Adsorption of organic pollutants in soil by biochar.
\r\n\tThus, we call for research and review papers on the chemistry and physics of dyes, pigments, and their intermediates, including chemical constituents, spectroscopic aspects, surface, solution, crystal formation, photochemical, and ecological or biological properties. The book will be of interest to a wide variety of researchers worldwide whose work involves various fields of activity such as dyes and pigment synthesis, imaging, sensor, energy, medicine, polymers, food product, toxicological properties, etc.
",isbn:"978-1-83768-114-3",printIsbn:"978-1-83768-113-6",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83768-115-0",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"fcd069956c2e931195925b19a74ce9a3",bookSignature:"Dr. Brajesh Kumar",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12081.jpg",keywords:"Heterocycles Pigments, Azo, Nitro, Indigo, Alizarin, Chromophores, Chromophores, Photochemical, Sulphonation, Diazotisation, UV-Vis Spectroscopy, Metal-Ligand",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"May 19th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 16th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"August 15th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"November 3rd 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"January 2nd 2023",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"20 days",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Dr. Brajesh Kumar has worked as a faculty member in various universities in India, Ecuador, and South Korea. He has published numerous SCI/SCIE/Scopus research articles and is an active reviewer of more than 50 Journals. Dr. Kumar is a member of the American Chemical Society, the Indian Society of Chemists and Biologists, and the Indian Science Congress Association and holder of two registered patents. He is included in the top 2% of the scientist list prepared by experts at Stanford University,",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"176093",title:"Dr.",name:"Brajesh",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar",slug:"brajesh-kumar",fullName:"Brajesh Kumar",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/176093/images/system/176093.JPG",biography:"Dr. Brajesh Kumar is currently working as an Assistant Professor and Head in the Post Graduate Department of Chemistry, TATA College, Chaibasa, India. He received a Ph.D. in Chemistry from the University of Delhi, India. His research interest is in the development of sustainable and eco-friendly techniques for (a) nanoparticles synthesis and their applications for environmental remediation, (b) active films of organic solar cells, (c) nanomedicine, (d) sensors, (e) natural product extraction, purification, and analysis,(f) natural polymers, (g) peptide chemistry, (h) microwave and ultrasound-assisted organic synthesis and (i) organic synthesis. Dr. Brajesh Kumar has been credited for different national and international fellowships and he has also worked as a faculty member in various universities of India, Ecuador, and South Korea. He has also published numerous SCI/ SCIE/ Scopus research articles (h index = 28, Citations 2690) and is also an active reviewer of more than 50 Journals. He is also included in the top 2% of the scientist list prepared by experts at Stanford University, USA.",institutionString:"TATA College, Kolhan University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:null}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"8",title:"Chemistry",slug:"chemistry"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"444318",firstName:"Nika",lastName:"Karamatic",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/444318/images/20011_n.jpg",email:"nika@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager, my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. 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This narrowing produces a blood flow turbulence that is auscultated as a systolic murmur at the heart base, as well as increased blood flow velocity that can be detected and measured by Doppler echocardiography.
\nAortic stenosis is mainly considered to be a congenital defect found in many species including humans. In dogs, aortic stenosis has autosomal inheritance; however, the mode of inheritance seems to be more complex in monogenic traits.
\nVarious forms of aortic stenosis as well as its possible genetic background have been recorded in domestic animals since the late 1960s and 1970s [1]. In those times, the final diagnosis was mostly confirmed at necropsy. Currently, diagnosis is based on echocardiographic evaluation of the morphology of the left ventricular outflow tract and aorta and the velocity of blood measured by the continuous wave (CW) Doppler method after a murmur is detected. Prognosis depends on the severity of the stenosis being from no effect on life quality and expectancy in mild forms of the disease to decreased life quality and expectancy in moderate to severe forms due to possible complications. Those include syncopal episodes that can result in sudden death, tiredness on exertion, or in rare cases, congestive heart failure or infective endocarditis [2].
\nThe aim of this chapter is a review of the existing literature and our experience with clinical aspects of AS in dogs and cats. Genetic evidence for aortic stenosis has been shown in Golden Retriever, Newfoundland, and Dogue de Bordeaux; however, the genetic background of aortic stenosis at a molecular level remains unclear.
\nSubaortic stenosis (SAS) is common congenital cardiac defect in dogs [3, 4] and pigs [5]. In cats, SAS has not been so often described [1, 6, 7, 8].
\nSeveral classifications are used for aortic stenosis. According to anatomic location, aortic stenosis is classified into valvular (VAS), subvalvular (SAS), or supravalvular (SupAS) [9].
\nBased on functional characteristics of obstruction, subvalvular cases are further categorized as either fixed (static) or dynamic (labile) [2].
\nA dynamic form of subaortic stenosis can occur in the following instances: in a hypertrophied left ventricle (LVH) due to protrusion of the ventricular septum into the LVOT, systolic anterior movement of the anterior mitral valve leaflet (SAM) which occurs concurrently or in the absence of LVH, and in cases where aortoseptal angle is smaller than 180o [10].
\nThe subvalvular form—subaortic stenosis (SAS)—has been reported as the most frequently seen (in 95%) and can be presented as a complete or incomplete ring [1, 2, 11, 12, 13].
\nThe gross appearance of the lesions in SAS is variable [4, 14]. Current classification which is used by clinicians is based on anatomical and echocardiographic classification of SAS on the result of postmortem and angiographic studies of Pyle et al. [14, 15]. In a postmortem study performed on Newfoundland puppies, the gross lesions were classified according to severity with grades 1 through 3 [14]. Mild lesions (grade 1) are present as small (1–2 mm), raised white nodules on the endocardium of the ventricular septum below the aortic valve. In some dogs, the nodules are also found on the ventricular surfaces of the aortic valve cusps (Figure 1) [14]. Moderate lesions are present as a ridge of endocardial fibrous tissue that in most cases extends from the base of the anterior leaflet of mitral valve across the interventricular septum to beneath the aortic valve (Figures 2 and 3) [14]. In severe cases (grade 3), the fibrous band or ridge completely encircles the left ventricular outflow tract below the aortic valve and forms a concentrically narrowing tunnel (Figure 3). In most severe cases, anterior leaflet of the mitral valve and ventricular surfaces of the aortic valve are also thickened (Figure 3) [14].
\nGross pathologic specimen from a dog with severe subaortic stenosis. A subvalvular fibrous ring (lower arrow) below the aortic valve and a thickened valve above the fibrous ring of tissue can be seen. Ao—aorta, LV—left ventricle, LA—left atrium, and MV—mitral valve.
Gross pathologic specimen from a dog with severe subaortic stenosis. This is a close-up of a closed fibrous subaortic tissue that encircles the left ventricular outflow tract just below the entrance to the aorta.
Gross pathologic specimen from a dog with severe subaortic stenosis. A tunnel-like subaortic stenosis (upper 2 arrows) and a fibrous subaortic ring below the aortic valve is seen (lower arrow). Ao—aorta, LV—left ventricle, and LA—left atrium.
Microscopically, the zone of endocardial fibrous tissue below aortic valve contains proliferated mesenchymal cells, mucopolysaccharide ground substance, and foci of metaplastic cartilage [3, 4, 14].
\nOther cardiac lesions that develop as the consequences of the altered left ventricular outflow include compensatory left ventricular concentric hypertrophy [3] (Figure 3) and poststenotic dilatation of the aorta [4].
\nMicroscopic cardiac lesions also include foci of myocardial necrosis, fibrosis in the papillary muscles and subendocardium, thickening of the intramyocardial arteries [3], intimal proliferation of connective tissue, fibrous replacement of smooth muscle in the tunica media [16, 17], and luminal narrowing of intramural coronary arteries [18].
\nSeveral cardiac defects have been observed concomitantly with SAS in dogs. These defects include pulmonary artery stenosis (PS), patent ductus arteriosus, mitral valve dysplasia, ventricular septal defect, valvular aortic stenosis, aortic root hypoplasia, persistent left cranial vena cava, bicuspid aorta, quadricuspid aorta, tricuspid dysplasia, double chambered right ventricle, and supravalvular aortic stenosis [19, 20]. Coexistence of aortic stenosis and pulmonary artery stenosis is one of the most common complex cardiac malformations [13, 20].
\nSAS has been ranked the most common congenital heart disease (CHD) in dogs in most European studies accounting for 35% of all CHD. In the United States [12] and in a broad Italian study [20], SAS was on the second place (the most common being PS). However, these results must be taken carefully due to referral population included since a lot of cases were sent for ballooning. Of 4480 dogs included in this study, 976 dogs were diagnosed with congenital heart disease (CHD) of which 21.3% had subaortic stenosis (SAS), while valvular aortic stenosis (AS) was on the fifth place with 5.7% dogs diagnosed. The same study showed many multiple heart defects; the most frequent combination was SAS and PS (26.4%).
\nWe did a study on 9236 dogs, where cardiovascular disease was diagnosed in 6% of dogs, and from those, 12% represented congenital heart diseases of which 45% were aortic stenosis cases [21].
\nAccording to many epidemiological studies [20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27], affected breeds are: Boxers, German Shepherd, Newfoundland, Rottweiler, Golden Retriever, Pug, and Bouviers de Flandres. In the Italian study [20] and a Danish study [28], Dogue de Bordeaux was also shown to be significantly affected. German Boxers have proved to be the most sensitive breed in recent years [19, 21, 29, 30, 31]. Almost half of all the dogs in the Italian study diagnosed with SAS were Boxers. Boxers are also on top of the list of dogs with pulmonary artery stenosis (PS) and valvular aortic stenosis (AS). In Boxer breed, more male than female dogs are affected with SAS [20, 32]. Studies in cats did not show any breed predilection; aortic stenosis could be of all types described in dogs, with subvalvular stenosis being the most common [6, 7, 8, 33]. In our clinic, occasionally a cat with a fixed SAS is detected, usually due to an ausculted murmur. Dynamic left ventricular outflow tract stenosis is much more common in cats due to common occurrence of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve (personal unpublished data).
\nDogs with mild SAS live longer and mostly remain asymptomatic. Prognosis for the untreated condition in this group is good. Dogs with moderate and severe gradients have shorter life expectancy. They have increased risk of infective endocarditis. The majority of dogs with severe gradients (>80 mm Hg) die before 3 years of age. Median survival was 18.9 months [9, 26].
\nSubaortic stenosis can be a progressive disease that attains its maximal severity within the first 12–15 months [15]. In dogs that already have high aortic velocity, further progression is unlikely; however, dogs with mild stenosis might progress to a moderate stage [34]. Breeding studies also indicate that AS may not be present at birth but develops during the first 4–8 weeks of life, which suggests that AS is not a true congenital trait but develops postnatally [27].
\nThe etiology of SAS is probably multi-factorial [35]. In the literature, there are two hypotheses on how the fibrocartilaginous ring around the LVOT is formed. It could be derived from embryonal endocardial tissue that retains its proliferative capacity and has chondrogenic potential for some time after birth [14]. A more recent hypothesis suggests that certain anatomic characteristics of the LVOT, including an increased mitral-aortic separation, a decreased aortoseptal angle (AoSA), and a small aortic annulus may cause cellular proliferation in the LVOT because of shear stress caused by abnormal flow patterns [35, 36].
\nClinical signs such as weakness, syncope, and sudden death are more commonly seen in dogs with severe or moderate AS than in those with mild SAS [2, 9, 11]. Dogs with mild AS rarely show any signs at all [2, 37]. Careful physical examination reveals crescendo-decrescendo systolic murmur from grades 1 to 6. Final diagnosis has to be confirmed by two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography, by which evaluation of morphologic characteristics, the type of stenosis, and the pressure gradient across the stenosis can be assessed [2, 11, 15].
\nCats are more often identified when clinical signs such as heart failure develop [38].
\nIn the early years of the 21th century, cardiac screening programs have been proposed due to high incidence of some congenital heart diseases. Aortic stenosis has been recognized as one of the most common heart defects according to high prevalence in breeds such as Newfoundland dogs, German Boxer, Golden Retrievers, and Rottweiler to name just the ones mostly affected. Therefore, screening programs were introduced to reduce the high prevalence among the breeding dogs. Some breeders became aware that these breeding programs could help to reduce the incidence of affected animals and to breed healthy puppies. In Italy, such a breeding program helped to reduce the high incidence of AS among boxers [32]. In the case of AS, screening involves careful auscultation to detect cardiac murmur, which is a hallmark of AS. In cases where murmurs are found, 2-D and Doppler echocardiography is carried out, where the morphology of the left ventricular outflow tract with the ascending aorta, specific lesions characteristic for AS/SAS, and increased velocity of the aortic flow can be identified [39].
\nFor a screening program to be effective, a good mutual relationship between the veterinarians involved in screening and pertinent kennel clubs need to be established. Kennel club committees responsible for breeding need to suggest to breeders to screen their sires and dams before breeding or define the screening as a condition for breeding into their rulebook.
\nStenosis across the left ventricular outflow tract into aorta produces a pressure gradient between the left ventricle and aorta, and the gradient is inversely proportional to the degree of the stenotic orifice. The resistance to flow through the stenosis produces a rise of pressure in the left ventricle through the systole; increased wall stress results in concentric hypertrophy of the ventricle. The flow through the narrow passage is like when we squeeze the hose with water – the velocity (v) of the flow will increase proportionally to the narrowing. The relationship between the pressure and the flow is described by a simplified Bernoulli equation:
\nPressure gradient (PG) = 4v2.
\nThe velocity of the flow or the pressure gradient is used to assess the severity of the stenosis; higher the velocity or pressure gradient, the more severe is the stenosis. However, interpretation of PG must be careful in sedated and excited animals, where there is a change in the resistance and flow [2].
\nAdditionally, the left ventricular wall diameter and cross-sectional area of the aortic orifice are both proportional to the stenosis and can be used to assess the severity [40]. In the hypertrophied ventricle, diastolic filling can be impaired which can cause mild left atrial enlargement.
\nTurbulent and high velocity flow through the aortic orifice can damage the cusps, and aortic insufficiency can occur consequently. Damaged cusps can predispose to infective endocarditis, as well.
\nAnimals with aortic stenosis can develop heart failure, although this scenario rarely occurs. Myocardial failure could be the one of the reasons for heart failure to develop; however, other complications such as aortic or mitral insufficiency can lead to this kind of progression.
\nDogs or cats with aortic stenosis can die suddenly or experience syncopal episodes. The cause might be the reflex peripheral vasodilation on exertion and bradycardia; on the other hand, sudden hypoxia due to exertion or subendocardial fibrosis can predispose to fatal arrhythmias that can also lead to fatal fibrillation [2].
\nArterial pulse in patients with aortic stenosis can be reduced in amplitude and can have a delayed systolic peak [2].
\nTo make a diagnosis of AS, a thorough auscultation of heart sounds and murmurs should be carried out. Auscultation is the basic diagnostic technique to uncover AS and every clinically important AS will produce an audible murmur. It needs to be performed carefully in a quiet environment with a dog standing still to be able to hear low intensity murmurs. Although the murmur grade is found to correlate with the severity of AS, it is important to detect also low-grade murmurs to identify dogs with heart defects [41]. Early diagnosis of murmurs due to congenital heart defects may enable early intervention, which may substantially affect long-term outcomes [42]. Many healthy boxers tend to have a soft systolic low-grade murmur; in a study of 201 healthy Boxers, the prevalence of 1–3 grade murmurs was 56%. Boxers with murmurs had higher ejection velocities than boxers without murmurs [43] and young boxers may more commonly have functional murmurs that can also cause mild increase in ejection velocity due to the physiologic changes. It has been hypothesized that young animals have a larger stroke volume compared to the size of the great vessels than do older animals. This can result in an increase in flow velocity producing turbulence, either in the aorta or in the pulmonary artery, and a resultant innocent heart murmur. The increase in the velocity and associated turbulence is usually mild, so the heart murmur is soft (i.e., grade 1–3/6). The innocent heart murmur generally disappears before 4 to 6 months of age, when the great vessels enlarge in diameter with growth. A notable exception is the Boxer breed, where a smaller left ventricular outflow tract is associated with systolic murmurs in otherwise normal adults [44].
\nAortic or subaortic stenosis produces a typical crescendo-decrescendo mid-systolic to holosystolic murmur heard best over the left heart base or also on the right side of the thorax. Loud murmurs tend to radiate peripherally, some can be heard over the carotid artery or over the head. Severe cases of AS have usually harsh, mixed-frequency murmurs of high grade on the scale from 1 to 6 [41]. Murmur intensity significantly correlates with aortic ejection velocity [13, 41, 45]. Identification of low-intensity murmurs correlates with the level of experience. A stress test increased murmur duration and aortic flow velocity [46]. Assessment of the duration of murmur frequency >200 Hz can be used to distinguish physiologic heart murmurs from murmurs caused by mild AS in Boxers and can be used as a complementary method [47].
\nDogs with mild-to-moderate AS usually produce a normal electrocardiogram on the standard ECG recordings, whereas cases with severe AS may show signs of LV hypertrophy in leads II, III, aVF, V2, and V4. Hypertrophied ventricle can be hypoxic; therefore, depression of the ST segment and T wave changes suggest myocardial ischemia or secondary repolarization changes. We may observe ventricular premature complexes in severe cases as well [45]. In cases where AS is combined with other defects, for example, pulmonic stenosis or tricuspid dysplasia, a right axis deviation might occur, depending on the severity of additional lesions. In our study, in boxers with AS/SAS, arrhythmias were observed in 21% of dogs, such as ventricular premature contractions, left bundle branch block and supraventricular tachycardia, atrial fibrillation, atrial premature contractions, sinus bradycardia, and ventricular preexcitation. Dogs with multiple arrhythmias have ussually also heart failure and/or have concurrent malformations [13]. Holter recordings are recommended in symptomatic dogs for detection of possible arrhythmias or S-T segment changes [2].
\nEchocardiography is the main noninvasive method for diagnosis of aortic stenosis. Two-dimensional mode is used to detect morphologic abnormalities associated with AS/SAS or supravalvular form. In severe cases, LV concentric hypertrophy, subendocardial hyperechogenicity, representing fibrosis (Figure 4), and a small subaortic cross-sectional area (Figure 5), is found with 2-D echocardiography. Left ventricular hypertrophy, demonstrated by M-mode, has a positive relationship with disease severity [40]. Subaortic fibrous hyperechogenic tissue protruding into the LVOT is seen in the right parasternal or left parasternal long-axis views (Figure 6 & https://www.vf.uni-lj.si/izobrazevanje/aortic-stenosis-dogs-and-cats-past-present-and-future). In most cases, some aortic valve thickening can be seen due to high velocity jets coming to aorta. In cases of true valvular types of stenosis, a poorly moving valve, which does not open completely, can be seen in long-axis (https://www.vf.uni-lj.si/izobrazevanje/aortic-stenosis-dogs-and-cats-past-present-and-future) and cross-sectional views. Color-Doppler mode shows turbulent flow from the obstruction into the aorta (Figure 7 & https://www.vf.uni-lj.si/izobrazevanje/aortic-stenosis-dogs-and-cats-past-present-and-future). Spectral Doppler modes (continuous Doppler, CW) show high velocity jet, often accompanied with aortic regurgitation (Figure 8, https://www.vf.uni-lj.si/izobrazevanje/aortic-stenosis-dogs-and-cats-past-present-and-future). Subcostal transducer placement proved to be superior to the left ventricular apical and the suprasternal view to detect the highest velocity through the aortic orifice [48]. Normal velocities through the aorta differ among breeds and studies; however, the average velocity does not exceed 1.8 m/s from the left apical view or 2 m/s from the subcostal view [49]. In Boxers without murmurs, higher normal velocities are reported, that is, 2.38 m/s due to smaller LVOT [43, 50].
\nTwo-dimensional echocardiographic image of a short axis of the left ventricle (LV), showing subendocardial fibrosis in the left ventricular free wall. MV—Mitral valve.
Two-dimensional echocardiographic image of a short axis at the base of the heart showing subvalvular (upper image) and valvular region (lower image) of the aorta (Ao). One can appreciate the small subvalvular circle compared to the bigger valvular circle. LA—Left atrium.
Subaortic fibrous hyperechogenic tissue protruding into the LVOT is seen in the right parasternal view in a young Newfoundland with severe subaortic stenosis. Ao—aorta, LV—left ventricle, and LA—left atrium.
A color-Doppler flow image of a Sphynx cat with fixed and dynamic subaortic stenosis and concentric hypertrophy of the left ventricle (LV) with concurrent mitral regurgitation (MR).
Continuous wave Doppler across the aortic orifice showing a high velocity jet (AS) of 4 m/s below the baseline, which gives a pressure gradient of 67 mmHg and an aortic insufficiency jet in diastole above the baseline(AI).
It is important to use low-frequency transducer for Doppler studies to ensure good penetration of tissues and adequate signal strength to obtain good flow recordings of maximal velocities. Diagnostic problem represents dogs with low intensity murmurs and subtle echocardiographic changes. No association was found between heart rate and aortic velocity [41].
\nAortic stenosis has been graded as “mild,” with pressure gradients (PG) either from 16 to 40 mmHg (corresponding to aortic velocities, (v), of 2.0–3.16 m/sec) or from 20 to 49 mmHg (corresponding to velocities of 2.25–3.5 m/sec, “moderate,” with PG either from 40 to 80 mmHg (v = 3.1.6–4.5 m/sec) or 50 to 80 mmHg (v = 3.5–4.5 m/sec), and “severe” with PG above 80 mmHg, corresponding to velocities over 4.5 m/sec [2, 15]. Pressure gradients derived by Doppler echocardiography showed good agreement with direct pressure measurements, especially for mean gradients [51].
\nThoracic radiographs may appear normal in dogs with AS/SAS; however, in severe cases, LV enlargement may be visible due to LVH and/or post-stenotic dilation of the aortic arch (Figures 9 and 10).
\nA dorsoventral thoracic radiograph of a 4-month-old Irish setter with severe aortic stenosis. A post-stenotic dilation of aortic arch is seen (arrow). Ao—aorta, RV—right ventricle, and LV—left ventricle.
A right lateral thoracic radiograph of the same dog as in
In cases where AS is combined with other defects, pertinent radiographic changes may be apparent. Congestive heart failure is rare in SAS, it might be observed in severe cases or with concurrent mitral regurgitation, aortic or mitral endocarditis [2].
\nAngiographic methods for further evaluation of aortic stenosis morphology are nowadays replaced with contrast computed tomography (CT) scans where needed in terms of interventional or surgical treatment plans. Cardiac CT angiography allows visualization of cardiac chambers and great vessels as well as coronary vessels through cardiac cycles retrospectively. Evaluation of the coronary arteries in the patient is commonly focused on determining if an aberrant vessel is present, which may relate to a pulmonic stenosis, which can be present concurrently with AS/SAS.
\nPrognosis of animals with aortic stenosis depends on the severity of the disease. Mild stenosis usually does not affect longevity; however, the possibility of aortic endocarditis exists, and antibiotic prophylaxis is recommended for dogs and cats with aortic stenosis [52].
\nBalloon valvuloplasty, although with an average 50% reduction in PG after ballooning, has not proved to be a long-term solution, because in most dogs restenosis occured [53]; however, in some cases, it may reduce clinical signs [54].
\nNo clear benefit in survival times was seen for dogs that underwent balloon valvuloplasty versus dogs that were treated with atenolol [55].
\nA new technique with a high-pressure ballooning or a cutting balloon might represent an opportunity for better outcome for dogs with AS/SAS, but to date we have no long-term results [56]. Moreover, aortoseptal angle >160° was associated with better long-term outcomes of treated dogs with cutting and high-pressure balloon [57, 58]. Authors and also others recommend saving patients with moderate and severe AS/SAS against strenuous exercise. Administration of beta-blockers can decrease heart rate, prolong diastole and coronary filling, thereby reducing myocardial hypoxia and protect against arrhythmia. Dogs do clinically well on beta-blockers; however, a study proved no benefit in terms of survival versus untreated dogs with severe SAS [59]. There is no literature on evaluation of other medical treatment.
\nSurgical options such as closed transventricular valvotomy or open-heart surgery can present an option for dogs with symptomatic or severe AS/SAS; however, also these techniques did not provide long-term benefits or prevent sudden death. Additionally, they are not widely available, and they are risky and costly [60, 61, 62, 63]. Hopefully, this might change in the future with the development of minimally invasive techniques and their availability in veterinary medicine.
\nComparison of mixed and pure-breed dog populations showed a tendency toward higher incidence of AS in pure-breed dog populations [64]. Among pure-breed dogs, the incidence of AS is increased in herding, working, sporting, mastiff-like, and retriever breeds. The fact that the higher incidence of AS is associated with the increase of inbreeding coefficient in the population supports the suggestion that AS has a genetic component. Online Mendelian Inheritance in Animals (OMIA) database also reports AS in dog as heritable disorder with unclear mode of inheritance [65].
\nGenetic background of AS has been studied in several dog breeds with the aim to decipher its mode of inheritance and causal mutation for it. In the Dogue de Bordeaux, association of AS with several physiological parameters as left-basilar ejection murmur, increased aortic ejection velocity, smaller aortic annulus and decreased aortoseptal angle was discovered and genetic predisposition for AS in Dogue de Bordeaux has been proposed [28]. Familial nature of subvalvular aortic stenosis (SAS) was discovered in Golden retrievers [66] based on pedigree data, where SAS has been observed in several subsequent generations. Although a bit controversial, the most complete data about the genetic base of AS are available for Newfoundland dogs. In the study performed by Reist-Marti [67], an extensive pedigree data set comprising more than 230,000 Newfoundland dogs from European and North American population reaching back to the 19th century has been investigated. Similar to the situation in Golden retrievers, the autosomal inheritance was proposed. In addition, statistically significant association between the inbreeding level and incidence of SAS was also found. However, the most precise information about the putative molecular background of AS in Newfoundland dogs was discovered by Stern et al. [68]. The authors propose that a three-nucleotide insertion in the genomic region, coding for phosphatidylinositol-binding clathrin assembly protein (PICalM) is associated with the appearance of AS. The pedigree evaluation, similarly as in Newfoundland dogs, supported an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance. The authors demonstrated the presence of PICalM in the canine myocardium and in the area of the subvalvular ridge immunohistochemically, which is supporting the assumption that PICaIM has a role in development of AS.
\nIn Boxers, AS seems to have a genetic background too; however, the causal locus (loci) has not been identified yet. The higher risk for AS in Boxers might be associated with some breed-specific conformational traits, like small aortic annulus and steep aortoseptal angle [69]. The incomplete penetrance of modifier genes together with autosomal dominant mode of inheritance may be the expected genetic base for AS in Boxers [32].
\nDue to the rapid development of genome analysis in all species, several novel approaches are available also in dog genetics. From the genetic point of view, dog breeds represent a very special taxonomic group, characterized by extremely long regions of linkage disequilibrium (LD) compared to other species. This enables a very effective identification of causal genomic regions associated with monogenic genetic disorders using relatively small groups of animals in case versus control format of studies. The most frequently used strategy in this context is genome-wide association studies (GWAS), which can precisely map location of candidate genes in the genome. The candidate gene regions are then further screened for polymorphic sites using the targeted sequencing strategy in order to find causal mutation for genetic disorder (Figure 11). However, complex traits, where a larger number of loci are involved in phenotype shaping, represent a much more difficult task and normally require a larger number of individuals for genetic studies.
\nSummary of development and application of genetic markers for diagnosis of hereditary diseases.
The number of registered inherited disorders in dogs is permanently growing (over 400 disorders), and in many dog breeds, the point is reached where for the successful breeding against spreading genetic disorders within the breed requires new strategies in combination with currently available breeding schemes. The widespread use of a popular sire caused the overrepresentation of genomes of a low number of sires in many breeds. As a consequence, the effective population size reduced drastically and the risk for rapid dissemination of monogenic disorders within the population increased significantly. The accessibility of reliable genetic tests for detection of carriers of recessive disease-associated alleles represents an important tool for reduction or even elimination of genetic disorders from purebreed populations. Increasing the number of breeding animals (especially males), controlled introgression of genetic material into closed pure-breed populations, and application of advanced breeding strategies are measures, which will help the breeders to keep genetic pools of different dog breeds healthy.
\nAortic/subaortic stenosis has a guarded prognosis if moderate to severe; however, efforts have been made in several aspects to fight the disease. First, screening programs have lowered the incidence of the disease (Bussadori 2006, personal unpublished data), and secondly, interventional methods have advanced and might give better prognosis for severely affected dogs; on the other hand, there is still room for surgical methods to take place in veterinary medicine and be more readily available. The genetic background for aortic stenosis is not completely known; however, several mutations, associated with the disease in different breeds, allow development of strategies for genetic screening which would reduce the risk for the disease in pure-breed dogs.
\nThe authors acknowledge the financial support of the Slovenian Research Agency (research programs P4-0053 and P4-0092).
\nThe authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.
Biochar (biomass-derived char) is a versatile renewable source and is gaining popularity due to its diverse raw material sources, high porosity, large surface area, surface functional groups, and high treatment efficacy for a variety of contaminants [1]. Biochar is produced from three types of materials (plant residue, sewage sludge, and animal litter) that are pyrolyzed with little or no oxygen (typically below 1000°C) [2]. Biochar production not only deals with waste, but also benefit from waste, for example, pyrolysis of sewage sludge can reduce pollutants and turn it into a valuable resource [3]. Therefore, it is a great way to make biochar out of solid waste. Because of its unique properties, biochar has sparked widespread concern about its potential for use in the environment [4]. As indicated by the increase in the number of published publications regarding biochar in the last 10 years, it has gotten a lot of attention (Figure 1). Biochar\'s main technique for removing contaminants and remediating the environment is sorption. And, biochar\'s sorption capacity is directly related to its physiochemical features, such as surface area, pore size distribution, functional groups, and cation exchange capacity, which vary depending on the preparation conditions [4]. Like, biochar produced at high temperatures has a larger surface area and carbon content than biochar produced at lower temperatures, due to the rising micro-pore volume caused by the elimination of volatile organic molecules at high temperatures [4]. The yields of biochar, on the other hand, decreases as the temperature goes up [6]. Therefore, in terms of biochar yields and adsorption capacity, an ideal synthesis method is required. To increase its physiochemical characteristics, biochar can further be modified with different chemicals like acids, alkalis, oxidizing agents, and ions for various environmental processes [7]. Due to its own properties such as large surface area, recalcitrance, and catalysis, biochar has been widely used in environmental applications such as soil remediation, carbon sequestration, water treatment, and wastewater treatment. In addition, biochar\'s application for energy and as an agricultural amendment is not a new concept. Biochar has also found its application in climate change mitigation and as a renewable energy source [8]. Biochar\'s use in engineering applications has received far less attention, despite the fact that economic estimates for biochar production for direct agricultural use have been poor for some time [9]. To that aim, a summary of our current understanding of biochar\'s potential for use in a variety of environmental remediation applications, as well as emerging obstacles and prospects for biochar usage in environmental remediation, is discussed below.
The number of articles published in recent 10 years. (Source: [
Biochar\'s function mostly refers to its ability to uptake (e.g., sorption) other substances. The sorption of biochar can be divided into two categories, chemical sorption and physical sorption. Moreover, in term of biochar’s interaction with other substances, there are three types of interactions: sorption, catalysis, and redox as shown in Figure 2. Sorption is a major environmental process that has a major impact on pollutant biogeochemistry. In sorption, the surface properties of biochar, which includes surface functional groups (carboxyl, carbonyl, phenolic–OH, ester, aliphatic, aromatic, hydroxyl, amino, and azyl groups), surface charges, and free radicals, are important for the behaviour of the interface between biochar and organic and inorganic pollutants, as it provides important sites for sorption and catalytic degradation of pollutants. These functional groups can form hydrogen bonds with other substances, As a result, Biochar can adsorb a variety of pollutants, including organic compounds, metals, nutrients, gases, and microbes [11, 12]. Moreover, the removal of some contaminants are also achieved by partitioning, electrostatic interaction, and pore-filling between biochar and pollutants and depends largely on biochar and pollutant characteristics [5]. Biochar also aids in the transformation of abiotic contaminants through various methods such as free radicals mediated transformation. Free radicals on the surface of biochar can react with chemicals like hydrogen peroxide and persulfate and promote the breakdown of organic pollutants [13]. Apart from that, biochar surfaces contain a variety of catalytic sites, such as quinone and phenolic functional groups, as well as persistent free radicals (PFRs), they enable biochar-mediated pollutants transformation [14]. For example, surface functional groups like quinones, convert sulphide into polysulfides, which accelerates the breakdown of azo dyes by increasing electron transport [14]. PFRs on the surface of biochar have a high reactivity and act as a catalyst in pollutant breakdown [13]. Also, the dissolved fractions in biochar, which are primarily composed of aliphatic and aromatic with quinone-like structures, has been tested and found to enhance the photochemical transformation of many organic pollutants by generating reactive intermediates or reactive oxygen species (ROS) [15]. Surface redox active moieties are the main contributors to the redox of biochar even though there are only a handful of relevant reports in publication so far. The surface redox-active moieties in biochar can directly react with pollutants via non-radical pathways, as well as activate some oxidants to form reactive radicals like OH and SO4. For example, OH generated from the activation of H2O2 in biochar reduces about 20% of
Biochar remediation mechanisms. (Source: [
Biochar can be used to clean up soil pollution caused by organic contaminants and heavy metals. Soil remediation using biochar is mostly accomplished by sorption and the mechanisms involved are surface complexation, hydrogen binding, electrostatic attractions, acid-base interactions, and
Biochar mechanisms in soil for contaminants removal. (Source: [
Reference | Organic pollutants | Removal efficiency | Feedstock |
---|---|---|---|
[19] | Dibutyl phthalate | 87.5% | Bamboo |
[20] | Phenanthrene | 100% | Conifer |
[21] | Imidacloprid | — | Rice-straw |
[3] | Diethyl phthalate | 90% | Bamboo |
[22] | Carbaryl | 71.8% | Pig manure |
[23] | Tylosin | 66% | Hardwood |
[24] | Acetamiprid | 52.3% | |
[25] | Atrazine | >66% | Dairy Manure 450 |
[26] | Pentachlorophenol | 96.2% | Rice-straw |
[27] | Chlorpyrifos | 34% | |
[28] | Terbuthylazine | >88% | Sawdust |
Adsorption of organic pollutants in soil by biochar.
Reference | Heavy metal | Removal efficiency | Feedstock |
---|---|---|---|
[33] | Cd2+ | 80% | Eucalyptus wood |
Pb2+ | 93.7% | ||
Zn2+ | 97.1% | ||
Cu2+ | 99.8% | ||
Cd2+ | 90% | Poultry litter | |
Pb2+ | 99.8% | ||
Zn2+ | 99.3% | ||
Cu2+ | 99.9% | ||
[34] | Pb2+ | 55.9% | Sewage sludge |
Zn2+ | 51.2% | ||
[35] | Cd2+ | 56% | Bamboo |
[36] | Pb2+ | — | Pine cone |
[37] | Cd2+ | 97.1% | Rice straw |
[38] | Cd2+ | >99% | Tree bark |
[39] | Cu2+ | >99% | Pine bark |
[40] | Ni2+ | 93% | Woody biomass, Gliricidia sepium |
[41] | Zn2+ | 54% | Sugar cane straw |
[42] | Ni2+ | 99.5% | Deinking paper sludge |
[43] | Pb2+ | 90% | Soybean stover |
[44] | Pb2+ | 93.5% | Chicken manure |
[45] | Cd2+ | 93.6% | Wheat straw |
Heavy metal stabilization in soil by biochar.
The process of storing carbon in soil organic matter and thereby removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere is known as carbon sequestration. As part of attempts to establish climate resilient agriculture practices, the idea of using biochar to trap carbon in the soil has gotten a lot of attention in recent years. Biochar (biological charcoal) is a carbon sink that absorbs carbon from the atmosphere and stores it on agricultural grounds. Biochar is biologically inert, allowing it to retain fixed carbon in the soil for years to millennia while also absorbing net carbon from the atmosphere [20]. In addition, agriculture fixes 30 gigatons of carbon per year, but 30 gigatons of carbon return to the atmosphere as the plants die, resulting in no net change. When Biochar is combined with compost, soil, and plants, it recovers and stores a significant amount of carbon in the ground, resulting in a continuous and significant reduction in atmospheric greenhouse gas (GHG) levels. In recent years, climate change has sparked an increased interest in lowering carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere. Soil, being a major carbon sink, plays a critical role in the global carbon cycle, which has a direct impact on climate change. Carbon sequestration has offered as a strategy to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. Biochar has a great resistance to biodegradation due to its extremely condensed aromatic structure. As a result, biochar is thought to have a positive impact on soil carbon sequestration. Many investigations have been carried out to determine the impact of biochar on soil for carbon sequestration. However, due to the variability in carbon dioxide emissions, no consistent result can be presented. For example, adding carbon from fire to soil increased soil organic carbon turnover. However, adding biochar made of wood sawdust to soil inhibited carbon mineralization, resulting in more carbon sequestration. The mineralization of soil organic matter after the addition of biochar is shown to be higher in low-fertility soils than in high-fertility soils [21]. Carbon mineralization is also higher in soils with low organic carbon concentration than in soils with high organic carbon content. Also, the application of biochar to soil has found an increase in the rate of organic matter decomposition. This so-called "priming effect" affects carbon sequestration efforts since increased microbial activity might lead to breakdown rates exceeding carbon input rates. While the exact mechanism causing this impact has yet to be determined, it could be due to the increase of microbial activity as bacteria consume the carbon and nitrogen in biochar. However, the carbon in biochar can be separated into two types: liable and recalcitrant carbon. When biochar is introduced to the soil, soil microbes may quickly consume available carbon, resulting in an increase in carbon mineralization at first. This explains why adding biochar to soil accelerates carbon mineralization. Moreover, recalcitrant carbon content in biochar is significantly higher than labile carbon concentration. In soil, recalcitrant carbon can persist for a long time. As a result, the carbon input generated by biochar is more than the carbon outflow induced by relevant carbon mineralization. And, shorter pyrolysis times and higher pyrolysis temperatures, according to recent research [4], result in more recalcitrant biochar (i.e., it persists for longer periods in the soil). However, these pyrolysis conditions yields less biochar per unit feedstock, there are trade-offs. The effect of biochar addition on carbon sequestration is largely unknown in general. The priming impact varies depending on the feedstock and pyrolysis conditions, suggesting that the relationship between biochar\'s effect and feedstock type must be investigated further. The inherent properties of biochar, as determined by feedstock and pyrolysis conditions, interact with environmental factors like precipitation and temperature to determine how long biochar carbon is held in the soil. Soil texture, as is typically the case, plays an important influence in the stability of biochar carbon. Biochar interacts with soil particles to stabilize itself in the soil.
However, numerous uncertainties remain about the efficiency of biochar in carbon sequestration. It is also crucial to investigate the link between pyrolysis conditions and biochar\'s carbon sequestration ability. While biochar contains a lot of carbon, it is unclear how long that carbon will stay in the soil after it has been applied. In terms of boosting soil carbon reserves and combating climate change, biochar remains a hot topic. Many uncertainties remain, however, before definitive conclusions can be drawn about what conditions allow biochar to contribute positively to soil carbon sequestration.
The constant increase in solid waste seems to have a negative impact on human society\'s long-term development, which has raised numerous concerns. Organic waste accounts for around half of all solid waste generated. The ability to effectively treat organic solid waste is critical for successful solid waste disposal. Composting has received a lot of attention as a waste treatment method because of its benefits, such as low cost. Composting is a biological process that takes place. Organic matter from raw materials is exposed to biological breakdown during the process. Biochar has a direct influence on microbes, which has an impact on composting. Many researches have been carried out to see how biochar affects the composting of organic waste. The following are the effects of biochar on microorganisms during the composition of organic solid waste: (1) providing a habitat for microorganisms; (2) providing ideal growing conditions for microorganisms; (3) enriching the microbial diversity. It is documented that biochar addition accelerated the decomposition of organic solid waste due to the favorable effect of biochar addition on composting. Table 3 shows the impact of adding biochar to the composting process. In general, adding biochar to compost has a good impact on the process. The priming effect, on the other hand, can be overlooked in low-fertility, alkaline, temperate soil. The type of soil affects the performance of biochar in compositing [22]. Furthermore, the types and doses of biochar, as well as the soil types, have a significant impact on the composting of organic solid waste. As a result, a biochar application strategy should be developed depending on the characteristics of organic solid waste composting and soil. Furthermore, it was discovered that bacterial consortiums combined with biochar can stimulate microbial activity to accelerate degradation, increase bacterial community richness, and change the specific selection of bacteria, providing a method for effectively improving microbial activity and enhancing organic solid waste degradation.
Reference | Feedstock | Applied dose | Performance |
---|---|---|---|
[48] | Peanut shell | 0.75% biochar and 0.75% compost (w %) | Increase the growth of sesbania, seashore mallow, and overall biomass. |
[49] | Rice husk | 24 g compost + 16 g biochar in 400 g soil | Reduce the availability of Cd and Zn and enhance the availability of Cu by increasing total organic carbon and water-extract organic carbon. |
[50] | Acacia | 2 t ha−1 biochar, 10 t ha−1 compost and 92 kg N ha−1 | Improve the grain yields and N uptake |
[51] | Acacia green waste | 47 t ha−1 biochar and 10 t ha−1 compost | Enhance macroporosity and bioturbation; increase microbial abundance; modify microbial structure |
[52] | Logs | 2.5 t ha−1 biochar and 25 t ha−1 compost | Increase soil organic carbon, nutritional status, and water content, as well as maize output. |
[53] | Hardwood, coniferous wood | 8 t ha−1 biochar and 55 t ha−1 compost | Vine growing on low-fertility, alkaline, temperate soil has no immediate commercial value. |
[54] | Wood | 0.3 kg compost and 0.27 kg biochar | Increase the oxygen intake by accelerating the humification of sludge organics. |
[55] | Beech wood | 100 mg/kg biochar and 100 mg/kg compost | Increase plant height, total organic carbon, and total nitrogen content; decrease ammonium content |
[56] | Quercus serrate | 10% biochar and 90% compost | Change the microbial community structure Increase |
[57] | Hardwood coniferous wood | 8 t ha−1 biochar and 63 t ha−1 compost | Increase microbial number and activity while having no influence on the amount of copper available. |
Impact of adding biochar to the composting process.
Many studies have demonstrated that biochar may adsorb contaminants from water and wastewater, including both organic and inorganic pollutants. Antibiotics, for example, are becoming common organic contaminants in the environment. Sludge-derived biochar has been shown to be a cost-effective and reusable adsorbent for the elimination of antibacterial drugs. Table 4 shows how biochar can remove organic pollutants from water via adsorption [68, 69].
Reference | Feedstock | Removal efficiency | Organic pollutant |
---|---|---|---|
[58] | Chicken manure | 100% | Microcystin-LR |
[59] | Sewage sludge | 26%-60% | Tetracycline |
[60] | Corn stalks | 97.62% | Norfloxacin |
[61] | Pinus radiata sawdust | 100% | Sulfamethoxazole |
[58] | Mangosteen peel | 80% | Methylene blue |
[3] | Cool Planet LLC | <6% | Ibuprofen |
Organic Farms LLC | <10% | Sulfamethoxazole | |
Corncob | — | Bisphenol A | |
[62] | Waste Douglas fir | 100% | salicylic acid |
[63] | Corn straw | 100% | Atrazine |
[64] | Wood | 20%-30% | Sulfamethoxazole |
[65] | Rice-husk | ~90% | Tetracycline |
[66] | Buffalo-weed | 88.47% | Trichloroethylene |
[67] | Soybean Stalk | 99.5% | Phenanthrene |
Organic pollutant removal by biochar in waste.
The adsorption of pollutants by biochar in water depends on the physiochemical characteristics of targeted pollutants and the types of biochar. For example, the sawdust-derived biochar can remove entirely 20.3 mg/l of sulfamethoxazole while wood-derived biochar demonstrates substantially lower removal effectiveness of sulfamethoxazole (20–30%). For biochar obtained from organic farm, it demonstrates the lowest removal effectiveness of sulfamethoxazole (<6%) [23]. Varying pyrolysis temperatures led in different tetracycline removal efficiencies for biochar generated with rice husk [24]. The removal efficiency of tetracycline ranged from 26% to 60% when the pyrolysis temperature was 800°C and the initial concentration of tetracycline was 200 mg/l. When the pyrolysis temperature was 500°C and the initial tetracycline concentration was 5 mg/l, the removal efficiency was around 90%. It is therefore, established that pyrolysis temperature had important effect on the adsorption capacity of biochar. Other parameters such as pyrolysis time, in addition to pyrolysis temperature, can influence the physiochemical characteristics of biochar, which in turn affects the adsorption capacity of biochar. Heavy metal contamination is a major problem that requires immediate attention. Heavy metals can be removed from the aquatic environment using adsorption as well. Biochar\'s ability to remove heavy metal ions is listed in Table 5 [80]. The removal of heavy metals by biochar is dependent on the types of heavy metals and the types of feedstock, similar to the removal of organic pollutants by biochar. Biochar has a lower removal capacity for Cd2+ and As5+ than other heavy metals like Pb2+ and Zn2+ among the major heavy metals [25]. Biochar produced from corn straw, for example, had a different Cu2+ adsorption capability like 0.1 g/l of biochar can remove 1 mM of Cu2+ when the pyrolysis temperature is set at 800°C. And, when the pyrolysis temperature is set to 400°C, 20 g/l biochar can remove 20 mg/l Cu2+ [26]. Similarly, biochar produced from water hyacinths shows different adsorption capacities for Cd2+ and Pb2+, demonstrating that biochar adsorption capability varies depending on the targeted heavy metals. Zhang et al. [27] discovered that biochar prepared at high temperatures was effective in removing Cr (VI). A recent study found that sludge-derived biochar may successfully remove ammonium by monolayer chemical adsorption [59], implying that competition adsorption occurred when biochar was utilised as adsorbents for the removal of heavy metals and organic pollutants in the presence of ammonium. It should be highlighted that the adsorption capacity of the functional groups-modified biochar is clearly improved by the functional groups. The amino-modified biochar, for example, significantly increases the adsorption of Cu (II) due to strong complexation [60]. Moreover, biochar can enrich microorganisms, which can aid in the removal of organic matter, in addition to adsorption. [48] discovered that the proportion of Archaea was significantly greater in the presence of fruitwood-derived biochar, which relieved the stress of ammonia and acids on the microbes, raising microbial activity even more. Lu et al. [35] discovered a similar phenomenon as well. When using biochar for water and wastewater treatment, it\'s important to keep in mind that it can be recycled and reused. Based on the foregoing findings, biochar performs well in batch experiments in removing the contaminants of concern. However, various contaminants coexist in water and wastewater. Competitive adsorption may occur, resulting in results that differ from those obtained in the laboratory. In addition, the adsorption of contaminants by biochar may be affected by actual flow conditions. As a result, more research should be done in the lab to imitate the real-world condition and study the efficacy of biochar in the removal of contaminants.
Reference | Feedstock | Removal efficiency | Heavy metal |
---|---|---|---|
[70] | Corn straws | 97.7% | Cu2+ |
[33] | Rape straw | 100% | Cd2+ |
[49] | Sawdust and swine manure | 100% | Pb2+ |
[71] | Mangosteen peel | 80% | Cd2+ |
[72] | Corn straw | 99.24% | Cd2+ |
[73] | Celery | 97.7% | Pb2+ |
[74] | Scots pine | ~23% | Cd2+ |
[75] | Water hyacinths | ~60% | Cd2+ |
[75] | Sugar cane bagasse | ~80% | Pb2+ |
[76] | Macroalga | ~80% | Cu2+ |
[77] | Wheat straw | 100% | Cd2+ |
[78] | Hickory wood | 95.9% | Cd2+ |
[79] | Pinewood | ~35% | As5+ |
[3] | Rice husk | ~100% | Cr6+ |
[3] | Anaerobic digested sludge | 26% | Ni2+ |
Heavy metal uptake by biochar in water.
Biochar is a good building material for insulating buildings and managing humidity because of its low thermal conductivity and capacity to absorb water. Biochar, together with cement mortar clay and lime, can be used with sand in a 1: 1 ratio. As a result, the plaster made using this technology has excellent insulation and breathing capabilities, allowing it to sustain humidity levels of 45–70% in both summer and winter. This prevents dry air, which can cause respiratory problems and allergies, as well as moisture caused by air condensing on the outer walls, which can lead to mould growth [27].
The capacity to carefully adjust the structure and chemistry of biochar at nanoscale (nm) scales allows certain aspects of the biochar to be altered to target certain environmental engineering solutions, comparable to the proposed "designer biochar" for agricultural uses. It is crucial to remember, however, that once in the field; biochar characteristics do not remain constant over time. Even at ambient temperatures, ageing, oxidation, and microbial degradation can modify surface functional groups and chemistry, affecting sorption characteristics. The list of biochar\'s potential engineering applications is continually growing. Due to its unique magnetic properties, magnetic biochar opens the door to facilitating removal of various contaminants from soil or other media. This broadens the scope of biochar\'s possible use in environmental remediation.
Along with the widespread use of biochar, it may have some disadvantages which may lead to harmful impact on the environment. When using bio-char in the environment, one of the most crucial aspects to consider is stability. The carbon structure makes up the majority of biochar. Biochar stability refers to the stability of the carbon structure in general. Aromaticity and the degree of aromatic condensation in biochar are markers of its carbon structure. Biochar stability must be considered because different biochars have varying physiochemical properties. Due to the instability of biochar, Huang et al. [28] observed the potential dissolution of organic matter from biochar in the complexation of heavy metals, implying that dissolved organic matter from biochar can be discovered in solution. Furthermore, the aromaticity, stability, and resistivity of the dissolved organic matter may be high. When biochar is used in the treatment of water and wastewater, the carbon content of the water body may rise due to the release of carbon from the biochar. Furthermore, biochar, particularly sludge-derived biochar, includes heavy metals, which may leach out during the water and wastewater treatment process, resulting in heavy metal contamination. When biochar is used as a catalyst support, the catalyst\'s stability tends to deteriorate after a few uses. One reason for the lower catalyst stability could be charcoal structural degradation. As a result, biochar stability is also linked to water and wastewater treatment quality. In conclusion, the stability of biochar has a significant impact on its environmental applicability. As a result, more research is needed in the future to determine the stability of biochar. Because pyrolysis conditions can change carbon content and structure however, research into the relationship between biochar stability and pyrolysis conditions is important. Biochar\'s possible toxicity on microorganisms should be considered in addition to its stability. Biochar increases the enzymatic activities of soil microorganisms at low doses, according to Gong et al. [75], demonstrating that low doses of biochar had no toxicity on the bacteria. Dong et al. [79] shown that Fe3O4-modified bamboo biochar has a low cytotoxicity potential. In contrast, high doses of tobacco stem-derived biochar exhibited cytotoxic and genotoxic effects in epithelial cells through promoting ROS production. As previously stated, biochar has a wide range of physical and chemical properties. More research into the potential toxicity of biochar to the environment is needed to support its effective application. Fish, algae, water fleas, and luminous bacteria can all be used to conduct toxicity tests.
This chapter provided an overview of biochar application and its interaction with other substances, focusing on its use in environmental remediation. Firstly, the raw material especially waste materials used for biochar production offers a treatment option for wastes that contributes to environmental sustainability. Furthermore, biochar\'s practical applicability is aided by its low-cost feedstock and simple preparation technique. Biochar has the ability to remediate, improve soil, and mitigate climate change, all of which contribute to environmental sustainability. However, the primary explanation for the increase in soil fertility remained unknown, and the work on the impact of biochar on carbon sequestration needs to be conducted and understood. Composting organic waste using biochar can help promote biological decomposition of organic waste. However, different doses of biochar were required for various organic wastes and biochar kinds. As a result, a biochar application strategy should be developed depending on the characteristics of organic solid waste composting and soil. Biochar can be employed as absorbents in the decontamination of water and wastewater, but its adsorption capacity and stability must be improved. Biochar can activate persulfate, which can be used to remove hazardous organic pollutants from water and wastewater, however the relationship between biochar structure and persulfate activation needs to be studied further to figure out how it works. In conclusion, biochar has a bright future in improving environmental sustainability. The majority of bio-char research is currently being done in laboratories. Biochar\'s environmental impact has yet to be fully understood. Furthermore, the real world is more complex than the laboratory, resulting in ambiguity about biochar\'s environmental impact. More in situ tests are needed to determine the true impact of biochar on the environment, such as environmental microorganisms, before it is used on a broad basis. Furthermore, the preparation conditions of biochar for industrial use must be enhanced depending on the various environmental reasons.
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Integrity - We are consistent and dependable, always striving for precision and accuracy in the true spirit of science.
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\n\nIntechOpen is a dynamic, vibrant company, where exceptional people are achieving great things. We offer a creative, dedicated, committed, and passionate environment but never lose sight of the fact that science and discovery is exciting and rewarding. We constantly strive to ensure that members of our community can work, travel, meet world-renowned researchers and grow their own career and develop their own experiences.
\n\nIf this sounds like a place that you would like to work, whether you are at the beginning of your career or are an experienced professional, we invite you to drop us a line and tell us why you could be the right person for IntechOpen.
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This airplane requires lightweight and powerful actuators to fly in the rare Martian atmosphere. DEs are a possible candidate for use as actuator controlling the airplane since they have high power, and high efficiency. A structural model of a wing having a control surface, a DE, and a linkage was built and a wind tunnel test of a control surface actuation using a DE actuator was carried out.",book:{id:"10210",slug:"solar-system-planets-and-exoplanets",title:"Solar System Planets and Exoplanets",fullTitle:"Solar System Planets and Exoplanets"},signatures:"Seiki Chiba and Mikio Waki",authors:[{id:"33308",title:"Dr.",name:"Seiki",middleName:"Augustine",surname:"Chiba",slug:"seiki-chiba",fullName:"Seiki Chiba"},{id:"33315",title:"Mr.",name:"Mikio",middleName:null,surname:"Waki",slug:"mikio-waki",fullName:"Mikio Waki"}]},{id:"65461",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.84352",title:"Human Health in the Lunar Environment",slug:"human-health-in-the-lunar-environment",totalDownloads:851,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"The lunar environment contains many hazards to human health, some common to extraterrestrial locations, some unique to the Moon. 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Consequently, knowledge of exoplanets is considerably more limited than Solar System planets. This chapter reviews the essential characteristics of Solar System planets and associated data derived from a variety of observational approaches. Exoplanet characteristics and their comparison to Solar System planets are provided as well as general detection methods and planned probes to gather additional data.",book:{id:"10210",slug:"solar-system-planets-and-exoplanets",title:"Solar System Planets and Exoplanets",fullTitle:"Solar System Planets and Exoplanets"},signatures:"Joseph Bevelacqua",authors:[{id:"115462",title:"Dr.",name:"Joseph",middleName:"John",surname:"Bevelacqua",slug:"joseph-bevelacqua",fullName:"Joseph Bevelacqua"}]},{id:"65725",title:"On the Deviation of the Lunar Center of Mass to the East: Two Possible Mechanisms Based on Evolution of the Orbit and Rounding Off the Shape of the Moon",slug:"on-the-deviation-of-the-lunar-center-of-mass-to-the-east-two-possible-mechanisms-based-on-evolution-",totalDownloads:985,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"It is known that the Moon’s center of mass (COM) does not coincide with the geometric center of figure (COF) and the line “COF/COM” is not directed to the center of the Earth, but deviates from it to the South-East. Here, we discuss two mechanisms to explain the deviation of the lunar COM to the East from the mean direction to Earth. The first mechanism considers the secular evolution of the Moon’s orbit, using the effect of the preferred orientation of the satellite with synchronous rotation to the second (empty) orbital focus. It is established that only the scenario with an increase in the orbital eccentricity e leads to the required displacement of the lunar COM to the East. It is important that high-precision calculations confirm an increase e in our era. In order to fully explain the shift of the lunar COM to the East, a second mechanism was developed that takes into account the influence of tidal changes in the shape of the Moon at its gradual removal from the Earth. The second mechanism predicts that the elongation of the lunar figure in the early era was significant. As a result, it was found that the Moon could have been formed in the annular zone at a distance of 3–4 radii of the modern Earth.",book:{id:"8444",slug:"lunar-science",title:"Lunar Science",fullTitle:"Lunar Science"},signatures:"Boris P. Kondratyev",authors:[{id:"277909",title:"Prof.",name:"Boris",middleName:"Petrovich",surname:"Kondratyev",slug:"boris-kondratyev",fullName:"Boris Kondratyev"}]},{id:"65534",title:"Solar System Exploration Augmented by In Situ Resource Utilization: Lunar Base Issues",slug:"solar-system-exploration-augmented-by-in-situ-resource-utilization-lunar-base-issues",totalDownloads:1108,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Creating a presence and an industrial capability on the Moon is essential for the development of humankind. There are many historical study results that have identified and quantified the lunar resources and analyzed the methods of obtaining and employing those resources. The idea of finding, obtaining, and using these materials is called in situ resource utilization (ISRU). The ISRU research and development efforts have led to new ideas in rocket propulsion. Applications in chemical propulsion, nuclear electric propulsion, and many other propulsion systems will be critical in making the initial lunar base and future lunar industries more sustainable and will lead to brilliant futures for humanity.",book:{id:"8444",slug:"lunar-science",title:"Lunar Science",fullTitle:"Lunar Science"},signatures:"Bryan Palaszewski",authors:[{id:"279275",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Bryan",middleName:null,surname:"Palaszewski",slug:"bryan-palaszewski",fullName:"Bryan Palaszewski"}]},{id:"65508",title:"New Principles of Monitoring Seismological and Deformation Processes Occurring in the Moon Rock Massive",slug:"new-principles-of-monitoring-seismological-and-deformation-processes-occurring-in-the-moon-rock-mass",totalDownloads:790,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Currently, the interest in studying the processes occurring in other planets surrounding the Earth is becoming increasingly important. The Moon-satellite planet is the closest to the planet Earth, and therefore, it makes sense to organize a system for studying it first and foremost, incorporating the most advanced ideas about the physics of processes in rock massive, which are also used in terrestrial conditions. In this paper, new ideas on the organization of seismological and deformation monitoring are set out, based on the results obtained for the rock massive of the Earth and the theoretical ideas presented in the works of I. Prigogine and S. Hawking.",book:{id:"8444",slug:"lunar-science",title:"Lunar Science",fullTitle:"Lunar Science"},signatures:"Olga Hachay and Oleg Khachay",authors:[{id:"150801",title:"Prof.",name:"Olga",middleName:"Alexandrovna",surname:"Hachay",slug:"olga-hachay",fullName:"Olga Hachay"},{id:"263300",title:"Dr.",name:"Oleg",middleName:null,surname:"Khachay",slug:"oleg-khachay",fullName:"Oleg Khachay"}]},{id:"66992",title:"Lunar Occultation",slug:"lunar-occultation",totalDownloads:906,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"A detailed explanation of the reduction method used to determine the angular diameters of the stars occulted by the dark limb of the Moon is presented.",book:{id:"8444",slug:"lunar-science",title:"Lunar Science",fullTitle:"Lunar Science"},signatures:"Abdulrahman Malawi",authors:[{id:"282963",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulrahman",middleName:"Ali",surname:"Malawi",slug:"abdulrahman-malawi",fullName:"Abdulrahman Malawi"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"623",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"82332",title:"Introductory Chapter: Access to Space, Access to the Moon: Two Sides of the Same Coin?",slug:"introductory-chapter-access-to-space-access-to-the-moon-two-sides-of-the-same-coin",totalDownloads:9,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105175",abstract:null,book:{id:"10955",title:"Lunar Science - Habitat and Humans",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10955.jpg"},signatures:"Yann-Henri Chemin"},{id:"81141",title:"Modeling Radiation Damage in Materials Relevant for Exploration and Settlement on the Moon",slug:"modeling-radiation-damage-in-materials-relevant-for-exploration-and-settlement-on-the-moon",totalDownloads:24,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102808",abstract:"Understanding the effect of radiation on materials is fundamental for space exploration. Energetic charged particles impacting materials create electronic excitations, atomic displacements, and nuclear fragmentation. Monte Carlo particle transport simulations are the most common approach for modeling radiation damage in materials. However, radiation damage is a multiscale problem, both in time and in length, an aspect treated by the Monte Carlo simulations only to a limited extent. In this chapter, after introducing the Monte Carlo particle transport method, we present a multiscale approach to study different stages of radiation damage which allows for the synergy between the electronic and nuclear effects induced in materials. We focus on cumulative displacement effects induced by radiation below the regime of hadronic interactions. We then discuss selected studies of radiation damage in materials of importance and potential use for the exploration and settlement on the Moon, ranging from semiconductors to alloys and from polymers to the natural regolith. Additionally, we overview some of the novel materials with outstanding properties, such as low weight, increased radiation resistance, and self-healing capabilities with a potential to reduce mission costs and improve prospects for extended human exploration of extraterrestrial bodies.",book:{id:"10955",title:"Lunar Science - Habitat and Humans",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10955.jpg"},signatures:"Natalia E. Koval, Bin Gu, Daniel Muñoz-Santiburcio and Fabiana Da Pieve"},{id:"80241",title:"The Evolution of the Moon’s Orbit Over 100 Million Years and Prospects for the Research in the Moon",slug:"the-evolution-of-the-moon-s-orbit-over-100-million-years-and-prospects-for-the-research-in-the-moon",totalDownloads:57,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102392",abstract:"As a result of solving the problem of interaction of Solar-system bodies, data on the evolution of the Moon’s orbit were obtained. These data were used as the basis for the development of a mathematical model for the Moon representing its motion over an interval of 100 million years. A program of exploration of the Moon with the aim of creating a permanent base on it is outlined. Such a base is intended for exploring the Earth, the Sun, and outer space.",book:{id:"10955",title:"Lunar Science - Habitat and Humans",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10955.jpg"},signatures:"Joseph J. Smulsky"},{id:"80217",title:"Educational and Scientific Analog Space Missions",slug:"educational-and-scientific-analog-space-missions",totalDownloads:78,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101392",abstract:"Analog space missions in Poland include international scientific, technological, and business projects designed and realized by a private research company Analog Astronaut Training Center Ltd. (AATC) devoted to the future Moon and Mars exploration. Growing experience in educational aspect of the training as well as continuous development of the habitat and its professional space science laboratory equipment correspond to increased interest of educational organizations, universities, and individual students. We serve unique practical platform for space engineering, space master, and even space doctoral theses. In addition to a wide range of training courses offered for future astronauts, for example, diving, skydiving, rocket workshops, and stratospheric missions, AATC provides a private laboratory to simulate the space environment. It carries out scientific experiments focused on biology and space medicine, as well as addressing several multidisciplinary issues related to the Moon and Mars exploration, including space mining. The main goal of each our analog simulation is to get publishable results, what means that our analog astronauts obtain not only certification of completion of the training but also ability to continue studies and to perform it individually. This chapter summarizes methodology used by us, didactic tools, and obtained results for both educational and scientific analog simulations.",book:{id:"10955",title:"Lunar Science - Habitat and Humans",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10955.jpg"},signatures:"Agata Maria Kołodziejczyk and M. Harasymczuk"},{id:"79544",title:"Regolith and Radiation: The Cosmic Battle",slug:"regolith-and-radiation-the-cosmic-battle",totalDownloads:115,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101437",abstract:"This chapter discusses regolith utilization in habitat construction mainly from the point of view of radiation protection of humans on missions of long duration. It also considers other key properties such as structural robustness, thermal insulation, and micrometeoroid protection that all have to be considered in parallel when proposing regolith-based solutions. The biological hazards of radiation exposure on the Moon are presented and put in the context of lunar exploration-type missions and current astronaut career dose limits. These factors guide the research in radiation protection done with lunar regolith simulants, which are used in research and development activities on Earth due to the reduced accessibility of returned lunar samples. The ways in which regolith can be used in construction influence its protective properties. Areal density, which plays a key role in the radiation shielding capacity of a given material, can be optimized through different regolith processing techniques. At the same time, density will also affect other important properties of the construction, e.g. thermal insulation. A comprehensive picture of regolith utilization in habitat walls is drawn for the reader to understand the main aspects that are considered in habitat design and construction while maintaining the main focus on radiation protection.",book:{id:"10955",title:"Lunar Science - Habitat and Humans",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10955.jpg"},signatures:"Yulia Akisheva, Yves Gourinat, Nicolas Foray and Aidan Cowley"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:5},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:320,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:133,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:16,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. 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Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. 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He has both an MS and Ph.D. in Biomedical Engineering. He was previously a research scientist at the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) and visiting professor and researcher at the University of North Dakota. He is currently working in artificial intelligence and its applications in medical signal processing. In addition, he is using digital signal processing in medical imaging and speech processing. Dr. Asadpour has developed brain-computer interfacing algorithms and has published books, book chapters, and several journal and conference papers in this field and other areas of intelligent signal processing. He has also designed medical devices, including a laser Doppler monitoring system.",institutionString:"Kaiser Permanente Southern California",institution:null},{id:"169608",title:"Prof.",name:"Marian",middleName:null,surname:"Găiceanu",slug:"marian-gaiceanu",fullName:"Marian Găiceanu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/169608/images/system/169608.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Marian Gaiceanu graduated from the Naval and Electrical Engineering Faculty, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Romania, in 1997. He received a Ph.D. (Magna Cum Laude) in Electrical Engineering in 2002. Since 2017, Dr. Gaiceanu has been a Ph.D. supervisor for students in Electrical Engineering. He has been employed at Dunarea de Jos University of Galati since 1996, where he is currently a professor. Dr. Gaiceanu is a member of the National Council for Attesting Titles, Diplomas and Certificates, an expert of the Executive Agency for Higher Education, Research Funding, and a member of the Senate of the Dunarea de Jos University of Galati. He has been the head of the Integrated Energy Conversion Systems and Advanced Control of Complex Processes Research Center, Romania, since 2016. He has conducted several projects in power converter systems for electrical drives, power quality, PEM and SOFC fuel cell power converters for utilities, electric vehicles, and marine applications with the Department of Regulation and Control, SIEI S.pA. (2002–2004) and the Polytechnic University of Turin, Italy (2002–2004, 2006–2007). He is a member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and cofounder-member of the IEEE Power Electronics Romanian Chapter. He is a guest editor at Energies and an academic book editor for IntechOpen. He is also a member of the editorial boards of the Journal of Electrical Engineering, Electronics, Control and Computer Science and Sustainability. Dr. Gaiceanu has been General Chairman of the IEEE International Symposium on Electrical and Electronics Engineering in the last six editions.",institutionString:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',institution:{name:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"4519",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaydip",middleName:null,surname:"Sen",slug:"jaydip-sen",fullName:"Jaydip Sen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/4519/images/system/4519.jpeg",biography:"Jaydip Sen is associated with Praxis Business School, Kolkata, India, as a professor in the Department of Data Science. His research areas include security and privacy issues in computing and communication, intrusion detection systems, machine learning, deep learning, and artificial intelligence in the financial domain. He has more than 200 publications in reputed international journals, refereed conference proceedings, and 20 book chapters in books published by internationally renowned publishing houses, such as Springer, CRC press, IGI Global, etc. Currently, he is serving on the editorial board of the prestigious journal Frontiers in Communications and Networks and in the technical program committees of a number of high-ranked international conferences organized by the IEEE, USA, and the ACM, USA. He has been listed among the top 2% of scientists in the world for the last three consecutive years, 2019 to 2021 as per studies conducted by the Stanford University, USA.",institutionString:"Praxis Business School",institution:null},{id:"320071",title:"Dr.",name:"Sidra",middleName:null,surname:"Mehtab",slug:"sidra-mehtab",fullName:"Sidra Mehtab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002v6KHoQAM/Profile_Picture_1584512086360",biography:"Sidra Mehtab has completed her BS with honors in Physics from Calcutta University, India in 2018. She has done MS in Data Science and Analytics from Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology (MAKAUT), Kolkata, India in 2020. Her research areas include Econometrics, Time Series Analysis, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Artificial Intelligence, and Computer and Network Security with a particular focus on Cyber Security Analytics. Ms. Mehtab has published seven papers in international conferences and one of her papers has been accepted for publication in a reputable international journal. She has won the best paper awards in two prestigious international conferences – BAICONF 2019, and ICADCML 2021, organized in the Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore, India in December 2019, and SOA University, Bhubaneswar, India in January 2021. Besides, Ms. Mehtab has also published two book chapters in two books. Seven of her book chapters will be published in a volume shortly in 2021 by Cambridge Scholars’ Press, UK. Currently, she is working as the joint editor of two edited volumes on Time Series Analysis and Forecasting to be published in the first half of 2021 by an international house. Currently, she is working as a Data Scientist with an MNC in Delhi, India.",institutionString:"NSHM College of Management and Technology",institution:null},{id:"226240",title:"Dr.",name:"Andri Irfan",middleName:null,surname:"Rifai",slug:"andri-irfan-rifai",fullName:"Andri Irfan Rifai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226240/images/7412_n.jpg",biography:"Andri IRFAN is a Senior Lecturer of Civil Engineering and Planning. He completed the PhD at the Universitas Indonesia & Universidade do Minho with Sandwich Program Scholarship from the Directorate General of Higher Education and LPDP scholarship. He has been teaching for more than 19 years and much active to applied his knowledge in the project construction in Indonesia. His research interest ranges from pavement management system to advanced data mining techniques for transportation engineering. He has published more than 50 papers in journals and 2 books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Internasional Batam",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"314576",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibai",middleName:null,surname:"Laña",slug:"ibai-lana",fullName:"Ibai Laña",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314576/images/system/314576.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ibai Laña works at TECNALIA as a data analyst. He received his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence from the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Spain, in 2018. He is currently a senior researcher at TECNALIA. His research interests fall within the intersection of intelligent transportation systems, machine learning, traffic data analysis, and data science. He has dealt with urban traffic forecasting problems, applying machine learning models and evolutionary algorithms. He has experience in origin-destination matrix estimation or point of interest and trajectory detection. Working with large volumes of data has given him a good command of big data processing tools and NoSQL databases. He has also been a visiting scholar at the Knowledge Engineering and Discovery Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"314575",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus",middleName:null,surname:"L. Lobo",slug:"jesus-l.-lobo",fullName:"Jesus L. Lobo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314575/images/system/314575.png",biography:"Dr. Jesús López is currently based in Bilbao (Spain) working at TECNALIA as Artificial Intelligence Research Scientist. In most cases, a project idea or a new research line needs to be investigated to see if it is good enough to take into production or to focus on it. That is exactly what he does, diving into Machine Learning algorithms and technologies to help TECNALIA to decide whether something is great in theory or will actually impact on the product or processes of its projects. So, he is expert at framing experiments, developing hypotheses, and proving whether they’re true or not, in order to investigate fundamental problems with a longer time horizon. He is also able to design and develop PoCs and system prototypes in simulation. He has participated in several national and internacional R&D projects.\n\nAs another relevant part of his everyday research work, he usually publishes his findings in reputed scientific refereed journals and international conferences, occasionally acting as reviewer and Programme Commitee member. Concretely, since 2018 he has published 9 JCR (8 Q1) journal papers, 9 conference papers (e.g. ECML PKDD 2021), and he has co-edited a book. He is also active in popular science writing data science stories for reputed blogs (KDNuggets, TowardsDataScience, Naukas). Besides, he has recently embarked on mentoring programmes as mentor, and has also worked as data science trainer.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",slug:"yalcin-isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",biography:"Yalcin Isler (1971 - Burdur / Turkey) received the B.Sc. degree in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey, in 1993, the M.Sc. degree from the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey, in 1996, the Ph.D. degree from the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey, in 2009, and the Competence of Associate Professorship from the Turkish Interuniversity Council in 2019.\n\nHe was Lecturer at Burdur Vocational School in Suleyman Demirel University (1993-2000, Burdur / Turkey), Software Engineer (2000-2002, Izmir / Turkey), Research Assistant in Bulent Ecevit University (2002-2003, Zonguldak / Turkey), Research Assistant in Dokuz Eylul University (2003-2010, Izmir / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering in Bulent Ecevit University (2010-2012, Zonguldak / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering in Izmir Katip Celebi University (2012-2019, Izmir / Turkey). He is an Associate Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir / Turkey, since 2019. In addition to academics, he has also founded Islerya Medical and Information Technologies Company, Izmir / Turkey, since 2017.\n\nHis main research interests cover biomedical signal processing, pattern recognition, medical device design, programming, and embedded systems. He has many scientific papers and participated in several projects in these study fields. He was an IEEE Student Member (2009-2011) and IEEE Member (2011-2014) and has been IEEE Senior Member since 2014.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"339677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mrinmoy",middleName:null,surname:"Roy",slug:"mrinmoy-roy",fullName:"Mrinmoy Roy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/339677/images/16768_n.jpg",biography:"An accomplished Sales & Marketing professional with 12 years of cross-functional experience in well-known organisations such as CIPLA, LUPIN, GLENMARK, ASTRAZENECA across different segment of Sales & Marketing, International Business, Institutional Business, Product Management, Strategic Marketing of HIV, Oncology, Derma, Respiratory, Anti-Diabetic, Nutraceutical & Stomatological Product Portfolio and Generic as well as Chronic Critical Care Portfolio. A First Class MBA in International Business & Strategic Marketing, B.Pharm, D.Pharm, Google Certified Digital Marketing Professional. Qualified PhD Candidate in Operations and Management with special focus on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning adoption, analysis and use in Healthcare, Hospital & Pharma Domain. Seasoned with diverse therapy area of Pharmaceutical Sales & Marketing ranging from generating revenue through generating prescriptions, launching new products, and making them big brands with continuous strategy execution at the Physician and Patients level. Moved from Sales to Marketing and Business Development for 3.5 years in South East Asian Market operating from Manila, Philippines. Came back to India and handled and developed Brands such as Gluconorm, Lupisulin, Supracal, Absolut Woman, Hemozink, Fabiflu (For COVID 19), and many more. In my previous assignment I used to develop and execute strategies on Sales & Marketing, Commercialization & Business Development for Institution and Corporate Hospital Business portfolio of Oncology Therapy Area for AstraZeneca Pharma India Ltd. Being a Research Scholar and Student of ‘Operations Research & Management: Artificial Intelligence’ I published several pioneer research papers and book chapters on the same in Internationally reputed journals and Books indexed in Scopus, Springer and Ei Compendex, Google Scholar etc. Currently, I am launching PGDM Pharmaceutical Management Program in IIHMR Bangalore and spearheading the course curriculum and structure of the same. I am interested in Collaboration for Healthcare Innovation, Pharma AI Innovation, Future trend in Marketing and Management with incubation on Healthcare, Healthcare IT startups, AI-ML Modelling and Healthcare Algorithm based training module development. I am also an affiliated member of the Institute of Management Consultant of India, looking forward to Healthcare, Healthcare IT and Innovation, Pharma and Hospital Management Consulting works.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lovely Professional University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"310576",title:"Prof.",name:"Erick Giovani",middleName:null,surname:"Sperandio Nascimento",slug:"erick-giovani-sperandio-nascimento",fullName:"Erick Giovani Sperandio Nascimento",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y00002pDKxDQAW/ProfilePicture%202022-06-20%2019%3A57%3A24.788",biography:"Prof. Erick Sperandio is the Lead Researcher and professor of Artificial Intelligence (AI) at SENAI CIMATEC, Bahia, Brazil, also working with Computational Modeling (CM) and HPC. He holds a PhD in Environmental Engineering in the area of Atmospheric Computational Modeling, a Master in Informatics in the field of Computational Intelligence and Graduated in Computer Science from UFES. He currently coordinates, leads and participates in R&D projects in the areas of AI, computational modeling and supercomputing applied to different areas such as Oil and Gas, Health, Advanced Manufacturing, Renewable Energies and Atmospheric Sciences, advising undergraduate, master's and doctoral students. He is the Lead Researcher at SENAI CIMATEC's Reference Center on Artificial Intelligence. In addition, he is a Certified Instructor and University Ambassador of the NVIDIA Deep Learning Institute (DLI) in the areas of Deep Learning, Computer Vision, Natural Language Processing and Recommender Systems, and Principal Investigator of the NVIDIA/CIMATEC AI Joint Lab, the first in Latin America within the NVIDIA AI Technology Center (NVAITC) worldwide program. He also works as a researcher at the Supercomputing Center for Industrial Innovation (CS2i) and at the SENAI Institute of Innovation for Automation (ISI Automação), both from SENAI CIMATEC. He is a member and vice-coordinator of the Basic Board of Scientific-Technological Advice and Evaluation, in the area of Innovation, of the Foundation for Research Support of the State of Bahia (FAPESB). He serves as Technology Transfer Coordinator and one of the Principal Investigators at the National Applied Research Center in Artificial Intelligence (CPA-IA) of SENAI CIMATEC, focusing on Industry, being one of the six CPA-IA in Brazil approved by MCTI / FAPESP / CGI.br. He also participates as one of the representatives of Brazil in the BRICS Innovation Collaboration Working Group on HPC, ICT and AI. He is the coordinator of the Work Group of the Axis 5 - Workforce and Training - of the Brazilian Strategy for Artificial Intelligence (EBIA), and member of the MCTI/EMBRAPII AI Innovation Network Training Committee. He is the coordinator, by SENAI CIMATEC, of the Artificial Intelligence Reference Network of the State of Bahia (REDE BAH.IA). He leads the working group of experts representing Brazil in the Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI), on the theme \"AI and the Pandemic Response\".",institutionString:"Manufacturing and Technology Integrated Campus – SENAI CIMATEC",institution:null},{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",institution:{name:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"221364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneko",middleName:null,surname:"Osaba",slug:"eneko-osaba",fullName:"Eneko Osaba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221364/images/system/221364.jpg",biography:"Dr. Eneko Osaba works at TECNALIA as a senior researcher. He obtained his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence in 2015. He has participated in more than twenty-five local and European research projects, and in the publication of more than 130 papers. He has performed several stays at universities in the United Kingdom, Italy, and Malta. Dr. Osaba has served as a program committee member in more than forty international conferences and participated in organizing activities in more than ten international conferences. He is a member of the editorial board of the International Journal of Artificial Intelligence, Data in Brief, and Journal of Advanced Transportation. He is also a guest editor for the Journal of Computational Science, Neurocomputing, Swarm, and Evolutionary Computation and IEEE ITS Magazine.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"275829",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Villar-Rodriguez",slug:"esther-villar-rodriguez",fullName:"Esther Villar-Rodriguez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/275829/images/system/275829.jpg",biography:"Dr. Esther Villar obtained a Ph.D. in Information and Communication Technologies from the University of Alcalá, Spain, in 2015. She obtained a degree in Computer Science from the University of Deusto, Spain, in 2010, and an MSc in Computer Languages and Systems from the National University of Distance Education, Spain, in 2012. Her areas of interest and knowledge include natural language processing (NLP), detection of impersonation in social networks, semantic web, and machine learning. Dr. Esther Villar made several contributions at conferences and publishing in various journals in those fields. Currently, she is working within the OPTIMA (Optimization Modeling & Analytics) business of TECNALIA’s ICT Division as a data scientist in projects related to the prediction and optimization of management and industrial processes (resource planning, energy efficiency, etc).",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:null},{id:"278948",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"carlos-pedro-goncalves",fullName:"Carlos Pedro Gonçalves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRcmyQAC/Profile_Picture_1564224512145",biography:'Carlos Pedro Gonçalves (PhD) is an Associate Professor at Lusophone University of Humanities and Technologies and a researcher on Complexity Sciences, Quantum Technologies, Artificial Intelligence, Strategic Studies, Studies in Intelligence and Security, FinTech and Financial Risk Modeling. He is also a progammer with programming experience in:\n\nA) Quantum Computing using Qiskit Python module and IBM Quantum Experience Platform, with software developed on the simulation of Quantum Artificial Neural Networks and Quantum Cybersecurity;\n\nB) Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning programming in Python;\n\nC) Artificial Intelligence, Multiagent Systems Modeling and System Dynamics Modeling in Netlogo, with models developed in the areas of Chaos Theory, Econophysics, Artificial Intelligence, Classical and Quantum Complex Systems Science, with the Econophysics models having been cited worldwide and incorporated in PhD programs by different Universities.\n\nReceived an Arctic Code Vault Contributor status by GitHub, due to having developed open source software preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\" for future generations (https://archiveprogram.github.com/arctic-vault/), with the Strategy Analyzer A.I. module for decision making support (based on his PhD thesis, used in his Classes on Decision Making and in Strategic Intelligence Consulting Activities) and QNeural Python Quantum Neural Network simulator also preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\", for access to these software modules see: https://github.com/cpgoncalves. He is also a peer reviewer with outsanding review status from Elsevier journals, including Physica A, Neurocomputing and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence. Science CV available at: https://www.cienciavitae.pt//pt/8E1C-A8B3-78C5 and ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0298-3974',institutionString:"University of Lisbon",institution:{name:"Universidade Lusófona",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"241400",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Bsiss",slug:"mohammed-bsiss",fullName:"Mohammed Bsiss",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241400/images/8062_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"276128",title:"Dr.",name:"Hira",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",slug:"hira-fatima",fullName:"Hira Fatima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/276128/images/14420_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Hira Fatima\nAssistant Professor\nDepartment of Mathematics\nInstitute of Applied Science\nMangalayatan University, Aligarh\nMobile: no : 8532041179\nhirafatima2014@gmal.com\n\nDr. Hira Fatima has received his Ph.D. degree in pure Mathematics from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh India. Currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mathematics, Institute of Applied Science, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh. She taught so many courses of Mathematics of UG and PG level. Her research Area of Expertise is Functional Analysis & Sequence Spaces. She has been working on Ideal Convergence of double sequence. She has published 17 research papers in National and International Journals including Cogent Mathematics, Filomat, Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, Advances in Difference Equations, Journal of Mathematical Analysis, Journal of Mathematical & Computer Science etc. She has also reviewed few research papers for the and international journals. She is a member of Indian Mathematical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"414880",title:"Dr.",name:"Maryam",middleName:null,surname:"Vatankhah",slug:"maryam-vatankhah",fullName:"Maryam Vatankhah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Borough of Manhattan Community College",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"414879",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammad-Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",slug:"mohammad-reza-akbarzadeh-totonchi",fullName:"Mohammad-Reza Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ferdowsi University of Mashhad",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"414878",title:"Prof.",name:"Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Fazel-Rezai",slug:"reza-fazel-rezai",fullName:"Reza Fazel-Rezai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"American Public University System",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"302698",title:"Dr.",name:"Yao",middleName:null,surname:"Shan",slug:"yao-shan",fullName:"Yao Shan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Dalian University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"125911",title:"Prof.",name:"Jia-Ching",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"jia-ching-wang",fullName:"Jia-Ching Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Central University",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"357085",title:"Mr.",name:"P. Mohan",middleName:null,surname:"Anand",slug:"p.-mohan-anand",fullName:"P. Mohan Anand",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"356696",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"P.V.",middleName:null,surname:"Sai Charan",slug:"p.v.-sai-charan",fullName:"P.V. Sai Charan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"357086",title:"Prof.",name:"Sandeep K.",middleName:null,surname:"Shukla",slug:"sandeep-k.-shukla",fullName:"Sandeep K. Shukla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"356823",title:"MSc.",name:"Seonghee",middleName:null,surname:"Min",slug:"seonghee-min",fullName:"Seonghee Min",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Daegu University",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"353307",title:"Prof.",name:"Yoosoo",middleName:null,surname:"Oh",slug:"yoosoo-oh",fullName:"Yoosoo Oh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:"Yoosoo Oh received his Bachelor's degree in the Department of Electronics and Engineering from Kyungpook National University in 2002. He obtained his Master’s degree in the Department of Information and Communications from Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) in 2003. In 2010, he received his Ph.D. degree in the School of Information and Mechatronics from GIST. In the meantime, he was an executed team leader at Culture Technology Institute, GIST, 2010-2012. In 2011, he worked at Lancaster University, the UK as a visiting scholar. In September 2012, he joined Daegu University, where he is currently an associate professor in the School of ICT Conver, Daegu University. Also, he served as the Board of Directors of KSIIS since 2019, and HCI Korea since 2016. From 2017~2019, he worked as a center director of the Mixed Reality Convergence Research Center at Daegu University. From 2015-2017, He worked as a director in the Enterprise Supporting Office of LINC Project Group, Daegu University. His research interests include Activity Fusion & Reasoning, Machine Learning, Context-aware Middleware, Human-Computer Interaction, etc.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"262719",title:"Dr.",name:"Esma",middleName:null,surname:"Ergüner Özkoç",slug:"esma-erguner-ozkoc",fullName:"Esma Ergüner Özkoç",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Başkent University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"346530",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibrahim",middleName:null,surname:"Kaya",slug:"ibrahim-kaya",fullName:"Ibrahim Kaya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"419199",title:"Dr.",name:"Qun",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"qun-yang",fullName:"Qun Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Auckland",country:{name:"New Zealand"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"15",type:"subseries",title:"Chemical Biology",keywords:"Phenolic Compounds, Essential Oils, Modification of Biomolecules, Glycobiology, Combinatorial Chemistry, Therapeutic peptides, Enzyme Inhibitors",scope:"Chemical biology spans the fields of chemistry and biology involving the application of biological and chemical molecules and techniques. In recent years, the application of chemistry to biological molecules has gained significant interest in medicinal and pharmacological studies. This topic will be devoted to understanding the interplay between biomolecules and chemical compounds, their structure and function, and their potential applications in related fields. Being a part of the biochemistry discipline, the ideas and concepts that have emerged from Chemical Biology have affected other related areas. This topic will closely deal with all emerging trends in this discipline.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11411,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. Dr. Beydemir is also Rector of Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Turkey.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",slug:"deniz-ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",biography:"Dr. Deniz Ekinci obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 2004, MSc in Biochemistry in 2006, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2009 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He studied at Stetson University, USA, in 2007-2008 and at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Germany, in 2009-2010. Dr. Ekinci currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Agriculture and is the Head of the Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Division, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Turkey. He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. 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Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"July 5th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfPublishedChapters:320,numberOfPublishedBooks:32,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},subseries:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",keywords:"Omics (Transcriptomics; Proteomics; Metabolomics), Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, Signal Transduction and Regulation, Cell Growth and Differentiation, Apoptosis, Necroptosis, Ferroptosis, Autophagy, Cell Cycle, Macromolecules and Complexes, Gene Expression",scope:"The Cell and Molecular Biology topic within the IntechOpen Biochemistry Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of cell and molecular biology, including aspects related to biochemical and genetic research (not only in humans but all living beings). We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics include, but are not limited to: Advanced techniques of cellular and molecular biology (Molecular methodologies, imaging techniques, and bioinformatics); Biological activities at the molecular level; Biological processes of cell functions, cell division, senescence, maintenance, and cell death; Biomolecules interactions; Cancer; Cell biology; Chemical biology; Computational biology; Cytochemistry; Developmental biology; Disease mechanisms and therapeutics; DNA, and RNA metabolism; Gene functions, genetics, and genomics; Genetics; Immunology; Medical microbiology; Molecular biology; Molecular genetics; Molecular processes of cell and organelle dynamics; Neuroscience; Protein biosynthesis, degradation, and functions; Regulation of molecular interactions in a cell; Signalling networks and system biology; Structural biology; Virology and microbiology.",annualVolume:11410,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"79367",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"Flores",fullName:"Ana Isabel Flores",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRpIOQA0/Profile_Picture_1632418099564",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Hospital Universitario 12 De Octubre",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"328234",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Palavecino",fullName:"Christian Palavecino",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000030DhEhQAK/Profile_Picture_1628835318625",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Central University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"186585",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Martin-Romero",fullName:"Francisco Javier Martin-Romero",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSB3HQAW/Profile_Picture_1631258137641",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}]},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",keywords:"Phenolic Compounds, Essential Oils, Modification of Biomolecules, Glycobiology, Combinatorial Chemistry, Therapeutic peptides, Enzyme Inhibitors",scope:"Chemical biology spans the fields of chemistry and biology involving the application of biological and chemical molecules and techniques. In recent years, the application of chemistry to biological molecules has gained significant interest in medicinal and pharmacological studies. This topic will be devoted to understanding the interplay between biomolecules and chemical compounds, their structure and function, and their potential applications in related fields. Being a part of the biochemistry discipline, the ideas and concepts that have emerged from Chemical Biology have affected other related areas. This topic will closely deal with all emerging trends in this discipline.",annualVolume:11411,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"219081",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulsamed",middleName:null,surname:"Kükürt",fullName:"Abdulsamed Kükürt",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/219081/images/system/219081.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kafkas University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"241413",title:"Dr.",name:"Azhar",middleName:null,surname:"Rasul",fullName:"Azhar Rasul",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRT1oQAG/Profile_Picture_1635251978933",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178316/images/system/178316.jfif",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Novosibirsk State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}}]},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",keywords:"Biomolecules Metabolism, Energy Metabolism, Metabolic Pathways, Key Metabolic Enzymes, Metabolic Adaptation",scope:"Metabolism is frequently defined in biochemistry textbooks as the overall process that allows living systems to acquire and use the free energy they need for their vital functions or the chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life. Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. Thus all studies on metabolism will be considered for publication.",annualVolume:11413,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"243049",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Pantea Stoian",fullName:"Anca Pantea Stoian",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243049/images/system/243049.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"203824",title:"Dr.",name:"Attilio",middleName:null,surname:"Rigotti",fullName:"Attilio Rigotti",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pontifical Catholic University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"300470",title:"Dr.",name:"Yanfei (Jacob)",middleName:null,surname:"Qi",fullName:"Yanfei (Jacob) Qi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300470/images/system/300470.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}]},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",keywords:"Mono- and Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis (1-and 2-DE), Liquid Chromatography (LC), Mass Spectrometry/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS; MS/MS), Proteins",scope:"With the recognition that the human genome cannot provide answers to the etiology of a disorder, changes in the proteins expressed by a genome became a focus in research. Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. The Proteomics topic aims to attract contributions on all aspects of MS-based proteomics that, by pushing the boundaries of MS capabilities, may address biological problems that have not been resolved yet.",annualVolume:11414,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"72288",title:"Dr.",name:"Arli Aditya",middleName:null,surname:"Parikesit",fullName:"Arli Aditya Parikesit",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/72288/images/system/72288.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"40928",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez-Camarillo",fullName:"Cesar Lopez-Camarillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40928/images/3884_n.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"81926",title:"Dr.",name:"Shymaa",middleName:null,surname:"Enany",fullName:"Shymaa Enany",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/81926/images/system/81926.png",institutionString:"Suez Canal University",institution:{name:"Suez Canal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"bookSubject",path:"/subjects/623",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"623"},fullPath:"/subjects/623",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()