\r\n\tIt has been established that energy/nutrient depletion, calcium flux injury, or oxidative stress disrupt endoplasmic reticulum homeostasis and even induce accumulation of misfolded/unfolded proteins leading to endoplasmic reticulum stress. Under endoplasmic reticulum stress conditions, an adaptive mechanism of coordinated signaling pathways, defined unfolded protein response (UPR), is activated to return the endoplasmic reticulum to its healthy functioning state. The aging causes a decrease of the protective adaptive response of the UPR and an increase of the pro-apoptotic pathway together with endoplasmic reticulum ultrastructural injury. Controlling endoplasmic reticulum stress response, maintaining the appropriate endoplasmic reticulum ultrastructure and homeostasis, and retaining mitochondria interplay are crucial aspects for cellular health.
\r\n
\r\n\tThis book presents a comprehensive overview of endoplasmic reticulum, including, but not limited to, endoplasmic reticulum ultrastructural anatomy, MAMs, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and their implication in health and diseases. Additionally, identifying perturbations in the endoplasmic reticulum stress response could lead to early detection of age-related disease and may help develop therapeutic approaches.
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1. Introduction
In the mobile cellular network, the rapid development has been observed. Modern telecommunication systems are being constructed as complex networks that involve various types of devices united into a single complex, operating in conditions of large load flows and large number of connections [1]. They can offer higher data transfer rates, with the integration of more services and guarantee of high quality of experience. Nevertheless, this development also means that the amount of data that is transferred in the mobile network is increasing and the volume of signaling traffic is increasing, respectively. According to [2], it is expected that total mobile data traffic will have increased to 77 exabytes per month by 2022, almost seven times more compared to 2017. Mobile data traffic will grow at an average annual growth rate (CAGR) equal to 46% from 2017 to 2022.
According to Shimojo et al. [3], vehicles, houses, personal devices, robots, sensors, etc. will be connected wirelessly. It means that an automatic and intelligent control system will be achieved. An increase in the number of devices will affect the IoT market, which is estimated to be $19 trillion [4], and is expected to reach 50 billion [5]. In addition, rich content services, such as real-time streaming movies that require high resolution and tele-surgery requiring small delay must be provided (Figure 1).
Figure 1.
Services in the era of future generations’ networks.
In addition, the average signaling requirement per subscriber is up to 42% higher in LTE compared to the standard of the past generation communication [6].
Furthermore, market competition requires faster deployment of services and elasticity of changing service criteria as well as the ability to cope with higher service requirements. Therefore, there is a need to manage the signaling traffic in order to provide the necessary quality of service to end users and the proper use of resources of the network operator.
In such circumstances, operators are forced to build up the network infrastructure to ensure the process of service of telecommunication services at a given level of quality. During the day, the load differs, and according to [7], up to 80% of the computing capacity of the base stations and up to half of the capacity of the core network are unused. This leads to a low usage of resources as well as a high level of energy consumption, which reduce the cost-effectiveness of the network for mobile operators.
The emergence of the concept of network functions virtualization opens up new opportunities for the world of telecommunication systems. At the same time, there is a need for new approaches, models, and methods for organizing service handling. The use of virtual servers to solve the tasks of the mobile core network can greatly simplify the process of organizing resources on the service server and ensure its scalability and fault tolerance.
The principle of network function virtualization (NFV) [8] is aimed at transforming network architectures by deploying network functions into software that can run on a standard hardware platform. According to the ETSI [9], the network function is a functional block within a network infrastructure that has defined external interfaces and a defined functional behavior. Network functions are components of the LTE evolved packet core (EPC) network, such as MME, HSS, PGW, and SGW, which for the NFV case will be deployed on the basis of data center system, with the use of leased computing resources (CPU core, memory, disk space, and network interface card), which can be allocated and reallocated in the process of operation depending on actual load requirements.
Thus, the features of NFV can be characterized as follows [10]:
Separation of software from hardware. Since the network element is no longer an aggregate of integrated hardware and software entities, the evolution of both is independent of each other. This allows having separate terms of development and maintenance of software and hardware.
Flexible deployment of network functions. The separation of software from hardware helps to reallocate and share infrastructure resources; thus, together hardware and software can perform various functions at different times. It helps network operators to deploy new network services faster on the same physical platform. Consequently, the components can be created in any NFV-compliant device on the network and their connections can be installed on a flexible basis.
Dynamic scaling. Dividing the functionality of the network function into created software components provides greater flexibility in scaling the actual performance of the virtual network function (VNF) more dynamically and with greater details, for example, according to the actual traffic for which the network operator should provide capacity.
At present, numbers of problems remain unresolved. You need to consider hybridity of the service environment, where flexible, well-scalable, virtual servicing entities located in rented cloud-based databases operate along with specialized hardware with limited features. Therefore, the task to organize the computing resources of service nodes and flows between them in a hybrid environment, which consists of hardware telecommunications and virtual computing entities, is important.
Unlike the existing static architecture of the LTE EPC network, a system (Figure 2) in which service flows are processed by hardware, and in the case of expected overload, the redistribution of flows happens and takes into account the expansion of the service network by adding virtual service facilities located in the leased clouds of the data centers is proposed (Figure 3). After organizing a hybrid service environment, there is a need to adapt the computing resources of the system in the process of operation to ensure a high-quality service, and also it is necessary to consider the features of the reconfiguration process and the costs associated with it. So far, there has not been any comprehensive solution to the task of controlling the computing resources of the hybrid telecommunication environment. The peculiarities of the load distribution of resources of network elements, hardware or virtual ones, have it been considered yet either.
Figure 2.
LTE EPC network architecture with the use of NFV (variable dependent on load volumes).
Figure 3.
Distribution of load in hybrid network.
Thus, the chapter proposes a structured approach to the management of resources of network functions through sequential control of the following stages: monitoring, forecasting, controlling the sufficiency of resources, and controlling the given level of quality of telecommunication services.
Having analyzed the research and development processes of telecommunication networks of the next generation, we may argue that the existence of powerful data centers greatly expands the possibilities of organizing the process of providing services. One of the key aspects of network virtualization is the allocation of physical resources to virtual network functions. This involves mapping virtual networks on physical networks, as well as managing dedicated resources throughout the life cycle of a virtual network. The optimality and flexibility of resource allocation are key factors for successful network virtualization.
Most of the existing methods for solving the tasks of organizing hardware and virtual resources offer a static distribution of resources, in which, when computing and telecommunication environment is organized, the reallocation of resources does not occur throughout its life cycle. As the network traffic is not static, this may result in improper use of shared computing resources. It is important to organize monitoring of virtual nodes and provide the resources on the basis of their real needs.
2. Method for determining the location and required capacity of virtual reserved computing resources in case of an overload of the physical network
The method is based on the shared embedding concept [11] of the individual virtualized services of the core network on the physical network. We suppose that the virtual network functions of the mobile core network have the same functionality and interfaces as the network components of the 3GPP LTE EPC architecture.
The number of service chains must be determined in advance. The extreme case would be consideration of one service chain for the mobile phone/eNodeB. Since realistic scenarios for mobile networks are up to 10,000 eNodeBs, the resulting optimization model will be enormous and quite long computation time is required to solve it. Therefore, we accept reasonably large clusters of eNodeBs and assume that each of these eNodeB clusters refers to a single service chain of the core network.
Consider the situation when the provider of telecommunication services already has an existing topology of base stations. You need to determine a subset of the network nodes where the load aggregation blocks will be placed which will generate the requests to the same virtualized EPC service. After that, for each base station site, we assign a node of aggregation (traffic aggregation point – TAP).
Let xi be a binary variable that is equal to 1 if we need to place TAP at point i and equals 0 in the other case. In addition, we define yji as a binary variable that is equal to 1 if the base station j sends the load to the i TAP and equals 0 in the other case. We need to define the values of xi and yji in order to find the optimal value of the objective function.
Objective function (1) aims to minimize network latency. Objective function (2) represents the total cost of placing aggregation nodes and the cost of establishing channels between base stations and the respective TAPs. The objective function (3) aims to leave more free bandwidth on each physical channel. The residual bandwidth of all channels is maximized, since high-downloaded channels can lead to network overload; so, it is advisable to get a solution where more free channels are left.
These optimization goals can be useful for network operators to plan the best deployment strategy.
minxi,yji∑i∑jyji·Lji, E1
minxi,yji∑ixi·costi+∑i∑jyji·costlji, E2
maxxi,yji∑i∑jyji·cji−Bji,E3
where Lji is the delay of the communication channel between the site j and TAP i;
costi is the cost that consists of two parts: the fixed initial cost fi, which is responsible for fixed investments such as space and installation of equipment, and the additional costs – costNi – per unit of processing power on the computing node, where di is the amount of computational resources of processing: costi=fi+costNi·di;
costlji is the cost of establishing a connection between the site j and TAP i, and it is determined as a linear combination of the initial fixed cost flji and the variable part dependent on the bandwidth Bji, which is necessary for the channel, and the cost of the unit of capacity costLj: costlji=flji+costLi·Bji;
cji – available bandwidth throughput.
It is possible to use the linear combination (4) of Eqs. (1)–(3) with weights a, b, and c, which can be applied not only to give importance the component but also in order to scale the values of these equations for the purpose of converting to comparable values and have meaningful summation:
Restriction (5) ensures that each base station will be connected only one TAP. Restriction (6) ensures that a channel is created between the base station site j and the TAP i only if i was placed.
Restriction (7) ensures that the maximum TAP does not exceed budget p, while (8) is a capacity limit that ensures that the general requirements for processing of all base stations assigned to a specific TAP do not exceed the actual physical resources installed. Restriction (9) makes sure the sufficiency of channel resources for the establishment of channels, and (10) ensures admissibility of delay value, i.e., not exceeding the threshold Tj.
Below we describe the method for solving the problem of placement and the capacity of reserved computing resources of virtual network functions.
Physical network is given in the form of graph SN = (N, NE), where N is a set of physical nodes and L is a set of channels. Each channel l = (n1, n2) ∈ NE, n1,n2 ∈ N has a maximum capacity of c(n1, n2) and each node n ∈ N is associated with certain resources cni, i ∈ R, where R is the set of resource types (CPU cores, memory, disk space, and network interface card). The set of all traffic aggregation points (TAPs), i.e., eNodeB clusters, is denoted as K ⊆ N. For each node n ∈ N, suitnk,j is a binary parameter that indicates whether it is administratively possible to deploy a function j ∈ V on the node n, where V is the set of types of network functions, k service, where k ∈ K.
A virtual mobile core network is represented by a set of services (one service per TAP) which are embedded in the physical network.
The requirements to the bandwidth between two functions, j1 and j2, (j1,j2)∈E, referring to the TAP k∈K service are denoted as dk(j1,j2). dkj,i is the amount of computing resource type i allocated to the network function j in the service k. sn,ik,j specifies the processing time for the type resource i of the virtual network function j for the service k with one resource unit on node n. The requirements to the admissible processing time of the network function j related to the service k are designated as Pkj. Tk – the maximum delay for k∈K, L(n1,n2) is the network latency for the channel (n1,n2)∈NE.
The goal of optimization is to find the location of the virtualized services of the core network (i.e., the allocation of network functions and the allocation of resources, as well as definition of the ways to transfer traffic between them), so as to minimize the cost of the occupied resources of channels and nodes in the physical network, while satisfying the load requirements λk,j. Let us formulate an objective function (Eq. (11)) in the form of a linear combination of two value expressions: the occupied capacity of computing node resources, where the value of resource unit i on node n is denoted by costN(i,n), and the occupied bandwidth of the channels, where costL(n1,n2) is the cost of the unit of bandwidth of the physical channel (n1,n2)∈NE.
The following Eqs. (11)–(20) represent the formulation of the optimization problem of mixed integer nonlinear programming. The Boolean variables xnk,j indicate whether the network function j associated with the service k is located on the physical node n. For j = TAP, xnk,TAP are not variables but input parameters that indicate where TAP k is, i.e.,
xnk,TAP=1ifk=n,0else.
Similarly, Boolean variables fn1n2k,j1j2 indicate whether the physical channel (n1,n2)∈NE is used for the path between j1 and j2 for service k.
Eq. (12) ensures that for each TAP/service, only one network function of each type is placed. Eq. (13) ensures that the allocation of resources is carried out on physical nodes, which have an administrative opportunity to locate the corresponding network functions. Eqs. (14)–(16) represent restriction for the available resources of physical nodes and channels. Eq. (17) represents a restriction for flow conservation of all paths in the physical network. Eq. (18) ensures that the variables in the task of locating network functions and displaying a path are Boolean.
In order to limit the delays on channels, the delay limit shown in Eq. (19) is also added. And to take into account the necessary performance of the virtual network function, the restrictions for the value of the processing time of the request determined in Eq. (20) are necessary.
It is supposed to solve the problem (11)–(20) in the offline mode at the initial stage. According to the solution, each network function reserves a certain number of resources of the virtual network function based on the assessment of its greatest resource requirements. The instantaneous needs of different network functions are dynamically satisfied by activating the necessary configuration of virtual machines during execution in such a way as to satisfy the guarantees provided for each network function.
3. Method for determining the size of the time interval of the constant configuration of computing resources
The decision when to provide resources depends on the dynamics of traffic loads. Telecommunication loads undergo long-term changes, such as hourly effects or seasonal effects, as well as short-term fluctuations such as unexpected crowds. While long-term fluctuations can be predicted in advance, observing changes in the past, short-term fluctuations are less predictable, and in some cases, unpredictable. The proposed method uses two different approaches for working in conditions of changes that are observed at different time scales. Proactive resource management is used to assess the load and corresponding management, as well as reactive resource management is used to correct long-term errors or to respond to unforeseen overload.
We propose to apply a mechanism which implies dynamic change in the duration of the constant configuration of the resources of the virtual network function, depending on the difference between the maximum load value at a certain base interval and the minimum one. Eq. (21) describes the principle:
Int is the interval during which the appropriate specified resources will be allocated; Intbase is the base value of the interval calculated according to the load discretization approach described below; K is the coefficient of the duration change of constant configuration determined by the network operator according to the experiment; λbasepred(t) is the average predicted arrival rate in the period t, and Intminbase is the minimum acceptable value of the base interval.
To do this, you need to define the base interval. The goal is to present a daily load pattern, sampling its requests into successive, non-overlapping time intervals with a single representative value in each interval. Load discretization: having a time series X in the interval [v, τ], time series Y on the same interval is the discretization of the load X, if [v, τ] can be divided into m consecutive non-overlapping time intervals, {[v, τ1],[τ1, τ2],…,[τm-1, τ]}, so that X(j) = ri, for all j in i-th interval, [τi-1, τi].
The solution for time series discretization (Eq. 22) is given as follows:
∑i=1m∑τ=τi−1τiuri−Xτ+fm→min.E22
Eq. (22) is an objective function which has to be minimized, where X is the time series and f(m) is a function of the value of the number of changes or intervals, m. The purpose of Eq. (22) is to simultaneously minimize the load representation error and number of changes. Basic interval is calculated as Intbase=τmm . In order to determine the optimal value of the interval, we set different values of the number of intervals, calculate the value of the Eq. (22) and choose the best, i.e., the minimum one, having for each interval:
ri=maxτϵτi−1τiXτ.E23
At the same time, it is proposed to continuously monitor the values of the request arrival rate and use the predicted values if the load does not exceed the threshold; otherwise, current trends are evaluated and resources are scaled on the basis of the new forecast.
Load forecasting for the next time interval is carried out by taking into account long-term statistics and adjusting it according to the model of exponential smoothing, where errors of more recent past periods have a greater importance factor:
α (smoothing constant) is the coefficient that characterizes the weight rate reduction and takes values from 0 to 1; the closer the value of this parameter is to 1, the better is the consideration of the influence of the last levels of the series during the forecast. The model parameters are set by the network administrator according to the experiment. λobs(t) is the request arrival rate on interval t, h is the interval of previous observations, which is considered by the algorithm, and x+ denotes max(0,x).
4. Method of local reconfiguration of network computing resources in case of failure or overload
There might be situations when the resources available on the nodes will be insufficient or if the node fails. Potential failures can be physical nodes failures, failures of servers that have higher failure rates than telecommunication hardware or the infrastructure provider will perform node maintenance tasks and this will require the migration of nodes.
For this case, the methods of reconfiguration are used which seek to find the places for migration of network functions from the affected nodes, minimizing the cost of recovering the node after failure and maintaining a high level of physical performance of the network. The proposed improved recovery methods differ from existing ones by taking into account the cost of resources on the nodes and the final quality of service, as well as the case of node overload. In addition, in previous research, the problem of locating management nodes, which are coordinators of the movement of virtual network functions, remained unsolved.
MN represents a set of control nodes (hereinafter–managers), where managers MN⊆N are responsible for the operation of the proposed recovery mechanism after the failure. Each control node is connected to one or more nodes in the physical network and performs the steps required to recover from the failure. Let us assume that managers can be located in nodes N. For a given number of managers A, there is a finite set of possible NA locations, so the task of placing managers is the task of multi-criteria combinatorial optimization. The purpose of the task is to determine the location of each manager at a given number of A, so that the general cost function UA({pn:n∈N}) can be minimized, where pn is a Boolean variable equal to 1 if the manager is placed at the point n. The task of optimization will be given as follows:
minpn:n∈NUAsubject to∑npn=A.E25
The main purpose of the optimal placement of managers is to minimize delays between nodes and managers in the network. However, considering only delays is not enough. The placement of managers should also take into account certain restrictions of stability. Figure 4 shows different issues that need to be considered when evaluating the stability of the placement. Below we will briefly explain these issues and what is needed to be sustainable in relation to them. Figure 4 shows normalized delays between nodes and arrival rate at nodes.
Figure 4.
Assignment according to different criteria: (a) minimal delay to the manager; (b) a minimum load imbalance of the managers; and (c) the minimum delay between managers.
Let us presume that the nodes are assigned to their closest manager, using as the metric of delay, i.e., the shortest path dlg1,g2 between the node g1 and the manager g2. The number of nodes per manager may be unbalanced – the more nodes the manager has to control, the greater is the load per this manager. If the number of site requests to the manager in the network increases, additional delays probability due to the queues in the control system increases too. In order to be resilient to manager overload, the assignment of nodes to different managers should be balanced properly.
It is obvious that one manager is not enough to achieve network resilience. On the other hand, when multiple managers are hosted in the network, the logic of network management is distributed across multiple managers, and these managers must be synchronized to maintain a consistent global state. Depending on the frequency of synchronization between managers, the delay between individual managers plays an important role.
Based on the dl matrix, which contains the distance of the shortest paths between all nodes, the maximum transmission latency between the node and the manager for a certain placement of managers can be calculated as follows:
UAlatency(p) = max(ddcn),
ddcn is the maximum transmission delay from the network node to the manager at the point n;
ddcn is calculated as follows:
ddcn=maxg∈Nlatencyg·πg,n,
where latencyg is the delay between manager and node g, latencyg=minn:n∈N∩pn=1dlg,n;
πg,n is a Boolean variable equal to 1 if node g is served by a manager located at the point n.
We consider not the average, but the maximum delay value, since the average hides the values of the worst case which are important when resiliency needs to be improved.
Depending on the situation, it may be desirable to have an approximately equal load for all managers, so that no manager is overloaded, while others have little work. Next, we consider the balanced distribution of nodes between managers. As a formal metric, we introduce the balance of placement, or rather, the imbalance, UAimbalance, i.e., the deviation from the fully balanced distribution, as the difference between the load for the most downloaded manager and the least downloaded manager.
UAimbalance is calculated as follows:
UAimbalance(p) = max(ldcn)– min(ldcn), де ldcn > 0,
ldcn – manager load at n;
ldcn is given as follows:
ldcn=∑g∈Nloadg·πg,n,
where loadg is the load factor for the node g.
As the last aspect of a resilient placement of managers, let us consider how the delay between managers can be taken into account when choosing managers. Formally, the delay between managers UAinterlatency is defined as the greatest delay between any two managers at a given placement:
UAinterlatencyp=maxng:ng∈N∩pn=1pg=1dlg,n.
In general, placement with a delay between managers’ considerations tends to place all managers closer to each other. This increases the maximum delay from nodes to managers.
Thus, the target optimization function is given by:
The recovery algorithm is based on prototype described in [12] but considers modified problem formulation and expands the solution on node overload case.
The physical network is given in the form of a graph SN = (N,NE), where N is a set of physical nodes and NE is a set of channels. Each channel (n1,n2)∈NE, n1,n2∈N has a maximum throughput of c(n1,n2) and a network delay L(n1,n2), and each node n∈N is associated with certain resources cni, i∈R, where R is the set of types of resources. The communication network is represented by a set of services (or virtual network requests) K that are embedded into the physical network. The virtual network request k, k∈K, can be given as a graph Gk = (Vk,Ek), where Vk is the set of virtual nodes containing hk elements and denoted as Vk = (vk,1,vk,2,…,vk,hk), where vk,j indicates the j-th network function in the service chain of k. Ek is the set of virtual channels ek(vk,j,vk,g)∈Ek. The channel throughput requirements between the two functions, j1 and j2, referring to the k∈K service are marked as dk(j1,j2), dkj,i is the number of resource type i allocated to the network function j in the k-th service. The Boolean variables xnk,j indicate whether the network function j associated with k∈K is located on the physical node n, and the variables f(n1,n2)k,(j1,j2) determine whether the physical channel (n1, n2) is used in the path between j1 and j2 for request k. Lk is the maximum delay for request k. costN(i,n) is the cost of the occupied resource unit on the physical node n, and costL(n1,n2) is the cost per unit occupied bandwidth on the physical channel (n1,n2)∈NE. suitnk,j means that the j function k can be placed on node n.
The process of moving the nodes of the virtual network hosted on the failed node, vk,jfail, starts when the system sends a recovery request to the corresponding host manager. The recovery process for each failed virtual node proceeds as follows: the manager sends the recovery request to all nodes of the physical network, which hosts the virtual nodes adjacent to the affected virtual nodes. Each of these nodes builds the shortest path tree (SPT) to all nodes of the physical network at a distance of not more than l (the threshold is set by the service provider) from the node, where the SPT root is the node. The manager uses these paths to select the node with the optimal distance to all nodes in the physical network, where the nodes of the virtual network are located adjacent to the failed node. This node eventually becomes the best candidate for hosting the affected virtual host. In addition, the capacity of the end nodes of the paths with the SPT should be at least the capacity of the virtual node located on the failed node. We select a node with a minimum cost of the path to all root nodes in the SPT trees and the minimum processing cost. Figure 5 contains a description of the pseudo-code of the recovery algorithm (Figure 6) after failure and is applied for all {vk,j: xnk,j = 1 & n = failed}.
Figure 5.
Algorithm of recovering the node with a failure.
Figure 6.
Recovering the node with a failure.
There is also a probability of the node failure due to overload. To perform a recovery in an overloaded network, the reconfiguration procedure is performed to migrate the virtual nodes hosted on the overloaded physical node.
The recovery process begins with sorting all the virtual nodes located on the overloaded physical node. The criterion (CRT in Figure 7) used to sort these nodes in a virtual network is the capacity of the virtual nodes. Then, the recovery procedure is performed on the first sorted virtual network node, which has a capacity equal to the overloaded, to migrate to the new node of the physical network.
Figure 7.
Recovering the node with overload.
When the load or resources change, some virtual network functions (VNFs) may have to be moved. There is a probability that finding a new node candidate for a node of a virtual network hosted on a failed site will not be possible. In this case, the reconfiguration procedure is performed to migrate one or more virtual nodes. Let us consider the problem of migration as an optimization problem, which is aimed at minimizing the general migration costs with the limits of permissible delay and computational resources.
The goal of optimization is to find the location of virtual network functions (i.e., the location of network functions and resource allocation as well as channels to transfer traffic between them), so as to minimize the cost of the occupied resources of channels and nodes in the physical network, while satisfying the requirements of traffic. Let us give the objective function (26) in the form of a linear combination (with weighted coefficients a, b, c, and e) of the cost expressions.
Let us determine the binary variable xnk,j∈{0,1} to indicate that VNF j is associated with the service chain k placed on the node n after migration. The indicator xnk,j = 0 means that VNF j is not placed on node n after migration; otherwise, j is placed on node n after migration.
Then, we enter the binary variable ynk,j to display the network status before migration. It is similar to variable xnk,j, ynk,j = 0 means that VNF is not located on node n before migration; otherwise, j is located on node n before migration.
Thus, we can use the Ik,j indicator to indicate whether the VNFj by k service was moved in the current migration process.
Ik,j=∑n∈Nxnk,j·ynk,j
Ik,j = 0 indicates that the VNF has been moved in the current migration process, and Ik,j = 1 indicates that the VNF has not been moved.
xn denotes whether the n physical server works or not after migration.
xn=1servernlaunched0otherwise
yn indicates whether the n physical server works or not before migrating.
yn=1servernlaunched0otherwise
In order to consider the resources that are consumed while migrating, we introduce the following equations:
Bn indicates the required bn costs to launch the n-th server:
Bn=bnxnxn−yn;
Lik,jn→n′ denotes the use of resource i for the migration of VNF j from the service chain k from the server n to the server n’:
Lik,jn→n′=lidk,j+li′dk,j,
where li(x) is the function of using resource i for migration from the server and l’i(x) is the use of resource i for migration to the server.
The objective function will be calculated as follows:
Hence, the objective function (26) is a linear combination of four equations which aims to minimize: the cost of starting and using a server, using server resources, communication channels, and resources for migration. Eq. (27) ensures the one-time allocation of network functions, and Eq. (28) is the administrative possibility of placement on the node. Eqs. (29) and (30) represent a limit for the resources of physical nodes and channels, i.e., they ensure that the amount of resources involved in a node does not exceed the amount of available resources. Eq. (31) represents a flow conservation limit, i.e., the input stream at the node is equal to the output stream. Eq. (32) ensures that the variables in the problem are Boolean. Eqs. (33) and (34) represent a limit for the time of transmission by telecommunication channels and time of processing by service nodes, respectively, and ensure compliance with the specified time requirements for the service.
5. Operating scheme of the resource management system
Thus, before operation starting, it is necessary to have statistics on the requests arrival rate for the network function and the probability characteristics of the request servicing. According to the allocation method, the binding of each network function of the traditional network to the data center and the amount of resources that should be reserved for the corresponding virtualized network function is determined. Next, it is necessary to divide the lifecycle of the network function into intervals during which its configuration will remain unchanged and a certain amount of resources will be activated in accordance with the method of determining the size of the resources constant configuration time interval, while taking into account the expected load. When a mobile network operates, a physical node may not be able to continue to handle an incoming load due to lack of resources or due to its failure, and in this case, a distributed local reconfiguration of resources that re-distributes virtual nodes is triggered.
The general resource management system is shown in Figure 8.
Figure 8.
Modified resource management system.
The monitoring system tracks traffic and counts the number of requests. The monitoring system sets the threshold for the number of requests and sends a message to the coordinator if detecting an overload. When the coordinator accepts an overload message from the monitoring system, the resource allocation unit calculates the required amount of resources to process the applications properly and dynamically distributes the estimated volume. Then, the coordinator redirects the requests and the overload is eliminated.
The coordinator is launched periodically. To predict the base load, one can take the average value of historic daily load. The coordinator sends an incoming load to a data center, which maintains excessive workload, and also exchanges data with a resource allocation unit to provide information about the predicted input load.
The resource distribution module is responsible for distributing the appropriate amount of resources needed to handle the load with the specified quality indicators. During the direct operation of the system, this module is started when the actual load exceeds the base predicted value of the load in order to provide additional resources for excessive load. Since the resource distribution module and coordinator do not start when the actual load is lower than the predicted one, the resource reconfiguration procedure creates minimal additional costs associated with this process.
The general operating scheme of the resource management system is shown in Figure 9.
Figure 9.
The method of system resource management.
6. Analysis
Quantitative and qualitative analysis (Figure 10) of the proposed methods showed a reduction of the cost associated with reserved resources up to 15%, which contributes to increasing the efficiency of load processing, saving computing resources.
Figure 10.
Consumption of system resources by using the method of allocating virtual network functions and without it.
The examples of representation of time series values, i.e., loads that illustrate the accuracy of representation, depending on the selected interval of the constant configuration, are presented in Figure 11, where the representation error for the case of intervals in 10 minutes is 7%, and for the case of 60 minutes—19%.
Figure 11.
Representation of load values depending on different values of the constant configuration interval.
The results of simulation of the method of determining the size of the resources constant configuration time interval (Figure 12) showed that the difference between representational value and actual one can be 9%. If you do not apply a dynamic adjustment system to the value of the constant configuration interval, then the deviation will be 18%, i.e., 9% more, and the resources will be spent more.
Figure 12.
Results of simulating the system with dynamic change in the value of constant configuration time interval and the system without it.
In order to assess the proposed approach, the average amount of free resources per day was determined as the difference between fixed allocations, i.e., when 100% of resources were always allocated during the day, and dynamically allocated resources by using NFV. According to the results of simulation, the volume of resources allocated dynamically on average is 42% less than in the case of using the traditional distribution approach. Figure 13 depicts the result of the dynamic distribution of resources in the virtualized EPC of the mobile network in a graphical form. A gray line illustrates the fixed allocations for the worst case scenario. The black curve shows the amount of resources distributed dynamically according to the proposed method.
Figure 13.
Results of simulating the system with variable configuration of resources and the system with fixed resources.
According to the simulation results (Figure 14), the proposed local reconfiguration method showed up to 27% lower costs compared to a strategy aimed at minimizing delay, the delay being within the permissible limits but by 20% greater.
Figure 14.
Results of simulating the system with variable configuration of resources and the system with fixed resources.
7. Conclusions
The main result of the study has become the development of the method for reconfiguring resources of the core network by means of virtualization technology. As a result of the research, the following basic scientific results have been obtained.
The analysis of the current situation in the wireless communication market shows an increase in the workload, which leads to an increase in the need in additional resources. However, the uneven loading of the infrastructure nodes leads to their loss of use; so, there is a need in introducing technologies that both do not lead to downtime of equipment and ensure the quality of load service during the day.
An overview of the NFV virtualization technology has shown that it is appropriate to build wireless networks, since it provides the necessary flexibility and scalability.
We have developed the method for determining the location and capacity of reserved computer resources of virtual network functions in the data centers of the mobile communication operator, which guarantees the quality of providing telecommunication services with the minimum necessary resources by determining their sufficient configuration in a heterogeneous environment of available resources. This allows reducing costs by 13% compared to the randomly selected monocloud and by 47% compared with the traditional approach to deploying the network.
In addition, we have developed the method for determining the size of computing resources constant configuration time interval, which involves its changing and the consideration of both the cost of reconfiguration and the use of resources, as well as provides a flexible use of resources in the virtualized environment, which reduces the percentage of free resources by 42% compared to the dedicated equipment and by 9% compared to existing analogs and reducing the workload on the network.
Furthermore, we have improved the distributed method of local reconfiguration of the virtual network computing resources in the case of a failure or overload, which uses decentralized management and considers migration costs, that redistributes virtual network functions in normal and emergency modes while providing rational resource usage and reducing costs on average by 21%.
\n',keywords:"network function virtualization, evolved packet core, resource allocation, reconfiguration, mobile network",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/69472.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/69472.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69472",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69472",totalDownloads:868,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:4,dateSubmitted:"February 8th 2019",dateReviewed:"September 9th 2019",datePrePublished:"November 26th 2019",datePublished:"May 20th 2020",dateFinished:"October 9th 2019",readingETA:"0",abstract:"The analysis of the current situation in the wireless communication market shows an increase in the workload, which leads to an increase in the need in additional resources. However, the uneven loading of the infrastructure nodes leads to their loss of use; so, there is a need in introducing technologies that both do not lead to downtime of equipment and ensure the quality of load service during the day. An overview of the NFV virtualization technology has shown that it is appropriate to build wireless networks, since it provides the necessary flexibility and scalability. The method for determining the location and capacity of reserved computer resources of virtual network functions in the data centers of the mobile communication operator, method for determining the size of computing resources constant configuration time interval, and distributed method of local reconfiguration of the virtual network computing resources in the case of a failure or overload are proposed. Thus, configuration, operation, and reconfiguration processes in mobile core network with virtualized functions are described.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/69472",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/69472",signatures:"Larysa Globa, Svitlana Sulima, Mariia Skulysh, Stanislav Dovgyi and Oleksandr Stryzhak",book:{id:"8678",type:"book",title:"Mobile Computing",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Mobile Computing",slug:"mobile-computing",publishedDate:"May 20th 2020",bookSignature:"Jesus Hamilton Ortiz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8678.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:"978-1-78984-940-0",printIsbn:"978-1-78984-939-4",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83880-550-0",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"283288",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus Hamilton",middleName:null,surname:"Ortiz",slug:"jesus-hamilton-ortiz",fullName:"Jesus Hamilton Ortiz"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"105085",title:"Prof.",name:"Larysa",middleName:null,surname:"Globa",fullName:"Larysa Globa",slug:"larysa-globa",email:"lgloba@its.kpi.ua",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"National Technical University of Ukraine Kiev Polytechnic Institute",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Ukraine"}}},{id:"281033",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariia",middleName:null,surname:"Skulysh",fullName:"Mariia Skulysh",slug:"mariia-skulysh",email:"mskulysh@gmail.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"295095",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Svitlana",middleName:null,surname:"Sulima",fullName:"Svitlana Sulima",slug:"svitlana-sulima",email:"itssulima@gmail.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"295097",title:"Dr.",name:"Oleksandr",middleName:null,surname:"Stryzhak",fullName:"Oleksandr Stryzhak",slug:"oleksandr-stryzhak",email:"lilthirteen@gmail.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"312644",title:"Prof.",name:"Stanislav",middleName:null,surname:"Dovgyi",fullName:"Stanislav Dovgyi",slug:"stanislav-dovgyi",email:"its30316@gmail.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Ukraine"}}}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Method for determining the location and required capacity of virtual reserved computing resources in case of an overload of the physical network",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3",title:"3. Method for determining the size of the time interval of the constant configuration of computing resources",level:"1"},{id:"sec_4",title:"4. Method of local reconfiguration of network computing resources in case of failure or overload",level:"1"},{id:"sec_5",title:"5. Operating scheme of the resource management system",level:"1"},{id:"sec_6",title:"6. Analysis",level:"1"},{id:"sec_7",title:"7. Conclusions",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Globa L, Kurdecha V, Ishchenko I, Zakharchuk A, Kunieva N. The intellectual IoT-system for monitoring the base station quality of service. In: Proceedings of the IEEE International Black Sea Conference on Communications and Networking (BlackSeaCom); 4-7 June 2018; Batumi, Georgia: IEEE. 2018. pp. 1-5'},{id:"B2",body:'Cisco Visual Networking Index: Global Mobile Data Traffic Forecast Update, 2017–2022 White Paper [Internet]. 2019. Available from: https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/solutions/collateral/service-provider/visual-networking-index-vni/white-paper-c11-738429.html [Accessed: 31 March 2019]'},{id:"B3",body:'Shimojo T, Takano Y, Khan A, Kaptchouang S, Tamura M, Iwashina S. Future mobile core network for efficient service operation. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Network Softwarization (NetSoft); 13-17 April 2015; London, UK: IEEE. 2015. pp. 1-6'},{id:"B4",body:'Cisco CEO at CES 2014: Internet of Things is a $19 Trillion Opportunity [Internet]. 2014. Available from: https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/on-it/cisco-ceo-at-ces-2014-internet-of-things-is-a-19-trillion-opportunity/2014/01/08/8d456fba-789b-11e3-8963-b4b654bcc9b2_story.html [Accessed: 31 March 2019]'},{id:"B5",body:'Emmerson B. M2M: The internet of 50 billion devices. WinWin Magazine. January 2010. pp. 19-22'},{id:"B6",body:'Signaling is Growing 50% Faster than Data Traffic [Internet]. 2012. Available from: http://docplayer.net/6278117-Signaling-is-growing-50-faster-than-data-traffic.html [Accessed: 31 March 2019]'},{id:"B7",body:'NSN to Push Cloud Computing to Telco Gear Market [Internet]. 2011. Available from: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-nokiasiemens-gear/nsn-to-push-cloud-computing-to-telco-gear-market-idUSTRE78I6LK20110919 [Accessed: 31 March 2019]'},{id:"B8",body:'Network Functions Virtualisation [Internet]. 2012. Available from: https://portal.etsi.org/NFV/NFV_White_Paper.pdf [Accessed: 31 March 2019]'},{id:"B9",body:'Network Functions Virtualisation (NFV); Terminology for Main Concepts in NFV [Internet]. 2014. Available from: https://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_gs/NFV/001_099/003/01.02.01_60/gs_nfv003v010201p.pdf [Accessed: 31 March 2019]'},{id:"B10",body:'Mijumbi R, Serrat J, Gorricho J, Bouten N, De Turck F, Boutaba R. Network function virtualization: State-of-the-art and research challenges. IEEE Communication Surveys and Tutorials. 2015;18:236-262. DOI: 10.1109/COMST.2015.2477041'},{id:"B11",body:'Baumgartner A, Reddy V, Bauschert T. Mobile core network virtualization: A model for combined virtual core network function placement and topology optimization. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Network Softwarization (NetSoft); 13-17 April 2015; London, UK: IEEE. 2015. pp. 1-9'},{id:"B12",body:'Abid H, Samaan N. A novel scheme for node failure recovery in virtualized networks. In: Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Integrated Network Management (IM 2013); 27-31 May 2013; Ghent. Belgium: IEEE; 2013. pp. 1154-1160'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:null,contributorFullName:"Larysa Globa",address:null,affiliation:'
National Technical University of Ukraine “Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute”, Ukraine
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Armstrong is Director of the Clinical Research Unit and Teledermatology Program at the Department of Dermatology. Dr. Armstrong completed training at Harvard Dermatology Residency Program and Harvard School of Public Health. While at Harvard, she also completed a one-year dermatopathology research fellowship with Dr. Martin Mihm focusing on the prognostic significance of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes in melanoma. Dr. Armstrong is actively engaged in clinical research as well as medical education, with an emphasis on telehealth and chronic inflammatory dermatoses. She believes that good clinical practice needs to be rooted in evidence-based medicine, and rigorous research forms the foundation for innovations in dermatology. Dr. Armstrong’s research is supported by the Dermatology Foundation, National Psoriasis Foundation, California Healthcare Foundation, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, and the National Institute of Health.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of California, Davis",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"37160",title:"Dr.",name:"Dianne",surname:"Godar",slug:"dianne-godar",fullName:"Dianne Godar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"38030",title:"Ms",name:"Lily",surname:"Cheng",slug:"lily-cheng",fullName:"Lily Cheng",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"42849",title:"Dr.",name:"Zorka",surname:"Grgić",slug:"zorka-grgic",fullName:"Zorka Grgić",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"50333",title:"Dr.",name:"Lazar",surname:"Popovic",slug:"lazar-popovic",fullName:"Lazar Popovic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oncology Institute of Vojvodina",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Serbia"}}},{id:"51459",title:"Prof.",name:"David",surname:"Fisher",slug:"david-fisher",fullName:"David Fisher",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Massachusetts General Hospital",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"87892",title:"Dr.",name:"Elena",surname:"Hawryluk",slug:"elena-hawryluk",fullName:"Elena Hawryluk",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"104407",title:"Mr.",name:"James",surname:"Lagrew",slug:"james-lagrew",fullName:"James Lagrew",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Kentucky",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"104410",title:"Ms.",name:"Brooke",surname:"Veith",slug:"brooke-veith",fullName:"Brooke Veith",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/104410/images/3296_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Kentucky",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},generic:{page:{slug:"cro-terms-and-conditions",title:"Odredbe i uvjeti",intro:'
Ove Odredbe i uvjeti ističu pravila i regulacije u svezi korištenja IntechOpenove stranice www.intechopen.com i svih poddomena u vlasništvu IntechOpena, tvrtke sa sjedištem u 5 Princes Gate Court, London, SW7 2QJ, Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo.
',metaTitle:"Odredbe i uvjeti",metaDescription:"Ove Odredbe i uvjeti ističu pravila i regulacije u svezi korištenja IntechOpenove stranice www.intechopen.com i svih poddomena u vlasništvu IntechOpena, tvrtke sa sjedištem u 5 Princes Gate Court, London, SW7 2QJ, Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/cro-terms-and-conditions",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"
1. Odredbe
\\n\\n
Pristupom na stranicu www.intechopen.com slažete se s ovim odredbama, sa svim primjenjivim zakonskim odredbama, te se slažete s poštovanjem svih lokalnih zakona. Korištenje i/ili pristup ovoj stranici temelji se na potpunom prihvaćanju ovih odredbi. Svi materijali na ovoj stranici zaštićeni su primjenjivim zakonima o autorskim pravima i žigu.
\\n\\n
Sljedeća terminologija odnosi se na Odredbe i uvjete, te na sve naše ugovore:
\\n\\n
Klijent, stranka, vi, vaš odnosi se na vas, osobu koja pristupa ovoj stranici i prihvaća IntechOpenove Odredbe i uvjete;
\\n\\n
Kompanija, tvrtka, mi, naše odnosi se na tvrtku IntechOpen;
\\n\\n
Stranke, strane odnosi se na klijenta i na nas, ili samo na klijenta ili nas.
\\n\\n
Sve odredbe koje se odnose na ponudu, prihvat ili razmatranje plaćanja, a za koja mi pružamo asistenciju klijentu, bilo na ugovoreni ili fiksni način, a s ciljem da se ostvare potrebe i želje klijenta u svezi s našim uslugama, su podložne zakonskim odredbama Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva.
\\n\\n
2. Licenca
\\n\\n
Osim ako nije suprotno navedeno, IntechOpen i/ili svi davatelji licence vlasnici su intelektualnog vlasništva nad svim materijalima na www.intechopen.com. Sva prava intelektualnog vlasništva su pridržana. Stranice sa www.intechopen.com možete gledati, preuzimati, dijeliti, dijeliti poveznice i printati za osobnu uporabu, a temeljem pravila sadržanih u ovim Odredbama i uvjetima.
\\n\\n
3. Kolačići
\\n\\n
Mi koristimo kolačiće. Korištenjem IntechOpenove stranice slažete se s korištenjem kolačića u skladu s IntechOpenovom Politikom privatnosti. Većina modernih, interaktivnih stranica koristi kolačiće kako bi omogućila ponovno pronalaženje korisničkih detalja kod svakog posjeta. Na našoj stranici kolačići se uglavnom koriste kako bi omogućili funkcionalnost i olakšali posjetiteljima korištenje stranice.
\\n\\n
4. Ograničenja odgovornosti
\\n\\n
IntechOpen ili njegovi suradnici niti u jednom slučaju neće biti odgovorni za štete (štete uključuju gubitak podataka ili profita, druge poslovne prekide, te sve ostale štete) koje nastanu zbog korištenja materijala na IntechOpenovoj stranici ili nemogućnosti da se iste koriste, čak i ako je IntechOpen ili njegov predstavnik o takvoj šteti obaviješten pismenim ili usmenim putem. Neke jurisdikcije ne dozvoljavaju ograničenja garancija ili ograničenja obveza za posljedične ili slučajne štete pa se u tom slučaju ova ograničenja možda ne odnose na vas.
\\n\\n
5. Točnost materijala
\\n\\n
Materijali koji se pojavljuju na IntechOpenovoj stranici mogu sadržavati manje greške, tipfelere ili fotografske greške. IntechOpen može napraviti promjene na bilo kojem materijalu koji se nalazi na stranici u bilo koje vrijeme.
\\n\\n
6. Poveznice
\\n\\n
IntechOpen nije formalno povezan niti s jednom vanjskom stranicom čije poveznice vode na www.intechopen.com, osim ako to nije izravno navedeno. Iz tog razloga IntechOpen nije odgovoran za sadržaj koji se pojavljuje na takvim stranicama. Poveznica na IntechOpenovu stranicu ne implicira povezanost sa IntechOpenom. Korištenje takvih poveznica isključiva je odgovornost korisnika.
\\n\\n
Zadržavamo pravo vlasništva nad cjelokupnom stranicom www.intechopen.com i nad svim materijalom na toj stranici. Koristeći se našim uslugama, slažete se da maknete sve poveznice na našu stranicu odmah nakon što to od vas zatražimo. Također, zadržavamo pravo da ove Odredbe i uvjete, i politiku o poveznicama izmjenimo u bilo koje vrijeme. Koristeći se poveznicama na naše stranice slažete se s ovim Odredbama i uvjetima.
\\n\\n
Ako smatrate da je bilo koja poveznica na našoj stranici sumnjiva iz bilo kojeg razloga, molimo vas da nas kontaktirate. U tom slučaju razmotrit ćemo micanje poveznice s naše stranice, iako nismo obvezni to napraviti.
\\n\\n
7. Okviri (Frames)
\\n\\n
Bez prethodne privole i izričite pisane dozvole, ne možete stvarati okvire oko naših stranica ili koristiti druge tehnike koje na bilo koji način mogu promijeniti prezentaciju ili izgled naše stranice.
\\n\\n
8. Promjene
\\n\\n
IntechOpen može ove Odredbe izmijeniti u bilo koje vrijeme i bez prethodne obavijesti. Koristeći ovu stranicu vi se slažete s trenutnim Odredbama i uvjetima koje su na snazi.
\\n\\n
9. Nadležno pravo
\\n\\n
Ove Odredbe i uvjeti su sastavljeni u skladu s odredbama prava Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva, a za sve sporove nadležan je sud u Londonu, Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo.
Pristupom na stranicu www.intechopen.com slažete se s ovim odredbama, sa svim primjenjivim zakonskim odredbama, te se slažete s poštovanjem svih lokalnih zakona. Korištenje i/ili pristup ovoj stranici temelji se na potpunom prihvaćanju ovih odredbi. Svi materijali na ovoj stranici zaštićeni su primjenjivim zakonima o autorskim pravima i žigu.
\n\n
Sljedeća terminologija odnosi se na Odredbe i uvjete, te na sve naše ugovore:
\n\n
Klijent, stranka, vi, vaš odnosi se na vas, osobu koja pristupa ovoj stranici i prihvaća IntechOpenove Odredbe i uvjete;
\n\n
Kompanija, tvrtka, mi, naše odnosi se na tvrtku IntechOpen;
\n\n
Stranke, strane odnosi se na klijenta i na nas, ili samo na klijenta ili nas.
\n\n
Sve odredbe koje se odnose na ponudu, prihvat ili razmatranje plaćanja, a za koja mi pružamo asistenciju klijentu, bilo na ugovoreni ili fiksni način, a s ciljem da se ostvare potrebe i želje klijenta u svezi s našim uslugama, su podložne zakonskim odredbama Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva.
\n\n
2. Licenca
\n\n
Osim ako nije suprotno navedeno, IntechOpen i/ili svi davatelji licence vlasnici su intelektualnog vlasništva nad svim materijalima na www.intechopen.com. Sva prava intelektualnog vlasništva su pridržana. Stranice sa www.intechopen.com možete gledati, preuzimati, dijeliti, dijeliti poveznice i printati za osobnu uporabu, a temeljem pravila sadržanih u ovim Odredbama i uvjetima.
\n\n
3. Kolačići
\n\n
Mi koristimo kolačiće. Korištenjem IntechOpenove stranice slažete se s korištenjem kolačića u skladu s IntechOpenovom Politikom privatnosti. Većina modernih, interaktivnih stranica koristi kolačiće kako bi omogućila ponovno pronalaženje korisničkih detalja kod svakog posjeta. Na našoj stranici kolačići se uglavnom koriste kako bi omogućili funkcionalnost i olakšali posjetiteljima korištenje stranice.
\n\n
4. Ograničenja odgovornosti
\n\n
IntechOpen ili njegovi suradnici niti u jednom slučaju neće biti odgovorni za štete (štete uključuju gubitak podataka ili profita, druge poslovne prekide, te sve ostale štete) koje nastanu zbog korištenja materijala na IntechOpenovoj stranici ili nemogućnosti da se iste koriste, čak i ako je IntechOpen ili njegov predstavnik o takvoj šteti obaviješten pismenim ili usmenim putem. Neke jurisdikcije ne dozvoljavaju ograničenja garancija ili ograničenja obveza za posljedične ili slučajne štete pa se u tom slučaju ova ograničenja možda ne odnose na vas.
\n\n
5. Točnost materijala
\n\n
Materijali koji se pojavljuju na IntechOpenovoj stranici mogu sadržavati manje greške, tipfelere ili fotografske greške. IntechOpen može napraviti promjene na bilo kojem materijalu koji se nalazi na stranici u bilo koje vrijeme.
\n\n
6. Poveznice
\n\n
IntechOpen nije formalno povezan niti s jednom vanjskom stranicom čije poveznice vode na www.intechopen.com, osim ako to nije izravno navedeno. Iz tog razloga IntechOpen nije odgovoran za sadržaj koji se pojavljuje na takvim stranicama. Poveznica na IntechOpenovu stranicu ne implicira povezanost sa IntechOpenom. Korištenje takvih poveznica isključiva je odgovornost korisnika.
\n\n
Zadržavamo pravo vlasništva nad cjelokupnom stranicom www.intechopen.com i nad svim materijalom na toj stranici. Koristeći se našim uslugama, slažete se da maknete sve poveznice na našu stranicu odmah nakon što to od vas zatražimo. Također, zadržavamo pravo da ove Odredbe i uvjete, i politiku o poveznicama izmjenimo u bilo koje vrijeme. Koristeći se poveznicama na naše stranice slažete se s ovim Odredbama i uvjetima.
\n\n
Ako smatrate da je bilo koja poveznica na našoj stranici sumnjiva iz bilo kojeg razloga, molimo vas da nas kontaktirate. U tom slučaju razmotrit ćemo micanje poveznice s naše stranice, iako nismo obvezni to napraviti.
\n\n
7. Okviri (Frames)
\n\n
Bez prethodne privole i izričite pisane dozvole, ne možete stvarati okvire oko naših stranica ili koristiti druge tehnike koje na bilo koji način mogu promijeniti prezentaciju ili izgled naše stranice.
\n\n
8. Promjene
\n\n
IntechOpen može ove Odredbe izmijeniti u bilo koje vrijeme i bez prethodne obavijesti. Koristeći ovu stranicu vi se slažete s trenutnim Odredbama i uvjetima koje su na snazi.
\n\n
9. Nadležno pravo
\n\n
Ove Odredbe i uvjeti su sastavljeni u skladu s odredbama prava Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva, a za sve sporove nadležan je sud u Londonu, Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo.
\n"}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. 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Similarly, they are used for estrus synchronization during the breeding season or outside the breeding season by taking advantage of the negative feedback effect of progesterone in small ruminants. It is applied for the treatment of embryonic deaths due to luteal insufficiency in cows with high milk yield. In anovulatory anestrus, exogenous progesterone applications can be very useful. Progesterone treatment contributes to the resolution of the anestrus by rearranging hypothalamic functions in cattle with follicular cysts. The oxidative stress index in the luteal phase, when progesterone is high in ruminants, is higher than in the follicular phase. In the critical period of pregnancy, a high index of oxidative stress-induced progesterone causes embryonic death. Factors that cause stress in high milk-yielding cows can affect the amount of progesterone synthesis by inhibiting luteal cell function due to excessive free radical production.",book:{id:"5994",slug:"sex-hormones-in-neurodegenerative-processes-and-diseases",title:"Sex Hormones in Neurodegenerative Processes and Diseases",fullTitle:"Sex Hormones in Neurodegenerative Processes and Diseases"},signatures:"Mushap Kuru, Abdulsamed Kükürt, Hasan Oral and Metin Öğün",authors:[{id:"177273",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Metin",middleName:null,surname:"Öğün",slug:"metin-ogun",fullName:"Metin Öğün"},{id:"218960",title:"Dr.",name:"Mushap",middleName:null,surname:"Kuru",slug:"mushap-kuru",fullName:"Mushap Kuru"},{id:"218985",title:"Prof.",name:"Hasan",middleName:null,surname:"Oral",slug:"hasan-oral",fullName:"Hasan Oral"},{id:"219081",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulsamed",middleName:null,surname:"Kükürt",slug:"abdulsamed-kukurt",fullName:"Abdulsamed Kükürt"}]},{id:"57255",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71140",title:"Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of the Effects of Sex Hormones on the Nervous System",slug:"cellular-and-molecular-mechanisms-of-the-effects-of-sex-hormones-on-the-nervous-system",totalDownloads:1446,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"The mechanisms of the action of sex steroid hormones on the nervous system are related to both classical, intracellularly mediated effects and non-classical membrane effects due to binding to membrane receptors. Some steroids are capable of inducing rapid neurotransmitter-like effects, similar to those of dopamine or glutamate that alter the activity of neuronal systems via different types of receptors. The neuroactive steroids are endogenous neuromodulators synthesized in the brain and rapidly affecting neuronal excitability. Sex steroids exert many pleiotropic effects in the nervous system: they modulate main neurotransmitter systems, promote the viability of neurons, play an important role in myelination, and influence cognitive processes. Estradiol protects neurons from excitotoxic damage and increases neuronal survival. Progesterone stimulates neurological and functional recovery. Androgens also exhibit a wide array of neuroprotective effects in motoneurons, including supporting cell survival, axonal regeneration, and dendritic maintenance. Despite the considerable increase of sex hormones and neurosteroids research in recent years and the ongoing discovery of biochemical mechanisms of action, their role in neurodegenerative processes remains not well determined.",book:{id:"5994",slug:"sex-hormones-in-neurodegenerative-processes-and-diseases",title:"Sex Hormones in Neurodegenerative Processes and Diseases",fullTitle:"Sex Hormones in Neurodegenerative Processes and Diseases"},signatures:"Slavi Delchev and Katerina Georgieva",authors:[{id:"204757",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Slavi",middleName:"Dimitrov",surname:"Delchev",slug:"slavi-delchev",fullName:"Slavi Delchev"},{id:"205070",title:"Prof.",name:"Katerina",middleName:null,surname:"Georgieva",slug:"katerina-georgieva",fullName:"Katerina Georgieva"}]},{id:"29504",doi:"10.5772/32669",title:"External Ventricular Drain Infections",slug:"external-ventricular-drain-infections",totalDownloads:9412,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:null,book:{id:"703",slug:"hydrocephalus",title:"Hydrocephalus",fullTitle:"Hydrocephalus"},signatures:"Anderson C.O. Tsang and Gilberto K.K. Leung",authors:[{id:"92283",title:"Dr.",name:"Gilberto K K",middleName:null,surname:"Leung",slug:"gilberto-k-k-leung",fullName:"Gilberto K K Leung"},{id:"136684",title:"Dr.",name:"Anderson C O",middleName:null,surname:"Tsang",slug:"anderson-c-o-tsang",fullName:"Anderson C O Tsang"}]},{id:"58623",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72682",title:"17β-Estradiol as a Neuroprotective Agent",slug:"17-estradiol-as-a-neuroprotective-agent",totalDownloads:1277,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"The pathophysiology of neurodegeneration in the central nervous system is complex and multifactorial in nature and yet to be fully understood. Broad-spectrum neuroprotective agents with multiple mechanisms of action rather than a single druggable target are, therefore, highly desirable. The main human estrogen, 17β-estradiol, can also be considered a neurosteroid as it forms de novo in the central nervous system, and it possesses beneficial effects against practically all critical contributors to neurodegeneration to collectively thwart both the initiation and the progression of neuronal cell death. This chapter details the main aspects of the hormone’s genomic and non-genomic actions important to protect the highly vulnerably neurons of the central nervous system, as well as translational efforts to successfully realize its powerful neuroprotective potential in clinical setting while ensuring both therapeutic safety and efficacy.",book:{id:"5994",slug:"sex-hormones-in-neurodegenerative-processes-and-diseases",title:"Sex Hormones in Neurodegenerative Processes and Diseases",fullTitle:"Sex Hormones in Neurodegenerative Processes and Diseases"},signatures:"Katalin Prokai-Tatrai and Laszlo Prokai",authors:[{id:"219084",title:"Prof.",name:"Katalin",middleName:null,surname:"Prokai-Tatrai",slug:"katalin-prokai-tatrai",fullName:"Katalin Prokai-Tatrai"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"58597",title:"Testosterone and Erectile Function: A Review of Evidence from Basic Research",slug:"testosterone-and-erectile-function-a-review-of-evidence-from-basic-research",totalDownloads:1351,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Androgens are essential for male physical activity and normal erectile function. Hence, age-related testosterone deficiency, known as late-onset hypogonadism (LOH), is considered a risk factor for erectile dysfunction (ED). This chapter summarizes relevant basic research reports examining the effects of testosterone on erectile function. Testosterone affects several organs and is especially active on the erectile tissue. The mechanism of testosterone deficiency effects on erectile function and the results of testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) have been well studied. Testosterone affects nitric oxide (NO) production and phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE-5) expression in the corpus cavernosum through molecular pathways, preserves smooth muscle contractility by regulating both contraction and relaxation, and maintains the structure of the corpus cavernosum. Interestingly, testosterone deficiency has relationship to neurological diseases, which leads to ED. Testosterone replacement therapy is widely used to treat patients with testosterone deficiency; however, this treatment might also induce some problems. Basic research suggests that PDE-5 inhibitors, L-citrulline, and/or resveratrol therapy might be effective therapeutic options for testosterone deficiency-induced ED. Future research should confirm these findings through more specific experiments using molecular tools and may shed more light on endocrine-related ED and its possible treatments.",book:{id:"5994",slug:"sex-hormones-in-neurodegenerative-processes-and-diseases",title:"Sex Hormones in Neurodegenerative Processes and Diseases",fullTitle:"Sex Hormones in Neurodegenerative Processes and Diseases"},signatures:"Tomoya Kataoka and Kazunori Kimura",authors:[{id:"219042",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Tomoya",middleName:null,surname:"Kataoka",slug:"tomoya-kataoka",fullName:"Tomoya Kataoka"},{id:"229066",title:"Prof.",name:"Kazunori",middleName:null,surname:"Kimura",slug:"kazunori-kimura",fullName:"Kazunori Kimura"}]},{id:"61677",title:"Neuro-Ophthalmology Findings in Pituitary Disease (Review of Literature)",slug:"neuro-ophthalmology-findings-in-pituitary-disease-review-of-literature-",totalDownloads:1279,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Visual symptoms often accompany pituitary diseases. Pituitary tumors may compress surrounding structures such as optic chiasm leading to visual field defects including bitemporal hemianopia and visual disturbance. They also may compress cranial nerves III, IV, and VI, leading to ocular motility abnormalities. Pituitary adenomas are the most common cause of chiasmal compression. Patients with nonsecreting tumors present initially with vision loss, and these tumors can reach large size without causing other symptoms; however, hormonally active tumors are detected before vision loss because of systemic symptoms. Acute hemorrhage or infarction of the pituitary tumor known as pituitary apoplexy causes diplopia, loss of vision, and visual field. Thus, the ophthalmologist’s role is crucial in diagnosis and treatment of pituitary tumors. As visual loss may be the first sign of recurrence after treatment, it is essential to repeat visual field and visual acuity testing every 6–12 months.",book:{id:"6793",slug:"pituitary-diseases",title:"Pituitary Diseases",fullTitle:"Pituitary Diseases"},signatures:"Arwa Azmeh",authors:[{id:"245226",title:"Prof.",name:"Arwa",middleName:null,surname:"Azmeh",slug:"arwa-azmeh",fullName:"Arwa Azmeh"}]},{id:"58623",title:"17β-Estradiol as a Neuroprotective Agent",slug:"17-estradiol-as-a-neuroprotective-agent",totalDownloads:1274,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"The pathophysiology of neurodegeneration in the central nervous system is complex and multifactorial in nature and yet to be fully understood. Broad-spectrum neuroprotective agents with multiple mechanisms of action rather than a single druggable target are, therefore, highly desirable. The main human estrogen, 17β-estradiol, can also be considered a neurosteroid as it forms de novo in the central nervous system, and it possesses beneficial effects against practically all critical contributors to neurodegeneration to collectively thwart both the initiation and the progression of neuronal cell death. This chapter details the main aspects of the hormone’s genomic and non-genomic actions important to protect the highly vulnerably neurons of the central nervous system, as well as translational efforts to successfully realize its powerful neuroprotective potential in clinical setting while ensuring both therapeutic safety and efficacy.",book:{id:"5994",slug:"sex-hormones-in-neurodegenerative-processes-and-diseases",title:"Sex Hormones in Neurodegenerative Processes and Diseases",fullTitle:"Sex Hormones in Neurodegenerative Processes and Diseases"},signatures:"Katalin Prokai-Tatrai and Laszlo Prokai",authors:[{id:"219084",title:"Prof.",name:"Katalin",middleName:null,surname:"Prokai-Tatrai",slug:"katalin-prokai-tatrai",fullName:"Katalin Prokai-Tatrai"}]},{id:"63162",title:"Pituitary Apoplexy",slug:"pituitary-apoplexy",totalDownloads:1351,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Pituitary apoplexy is a rare clinical emergency due to acute ischemic infarction or hemorrhage of the pituitary gland. As this disorder most often involves a pituitary adenoma, especially nonfunctioning tumors, the syndrome should be referred to as pituitary tumor apoplexy. The precise physiopathology is not completely clear. Although in most cases it occurs spontaneously, pituitary apoplexy can be precipitated by many risk factors. The main symptom is headache of sudden onset associated with visual disturbances, signs of meningeal irritation, and/or endocrine dysfunction. Corticotropic deficiency is a potentially life-threatening disorder. Magnetic resonance imaging is the most sensitive to confirm the diagnosis by revealing a pituitary tumor with hemorrhagic and/or necrotic components. Earlier studies used to consider urgent decompression of the lesion surgically, but nowadays, more recent studies favor conservative management in selected patients (those without important visual acuity or field defects and with normal consciousness). This wait-and-see approach gives evidence of excellent outcomes in terms of oculomotor palsy, pituitary function, and subsequent tumor growth. Surgical decompression may be necessary in some cases. Once the acute phase is over, the patient should be reevaluated for hormonal deficiencies. Moreover, spontaneous remission of syndromes, such as acromegaly, may be caused by pituitary adenoma apoplexy.",book:{id:"6793",slug:"pituitary-diseases",title:"Pituitary Diseases",fullTitle:"Pituitary Diseases"},signatures:"Manel Jemel, Wafa Alaya, Fedia Boubaker, Olfa Berrich and Baha\nZantour",authors:[{id:"161698",title:"Prof.",name:"Baha",middleName:null,surname:"Zantour",slug:"baha-zantour",fullName:"Baha Zantour"},{id:"244525",title:"Prof.",name:"Wafa",middleName:null,surname:"Alaya",slug:"wafa-alaya",fullName:"Wafa Alaya"},{id:"245552",title:"Dr.",name:"Manel",middleName:null,surname:"Jemel",slug:"manel-jemel",fullName:"Manel Jemel"},{id:"254509",title:"Dr.",name:"Fadia",middleName:null,surname:"Boubaker",slug:"fadia-boubaker",fullName:"Fadia Boubaker"},{id:"254510",title:"Dr.",name:"Olfa",middleName:null,surname:"Berriche",slug:"olfa-berriche",fullName:"Olfa Berriche"}]},{id:"58791",title:"Clinical Use of Progesterone and Its Relation to Oxidative Stress in Ruminants",slug:"clinical-use-of-progesterone-and-its-relation-to-oxidative-stress-in-ruminants",totalDownloads:1528,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:"Studies to determine the physiological effects and functions of progesterone started in the twentieth century. Progesterone is a steroid-structured hormone with 21 carbon atoms originating from cholesterol. The corpus luteum, formed after ovulation in ruminants, secretes progesterone, which plays a role in the continuity of the pregnancy. Progestagens can be used for estrus synchronization in cows and heifers. Similarly, they are used for estrus synchronization during the breeding season or outside the breeding season by taking advantage of the negative feedback effect of progesterone in small ruminants. It is applied for the treatment of embryonic deaths due to luteal insufficiency in cows with high milk yield. In anovulatory anestrus, exogenous progesterone applications can be very useful. Progesterone treatment contributes to the resolution of the anestrus by rearranging hypothalamic functions in cattle with follicular cysts. The oxidative stress index in the luteal phase, when progesterone is high in ruminants, is higher than in the follicular phase. In the critical period of pregnancy, a high index of oxidative stress-induced progesterone causes embryonic death. Factors that cause stress in high milk-yielding cows can affect the amount of progesterone synthesis by inhibiting luteal cell function due to excessive free radical production.",book:{id:"5994",slug:"sex-hormones-in-neurodegenerative-processes-and-diseases",title:"Sex Hormones in Neurodegenerative Processes and Diseases",fullTitle:"Sex Hormones in Neurodegenerative Processes and Diseases"},signatures:"Mushap Kuru, Abdulsamed Kükürt, Hasan Oral and Metin Öğün",authors:[{id:"177273",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Metin",middleName:null,surname:"Öğün",slug:"metin-ogun",fullName:"Metin Öğün"},{id:"218960",title:"Dr.",name:"Mushap",middleName:null,surname:"Kuru",slug:"mushap-kuru",fullName:"Mushap Kuru"},{id:"218985",title:"Prof.",name:"Hasan",middleName:null,surname:"Oral",slug:"hasan-oral",fullName:"Hasan Oral"},{id:"219081",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulsamed",middleName:null,surname:"Kükürt",slug:"abdulsamed-kukurt",fullName:"Abdulsamed Kükürt"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"211",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:320,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:133,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:16,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",issn:null,scope:"
\r\n\tTransforming our World: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development endorsed by United Nations and 193 Member States, came into effect on Jan 1, 2016, to guide decision making and actions to the year 2030 and beyond. Central to this Agenda are 17 Goals, 169 associated targets and over 230 indicators that are reviewed annually. The vision envisaged in the implementation of the SDGs is centered on the five Ps: People, Planet, Prosperity, Peace and Partnership. This call for renewed focused efforts ensure we have a safe and healthy planet for current and future generations.
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\r\n\tThis Series focuses on covering research and applied research involving the five Ps through the following topics:
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\r\n\t1. Sustainable Economy and Fair Society that relates to SDG 1 on No Poverty, SDG 2 on Zero Hunger, SDG 8 on Decent Work and Economic Growth, SDG 10 on Reduced Inequalities, SDG 12 on Responsible Consumption and Production, and SDG 17 Partnership for the Goals
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\r\n\t2. Health and Wellbeing focusing on SDG 3 on Good Health and Wellbeing and SDG 6 on Clean Water and Sanitation
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\r\n\t3. Inclusivity and Social Equality involving SDG 4 on Quality Education, SDG 5 on Gender Equality, and SDG 16 on Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions
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\r\n\t4. Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability comprising SDG 13 on Climate Action, SDG 14 on Life Below Water, and SDG 15 on Life on Land
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\r\n\t5. Urban Planning and Environmental Management embracing SDG 7 on Affordable Clean Energy, SDG 9 on Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure, and SDG 11 on Sustainable Cities and Communities.
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\r\n\tThe series also seeks to support the use of cross cutting SDGs, as many of the goals listed above, targets and indicators are all interconnected to impact our lives and the decisions we make on a daily basis, making them impossible to tie to a single topic.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/24.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"July 5th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:0,editor:{id:"262440",title:"Prof.",name:"Usha",middleName:null,surname:"Iyer-Raniga",slug:"usha-iyer-raniga",fullName:"Usha Iyer-Raniga",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRYSXQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-02-28T13:55:36.jpeg",biography:"Usha Iyer-Raniga is a professor in the School of Property and Construction Management at RMIT University. Usha co-leads the One Planet Network’s Sustainable Buildings and Construction Programme (SBC), a United Nations 10 Year Framework of Programmes on Sustainable Consumption and Production (UN 10FYP SCP) aligned with Sustainable Development Goal 12. The work also directly impacts SDG 11 on Sustainable Cities and Communities. She completed her undergraduate degree as an architect before obtaining her Masters degree from Canada and her Doctorate in Australia. Usha has been a keynote speaker as well as an invited speaker at national and international conferences, seminars and workshops. Her teaching experience includes teaching in Asian countries. She has advised Austrade, APEC, national, state and local governments. She serves as a reviewer and a member of the scientific committee for national and international refereed journals and refereed conferences. She is on the editorial board for refereed journals and has worked on Special Issues. Usha has served and continues to serve on the Boards of several not-for-profit organisations and she has also served as panel judge for a number of awards including the Premiers Sustainability Award in Victoria and the International Green Gown Awards. Usha has published over 100 publications, including research and consulting reports. Her publications cover a wide range of scientific and technical research publications that include edited books, book chapters, refereed journals, refereed conference papers and reports for local, state and federal government clients. She has also produced podcasts for various organisations and participated in media interviews. She has received state, national and international funding worth over USD $25 million. Usha has been awarded the Quarterly Franklin Membership by London Journals Press (UK). Her biography has been included in the Marquis Who's Who in the World® 2018, 2016 (33rd Edition), along with approximately 55,000 of the most accomplished men and women from around the world, including luminaries as U.N. Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon. In 2017, Usha was awarded the Marquis Who’s Who Lifetime Achiever Award.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"RMIT University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:5,paginationItems:[{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/91.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"181603",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",middleName:null,surname:"Petrillo",slug:"antonella-petrillo",fullName:"Antonella Petrillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/181603/images/system/181603.jpg",biography:"Antonella Petrillo is a Professor at the Department of Engineering of the University of Naples “Parthenope”, Italy. She received her Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Cassino. Her research interests include multi-criteria decision analysis, industrial plant, logistics, manufacturing and safety. She serves as an Associate Editor for the International Journal of the Analytic Hierarchy Process. She is a member of AHP Academy and a member of several editorial boards. She has over 160 Scientific Publications in International Journals and Conferences and she is the author of 5 books on Innovation and Decision Making in Industrial Applications and Engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Parthenope University of Naples",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"92",title:"Health and Wellbeing",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/92.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"348225",title:"Prof.",name:"Ann",middleName:null,surname:"Hemingway",slug:"ann-hemingway",fullName:"Ann Hemingway",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035LZFoQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-04-11T14:55:40.jpg",biography:"Professor Hemingway is a public health researcher, Bournemouth University, undertaking international and UK research focused on reducing inequalities in health outcomes for marginalised and excluded populations and more recently focused on equine assisted interventions.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Bournemouth University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"93",title:"Inclusivity and Social Equity",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/93.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"210060",title:"Prof. Dr.",name:"Ebba",middleName:null,surname:"Ossiannilsson",slug:"ebba-ossiannilsson",fullName:"Ebba Ossiannilsson",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6LkBQAU/Profile_Picture_2022-02-28T13:31:48.png",biography:"Professor Dr. Ebba Ossiannilsson is an independent researcher, expert, consultant, quality auditor and influencer in the fields of open, flexible online and distance learning (OFDL) and the 'new normal'. Her focus is on quality, innovation, leadership, and personalised learning. She works primarily at the strategic and policy levels, both nationally and internationally, and with key international organisations. She is committed to promoting and improving OFDL in the context of SDG4 and the future of education. Ossiannilsson has more than 20 years of experience in her current field, but more than 40 years in the education sector. She works as a reviewer and expert for the European Commission and collaborates with the Joint Research Centre for Quality in Open Education. Ossiannilsson also collaborates with ITCILO and ICoBC (International Council on Badges and Credentials). She is a member of the ICDE Board of Directors and has previously served on the boards of EDEN and EUCEN. Ossiannilsson is a quality expert and reviewer for ICDE, EDEN and the EADTU. She chairs the ICDE OER Advocacy Committee and is a member of the ICDE Quality Network. She is regularly invited as a keynote speaker at conferences. She is a guest editor for several special issues and a member of the editorial board of several scientific journals. She has published more than 200 articles and is currently working on book projects in the field of OFDL. Ossiannilsson is a visiting professor at several international universities and was recently appointed Professor and Research Fellow at Victoria University of Wellington, NZ. Ossiannilsson has been awarded the following fellowships: EDEN Fellows, EDEN Council of Fellows, and Open Education Europe. She is a ICDE OER Ambassador, Open Education Europe Ambassador, GIZ Ambassador for Quality in Digital Learning, and part of the Globe-Community of Digital Learning and Champion of SPARC Europe. On a national level, she is a quality developer at the Swedish Institute for Standards (SIS) and for ISO. She is a member of the Digital Skills and Jobs Coalition Sweden and Vice President of the Swedish Association for Distance Education. She is currently working on a government initiative on quality in distance education at the National Council for Higher Education. She holds a Ph.D. from the University of Oulu, Finland.",institutionString:"Swedish Association for Distance Education, Sweden",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"94",title:"Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/94.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"61855",title:"Dr.",name:"Yixin",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"yixin-zhang",fullName:"Yixin Zhang",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYWJgQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-06-09T11:36:35.jpg",biography:"Professor Yixin Zhang is an aquatic ecologist with over 30 years of research and teaching experience in three continents (Asia, Europe, and North America) in Stream Ecology, Riparian Ecology, Urban Ecology, and Ecosystem Restoration and Aquatic Conservation, Human-Nature Interactions and Sustainability, Urbanization Impact on Aquatic Ecosystems. He got his Ph.D. in Animal Ecology at Umeå University in Sweden in 1998. He conducted postdoc research in stream ecology at the University of California at Santa Barbara in the USA. After that, he was a postdoc research fellow at the University of British Columbia in Canada to do research on large-scale stream experimental manipulation and watershed ecological survey in temperate rainforests of BC. He was a faculty member at the University of Hong Kong to run ecological research projects on aquatic insects, fishes, and newts in Tropical Asian streams. He also conducted research in streams, rivers, and caves in Texas, USA, to study the ecology of macroinvertebrates, big-claw river shrimp, fish, turtles, and bats. Current research interests include trophic flows across ecosystems; watershed impacts of land-use change on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning; ecological civilization and water resource management; urban ecology and urban/rural sustainable development.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Soochow University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"95",title:"Urban Planning and Environmental Management",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/95.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"181079",title:"Dr.",name:"Christoph",middleName:null,surname:"Lüthi",slug:"christoph-luthi",fullName:"Christoph Lüthi",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRHSqQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-04-12T15:51:33.png",biography:"Dr. Christoph Lüthi is an urban infrastructure planner with over 25 years of experience in planning and design of urban infrastructure in middle and low-income countries. He holds a Master’s Degree in Urban Development Planning from the University College of London (UCL), and a Ph.D. in Urban Planning & Engineering from TU Berlin. He has conducted applied research on urban planning and infrastructure issues in over 20 countries in Africa and Asia. In 2005 he joined Eawag-Sandec as Leader of the Strategic Environmental Sanitation Planning Group. 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Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine Technology has always been my aspiration and my life. As years passed I accumulated a tremendous amount of skills and knowledge in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Conventional Radiology, Radiation Protection, Bioinformatics Technology, PACS, Image processing, clinically and lecturing that will enable me to provide a valuable service to the community as a Researcher and Consultant in this field. 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In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. 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Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/267434/images/system/267434.jpg",biography:"Dr. Rohit Raja received Ph.D. in Computer Science and Engineering from Dr. CVRAMAN University in 2016. His main research interest includes Face recognition and Identification, Digital Image Processing, Signal Processing, and Networking. Presently he is working as Associate Professor in IT Department, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur (CG), India. He has authored several Journal and Conference Papers. He has good Academics & Research experience in various areas of CSE and IT. He has filed and successfully published 27 Patents. He has received many time invitations to be a Guest at IEEE Conferences. He has published 100 research papers in various International/National Journals (including IEEE, Springer, etc.) and Proceedings of the reputed International/ National Conferences (including Springer and IEEE). He has been nominated to the board of editors/reviewers of many peer-reviewed and refereed Journals (including IEEE, Springer).",institutionString:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",institution:{name:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:null},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Beijing University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Igor Victorovich Lakhno was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPh.D. – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSC – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nProfessor – 2021, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of VN Karazin Kharkiv National University\nHead of Department – 2021, Department of Perinatology, Obstetrics and gynecology of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education\nIgor Lakhno has been graduated from international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held at Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s been a professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department. He’s affiliated with Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education as a Head of Department from November 2021. Igor Lakhno has participated in several international projects on fetal non-invasive electrocardiography (with Dr. J. A. Behar (Technion), Prof. D. Hoyer (Jena University), and José Alejandro Díaz Méndez (National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics, and Electronics, Mexico). He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 31 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Igor Lakhno is a member of the Editorial Board of Reproductive Health of Woman, Emergency Medicine, and Technology Transfer Innovative Solutions in Medicine (Estonia). He is a medical Editor of “Z turbotoyu pro zhinku”. Igor Lakhno is a reviewer of the Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wiley), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for a DSc degree “Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention, and treatment”. Three years ago Igor Lakhno has participated in a training course on innovative technologies in medical education at Lublin Medical University (Poland). Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: are obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, and cardiovascular medicine. \nIgor Lakhno is a consultant at Kharkiv municipal perinatal center. He’s graduated from training courses on endoscopy in gynecology. He has 28 years of practical experience in the field.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. 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Dr. Wang earned an MD from Shanxi Medical University and a Ph.D. from Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Dr. Wang was awarded two research project grants focused on multimodal optical coherence tomography imaging and deep learning in cataract and retinal disease, from the National Natural Science Foundation of China. 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Many parasitic diseases are classified as neglected tropical diseases because they have received minimal funding over recent years and, in many cases, are under-reported despite the critical role they play in morbidity and mortality among human and animal hosts. The current topic, Parasitic Infectious Diseases, in the Infectious Diseases Series aims to publish studies on the systematics, epidemiology, molecular biology, genomics, pathogenesis, genetics, and clinical significance of parasitic diseases from blood borne to intestinal parasites as well as zoonotic parasites. We hope to cover all aspects of parasitic diseases to provide current and relevant research data on these very important diseases. In the current atmosphere of the Coronavirus pandemic, communities around the world, particularly those in different underdeveloped areas, are faced with the growing challenges of the high burden of parasitic diseases. At the same time, they are faced with the Covid-19 pandemic leading to what some authors have called potential syndemics that might worsen the outcome of such infections. Therefore, it is important to conduct studies that examine parasitic infections in the context of the coronavirus pandemic for the benefit of all communities to help foster more informed decisions for the betterment of human and animal health.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/5.jpg",keywords:"Blood Borne Parasites, Intestinal Parasites, Protozoa, Helminths, Arthropods, Water Born Parasites, Epidemiology, Molecular Biology, Systematics, Genomics, Proteomics, Ecology"},{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases",scope:"The Viral Infectious Diseases Book Series aims to provide a comprehensive overview of recent research trends and discoveries in various viral infectious diseases emerging around the globe. The emergence of any viral disease is hard to anticipate, which often contributes to death. A viral disease can be defined as an infectious disease that has recently appeared within a population or exists in nature with the rapid expansion of incident or geographic range. 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Dr. Şentürk currently works as an professor of Biochemistry in the Department of Basic Pharmacy Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ağri Ibrahim Cecen University, Turkey. \nDr. Şentürk published over 120 scientific papers, reviews, and book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists. \nHis research interests span enzyme inhibitor or activator, protein expression, purification and characterization, drug design and synthesis, toxicology, and pharmacology. \nHis research work has focused on neurodegenerative diseases and cancer treatment. 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Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. 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Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},subseries:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",keywords:"Omics (Transcriptomics; Proteomics; Metabolomics), Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, Signal Transduction and Regulation, Cell Growth and Differentiation, Apoptosis, Necroptosis, Ferroptosis, Autophagy, Cell Cycle, Macromolecules and Complexes, Gene Expression",scope:"The Cell and Molecular Biology topic within the IntechOpen Biochemistry Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of cell and molecular biology, including aspects related to biochemical and genetic research (not only in humans but all living beings). We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics include, but are not limited to: Advanced techniques of cellular and molecular biology (Molecular methodologies, imaging techniques, and bioinformatics); Biological activities at the molecular level; Biological processes of cell functions, cell division, senescence, maintenance, and cell death; Biomolecules interactions; Cancer; Cell biology; Chemical biology; Computational biology; Cytochemistry; Developmental biology; Disease mechanisms and therapeutics; DNA, and RNA metabolism; Gene functions, genetics, and genomics; Genetics; Immunology; Medical microbiology; Molecular biology; Molecular genetics; Molecular processes of cell and organelle dynamics; Neuroscience; Protein biosynthesis, degradation, and functions; Regulation of molecular interactions in a cell; Signalling networks and system biology; Structural biology; Virology and microbiology.",annualVolume:11410,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"79367",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"Flores",fullName:"Ana Isabel Flores",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRpIOQA0/Profile_Picture_1632418099564",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Hospital Universitario 12 De Octubre",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"328234",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Palavecino",fullName:"Christian Palavecino",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000030DhEhQAK/Profile_Picture_1628835318625",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Central University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"186585",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Martin-Romero",fullName:"Francisco Javier Martin-Romero",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSB3HQAW/Profile_Picture_1631258137641",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}]},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",keywords:"Phenolic Compounds, Essential Oils, Modification of Biomolecules, Glycobiology, Combinatorial Chemistry, Therapeutic peptides, Enzyme Inhibitors",scope:"Chemical biology spans the fields of chemistry and biology involving the application of biological and chemical molecules and techniques. In recent years, the application of chemistry to biological molecules has gained significant interest in medicinal and pharmacological studies. This topic will be devoted to understanding the interplay between biomolecules and chemical compounds, their structure and function, and their potential applications in related fields. Being a part of the biochemistry discipline, the ideas and concepts that have emerged from Chemical Biology have affected other related areas. This topic will closely deal with all emerging trends in this discipline.",annualVolume:11411,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"219081",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulsamed",middleName:null,surname:"Kükürt",fullName:"Abdulsamed Kükürt",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/219081/images/system/219081.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kafkas University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"241413",title:"Dr.",name:"Azhar",middleName:null,surname:"Rasul",fullName:"Azhar Rasul",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRT1oQAG/Profile_Picture_1635251978933",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178316/images/system/178316.jfif",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Novosibirsk State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}}]},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",keywords:"Biomolecules Metabolism, Energy Metabolism, Metabolic Pathways, Key Metabolic Enzymes, Metabolic Adaptation",scope:"Metabolism is frequently defined in biochemistry textbooks as the overall process that allows living systems to acquire and use the free energy they need for their vital functions or the chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life. Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. Thus all studies on metabolism will be considered for publication.",annualVolume:11413,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"243049",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Pantea Stoian",fullName:"Anca Pantea Stoian",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243049/images/system/243049.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"203824",title:"Dr.",name:"Attilio",middleName:null,surname:"Rigotti",fullName:"Attilio Rigotti",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pontifical Catholic University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"300470",title:"Dr.",name:"Yanfei (Jacob)",middleName:null,surname:"Qi",fullName:"Yanfei (Jacob) Qi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300470/images/system/300470.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}]},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",keywords:"Mono- and Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis (1-and 2-DE), Liquid Chromatography (LC), Mass Spectrometry/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS; MS/MS), Proteins",scope:"With the recognition that the human genome cannot provide answers to the etiology of a disorder, changes in the proteins expressed by a genome became a focus in research. Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. The Proteomics topic aims to attract contributions on all aspects of MS-based proteomics that, by pushing the boundaries of MS capabilities, may address biological problems that have not been resolved yet.",annualVolume:11414,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"72288",title:"Dr.",name:"Arli Aditya",middleName:null,surname:"Parikesit",fullName:"Arli Aditya Parikesit",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/72288/images/system/72288.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"40928",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez-Camarillo",fullName:"Cesar Lopez-Camarillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40928/images/3884_n.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"81926",title:"Dr.",name:"Shymaa",middleName:null,surname:"Enany",fullName:"Shymaa Enany",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/81926/images/system/81926.png",institutionString:"Suez Canal University",institution:{name:"Suez Canal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"chapter.detail",path:"/chapters/24489",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"24489"},fullPath:"/chapters/24489",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()