which are generally classified in accordance with their energy/power density (Wh/l, W/l) or specific energy/power (Wh/Kg, W/Kg), as highlighted in Figure 2 [11, 12]. High-energy density ESSs are able to provide large amount of energy but over long time periods, as occurring for the majority of electrochemical batteries. These are the first ESS introduced on the market and still represent the most widespread. Electrochemical batteries can be further classified based on the chemical reaction they exploit. Lead acid (PbA) is probably the most-known technology; it is being widely used on vehicles for starting, lighting, and ignition purposes. PbA batteries are currently employed when sizes and weights are not an issue, such as isolated power systems and UPSs, whereas, lithium-ion batteries (Li-ion) are surely the best solution for modern electric vehicles due to their very high-energy density and specific energy. However, sodium-based batteries may be preferred when high capacity is required, namely for load leveling and renewable energy sources integration. Despite their advantages, electrochemical batteries generally suffer from low power capabilities; thus, even if research is focused on improving power density, they are not yet the best solution for high-power applications [13, 14].
Figure 2.
Energy/power density (left) and specific energy/power (right) of ESSs on Ragone plots: pumped hydroelectric storage system (PHS), compressed air energy storage system (CAES), and fuel cell (FC).
Differently from electrochemical batteries, high-power density ESSs can provide much little amount of energy but in very short times, which is the case of flywheel energy storage system (FESS), superconducting magnetic energy storage system (SMES), and ultracapacitors (UCs). Particularly, FESS is characterized by very high efficiency, long life expectancy, and low environmental impact. However, it presents a quite high self-discharge rate and also suffers from safety issues as far as high speeds are concerned [15, 16, 17]. Regarding SMES, a cryogenic system ensures the superconducting state of coils. Consequently, losses are due to power converters only, leading to a very high overall efficiency. Other advantages consist of fast response and wide power range, as well as long lifespan. Nevertheless, SMES is very expensive due to the high costs of both superconductors and cryogenic system; thus, although it has been recently tested for power quality and voltage stabilization in both transmission and distribution systems, it is still employed in military applications mostly [18, 19, 20]. The main advantages of UCs are high-power capability, quite long life cycle and no memory effect, but they cannot store great amount of energy unless big and costly UC modules are used. Thus, UCs have been used for power quality applications and for handling small regenerative braking on electric propulsion systems [21, 22, 23].
Based on the previous considerations, it can be stated that a single ESS technology hardly matches both energy and power application requirements. Particularly, electrochemical batteries are very suitable for providing energy services, in which high-energy storage capability is mandatory. On the other hand, FESS, SMES, and UCs are more appropriate for power services, when high-power rates are required for very short times. In addition, further constraints may regard efficiency, life cycle, and cost, which might make one ESS technology unsuitable. In this regard, a viable and promising solution is the employment of a hybrid energy storage system (HESS), which consists of combining high-energy and high-power density ESSs in order to benefit from the advantages of different ESS technologies [24, 25, 26, 27]. As a result, HESS may bring increased performances, higher efficiency, longer lifetime, reduced costs, and more appropriate design and sizing. Among all the ESS combinations, HESSs made up of electrochemical batteries and UCs are the most popular and promising solutions because of the perfect complementarity between their features [28, 29, 30].
Consequently, this chapter focuses on HESS made up of a battery pack (BP) and an ultracapacitor module (UM). Particularly, a brief overview of main HESS configurations and management approaches is provided in Section 2. Then, Section 3 focuses on a highly integrated HESS configuration [31, 32, 33], in which BP and UM are coupled only by means of a multilevel converter. This highly integrated battery-ultracapacitor system (HIBUC) is also compared to those described in Section 2, highlighting its most important advantages. In Section 3, two HIBUC application examples are also presented and discussed based on numerical simulations. Concluding remarks are reported in Section 4.
2. Overview on hybrid energy storage systems
Considering a hybrid energy storage system (HESS) made up of a battery pack (BP) and an ultracapacitor module (UM), a number of configurations have been proposed in the literature, which differ from each other mainly due to the number of power electronic converters involved. Particularly, no or few power electronic converters entail simple configurations, but poor flexibility and energy management. As the number of power electronic converters increases, energy management capability, and, thus, HESS exploitation increase, but at the cost of increased complexity, costs, volumes, and weights. The following sections investigate the most important HESS configurations, as well as their management and control strategies, by highlighting their most important advantages and drawbacks.
2.1. HESS configurations
HESS configurations can be roughly classified into passive and active configurations; in passive HESS, BP and UM are directly coupled to the DC-link of the DC/AC converter, as depicted in Figure 3 [34, 35]. Therefore, BP and UM share the same voltage, which generally varies with BP state-of-charge. As a result, UM voltage cannot vary independently, resulting in its poor energy exploitation. Still referring to Figure 3, the following relationships can be introduced:
Vb=rbib+Ldibdt+VDCE1
CudVudt=ib−iP.E2
Figure 3.
Schematic representation of passive HESS configuration.
Particularly, a simple but effective BP model has been considered, which consists of a voltage source Vb series-connected with an internal resistance rb, while ib is the battery current. BP is coupled to the DC-link through an inductive filter, whose inductance L should prevent ib from unsuitable sudden variations, VDC being the DC-link voltage. Referring to Eq. (2), Cu denotes the capacitance of the UM, whereas iP denotes the power current, which is proportional to the power drawn or delivered by the DC/AC converter. The DC-link energy content EDC and its time-variation can be expressed, respectively, as:
EDC=12CuVDC2E3
dEDCdt=VDCib−iP.E4
The comparison between Eq. (2) and Eq. (4) reveals a significant coupling between EDC and VDC, which cannot be varied within a wide range. This results in a poor UM exploitation, as well as in an unsuitable energy management, which are the main drawbacks of this HESS configuration. Consequently, in spite of its simplicity and cheapness, passive HESS configuration is rarely used due to weak performances that make it not suitable for most applications.
Much better performances can be achieved by semi-active and active HESS configurations, which exploit one or more DC/DC converters for decoupling BP and UM [36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43]. Particularly, Figure 4 shows an active parallel configuration, in which BP and UM are parallel-connected to the DC-link both through DC/DC converters. Referring to this configuration, the following relationships can be introduced:
V˜b=Ldi˜bdt+VDC,CdVDCdt=i˜b+i˜u−iPE5
in which, C is the capacitance of the DC-link, which is much smaller than Cu. Whereas
V˜b=1kbVb−rbib,i˜b=kbibE6
VDC=1kuVu,i˜u=−kuCudVudt.E7
Figure 4.
Schematic representation of active parallel HESS configuration.
Particularly, Eqs. (6) and (7) have been achieved by assuming ideal DC/DC converters, which have been modeled by simple gains (kb and ku for BP and UM, respectively). Therefore, the combination of Eq. (5) with Eqs. (6) and (7) leads to the following expressions:
Vb=rbib+kb2Ldibdt+kbVDCE8
CdVDCdt=kbib−kuCudVudt−iP.E9
Regarding the DC-link energy content, it should account not only for C, but also for Cu in order to make the comparison with all HESS configurations consistent. Consequently, EDC and its time derivative can be expressed as
EDC=12CVDC2+12CuVu2E10
dEDCdt=VDCkbib−iP.E11
Therefore, considering both Eqs. (9) and (11), it can be seen that VDC and EDC can be controlled independently by setting the duty cycles of the DC/DC converters properly. However, Eqs. (9) and (11) are characterized by increased complexity compared to passive HESS configurations. Furthermore, these equations highlight a significant coupling among all system variables, which makes control system design a not trivial issue. Consequently, advanced management and control systems are required in order to exploit active HESS configurations properly.
2.2. HESS management and control
As far as semi-active or active HESS configurations are concerned, the management and control system cover a fundamental role for exploiting the HESS at the maximum extent. Particularly, an appropriate selection of HESS management strategy is of paramount importance, even from the design stage, especially for sizing BP and UM properly in accordance with target performances, and technical and economic constraints. It is fundamental also for assuring HESS efficiency, reliability, and durability.
Referring to Figure 5, HESS management consists mainly of a sharing criterion for splitting the overall HESS energy flow between BP and UM. Literature review reveals that several approaches have been proposed in order to exploit BP and UM inherent features to the maximum extent, preventing them from unsuitable operation as well. In this regard, UM generally handles fast power fluctuations, whereas BP copes with the average power demand. This principle is the basis of the simplest HESS management strategy known as frequency-based management (FBM); this consists of splitting the overall power demand into high- and low-frequency components, which have to be tracked by UM and BP, respectively [44, 45]. An alternative approach is the so-called rule-based management (RBM), which exploits the single ESSs in accordance with an appropriate order of priority by means of a pre-set of rules [46, 47]. In this regard, it is worth noting that FBM and RBM may be combined to each other or with fuzzy logic algorithms in order to account for ESS constraints and to improve overall HESS performances [48, 49, 50, 51].
Figure 5.
Schematic representation of an HESS management and control system.
Although FBM and RBM are intuitive, simple, and easy to implement, they generally do not lead to optimal solutions. For this reason, another popular approach is determining BP and UM reference power profiles by minimizing suitable cost functions over a given time horizon. Hence, different optimal solving techniques can be used, such as model predictive control, mixed-integer/linear programming, nonlinear programming, and dynamic programming [52, 53, 54, 55]. However, such solving techniques are generally complex to implement and quite time-demanding. Consequently, heuristic approaches have been also proposed, like genetic algorithms and particle swarm optimization, which achieve sub-optimal solutions but faster and with less computational efforts [56, 57, 58]. As a result, very complex and sophisticated cost functions can be considered, which can account for many system constraints and goals. The main advantage of these approaches consists of enabling HESS to provide multiple services in an optimal manner, by both economic and technical points of view; this aspect makes HESS very competitive, especially for smart grid applications.
3. A novel highly integrated HESS
In order to overcome the issues arising from both passive and active HESS configurations, a highly integrated solution has been proposed by the authors in [31, 32, 33], whose schematic representation is depicted in Figure 6. It consists of coupling a BP with an UM through a multilevel converter, namely a three-level neutral-point-clamped converter (NPC). The key feature of the proposed highly integrated battery-ultracapacitor system (HIBUC) is the full integration of UM within the DC-link of the NPC, which decouples the overall DC-link voltage (VDC) from its energy content (EDC). As a result, HIBUC energy flow management is quite similar to that achieved with active HESS configurations without resorting to any DC/DC converter, as detailed in the following sections.
Figure 6.
The highly integrated HESS configuration proposed in [31, 32, 33].
3.1. HIBUC modeling
Still referring to Figure 6, the DC-link of HIBUC is split into high-side and low-side due to the three-level configuration: high-side consists of the UM, whose overall voltage and capacitance are denoted by Vu and Cu, respectively, while the low-side is made up of conventional capacitors, V and C being the corresponding voltage and capacitance. Hence, HIBUC main equations can be expressed as
Vb=rbib+Ldibdt+VDC,VDC=Vu+VE12
CudVudt=ib−iH,CdVdt=ib−iL.E13
Whereas, the overall DC-link energy content can be determined easily as
EDC=12CuVu2+12CV2.E14
Based on both Eqs. (12) and (13), the dynamic equation of the DC-link voltage can be achieved as
where CDC and iDC are defined as the equivalent DC-link capacitance and current, respectively. Furthermore, by time-differentiating Eq. (14) and combining the result with (13), the following relationship is achieved:
dEDCdt=VDCib−iP,iP=VuVDCiH+VVDCiL.E16
Hence, Eq. (16) reveals that EDC depends on both ib and iP. However, since the latter is generally imposed by the application requirements, EDC can be regulated successfully through ib only, while VDC can be driven independently by means of iDC, as pointed out by Eq. (15). This occurs as far as iDC and iP differ from each other. Otherwise, both VDC and EDC time variations would be proportional to the difference between ib and iP, thus EDC and VDC control decoupling cannot be achieved. Therefore, considering both Eqs. (15) and (16), the following relationship can be introduced:
iDCiP=A⋅iHiL,A=CCu+CCuCu+CVuVDCVVDCE17
Consequently, since A must be non-singular, the following constraint is achieved:
CV−CuVu≠0E18
Hence, if Eq. (18) is satisfied, iDC and iP can differ from each other; this does not occur in conventional NPC configurations, which are characterized by equal voltages and capacitances. Whereas, HIBUC suitably exploits DC-link capacitance and voltage unbalances, leading to a decoupled control of VDC and EDC.
3.1.1. Comparison with passive and active HESS configurations
In order to highlight the advantages of HIBUC compared to passive and active HESS configurations, reference can be made to the per unit DC-link energy content (eDC), which is defined as follows:
eDC=EDC12CVDC2E19
Hence, considering Eqs. (3), (10), and (14), the following results are achieved:
eDCP=α,α=CuCE20
eDCA=1+αξ2,ξ=VuVDC=kuE21
eDCH=α⋅ξ2+1−ξ2,ξ=VuVDCE22
where the superscripts (P), (A), and (H) denote passive, active and HIBUC configuration, respectively. In addition, α is the capacitance factor, which is much greater than 1 because Cu is much greater than C. Furthermore, ξ is the UM voltage share, which is equal to ku in the case of active HESS configuration. It is worth noting that ξ ranges from 0 to 1 for the HIBUC configuration and that the same reasonably occurs also for active HESS configurations.
Hence, considering the eDC evolutions with ξ depicted in Figure 7, different considerations can be made for each HESS configuration and for a given α value. Particularly, referring to passive HESS configuration at first, eDC does not depend on ξ, as already pointed out by Eq. (20). This is because the voltage across UM always equals VDC, thus ξ = 1 over any operating conditions. As a consequence, once α has been set, EDC can vary only with VDC. However, since VDC should be kept almost constant in order to supply the converter properly, a poor UM exploitation is achieved, as expected.
Figure 7.
The eDC evolutions with ξ for α = 10: passive, active, and HIBUC configurations.
Considering now active HESS configuration, minimum and maximum eDC values are always achieved for ξ = 0 and ξ = 1, respectively, as pointed out in the following:
ξ⌣=0→e⌣DCA=min0≤ξ≤1eDCA=1E23
ξ⌢=1→e⌢DCA=max0≤ξ≤1eDCA=1+αE24
Therefore, the maximum exploitation of the DC-link energy content can be achieved by varying ξ within [0,1] as
Δξ=ξ⌢−ξ⌣=1→ΔeDCA=e⌢DCA−e⌣DCA=αE25
Hence, differently from passive HESS configuration, active configuration enables the DC-link energy content to vary with ξ without the need of changing VDC. However, it is worth noting that the operating range of ξ is much narrower than [0,1] because ξ equals ku, which is constrained by DC/DC converter maximum and minimum duty cycle capabilities.
Focusing now on the HIBUC configuration, the minimum eDC value is achieved in correspondence of the following ξ value:
ξ⌣=11+α→e⌣DCH=min0≤ξ≤1eDCH=α1+αE26
Whereas, given that α is greater than 1, the maximum eDC value is reached for ξ = 1, as pointed out in the following:
ξ⌢=1→e⌢DCH=max0≤ξ≤1eDCH=αE27
Consequently, maximum exploitation of the DC-link energy content is achieved if ξ varies as follows:
Δξ=ξ⌢−ξ⌣=α1+α→ΔeDCH=e⌢DCH−e⌣DCH=α21+αE28
The evolutions of both Δξ and ΔeDC with α are depicted in Figure 8. Particularly, for low α values, active HESS configuration shows superior performances compared to HIBUC, which is characterized by limited UM voltage range, and thus, poor DC-link energy exploitation. However, HIBUC performances rapidly increase with α, they becoming very close to those achieved by active HESS configurations for relatively high α values. Since α should be quite high due to the huge capacitance of UM, e.g., hundreds or even thousands, HIBUC is a very competitive solution even versus active HESS configuration because it can assure very similar performances in terms of energy flow management. In addition, HIBUC benefits also from a multilevel converter, whose increased complexity and costs are counterbalanced by improved output voltage and current waveforms due to the availability of multiple voltage levels.
Figure 8.
The evolutions of both Δξ (dashed lines) and ΔeDC (solid lines) with α: active and HIBUC configurations.
3.2. HIBUC management and control
The overall HIBUC management and control scheme is depicted in Figure 9. The comparison with Figure 5 reveals some differences, especially due to the high degree of integration among all HIBUC components. Particularly, the NPC has to account for HIBUC needs in terms of energy flow management, thus it cannot be driven only in accordance with application requirements. Regarding the HIBUC management block, it has to synthesize the most suitable BP current profile (ib*) based on the chosen HIBUC management approach; this is then tracked by means of the HIBUC control system, which can be designed in accordance with both Eqs. (12) and (15). As a result, a suitable iDC* is achieved, whose implementation is guaranteed by means of advanced PWM patterns that account for both HIBUC and application requirements, as well detailed in [33, 59, 60].
Figure 9.
General overview of the HIBUC management and control scheme.
In conclusion, the structure of both HIBUC management and control blocks generally depends on the specific application, as well as on the kind of power and energy services HIBUC has to provide. For this reason, two application examples are reported in the following, for each of which a much in-depth analysis of these blocks is presented, as well as some simulation results.
3.2.1. Electric propulsion system
The HIBUC management and control blocks for the highly integrated electric propulsion system proposed in [31, 32, 33] are depicted in Figure 10. Focusing on the HIBUC energy management at first, the idea is to exploit the UM over acceleration and regenerative braking mainly. Consequently, the reference EDC profile is set in accordance with the actual motor/vehicle speed (ωm), namely EDC should decrease properly as ωm increases in order to enable UM to release its energy content gradually during acceleration, as well as storing it back during regenerative braking. In this regard, different maps can be chosen depending on UM sizing and on the kind of assistance it has to provide to BP in supplying the traction motor over these operating conditions, as pointed out in [32].
Figure 10.
The HIBUC management and control scheme for an electric propulsion system.
Once EDC* has been set, its tracking can be accomplished through a PI regulator (RE), which can be designed in accordance with Eq. (16), but expressed as
dEDCdt=Pb−PP,Pb=VDCib,PP=VDCiP.E29
Then, in order to overcome the dependence of Pb from VDC, it is possible to multiply (12) by ib and substituting the result in Eq. (29), leading to the following expression:
Pb=ibVb−rbib−12Ldib2dt≃ibVb−rbibE30
in which, the magnetic energy variation related to the inductive filter can be neglected safely due to the relative low inductance value. As a result, the reference ib value can be computed as follows:
ib∗=Vb2rb−Vb2rb2−Pb∗rb.E31
Regarding the HIBUC control block, it consists of two nested control loops: the external loop regulates ib through VDC by means of a PI regulator, which can be designed easily based on Eq. (12). As a result, a reference DC-link voltage profile is achieved, whose tracking is demanded to the internal loop; this determines the most suitable reference iDC profile by means of another PI regulator, which is designed in accordance with Eq. (15).
In order to highlight the effectiveness of the proposed configuration, a simulation study has been performed in MATLAB-Simulink, whose main parameters are reported in Table 1. While simulations results are depicted in Figures 11–15. Particularly, each variable is shown in per unit with reference to the corresponding base value shown in Table 1. Focusing on Figure 11 at first, different speed profiles have been considered for simulating a start and stop of the vehicle, which are characterized by decreasing ramp times (5 s for case 1, 4 s for case 2, and 3 s for case 3). While the corresponding motor torque evolutions are depicted in Figure 12. The latter reveals higher torque demands as soon as faster speed variations are required, namely from case 1 to case 3, as expected. Considering the current evolutions shown in Figure 13, it can be seen that high power demands occur during both vehicle acceleration and braking, especially in comparison with steady state vehicle power requirements. However, BP is prevented from coping with such high and fast power variations, as proved by the low battery current profiles achieved in all cases and still shown in Figure 13. This is due to UM, which is discharged and charged appropriately in accordance with the (ωm, EDC*) map, as highlighted in Figure 14. In addition, Figure 15 shows that Vu is reduced during vehicle acceleration, but V is increased simultaneously. Consequently, VDC can be kept sufficiently high in order to prevent unsuitable and fast BP current variations. Similar considerations can be made during regenerative braking, in correspondence of which UM is recharged, while BP current is slowly driven to zero. As a result, HIBUC enables the UM to supply the motor on its own mostly during both vehicle acceleration and regenerative braking, thus preventing BP from an unsuitable exploitation.
EPS parameters and rated values
Te,n
ωm,n
Pm,n
Vb
rb
Lb
Ib
Cu
C
Value
110
3500
40.3
450
0.4
15
89.6
1.7
1.6
Units
Nm
rpm
kW
V
Ω
mH
A
F
mF
Table 1.
Parameters and rated values of the electric propulsion system.
Figure 11.
Motor speed evolution achieved over vehicle start and stop.
Figure 12.
Motor torque evolution achieved over vehicle start and stop.
Figure 13.
Power and battery current evolutions over vehicle start and stop: iP (green) and ib (gold).
Figure 14.
DC-link energy variations over vehicle start and stop.
Figure 15.
DC-link voltage evolutions over vehicle start and stop: VDC (gray), Vu (red), and V (blue).
3.2.2. Smart grid
The HIBUC management and control blocks for a smart grid are depicted in Figure 16. Particularly, it differs from Figure 10 only in terms of HIBUC management because the tracking of both ib* and VDC* does not depend on the specific application. Therefore, focusing on the HIBUC management only, it can be seen that a frequency-based management approach has been followed [61], namely the smart grid reference active power profile (Pe*) is processed by an appropriate low-pass filter in order to extract low-frequency components only. These are further processed by the energy management block, which has to synthesize the reference BP power profile in accordance with BP energy and power constraints. As a result, the UM has to cope with high-frequency power components only, which are generally characterized by poor energy content. However, since UM has to compensate for system losses, forecasting errors, and relatively low BP dynamic performances, the energy management block accounts also for the DC-link and, thus, the UM energy content in defining the reference BP power profile. Hence, if UM energy level is too low, additional power is delivered by BP with the aim of restoring an intermediate UM energy content. The opposite occurs when UM is almost fully charged, namely BP should draw energy from UM in order to preserve its continuous operation. As a result, the HESS configuration is exploited properly, not only by differentiating the kind of services BP and UM have to provide, but also by enabling a mutual support between the single ESSs.
Figure 16.
The HIBUC management and control scheme for a smart grid.
A simulation study has been carried out in MATLAB-Simulink with reference to the main parameters shown in Table 2. Particularly, HIBUC has been sized differently from the previous application (electric propulsion system), especially in terms of voltage and capacitance ratings, in order to better match the new application requirements. Simulation results are depicted in Figures 17–21; all the results are expressed in per unit with reference to the corresponding base values shown in Table 2. Simulations refer to several active and/or reactive smart grid power variations, as highlighted in Figure 17. In addition, after 3 s, a noise signal has been added to the reference active power in order to test HIBUC performances in preventing BP from coping with such high-frequency power fluctuations. Still focusing on Figure 17, it can be seen that a very fast and suitable reference power tracking is achieved. This is mainly due to the fast UM dynamic response, while a much slower BP power response is achieved due to the employment of a low-pass filter, as highlighted in Figure 18. Particularly, the low-pass filter prevents BP from quickly reacting to reference active power variations, as well as from coping with the noise signal added to the reference active power; this is handled by UM on its own mostly, as still highlighted in Figure 18.
MG parameters and rated values
Pe,n
Vline
fline
Vb
rb
Lb
Ib
Cu
C
Value
40
230
50
1000
0.4
15
40
141
0.94
Units
kW
Vrms
Hz
V
Ω
mH
A
mF
mF
Table 2.
Parameters and rated values of the smart grid scenario.
Figure 17.
Active and reactive power profiles of the smart grid.
Figure 18.
Active powers: PP (green), Pb (red), and PDC (pink).
Figure 19.
Reference active power components provided by BP: Pb* (red), δPb* (gold), and P̅b* (pink).
Figure 20.
DC-link energy variations.
Figure 21.
DC-link voltages: VDC (gray), Vu (red), and V (blue).
Focusing now on the BP reference power profile, it is made up of two contributions, as pointed out in Figure 19: one comes from the low-pass filter (P̅b*), whereas the other contribution (δPb*) is provided by a DC-link energy loop similar to that shown in Figure 10. Particularly, δPb* enables BP to slowly drive the UM energy to a suitable intermediate reference value, as shown in Figure 20. This occurs by varying Vu and V suitably, as highlighted in Figure 21. It is worth noting that UM may be fully charged or discharged if this control loop is not employed and, thus, unable to cope with fast active power decrease or increase, respectively. In addition, δPb* accounts also for system losses that, if ignored, would force UM to be fully discharged. In conclusion, it is also worthy of note that reactive power variations do not affect both BP and UM power profiles significantly, as highlighted by the comparison between Figure 17 and Figure 18.
4. Conclusion
This chapter has addressed the potentialities and advantages of a highly integrated battery-ultracapacitor system (HIBUC). Particularly, HIBUC benefits from the advantages of both passive and active hybrid energy storage system (HESS) configurations, namely a relative simple structure and an effective energy flow management of both the battery pack (BP) and the ultracapacitor module (UM). This has been proved by the analytical comparison among all the above-mentioned configurations, which reveals HIBUC as a very suitable and competitive solution, especially when high UM capacitance is concerned. In addition, HIBUC is also very flexible, as proved by the two application examples, namely an electric propulsion system and a smart grid. For each of these, HIBUC management and control approaches have been presented and discussed, providing some simulation results as well. These highlight the high level of integration achieved in each application, especially in the design of the HIBUC management stage, which should be done in accordance with the specific application requirements.
Acknowledgments
This work has been developed within the project “Design and Implementation of a Novel Hybrid Energy Storage System for Microgrids,” which is funded by the Sardinian Regional Government (Regional Law no. 7, August 7, 2007) under the Grant Agreement n°68 (Annuity 2015).
\n',keywords:"batteries, energy management, energy storage, electric vehicles, modeling, smart grids, supercapacitors, ultracapacitors",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/60105.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/60105.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/60105",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/60105",totalDownloads:1227,totalViews:351,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:8,totalAltmetricsMentions:0,impactScore:3,impactScorePercentile:89,impactScoreQuartile:4,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"July 13th 2017",dateReviewed:"January 10th 2018",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"May 2nd 2018",dateFinished:"March 21st 2018",readingETA:"0",abstract:"This chapter addresses potentialities and advantages of a highly integrated hybrid energy storage system (HESS) for electric propulsion and smart grids. This configuration consists of a highly integrated battery-ultracapacitor system (HIBUC) and aims to benefit from the advantages of both passive and active HESS configurations. Particularly, the integration of the ultracapacitor module (UM) within the DC-link of the DC/AC multilevel converter enables the decoupling between DC-link voltage and energy content without the need for any additional DC/DC converter. As a result, HIBUC benefits from simplicity and energy flow management capabilities very similar to those achieved by passive and active HESS configurations, respectively. This is highlighted properly by a theoretical analysis, which also accounts for a comparison between HIBUC and both passive and active HESS configurations. Some HIBUC application examples are also reported, which highlight the flexibility and potentialities of HIBUC for both electric propulsion systems and smart grids.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/60105",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/60105",book:{id:"6224",slug:"advancements-in-energy-storage-technologies"},signatures:"Alessandro Serpi, Mario Porru and Alfonso Damiano",authors:[{id:"217144",title:"Dr.",name:"Alessandro",middleName:null,surname:"Serpi",fullName:"Alessandro Serpi",slug:"alessandro-serpi",email:"alessandro.serpi@unica.it",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/217144/images/7506_n.png",institution:{name:"University of Cagliari",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"217148",title:"Dr.",name:"Mario",middleName:null,surname:"Porru",fullName:"Mario Porru",slug:"mario-porru",email:"mario.porru@diee.unica.it",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/217148/images/system/217148.png",institution:null},{id:"217149",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso",middleName:null,surname:"Damiano",fullName:"Alfonso Damiano",slug:"alfonso-damiano",email:"alfio@diee.unica.it",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Overview on hybrid energy storage systems",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2_2",title:"2.1. HESS configurations",level:"2"},{id:"sec_3_2",title:"2.2. HESS management and control",level:"2"},{id:"sec_5",title:"3. A novel highly integrated HESS",level:"1"},{id:"sec_5_2",title:"3.1. HIBUC modeling",level:"2"},{id:"sec_5_3",title:"3.1.1. Comparison with passive and active HESS configurations",level:"3"},{id:"sec_7_2",title:"3.2. HIBUC management and control",level:"2"},{id:"sec_7_3",title:"Table 1.",level:"3"},{id:"sec_8_3",title:"Table 2.",level:"3"},{id:"sec_11",title:"4. Conclusion",level:"1"},{id:"sec_12",title:"Acknowledgments",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Huggins RA. Energy Storage. Boston, MA: Springer US; 2010'},{id:"B2",body:'Barnes FS, Levine JG. Large Energy Storage Systems Handbook. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2011. 254p'},{id:"B3",body:'IEA (International Energy Agency). 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An advanced frequency-based energy management of hybrid energy storage systems for microgrids. In: Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society (IECON 2017); Beijing, China; 2017'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Alessandro Serpi",address:"alessandro.serpi@diee.unica.it",affiliation:'
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Cagliari, Italy
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Cagliari, Italy
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1. Introduction
Worldwide, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are leading morbidity and mortality burdens. It has been estimated that 17.9 million people die from CVDs each year, representing 32% of all global deaths. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines CVDs as a group of disorders that include coronary artery disease (CAD), cerebrovascular disease, peripheral arterial disease, rheumatic heart disease, congenital heart disease, deep vein thrombosis, and pulmonary embolisms [1]. The world’s biggest killer of all is ischemic heart disease, or CAD, responsible for 16% of the world’s total deaths [2]. According to a statistical report published in 2020, the global prevalence of CAD was estimated at 1655 per 100,000 people and is predicted to exceed 1845 by 2030 [3]. In the United States, CAD accounts annually for approximately 610,000 deaths and costs more than 200 billion dollars for healthcare [4].
As most CAD patients are elderly and have multiple comorbidities, they need to use medication combinations over long periods, either for treatment or prophylaxis [5, 6]. One of the major strategies used for preventing CAD is antiplatelet therapy, and the most widely used antiplatelet agent tested is aspirin [6]. However, the therapeutic window of CAD drugs is very small, and inappropriate use can lead to many consequences that affect patients’ health. For instance, aspirin plays a role in reducing the risk of cardiovascular events, but it also increases the risk of bleeding, the most common risk being gastrointestinal bleeding [7, 8]. Therefore, despite the benefit of the drug, it also causes problems that adversely affect health. Old age, polypharmacy, and comorbidities are significant risk factors for developing drug-related problems (DRPs) [9, 10].
A drug-related problem (DRP) has been defined as “an event or circumstance involving drug therapy that actually or potentially interferes with desired health outcomes” [11]. DRPs can have many negative consequences for patients and society, such as decreased quality of life for patients, increased hospitalization rates, prolonged hospital stays, increased overall healthcare costs, and even increased risk of morbidity and mortality [12, 13, 14]. For example, warfarin and oral antiplatelet agents have been reported to be implicated in nearly 50% of emergency hospital admissions of elderly Americans [15].
A further serious consequence of DRPs is the economic burden. DRPs accounted for a waste of $528.4 billion, equivalent to 16% of total US healthcare expenditures [16]. In studies of CVDs, the prevalence of patients with at least one DRP varied from nearly 30% to more than 90% [17, 18, 19]. A systematic review of DRPs concluded that the drugs most commonly involved were cardiovascular drugs [12]. In CAD patients, the drugs most implicated in DRPs were beta-blockers (BBs) (34.4%), followed by angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) (24.8%), statins (16.5%), and antithrombotics (13.1%) [20]. Different drugs are often associated with several different common DRPs. To illustrate, BBs were frequently involved in ineffective drug therapy, too low dosage, and the need for additional drug therapy, while ACEIs were commonly associated with too low dosage [20]. Studies in Ethiopia, Vietnam, and Spain have estimated that the mean numbers of DRPs for each patient with CAD were about 0.75, 0.92, and 1.51, respectively [17, 18, 21]. The prevalence of CAD patients with at least one DRP was 61.1% [21]. These statistics are relatively high and represent an alarming frequency of DRPs in patients with CAD. DRPs must therefore be noticed and recognized by healthcare professionals.
This chapter separates DRPs in CAD patients into 5 common subtypes: drug selection, dose selection, adverse drug-drug interactions (DDI), patient adherence, and cost issues. We also discuss determinants that increase the ratio of DRPs, and list interventions to limit their prevalence. Our goal is to provide health care providers with an overview of the extent of DRPs and their common types; these must be considered to ensure the safety and effectiveness of drug therapy.
2. Drug-related problems
2.1 Drug selection
Inappropriate drug selection is a common type of DRP in patients with CAD; it mainly includes ineffective drug therapy, a need for additional drug therapy, and prescription of drugs with contraindications. In an Ethiopian study, O.A. Abdela et al. found that, globally, the most common category of DRPs was inappropriate drug selection for CVDs (36.1%), and in particular for CAD (46.6%) [17]. Studies in Spain and Vietnam showed the prevalence of inappropriate drug selection of 19.4% and 3.5% for CAD patients [18, 21]. Inappropriate drug selection can have several causes. A study in Indonesia found that clinicians’ critical factor influencing statin prescribing was their lack of awareness of specific details in current guideline recommendations. Although clinicians generally know the guidelines, they remain uncertain about how to determine the level of total cholesterol in combination with other cardiovascular risk factors like diabetes and hypertension [22].
Ineffective drug therapy occurs when the drug product used is not effective for the treatment of the medical condition [23]. A need for additional drug therapy exists when the medical condition requires additional drugs to achieve synergistic or additive effects [23]. A study by A.W. Tsige et al. in Ethiopia showed that among DRPs, the prevalence of need for additional drug therapy was 30.53%, and ineffective drug therapy was 26.9% [24]. In the Netherlands, J. Tra et al. conducted a study of prescriptions for patients discharged after CADs. They found that the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, one of the most important drugs in the prescribing guideline, was often missing (21.2%) [25]. In patients who have had acute coronary syndromes, it is vital to follow prescribing guidelines for secondary prevention to avoid further serious cardiovascular events. For example, according to a study on the prescription of secondary preventative cardiovascular therapies for non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI), adenosine-diphosphate receptor antagonist prescribing rates had significantly increased (76%) [26]. On the other hand, a study evaluating patient adherence to prescription guidelines after acute coronary syndrome indicated that adherence to lipid-lowering therapy was the lowest. The percentage of adherence to the criterion: ‘Patient regardless of lipid level is prescribed a high-intensity statin either atorvastatin 40–80 mg or rosuvastatin 20–40 mg’, was only 16.7% in the post-ST elevation myocardial infarction group, and 33.3% in the post-non-ST elevation acute coronary syndrome group [27]. A Canadian study found that only 61% of patients with stable coronary artery disease received optimal drug therapy involving concurrent use of β-blockers, ACE inhibitor/angiotensin receptor blockers, and statins [28]. Failure to prescribe drugs that should be indicated for treatment or prevention reduces the effectiveness of treatment. For example, after myocardial infarction, patients who have conditions like heart failure, pulmonary disease, and older age are often prescribed beta-blockade therapy, which is ineffective. However, patients without these conditions benefit from such therapy [29]. Ineffective drug therapy and a need for additional drugs can lead to increased medical costs, potential drug interactions, and decreased patient adherence [30].
Medicines that cause harm to the patient or negative interaction with a combination drug are called contraindicated medicines [31]. In a multicenter study in France, research on physicians’ acceptance of pharmacists’ daily routine interventions revealed that contraindication was the most identified DRP (21.3%) [32]. However, studies on CAD patients in Vietnam and Ethiopia showed that the prevalence of contraindicated medicines leading to DRPs was only approximately 0% and 2%, respectively [17, 21]. Therefore, in the latter two countries, among CAD patients, this issue is less common than in other DRPs.
Increasing the role of clinical pharmacists and the application of prescription management software in the prescribing process to check contraindication and interaction could be effective interventions to minimize such problems. For patients to be treated with appropriate drugs, clinicians should follow treatment guidelines and update their recommendations. In addition, the patient’s response to treatment should be monitored by clinical examination and tests, and if necessary, a change of drug to suit the patient’s condition.
2.2 Dose selection
Inappropriate dose selection includes both too high and too low [23]. A study in Spain by P. Gastelurrutia et al. found that inappropriate dose selection was one of the most frequently identified DRPs, with a prevalence of 22% [33], and a study in Turkey by Urbina, Olatz et al. found inappropriate dose selection in CAD patients to have a prevalence of 41% [18]. In a Vietnamese study by T.T.A. Truong et al., this prevalence was 22.2% [21]. Inappropriate dose selection can take place for several reasons. For example, ignoring comorbidities that affect the pharmacodynamics of a drug, such as hepatic or renal failure, can lead to inappropriate dose selection. Patients with renal and hepatic dysfunction require lower doses; otherwise, failure of excretion or breakdown of the drug can cause toxicity [34]. Furthermore, differing characteristics of patients, such as weight and body mass index, can make a prescribed dose too low or high for the patient’s needs.
Sometimes high dosage prescription was considered when the duration of drug therapy was regarded as too long, possibly leading to unwanted side-effects for the patient [23]. In Spain and Vietnam, patients with CAD had a prevalence of high dose prescriptions of 8.6% and 0.1%, respectively [18, 21]. A study by Simon B. Dimmitt et al. had found that statin doses around an estimated effective dose of 50 (ED50) could reduce myocardial infarction (25%) and mortality (10%). However, the high dosage can also increase adverse events: myopathy was shown to increase 29-fold, and liver dysfunction as much as 9-fold [35]. A national study in America reported that overdoses led to nearly two-thirds of emergency hospitalizations [15]. Because the therapeutic window of CVD drugs in general, and CAD drugs in particular, is very small, an overdose is very severe and can lead to death. For example, an indirect sympathomimetic overdose can result in tachycardia, hypertension, stroke, and acute myocardial infarction [36]. Furthermore, in patients with renal dysfunction or renal failure, drugs that are eliminated by the kidney should be dosed proportionally according to creatinine clearance [37].
In contrast, a too low dosage means that the dose is not sufficient to produce the desired response [23]. In Spain and Vietnam, DRPs of patients with CAD occurring due to low dosage prescriptions were 7.9% and 22.1%, respectively [18, 21]. Taking too low a dose fails to achieve the desired therapeutic goal, increasing the possibility of cardiovascular events [23]. A systematic overview of randomized trial studies in patients with risk of cardiovascular disease found that a dose of aspirin between 75 and 150 mg daily gives adequate prophylaxis; doses lower than 75 mg daily are less effective [38]. A study was conducted in patients with acute coronary syndrome after stent implantation to compare the efficacy of different doses of rosuvastatin [39]. This study concluded that high doses of rosuvastatin could postpone ventricular remodeling, decrease the prevalence of adverse events, and significantly improve long-term prognosis.
To limit problems related to dose selection, doctors need to pay attention to each patient’s condition, comorbidities, and characteristics affecting drug pharmacokinetics and monitor and adjust drug dose depending on the tolerance of the individual patient. In addition, the clinical pharmacist can help to calculate the appropriate drug dose for each patient. Furthermore, the application software should be developed to assist in dose calculation for special populations like elderly patients or liver and/or kidney disease patients.
2.3 Adverse drug-drug interaction
Adverse drug-drug interactions (DDIs) occur when drug interaction leads to undesirable reactions that are not dose-related [23]. In patients with heart failure in Ethiopia, DDIs were the most common cause of DRPs, with a prevalence of 27.3% in 2020 and 33.4% in 2021 [24, 40]. However, a study in Taiwan found DDIs to be the second most common DRP (29.6%) [41]. In patients with CAD in Ethiopia and Vietnam, DDIs had prevalences of 21.2% and 19.3%, respectively [21, 40]. Often, patients with CAD have to take multiple medications for a long time [5], and other drugs must frequently be used to treat co-morbidities. However, the greater the number of drugs, the greater the risk of drug-drug interactions [5].
The most common DDI found in patients with heart failure was the combined use of spironolactone and digoxin, possibly resulting in increased digoxin toxicity [40]. A systematic review of secondary prevention of adverse ischemic events found that a regimen including aspirin plus clopidogrel led to a significantly higher rate of hemorrhagic events than other regimens (aspirin alone, plus ticlopidine or cilostazol, etc.) [6]. Another common drug-drug interaction between clopidogrel and proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) in patients with CAD. Clopidogrel is a P2Y12 receptor inhibitor and one of the two components of dual antiplatelet therapy [42]. PPIs are recommended for patients on dual antiplatelet therapy with a history or high risk of gastrointestinal bleeding [43]. Adverse drug interactions reduce the effectiveness of treatment. For example, some PPIs, such as omeprazole and esomeprazole, reduce the antiplatelet effect of clopidogrel by inhibiting the CYP2C19-mediated conversion of clopidogrel to the active metabolite in the liver [44]. In addition, concomitant clopidogrel-PPI therapy appears to increase the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events [45]. Meanwhile, PPIs such as lansoprazole and dexlansoprazole have been found to have less effect, and pantoprazole and rabeprazole do not affect the metabolism of clopidogrel [46, 47]. Therefore, one of the four PPIs: pantoprazole, rabeprazole, lansoprazole, or dexlansoprazole, should be chosen, and omeprazole and esomeprazole should be avoided in patients requiring a combination of clopidogrel and PPI.
To limit adverse drug-drug interactions, clinicians can use drug interaction testing tools with the assistance of a clinical pharmacist. If a severe drug-drug interaction occurs, an alternative drug should be considered. Furthermore, an online drug interaction checker (Drug.com, Medscape, etc.) should be used for checking before prescribing to patients.
2.4 Patient nonadherence
Poor patient adherence is another common DRP in coronary artery disease. Nonadherence involves the failure of a patient to take medications appropriately due to personal factors [23]. Several studies have indicated that roughly 20% and more than 50% of CAD patients are non-adherent to prescribed medications [48, 49, 50]. Many factors can affect patient adherence to treatment: lack of motivation, failure to understand instructions, forgetfulness, the complexity of the regimen, polypharmacy, multiple daily doses, adverse side effects, high cost, failure to initiate treatment before discharge, and the physician’s lack of knowledge of clinical indicators for the use of medications [51, 52]. In addition, older people have many unique difficulties that contribute to poor adherence [52], one of the main factors being forgetfulness [53]. Some studies indicate that long-term therapy involving CAD prophylaxis may decrease adherence. A Swedish study reported that the adherence rate in CAD patients after discharge rapidly decreased within 2 years. Statin, aspirin, and clopidogrel adherence rates decreased from 91.7% to 56.1%, 93.2% to 61.5%, and 81.9% to 39.4% respectively, 2 years after discharge [54].
Patient adherence greatly contributes to the success of treatment and secondary prevention strategies in CAD patients. Good adherence to evidence-based medication regimens, including β-blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers, antiplatelet drugs, and statins, has been shown to be associated with decreased risk of all-cause mortality (risk ratio 0.56; 95% confidence interval: 0.45–0.69), cardiovascular mortality (risk ratio 0.66; 95% confidence interval: 0.51–0.87), and cardiovascular hospitalization/myocardial infarction (risk ratio 0.61; 95% confidence interval: 0.45–0.82) [55]. In contrast, poor adherence can lead to major cardiovascular events, including death [56]. In Turkey, during one-year follow-up treatment, patients with acute coronary syndrome were found to have low adherence to statin therapy (17.8%) [57]. According to a study by C.A. Jackevicius et al. in the Canadian population, patients who did not use all of their discharge medications after acute coronary syndrome had an increased risk of death at 1 year [56]. The death rates among high-adherence and low-adherence were respectively 2310/14,345 (16%), and 261/1071 (24%) (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.25; 95% confidence interval, 1.09–1.42; p = 0.001). The study also found a similar but less pronounced dose-response-type adherence-mortality association for beta-blockers [58]. However, the harmful consequence of nonadherence depends on the type of medication. For example, the mortality rate was not associated with adherence to calcium channel blockers [58]. However, patients must adhere to the prescribed regimens to achieve treatment goals.
Drug counseling upon discharge and post-discharge follow-up may increase adherence [56]. When patients know their medical condition and the benefits of prescription medications, they are more motivated to take them exactly as recommended [59]. Moreover, appropriate prescribing upon discharge should be encouraged to improve patient adherence [52]. Prescribing fixed-dose combination pills instead of using multiple single drugs also helps to enhance adherence [60, 61]. A systematic review in low- and middle-income countries demonstrated considerable variation in nonadherence to antihypertensive medication [62]. Due to the overload of healthcare systems, especially in these low- and middle-income countries and during the COVID-19 pandemic, clinicians have too little time to educate patients [63]. A systematic review of 67 countries found that about half of the world’s population spends 5 min or less with their primary care physicians [64]. Therefore, more attention should be paid to the role of the clinical pharmacist. Clinical pharmacists can help patients understand the benefits of each medication they take, the timing and frequency of administration, and signs of side effects; they can also encourage and monitor patient adherence. A systematic review of medication adherence interventions showed significant reductions in mortality risk among heart failure patients (relative risk, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.81, 0.99). A bulk of these interventions utilized medication education (s = 50) and disease education (s = 48) [65].
2.5 Cost issue
Medical costs for CAD have increased dramatically in recent years and are expected to rise even more [66]. The result is an increased economic burden for patients themselves and countries. For example, hospital admission for acute myocardial infarction requiring percutaneous coronary intervention costs an average of $20,000 [67]. In the USA, it has been calculated that in 2016 DRPs wasted $528.4 billion, equivalent to 16% of the total US healthcare expenditure for that year [16]. Furthermore, the cost of informal healthcare for CAD alone was estimated at $1 billion and projected to increase to $1.9 billion by 2035 [68]. According to M. Guerro-Prado et al., cost issues accounted for up to 6.5% of all DRPs. Unnecessary and unnecessarily expensive treatments were the main reasons for such problems [69]. Furthermore, cost issues are also related to physicians’ prescriptions. A Chinese national study among 3362 primary healthcare sites showed that expensive medications were more likely to be prescribed than less costly alternatives, thus contributing to high medication costs [70]. Increased medication costs may likely reduce patient adherence and negatively affect their healthcare [51, 71]. Patients’ discontinuation of medication therapies affects their treatment outcomes and increases the occurrence of adverse cardiovascular events [56]. To treat these events, the costs of treatment become even greater.
WHO has listed some interventions that may reduce costs. Such interventions include providing information; government communication is vital to raise public awareness of the importance of reducing cardiovascular risk factors. Further efforts to reduce medical costs include early disease detection, optimal treatment according to recommendations, and close patient management to limit complications, hospitalization, and death. Also recommended for patients with coronary artery disease are lifestyle changes that enhance the effectiveness of treatment, thereby reducing the number of drugs needed [72]. To further avoid adding to treatment costs, clinicians should avoid prescribing unnecessary extra drugs [70]. Finally, it is necessary to encourage individuals to participate in health insurance to reduce the financial burden of illness [72].
3. Conclusions
DRPs are a global problem, causing adverse consequences in cardiology in particular and medicine in general. Drug selection, dose selection, adverse drug-drug interactions, and patient adherence are the most common categories involved in DRPs. Inability to control DRPs can diminish healthcare outcomes and increase the prevalence of adverse cardiovascular events, and DRPs can also inhibit economic growth due to medication costs. To minimize the negative impacts of DRPs we propose several key solutions: (1) appropriate prescribing according to guidelines, (2) enhancing the role of clinical pharmacists in the identification and intervention of DRPs, and (3) developing tools to check for drug interactions and contraindications. More effective definition and recognition of DRPs and application of relevant interventions can help to limit these global problems.
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Based on the huge amount of supported heterogeneous cores, efficient communication between the associated processors has to be considered at all levels of the system design to ensure global interconnection. This can be achieved through a design-friendly, flexible, scalable, and high-performance interconnection architecture. It is noteworthy that the interconnections between multiple cores on a chip present a considerable influence on the performance and communication of the chip design regarding the throughput, end-to-end delay, and packets loss ratio. Although hierarchical architectures have addressed the majority of the associated challenges of the traditional interconnection techniques, the main limiting factor is scalability. Network-on-Chip (NoC) has been presented as a scalable and well-structured alternative solution that is capable of addressing communication issues in the on-chip systems. In this context, several NoC topologies have been presented to support various routing techniques and attend to different chip architectural requirements. This book chapter reviews some of the existing NoC topologies and their associated characteristics. Also, application mapping algorithms and some key challenges of NoC are considered.",book:{id:"10269",slug:"network-on-chip-architecture-optimization-and-design-explorations",title:"Network-on-Chip",fullTitle:"Network-on-Chip - Architecture, Optimization, and Design Explorations"},signatures:"Isiaka A. Alimi, Romil K. Patel, Oluyomi Aboderin, Abdelgader M. Abdalla, Ramoni A. Gbadamosi, Nelson J. Muga, Armando N. Pinto and António L. Teixeira",authors:[{id:"208236",title:"Dr.",name:"Isiaka",middleName:"Ajewale",surname:"Alimi",slug:"isiaka-alimi",fullName:"Isiaka Alimi"},{id:"208242",title:"Dr.",name:"António L.",middleName:null,surname:"Teixeira",slug:"antonio-l.-teixeira",fullName:"António L. Teixeira"},{id:"281158",title:"Dr.",name:"Oluyomi",middleName:null,surname:"Aboderin",slug:"oluyomi-aboderin",fullName:"Oluyomi Aboderin"},{id:"294778",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdelgader M.",middleName:null,surname:"Abdalla",slug:"abdelgader-m.-abdalla",fullName:"Abdelgader M. Abdalla"},{id:"318930",title:"Dr.",name:"Nelson J.",middleName:null,surname:"Muga",slug:"nelson-j.-muga",fullName:"Nelson J. Muga"},{id:"346367",title:"Dr.",name:"Romil K.",middleName:null,surname:"Patel",slug:"romil-k.-patel",fullName:"Romil K. Patel"},{id:"346368",title:"Dr.",name:"Armando N.",middleName:null,surname:"Pinto",slug:"armando-n.-pinto",fullName:"Armando N. Pinto"},{id:"463476",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramoni A.",middleName:null,surname:"Gbadamosi",slug:"ramoni-a.-gbadamosi",fullName:"Ramoni A. Gbadamosi"}]},{id:"62153",title:"Electrical Insulation Weaknesses in Wide Bandgap Devices",slug:"electrical-insulation-weaknesses-in-wide-bandgap-devices",totalDownloads:1245,totalCrossrefCites:23,totalDimensionsCites:26,abstract:"The power electronics research community is balancing on the edge of a game-changing technological innovation: as traditionally silicon (Si) based power semiconductors approach their material limitations, next-generation wide bandgap (WBG) power semiconductors are poised to overtake them. Promising WBG materials are silicon carbide (SiC), gallium nitride (GaN), diamond (C), gallium oxide (Ga2O3) and aluminum nitride (AlN). They can operate at higher voltages, temperatures, and switching frequencies with greater efficiencies compared to existing Si, in power electronics. These characteristics can reduce energy consumption, which is critical for national economic, health, and security interests. However, increased voltage blocking capability and trend toward more compact packaging technology for high-power density WBG devices can enhance the local electric field that may become large enough to raise partial discharges (PDs) within the module. High activity of PDs damages the insulating silicone gel, lead to electrical insulation failure and reduce the reliability of the module. Among WBG devices, electrical insulation weaknesses in WBG-based Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT) have been more investigated. The chapter deals with (a) current standards for evaluation of the insulation systems of power electronics modules, (b) simulation and modeling of the electric field stress inside modules, (c) diagnostic tests on modules, and (d) PD control methods in modules.",book:{id:"6749",slug:"simulation-and-modelling-of-electrical-insulation-weaknesses-in-electrical-equipment",title:"Simulation and Modelling of Electrical Insulation Weaknesses in Electrical Equipment",fullTitle:"Simulation and Modelling of Electrical Insulation Weaknesses in Electrical Equipment"},signatures:"Mona Ghassemi",authors:[{id:"235732",title:"Dr.",name:"Mona",middleName:null,surname:"Ghassemi",slug:"mona-ghassemi",fullName:"Mona Ghassemi"}]},{id:"61792",title:"Thermal Modelling of Electrical Insulation System in Power Transformers",slug:"thermal-modelling-of-electrical-insulation-system-in-power-transformers",totalDownloads:1319,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Temperature is one of the limiting factors in the application of power transformers. According to IEC 60076-7 standard, a temperature increase of 6°C doubles the insulation ageing rate, reducing the expected lifetime of the device. Power losses of the transformer behave as a heating source, and the insulating liquids act as a coolant circulating through the windings and dissipating heat. For these reasons, thermal modelling becomes an important fact of transformer design, and both manufacturers and utilities consider it. Different techniques for thermal modelling have been developed and used for determining the hot-spot temperature, which is the highest temperature in the winding, and it is related with the degradation rate of the solid insulation. First models were developed as a first estimation for modelling the hot-spot temperature and the top-oil temperature. These models were based on thermal-electric analogy and are known as dynamic models. Other two different kinds of models are widely used for thermal modelling, known as Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and Thermal Hydraulic Network Models (THNMs). These two techniques determine the temperature and velocity fields in the winding and in the insulating fluid. In this chapter, the different techniques for transformer thermal modelling will be introduced and described.",book:{id:"6749",slug:"simulation-and-modelling-of-electrical-insulation-weaknesses-in-electrical-equipment",title:"Simulation and Modelling of Electrical Insulation Weaknesses in Electrical Equipment",fullTitle:"Simulation and Modelling of Electrical Insulation Weaknesses in Electrical Equipment"},signatures:"Agustín Santisteban, Fernando Delgado, Alfredo Ortiz, Carlos J.\nRenedo and Felix Ortiz",authors:[{id:"24550",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:"J",surname:"Renedo",slug:"carlos-renedo",fullName:"Carlos Renedo"},{id:"26667",title:"Dr.",name:"Alfredo",middleName:null,surname:"Ortiz",slug:"alfredo-ortiz",fullName:"Alfredo Ortiz"},{id:"239344",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Agustín",middleName:null,surname:"Santisteban",slug:"agustin-santisteban",fullName:"Agustín Santisteban"},{id:"245139",title:"Dr.",name:"Fernando",middleName:null,surname:"Delgado",slug:"fernando-delgado",fullName:"Fernando Delgado"},{id:"245141",title:"Dr.",name:"Félix",middleName:null,surname:"Ortiz",slug:"felix-ortiz",fullName:"Félix Ortiz"}]},{id:"63042",title:"Typical Internal Defects of Gas-Insulated Switchgear and Partial Discharge Characteristics",slug:"typical-internal-defects-of-gas-insulated-switchgear-and-partial-discharge-characteristics",totalDownloads:1691,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:"Gas-insulated switchgear (GIS) is a common electrical equipment, which uses sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) as insulating medium instead of traditional air. It has good reliability and flexibility. However, GIS may have internal defects and partial discharge (PD) is then induced. PD will cause great harm to GIS and power system. Therefore, it is of great importance to study the intrinsic characteristics and detection of PD for online monitoring. In this chapter, typical internal defects of GIS and the PD characteristics are discussed. Several detection methods are also presented in this chapter including electromagnetic method, chemical method, and optical method.",book:{id:"6749",slug:"simulation-and-modelling-of-electrical-insulation-weaknesses-in-electrical-equipment",title:"Simulation and Modelling of Electrical Insulation Weaknesses in Electrical Equipment",fullTitle:"Simulation and Modelling of Electrical Insulation Weaknesses in Electrical Equipment"},signatures:"Fuping Zeng, Ju Tang, Xiaoxing Zhang, Siyuan Zhou and Cheng Pan",authors:[{id:"197319",title:"Prof.",name:"Xiaoxing",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"xiaoxing-zhang",fullName:"Xiaoxing Zhang"},{id:"205017",title:"Prof.",name:"Ju",middleName:null,surname:"Tang",slug:"ju-tang",fullName:"Ju Tang"},{id:"210705",title:"Dr.",name:"Fuping",middleName:null,surname:"Zeng",slug:"fuping-zeng",fullName:"Fuping Zeng"},{id:"210707",title:"Dr.",name:"Cheng",middleName:null,surname:"Pan",slug:"cheng-pan",fullName:"Cheng Pan"},{id:"279579",title:"Dr.",name:"Siyuan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhou",slug:"siyuan-zhou",fullName:"Siyuan Zhou"}]},{id:"61773",title:"Modeling and Simulation of Rotating Machine Windings Fed by High-Power Frequency Converters for Insulation Design",slug:"modeling-and-simulation-of-rotating-machine-windings-fed-by-high-power-frequency-converters-for-insu",totalDownloads:1591,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Modern power systems include a considerable amount of power electronic converters related to the introduction of renewable energy sources, high-voltage direct current (HVDC) systems, adjustable speed drives, and so on. These components introduce repetitive pulses generated by the commutation of semiconductor switches, resulting in overvoltages with very steep fronts and high dielectric stresses. This phenomenon is one of the main causes of accelerated insulation aging of motors in power electronic-based systems. This chapter presents state-of-the-art computational tools for the analysis of motor windings excited by fast-front pulses related to the use of frequency converters based on pulse-width modulation (PWM). These tools can be applied for the accurate prediction of overvoltages and dielectric stresses required to propose insulation design improvements. In the case of the stress-grading system used in medium-voltage (MV) motors, transient finite-element method (FEM) is used to study the effect of fast pulses. It is shown how, by controlling the material properties and the design of the stress-grading systems, solutions to reduce the adverse effects of fast pulses from PWM-type inverters can be proposed.",book:{id:"6749",slug:"simulation-and-modelling-of-electrical-insulation-weaknesses-in-electrical-equipment",title:"Simulation and Modelling of Electrical Insulation Weaknesses in Electrical Equipment",fullTitle:"Simulation and Modelling of Electrical Insulation Weaknesses in Electrical Equipment"},signatures:"Fermin P. Espino Cortes, Pablo Gomez and Mohammed Khalil\nHussain",authors:[{id:"238065",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Pablo",middleName:null,surname:"Gomez",slug:"pablo-gomez",fullName:"Pablo Gomez"},{id:"238796",title:"Dr.",name:"Fermin P.",middleName:null,surname:"Espino-Cortés",slug:"fermin-p.-espino-cortes",fullName:"Fermin P. Espino-Cortés"},{id:"245189",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammed Khalil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"mohammed-khalil-hussain",fullName:"Mohammed Khalil Hussain"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"735",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:98,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:287,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:10,numberOfPublishedChapters:103,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",issn:null,scope:"
\r\n\tTransforming our World: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development endorsed by United Nations and 193 Member States, came into effect on Jan 1, 2016, to guide decision making and actions to the year 2030 and beyond. Central to this Agenda are 17 Goals, 169 associated targets and over 230 indicators that are reviewed annually. The vision envisaged in the implementation of the SDGs is centered on the five Ps: People, Planet, Prosperity, Peace and Partnership. This call for renewed focused efforts ensure we have a safe and healthy planet for current and future generations.
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\r\n\t2. Health and Wellbeing focusing on SDG 3 on Good Health and Wellbeing and SDG 6 on Clean Water and Sanitation
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\r\n\t4. Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability comprising SDG 13 on Climate Action, SDG 14 on Life Below Water, and SDG 15 on Life on Land
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\r\n\t5. Urban Planning and Environmental Management embracing SDG 7 on Affordable Clean Energy, SDG 9 on Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure, and SDG 11 on Sustainable Cities and Communities.
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\r\n\tThe series also seeks to support the use of cross cutting SDGs, as many of the goals listed above, targets and indicators are all interconnected to impact our lives and the decisions we make on a daily basis, making them impossible to tie to a single topic.
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Usha has been a keynote speaker as well as an invited speaker at national and international conferences, seminars and workshops. Her teaching experience includes teaching in Asian countries. She has advised Austrade, APEC, national, state and local governments. She serves as a reviewer and a member of the scientific committee for national and international refereed journals and refereed conferences. She is on the editorial board for refereed journals and has worked on Special Issues. Usha has served and continues to serve on the Boards of several not-for-profit organisations and she has also served as panel judge for a number of awards including the Premiers Sustainability Award in Victoria and the International Green Gown Awards. Usha has published over 100 publications, including research and consulting reports. Her publications cover a wide range of scientific and technical research publications that include edited books, book chapters, refereed journals, refereed conference papers and reports for local, state and federal government clients. She has also produced podcasts for various organisations and participated in media interviews. She has received state, national and international funding worth over USD $25 million. Usha has been awarded the Quarterly Franklin Membership by London Journals Press (UK). Her biography has been included in the Marquis Who's Who in the World® 2018, 2016 (33rd Edition), along with approximately 55,000 of the most accomplished men and women from around the world, including luminaries as U.N. Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon. 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Silva, Eliete A. Alvin, Lais S. de Jesus, Caio C.L. de França, Marílya P.G. da Silva, Samaysa L. Lins, Diógenes Meneses, Marcela R. Lemes, Rhanoica O. Guerra, Marcos V. da Silva, Carlo J.F. de Oliveira, Virmondes Rodrigues Junior, Renata M. Etchebehere, Fabiane C. de Abreu, Bruno G. Lucca, Sanívia A.L. Pereira, Rodrigo C. Rosa and Noelio O. 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Several international research projects has been performed with European partners from France, Netherlands, Norway and the UK. He is currently Professor of Communications Systems at the Harz University of Applied Sciences, Germany.\n\nPublications and Publishing\nHe has edited one book, a special interest book about ‘Optoelectronic Packaging’ (VDE, Berlin, Germany), and has published over 100 papers and is owner of several international patents for WDM over POF key elements.\n\nKey Research and Consulting Interests\nUlrich’s research activity has always been related to Spectroscopy and Optical Communications Technology. Specific current interests include the validation of complex instruments, and the application of VR technology to the development and testing of measurement systems. He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University, Kuwait. His research interests include optimization, computer graphics, computer vision, image processing, machine learning, pattern recognition, soft computing, data science, and intelligent systems. Prof. Sarfraz has been a keynote/invited speaker at various platforms around the globe. He has advised/supervised more than 110 students for their MSc and Ph.D. theses. He has published more than 400 publications as books, journal articles, and conference papers. He has authored and/or edited around seventy books. Prof. Sarfraz is a member of various professional societies. He is a chair and member of international advisory committees and organizing committees of numerous international conferences. He is also an editor and editor in chief for various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:null},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:"Beijing University of Technology",institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Lakhno Igor Victorovich was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPhD – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSc – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nLakhno Igor has been graduated from an international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held in Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor of the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s a professor of the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education . He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 17 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Lakhno Igor is a rewiever of Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for DSc degree \\'Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention and treatment”. Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, cardiovascular medicine.",institutionString:"V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University",institution:{name:"Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education",country:{name:"Ukraine"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"243698",title:"M.D.",name:"Xiaogang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xiaogang-wang",fullName:"Xiaogang Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243698/images/system/243698.png",biography:"Dr. Xiaogang Wang, a faculty member of Shanxi Eye Hospital specializing in the treatment of cataract and retinal disease and a tutor for postgraduate students of Shanxi Medical University, worked in the COOL Lab as an international visiting scholar under the supervision of Dr. David Huang and Yali Jia from October 2012 through November 2013. Dr. Wang earned an MD from Shanxi Medical University and a Ph.D. from Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Dr. Wang was awarded two research project grants focused on multimodal optical coherence tomography imaging and deep learning in cataract and retinal disease, from the National Natural Science Foundation of China. He has published around 30 peer-reviewed journal papers and four book chapters and co-edited one book.",institutionString:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",institution:{name:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRZkkQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-05-09T12:55:18.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. 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