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1. Introduction
Since the beginning of the twentieth century, experimental particle physics has been making large progresses with the set up of accelerators and colliders.
The main locations of accelerators are presently: the Centre Europeen de Recherches Nucleaires (CERN) near Geneva (Switzerland and France). Equipments of the CERN are presently the Super Proton Synchrotron and the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), which is a protons collider. In Germany, the DESY (Deutsche Elektronen Synchrotron) main set up HERA is a collider between electrons or positrons and protons. In the USA, the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) main set up is PEP-II, which is a collider between electrons and positrons. Located also in the USA, the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab) uses its main set up the Tevatron to collide protons and antiprotons. Finally, the Brookhaven National Laboratory (USA) uses the set up Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider to study collisions between heavy ions.
Up to now, the results obtained with colliders and accelerators fit the Standard Model, which predicts the existence of three families of elementary fermions and five different types of bosons. Although string theories [1] and supersymmetry [2] try to unify all different types of elementary particles, no experimental proof has been made of these theories. So, we present here a new theory that aims to unify elementary particles characteristics. The theoretical masses of the elementary particles are compared to the experimental masses.
This book chapter is a small review of the theoretical calculations of the masses of elementary particles in real space [3, 4, 5]. The theoretical masses that we calculated fit the experimental masses within less than 10% for almost all elementary fermions.
Our universe is three-dimensional and has a positive curvature. So our universe may be embedded in an Euclidean four-dimensional space. These four dimensions are x,y,z,t where t is time [6, 7, 8]. In this four-dimensional space, we classify the elementary particles following their geometry, that is, elementary particles may be four-, three-, or two-dimensional [5] (see Section 2). Let us notice that for a given particle, time and mass are linked: if the mass of a particle is zero, this particle has no temporal dimension.
If spacetime is composed of small hypercubes of one Planck length edge, there exist elementary wavefunctions that are equal to 2expixi if it corresponds to a space dimension or equal to 2expit if it corresponds to a time dimension (these elementary wave functions are obtained by calculating the eigenfunction of a particle in a one-dimensional box, that is, the edge of the underlying hypercubes). The masses of the electron, of the electron neutrino and of the quark up (first family of fermions) are equal to integer powers of 2 (in eV/c2) [3]. We will show that the fermions of the second and third families are excited states of the fermions of the first family. Indeed, the masses of all elementary fermions follow the formula 2n.p2/2 where n is an integer [3, 4] calculated for the electron, electron neutrino and quark up and p is another integer that corresponds to the excited states of the elementary wavefunctions (see Section 3).
2. Dimensions of elementary particles
All the theories that aim to understand the elementary particles treat time t as a special dimension. Thus, many physicists deal with n+1 space dimensions in particle physics, where the +1 corresponds to the special temporal dimension, thus treated differently. As previously published [3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8], time may be seen as a function of space dimension, if our three-dimensional universe is embedded in a four-dimensional space (due to the positive curvature of our three-dimensional universe).
So, here we will present a simple hypothesis about the classification of elementary particles based on the fact that the space is four-dimensional and that time t is a dimension like x,y and z. Here, this book chapter is dedicated to our hypothesis. This classification is intuitive but next sections of this book chapter, which deal with the masses of the elementary fermions, use and thus demonstrate this classification.
Indeed, with simple arguments, it seems to lead to the Grand Unified Theory (GUT). Time is a function of the fourth dimension of this four-dimensional Euclidean space. If we apply this hypothesis to particle physics, we may say that elementary particles are four-dimensional, three-dimensional and two-dimensional. The coordinates (x,y,z,t) are not orthonormal. Indeed, time t evolves as logr where r is the co-moving distance in cosmology [6]. Let us make the additional assumption that for each of these four dimensions there are functions like expirj with (rj=x,y,z,t) that vibrate (like in string theory). To find these elementary functions, one has to solve the one-dimensional problem of a particle in a square potential of edge length ℏ (the Planck constant).
So, our reasoning is simply the description of how to distribute these functions in the four-dimensional space. In the following, the reasoning applies in real space. A previous paper of mine (see [3, 9]) predicts that the Higgs potential in real space is a hypercubic box in our four-dimensional space. To obtain the first family of fermions from the Standard Model (i.e., quark up, electron, electron neutrino), one may say that see Figure 1:
the electron is four-dimensional (t,x,y,z);
the quark up is three-dimensional (t,x,y) or (t,x,z) or (t,y,z); and
the electronic neutrino is two-dimensional (t,x) and x,y and z are equivalent. When this neutrino propagates, there are infinitesimal rotations between the characteristic coordinates (leading to flavor oscillations).
Figure 1.
Dimensions of elementary fermions.
To obtain the masses of the remaining fermions (fermions of the second and third families), one has to add a second quantum number p (similar to the quantum number obtained for a particle in a square potential of dimensions ℏ—the Planck length). Thus, the remaining fermions of the Standard Model may be seen as excited states of the first fermion family.
Bosons may be classified with the same assumptions see Figure 2:
the photon is two-dimensional (x,y) but has no temporal t coordinate—no mass (indeed with my Higgs potential [3, 9], time at square is proportional to the mass);
the gluon is three-dimensional (x,y,z) and has no temporal dimension—no mass (during the strong interaction, one gluon interferes (positive interferences) with two quarks: x on x, y on y, etc.);
the Z and W bosons are three-dimensional with mass (t,x,y); and
the Higgs boson is four-dimensional (x,y,z,t).
In all these descriptions [5], the geometrical characteristics of elementary particles have been separated from their equation of propagation. With this hypothesis, we obtained a new geometrical classification of elementary particles. Presently, most of the calculations have been made using Feynman graphs, that is, in the space of functions, leading to symmetries that are not yet unified. So in our opinion, the symmetries in the Standard Model do not give the entire description of elementary particles.
In the following section, I will use the geometrical dimensions of the elementary particles to calculate the masses of elementary particles.
3. Masses of elementary fermions
In quantum mechanics, the wavefunction gives the most fundamental description of the behavior of a particle; the measurable properties of the particle (such as its position, momentum and energy) may all be derived from the wavefunction. The wavefunction ψxt can be found by solving the Schrödinger equation for the system [10].
iℏ∂∂tψxt=−ℏ22m∂2∂x2ψxt+VxtψxtE1
where ℏ is the reduced Planck constant, m is the mass of the particle, i is the imaginary unit and t is time. The square potential Vxt is equal to zero for x<L and x>0 and for t<L and t>0. We use Von-Karman boundary conditions. Moreover, the domain of definition of the function ψxt is 0L for x and also 0L for t where L is the width of the potential Vxt.
The eigenfunctions of the Schrödinger equation may be written:
ψxt=2Lexp−ikpxexp−iωtE2
where 2L normalizes the eigenfunctions. To compute the energy levels of these eigenfunctions, we have:
kp=pπLE3
and
Ep=ℏωp=p2π2ℏ22mL2,E4
In order to simplify our calculations, we normalize all constants so that the eigenfunctions are equal to:
ψxt=2expixjexpitE5
To obtain the masses of all elementary fermions (elementary particles), one has to modify the quantum number p [4] (similar to the quantum number of a particle in a box). Thus, the remaining fermions of the Standard Model may be seen as excited states of the first fermion family.
Straightforwardly, we make the following hypotheses:
spacetime has an underlying hypersquare array of edge length ℏ;
elementary wave functions (in (x,y,z,t) space) are eigenfunctions of a particle in a square potential (reduced parameters) 2exp−ix for space 2exp−it for time; and
the eigenvalues of the elementary wave functions are equal to p22 (with p an integer number).
In the following subsection, I will use the preceding hypotheses to calculate theoretically the masses of the elementary fermions.
3.1 Masses of the electron, muon and tau
The Dirac equation may be written:
iγμ∂μψ−mψ=0E6
with ψ the wavefunction, m the mass of the fermion and with the Dirac matrices:
γ0=I200−I2,E7
γ1=0σx−σx0,E8
γ2=0σy−σy0,E9
γ3=0σz−σz0,E10
where σν are the Pauli matrices.
Using combinatorial analysis, we obtain Eq. (11) (using the fact that electrons are 4d [5] and that all space dimensions are equivalent).
There are three possibilities of arranging γ1,γ2,γ3 (the Dirac matrices) over x,y and z (all space dimensions are equivalent) and one possibility to arrange σ0 (temporal Pauli matrix: half of γ0; because time does not go backward).
The large matrix M (see Eq. (11)) containing all combinations has a dimension 9X4+2=38. We see that, with the coordinate vectors 2exp−it and 2exp−ix (eigenfunctions of a particle in a square potential), we have to multiply the modified Dirac equation by the Jacobian corresponding to these new coordinates. This Jacobian is equal to 238 where 38 is the dimension of the large matrix [3]. We multiply the mass of the first particle of this family by the eigenvalues of the eigenfunctions (of the particle).
We decompose the eigenvalues into prime numbers [4]. The number of eigenvalues for the ground state (electron) is 38 (the dimension of the large matrix M). For the other particles, we take into account the spinor 10T corresponding to the σ0 Pauli matrix. So except for the electron, there are 37 eigenvalues for each particle [4].
The mass of the electron is equal to 238=219eV/c2 = 219.12219.22219=0.524MeV/c2≈ 0.511 MeV/c2.
The mass of the muon is equal to 219.202/2 = 219.222.222.222.222.522.12216.22216=104.8MeV/c2≈ 105.6 MeV/c2.
The mass of the tau is equal to 219.822/2 = 219.4122.222.222.12217.22217=1.76GeV/c2≈ 1.78 GeV/c2.
The values in italic are the experimental masses [11].
We see that for the tau particle, one of the eigenvalues 4122 is much larger than the others. This may explain the short lifetime of this particle.
The masses (theoretical and experimental) of the electron, muon and tau are summarized in Table 1.
Table 1.
Theoretical and experimental masses of the electron, muon and tau.
3.2 Masses of the quarks
For quarks, we have
iγμ∂μψ=mψE12
The Dirac matrices are representative of infinitesimal rotations within the wavefunction of a given elementary particle.
Using combinatorial analysis, we obtain Eq. (13) (using the fact that quarks are 3d [5] and that all space dimensions are equivalent). There are three possibilities for arranging γ1,γ2,γ3 (the Dirac matrices) over x,y and z (all space dimensions are equivalent). There is one possibility to arrange σ0 (temporal Pauli matrix; half of γ0, because time does not go backward) for each combination of spatial Dirac matrices (x,y; x,z; and y,z). We have to take into account that the quarks are three-dimensional. So, the matrix M containing all combinations has a dimension equal to 9X4+3X2=42.
We see that, with the coordinate vectors 2exp−it and 2exp−ix (eigenfunctions of the underlying hypersquare array), we have to multiply the modified Dirac equation by the Jacobian corresponding to these new coordinates. This Jacobian is equal to 242 where 42 is the dimension of the matrix [3]. We multiply the mass of the first particle of the quarks family by the eigenvalues of the eigenfunctions (of the particle). We decompose the eigenvalues into prime numbers [4]. The number of eigenvalues for the ground state (quark up) is 42 (the dimension of the large matrix M, see Eq. (13)). For the other quarks, we take into account the spinor 10T corresponding to the three σ0 Pauli matrices. So except for the quark up, there are 39 eigenvalues for each quark [4].
The quark up has a mass equal to 242=221eV/c2 = 221.12221.22221=2.09MeV/c2≈ 2.2 MeV/c2.
The quark down has a mass equal to 221.222 = 221.222.12219.22219=4.19MeV/c2≈4.7MeV/c2.
The quark strange has a mass equal to 221.922=221.322.322.222.12218.22218=84.9MeV/c2≈ 96 MeV/c2.
The quark charm has a mass equal to 221.3622=221.322.322.222.222.222.222.22212216.22216=1.35GeV/c2≈ 1.27 GeV/c2.
The quark bottom has a mass equal to 221.6322=221.322.322.222.222.722.12217.22217=4.16GeV/c2≈ 4.18 GeV/c2.
The quark top has a mass equal to 221.40522=221.322.322.322.322.522.222.222.222.222.12215.22215=171.9GeV/c2≈ 173 GeV/c2.
Figure 2.
Dimensions of elementary bosons.
The values in italic are the experimental masses [11].
The theoretical and experimental masses of the quarks family are summarized in Table 2.
Table 2.
Theoretical and experimental masses of the quarks family.
3.3 Masses of the neutrinos
Up to now, there is no theoretical propagation equation for the neutrinos.
If we use the eigenvalues of the elementary wave functions like for quarks and electrons, muons and taus, we may write [4]:
the mass of the electron neutrino is equal to 2eV/c2;
the mass of the muon neutrino is equal to 2.41222=4122eV/c2=169keV/c2; and
the mass of the tau neutrino is equal to 2.393722=39372eV/c2=15.4MeV/c2.
Hence, we found theoretical values of the masses of the neutrinos, which are in good agreement with the experimental masses (Table 3).
Table 3.
Theoretical masses of the neutrinos and upper limits of experimental masses.
4. Conclusion
In this chapter, the calculations of the masses of all the known elementary fermions are made in real space. At the beginning of this book chapter (Section 2), I presented a classification of elementary particles over all space and temporal dimensions. Using this geometrical classification (which is intuitive), we found the theoretical values of masses for all the elementary fermions (electrons, muons and taus; all quarks and all neutrinos). The theoretical masses are in good agreement with the experimental masses (the differences between theoretical and experimental masses are less than 10% except for the quarks down and strange). To conclude, our theory unifies all elementary fermions: we use the same approach to all these fermions (geometry and the underlying hypersquare array of spacetime). In the future, there is a possibility to analyze the symmetries of these particles and compare them to the symmetries of the Standard Model.
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With this array all elementary particles can be classified following that they are two-, three-, or four-dimensional. The elementary wavefunctions of this underlying array are equal to 2expixi for xi=x,y,z or to 2expit for t. Hence, the masses of the fermions of the first family are equal to 2n (in eV/c2) where n is an integer. The other families of fermions are excited states of the fermions of the first family and thus have masses equal to 2n.p2/2 where n and p are two integers. Theoretical and experimental masses fit within 10%.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/71440",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/71440",signatures:"Nathalie Olivi-Tran",book:{id:"10082",type:"book",title:"Accelerators and Colliders",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Accelerators and Colliders",slug:"accelerators-and-colliders",publishedDate:"July 29th 2020",bookSignature:"Ozan Artun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10082.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:"978-1-83968-263-6",printIsbn:"978-1-83968-262-9",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83968-264-3",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"255462",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Ozan",middleName:null,surname:"Artun",slug:"ozan-artun",fullName:"Ozan Artun"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"309947",title:"Dr.",name:"Nathalie",middleName:null,surname:"Olivi-Tran",fullName:"Nathalie Olivi-Tran",slug:"nathalie-olivi-tran",email:"nathalie.olivi-tran@umontpellier.fr",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Dimensions of elementary particles",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3",title:"3. Masses of elementary fermions",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3_2",title:"3.1 Masses of the electron, muon and tau",level:"2"},{id:"sec_4_2",title:"3.2 Masses of the quarks",level:"2"},{id:"sec_5_2",title:"3.3 Masses of the neutrinos",level:"2"},{id:"sec_7",title:"4. Conclusion",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Green MB, Schwarz JH, Witten E. Superstring Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1987. ISBN: 0521323843'},{id:"B2",body:'Peskin MS. Supersymmetry in Elementary Particle Physics arXiv:0801.1928'},{id:"B3",body:'Olivi-Tran N. The masses of the first family of fermions and of the Higgs boson are equal to integer powers of 2. Nuclear and Particle Physics Proceedings. 2015;258–259:272-275. DOI: 10.1016/j.nuclphysbps.2015.01.057'},{id:"B4",body:'Olivi-Tran N. Theoretical approach to the masses of elementary fermions. Nuclear and Particle Physics Proceedings. 2020;309-311C:73-76'},{id:"B5",body:'Olivi-Tran N, Gottiniaux N. A classification of elementary particles in d = 4 following a simple geometrical hypothesis in real space. Advanced Studies in Theoretical Physics. 2013;7(18):853-857. DOI: 10.12988/astp.2013.3778'},{id:"B6",body:'Olivi-Tran N, Gauthier PM. The FLRW cosmological model revisited: Relation on the local time with the local curvature and consequences on the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. Advanced Studies in Theoretical Physics. 2008;2(6):267-270. DOI: 10.12988/astp'},{id:"B7",body:'Olivi-Tran N. What if our three dimensional curved universe was embedded in four dimensional space? Consequences on the EPR paradox. Advanced Studies in Theoretical Physics. 2009;3(12):489-492. DOI: 10.12988/astp'},{id:"B8",body:'Olivi-Tran N. Dimensional analysis of Einstein’s fields equations. Advanced Studies in Theoretical Physics. 2009;3(1):9-12. DOI: 10.12988/astp'},{id:"B9",body:'Olivi-Tran N. Is it the Higgs scalar field? Advanced Studies in Theoretical Physics. 2010;4(13):633-636. DOI: 10.12988/astp'},{id:"B10",body:'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle_in_a_box'},{id:"B11",body:'Patrignani C et al. (Particle Data Group). Review of Particle Physics. Chinese Physics C. 2016;40:100001. DOI: 10.1088/1674-1137/40/10/100001'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Nathalie Olivi-Tran",address:"nathalie.olivi-tran@umontpellier.fr",affiliation:'
Laboratoire Charles Coulomb, Universite de Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
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Then he specialized in psychiatric epileptology, working in the National Epilepsy Center in Shizuoka, Japan, University Hospital of Zürich, Switzerland and Kyoto University Hospital. He subsequently specialized in psychiatric epileptology, working at the National Epilepsy Center, Shizuoka, Japan, and the University Hospital of Zürich, Switzerland. He obtained a Ph.D. with research on the magnetoencephalographic study of patients with epileptic psychosis. He trained in phenomenological psychopathology with anthropological psychiatrist Prof. Kimura Bin. Currently, Dr. Fukao is a professor in the Department of Psychology, Faculty of Human Sciences, Tezukayama Gakuin University, Japan.",institutionString:"Tezukayama Gakuin University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32519/images/system/32519.png",totalCites:0,totalChapterViews:"0",outsideEditionCount:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalEditedBooks:"1",personalWebsiteURL:null,twitterURL:null,linkedinURL:null,institution:{name:"Tezukayama Gakuin University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},booksEdited:[{id:"7829",type:"book",slug:"psychosis-phenomenology-psychopathology-and-pathophysiology",title:"Psychosis",subtitle:"Phenomenology, Psychopathology and Pathophysiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7829.jpg",abstract:"Psychosis has been the central subject of psychiatric research for more than a century and yet it remains an intriguing enigma. This volume reviews the current status of research on psychosis in three different aspects, namely, phenomenology, which is the philosophical/conceptual basis of psychosis; psychopathology, which is the clinical manifestations of psychosis; and pathophysiology, which is the scientific pursuit for the mechanism of psychosis. Chapters focus on schizophrenia, covering such topics as clinical staging, negative symptoms, epigenetics, DNA methyltransferases, and more.",editors:[{id:"32519",title:"Dr.",name:"Kenjiro",surname:"Fukao",slug:"kenjiro-fukao",fullName:"Kenjiro Fukao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume"}}],chaptersAuthored:[{id:"30016",title:"Psychic Seizures and Their Relevance to Psychosis in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy",slug:"psychic-seizures-and-their-relevance-to-psychosis-in-temporal-lobe-epilepsy",abstract:null,signatures:"Kenjiro Fukao",authors:[{id:"32519",title:"Dr.",name:"Kenjiro",surname:"Fukao",fullName:"Kenjiro Fukao",slug:"kenjiro-fukao",email:"fukao@tezuka-gu.ac.jp"}],book:{id:"685",title:"Epilepsy",slug:"epilepsy-histological-electroencephalographic-and-psychological-aspects",productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume"}}},{id:"79854",title:"Understanding / Psychosis",slug:"understanding-psychosis",abstract:"“Understanding” in Jaspers’ sense is the essential concept for defining psychosis, although its relationship is paradoxical, that is, psychosis is defined by un-understandability or inability to understand. Un-understandability means the inability of empathizing with the patient’s mind and implies the existence of a pathological process in the patient’s brain. The pivotal concept which makes psychotic patients be judged as irresponsible in forensic cases is disturbed self-understanding or un-understandability of their own intentions. It is suggested that self-disorder representing psychosis might be based on disturbed self-understanding.",signatures:"Kenjiro Fukao",authors:[{id:"32519",title:"Dr.",name:"Kenjiro",surname:"Fukao",fullName:"Kenjiro Fukao",slug:"kenjiro-fukao",email:"fukao@tezuka-gu.ac.jp"}],book:{id:"7829",title:"Psychosis",slug:"psychosis-phenomenology-psychopathology-and-pathophysiology",productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume"}}}],collaborators:[{id:"5886",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandros",surname:"Tzallas",slug:"alexandros-tzallas",fullName:"Alexandros Tzallas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/5886/images/system/5886.png",biography:"Dr. Alexandros T. Tzallas holds a position as Assistant Professor in Biomedical Engineering and specifically in the 'Analysis and Processing of Biomedical Data”, at the Department of Informatics and Telecommunications, of the University of Ioannina, Greece. Dr. Tzallas holds a BSc degree in Physics from the University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece (in 2001) and a Ph.D. degree in Medical Physics from the University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece (in 2009). Dr. Tzallas is also an Academic Research Partner of the Center for Research & Technology Hellas, Information Technologies Institute (CERTH/ITI). Dr. Tzallas has worked on research and development European and national programs as a software engineer, researcher, technical manager, seminar instructor, and postdoctoral research fellow. He has published more than 150 peer-reviewed manuscripts, 6 book chapters, and he is the editor of 2 books. He has received\nmore than 3340 citations and he serves as a reviewer for several scientific journals and conferences. Dr. Tzallas also serves as an Associate Editor of BioMedical Engineering OnLine Journal as well as an Editorial Board member of Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research Journal and Inventions Journal. His research interests include neuroscience, Electroencephalography (EEG), wearable devices, biomedical signal and image processing, biomedical engineering, decision support and medical expert systems, and biomedical applications.",institutionString:"University of Ioannina, Greece & Imperial College London",institution:{name:"University of Ioannina",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},{id:"19947",title:"Dr.",name:"Gul",surname:"Ilbay",slug:"gul-ilbay",fullName:"Gul Ilbay",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19947/images/344_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Kocaeli",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"87909",title:"PhD.",name:"Carlos",surname:"Guerrero-Mosquera",slug:"carlos-guerrero-mosquera",fullName:"Carlos Guerrero-Mosquera",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Université Libre de Bruxelles",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Belgium"}}},{id:"91028",title:"Prof.",name:"Melda",surname:"Yardimoglu",slug:"melda-yardimoglu",fullName:"Melda Yardimoglu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/91028/images/805_n.jpg",biography:"Nationality: Republic of Turkey\r\n \r\nEDUCATION\r\nDegree Faculty /Department University and Date\r\n•\tFaculty of Science, Egean University 1981\r\n•\tMaster of Science, Faculty of Science, Egean University 1984\r\n•\tMaster of Science, Histology & Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Uludağ University 1988\r\n•\tPhD, Histology & Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Uludağ University 1993\r\n•\tAssistant Professor, Histology & Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Kocaeli University 1996\r\n•\tAssociate Professor, Histology & Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Kocaeli University 2000\r\n•\tProfessor, Histology & Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Kocaeli University 2006\r\n•\tTrainee of Embryology and Andrology Laboratories, Department of Gynecolgy and Obststrics, Reproductive Endocrinology, Faculty of Cerrahpaşa Medicine, İstanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey, 2009-2010.\r\nACADEMIC POSITIONS\r\n•\tResearch Assistant, Faculty of Medicine, Uludağ University, Bursa, TURKEY 1984-1993.\r\n•\tInstructor, College of Köseoğlu, Bursa, TURKEY 1993.\r\n•\tInstructor, Mersinli Girls’ Vocational School, İzmir, TURKEY 1993-1994.\r\n•\tInstructor, College of Köseoğlu, Bursa, TURKEY 1994-1996\r\n•\tEducationist, Private Institution of Culture 2000, Bursa, TURKEY 1994-1996.\r\n•\tAssistant Professor, Histology & Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, TURKEY, 1996.\r\n•\tAssociate Professor, Histology & Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, TURKEY, 2000.\r\n•\tProfessor, Histology & Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, TURKEY, 2006-Now.\r\nPOSITIONS HELD\r\n•\tChairman, Department of Histology and Embryology, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, Turkey, 2007-Now\r\n•\tCoordinator of Class II, Faculty of Medicine, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, Turkey, 2006-Now\r\n•\tDirector, Health Sciences Institute, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, Turkey, 2006-Now\r\n•\tDirector, Health Sciences Institute, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, Turkey, 2006-Now\r\n•\tEducation Committee Chairman, Health Sciences Institute, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, Turkey, 2010-Now\r\n\r\nACADEMIC AND PROFESSIONAL ACTIVITIES\r\n•\tMember of Ethical Committee, Experimental Animals & Research Department, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, Turkey, 2006-Now\r\n•\tMember of Editorial Board, Türkiye Clinics, 2000-Now\r\n•\tMember of Advisory Board, JAABS, 2008.\r\n•\tPROJECTS\r\n•\tEndometriyal hücrelerin Kokültür ortamında embriyo varlıgına verdikleri yanıtın immünohistokimyasal olarak incelenmesi. Arge Projesi, tamamlandı. Yönetici; 2009-2010.\r\n•\tRatlarda Sigaranın Böbrek, Testis, Mesane, Penis üzerine Apoptotik Etkisi ve Pentoksifilin ile bu etkinin Değerlendirilmesi. Arge Projesi, tamamlandı. Arastırmacı; 2005-2007.\r\n•\tHipoksik yenidogan sıçanların Hipoksik yenidogan sıçanların solunum sistemi morfolojisi ve nöroendokrin hücrelerinin histokimyasal olarak ışık mikroskobik düzeyde incelenmesi. Arge Projesi, tamamlandi. Yönetici; 2003-2004.\r\n•\tSıçanlarda testis torsiyonu ile indüklenen apoptosiz üzerine insulinlike growth factor-I’in etkisi. Arge Projesi, tamamlandı. Arastırmacı; 2000-2002.\r\n•\tDegisik Gruplardaki Termde Insan Plasentasında IGF?lerin Immunositokimyasal olarak Incelenmesi. Arge Projesi, tamamlandı.Yönetici; 1999-2001.\r\n•\tPTZ ile indüklenen deneysel epilepsi olusturulan sıçanlarda beyinde olusan histolojik\r\nDegisiklikler PTZ ile indüklenen deneysel epilepsi olusturulan sıçanlarda beyinde olusan\r\nHistolojik değisiklikler. Arge Projesi, tamamlandı. Yönetici, 1999-2001.\r\n\r\n\r\n•\tPROFESSIONAL ORGANIZATIONS\r\n•\tTurkish Association of Histology and Embryology Turkish Electron Microscopy Society (Türk Elektron Mikroskobi Dernegi; http://www.temd.org )\r\n•\tCell and Tissue Biology Research, Scientific Advisory Board (THED members).\r\n•\tTürkiye Beyin Arastırmaları ve Sinir Bilimleri Dernegi\r\nTürk Histoloji ve Embriyoloji Dernegi (http://tr-hed.org)\r\n\r\n\r\nTEACHING EXPERIENCE\r\n•\tPostgraduate Level Course; Trainee of Embryology and Andrology Laboratories, Department of Gynecolgy and Obststrics, Reproductive Endocrinology, Faculty of Cerrahpaşa Medicine, İstanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey, 2009-2010.\r\n•\tKocaeli University, Kocaeli, Turkey, Graduate and Undergraduate Level Courses",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Kocaeli",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"93331",title:"Prof.",name:"Hakki",surname:"Dalcik",slug:"hakki-dalcik",fullName:"Hakki Dalcik",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Kocaeli",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"94602",title:"Prof.",name:"Elif Derya",surname:"Ubeyli",slug:"elif-derya-ubeyli",fullName:"Elif Derya Ubeyli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Osmaniye Korkut Ata University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"96772",title:"Prof.",name:"Cannur",surname:"Dalcik",slug:"cannur-dalcik",fullName:"Cannur Dalcik",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Kocaeli",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"127894",title:"Dr.",name:"Armando",surname:"Malanda Trigueros",slug:"armando-malanda-trigueros",fullName:"Armando Malanda Trigueros",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"127895",title:"Dr.",name:"Ángel",surname:"Navia Vazquez",slug:"angel-navia-vazquez",fullName:"Ángel Navia Vazquez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"128248",title:"Dr.",name:"Sibel",surname:"Kokturk",slug:"sibel-kokturk",fullName:"Sibel Kokturk",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null}]},generic:{page:{slug:"access-policy",title:"Access policy",intro:"
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\n\n
Policy last updated: 2022-04-14
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