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\r\n\r\n\tAuthors are not limited in terms of topic, but encouraged to present a chapter proposal that best suits their current research efforts. Later, when all chapter proposals are collected, the editor will provide a more specific direction of the book.
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Escobar Barrios, José R. Rangel Méndez, Nancy V. Pérez Aguilar, Guillermo Andrade Espinosa and José L. Dávila Rodríguez",authors:[{id:"12709",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose Rene",middleName:null,surname:"Rangel-Mendez",fullName:"Jose Rene Rangel-Mendez",slug:"jose-rene-rangel-mendez"},{id:"12711",title:"Dr.",name:"Vladimir Alonso",middleName:null,surname:"Escobar Barrios",fullName:"Vladimir Alonso Escobar Barrios",slug:"vladimir-alonso-escobar-barrios"},{id:"112164",title:"Dr",name:"Guillermo",middleName:null,surname:"Andrade-Espinosa",fullName:"Guillermo Andrade-Espinosa",slug:"guillermo-andrade-espinosa"},{id:"112165",title:"Dr.",name:"José Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Dávila-Rodríguez",fullName:"José Luis Dávila-Rodríguez",slug:"jose-luis-davila-rodriguez"},{id:"112167",title:"Dr.",name:"Nancy Verónica",middleName:null,surname:"Pérez-Aguilar",fullName:"Nancy Verónica Pérez-Aguilar",slug:"nancy-veronica-perez-aguilar"}]},{id:"36175",title:"Preparation and Characterization of PVDF/PMMA/Graphene Polymer Blend Nanocomposites by Using ATR-FTIR Technique",slug:"preparation-and-characterization-of-pvdf-pmma-graphene-polymer-blend-nanocomposites-by-using-ft-ir-t",signatures:"Somayeh Mohamadi",authors:[{id:"108556",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohamadi",fullName:"Somayeh Mohamadi",slug:"somayeh-mohamadi"}]},{id:"36176",title:"Reflectance IR Spectroscopy",slug:"fundamental-of-reflectance-ir-spectroscopy",signatures:"Zahra Monsef Khoshhesab",authors:[{id:"111629",title:"Dr.",name:"Zahra",middleName:null,surname:"Monsef Khoshhesab",fullName:"Zahra Monsef Khoshhesab",slug:"zahra-monsef-khoshhesab"}]},{id:"36177",title:"Evaluation of Graft Copolymerization of Acrylic Monomers Onto Natural Polymers by Means Infrared Spectroscopy",slug:"evaluation-of-graft-copolymerization-of-acrylic-monomers-onto-natural-polymers-by-means-infrared-spe",signatures:"José Luis Rivera-Armenta, Cynthia Graciela Flores-Hernández, Ruth Zurisadai Del Angel-Aldana, Ana María Mendoza-Martínez, Carlos Velasco-Santos and Ana Laura Martínez-Hernández",authors:[{id:"37761",title:"Prof.",name:"Ana Laura",middleName:null,surname:"Martinez-Hernandez",fullName:"Ana Laura Martinez-Hernandez",slug:"ana-laura-martinez-hernandez"},{id:"107855",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rivera Armenta",fullName:"Jose Luis Rivera Armenta",slug:"jose-luis-rivera-armenta"},{id:"108894",title:"MSc.",name:"Cynthia Graciela",middleName:null,surname:"Flores-Hernández",fullName:"Cynthia Graciela Flores-Hernández",slug:"cynthia-graciela-flores-hernandez"},{id:"108896",title:"MSc.",name:"Ruth Zurisadai",middleName:null,surname:"Del Angel Aldana",fullName:"Ruth Zurisadai Del Angel Aldana",slug:"ruth-zurisadai-del-angel-aldana"},{id:"108898",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Velasco-Santos",fullName:"Carlos Velasco-Santos",slug:"carlos-velasco-santos"},{id:"108905",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Mendoza-Martínez",fullName:"Ana Maria Mendoza-Martínez",slug:"ana-maria-mendoza-martinez"}]},{id:"36178",title:"Applications of FTIR on Epoxy Resins - Identification, Monitoring the Curing Process, Phase Separation and Water Uptake",slug:"applications-of-ftir-on-epoxy-resins-identification-monitoring-the-curing-process-phase-separatio",signatures:"María González González, Juan Carlos Cabanelas and Juan Baselga",authors:[{id:"107857",title:"Prof.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"Baselga",fullName:"Juan Baselga",slug:"juan-baselga"},{id:"138113",title:"Dr.",name:"María",middleName:null,surname:"González",fullName:"María González",slug:"maria-gonzalez"},{id:"138114",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan C.",middleName:null,surname:"Cabanelas",fullName:"Juan C. Cabanelas",slug:"juan-c.-cabanelas"}]},{id:"36179",title:"Use of FTIR Analysis to Control the Self-Healing Functionality of Epoxy Resins",slug:"use-of-ft-ir-analysis-to-control-the-self-healing-functionality-of-epoxy-resins",signatures:"Liberata Guadagno and Marialuigia Raimondo",authors:[{id:"106836",title:"Prof.",name:"Liberata",middleName:null,surname:"Guadagno",fullName:"Liberata Guadagno",slug:"liberata-guadagno"}]},{id:"36180",title:"Infrared Analysis of Electrostatic Layer-By-Layer Polymer Membranes Having Characteristics of Heavy Metal Ion Desalination",slug:"infrared-analysis-of-electrostatic-layer-by-layer-polymer-membranes-having-characteristics-of-heavy",signatures:"Weimin Zhou, Huitan Fu and Takaomi Kobayashi",authors:[{id:"110384",title:"Dr.",name:"Takaomi",middleName:null,surname:"Kobayashi",fullName:"Takaomi Kobayashi",slug:"takaomi-kobayashi"}]},{id:"36181",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy as a Tool to Monitor Radiation Curing",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-as-a-tool-to-monitor-radiation-curing",signatures:"Marco Sangermano, Patrick Meier and Spiros Tzavalas",authors:[{id:"112286",title:"Dr.",name:"Spiros",middleName:null,surname:"Tzavalas",fullName:"Spiros Tzavalas",slug:"spiros-tzavalas"},{id:"114382",title:"Prof.",name:"Marco",middleName:null,surname:"Sangermano",fullName:"Marco Sangermano",slug:"marco-sangermano"},{id:"114384",title:"Dr",name:"Patrick",middleName:null,surname:"Meier",fullName:"Patrick Meier",slug:"patrick-meier"}]},{id:"36182",title:"Characterization of Compositional Gradient Structure of Polymeric Materials by FTIR Technology",slug:"characterization-of-compositional-gradient-structure-of-polymeric-materials-by-ft-ir-technology",signatures:"Alata Hexig and Bayar Hexig",authors:[{id:"20867",title:"Dr.",name:"Bayar",middleName:null,surname:"Hexig",fullName:"Bayar Hexig",slug:"bayar-hexig"},{id:"111986",title:"Dr.",name:"Alata",middleName:null,surname:"Hexig",fullName:"Alata Hexig",slug:"alata-hexig"}]},{id:"36183",title:"Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy - Useful Analytical Tool for Non-Destructive Analysis",slug:"fourier-trasform-infrared-spectroscopy-useful-analytical-tool-for-non-destructive-analysis",signatures:"Simona-Carmen Litescu, Eugenia D. Teodor, Georgiana-Ileana Truica, Andreia Tache and Gabriel-Lucian Radu",authors:[{id:"24425",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona Carmen",middleName:null,surname:"Litescu",fullName:"Simona Carmen Litescu",slug:"simona-carmen-litescu"},{id:"24429",title:"Prof.",name:"Gabriel-Lucian",middleName:null,surname:"Radu",fullName:"Gabriel-Lucian Radu",slug:"gabriel-lucian-radu"},{id:"108318",title:"Dr.",name:"Eugenia D.",middleName:null,surname:"Teodor",fullName:"Eugenia D. Teodor",slug:"eugenia-d.-teodor"},{id:"108323",title:"Dr.",name:"Georgiana-Ileana",middleName:null,surname:"Badea",fullName:"Georgiana-Ileana Badea",slug:"georgiana-ileana-badea"},{id:"136337",title:"Ms.",name:"Andreia",middleName:null,surname:"Tache",fullName:"Andreia Tache",slug:"andreia-tache"}]},{id:"36184",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy in the Analysis of Building and Construction Materials",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-of-cementitious-materials",signatures:"Lucia Fernández-Carrasco, D. Torrens-Martín, L.M. Morales and Sagrario Martínez-Ramírez",authors:[{id:"107401",title:"Dr.",name:"Lucia J",middleName:null,surname:"Fernández",fullName:"Lucia J Fernández",slug:"lucia-j-fernandez"}]},{id:"36185",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy Techniques in the Characterization of SOFC Functional Ceramics",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-techniques-in-the-characterization-of-sofc-functional-ceramics",signatures:"Daniel A. Macedo, Moisés R. Cesário, Graziele L. Souza, Beatriz Cela, Carlos A. Paskocimas, Antonio E. Martinelli, Dulce M. A. Melo and Rubens M. Nascimento",authors:[{id:"102015",title:"MSc.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Macedo",fullName:"Daniel Macedo",slug:"daniel-macedo"},{id:"112309",title:"MSc",name:"Moisés",middleName:"Romolos",surname:"Cesário",fullName:"Moisés Cesário",slug:"moises-cesario"},{id:"112310",title:"Ms.",name:"Graziele",middleName:null,surname:"Souza",fullName:"Graziele Souza",slug:"graziele-souza"},{id:"112311",title:"MSc.",name:"Beatriz",middleName:null,surname:"Cela",fullName:"Beatriz Cela",slug:"beatriz-cela"},{id:"112312",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Paskocimas",fullName:"Carlos Paskocimas",slug:"carlos-paskocimas"},{id:"112314",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Martinelli",fullName:"Antonio Martinelli",slug:"antonio-martinelli"},{id:"112315",title:"Prof.",name:"Dulce",middleName:null,surname:"Melo",fullName:"Dulce Melo",slug:"dulce-melo"},{id:"112316",title:"Dr.",name:"Rubens",middleName:"Maribondo Do",surname:"Nascimento",fullName:"Rubens Nascimento",slug:"rubens-nascimento"}]},{id:"36186",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy of Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-of-functionalized-magnetic-nanoparticles",signatures:"Perla E. García Casillas, Claudia A. Rodriguez Gonzalez and Carlos A. Martínez Pérez",authors:[{id:"104636",title:"Dr.",name:"Perla E.",middleName:null,surname:"García Casillas",fullName:"Perla E. García Casillas",slug:"perla-e.-garcia-casillas"},{id:"112440",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos A.",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez Pérez",fullName:"Carlos A. Martínez Pérez",slug:"carlos-a.-martinez-perez"},{id:"112441",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudia A.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez Gonzalez",fullName:"Claudia A. 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Marais",authors:[{id:"112229",title:"Prof.",name:"Chris",middleName:null,surname:"Aldrich",fullName:"Chris Aldrich",slug:"chris-aldrich"},{id:"112232",title:"Prof.",name:"Hansie",middleName:null,surname:"Knoetze",fullName:"Hansie Knoetze",slug:"hansie-knoetze"},{id:"135327",title:"Ms.",name:"Corne",middleName:null,surname:"Marais",fullName:"Corne Marais",slug:"corne-marais"}]},{id:"36189",title:"Optical Technologies for Determination of Pesticide Residue",slug:"optical-technology-for-determination-of-pesticide-residue",signatures:"Yankun Peng, Yongyu Li and Jingjing Chen",authors:[{id:"113343",title:"Prof.",name:"Yankun",middleName:null,surname:"Peng",fullName:"Yankun Peng",slug:"yankun-peng"},{id:"116636",title:"Dr.",name:"Yongyu",middleName:null,surname:"Li",fullName:"Yongyu Li",slug:"yongyu-li"},{id:"116637",title:"Dr.",name:"Jingjing",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",fullName:"Jingjing Chen",slug:"jingjing-chen"}]},{id:"36190",title:"High Resolution Far Infrared Spectra of the Semiconductor Alloys Obtained Using the Synchrotron Radiation as Source",slug:"high-resolution-spectra-of-semiconductor-s-alloys-obtained-using-the-far-infrared-synchrotron-radi",signatures:"E.M. Sheregii",authors:[{id:"102655",title:"Prof.",name:"Eugen",middleName:null,surname:"Sheregii",fullName:"Eugen Sheregii",slug:"eugen-sheregii"}]},{id:"36191",title:"Effective Reaction Monitoring of Intermediates by ATR-IR Spectroscopy Utilizing Fibre Optic Probes",slug:"effective-reaction-monitoring-of-intermediates-by-atr-ir-spectroscopy-utilizing-fibre-optic-probes",signatures:"Daniel Lumpi and Christian Braunshier",authors:[{id:"109019",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Braunshier",fullName:"Christian Braunshier",slug:"christian-braunshier"},{id:"111798",title:"MSc.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Lumpi",fullName:"Daniel Lumpi",slug:"daniel-lumpi"}]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"3374",title:"Sensors",subtitle:"Focus on Tactile Force and Stress Sensors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"03f260a82b677e115e473794a6aab432",slug:"sensors-focus-on-tactile-force-and-stress-sensors",bookSignature:"Jose Gerardo Rocha and Senentxu Lanceros-Mendez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3374.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"131748",title:"Prof.",name:"Jose",surname:"Gerardo Rocha",slug:"jose-gerardo-rocha",fullName:"Jose Gerardo Rocha"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"70956",title:"Design of Three-Term Controller Using a PIC18F452 Microcontroller",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89815",slug:"design-of-three-term-controller-using-a-pic18f452-microcontroller",body:'The PID (Proportional Integral Differential) algorithm is the most popular feedback controller used within the process industries. It has been successfully used for over 50 years. It is a robust easily understood algorithm that can provide excellent control performance despite the varied dynamic characteristics of process plant. It is designed to generate an output that causes some corrective effort to be applied to a process so as to drive a measurable process variable towards a desired value, known as the set point. The concept is based (as shown in Figure 1) on the re-input of the system own output according to certain laws (hence the name “feedback”). It is desired for the system output to follow the set point. All feedback controllers determine their output by observing the difference, called error, between the set point and the actual process variable measurement. The PID looks at (a) the current value of the error, (b) the integral of the error over a recent time interval, and (c) the current derivative of the error signal to determine not only how much of a correction to apply, but for how long. Each of those three quantities are multiplied by a (tuning constant) and added together. Thus the PID output is a weighted sum. Depending on the application one may want a faster convergence speed or a lower overshoot. By adjusting the weighting constants, Kp, Ki, and Kd, the PID is set to give the most desired performance.
Typical closed loop control system.
As a result of enormous development in microcomputer technology, analog controllers have been replaced by digital controllers either in small or large industry. It is now a common practice to implement PID controllers in its digital version, which means that they operate in discrete time domain and deal with analog signals quantized in a limited number of levels. The trend toward digital rather than analog control is mainly due to: (1) versatility where programs can be easily modified or completely changed, (2) sophistication where advanced control laws could be implemented, (3) cost effectiveness where microcontrollers are available at very low costs compared to PLCs, industrial computers, RTUs or DCS. A typical digital feedback control system is shown in Figure 2. In digital feedback systems, the controller input and output are digital (sampled) rather than continuous signals. Thus, the continuous signal from the measurement device (sensor/transmitter) is sampled and converted periodically to a digital signal by an analog-to-digital converter (ADC). A digital control algorithm is then used to calculate the controller output as a digital signal. Because most final control elements are analog devices, the digital output signal is usually converted to a corresponding analog signal by a digital-to-analog converter (DAC).
Digital closed loop based on a microcontroller.
In feedback control, the objective is to reduce the error signal to zero where
where
The three-term PID controller.
where
A straightforward way of deriving a digital version of the parallel form of the PID controller is to replace the integral and derivative terms by finite difference approximations,
where
There are two alternative forms of the digital PID control equation, the position form and the velocity form. Substituting Eqs. (3) and (4) into (2) gives the
where
In the
Note that the summation still begins at
In this study, velocity form is chosen because of the following advantages:
It does not need initialization. The position form requires the initial value of the controller output
It is protected against integral windup. The integral mode of a controller causes its output to continue changing as long as there is a nonzero error. Often the errors cannot be eliminated quickly enough and given enough time they produce larger and larger values for the integral term, which in turn keeps increasing the control action until it is “saturated” (e.g., the valve completely opens or closes). This condition is called
It protects the process against computer failure. With the velocity algorithm one can send out a signal which is used to drive an integrating amplifier or a stepper motor. These devices will retain the last calculated position of the control valve (or other final control element) in case the computer fails, thus avoiding total loss of control of the process.
As mentioned earlier, the implementation is based on a Microchip PIC18F452 microcontroller, where the controller plays the role of the brain of the control system [5]. The right choice of the microcontroller is essential, as it will be the core of the final design. The PIC18F452 from Microchip has been chosen for the following advantages:
Speed: with its maximum internal clock rate of 20 MHz and its 16-bit-wide instruction bus, the CPU can execute most of its instructions at a single machine cycle of four clocks which is equivalent to a 0.2 μs.
Math support: unlike classical microprocessors, the controller in hand has got a hardware multiplier and divider for multiple-bytes, fixed-point numbers and for floating-point numbers so multiplication is carried out in a single instruction.
Flexible timer resources: four independent timers modules support timing measurements and output interval control with a timing resolution as fine as 0.1 μs. Those timers could be used to produce up to three pulse width modulations which could be used for electrical motor control.
Free software tools: Microchip’s Development Package MPLAB® (consisting of assembler, simulator, and user interface) as well as all manuals and application notes are available at no cost from their Web site (www.microchip.com).
Development tool versatility: it supports in-circuit debugger which permits the loading and execution of a user program as well as the use of breakpoints, memory/ register modification, and single stepping.
Build-in ADCs: it has analogue-to-digital converters with 10 bits resolution.
Built-in serial peripheral interface: it has a variety of serial bus interfaces like USART, I2C & SPI.
C programmable: it could be programmed using C language with the use of a variety of built in C libraries developed by microchip.
The PIC18F452 microcontroller is a 40 or 44-pin depending on the package, where in the 40 pins configuration, a dual inline package is used; whereas in the 44 pins configuration, either thin quad flat package or dual flat no leads package is used. Its design is based on Harvard technology where the program and data have different buses. This type of microcontrollers is very cheap, small in size, and could be customized. It could be easily programmed on-line using either assembly language, BASIC or C language. In fact, it is ideal for small application such as the one in hand. The controller has a 24 kbytes of flash memory and 2048 bytes of SDRAM. It also has a 8 × 10 bits analog to digital channels. It also has 5 bidirectional digital ports with 33 inputs/outputs, configured as follows: 3 × 8 digital I/O ports (PORTB, PORTC and PORTD), one six digital I/O port (PORTA) and one three digital I/O port (PORTE). Unfortunately, one of the drawbacks of microcontrollers, it is very seldom to find one with a digital to analog converter. Luckily, they are few manufacturers around including microchip, which make serial DACs which could be programmed through Serial Port Interface (SPI) using only three wires. The PIC18F452 has four timer/counters which could be programmed either as 8 or 16 bit timers/counters. It also has two ports which could be configured either as capture, compare or pulse width modulation (PWM). It has two serial peripheral interfaces: (SPI) and an inter-integrated circuit (I2C). An asynchronous port (USART) is also provided. For the microcontroller to output analogue data, an MCP4921 device is used. The device is a 12-bit buffered single voltage output Digital-to-Analog Converter (DAC). The device operates from a single 2.7 V to 5.5 V supply with an SPI compatible Serial Peripheral Interface. The user can configure the full-scale range of the device to be VREF or 2*VREF by setting the gain selection option bit (gain of 1 of 2). The user can shut down the device by setting the Configuration Register bit. In Shutdown mode, most of the internal circuits are turned off for power savings, and the output amplifier is configured to present a known high resistance output load (500 kΩ, typical). The device includes double-buffered registers, allowing synchronous updates of the DAC output using the LDAC pin. The device also incorporates a Power-on Reset (POR) circuit to ensure reliable powerup. The device utilizes a resistive string architecture, with its inherent advantages of low Differential Non-Linearity (DNL) error and fast settling time. The device is specified over the extended temperature range (+125°C). It provides high accuracy and low noise performance for consumer and industrial applications where calibration or compensation of signals (such as temperature, pressure and humidity) is required. The MCP4921 device is available in the PDIP, SOIC, MSOP and DFN packages. Figure 4 shows the chip pin configuration. The MCP4921 device is designed to interface directly with the Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) port, which is available on the PIC18F452 microcontroller and supports Mode 0,0 and Mode 1,1. Commands and data are sent to the device via the SDI pin, with data being clocked-in on the rising edge of SCK. The communication is unidirectional; this means the data cannot be read out of the MCP4921. The CS (chip select active low) pin must be held low for the duration of a write command. The write command consists of 16 bits and is used to configure the DAC’s control and data latches. Register shown in Figure 5, details the write command which is loaded into the input register that is used to configure and load the DAC register [6].
MCP4921 pin configuration.
Write command register for MCP4921 (12-bit DAC).
The write command is initiated by driving the CS pin low, followed by clocking the four Configuration bits and the 12 data bits into the SDI pin on the rising edge of SCK. The CS pin is then raised, causing the data to be latched into the DAC’s input register. The MCP4921 utilizes a double-buffered latch structure to allow the analog output to be synchronized with the LDAC pin, if desired. By bringing the LDAC pin down to a low state, the content stored in the DAC’s input register is transferred into the DAC’s output register (VOUT), and VOUT is updated. The write to the MCP4921 device is 16-bit words. Any clocks past the 16th clock will be ignored. The Most Significant 4 bits are Configuration bits. The remaining 12 bits are data bits. No data can be transferred into the device with CS high. This transfer will only occur if 16 clocks have been transferred into the device. If the rising edge of CS occurs prior to that, shifting of data into the input register will be aborted. The most four significant bits are defined as follows:
bit 15 0 = Write to DAC register
1 = Ignore this command
bit 14 BUF: VREF Input Buffer Control bit
1 = Buffered
0 = Unbuffered
bit 13
1 = 1x (VOUT = VREF * D/4096)
0 = 2x (VOUT = 2 * VREF * D/4096)
bit 12
1= Active mode operation. VOUT is available.
0 = Shutdown the device. Analog output is not available.
VOUT pin is connected to 500 kΩ (typical).
This module is designed to display the value of the temperature detected by the temperature sensor and to guide the user in changing the parameters of the controller. The LCD is a 16 × 2 alphanumeric display with the built-in Hitachi 44780 controller and LED backlighting. It works with an 8-bit data bus, which means it will require a total of 11 data lines. Three control lines (connected to port E) plus the 8 lines for the data bus (connected to port D) [7].
The system is design around a stand-alone PIC18F452 controller, where the measured variable (MV) is read through channel0 (pin 2). The MV is subtracted from the set point automatically by the controller. The error is treated by the PIC PID and produces a digital control variable. This control variable is outputted through PIC serial data output pin (SDO pin 24) together with serial clock pin (SCK pin 18) to synchronize the conversion process. For the conversion to take place, the serial DAC chip select (CS) has to be pulled low. The CS is connected to pin RC0. The positive reference voltage is connected to +5 V (pin 6) and the negative reference voltage (pin 7) is tied to zero volt. The analog output is read through pin8 (Vout). This voltage is small to drive an electric motor. This voltage is pulled up to +12 V through the non-inverting operational amplifier (LM358). The Darlington transistor 2SD1409 is used to bust the current. The motor is connected to the emitter follower so that the driving current is sufficient enough to drive the motor. Needless to say that the diode 1N4148 is used to protect the Darlington transistor against any spike due to the change of current. Figure 6 shows the schematic of the system. The LCD is used to display the measured temperature. To manipulate the setting of different parameters, six push buttons are used as follows:
System schematic circuit showing all the connection to the microcontroller, as well as the liquid crystal display and the final control element.
Six push buttons were used in the project to allow the user to change the setting and the controller parameters. Their functions are as follows:
Reset: To reset the microcontroller.
Stop: interrupt the program to allow the user to change the controller settings
Run: To run the program
Mode: To allow the user to change between setting modes.
Increment: To increment the controller variables by 1 or 0.1.
Decrement: To decrement the controller variables by 1 or 0.1.
These switches are connected to PIC PORTB to allow the user to use the internal build-in pull up resistors to prevent floating instead of using external pull-down resistors. The reset has got a separate button connected to MCLR pin. A buzzer is used as an alarm to indicate that the temperature is more than what the user specifies. Three LEDs were used to show the user the status of the microcontroller program. The three colors green, yellow, and orange were used as follows:
Green: means that the PID controller is working properly.
Yellow: means that the program is interrupted by (STOP) push button.
Red: means that the alarm is triggered.
To implement the control program, three major routines are used; the main routine along with the timer and external interrupts. The program starts with the main routine which contains all the configurations of the external pins whether outputs or inputs. It also contains the configurations of timer and external interrupts, so when one of these interrupts is triggered, the microcontroller will stop its current execution and perform another action. The trigger will be caused by either an overflow in timer register or a change on an external pin (RB0/INT0).
Because the time is a crucial element in digital control, the PID algorithm is controlled through a timer interrupt. This choice allows the user the ability to calculate the sampling time accurately. On the other hand, an external interrupt (INT0) is used to interrupt the program in order to allow the user a chance to modify the controller parameters. In the following we discuss in some details about the functions of each routine.
This routine, as mentioned earlier, is dedicated to configure the direction of external pins as well as interrupt sources. It also allows the user to choose the measured variable (temperature, flow, level or others). The flow chart of this routine is shown in Figure 7.
Main routine.
First PORTA (pin RA0) is configured as an analog input channel0 and PORTB as input digital port which is connected to the push button switches; while all other pins are configured as outputs.
The configuration of the LCD was performed by separate software from Microchip called Application Maestro [8]. With the aid of this software, a configuration code was produced after modifying the module parameters. It was then incorporated into the project. Once incorporated, the LCD is configured and ready to work. One feature of using Application Maestro is its ability to use the prewritten code that this software provides to initialize or to write to the LCD.
Timer0 can operate as a timer or as a counter. In Timer mode, the Timer0 module will increment with every instruction cycle (without prescaler). It is configured by setting a special function register called T0CON (timer0 control byte). This register is a readable and writable register that controls all the aspects of Timer0, including the prescale selection. In the design in hand, T0CON register is set to 0x85 (0b10000101) as shown below [9, 10].
This value will configure the timer0 as follows:
● | TMR0ON | = 1 | : Timer0 is enabled | ||
● | T08BIT | = 0 | : Timer0 is configured as a 16-bit timer | ||
● | T0CS | = 0 | : Internal instruction cycle clock | ||
● | T0SE | = 0 | : This bit is used only with external clock | ||
● | PSA | = 0 | : Timer0 prescaler is assigned | ||
● | T0PS2 | = 1 | : Bit2: T0PS2 =1: | } | 1:64 prescaler value |
● | T0PS1 | = 0 | : Bit1: T0PS1 =0: | ||
● | T0PS0 | = 1 | : Bit0: T0PS0 =1: |
There are ten registers which are used to control internal and external interrupt operations to accommodate a variety of interrupts [11]. In the project in hand, only two interrupts are required INT0 and timer0 interrupt. To do so, only three control registers are required. These registers are INTCON, INTCON2, and RCON. INTCON register contains various enable bits as well as several interrupt flags. RCON is the Reset Control register which contains flag bits that allow differentiation between the sources RESET. Timer0 interrupt is enabled by setting TMR0IE bit (<5>) while external interrupt is enabled by setting INT0IE (INTCON<4>). Note that the interrupt flags are reset before enabling the interrupt in order to avoid unwanted interruptions.
To start the interrupt, the global interrupt bit GIE/GIEH (INTCON<7>) must be set. If set, it enables all unmasked interrupts, so if more than one interrupt source is used (as in our case) the Interrupt Priority Enable bit IPEN (RCON<7>) must be set and the interrupt sources should be specified either as high or low priority interrupt. The interrupt priority bit TMR0IP (INTCON2<2>) is used to specify the interrupt priority for Timer0. This bit is reset so timer0 interrupt is set to low priority. On the other hand, no need to specify the priority of the external interrupt (INT0), because it is already set to high priority by default.
After configuring the interrupts, the program will enter an infinite loop until one of the interrupt sources is triggered.
The main purpose of this routine is to calculate the controller output and send it to the DAC serially through the synchronous SPI module [12]. Figure 8 shows the routine function.
Timer interrupt routine.
Because of the importance of time in calculating the timed controller output, timer0 is used as an accurate hardware timer. The source clock of the timer is the crystal oscillator which is fed to the clock pin of Timer0 internally. The clock used is a 20 MHz derived from a stable crystal oscillator. This frequency is automatically divided by 4 because the controller machine cycle is 4 clocks to give a 5 MHz which is fed to the timer. The timer is exactly clocked every 0.2 μs and takes 13107.2 μs (16-bit mode) to count from zero to zero again. However, by loading the timer with a suitable value, a smaller time interval could be obtained. For example, by loading the timer with the value 4095 (0xFFF), the overflow would occur after 12288.2 μs. Alternatively, the time period can be extended by using a prescaler as was done in the main routine. If a divide by 64 prescaler is selected, timer0 only overflows after 838.848 ms. This is obtained as follows:
This time period is less than one second, while a one second sampling time is required for the design in hand. To obtain a one second sampling time, the timer should count 78,125 pulses.
Because timer0 register is only 16 bit wide, it is only limited to count up to 65,535 pulses. The interruption is trigged several times to obtain one second timing, after which the controller computes the control action and sends it to the DAC. By using MPLAP simulator, it was found that 5362 cycles are required to calculate the controller output and send it to the DAC besides 51 extra cycles needed to reload the timer with time constant. If the interruption is required to repeat itself five times before calculating the controller output, one needs 5362 + 51 × 5 = 5617 cycles (1.1234 ms). Thus, in order to get exactly one second sampling time, the timer register (TMR0) has to be reloaded with a value that interrupts the program every 998.8766 ms (1 s–1.1234 ms). The following shows how this value is obtained:
By using a timer with 64 prescaler:
When we repeat the interrupt for 5 times:
But because the timer counts in ascending order (from 0x0000 to 0xFFFF):
However, the timer register accepts only integer numbers, thus the final value that should be added to the timer register is 49918. Because we omitted the numbers after the decimal point, our error will be ± 1 count which is equal to 64 cycles. Therefore, our error in calculating the sampling time will be:
This calculation is for getting 1 s sampling time. To expand the calculation in order to enable the user to change the sampling time, one defines two integer variables (repeat and cycle). The first variable repeat is to determine how many times we need to repeat the interrupt, while the second one cycle is the final value that should be added to the timer register. The following pseudo code shows the general formula used to reload the timer register.
The ADC module normally operates at 10-bits resolution, giving output digital values 0–1024 [13]. It needs a reference voltage to set the maximum and minimum values for the input conversion. This reference can be provided internally as Vdd and Vss (supply values) or externally through Vref+ and Vref− pins. To configure this module, OpenADC function from Microchip C library is used. This function performs a bitwise AND operation (“&”) between its arguments which are defined in the file adc.h. The parameters of this function along with their meaning of each argument are discussed below [1]
ADC_FOSC_32: FOSC/32.
A clock divider to allow the minimum specified conversion time (about 20 μs). A 32 prescaler was chosen because the clock source is 20 MHz
ADC_RIGHT_JUST: Right justified.
Because the ADRES register pair (where the converted values are loaded) is 16-bit wide. But the ADC is only 10bit wide. The ADC module could either be configured as right or left justified. In this project, right justified is chosen as shown in Figure 9. This sets the 6 most significant bits of register ADRES to zeros.
ADC_8ANA_0REF: VREF+ = VDD, VREF− = VSS
The supply values are chosen as the voltage references to the ADC.
ADC_CH0: Channel0 (AN0) is selected
ADC_INT_OFF: Interrupts of ADC interrupts are disabled.
Once the A/D conversion is completed, the result is stored in an integer variable called result. After reading the analog value by the ADC module, the result will be compared with the variable alarm-trigger which was previously specified. If the result is greater than this value, the microcontroller triggers the buzzer and lights the red LED.
Choosing right justified for data input.
Due to the limitation in the microcontroller’s memory, the PID equation is divided into three terms (term_1, term_2, and term_3) and after calculating each term separately, they are added together along with the previous output to give the controller output which will be sent to the DAC. The following code shows how to calculate the controller output
To send the control variable to the final control element, the serial DAC, which is interfaced to the Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) port, is used. The SPI is initiated using Microchip C library called OpenSPI. This function also performs a bitwise AND operation between its arguments which are defined in the file SPI.h according to the following formula.
SPI_FOSC_16: Master mode and the clock = FOSC/16
MODE_00: Mode 0,0 (change takes place on the rising edge)
SMPEND: Input data sample at end of data out
After configuring the module, it is time to write a command to the DAC in order to convert it into analog signal. The write command is initiated by driving the CS pin low, followed by clocking the four configuration bits and the 12 data bits into the SDI pin on the rising edge of SCK. The CS pin is then raised, causing the data to be latched into the DAC’s input registers and when the LDAC pin is pulled down through RC1, the values held in the DAC’s input registers are transferred into the DAC’s output registers to provide the analog signal. It is important to mention here that we wrote the write command in two steps (as shown in the following code) because the SPI module send only 8 bit at a time.
To write characters to the LCD, required prewritten functions are provided by Application Maestro. Some of These functions are listed in following table:
It is used to initialize the LCD module according to the Application Maestro options | |
It sends the clocking signal and data to be displayed to the LCD | |
Points to the first address location of line one of the LCD | |
Points to the first address location of line two of the LCD | |
Clears the DDRAM content of the LCD and points to the 00 address location | |
Displays String in Program memory | |
Displays String in Data memory | |
It sends clocking signal and instructions to the LCD |
For numbers to be displayed, they are first converted into strings (characters) before being sent to the LCD, since the latter only accepts strings. To do so a C function called sprintf is called upon. This function saves the number in an array after converting it into string. The subroutine to do so is shown below [4]:
The main function of this routine is to allow the user to change the controller parameters. The routine is initiated by pressing the push button (STOP) which is connected to the external interrupt pin (RB0/INT0). Once initiated, the user is able to change all the parameters of the controller (KC, τI, τD, sampling time, alarm trigger and sensitivity) by using three push buttons (MODE, INCREMENT and DECREMENT [11].
To determine which action the microcontroller should take if any push button is pressed, we defined two integer variables (present_button and present_mode) to be used as statuses. That is, each bit of them has specific meaning as described below:
present_button
Np | ____ | ____ | ____ | ____ | ____ | ____ | ____ | ____ | ____ | ____ | ____ | ____ | dec | inc | Mod |
bit15 | bit0 |
● | |
● | Unimplemented |
● | |
● | |
● |
present_mode
____ | Srt | Spt | KC | TI | TD | Stm | Sen | Alm | Tun | Dp | Tp | Kp | ____ | ____ | ____ |
bit15 | bit0 |
● | Unimplemented |
● | |
● | |
● | |
● | |
● | |
● | |
● | |
● | |
● | |
● | |
● | |
● | |
● | Unimplemented |
Initially, before pressing any push button, present_button variable is loaded with 0x8000 (no push button pressed), and present_mode with 0x2000 (starting mode).Then if any push button is pressed, the corresponding bit of that push button will be set, giving a specific value of present_button which indicates the push button that was pressed by the user. So by performing a bitwise OR operation between the two variables (present_button and present_mode) we will come up with a number indicates the push button pressed and the present mode and based on that number we can decide the proper action to be taken by the microcontroller. The following code shows how to perform the OR operation after checking which of the push buttons was pressed. Beside changing the controller variables, this routine has another feature, it gives the user preliminary values of the controller parameters after entering the process variables. The result is derived based on Cohen-Koon tuning method. However, this feature is impractical if the sampling time is big [14].
To test the system, a first order system given by the equation below was used. To run the control action, the system was converted into a difference equation given by Eq. (10).
The process transfer function is first order, thus the discrete transfer function obtained using Zero-Order Hold will be:
where:
If
Therefore the difference equation of the output is:
After getting the difference equation, the control scheme was tested and the output of Figure 10 was obtained with the parameters set to:
Controller response with Kc = 0.2, Ti = 4.0 and Td = 0.
Controller response with Kc = 0.1, Ti = 3.0 and Td = 0.2.
By referring to the previous graphs, it could be concluded that the response tracks the set point as expected. In addition, the increase in controller gain (
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",metaTitle:"Prior Publication Policy",metaDescription:"Prior Publication Policy",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/prior-publication-policy",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"A significant number of working papers, early drafts, and similar work in progress are openly shared online between members of the scientific community. It has become common to announce one’s own research on a personal website or a blog to gather comments and suggestions from other researchers. Such works and online postings are, indeed, published in the sense that they are made publicly available. However, this does not mean that if submitted for publication by IntechOpen they are not original works. We differentiate between reviewed and non-reviewed works when determining whether a work is original and has been published in a scholarly sense or not.
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\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'A significant number of working papers, early drafts, and similar work in progress are openly shared online between members of the scientific community. It has become common to announce one’s own research on a personal website or a blog to gather comments and suggestions from other researchers. Such works and online postings are, indeed, published in the sense that they are made publicly available. However, this does not mean that if submitted for publication by IntechOpen they are not original works. We differentiate between reviewed and non-reviewed works when determining whether a work is original and has been published in a scholarly sense or not.
\n\nThe significance of Peer Review cannot be overstated when it comes to defining, in our terms, what constitutes a published scientific work. Peer Review is widely considered to be the cornerstone of modern publishing processes and the key value-adding contribution to a scholarly manuscript that a publisher can make.
\n\nOther than the issue of originality, research misconduct is another major issue that all publishers have to address. IntechOpen’s Retraction & Correction Policy and various publication ethics guidelines identify both redundant publication and (self)plagiarism to fall within the definition of research misconduct, thus constituting grounds for rejection or the issue of a Retraction if the work has already been published.
\n\nIn order to facilitate the tracking of a manuscript’s publishing history and its development from its earliest draft to the manuscript submitted, we encourage Authors to disclose any instances of a manuscript’s prior publication, whether it be through a conference presentation, a newspaper article, a working paper publicly available in a repository or a blog post.
\n\nA note to the Academic Editor containing detailed information about a submitted manuscript’s previous public availability is the preferred means of reporting prior publication. This helps us determine if there are any earlier versions of a manuscript that should be disclosed to our readers or if any of those earlier versions should be cited and listed in a manuscript’s references.
\n\nSome basic information about the editorial treatment of different varieties of prior publication is laid out below:
\n\n1. CONFERENCE PAPERS & PRESENTATIONS
\n\nGiven that conference papers and presentations generally pass through some sort of peer or editorial review, we consider them to be published in the accepted scholarly sense, particularly if they are published as a part of conference proceedings.
\n\nAll submitted manuscripts originating from a previously published conference paper must contain at least 50% of new original content to be accepted for review and considered for publication.
\n\nAuthors are required to report any links their manuscript might have with their earlier conference papers and presentations in a note to the Academic Editor, as well as in the manuscript itself. Additionally, Authors should obtain any necessary permissions from the publisher of their conference paper if copyright transfer occurred during the publishing process. Failure to do so may prevent Us from publishing an otherwise worthy work.
\n\n2. NEWSPAPER & MAGAZINE ARTICLES
\n\nNewspaper and magazine articles usually do not pass through any extensive peer or editorial review and we do not consider them to be published in the scholarly sense. Articles appearing in newspapers and magazines rarely possess the depth and structure characteristic of scholarly articles.
\n\nSubmitted manuscripts stemming from a previous newspaper or magazine article will be accepted for review and considered for publication. However, Authors are strongly advised to report any such publication in an accompanying note to the External Editor.
\n\nAs with the conference papers and presentations, Authors should obtain any necessary permissions from the newspaper or magazine that published the work, and indicate that they have done so in a note to the External Editor.
\n\n3. GREY LITERATURE
\n\nWhite papers, working papers, technical reports and all other forms of papers which fall within the scope of the ‘Luxembourg definition’ of grey literature do not pass through any extensive peer or editorial review and we do not consider them to be published in the scholarly sense.
\n\nAlthough such papers are regularly made publicly available via personal websites and institutional repositories, their general purpose is to gather comments and feedback from Authors’ colleagues in order to further improve a manuscript intended for future publication.
\n\nWhen submitting their work, Authors are required to disclose the existence of any publicly available earlier drafts in a note to the Academic Editor. In cases where earlier drafts of the submitted version of the manuscript are publicly available, any overlap between the versions will generally not be considered an instance of self-plagiarism.
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\n\nWe feel that social media, blogs and message boards are generally used with the same intention as grey literature, to formulate ideas for a manuscript and gather early feedback from like-minded researchers in order to improve a particular piece of work before submitting it for publication. Therefore, we do not consider such internet postings to be publication in the scholarly sense.
\n\nNevertheless, Authors are encouraged to disclose the existence of any internet postings in which they outline and describe their research or posted passages of their manuscripts in a note to the Academic Editor. Please note that we will not strictly enforce this request in the same way that we would instructions we consider to be part of our conditions of acceptance for publication. We understand that it may be difficult to keep track of all one’s internet postings in which the researcher´s current work might be mentioned.
\n\nIn cases where there is any overlap between the Author´s submitted manuscript and related internet postings, we will generally not consider it to be an instance of self-plagiarism. This also holds true for any co-Author as well.
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\n\nPolicy last updated: 2017-03-20
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He has both an MS and Ph.D. in Biomedical Engineering. He was previously a research scientist at the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) and visiting professor and researcher at the University of North Dakota. He is currently working in artificial intelligence and its applications in medical signal processing. In addition, he is using digital signal processing in medical imaging and speech processing. Dr. Asadpour has developed brain-computer interfacing algorithms and has published books, book chapters, and several journal and conference papers in this field and other areas of intelligent signal processing. 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Dr. Gaiceanu is a member of the National Council for Attesting Titles, Diplomas and Certificates, an expert of the Executive Agency for Higher Education, Research Funding, and a member of the Senate of the Dunarea de Jos University of Galati. He has been the head of the Integrated Energy Conversion Systems and Advanced Control of Complex Processes Research Center, Romania, since 2016. He has conducted several projects in power converter systems for electrical drives, power quality, PEM and SOFC fuel cell power converters for utilities, electric vehicles, and marine applications with the Department of Regulation and Control, SIEI S.pA. (2002–2004) and the Polytechnic University of Turin, Italy (2002–2004, 2006–2007). He is a member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and cofounder-member of the IEEE Power Electronics Romanian Chapter. He is a guest editor at Energies and an academic book editor for IntechOpen. He is also a member of the editorial boards of the Journal of Electrical Engineering, Electronics, Control and Computer Science and Sustainability. Dr. Gaiceanu has been General Chairman of the IEEE International Symposium on Electrical and Electronics Engineering in the last six editions.",institutionString:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',institution:{name:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"4519",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaydip",middleName:null,surname:"Sen",slug:"jaydip-sen",fullName:"Jaydip Sen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/4519/images/system/4519.jpeg",biography:"Jaydip Sen is associated with Praxis Business School, Kolkata, India, as a professor in the Department of Data Science. His research areas include security and privacy issues in computing and communication, intrusion detection systems, machine learning, deep learning, and artificial intelligence in the financial domain. He has more than 200 publications in reputed international journals, refereed conference proceedings, and 20 book chapters in books published by internationally renowned publishing houses, such as Springer, CRC press, IGI Global, etc. Currently, he is serving on the editorial board of the prestigious journal Frontiers in Communications and Networks and in the technical program committees of a number of high-ranked international conferences organized by the IEEE, USA, and the ACM, USA. He has been listed among the top 2% of scientists in the world for the last three consecutive years, 2019 to 2021 as per studies conducted by the Stanford University, USA.",institutionString:"Praxis Business School",institution:null},{id:"320071",title:"Dr.",name:"Sidra",middleName:null,surname:"Mehtab",slug:"sidra-mehtab",fullName:"Sidra Mehtab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002v6KHoQAM/Profile_Picture_1584512086360",biography:"Sidra Mehtab has completed her BS with honors in Physics from Calcutta University, India in 2018. She has done MS in Data Science and Analytics from Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology (MAKAUT), Kolkata, India in 2020. Her research areas include Econometrics, Time Series Analysis, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Artificial Intelligence, and Computer and Network Security with a particular focus on Cyber Security Analytics. Ms. Mehtab has published seven papers in international conferences and one of her papers has been accepted for publication in a reputable international journal. She has won the best paper awards in two prestigious international conferences – BAICONF 2019, and ICADCML 2021, organized in the Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore, India in December 2019, and SOA University, Bhubaneswar, India in January 2021. Besides, Ms. Mehtab has also published two book chapters in two books. Seven of her book chapters will be published in a volume shortly in 2021 by Cambridge Scholars’ Press, UK. Currently, she is working as the joint editor of two edited volumes on Time Series Analysis and Forecasting to be published in the first half of 2021 by an international house. Currently, she is working as a Data Scientist with an MNC in Delhi, India.",institutionString:"NSHM College of Management and Technology",institution:null},{id:"226240",title:"Dr.",name:"Andri Irfan",middleName:null,surname:"Rifai",slug:"andri-irfan-rifai",fullName:"Andri Irfan Rifai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226240/images/7412_n.jpg",biography:"Andri IRFAN is a Senior Lecturer of Civil Engineering and Planning. He completed the PhD at the Universitas Indonesia & Universidade do Minho with Sandwich Program Scholarship from the Directorate General of Higher Education and LPDP scholarship. He has been teaching for more than 19 years and much active to applied his knowledge in the project construction in Indonesia. His research interest ranges from pavement management system to advanced data mining techniques for transportation engineering. He has published more than 50 papers in journals and 2 books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Internasional Batam",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"314576",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibai",middleName:null,surname:"Laña",slug:"ibai-lana",fullName:"Ibai Laña",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314576/images/system/314576.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ibai Laña works at TECNALIA as a data analyst. He received his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence from the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Spain, in 2018. He is currently a senior researcher at TECNALIA. His research interests fall within the intersection of intelligent transportation systems, machine learning, traffic data analysis, and data science. He has dealt with urban traffic forecasting problems, applying machine learning models and evolutionary algorithms. He has experience in origin-destination matrix estimation or point of interest and trajectory detection. Working with large volumes of data has given him a good command of big data processing tools and NoSQL databases. He has also been a visiting scholar at the Knowledge Engineering and Discovery Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"314575",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus",middleName:null,surname:"L. Lobo",slug:"jesus-l.-lobo",fullName:"Jesus L. Lobo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314575/images/system/314575.png",biography:"Dr. Jesús López is currently based in Bilbao (Spain) working at TECNALIA as Artificial Intelligence Research Scientist. In most cases, a project idea or a new research line needs to be investigated to see if it is good enough to take into production or to focus on it. That is exactly what he does, diving into Machine Learning algorithms and technologies to help TECNALIA to decide whether something is great in theory or will actually impact on the product or processes of its projects. So, he is expert at framing experiments, developing hypotheses, and proving whether they’re true or not, in order to investigate fundamental problems with a longer time horizon. He is also able to design and develop PoCs and system prototypes in simulation. He has participated in several national and internacional R&D projects.\n\nAs another relevant part of his everyday research work, he usually publishes his findings in reputed scientific refereed journals and international conferences, occasionally acting as reviewer and Programme Commitee member. Concretely, since 2018 he has published 9 JCR (8 Q1) journal papers, 9 conference papers (e.g. ECML PKDD 2021), and he has co-edited a book. He is also active in popular science writing data science stories for reputed blogs (KDNuggets, TowardsDataScience, Naukas). Besides, he has recently embarked on mentoring programmes as mentor, and has also worked as data science trainer.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",slug:"yalcin-isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",biography:"Yalcin Isler (1971 - Burdur / Turkey) received the B.Sc. degree in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey, in 1993, the M.Sc. degree from the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey, in 1996, the Ph.D. degree from the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey, in 2009, and the Competence of Associate Professorship from the Turkish Interuniversity Council in 2019.\n\nHe was Lecturer at Burdur Vocational School in Suleyman Demirel University (1993-2000, Burdur / Turkey), Software Engineer (2000-2002, Izmir / Turkey), Research Assistant in Bulent Ecevit University (2002-2003, Zonguldak / Turkey), Research Assistant in Dokuz Eylul University (2003-2010, Izmir / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering in Bulent Ecevit University (2010-2012, Zonguldak / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering in Izmir Katip Celebi University (2012-2019, Izmir / Turkey). He is an Associate Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir / Turkey, since 2019. In addition to academics, he has also founded Islerya Medical and Information Technologies Company, Izmir / Turkey, since 2017.\n\nHis main research interests cover biomedical signal processing, pattern recognition, medical device design, programming, and embedded systems. He has many scientific papers and participated in several projects in these study fields. He was an IEEE Student Member (2009-2011) and IEEE Member (2011-2014) and has been IEEE Senior Member since 2014.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"339677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mrinmoy",middleName:null,surname:"Roy",slug:"mrinmoy-roy",fullName:"Mrinmoy Roy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/339677/images/16768_n.jpg",biography:"An accomplished Sales & Marketing professional with 12 years of cross-functional experience in well-known organisations such as CIPLA, LUPIN, GLENMARK, ASTRAZENECA across different segment of Sales & Marketing, International Business, Institutional Business, Product Management, Strategic Marketing of HIV, Oncology, Derma, Respiratory, Anti-Diabetic, Nutraceutical & Stomatological Product Portfolio and Generic as well as Chronic Critical Care Portfolio. A First Class MBA in International Business & Strategic Marketing, B.Pharm, D.Pharm, Google Certified Digital Marketing Professional. Qualified PhD Candidate in Operations and Management with special focus on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning adoption, analysis and use in Healthcare, Hospital & Pharma Domain. Seasoned with diverse therapy area of Pharmaceutical Sales & Marketing ranging from generating revenue through generating prescriptions, launching new products, and making them big brands with continuous strategy execution at the Physician and Patients level. Moved from Sales to Marketing and Business Development for 3.5 years in South East Asian Market operating from Manila, Philippines. Came back to India and handled and developed Brands such as Gluconorm, Lupisulin, Supracal, Absolut Woman, Hemozink, Fabiflu (For COVID 19), and many more. In my previous assignment I used to develop and execute strategies on Sales & Marketing, Commercialization & Business Development for Institution and Corporate Hospital Business portfolio of Oncology Therapy Area for AstraZeneca Pharma India Ltd. Being a Research Scholar and Student of ‘Operations Research & Management: Artificial Intelligence’ I published several pioneer research papers and book chapters on the same in Internationally reputed journals and Books indexed in Scopus, Springer and Ei Compendex, Google Scholar etc. Currently, I am launching PGDM Pharmaceutical Management Program in IIHMR Bangalore and spearheading the course curriculum and structure of the same. I am interested in Collaboration for Healthcare Innovation, Pharma AI Innovation, Future trend in Marketing and Management with incubation on Healthcare, Healthcare IT startups, AI-ML Modelling and Healthcare Algorithm based training module development. I am also an affiliated member of the Institute of Management Consultant of India, looking forward to Healthcare, Healthcare IT and Innovation, Pharma and Hospital Management Consulting works.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lovely Professional University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"310576",title:"Prof.",name:"Erick Giovani",middleName:null,surname:"Sperandio Nascimento",slug:"erick-giovani-sperandio-nascimento",fullName:"Erick Giovani Sperandio Nascimento",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y00002pDKxDQAW/ProfilePicture%202022-06-20%2019%3A57%3A24.788",biography:"Prof. Erick Sperandio is the Lead Researcher and professor of Artificial Intelligence (AI) at SENAI CIMATEC, Bahia, Brazil, also working with Computational Modeling (CM) and HPC. He holds a PhD in Environmental Engineering in the area of Atmospheric Computational Modeling, a Master in Informatics in the field of Computational Intelligence and Graduated in Computer Science from UFES. He currently coordinates, leads and participates in R&D projects in the areas of AI, computational modeling and supercomputing applied to different areas such as Oil and Gas, Health, Advanced Manufacturing, Renewable Energies and Atmospheric Sciences, advising undergraduate, master's and doctoral students. He is the Lead Researcher at SENAI CIMATEC's Reference Center on Artificial Intelligence. In addition, he is a Certified Instructor and University Ambassador of the NVIDIA Deep Learning Institute (DLI) in the areas of Deep Learning, Computer Vision, Natural Language Processing and Recommender Systems, and Principal Investigator of the NVIDIA/CIMATEC AI Joint Lab, the first in Latin America within the NVIDIA AI Technology Center (NVAITC) worldwide program. He also works as a researcher at the Supercomputing Center for Industrial Innovation (CS2i) and at the SENAI Institute of Innovation for Automation (ISI Automação), both from SENAI CIMATEC. He is a member and vice-coordinator of the Basic Board of Scientific-Technological Advice and Evaluation, in the area of Innovation, of the Foundation for Research Support of the State of Bahia (FAPESB). He serves as Technology Transfer Coordinator and one of the Principal Investigators at the National Applied Research Center in Artificial Intelligence (CPA-IA) of SENAI CIMATEC, focusing on Industry, being one of the six CPA-IA in Brazil approved by MCTI / FAPESP / CGI.br. He also participates as one of the representatives of Brazil in the BRICS Innovation Collaboration Working Group on HPC, ICT and AI. He is the coordinator of the Work Group of the Axis 5 - Workforce and Training - of the Brazilian Strategy for Artificial Intelligence (EBIA), and member of the MCTI/EMBRAPII AI Innovation Network Training Committee. He is the coordinator, by SENAI CIMATEC, of the Artificial Intelligence Reference Network of the State of Bahia (REDE BAH.IA). He leads the working group of experts representing Brazil in the Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI), on the theme \"AI and the Pandemic Response\".",institutionString:"Manufacturing and Technology Integrated Campus – SENAI CIMATEC",institution:null},{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",institution:{name:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"221364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneko",middleName:null,surname:"Osaba",slug:"eneko-osaba",fullName:"Eneko Osaba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221364/images/system/221364.jpg",biography:"Dr. Eneko Osaba works at TECNALIA as a senior researcher. He obtained his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence in 2015. He has participated in more than twenty-five local and European research projects, and in the publication of more than 130 papers. He has performed several stays at universities in the United Kingdom, Italy, and Malta. Dr. Osaba has served as a program committee member in more than forty international conferences and participated in organizing activities in more than ten international conferences. He is a member of the editorial board of the International Journal of Artificial Intelligence, Data in Brief, and Journal of Advanced Transportation. He is also a guest editor for the Journal of Computational Science, Neurocomputing, Swarm, and Evolutionary Computation and IEEE ITS Magazine.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"275829",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Villar-Rodriguez",slug:"esther-villar-rodriguez",fullName:"Esther Villar-Rodriguez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/275829/images/system/275829.jpg",biography:"Dr. Esther Villar obtained a Ph.D. in Information and Communication Technologies from the University of Alcalá, Spain, in 2015. She obtained a degree in Computer Science from the University of Deusto, Spain, in 2010, and an MSc in Computer Languages and Systems from the National University of Distance Education, Spain, in 2012. Her areas of interest and knowledge include natural language processing (NLP), detection of impersonation in social networks, semantic web, and machine learning. Dr. Esther Villar made several contributions at conferences and publishing in various journals in those fields. Currently, she is working within the OPTIMA (Optimization Modeling & Analytics) business of TECNALIA’s ICT Division as a data scientist in projects related to the prediction and optimization of management and industrial processes (resource planning, energy efficiency, etc).",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:null},{id:"278948",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"carlos-pedro-goncalves",fullName:"Carlos Pedro Gonçalves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRcmyQAC/Profile_Picture_1564224512145",biography:'Carlos Pedro Gonçalves (PhD) is an Associate Professor at Lusophone University of Humanities and Technologies and a researcher on Complexity Sciences, Quantum Technologies, Artificial Intelligence, Strategic Studies, Studies in Intelligence and Security, FinTech and Financial Risk Modeling. He is also a progammer with programming experience in:\n\nA) Quantum Computing using Qiskit Python module and IBM Quantum Experience Platform, with software developed on the simulation of Quantum Artificial Neural Networks and Quantum Cybersecurity;\n\nB) Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning programming in Python;\n\nC) Artificial Intelligence, Multiagent Systems Modeling and System Dynamics Modeling in Netlogo, with models developed in the areas of Chaos Theory, Econophysics, Artificial Intelligence, Classical and Quantum Complex Systems Science, with the Econophysics models having been cited worldwide and incorporated in PhD programs by different Universities.\n\nReceived an Arctic Code Vault Contributor status by GitHub, due to having developed open source software preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\" for future generations (https://archiveprogram.github.com/arctic-vault/), with the Strategy Analyzer A.I. module for decision making support (based on his PhD thesis, used in his Classes on Decision Making and in Strategic Intelligence Consulting Activities) and QNeural Python Quantum Neural Network simulator also preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\", for access to these software modules see: https://github.com/cpgoncalves. He is also a peer reviewer with outsanding review status from Elsevier journals, including Physica A, Neurocomputing and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence. Science CV available at: https://www.cienciavitae.pt//pt/8E1C-A8B3-78C5 and ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0298-3974',institutionString:"University of Lisbon",institution:{name:"Universidade Lusófona",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"241400",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Bsiss",slug:"mohammed-bsiss",fullName:"Mohammed Bsiss",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241400/images/8062_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"276128",title:"Dr.",name:"Hira",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",slug:"hira-fatima",fullName:"Hira Fatima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/276128/images/14420_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Hira Fatima\nAssistant Professor\nDepartment of Mathematics\nInstitute of Applied Science\nMangalayatan University, Aligarh\nMobile: no : 8532041179\nhirafatima2014@gmal.com\n\nDr. Hira Fatima has received his Ph.D. degree in pure Mathematics from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh India. Currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mathematics, Institute of Applied Science, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh. She taught so many courses of Mathematics of UG and PG level. Her research Area of Expertise is Functional Analysis & Sequence Spaces. She has been working on Ideal Convergence of double sequence. She has published 17 research papers in National and International Journals including Cogent Mathematics, Filomat, Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, Advances in Difference Equations, Journal of Mathematical Analysis, Journal of Mathematical & Computer Science etc. She has also reviewed few research papers for the and international journals. She is a member of Indian Mathematical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"414880",title:"Dr.",name:"Maryam",middleName:null,surname:"Vatankhah",slug:"maryam-vatankhah",fullName:"Maryam Vatankhah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Borough of Manhattan Community College",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"414879",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammad-Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",slug:"mohammad-reza-akbarzadeh-totonchi",fullName:"Mohammad-Reza Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ferdowsi University of Mashhad",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"414878",title:"Prof.",name:"Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Fazel-Rezai",slug:"reza-fazel-rezai",fullName:"Reza Fazel-Rezai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"American Public University System",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"302698",title:"Dr.",name:"Yao",middleName:null,surname:"Shan",slug:"yao-shan",fullName:"Yao Shan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Dalian University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"125911",title:"Prof.",name:"Jia-Ching",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"jia-ching-wang",fullName:"Jia-Ching Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Central University",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"357085",title:"Mr.",name:"P. 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Shukla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"356823",title:"MSc.",name:"Seonghee",middleName:null,surname:"Min",slug:"seonghee-min",fullName:"Seonghee Min",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Daegu University",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"353307",title:"Prof.",name:"Yoosoo",middleName:null,surname:"Oh",slug:"yoosoo-oh",fullName:"Yoosoo Oh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:"Yoosoo Oh received his Bachelor's degree in the Department of Electronics and Engineering from Kyungpook National University in 2002. He obtained his Master’s degree in the Department of Information and Communications from Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) in 2003. In 2010, he received his Ph.D. degree in the School of Information and Mechatronics from GIST. In the meantime, he was an executed team leader at Culture Technology Institute, GIST, 2010-2012. In 2011, he worked at Lancaster University, the UK as a visiting scholar. In September 2012, he joined Daegu University, where he is currently an associate professor in the School of ICT Conver, Daegu University. Also, he served as the Board of Directors of KSIIS since 2019, and HCI Korea since 2016. From 2017~2019, he worked as a center director of the Mixed Reality Convergence Research Center at Daegu University. From 2015-2017, He worked as a director in the Enterprise Supporting Office of LINC Project Group, Daegu University. His research interests include Activity Fusion & Reasoning, Machine Learning, Context-aware Middleware, Human-Computer Interaction, etc.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"262719",title:"Dr.",name:"Esma",middleName:null,surname:"Ergüner Özkoç",slug:"esma-erguner-ozkoc",fullName:"Esma Ergüner Özkoç",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Başkent University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"346530",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibrahim",middleName:null,surname:"Kaya",slug:"ibrahim-kaya",fullName:"Ibrahim Kaya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"419199",title:"Dr.",name:"Qun",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"qun-yang",fullName:"Qun Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Auckland",country:{name:"New Zealand"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"19",type:"subseries",title:"Animal Science",keywords:"Animal Science, Animal Biology, Wildlife Species, Domesticated Animals",scope:"The Animal Science topic welcomes research on captive and wildlife species, including domesticated animals. 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A dynamic career research platform which is based on the thematic areas of comparative vertebrate physiology, stress endocrinology, reproductive endocrinology, animal health and welfare, and conservation biology. \nEdward has supervised 40 research students and published over 60 peer reviewed research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Queensland",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",issn:"2632-0517"},editorialBoard:[{id:"258334",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Fonseca-Alves",slug:"carlos-eduardo-fonseca-alves",fullName:"Carlos Eduardo Fonseca-Alves",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/258334/images/system/258334.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Paulista",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"191123",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan José",middleName:null,surname:"Valdez-Alarcón",slug:"juan-jose-valdez-alarcon",fullName:"Juan José Valdez-Alarcón",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBfcQAG/Profile_Picture_1631354558068",institutionString:"Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo",institution:{name:"Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"161556",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Dos Anjos",middleName:null,surname:"Pires",slug:"maria-dos-anjos-pires",fullName:"Maria Dos Anjos Pires",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS8q2QAC/Profile_Picture_1633432838418",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"209839",title:"Dr.",name:"Marina",middleName:null,surname:"Spinu",slug:"marina-spinu",fullName:"Marina Spinu",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRLXpQAO/Profile_Picture_1630044895475",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"92185",title:"Dr.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Savic",slug:"sara-savic",fullName:"Sara Savic",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/92185/images/system/92185.jfif",institutionString:'Scientific Veterinary Institute "Novi Sad"',institution:{name:'Scientific Veterinary Institute "Novi Sad"',institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Serbia"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:2,paginationItems:[{id:"82392",title:"Nanomaterials as Novel Biomarkers for Cancer Nanotheranostics: State of the Art",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105700",signatures:"Hao Yu, Zhihai Han, Cunrong Chen and Leisheng Zhang",slug:"nanomaterials-as-novel-biomarkers-for-cancer-nanotheranostics-state-of-the-art",totalDownloads:22,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biotechnology - 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