",isbn:"978-1-83962-547-3",printIsbn:"978-1-83962-546-6",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83962-548-0",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"e5ba02fedd7c87f0ab66414f3b07de0c",bookSignature:"Dr. John P. Tiefenbacher",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10765.jpg",keywords:"Managing Urbanization, Managing Development, Managing Resource Use, Drought Management, Flood Management, Water Quality Monitoring, Air Quality Monitoring, Ecological Monitoring, Modeling Extreme Natural Events, Ecological Restoration, Restoring Environmental Flows, Environmental Management Perspectives",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"January 12th 2021",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"February 9th 2021",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"April 10th 2021",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"June 29th 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"August 28th 2021",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"a month",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"A geospatial scholar working at the interface of natural and human systems, collaborating internationally on innovative studies about hazards and environmental challenges. Dr. Tiefenbacher has published more than 200 papers on a diverse array of topics that examine perception and behaviors with regards to the application of pesticides, releases of toxic chemicals, environments of the U.S.-Mexico borderlands, wildlife hazards, and the geography of wine.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"73876",title:"Dr.",name:"John P.",middleName:null,surname:"Tiefenbacher",slug:"john-p.-tiefenbacher",fullName:"John P. Tiefenbacher",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/73876/images/system/73876.jfif",biography:"Dr. John P. Tiefenbacher (Ph.D., Rutgers, 1992) is a professor of Geography at Texas State University. His research has focused on various aspects of hazards and environmental management. Dr. Tiefenbacher has published on a diverse array of topics that examine perception and behaviors with regards to the application of pesticides, releases of toxic chemicals, environments of the U.S.-Mexico borderlands, wildlife hazards, and the geography of wine. More recently his work pertains to spatial adaptation to climate change, spatial responses in wine growing regions to climate change, the geographies of viticulture and wine, artificial intelligence and machine learning to predict patterns of natural processes and hazards, historical ethnic enclaves in American cities and regions, and environmental adaptations of 19th century European immigrants to North America's landscapes.",institutionString:"Texas State University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"6",institution:{name:"Texas State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"12",title:"Environmental Sciences",slug:"environmental-sciences"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"194667",firstName:"Marijana",lastName:"Francetic",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/194667/images/4752_n.jpg",email:"marijana@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"600",title:"Approaches to Managing Disaster",subtitle:"Assessing Hazards, Emergencies and Disaster Impacts",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e97caba8487382025a1e70eb85e4e390",slug:"approaches-to-managing-disaster-assessing-hazards-emergencies-and-disaster-impacts",bookSignature:"John Tiefenbacher",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/600.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"73876",title:"Dr.",name:"John P.",surname:"Tiefenbacher",slug:"john-p.-tiefenbacher",fullName:"John P. Tiefenbacher"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"865",title:"Perspectives on Nature Conservation",subtitle:"Patterns, Pressures and Prospects",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4a4d39cf2a0c2a9416049331b508aa88",slug:"perspectives-on-nature-conservation-patterns-pressures-and-prospects",bookSignature:"John Tiefenbacher",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/865.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"73876",title:"Dr.",name:"John P.",surname:"Tiefenbacher",slug:"john-p.-tiefenbacher",fullName:"John P. Tiefenbacher"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3054",title:"Approaches to Disaster Management",subtitle:"Examining the Implications of Hazards, Emergencies and Disasters",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0d6576de4f4c7fc7b8db5e91cba6dc28",slug:"approaches-to-disaster-management-examining-the-implications-of-hazards-emergencies-and-disasters",bookSignature:"John Tiefenbacher",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3054.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"73876",title:"Dr.",name:"John P.",surname:"Tiefenbacher",slug:"john-p.-tiefenbacher",fullName:"John P. Tiefenbacher"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9846",title:"Spatial Variability in Environmental Science",subtitle:"Patterns, Processes, and Analyses",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"cfa4fa7b982bbff46ffbe6fbdbffbdf1",slug:"spatial-variability-in-environmental-science-patterns-processes-and-analyses",bookSignature:"John P. Tiefenbacher and Davod Poreh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9846.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"73876",title:"Dr.",name:"John P.",surname:"Tiefenbacher",slug:"john-p.-tiefenbacher",fullName:"John P. Tiefenbacher"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9389",title:"Global Warming and Climate Change",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"435d35b33ec04fe921640a514feb19e4",slug:"global-warming-and-climate-change",bookSignature:"John P. Tiefenbacher",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9389.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"73876",title:"Dr.",name:"John P.",surname:"Tiefenbacher",slug:"john-p.-tiefenbacher",fullName:"John P. Tiefenbacher"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8011",title:"Natural Hazards",subtitle:"Risk, Exposure, Response, and Resilience",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"43ca8c43ab0963f6c43350764f696b63",slug:"natural-hazards-risk-exposure-response-and-resilience",bookSignature:"John P. Tiefenbacher",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8011.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"73876",title:"Dr.",name:"John P.",surname:"Tiefenbacher",slug:"john-p.-tiefenbacher",fullName:"John P. Tiefenbacher"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"46459",title:"Lithuanian Organic Agriculture in the Context of European Union",doi:"10.5772/58352",slug:"lithuanian-organic-agriculture-in-the-context-of-european-union",body:'
1. Introduction
Organic agriculture is a production system that sustains the health of soils, ecosystems and people. It relies on ecological processes, biodiversity and cycles adapted to local conditions, rather than the use of inputs with adverse effects. Organic agriculture combines tradition, innovation and science to benefit the shared environment and promote fair relationships and a good quality of life for all involved (As approved by the IFOAM General Assembly in Vignola, Italy in June 2008) [1]. The growing criticism of intensive agricultural practices that leads to a deterioration of natural resources and a decrease of biodiversity has progressively led to more environmental constraints being put on agricultural activities through an “ecologization” of agricultural policies [2]. Organic agriculture nowadays is well accepted in governmental and scientific institutions, and organic products are highly appreciated by consumers [3]. Organic agriculture can contribute to solving the food crisis and mitigating global climate change as long as it is based on the principles of agroecology. However, organic agriculture must also be integrated with certain conventional agricultural practices in order to maintain rational production and satisfy the food requirements of the population [4].
Organic agriculture is the form of farming that sees nature as a living organism. Determination of further health and productivity of this organism differs from that in conventional agriculture. It is a versatile system that supplements and conditions the environment friendly measures enabling regulation of ecological system. At the same time application of chemical synthetically measures can be abandoned. Ecological system must be maintained, preserved and rebuilt as completely as possible as we are absolutely dependent on its functioning. This trend of farming requires general systematic way of thinking – the course of the entire process should be considered when applying each measure [5]. The goal of organic farming is to give priority to long-term ecological health, such as biodiversity and soil quality, rather than short-term productivity gains [6, 7]. In low potential agricultural areas characterized by soil degradation and erosion, organic agriculture can provide a means to break the downward spiral of resource degradation and poverty [8]. Organic farming represents an innovation in agriculture that is both lauded and deplored. Agricultural innovations are accepted on four broad levels: research, extension, farmer and community (not necessarily in that order) [7]. The implementation of European legislation as well as various national pesticide action plans and public policies pertaining to organic agriculture, could bring about major changes to agricultural practices within the coming years [2].
Farming is only considered to be organic at the EU level if it complies with Council Regulation (EC) No 834/2007 [9] amended in (EU) No 1030/2013 [10], which has set up a comprehensive framework for the organic production of crops and livestock and for the labelling, processing and marketing of organic products, while also governing imports of organic products into the EU. The detailed rules for the implementation of this Regulation are laid down in Commission Regulation (EC) No 889/2008 [11] amended in commission implementing regulation (EU) No 392/2013 [12].
Many of the environmental problems of great concern today are either directly or indirectly related to past and present agricultural practices. The only way to preserve the nature and especially agrocenosis for future generations in the XXI century is organic sustainable development.
2. Material and methods
The area of study is Lithuanian organic agriculture in the context of European Union that Lithuania joined in 2004.
Lithuanian territory situated between 56°27’N and 53°53’N latitude, 20°56’E and 26°50’E longitude occupies intermediate geographical position between west Europe oceanic climate and Eurasian continental climate. Climate of the Lithuanian territory forms in different radiation and circulation conditions. Differences in these conditions hardly cross the boundaries of microclimatic differences; therefore, Lithuania belongs to western region of the Atlantic Ocean continental climatic area [13, 14] with average annual precipitation of 675 mm (572-907 mm) and temperature of 6-7 °C.
A review of the scientific literature on organic agriculture and the research on the development and perspectives of Lithuanian organic agriculture are evaluated. Statistical information is an important tool for understanding and quantifying the impact of political decisions in a specific territory or region [15].
In the manuscript statistical data of organic agriculture of Lithuania and European Union are analysed scientifically and analytically with interpretation of praxis.
3. Development of organic agriculture
To make spread and development of alternative agriculture in the world easier the International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movement IFOAM was established in 1972. This federation unites majority of alternative agriculture movements in different states. At present IFOAM includes over 700 organizations of alternative-ecological agriculture from more than 100 countries. Several directions of IFOAM activity cover consulting, data exchange and standardization [5].
The area of certified organic agricultural land in the world continuously is tending to increase (Figure 1). During ten years period from 1999 to 2009 organic agricultural area increased by 3.4 times and reached 37.2 million hectares.
Sharp development of organic agriculture lightly moved to more balanced development while increase in organic area from 2008 to 2009 already consisted 5.7%. Such dynamics is in conformity with the organic area development in Europe (Figure 2) and separate countries (Figure 6), as well as in Lithuania (Figure 7).
Figure 1.
Development of organic agricultural land 1999-2009 in the world [16]; Source: FiBL, IFOAM and SOEL 2000-2011; www.fibl.org
Area of certified organic agricultural land in Europe increased by million hectares or 12 percent from 2008 to 2009 (Figure 2) while in early years (2005, 2006, 2007, 2008) increase consisted of 6.4-7.3%. The organic area 2009 in Europe covered 9.3 million hectares while European Union countries covered 8.4 million hectares from them. The geographical distribution of area and share of organic agriculture in Europe by country in 2009 is presented in figure 3. The biggest organic areas were established in Spain, Italy and Germany.
Figure 2.
Development of the organic agricultural land in Europe 1985-2009 [16]; Source: FiBL, Aberystwyth University, AMI/ZMP
Geographical distribution of fully converted organic crop area in 2012 in EU is presented in figure 4 and share of organic agriculture in percent (Figure 5). It showed that the highest certified organic agricultural areas are in Italy, Spain, Poland, France and the United Kingdom. However, share of total utilized agricultural area occupied by organic farming in Italy, Spain, Poland, France and the United Kingdom were 8.9%, 7.5%, 4.6%, 3.6% and 3.4% accordingly (Figure 6). The highest share from total agricultural land area in 2012 were in Austria 18.6%, Sweden 15.8%, Estonia 14.9% and Czech Republic 13.1%. The least managed organic areas were fixed in Malta and Bulgaria (till 1%). EU-28 average covered 5.7% in 2012 (Figure 6).
Lithuanian organic agriculture area development was extremely rapid from the start of organic agriculture as a farming form in 1990 [17]. From 2004 till 2012 area of organic agriculture in Lithuania increased 3.8 times till 162655 hectares in 2012 (Figure 7). Contrary to continuously increase of organic area the organic farm number has tendency to decrease from reached maximum 2855 farms in 2007 while 2511 farms left in 2012. Therefore, the average size of certified organic farm in Lithuania constantly increased and in 2012 already covered 64 ha (Figure 8). The distribution of certified organic farms in Lithuania according to the farm size in hectares is presented in figure 9. The most organic farms (47%) operated area is till 30 ha. Organic farms with 31-50 ha, 51-100 ha and 101-300 ha covered 16.5%, 17.0% and 16.5% respectively. The biggest organic farms with the area above 300 hectares make 2.5% of the general number of organic farms in Lithuania (Figure 9).
The average size of organic agricultural holdings in 2007 was 37 ha for the EU-27 as a whole, compared to 13 ha for all agricultural holdings [19]. The average size of each agricultural holding (farm) in the EU-28 was 14.2 hectares in 2010 [20]. In general, the average size of holdings in the organic sector was larger in most of the Member States and smaller only in Denmark, France and Luxembourg. The most noticeable differences were seen in the Czech Republic (223 ha compared to 89 ha) and Slovakia (421 ha compared to 28 ha), (Figure 10). One possible reason for these sometimes big differences is the use of a more extensive method of farming within the organic sector [19].
Figure 3.
Organic agricultural land by country in Europe 2009 [16]; Source: FiBL Survey 2011; www.fibl.org
Figure 4.
Organic crop area (fully converted area) in hectares in European Union 2012
Figure 5.
Share (%) of agricultural area under organic farming in European Union, 2012.
Figure 6.
Share of total utilized agricultural area (UAA) occupied by organic farming (fully converted and under conversion) in per cent (%) 2010-2012.
Figure 7.
Dynamics of certified organic agriculture farms number and area (fully converted and under conversion) during 2004-2012 in Lithuania including area of fishery farms [18]; Source: Ekoagros.
Figure 8.
Average size of certified organic farms in Lithuania, including area of fishery farms [18]; Source: Ekoagros
Figure 9.
Differentiation of certified organic farms in Lithuania according to the farm size in hectares 2012 [18]; Source: Ekoagros.
Figure 10.
Average size of agricultural holdings/farms in European Union, 2007 (ha/holding)
4. Organic crop production
4.1. Dynamics of organic agriculture crop structure and distribution
The structure of agriculture in the Member States of the European Union varies as a function of differences in geology, topography, climate and natural resources, as well as the diversity of regional activities, infrastructure and social customs. There were 12.2 million farms across the EU-28 in 2010, working 174.1 million hectares of land (the utilised agricultural area) or two fifths (40.0 %) of the total land area of the EU-28 [20]. Farming land covers nearly 54% of the total area of Lithuania, with arable land and grassland accounting for 70% and 27% respectively.
The organic crop area structure and its dynamics in Lithuania from 2008 to 2012 are presented in figures 11, 12, 13 and 14. The main crop by the occupied area covered soil productivity exhausting cereals (spica cereals). They covered 49% in 2008 (Figure 11) and slightly decreased till 46% in 2010 (Figure 12). In 2011 cereals covered only 36% (Figure 13) and it was positive turn concerning the soil productivity preservation. The decrease of cereals in the crop structure in 2011 mostly was influenced by the drastically increase of medicinal and potherbs area in the crop structure from 0.55% in 2008 to 5.01% in 2010 and to 15.94% in 2011. The reason of such rapid increase in organic medicinal herb area could be 3 times higher subsides than for organic cereals (see table 6). However, difficulties in growing and processing of medicinal and potherbs as well still limited local market for medicinal and potherbs because of much higher price turn its area back to 4.12% in 2012 (Figure 14). Parallel area of the cereals in organic crop structure increased back till 43%. Vegetables are still not common in Lithuanian organic agriculture with range of 0.38%-0.30% in crop structure; at the European level organically grown vegetables unfortunately take analogous position (Figure 15). The permanent crops in Lithuania have tendency to decrease from 4.3% (2008) to 3.26% (2012) as orchards (from 1.02% to 0.74%) and small-fruit plants (from 3.28% to 2.52%) while in Europe organic permanent crops in 2009 increased to 11% (Figure 15) compared with 2008 (Figure 16).
Figure 11.
Organic crop area structure including fallows and ponds in Lithuania 2008. Source: Ekoagros; www.ekoagros.lt
The next very important component in the organic crop structure is permanent grassland. At the European level organic permanent grassland takes fine 46% (Figure 15) while in Lithuania 26% in 2012 (Figure 14) that show slow but continuously increase from 20.8% in 2008 (Figure 11 and 16). To control organic agriculture as producing system it was introduced requirements of minimal plant density in the crop which is much lower than optimal crop density. Therefore, crops of inadequate plant density cover very low area – only 0.18% – 0.48% (Figure 11-13) and come to praxis exceptionally because of very unfavourable meteorological conditions of the year or season. It helps to prevent organic agriculture from unfair farming as well subsidies for such areas are suspended.
Figure 12.
Organic crop area structure including fallows and ponds in Lithuania 2010. Source: Ekoagros; www.ekoagros.lt
Figure 13.
Organic crop area structure including fallows and ponds in Lithuania 2011. Source: Ekoagros; www.ekoagros.lt
Figure 14.
Organic crop area structure including fallows and ponds in Lithuania 2012 [18]. Source: Ekoagros
Figure 15.
Use of organic agricultural land in Europe 2009 [16]; Source: FiBL Survey 2011; www.fibl.org)
The three main crop types grown organically are arable land crops (mainly cereals, fresh vegetables, green fodder and industrial crops), permanent crops (mainly fruit trees and berries, olive groves and vineyards) and pastures and meadow land [19]. In most of the Member States and Norway, permanent crops account for a relatively insignificant share of the fully converted area of these three main types (less than 5%). In 2008, permanent crops accounted for between 10% and 20% in Bulgaria, Denmark, Greece, Poland and Portugal, while in Spain and Italy the share was over 20%. Cyprus and Malta were in the lead with 41% and 80% respectively. Olive trees predominated in both countries. In 11 countries (including Norway) arable land crops accounted for the largest share of the land area (> 50%), while in 15 countries pastures and meadows predominated (>50%). Arable crops were significant in Finland and Norway with shares of 98% and 80% respectively (75% in Lithuania), while the Czech Republic (92%), Ireland (96%) and Slovenia (89%) were in the lead in terms of pastures and meadows (Figure 16) [19].
Figure 16.
Share in percent (%) of arable land crops, permanent crops, pastures and meadows in fully converted area, 2008 [19].
The most common crops in Lithuanian organic agriculture are cereals and in farms with animal husbandry-perennial grasses. In organic farms without animal husbandry perennial grasses as a matter of routine are absent as in this case the subsides for the perennial grasses are not paid. The distribution of wheat, barley and perennial grasses in Lithuania by the municipalities (2005) in comparison of organic to conventional agriculture are presented in figures 17, 18 and 19. To follow the relevance to grow wheat, barley and perennial grasses in separate territories are presented the land productivity points. Organic wheat covered 0.7%-3.1% and conventional 4.2%-8.7% in the crop structure in the most favourable land to wheat growing by the land productivity points (Figure 17). On the lands of 40-48 points of land productivity wheat covers 0.4%-12.9% and 0.3%-7.9% in organic and conventional agriculture accordingly. Higher share of wheat in conventional agriculture on the best lands could be explained by the higher share of cereals in the crop rotation of conventional agriculture and not seldom used sowing wheats after wheats. Though, sugar beets (that are not grown at all organically in Lithuania) take the first position on the best lands of conventional agriculture because of the highest profitability. On land of lower productivity, i.e. 32-40 points and less than 32 points organic wheat covers 0.1%-4.8% and 0%-2.7% while conventional wheat covers 0.3%-1.9% and 0%-0.5% accordingly (Figure 17).
Organic barley was the most common on 40-48 points land productivity reaching till 16.2% (2005) when conventional varied in the range of 1.5%-6.3% in the crop structure (Figure 18). On the best soils organic barley covered 0.5%-1.8% while conventional one took their highest share of 3.2%-6.8% in the crop structure.
Organic perennial grasses covered till 9.3% on land of 32-40 point productivity, till 5.7% on land of 40-48 point productivity and till 5.9% on land till 32 point productivity (Figure 19). On the best soils organic perennial grasses covered only from 0% till 0.9% area in the crop structure while conventional ones from 0.9% till 3%. On the land with decreasing land productivity from 40-48 to 32-40 and less than 32 points conventional perennial grasses covered till 3.6%, 6.3% and 8.2% accordingly (Figure 19).
Figure 17.
Organic and conventional wheat area distribution by hectares and percent in Lithuania by the municipalities and land productivity, 2005 [21]
Figure 18.
Organic and conventional barley area distribution by hectares and percent in Lithuania by the municipalities and land productivity, 2005 [21]
Figure 19.
Area distribution of organic and conventional perennial grasses by hectares and percent in Lithuania by the municipalities and land productivity, 2005 [21]
4.2. Productivity of agricultural crops
The main organic arable crop is cereals (Figure 11-15). Organic cereal yield and productivity in comparison with productivity of conventional grown cereals are presented in table 1. By the grown area spring triticale occupies the least territory while winter rye was the most frequently grown organic cereal in Lithuania in 2011. Productivity of the cereal crop yield [t ha-1] except buckwheat indicated significant decrease of yield productivity in organic agriculture compared it with the conventional one. It is generally known that yield productivity is principally higher in conventional agriculture, because of its industrialization, however, in some crops we received even double size differences. The productivity of organic spring oats was acceptably lower by 23.6% compared it with the conventional oats. Hence, the yield productivity of organic compared it with the conventional winter rye, spring and winter triticale, spring barley, winter and spring wheat was even lower by 61.6%, 75.2%, 84.1%, 102%, 107.5% and 121% respectively. Just average productivity of buckwheat was higher by 20% in organic agriculture compared it with the conventional farming (Table 1).
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\tIndex\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\tCereals, 2011\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\tSpring Oat\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\tSpring wheat\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\tSpring triticale\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\tSpring barley\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\tWinter rye\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\tWinter wheat\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\tWinter triticale\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\tBuck-wheat\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
Organic area, ha
\n\t\t\t
8644
\n\t\t\t
6886
\n\t\t\t
1229
\n\t\t\t
6826
\n\t\t\t
10360
\n\t\t\t
5809
\n\t\t\t
6103
\n\t\t\t
7598
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
Organic yield, t
\n\t\t\t
14241
\n\t\t\t
10821
\n\t\t\t
1689
\n\t\t\t
10139
\n\t\t\t
12957
\n\t\t\t
9308
\n\t\t\t
8402
\n\t\t\t
9136
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
Average productivity of organic crop, t ha-1\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
1.65
\n\t\t\t
1.57
\n\t\t\t
1.37
\n\t\t\t
1.49
\n\t\t\t
1.25
\n\t\t\t
1.60
\n\t\t\t
1.38
\n\t\t\t
1.20
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
Average productivity of conventional crop, t ha-1\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
2.04
\n\t\t\t
3.47
\n\t\t\t
2.40
\n\t\t\t
3.01
\n\t\t\t
2.02
\n\t\t\t
3.32
\n\t\t\t
2.54
\n\t\t\t
0.96
\n\t\t
\n\t
Table 1.
The productivity of spica cereals grown organically and conventionally in Lithuania 2011. Source: Ekoagros; Statistics Lithuania [22]
The oilseed rape growing is still a problem in organic agriculture. The confirmation of this phenomen is three times less average productivity of organic spring rape and two times less average productivity of organic winter rape compared it with the conventionally grown rapes (Table 2). However, some Lithuanian organic farmers already are producing the organic oilseed rape alimentary oil. The leguminous cereals have high importance in agriculture and especially in organic agriculture because of symbiotic nitrogen fixing bacterium. In this segment of agricultural crops the average yield productivity was higher in conventional than in organic agriculture by 21%-36% and in vetch crop even by 137.5% (Table 2).
Organically grown vegetables need more hand work and request new mashinery and growing technologies, therefore area of organic vegetables are still insignificant (Table 3, Figure 11-15). Difficulties in growing of organic vegetables are reflected on their average productivity. In organic agriculture average productivity of total vegetables is even more than two times lower than in conventional one. The average productivity of organic potatoes in 2011 was 1.5 times lower compared it to the conventional agriculture (Table 3).
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\tIndex\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\tOilseed rape and leguminous cereals, 2011\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\tSpring rape\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\tWinter rape\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\tFodder beans\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\tPeas\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\tVetch\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\tLupine\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\tSoya beans\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
Organic area, ha
\n\t\t\t
1812
\n\t\t\t
90
\n\t\t\t
2260
\n\t\t\t
10594
\n\t\t\t
110
\n\t\t\t
3081
\n\t\t\t
371
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
Organic yield, t
\n\t\t\t
1198
\n\t\t\t
75
\n\t\t\t
3357
\n\t\t\t
14193
\n\t\t\t
70
\n\t\t\t
2457
\n\t\t\t
264
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
Average productivity of organic crop, t ha-1\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
0.66
\n\t\t\t
0.83
\n\t\t\t
1.49
\n\t\t\t
1.34
\n\t\t\t
0.64
\n\t\t\t
0.80
\n\t\t\t
0.71
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
Average productivity of conventional crop, t ha-1\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
1.95
\n\t\t\t
1.80
\n\t\t\t
1.81
\n\t\t\t
1.80
\n\t\t\t
1.52
\n\t\t\t
1.09
\n\t\t\t
0.87
\n\t\t
\n\t
Table 2.
The productivity of oilseed rape and leguminous cereals grown organically and conventionally in Lithuania 2011. Source: Ekoagros; Statistics Lithuania [22]
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\tIndex\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\tVegetables, 2011\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\tTotal vegetables\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\tWhite cabbages\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\tRed beets\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\tGarlics\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\tPumpkins\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\tCarrots\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\tOnions\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\tPotatoes\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
Organic area, ha
\n\t\t\t
64.46
\n\t\t\t
4.30
\n\t\t\t
3.14
\n\t\t\t
0.94
\n\t\t\t
1.57
\n\t\t\t
7.49
\n\t\t\t
1.52
\n\t\t\t
346.29
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
Organic yield, t
\n\t\t\t
669.24
\n\t\t\t
66.82
\n\t\t\t
42.73
\n\t\t\t
3.00
\n\t\t\t
29.33
\n\t\t\t
176.28
\n\t\t\t
17.54
\n\t\t\t
3684.6
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
Average productivity of organic crop, t ha-1\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
10.38
\n\t\t\t
15.51
\n\t\t\t
13.61
\n\t\t\t
3.19
\n\t\t\t
18.68
\n\t\t\t
23.54
\n\t\t\t
11.54
\n\t\t\t
10.64
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
Average productivity of conventional crop, t ha-1\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
21.33
\n\t\t\t
-
\n\t\t\t
-
\n\t\t\t
-
\n\t\t\t
-
\n\t\t\t
-
\n\t\t\t
-
\n\t\t\t
15.57
\n\t\t
\n\t
Table 3.
The productivity of vegetables grown organically and conventionally in Lithuania 2011. Note.-data not available. Source: Ekoagros; Statistics Lithuania [22]
4.3. Organic seed growing
Organic seed material take the special place in organic farming. By the official regulation seed material for organic agriculture must be certified organically and should come from the special farms of organic seed material growers. The exceptions are allowed only if organic seeds are not available in the market by the objective conditions. Anyway, the use of any synthetical chemical stains for seed staining is strongly forbidden. Supply of organic seeds to Lithuanian market from the local certified organic seed growers during time period of 2006-2013 is presented in figure 20. The local specialised organic seed growers still are not able to cover demand of organic seeds. Therefore, near the local organic seed production (Figure 20) organic seeds from abroad are continuously imported (the import data are not available). Organic farmers are obligated every five years to renew the seed material from the special organic seed growing farms or enterprises. Normally, during five year period after seed material renewing, farmers use part of their own crop yield as a seed material for the next season.
Figure 20.
Organic seed amount in tons in Lithuanian market in spring and autumn seasons and joint amount during 2006-2013 [23], Source: Ekoagros.
5. Animal husbandry
The highest farm number where was certified organic livestock was reached in 2012 (Figure 21). It covered 888 farms and compounded 35% from the total certified organic farm number in Lithuania. Similar to EU (Figure 22) cattle and sheep are the most popular species from organic livestock in Lithuania (Table 4). Total certified organic livestock number in Lithuania constantly grew from 2004 to 2012 (except rabbits). The increase of organic animal number (heads) mostly was influenced with coming new certified organic livestock farms to market and only a part of observed increase was induced with development of early organically certified farms.
Figure 21.
Dynamics number of certified organic farms with livestock during 2004-2012 [18], Source: Ekoagros.
Evaluating cattle’s density in 2012 there were established 0.25 livestock units per hectare in conventional agriculture and 0.2 livestock unit per hectare in organic agriculture. The organic milk productivity made 5.52 tons of milk per cow in 2011 while conventional milk productivity made 4.90 tons of milk per cow. Accordingly, milk productivity of organic cows was higher by 12.6% compared it with the milk productivity of conventional farm cows.
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\tCertified organic animal groups\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\tYear\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t2004\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t2005\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t2006\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t2007\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t2008\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t2009\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t2010\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t2011\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t2012\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\tAnimal number (heads)\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
Dairy cows
\n\t\t\t
3048
\n\t\t\t
4988
\n\t\t\t
6401
\n\t\t\t
7962
\n\t\t\t
8489
\n\t\t\t
8382
\n\t\t\t
8891
\n\t\t\t
8887
\n\t\t\t
9544
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
Suckler cows
\n\t\t\t
623
\n\t\t\t
14
\n\t\t\t
1071
\n\t\t\t
1507
\n\t\t\t
1915
\n\t\t\t
2252
\n\t\t\t
2863
\n\t\t\t
3359
\n\t\t\t
4086
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
Bull breeders
\n\t\t\t
22
\n\t\t\t
29
\n\t\t\t
54
\n\t\t\t
68
\n\t\t\t
86
\n\t\t\t
107
\n\t\t\t
117
\n\t\t\t
134
\n\t\t\t
156
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
Calves
\n\t\t\t
2923
\n\t\t\t
6255
\n\t\t\t
8662
\n\t\t\t
10427
\n\t\t\t
10605
\n\t\t\t
11262
\n\t\t\t
12752
\n\t\t\t
14082
\n\t\t\t
16798
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
Horses
\n\t\t\t
190
\n\t\t\t
277
\n\t\t\t
321
\n\t\t\t
386
\n\t\t\t
441
\n\t\t\t
488
\n\t\t\t
364
\n\t\t\t
447
\n\t\t\t
474
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
Goats
\n\t\t\t
321
\n\t\t\t
549
\n\t\t\t
668
\n\t\t\t
740
\n\t\t\t
869
\n\t\t\t
755
\n\t\t\t
586
\n\t\t\t
640
\n\t\t\t
751
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
Sheep
\n\t\t\t
3789
\n\t\t\t
5052
\n\t\t\t
8507
\n\t\t\t
10561
\n\t\t\t
10768
\n\t\t\t
13001
\n\t\t\t
13683
\n\t\t\t
14276
\n\t\t\t
18307
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
Pigs
\n\t\t\t
83
\n\t\t\t
266
\n\t\t\t
200
\n\t\t\t
275
\n\t\t\t
203
\n\t\t\t
279
\n\t\t\t
523
\n\t\t\t
474
\n\t\t\t
453
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
Rabbits
\n\t\t\t
1093
\n\t\t\t
908
\n\t\t\t
369
\n\t\t\t
239
\n\t\t\t
70
\n\t\t\t
215
\n\t\t\t
185
\n\t\t\t
141
\n\t\t\t
69
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
Cervidae
\n\t\t\t
-
\n\t\t\t
-
\n\t\t\t
-
\n\t\t\t
-
\n\t\t\t
-
\n\t\t\t
-
\n\t\t\t
-
\n\t\t\t
582
\n\t\t\t
752
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
Poultry
\n\t\t\t
890
\n\t\t\t
1182
\n\t\t\t
344
\n\t\t\t
1121
\n\t\t\t
1100
\n\t\t\t
1510
\n\t\t\t
2709
\n\t\t\t
4406
\n\t\t\t
4103
\n\t\t
\n\t
Table 4.
Certified organic livestock (animal number, heads) and its dynamics during 2004-2012 in Lithuania. Source: Ekoagros.
Organic livestock as a share of all livestock showed that, with respect to cattle, pigs and sheep, some Member States using organic methods were producing remarkably large numbers of animals, cattle and sheep being the most popular (Figure 22) [19]. In Austria 25.7% of the sheep were reared using organic production methods, but organically reared cattle also achieved a noteworthy 17.7% share, the highest in the whole EU-27. Estonia had the highest percentage of the sheep population with 47.3%. Lithuania reached the second highest percentage of the sheep population with 27% in 2008 (Figure 22) while till 2012 it increased by 70% (Table 4). As for organically reared pigs, they accounted for less than 1% in most of the Member States (Figure 22) [19].
Figure 22.
Organic livestock (number of heads) out of all livestock in European Union, 2008
6. Processing of organic products
Processing is a very important activity in each sector of economy. It can be as an indicator of viability and development of economy. In organic agriculture firstly it shows enough high quantity of producers that produce at least minimal critical level of primary production. Development of organic processing enterprises and activities by its number dynamics in Lithuania is presented in figure 23. The activities of organic processing enterprises in 2013 were concentrated in grain investment, storage and trading (19 activities), processing (draying, tea production) of medicinal and potherbs (14 activities), wholesale (14 activities), manufacture of grain products (12 activities), milk procurement and processing (7 activities). Some organic processing enterprises entered market in vegetable (6 activities), fruit, berries and mushrooms (6 activities) buying and processing, public catering (4 activities), seed packing and marketing (3 activities), animal slotering and meat products processing (3 activities), fish processing (3 activities) and alimentary oil production (2 activities). One at a time activity of Lithuanian organic processing enterprises was in dumpling, spice, chocolate products, tomato sauce and mayonnaise production and infant nourishment.
Activities within the organic sector include the food chain from production at farm level right through to industrial processing. Imports, exports and other activities, such as wholesale and retail trade, are also included. The production of organic crops and the rearing of organic animals are the main activities in the organic sector at farm level, but the processing of goods is also important. Producers accounted for over 50% of all operators in 2008 in all the Member States and Norway, and even exceeded 70% in most countries. Importers accounted for less than 2% of the total in most of the Member States (Figure 24) [19].
First certificate of organic product importers to Lithuania from the third-countries was issued in 2013. At the end of the year 2013 there were already certified 4 importers organic operators that imported cranberries from Belorussia and the Ukraine, coconut oil from Sri Lanka and etc.
Figure 23.
Number change dynamics of organic processing enterprises and activities in Lithuania during 2002-2013. Note. 2013 data of January [18], Source: Ekoagros.
Figure 24.
Share in percent of different types of operators in total organic operators, 2008
On the basis of the NACE Rev.2 classification, food manufacturing activities can be grouped as follows: processing and preserving of meat and production of meat products, processing and preserving of fruit and vegetables, manufacture of vegetable and animal fats and oils, dairy products, grain mill products and starches, beverages, prepared animal feeds and other food products, including, for example, bakery products, tea, coffee, sugar, chocolate, etc. (Table 5) [19].
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\tCountry\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\tProcessors by the type of economic activity\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\tMeat / meat products\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\tFruit / vegetables\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\tVegetables and animal oils / fats\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\tDairy products\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\tGrain mill products / starches\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\tOther food products\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\tBeverages\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\tPrepared animal feeds\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\tTotal\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
EU-27
\n\t\t\t
2445
\n\t\t\t
4114
\n\t\t\t
2170
\n\t\t\t
1278
\n\t\t\t
1022
\n\t\t\t
6833
\n\t\t\t
2126
\n\t\t\t
519
\n\t\t\t
4633
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
BE
\n\t\t\t
43
\n\t\t\t
74
\n\t\t\t
9
\n\t\t\t
44
\n\t\t\t
32
\n\t\t\t
247
\n\t\t\t
17
\n\t\t\t
4
\n\t\t\t
470
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
BG
\n\t\t\t
1
\n\t\t\t
16
\n\t\t\t
7
\n\t\t\t
3
\n\t\t\t
0
\n\t\t\t
10
\n\t\t\t
1
\n\t\t\t
0
\n\t\t\t
38
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
CZ
\n\t\t\t
72
\n\t\t\t
37
\n\t\t\t
1
\n\t\t\t
31
\n\t\t\t
17
\n\t\t\t
96
\n\t\t\t
69
\n\t\t\t
4
\n\t\t\t
327
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
DK
\n\t\t\t
53
\n\t\t\t
38
\n\t\t\t
5
\n\t\t\t
36
\n\t\t\t
20
\n\t\t\t
122
\n\t\t\t
29
\n\t\t\t
3
\n\t\t\t
306
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
DE
\n\t\t\t
-
\n\t\t\t
-
\n\t\t\t
-
\n\t\t\t
-
\n\t\t\t
-
\n\t\t\t
-
\n\t\t\t
-
\n\t\t\t
-
\n\t\t\t
-
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
EE
\n\t\t\t
2
\n\t\t\t
9
\n\t\t\t
1
\n\t\t\t
2
\n\t\t\t
9
\n\t\t\t
8
\n\t\t\t
0
\n\t\t\t
0
\n\t\t\t
31
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
IE
\n\t\t\t
33
\n\t\t\t
85
\n\t\t\t
0
\n\t\t\t
5
\n\t\t\t
9
\n\t\t\t
91
\n\t\t\t
3
\n\t\t\t
1
\n\t\t\t
227
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
EL
\n\t\t\t
72
\n\t\t\t
304
\n\t\t\t
801
\n\t\t\t
74
\n\t\t\t
27
\n\t\t\t
457
\n\t\t\t
214
\n\t\t\t
56
\n\t\t\t
2005
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
ES
\n\t\t\t
220
\n\t\t\t
520
\n\t\t\t
297
\n\t\t\t
67
\n\t\t\t
49
\n\t\t\t
865
\n\t\t\t
359
\n\t\t\t
38
\n\t\t\t
2415
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
FR
\n\t\t\t
391
\n\t\t\t
253
\n\t\t\t
50
\n\t\t\t
180
\n\t\t\t
167
\n\t\t\t
372
\n\t\t\t
248
\n\t\t\t
134
\n\t\t\t
1795
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
IT
\n\t\t\t
308
\n\t\t\t
1277
\n\t\t\t
835
\n\t\t\t
333
\n\t\t\t
353
\n\t\t\t
1871
\n\t\t\t
903
\n\t\t\t
75
\n\t\t\t
2807
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
CY
\n\t\t\t
-
\n\t\t\t
-
\n\t\t\t
11
\n\t\t\t
-
\n\t\t\t
-
\n\t\t\t
-
\n\t\t\t
3
\n\t\t\t
-
\n\t\t\t
14
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
LV
\n\t\t\t
3
\n\t\t\t
2
\n\t\t\t
-
\n\t\t\t
5
\n\t\t\t
1
\n\t\t\t
4
\n\t\t\t
-
\n\t\t\t
-
\n\t\t\t
15
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
LT
\n\t\t\t
3
\n\t\t\t
3
\n\t\t\t
1
\n\t\t\t
5
\n\t\t\t
6
\n\t\t\t
10
\n\t\t\t
0
\n\t\t\t
3
\n\t\t\t
31
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
LU
\n\t\t\t
4
\n\t\t\t
6
\n\t\t\t
1
\n\t\t\t
2
\n\t\t\t
4
\n\t\t\t
18
\n\t\t\t
1
\n\t\t\t
3
\n\t\t\t
39
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
HU
\n\t\t\t
-
\n\t\t\t
-
\n\t\t\t
-
\n\t\t\t
-
\n\t\t\t
-
\n\t\t\t
-
\n\t\t\t
-
\n\t\t\t
-
\n\t\t\t
-
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
MT
\n\t\t\t
0
\n\t\t\t
0
\n\t\t\t
3
\n\t\t\t
0
\n\t\t\t
0
\n\t\t\t
0
\n\t\t\t
1
\n\t\t\t
0
\n\t\t\t
4
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
NL
\n\t\t\t
138
\n\t\t\t
307
\n\t\t\t
57
\n\t\t\t
101
\n\t\t\t
94
\n\t\t\t
571
\n\t\t\t
60
\n\t\t\t
48
\n\t\t\t
1376
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
AT
\n\t\t\t
318
\n\t\t\t
145
\n\t\t\t
-
\n\t\t\t
117
\n\t\t\t
71
\n\t\t\t
-
\n\t\t\t
-
\n\t\t\t
56
\n\t\t\t
707
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
PL
\n\t\t\t
-
\n\t\t\t
-
\n\t\t\t
-
\n\t\t\t
-
\n\t\t\t
-
\n\t\t\t
-
\n\t\t\t
-
\n\t\t\t
-
\n\t\t\t
-
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
PT12
\n\t\t\t
12
\n\t\t\t
33
\n\t\t\t
23
\n\t\t\t
-
\n\t\t\t
-
\n\t\t\t
2
\n\t\t\t
3
\n\t\t\t
2
\n\t\t\t
75
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
RO
\n\t\t\t
0
\n\t\t\t
29
\n\t\t\t
2
\n\t\t\t
9
\n\t\t\t
-
\n\t\t\t
24
\n\t\t\t
2
\n\t\t\t
0
\n\t\t\t
66
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
SI
\n\t\t\t
10
\n\t\t\t
18
\n\t\t\t
3
\n\t\t\t
5
\n\t\t\t
1
\n\t\t\t
20
\n\t\t\t
-
\n\t\t\t
1
\n\t\t\t
58
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
SK
\n\t\t\t
5
\n\t\t\t
10
\n\t\t\t
2
\n\t\t\t
7
\n\t\t\t
12
\n\t\t\t
35
\n\t\t\t
3
\n\t\t\t
2
\n\t\t\t
76
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
FI
\n\t\t\t
33
\n\t\t\t
83
\n\t\t\t
4
\n\t\t\t
15
\n\t\t\t
40
\n\t\t\t
52
\n\t\t\t
0
\n\t\t\t
16
\n\t\t\t
243
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
SE
\n\t\t\t
71
\n\t\t\t
68
\n\t\t\t
18
\n\t\t\t
25
\n\t\t\t
31
\n\t\t\t
116
\n\t\t\t
16
\n\t\t\t
11
\n\t\t\t
356
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
UK
\n\t\t\t
650
\n\t\t\t
797
\n\t\t\t
39
\n\t\t\t
212
\n\t\t\t
79
\n\t\t\t
1842
\n\t\t\t
194
\n\t\t\t
62
\n\t\t\t
2033
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
NO
\n\t\t\t
107
\n\t\t\t
64
\n\t\t\t
2
\n\t\t\t
38
\n\t\t\t
28
\n\t\t\t
203
\n\t\t\t
4
\n\t\t\t
10
\n\t\t\t
456
\n\t\t
\n\t
Table 5.
Number of organic processors by type of economic activity, NACE Rev. 2, 2008
Note. EU-27 estimated; LU data 2004; AT, PT data 2005; MT data 2006; CY data 2007; DE, HU, PL no data available [19], Source: Eurostat (food_act3)
7. Maintaining of organic agriculture
7.1. Certification
Organic agriculture indicates necessary transformation of farming system therefore it is essential to have a transitional period of 2 years [24]. Transitional period is a period through which on a farm there is introduced crop rotation, fertilization, methods of plant protection and other means of farming corresponding to the regulations of organic agriculture [25]. The certification commission can lengthen or shorten this farm transitional period. Organic agriculture differs from other farming forms as well by the requirement to keep regulations of organic agriculture and its products have origin certification [17, 24]. The whole process of organic product processing, production and all ingredients used in processing is inspected. Certification and marking of organic products initiated its high demand on market. Certification is a procedure by which certification body confirms that product and/or process of processing corresponds to the set of requirements [24, 25]. Production process of organic products control and certified public bodies are validated by the Ministry of Agriculture. In Lithuania organic farms, holdings and enterprises are certified by the public body "Ekoagros" (www.ekoagros.lt). At the moment it is exclusive body for organic agriculture certification in Lithuania with the centre in Kaunas and branches in Utena and Telšiai. However, State Enterprise Lithuanian Agricultural and Food Market Regulation Agency (the Market Regulation Agency <http://www.litfood.lt/Lists/Publications/AllItems.aspx?RootFolder=http%3a%2f%2fwww%2elitfood%2elt%2fLists%2fPublications%2fEnglish%20summary&FolderCTID=0x012000EF8B28BBC9FD604F9F45357A684ABF67>) seek for organic production certification as well. If it succeeds, Lithuania will have two licensed organic certification bodies.
The main standard document of organic agriculture in Lithuania is "Regulations of Organic Agriculture: production, processing, realization and marking" [26] that is continuously improved and renewed [17, 25]. The certification body controls keeping of organic agriculture regulations. Certification body inspects declarant, seeking for organic certificate, performs expertise of inspectation results and initiates decission for issue of organic certificate. Certificate is a document issued according to the regulations of organic agriculture and evidenced that product or processing process is in accordance with the requirements of organic agriculture regulations. Certificate gives right to mark products declarated in certificate as organic. The list of certified declarants (farms, holdings, enterprises, etc.) is announced in public. Certificate is valid for one year [25]. All declarants intended to certify production as organic each year till 15 June deliver application for certification and support. After 15 June applications for certification are not admitted. Submitted application data can be corrected till 12 of July. Certification body performs inspection of organic farms till 15 of October each year.
7.2. Support for organic agriculture
Owners of Lithuanian organic farms can receive financial support according to the one of "Agrarian environmental protection payoff" implements programme, i.e. "Organic agriculture". The task of the programme is to support organic agriculture as a system that secures production of high quality products with good perspectives on a market. Support for organic agriculture can be delivered only for the organically certified and declarated agriculture area. Therefore, all owners of the organic farms must be registered and should contain certificate obtained from the organic agriculture certification body "Ekoagros". The exact level of support payoff varies for each organic farmer and is calculated individually depending on growing crops (Table 6). Separate organic farm can obtain maximal support of 400 thousand litas. During 2007-2013 farmers participating in "Rural development programme" implement "Agrarian environmental protection payoff" programme "Organic agriculture" submitted 12 859 applications with requests of 505.5 million litas payoff. According to "Organic agriculture" programme during 2013 there were submited 2566 applications with request of 118 million litas payoff.
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\tCrop\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\tPayout, ** Lt ha-1\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
Cereals
\n\t\t\t
742
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
Vegetables and potatoes
\n\t\t\t
1519
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
Medicinal herbs
\n\t\t\t
1688
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
Small-fruit plants and orchards
\n\t\t\t
1781
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
Perennial grasses and meadows*
\n\t\t\t
438
\n\t\t
\n\t
Table 6.
Support for organic agriculture according to the type of crop (Lt ha-1)
Note. *-subsidies are paid only if there is certified organic livestock on farm; **-1 Lt=0.290 €; 1 €=3.4528 Lt.
To enhance marketable organic farming is foreseen compulsory realization of organic production (Table 7). Realization of organic production should be validated by actual documents. Only then financial support is delivered for organic farm in form of subsidies. The request to present documents of production realization is not applicable for farms keeping livestock and declarating just pastures and meadows, annual and perennial grasses. As well documents for production realization are not requested for cereals on farm applying proportion 1 LSU (Livestock Standard Unit) per 3 hectares. Subsidies are paid in two stages: 50% of subsidy are paid after evaluation of applications and rest 50% of subsidy are paid after delivered documents of organic production realization. For the new orchards and small-fruit perennial plantations in the first year there are paid 100% of subsidy.
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\tType of crop\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\tRequired sale of production, * Lt ha-1\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
In suitable for farming areas
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
Cereals
\n\t\t\t
350
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
Vegetables, potatoes, medicinal herbs
\n\t\t\t
1050
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
Orchards
\n\t\t\t
1600
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
Small-fruit plants
\n\t\t\t
1000
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
In less suitable for farming areas
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
Cereals
\n\t\t\t
180
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
Vegetables, potatoes, medicinal herbs
\n\t\t\t
600
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
Orchards
\n\t\t\t
900
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
Small-fruit plants
\n\t\t\t
600
\n\t\t
\n\t
Table 7.
Required compulsory realization of organic production for farms participating in programme “Organic agriculture” in suitable and less suitable areas for farming
Note. *-1 Lt=0.290 €; 1 €=3.4528 Lt. Source: National Paying Agency under the Ministry of Agriculture, http://www.nma.lt/index.php?lang=2
Owners of Lithuanian organic farms can apply for subsidy if:
they are applicable subjects, i.e. farmers, agricultural company or cooperative;
have registered agricultural holding in the register of agriculture and rural business of Republic of Lithuania;
joint agricultural and other area applicable for subsidy by the programme “Organic agriculture” are no less than 1 hectare;
separate field plot for subsidy is no less than 0.1 hectare.
Owners of Lithuanian organic farms receiving subsidies by the programme “Organic agriculture” contract to:
participate in the programme “Organic agriculture” and to keep organic requiremets at least five years from the submition of the application;
to submit application for subsidy and declare crops each year;
to keep integrated support interconnect requirements;
to keep the main requirements;
to return all paid subsidies by “Organic agriculture” programme if implementation of the programme would be suspended before the term (except special circumstances);
to run organic agriculture on the same agricultural land, i.e. on the same field plots and every year to declare contracted areas;
within period of contract do not decrease contracted area more than 3% and do not increase it more than 2 ha;
to run accountancy according to the regulations of law;
to have and implement fertilization plans if fertilized area by manure or slurry exceeds 50 ha on farm during artificial year;
to fill-in journal of organic agriculture production if fertilized area by manure or slurry do not exceed 50 ha on farm during artificial year, plant protection means for non-professional use and mineral fertilizers are used;
to fill-in journal of applied means and products of plant protection if there are used plant protection means for non-professional use on farm;
to keep regulations and requirements for organic agriculture foreseen at the EU Council Regulation (EC) No 834/2007 the whole contracted period;
to sell a part or organic production;
to keep regulations of Lithuanian organic agriculture.
7.3. Education in organic agriculture
Education, vocational training and, more generally, lifelong learning play a vital role in the economic and social strategies of the European Union [15]. Education is very important in all areas of life. Agricultural professionals play an important role in helping to create and develop innovations. They also inform and educate farmers (and the public) about innovations through teaching or extension work [7].
Inceptive organic farming farmers must keep regulations of Lithuanian organic agriculture "Regulations of organic agriculture" [26] and must take part in the course of educational programme "Backgrounds of organic agriculture (for beginners)" [27]. The course completion certificate must be delivered for the certification body before the organic certificate issue day (i.e. till the 15th June of current year) no later than till the day of farm certification. The educational courses for farmers are administrated by The Centre for LEADER Programme and Agricultural Training Methodology. The tasks of educational course programme “Backgrounds of organic agriculture” is to convey for farmers scientifically and practically validated recommendation of organic agriculture, to present backgrounds of organic production and to acquaint with the main requirements of organic agriculture. The earlier received adequate education to the farmers course programme “Backgrounds of organic agriculture” can be recognized by the committee formed by the The Centre for LEADER Programme and Agricultural Training Methodology under the Ministry of Agriculture.
The State supported trainings (Table 8) as „New technologies in farms of organic production“ [28], „Organic horticulture“ [29], „Weed control system in organic agriculture“ [30] and etc. are also popular between organic farmers. The organic training courses for farmers are organized by the demand according to the educational course programmes confirmed by the Ministry of Agriculture (Table 8).
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\tEducational programme\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\tYear\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t2008\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t2009\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t2010\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t2011\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t2012\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t2013\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\tNumber of training courses\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
Backgrounds of organic agriculture (for beginners) 24 academic hours [27]
\n\t\t\t
17
\n\t\t\t
29
\n\t\t\t
35
\n\t\t\t
38
\n\t\t\t
25
\n\t\t\t
32
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
Organic agriculture for advanced 16 academic hours) [31]
\n\t\t\t
-
\n\t\t\t
40
\n\t\t\t
39
\n\t\t\t
31
\n\t\t\t
30
\n\t\t\t
19
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
Organic seed growing (8 academic hours) [32]
\n\t\t\t
-
\n\t\t\t
-
\n\t\t\t
5
\n\t\t\t
5
\n\t\t\t
-
\n\t\t\t
-
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
Economical evaluation of organic products production marketing on individual and cooperative background (8 academic hours) [33]
\n\t\t\t
-
\n\t\t\t
-
\n\t\t\t
10
\n\t\t\t
8
\n\t\t\t
-
\n\t\t\t
-
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
Pecularities of organic agriculture by the specialization of production (field day) 4 academic hours [34]
\n\t\t\t
14
\n\t\t\t
16
\n\t\t\t
-
\n\t\t\t
-
\n\t\t\t
-
\n\t\t\t
-
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
Organic agriculture for advanced (field day) 4 academic hours [35]
\n\t\t\t
-
\n\t\t\t
12
\n\t\t\t
-
\n\t\t\t
-
\n\t\t\t
-
\n\t\t\t
-
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
Backgrounds of organic beekeeping 10 academic hours [36]
\n\t\t\t
-
\n\t\t\t
-
\n\t\t\t
18
\n\t\t\t
+
\n\t\t\t
-
\n\t\t\t
-
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
Organic cattle husbandry 10 academic hours [37]
\n\t\t\t
-
\n\t\t\t
-
\n\t\t\t
104
\n\t\t\t
-
\n\t\t\t
-
\n\t\t\t
-
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
Weed control system in organic agriculture 10 academic hours [30]
\n\t\t\t
-
\n\t\t\t
-
\n\t\t\t
29
\n\t\t\t
13
\n\t\t\t
-
\n\t\t\t
-
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
Organic horticulture, 10 academic hours [29]
\n\t\t\t
-
\n\t\t\t
-
\n\t\t\t
-
\n\t\t\t
30
\n\t\t\t
-
\n\t\t\t
-
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
Organic non-traditional animal husbandry and aviculture, 10 academic hours [38]
\n\t\t\t
-
\n\t\t\t
-
\n\t\t\t
-
\n\t\t\t
24
\n\t\t\t
-
\n\t\t\t
-
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
Swine-breeding in farms of organic production, 10 academic hours [39]
\n\t\t\t
-
\n\t\t\t
-
\n\t\t\t
-
\n\t\t\t
15
\n\t\t\t
-
\n\t\t\t
-
\n\t\t
\n\t
Table 8.
Organic training courses for farmers in Lithuania during 2008-2013
Source: The Centre for LEADER Programme and Agricultural Training Methodology under the Ministry of Agriculture; Chamber of Agriculture of the Republic of Lithuania
The average size of the individual course is 14 farmers. During 2008-2013 there were trained more than 5700 farmers interested in organic agriculture. Compulsory trainings "Backgrounds of organic agriculture (for beginners)" for inceptive organic farming were delivered for about 2200 participants.
8. Conclusions
Organic agriculture is a production system that sustains the health of soils, ecosystems and people. Farming is only considered to be organic at the EU level if it complies with Council Regulation.
The area of certified organic agricultural land in the world, EU and Lithuania continuously is tending to increase. EU-28 average made 5.7% of agricultural land as organic in 2012.
Average size of agricultural farm in general is larger in the organic than in conventional sector.
Productivity of crop average yield regularly is lower in organic agriculture compared it with the conventional one.
Cattle and sheep are the most popular species of the organic livestock.
In the manufacture of organic products fruit, vegetables, meat and meat products are dominating.
Abbreviations
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
EU-28 European Union of 28 Member States
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
EU-27 European Union of 27 Member States
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
EU European Union
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
BE Belgium
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
BG Bulgaria
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
CZ Czech Republic
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
DK Denmark
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
DE Germany
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
EE Estonia
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
IE Ireland
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
EL Greece
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
ES Spain
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
FR France
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
HR Croatia
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
IT Italy
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
CY Cyprus
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
LV Latvia
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
LT Lithuania
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
LU Luxembourg
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
HU Hungary
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
MT Malta
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
NL Netherlands
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
AT Austria
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
PL Poland
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
PT Portugal
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
RO Romania
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
SI Slovenia
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
SK Slovakia
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
FI Finland
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
SE Sweden
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
UK United Kingdom
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
IS Iceland
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
LI Liechtenstein
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
NO Norway
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
CH Switzerland
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
NACE Rev.2 classification: Statistical Classification of Economic Activities in the European Community, Rev. 2.
\n\t\t
\n\t
Acknowledgments
We would like to thank Vilma Pilipavičienė for the manuscript English reviewing linguistically.
\n',keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/46459.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/46459.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/46459",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/46459",totalDownloads:1489,totalViews:403,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"November 15th 2013",dateReviewed:"February 10th 2014",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"May 7th 2014",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/46459",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/46459",book:{slug:"organic-agriculture-towards-sustainability"},signatures:"Vytautas Pilipavičius and Alvydas Grigaliūnas",authors:[{id:"86510",title:"Prof.",name:"Vytautas",middleName:null,surname:"Pilipavicius",fullName:"Vytautas Pilipavicius",slug:"vytautas-pilipavicius",email:"invalid-email-1@email.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Aleksandras Stulginskis University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Lithuania"}}},{id:"170369",title:"MSc.",name:"Alvydas",middleName:null,surname:"Grigaliunas",fullName:"Alvydas Grigaliunas",slug:"alvydas-grigaliunas",email:"Alvydas.Grigaliunas@zum.lt",position:null,institution:null}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Material and methods",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3",title:"3. Development of organic agriculture",level:"1"},{id:"sec_4",title:"4. Organic crop production",level:"1"},{id:"sec_4_2",title:"4.1. Dynamics of organic agriculture crop structure and distribution",level:"2"},{id:"sec_5_2",title:"4.2. Productivity of agricultural crops",level:"2"},{id:"sec_6_2",title:"4.3. Organic seed growing",level:"2"},{id:"sec_8",title:"5. Animal husbandry",level:"1"},{id:"sec_9",title:"6. Processing of organic products",level:"1"},{id:"sec_10",title:"7. Maintaining of organic agriculture",level:"1"},{id:"sec_10_2",title:"7.1. Certification",level:"2"},{id:"sec_11_2",title:"7.2. Support for organic agriculture",level:"2"},{id:"sec_12_2",title:"7.3. Education in organic agriculture",level:"2"},{id:"sec_14",title:"8. Conclusions",level:"1"},{id:"sec_15",title:"Abbreviations",level:"1"},{id:"sec_16",title:"Acknowledgments",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Definition of Organic Agriculture. IFOAM General Assembly in Vignola, Italy in June 2008. Available from: <http://infohub.ifoam.org/en/what-organic/definition-organic-agriculture>'},{id:"B2",body:'Lamine C. Transition pathways towards a robust ecologization of agriculture and the need for system redesign. Cases from organic farming and IPM. Journal of Rural Studies 2011; 27(2) 209-219.'},{id:"B3",body:'Aeberhard A., Rist S. Transdisciplinary co-production of knowledge in the development of organic agriculture in Switzerland. Ecological Economics 2009; 68(4) 1171-1181.'},{id:"B4",body:'Febles-González JM., Tolón-Becerra A., Lastra-Bravo X., Acosta-Valdés X. Cuban agricultural policy in the last 25 years. From conventional to organic agriculture. Land Use Policy 2011; 28(4) 723-735.'},{id:"B5",body:'Pilipavičius V. Organic agriculture-development and perspective. In: Organic crop production and horticulture. Edited by Motuzas A., Pilipavicius V., Butkus V. Kaunas, 2006. p.6-10. ISBN 995544844X.'},{id:"B6",body:'Rigby, D., Caceres, D. Organic farming and the sustainability of agricultural systems. Agricultural Systems 2001; 68(1) 21-40.'},{id:"B7",body:'Wheeler SA. What influences agricultural professionals\' views towards organic agriculture? Ecological Economics 2008; 65(1) 145-154.'},{id:"B8",body:'Wollni M., Andersson C. Spatial patterns of organic agriculture adoption: Evidence from Honduras. Ecological Economics 2014; 97(1) 120-128.'},{id:"B9",body:'Council Regulation (EC) No 834/2007 of 28 June 2007. on organic production and labelling of organic products and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 2092/91. Official Journal of the European Union. 23 p. Available from: <http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2007:189:0001:0023:EN:PDF>'},{id:"B10",body:'Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 1030/2013 of 24 October 2013 amending Regulation (EC) No 889/2008 laying down detailed rules for the implementation of Council Regulation (EC) No 834/2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products with regard to organic production, labelling and control. Official Journal of the European Union. P. 1-2. Available from: <http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2013:283:0015:0016:EN:PDF>'},{id:"B11",body:'Commission Regulation (EC) No 889/2008. of 5 September 2008. laying down detailed rules for the implementation of Council Regulation (EC) No 834/2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products with regard to organic production, labelling and control. Official Journal of the European Union. 84 p. Available from: <http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2008:250:0001:0084:EN:PDF>'},{id:"B12",body:'Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 392/2013 of 29 April 2013 amending Regulation (EC) No 889/2008 as regards the control system for organic production. Official Journal of the European Union. 10 p. Available from: <http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2013:118:0005:0014:en:PDF>'},{id:"B13",body:'Basalykas A., Bieliukas K., Chomskis V. Lietuvos TSR fizinė geografija / Physical geography of Lithuania. Vilnius. Vol. 1, 1958. p. 501-504.'},{id:"B14",body:'Pilipavičius, V.; Romaneckas, K.; Gudauskienė, A. Crop Weediness, Soil Seed Bank and Yield of Winter Wheat Spelt under Organic Agriculture. Rural development 2013: the 6th international scientific conference, 28-29 November, 2013. Aleksandras Stulginskis university, Akademija, Kaunas district, Lithuania. Vol. 6, book 2. p. 213-217. Available from: <http://www.asu.lt/rural__development/lt/50217>'},{id:"B15",body:'Eurostat regional yearbook 2013. European Commission. Eurostat statistical books. 2013. 284. ISSN 1830-9674. doi:10.2785/44451. Cat. No. KS-HA-13-001-EN-C. Available from: <http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat>'},{id:"B16",body:'Willer H. Organic agriculture in Europe 2009: Production and Market. Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL, Switzerland. BioFach Congress, Nurnrberg, February 18, 2011. Available from: <www.fibl.org>'},{id:"B17",body:'Pilipavičius V. Alternatyvinės žemdirbystės vystymasis ir perspektyvos Lietuvoje / Development and perspectives of alternative agriculture in Lithuania. Kaunas, LŽŪA. 1996. 39.'},{id:"B18",body:'The results of certification of 2012. 2012 metų sertifikavimo rezultatai. VšĮ Ekoagros, 2013. 24.'},{id:"B19",body:'Rohner-Thielen E. Agriculture and fisheries. Eurostat. Statistics in focus. ISSN 1977-0316. Catalogue number: KS-SF-10-010-EN-N. European Union, 2010. 12.'},{id:"B20",body:'Agriculture, forestry and fisheries statistics-2013 edition (2013). European Commission. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. Theme: Agriculture and fisheries. Collection: Pocketbooks. 2013. 256 pp. ISBN 978-92-79-33005-6. ISSN 1977-2262. doi:10.2785/45595. Cat. No: KS-FK-13-001-EN-C. Available from: <http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat>'},{id:"B21",body:'Kriščiukaitienė I. Ekologinio ūkio ekonominė perspektyva / Economical perspective of organic farm. LAEI, Ūkių ir įmonių ekonomikos skyrius. 2006. 35.'},{id:"B22",body:'Statistics Lithuania (2014). Statistikos departamentas prie LRV (2014). M5010302: Agricultural crops in country / Žemės ūkio augalai šalyje. Available from: <http://db1.stat.gov.lt/statbank/default.asp?w=1280>'},{id:"B23",body:'Supply of organic seeds to market 2006-2013 / Ekologiškų sėklų pasiūla rinkai 2006-2013 m. Ekoagros. 2013. 4.'},{id:"B24",body:'Pilipavičius V. Certification of Ecological Products. Rural Development: Contents, Models and Policies in the E.U. Towards the 21st Century. Edited by Vacca M. Seminar in Italy, Perugia, 18-19 June, 1999. 172-177.'},{id:"B25",body:'Pilipavičius V. Žemdirbystės sistemos ir jų raida / Farming systems and their development. In: Agronomijos pagrindai. Edited by Romaneckas K. Akademija. Aleksandro Stulginskio universitetas. 2011. 131-148.'},{id:"B26",body:'Regulations of Organic Agriculture (2013) / Ekologinio žemės ūkio taisyklės (2013). Valstybės žinios. LR žemės ūkio ministro 2000 gruodžio 28 d. įsakymas Nr. 375 (LR žemės ūkio ministro įsakymo Nr.222, Nr.190, Nr.3D–253, 3D–324, 254, 284, 3D–436, 3D–82, 3D–156, 3D–368, 3D–391, 3D–61, 3D-199, 3D–11, 3D–496, 3D–695, 3D–717, 3D–876, 3D-348, 3D-11 (2013 05 16 actual edition).'},{id:"B27",body:'Backgrounds of organic agriculture (for beginners) 24 academic hours / Ekologinio ūkininkavimo pagrindai (pradedantiems) 24 akad. val. Registration code No. 396185007. Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Lithuania. Renewed at 2011-07-22. 2011. 2. Available from: <http://www.zmmc.lt/lt/zemdirbiu-mokymai/mokymo-programos/174-1-mokymo-kryptis.html>'},{id:"B28",body:'New technologies in farms of organic production 16 academic hours / Naujausios technologijos ekologinės gamybos ūkiuose 16 akad. val. Registration code No. 296185008. Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Lithuania. Confirmed at 2008-07-02. 2008.'},{id:"B29",body:'Organic horticulture 10 academic hours / Ekologinė sodininkystė ir uogininkystė 10 akad. val. Registration code No. 296162239. Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Lithuania. Confirmed at 2010-12-09. 2010.'},{id:"B30",body:'Weed control system in organic agriculture 10 academic hours / Piktžolių kontrolės sistema ekologinėje žemdirbystėje 10 akad. val. Programm prepared by Pilipavičius V. Registration code No. 296162136. Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Lithuania. Confirmed at 2009-09-11. 2009.'},{id:"B31",body:'Organic agriculture for advanced 16 academic hours / Ekologinis ūkininkavimas pažengusiems 16 kad. val. Registration code No. 396185007. Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Lithuania. Renewed at 2011-07-22. 2011. 2.'},{id:"B32",body:'Organic seed growing 8 academic hours / Ekologinė sėklininkystė 8 akad. val. Registration code No. 396185010. Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Lithuania. Confirmed at 2010-01-25. 2010. 1. Available from: <http://www.zmmc.lt/lt/zemdirbiu-mokymai/mokymo-programos/174-1-mokymo-kryptis.html>'},{id:"B33",body:'Economical evaluation of organic products production marketing on individual and cooperative background 8 academic hours / Ekologiškų produktų gamybos ir pardavimo individualiai ir kooperacijos pagrindais ekonominis vertinimas 8 akad. val. Registration code No. 396134502. Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Lithuania. Confirmed at 2010-01-25. 2010.'},{id:"B34",body:'Pecularities of organic agriculture by the specialization of production (field day) 4 academic hours / Ekologinio ūkininkavimo ypatumai pagal gamybos specializaciją (lauko dienos) 4 akad. val. Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Lithuania. 2008.'},{id:"B35",body:'Organic agriculture for advanced (field day) 4 academic hours / Ekologinis ūkininkavimas pažengusiems (lauko dienos) 4 akad. val. Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Lithuania. 2008.'},{id:"B36",body:'Backgrounds of organic beekeeping 10 academic hours / Ekologinės bitininkystės pagrindai 10 akad. val. Registration code No. 296162134. Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Lithuania. Confirmed at 2009-09-11. 2009.'},{id:"B37",body:'Organic cattle husbandry 10 academic hours / Ekologinė galvijininkystė 10 akad. val. Registration code No. 296162135. Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Lithuania. Confirmed at 2009-09-11. 2009.'},{id:"B38",body:'Organic non-traditional animal husbandry and aviculture 10 academic hours / Ekologinė netradicinė gyvulininkystė ir paukštininkystė 10 akad. val. Registration code 296162158. Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Lithuania. 2008.'},{id:"B39",body:'Swine-breeding in farms of organic production 10 academic hours / Kiaulių auginimas ekologinės gamybos ūkiuose 10 akad. val. Registration code 296162159. Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Lithuania. 2008.'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Vytautas Pilipavičius",address:"vytautas.pilipavicius@asu.lt",affiliation:'
Aleksandras Stulginskis University, Faculty of Agronomy, Institute of Agroecosystems and Soil Sciences, Akademija, Lithuania
The Centre for LEADER Programme and Agricultural Training Methodology, under the Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Lithuania, Akademija, Lithuania
'}],corrections:null},book:{id:"3830",title:"Organic Agriculture Towards Sustainability",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Organic Agriculture Towards Sustainability",slug:"organic-agriculture-towards-sustainability",publishedDate:"May 7th 2014",bookSignature:"Vytautas Pilipavicius",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3830.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"86510",title:"Prof.",name:"Vytautas",middleName:null,surname:"Pilipavicius",slug:"vytautas-pilipavicius",fullName:"Vytautas Pilipavicius"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"46514",title:"Organic Agriculture, Sustainability and Consumer Preferences",slug:"organic-agriculture-sustainability-and-consumer-preferences",totalDownloads:1837,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Terrence Thomas and Cihat Gunden",authors:[{id:"170188",title:"Prof.",name:"Terrence",middleName:null,surname:"Thomas",fullName:"Terrence Thomas",slug:"terrence-thomas"},{id:"170301",title:"Prof.",name:"Cihat",middleName:null,surname:"Gunden",fullName:"Cihat Gunden",slug:"cihat-gunden"}]},{id:"46505",title:"Analysis of Production and Consumption of Organic Products in South Africa",slug:"analysis-of-production-and-consumption-of-organic-products-in-south-africa",totalDownloads:2602,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Maggie Kisaka-Lwayo and Ajuruchukwu Obi",authors:[{id:"170318",title:"Prof.",name:"Ajuruchukwu",middleName:null,surname:"Obi",fullName:"Ajuruchukwu Obi",slug:"ajuruchukwu-obi"},{id:"170319",title:"Dr.",name:"Maggie",middleName:null,surname:"Kisaka-Lwayo",fullName:"Maggie Kisaka-Lwayo",slug:"maggie-kisaka-lwayo"}]},{id:"46549",title:"Organic agricultural practices among small holder farmers in South Western Nigeria",slug:"organic-agricultural-practices-among-small-holder-farmers-in-south-western-nigeria",totalDownloads:3252,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Sijuwade Adebayo and Idowu O Oladele",authors:[{id:"170251",title:"Prof.",name:"Idowu",middleName:null,surname:"Oladele",fullName:"Idowu Oladele",slug:"idowu-oladele"},{id:"170252",title:"Dr.",name:"Sijuwade",middleName:null,surname:"Adebayo",fullName:"Sijuwade Adebayo",slug:"sijuwade-adebayo"}]},{id:"46550",title:"Current Status of Advisory and Extension Services for Organic Agriculture in Europe and Turkey",slug:"current-status-of-advisory-and-extension-services-for-organic-agriculture-in-europe-and-turkey",totalDownloads:1940,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Orhan Özçatalbaş",authors:[{id:"170206",title:"Prof.",name:"Dr. Orhan",middleName:null,surname:"Özçatalbaş",fullName:"Dr. Orhan Özçatalbaş",slug:"dr.-orhan-ozcatalbas"}]},{id:"46459",title:"Lithuanian Organic Agriculture in the Context of European Union",slug:"lithuanian-organic-agriculture-in-the-context-of-european-union",totalDownloads:1489,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Vytautas Pilipavičius and Alvydas Grigaliūnas",authors:[{id:"86510",title:"Prof.",name:"Vytautas",middleName:null,surname:"Pilipavicius",fullName:"Vytautas Pilipavicius",slug:"vytautas-pilipavicius"},{id:"170369",title:"MSc.",name:"Alvydas",middleName:null,surname:"Grigaliunas",fullName:"Alvydas Grigaliunas",slug:"alvydas-grigaliunas"}]},{id:"46524",title:"Mixtures of Legumes with Cereals as a Source of Feed for Animals",slug:"mixtures-of-legumes-with-cereals-as-a-source-of-feed-for-animals",totalDownloads:1535,totalCrossrefCites:5,signatures:"Mariola Staniak, Jerzy Księżak and Jolanta Bojarszczuk",authors:[{id:"170201",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariola",middleName:null,surname:"Staniak",fullName:"Mariola Staniak",slug:"mariola-staniak"},{id:"170281",title:"Prof.",name:"Jerzy",middleName:null,surname:"Księżak",fullName:"Jerzy Księżak",slug:"jerzy-ksiezak"},{id:"170282",title:"Dr.",name:"Jolanta",middleName:null,surname:"Bojarszczuk",fullName:"Jolanta Bojarszczuk",slug:"jolanta-bojarszczuk"}]},{id:"46456",title:"Tomato Fruit Quality from Organic and Conventional Production",slug:"tomato-fruit-quality-from-organic-and-conventional-production",totalDownloads:3383,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Ilić S. Zoran, Kapoulas Nikolaos and Šunić Ljubomir",authors:[{id:"170288",title:"Prof.",name:"Zoran",middleName:null,surname:"Ilić",fullName:"Zoran Ilić",slug:"zoran-ilic"},{id:"170291",title:"Dr.",name:"Nikolaos",middleName:null,surname:"Kapoulas",fullName:"Nikolaos Kapoulas",slug:"nikolaos-kapoulas"},{id:"170292",title:"Mr.",name:"Ljubomir",middleName:null,surname:"Suniç",fullName:"Ljubomir Suniç",slug:"ljubomir-sunic"}]},{id:"46461",title:"Application of Active EM-Calcium in Green Agricultural Production — Case Study in Tomato and Flue-cured Tobacco Production",slug:"application-of-active-em-calcium-in-green-agricultural-production-case-study-in-tomato-and-flue-cure",totalDownloads:2088,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Xiaohou Shao, Tingting Chang, Maomao Hou, Yalu Shao and\nJingnan Chen",authors:[{id:"170250",title:"Prof.",name:"Xiaohou",middleName:null,surname:"Shao",fullName:"Xiaohou Shao",slug:"xiaohou-shao"},{id:"170272",title:"Mr.",name:"Xiaohou",middleName:null,surname:"Shao",fullName:"Xiaohou Shao",slug:"xiaohou-shao"},{id:"170295",title:"Dr.",name:"Tingting",middleName:null,surname:"Chang",fullName:"Tingting Chang",slug:"tingting-chang"},{id:"170296",title:"Dr.",name:"Maomao",middleName:null,surname:"Hou",fullName:"Maomao Hou",slug:"maomao-hou"}]},{id:"46506",title:"The Suitability of Different Winter and Spring Wheat Varieties for Cultivation in Organic Farming",slug:"the-suitability-of-different-winter-and-spring-wheat-varieties-for-cultivation-in-organic-farming",totalDownloads:1332,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Beata Feledyn-Szewczyk, Jan Kuś, Krzysztof Jończyk and Jarosław\nStalenga",authors:[{id:"170285",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Beata",middleName:null,surname:"Feledyn-Szewczyk",fullName:"Beata Feledyn-Szewczyk",slug:"beata-feledyn-szewczyk"},{id:"170286",title:"Prof.",name:"Kuś",middleName:null,surname:"Jan",fullName:"Kuś Jan",slug:"kus-jan"},{id:"170287",title:"Dr.",name:"Krzysztof",middleName:null,surname:"Jonczyk",fullName:"Krzysztof Jonczyk",slug:"krzysztof-jonczyk"},{id:"170741",title:"Dr.",name:"Jarosław",middleName:null,surname:"Stalenga",fullName:"Jarosław Stalenga",slug:"jaroslaw-stalenga"}]},{id:"46034",title:"Organic Production of Cash Cereals and Pseudocereals",slug:"organic-production-of-cash-cereals-and-pseudocereals",totalDownloads:1738,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Franc Bavec",authors:[{id:"170270",title:"Prof.",name:"Franc",middleName:null,surname:"Bavec",fullName:"Franc Bavec",slug:"franc-bavec"}]},{id:"46462",title:"Environmental Aspects Of Organic Farming",slug:"environmental-aspects-of-organic-farming",totalDownloads:2040,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Jan Moudrý jr. and Jan Moudrý",authors:[{id:"170254",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Jan",middleName:null,surname:"Moudrý",fullName:"Jan Moudrý",slug:"jan-moudry"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"3060",title:"Plant Breeding from Laboratories to Fields",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5b517f307caac739435f7fbaed5326ac",slug:"plant-breeding-from-laboratories-to-fields",bookSignature:"Sven Bode Andersen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3060.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"79388",title:"Prof.",name:"Sven Bode",surname:"Andersen",slug:"sven-bode-andersen",fullName:"Sven Bode Andersen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"40396",title:"Genomic in situ Hybridization in Triticeae: A Methodological Approach",slug:"genomic-in-situ-hybridization-in-triticeae-a-methodological-approach",signatures:"Sandra Patussi Brammer, Santelmo Vasconcelos, Liane Balvedi\nPoersch, Ana Rafaela Oliveira and Ana Christina Brasileiro-Vidal",authors:[{id:"74308",title:"Dr.",name:"Santelmo",middleName:null,surname:"Vasconcelos",fullName:"Santelmo Vasconcelos",slug:"santelmo-vasconcelos"},{id:"160855",title:"Dr.",name:"Sandra",middleName:null,surname:"Brammer",fullName:"Sandra Brammer",slug:"sandra-brammer"},{id:"160856",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Christina",middleName:null,surname:"Brasileiro-Vidal",fullName:"Ana Christina Brasileiro-Vidal",slug:"ana-christina-brasileiro-vidal"},{id:"160857",title:"BSc.",name:"Ana Rafaela",middleName:null,surname:"Oliveira",fullName:"Ana Rafaela Oliveira",slug:"ana-rafaela-oliveira"},{id:"160858",title:"MSc.",name:"Liane Balvedi",middleName:null,surname:"Poersch",fullName:"Liane Balvedi Poersch",slug:"liane-balvedi-poersch"},{id:"165999",title:"Dr.",name:"Sandra Patussi",middleName:null,surname:"Brammer",fullName:"Sandra Patussi Brammer",slug:"sandra-patussi-brammer"}]},{id:"44340",title:"SRAP Molecular Marker Technology in Plant Science",slug:"srap-molecular-marker-technology-in-plant-science",signatures:"Genyi Li, Peter B. E. McVetty and Carlos F. Quiros",authors:[{id:"160577",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Genyi",middleName:null,surname:"Li",fullName:"Genyi Li",slug:"genyi-li"}]},{id:"40178",title:"Molecular Markers and Marker-Assisted Breeding in Plants",slug:"molecular-markers-and-marker-assisted-breeding-in-plants",signatures:"Guo-Liang Jiang",authors:[{id:"158810",title:"Dr.",name:"Guo-Liang",middleName:null,surname:"Jiang",fullName:"Guo-Liang Jiang",slug:"guo-liang-jiang"}]},{id:"44012",title:"Genetic Dissection of Blackleg Resistance Loci in Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)",slug:"genetic-dissection-of-blackleg-resistance-loci-in-rapeseed-brassica-napus-l-",signatures:"Harsh Raman, Rosy Raman and Nick Larkan",authors:[{id:"76347",title:"Dr.",name:"Harsh",middleName:null,surname:"Raman",fullName:"Harsh Raman",slug:"harsh-raman"},{id:"166451",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosy",middleName:null,surname:"Raman",fullName:"Rosy Raman",slug:"rosy-raman"},{id:"166452",title:"Dr.",name:"Nicholas",middleName:null,surname:"Larkan",fullName:"Nicholas Larkan",slug:"nicholas-larkan"}]},{id:"44502",title:"Marker Assisted Selection for Common Bean Diseases Improvements in Tanzania: Prospects and Future Needs",slug:"marker-assisted-selection-for-common-bean-diseases-improvements-in-tanzania-prospects-and-future-nee",signatures:"George Muhamba Tryphone, Luseko Amos Chilagane, Deogracious\nProtas, Paul Mbogo Kusolwa and Susan Nchimbi-Msolla",authors:[{id:"157660",title:"M.Sc.",name:"George",middleName:null,surname:"Tryphone",fullName:"George Tryphone",slug:"george-tryphone"},{id:"166366",title:"Dr.",name:"Deogracious",middleName:null,surname:"Protas",fullName:"Deogracious Protas",slug:"deogracious-protas"},{id:"166412",title:"Dr.",name:"Luseko",middleName:null,surname:"Chilagane",fullName:"Luseko Chilagane",slug:"luseko-chilagane"},{id:"166413",title:"Dr.",name:"Paul",middleName:null,surname:"Kusolwa",fullName:"Paul Kusolwa",slug:"paul-kusolwa"},{id:"166414",title:"Dr.",name:"Susan",middleName:null,surname:"Nchimbi-Msolla",fullName:"Susan Nchimbi-Msolla",slug:"susan-nchimbi-msolla"}]},{id:"44503",title:"Breeding for Drought Resistance Using Whole Plant Architecture — Conventional and Molecular Approach",slug:"breeding-for-drought-resistance-using-whole-plant-architecture-conventional-and-molecular-approach",signatures:"H.E. Shashidhar, Adnan Kanbar, Mahmoud Toorchi, G.M.\nRaveendra, Pavan Kundur, H.S. Vimarsha, Rakhi Soman, Naveen G.\nKumar, Berhanu Dagnaw Bekele and P. Bhavani",authors:[{id:"157332",title:"Dr.",name:"Halagappa",middleName:null,surname:"Shashidhar",fullName:"Halagappa Shashidhar",slug:"halagappa-shashidhar"}]},{id:"44529",title:"Breeding to Improve Symbiotic Effectiveness of Legumes",slug:"breeding-to-improve-symbiotic-effectiveness-of-legumes",signatures:"Vladimir A. Zhukov, Oksana Y. Shtark, Alexey Y. Borisov and Igor A.\nTikhonovich",authors:[{id:"73360",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexey",middleName:"Y.",surname:"Borisov",fullName:"Alexey Borisov",slug:"alexey-borisov"},{id:"81134",title:"Dr.",name:"Vladimir",middleName:null,surname:"Zhukov",fullName:"Vladimir Zhukov",slug:"vladimir-zhukov"},{id:"81139",title:"Dr.",name:"Oksana",middleName:"Yurievna",surname:"Shtark",fullName:"Oksana Shtark",slug:"oksana-shtark"},{id:"81142",title:"Prof.",name:"Igor",middleName:null,surname:"Tikhonovich",fullName:"Igor Tikhonovich",slug:"igor-tikhonovich"}]},{id:"44504",title:"Opium Poppy: Genetic Upgradation Through Intervention of Plant Breeding Techniques",slug:"opium-poppy-genetic-upgradation-through-intervention-of-plant-breeding-techniques",signatures:"Brij Kishore Mishra, Anu Rastogi, Ameena Siddiqui, Mrinalini\nSrivastava, Nidhi Verma, Rawli Pandey, Naresh Chandra Sharma and\nSudhir Shukla",authors:[{id:"156649",title:"Dr.",name:"Sudhir",middleName:null,surname:"Shukla",fullName:"Sudhir Shukla",slug:"sudhir-shukla"}]},{id:"44016",title:"Castor Breeding",slug:"castor-breeding",signatures:"Máira Milani and Márcia Barreto de Medeiros Nóbrega",authors:[{id:"74313",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Maira",middleName:null,surname:"Milani",fullName:"Maira Milani",slug:"maira-milani"},{id:"156611",title:"Dr.",name:"Márcia",middleName:null,surname:"Barreto De Medeiros Nóbrega",fullName:"Márcia Barreto De Medeiros Nóbrega",slug:"marcia-barreto-de-medeiros-nobrega"}]},{id:"41024",title:"Participatory Plant Quality Breeding: An Ancient Art Revisited by Knowledge Sharing. The Portuguese Experience",slug:"participatory-plant-quality-breeding-an-ancient-art-revisited-by-knowledge-sharing-the-portuguese-ex",signatures:"Maria Carlota Vaz Patto, Pedro Manuel Mendes-Moreira, Mara Lisa\nAlves, Elsa Mecha, Carla Brites, Maria do Rosário Bronze and Silas\nPego",authors:[{id:"70071",title:"Prof.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Bronze",fullName:"Maria Bronze",slug:"maria-bronze"},{id:"160017",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Carlota",middleName:null,surname:"Vaz Patto",fullName:"Maria Carlota Vaz Patto",slug:"maria-carlota-vaz-patto"},{id:"160020",title:"MSc.",name:"Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Mendes-Moreira",fullName:"Pedro Mendes-Moreira",slug:"pedro-mendes-moreira"},{id:"160021",title:"Dr.",name:"Carla",middleName:null,surname:"Brites",fullName:"Carla Brites",slug:"carla-brites"},{id:"160022",title:"Dr.",name:"Silas",middleName:null,surname:"Pego",fullName:"Silas Pego",slug:"silas-pego"},{id:"166078",title:"MSc.",name:"Mara Lisa",middleName:null,surname:"Alves",fullName:"Mara Lisa Alves",slug:"mara-lisa-alves"},{id:"166079",title:"MSc.",name:"Elsa",middleName:null,surname:"Mecha",fullName:"Elsa Mecha",slug:"elsa-mecha"}]}]}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"73624",title:"BIM Approach for Smart Infrastructure Design and Maintenance Operations",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.94242",slug:"bim-approach-for-smart-infrastructure-design-and-maintenance-operations",body:'\n
\n
1. Introduction
\n
Smart city is to lead the transformation of urban development with innovation, comprehensively promote the new generation of information and communication technology and the new urbanization development strategy, deeply integrate and improve the modernization level of urban governance capability [1].
\n
A self-respecting smart city cannot ignore serious and far-sighted planning that bases urban landscape design on Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and integrated modeling, which Building Information Modeling (BIM) is able to ensure; this is because only having a clear vision, implemented with a precise planning, of what is going to be built is it possible to avoid the destructive effects that a construction practice without adequate tools can cause. The use of GIS and BIM together therefore allows you to plan, design, build and manage infrastructure resources more efficiently and save time and money.
\n
BIM is widely recognized as a fundamental methodology for relaunching the global economy: this is why in many countries digitalization processes have been started in the AEC sector [2].
\n
BIM starts at the planning and conceptual design stage and continues throughout the lifecycle of the asset. It is important that intelligent information is not lost as the project progresses through the various stages of a BIM Infrastructure Project.
\n
The entire process of developing, executing and managing infrastructure projects can be transformed—initial surveying and data collection, environmental review, public participation, design and documentation, bidding, construction, and operations and maintenance [3, 4]. The model-centric approach enables planners, engineers, and designers to explore and validate innovative design ideas and what-if scenarios with project investors.
\n
To model a smart infrastructure, it is necessary to find a set of variables and parameters essential for the analysis and prediction of the performance of built objects [5].
\n
Data modeling can be performed by procedural, also known as parametric, modeling that provides object-oriented n-dimensional information or generative model information containing objects created through algorithmic processes [6].
\n
Parametric and procedural 3D geometrical models can be represented by graphs in order to define relationships and dependencies between geometric entities and allow its reuse in similar design scenarios or to adapt it to different scenarios [7, 8].
\n
The models created for BIM are not just 3D geometry; they are data-rich objects which are: intelligent - parametric engines help define relationships between objects and keep changes consistent and coordinated; knowledge-based - can be constrained by things like AASHTO codes, design criteria, and company standards; scalable - able to aggregate huge amounts of data from multiple sources; visual - enable better analysis, simulation and communication [9].
\n
In the last few years, researchers have been focusing their attention on assessing the benefits of using digital tools and processes to support effectively the entire life of transportation facilities and road infrastructures, from strategic planning, design and construction [10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17] to performance management and maintenance [18, 19, 20, 21].
\n
Marzouk and Othman [22] proposes an inclusive framework for integrating Building Information Modeling (BIM) and Geographical Information System (GIS) to plan and forecast the utility infrastructure needs for expanding and emerging cities to highlight the concept of “smartness” during the planning stage.
\n
As highlighted by Sankaran et al. [23], BIM is an efficient method for collecting and updating as-built data for creating a digital archive of information to facilitate management and future project development.
\n
For example, Tang et al. [24] created a platform for the integration of Building Information Modeling (BIM) based road design and pavement structural analysis, allowing to establish a conversion between the three dimensional (3D) model and the finite element method software ABAQUS, providing quality data and powerful technical support and minimizing the uncertainty factors in the road design and maintenance processes.
\n
Also, the design process was supported through the implementation of an empirical model for the analysis of permanent deformation of the asphalt pavement, which allows selecting the pavement that best suits the desired service life [25].
\n
There is a need for such an approach to assist decision makers to ensure enterprise’s objectives and targets are maximized with given budget and planned shutdown time [26, 27].
\n
Interoperable BIM model has been adapted to perform complex multi-physical studies and simulations in several technical fields (including noise exposure, wind comfort, artificial and natural lighting, energy consumption, environmental impacts and global comfort) [28].
\n
However, the existing BIM-based decision-support methods have primarily focused on building design and construction. Therefore, they are limited in their ability to provide an appropriate methodology for master planning of large-scale development projects [29].
\n
It is of great significance to promote the application of BIM technology in the life cycle management of projects in the context of smart cities, ensure the consistency and interoperability of BIM deliverables at all engineering stages, and realize the comprehensive management of the construction industry in smart cities [30, 31].
\n
\n
\n
2. Goals definition
\n
Analysis procedure presented here aims to offer an innovative and practical methodology for integration of road design and pavement analysis, for a better management and optimization of road pavement maintenance.
\n
The work phases are shown in Figure 1 and basically are carried out as follows:
Building the existing ground surfaces; surfaces are used to derive alignments and profiles, and for corridor grading;
Designing horizontal-vertical alignment; alignment are used by corridor as its centerline while profiles use existing ground profiles and design finished grade profile (vertical alignments);
Create the required assemblies; subassemblies are used to build the required assemblies;
Create the 3D corridor;
Information management for a decision support system for the management of maintenance processes.
\n\n
Figure 1.
Methodological approach.
\n
\n
\n
3. Road modeling
\n
\n
3.1 Digital terrain model
\n
Digital Terrain Modeling (DTM) is a concept that underlies all calculations in Civil Engineering involving elevation or slope - profiles, cross sections, grading and volume calculations.
\n
The process of DTM involves the creation of a data structure that the software can instantly “touch” to retrieve elevations or slopes, representing either existing or proposed conditions.
\n
DTM mathematically completes all interpolation possible between the data supplied, and stores the result in a digital file for easy retrieval.
\n
Surfaces can certainly be produced from other data types, including point data.
\n
There are certain data types that are universally applicable to any DTM effort in Civil Engineering and Surveying. These data types are constant in any program: Civil 3D, Open Roads Designer, ArcGIS, etc.
\n
The three data types which can be used in constructing a DTM are Point Data, Breakline Data, and Contour Data.
Point Data - Point Data for DTM consist of individual discrete X, Y and Z locations, without connecting features between them. Typically, these will be spot elevations in a contour drawing, or the mass points themselves in a Mass Points and Breaklines drawing. Critically, the Point Data must have an elevation or Z component that can be processed in some fashion in building the elevation model. Spot elevation text at elevation 0 in a drawing can be used and processed by Map into an ASCII file, and ASCII files of XYZ format can be used as well.
Breakline Data - Breaklines are also referred to as Faults, or Features. Breaklines, as used in this context, represent the linear edges of site features along which there is a noticeable change in grade. Successfully applied, a breakline forces a deflection in a contour to show a grade change. Examples are edges of pavement, shoulders, toes or tops of slope, toes or tops of wall, water features, etc. λ Contour Data - The definition of contour Data for Digital Terrain Modeling is very specific, and not necessarily what one would expect.
Contour Data are strings of point data connected by segments in complex objects; the CAD representation is a polyline. Contour Data do not have to be at constant elevation, as one typically thinks of contours. Contour Data are a fast means of selecting and processing point data, utilizing the vertices of the objects. Most Digital Terrain Modeling applications will also process the segments between the vertices as breakline data, and can filter out vertices too close together or add interpolated vertices if required. Contour Data must be at a correct Z elevation to be processed in a Terrain Model. Polylines must be at a correct Z, either constant as a 2D polyline, or varying, as a 3D polyline. GIS data can again be used, and CAD Map can read elevation attributes from GIS Contour Data and apply them to polylines through a Property Alteration Query.
\n\n
Most Civil Engineering and Surveying applications will utilize some combination of data types in a Terrain Model; having two types present is common and all three is not unusual at all.
\n
Triangular irregular networks (TIN) are a representation of a continuous surface consisting entirely of triangular facets, used mainly as Discrete Global Grid in primary elevation modeling.
\n
TINs can be constructed using three types of vector information: altitude measurements (mass points), surface continuity breaklines, surface continuity break polygons (polygon surfaces).
\n
The points contain the X, Y coordinates and the Z value. All points are used to establish a connection with the two closest points to create triangles. Surface triangulation is based on the Delaunay algorithm, which ensures that no points are within the circle of a triangle.
\n
The Discontinuity Lines represent the characteristics of a linear infrastructure such as curbs, retaining walls, etc. These lines also define the edges of the triangles. Breaklines can be created from linear entities such as line, polyline, arc, circle.
\n
Contours are the characteristics to define bounded 3D surfaces. Surface contours can be created with closed polylines. Defining external contours on a large 3D surface improves the performance of a TIN Surface plane.
\n
\nFigure 2 shows the triangles that result from Digital Terrain Modeling where the elevation value is retrieved from the digital surface and displays it in the Tooltip, instantly, and anywhere on the surface.
\n
Figure 2.
Digital terrain model.
\n
\n
\n
3.2 Horizontal-vertical alignment
\n
Creating and defining a horizontal alignment is one of the first steps in infrastructure design.
\n
In Figure 3 a workflow to design and edit alignments is shown.
\n
Figure 3.
Workflow: To design and edit alignments.
\n
You can draw the alignment geometry as a polyline, and then create the named alignment from that geometry. For greater control, you can create an alignment object or You can also make edits to alignments using grips.
\n
Create alignments in many ways, such as creating them from polylines, from pipe networks, and from LandXML data.
\n
The alignment can be created using fixed, floating, and free elements:
Fixed elements have its position totally defined by specifying a combination of start/end points or center, length, bearing or angle, and radius. However, as the fixed position of a computator is defined by points that are dependent (referenced) on other elements, a fixed computator is actually free to move as the referenced elements move. It is “fixed” in respect of its location to the referenced element;
Floating elements have one unknown, which becomes the “floating” part. The unknown part can be the length, angle, point/centre, or radius. The other parts (one for lines, two for arcs) are fixed in position;
Free elements are totally unconstrained and will be defined by the adjoining elements. Whilst an arc has two unknowns with only the radius, or one point, or length defined.
\n\n
Once it is determined which element type best suits the design context, it can be selected the appropriate line, curve, transition, or combination based on available design data, such as whether you have a known through point, length, or radius.
\n
When you create an alignment, you can use the criteria-based design feature to ensure that your alignment design meets minimum local standards and consequently easily identify and report standards violations.
\n
The alignment is an interactive line with profiles, both existing ground and planned work.
\n
Using profiles, you can view changes in elevation along a horizontal alignment. In addition to the centerline profile, you can create offset profiles for features such as waterway or ditch banks. On a profile view, you can also superimpose the profile of a different horizontal alignment that is in the same area. And like LandDesktop you can create a temporary profile that can help you view information at locations where there is no alignment (i.e. line, polyline, feature, or along a series of points you select).
\n
The horizontal and the vertical alignments need to match in length exactly or else the corridor will not be created properly.
\n
\nFigure 4 shows an example of road alignment with its relative ground and vertical profile.
\n
Figure 4.
Road alignment and its vertical profile.
\n
Once both alignments are created, the next step is to create a section type, with surface depths, sub-earth depth, kerbing, banking, etc.
\n
\n
\n
3.3 Section type
\n
Assembly objects contain and manage a collection of subassemblies that are used to form the basic structure of a 3D corridor model.
\n
An assembly is an 3D drawing object that manages a collection of subassembly objects. Together, assemblies and subassemblies function as the basic building blocks of a roadway or other alignment-based design.
\n
Adding one or more subassembly objects, such as travel lanes, curbs, and side slopes, to an assembly baseline creates an assembly object. This forms the design for a corridor section. The subassemblies are provided in a set of catalogs.
\n
It is also possible to create more advanced assemblies referred to as conditional assemblies. A conditional assembly contains one or more conditional subassemblies, which apply subsequent subassemblies when specified conditions at a given station are met.
\n
In Figure 5 is shown a typical section type for fill and in presence of a bridge.
\n
Figure 5.
Section types. (a) Fill, (b) bridge.
\n
Specific BIM-based tools as Subassembly Composer/ Generative Components provide an interface for composing and modifying complex subassemblies, without the need for programming. Without the need to be an expert in programming, users can create custom subassemblies to meet their specific needs, making corridors have endless possibilities.
\n
For example, in presence of a retaining wall characterized by a variation of the geometric characteristics in terms of height/weight along the road layout, it is possible to create a flowchart (see Figure 6) set with decision variables that change as the boundary conditions vary.
\n
Figure 6.
Modeling retaining walls using subassembly composer. (a) Workflow, (b) result.
\n
In the case in question, the section changes dimensional characteristics as the distance between the road surface and the ground surface changes.
\n
Once your assembly is built you need to apply this to your alignment using the corridor function and hey presto, you will have a corridor and basic road design.
\n
\n
\n
3.4 Corridor modeling
\n
Before create corridors, you must have existing data, such as existing ground surfaces, alignments (centerlines), profiles (vertical alignments), and typical sections (assemblies).
\n
All calculations should be finalized before they are applied to the corridor model. Changes in a corridor baseline alignment are not reflected in calculations. Changing the design criteria does not update the corridor model.
\n
In Figure 7 is shown a generic 3D Corridor model.
\n
Figure 7.
Modeling corridor. (a) Plan view, (b) 3D view.
\n
\n
\n
3.5 Information management
\n
Once a road network is correctly modeled and parameterized following the above procedure, a number of shared parameters describing the main features of pavement materials can be created to match the information contained in an external database.
\n
There are several visual programming tools (VPL) (i.e. Dynamo) that give to users the possibility to visually script and define custom pieces of logic using various textual programming languages.
\n
The shared parameters imported in the current project as materials features, were the road name, the road administration authority, the year in which the material was layed in place during routine maintenance operations and the physical and mechanical features of the wearing course mixtures, namely bitumen content, air voids percentage calculated with bulk specific gravity determined by means of the dimensional procedure, SSD procedure or sealed specimen procedure and Marshall stability.
\n
Then, the material codes were exported to Excel with the programming flow reported in Figure 8, then matched with the materials names in the worksheet and finally imported back into VPL with assigned values.
\n
Figure 8.
Materials code creation workflow.
\n
A worksheet was created using the code block “Data.ExportExcel” (5), whose file path, sheet name and position of the exported data were defined respectively with the code blocks (4A), (4B) and (4C). The worksheet contained a list (4D) of materials identifiers (3A) and names (3B) selected from the list of elements (2) of the materials category (1).
\n
The above mentioned operations allowed visualizing and managing the physical and mechanical features of the wearing course model and updating the information once the input worksheet is integrated with different data. The visualization of the imported data is visible in the material parameters interface, as shown in Figure 9.
\n
Figure 9.
Example of material parameters after the association of worksheet data to the model.
\n
Then, in the same way, is possible the implementation of a ranking algorithm to evaluate the durability of the wearing course material basing on the material characterization, according to current Regulation [32]. In the specific:
% bitumen (%B) in the range 4.5 ÷ 6.1% to meet both economic and environmental needs;
Stability>900 (daN) to respond to mechanical problems;
% air voids determined by means of the dimensional procedure >3% to improve shear strength;
The difference between air voids determined by means of the sealed specimen and SSD procedure (Δ) is equal or lower than 1% to ensure that there are no anomalies in the database due to technical errors.
\n\n
In Figure 10 is shown the workflow for identifying the road pavements that satisfy the first condition.
\n
Figure 10.
Workflow for identifying pavements with bitumen content in the range 4.5%–6.1% by the weight of the mixture.
\n
In the specific: box 1A answers the question if x (%B) is greater than or equal to y (%B lower-limit equal to 4.5%); box 1B answers the question if x (%B) is less than or equal to y (%B upper limit equal to 6.1%); Box 2 “List.Join” concatenates the two lists into one list; Box 3 “List.AllTrue” determines if all the elements of the list are Boolean values with true value; Box 4 “List.Join” merges all the lists associated to other pavement sections of the road network; box 5 “SelectModelElement” for selecting the pavement sections under analysis; box 6 “ListCreate” for merging all the selected pavements in the previous step in a single list; box 7 “List.FilterByBoolMask” to filter the list of elements codes by looking up for corresponding indices in the list of Boolean variables, identifying the sections that comply with the technical specifications.
\n
In the same way, the workflow can be adapted to the remaining Regulation conditions, with the possibility then to create combined filters among the mentioned conditions, for visualizing on the road network map, with different color, the pavements with best, worst or intermediate performance.
\n
For example, in Figure 11, the list containing the overall scores of the road surfaces under analysis (1) was matched with the list of identification codes of the corresponding elements of the model (3) using again the code block “List.FilterByBoolMask” (4). In the present study, the list of Boolean variables was obtained by looking for the road surface with the minimum score (2), obtained from the combination of several physical and mechanical indicators and their upper and lower limit imposed by the Regulation. Lastly, the element code that met condition (2) was emphasized in the model element with the color red (5) by using the code block “Element.OverrideColorInView” (6).
\n
Figure 11.
Workflow for identifying pavements with best/worst performance on the road network.
\n
As a simplified application to show the impact of information update on the model output modification, two different road sections were considered with bituminous mixtures for wearing course characterized in terms of bitumen content, percentage air voids and Marshall stability.
\n
The test results are updated as material parameters in the model and a ranking algorithm is implemented in order to identify the road section with a need for maintenance. As shown in Figure 12, the critical road section that requires routine maintenance before the other is highlighted in red.
\n
Figure 12.
Example of identification of the critical section.
\n
Figure 13.
Example of identification of the critical section after routine maintenance operations.
\n
After routine maintenance operations, quality controls are performed on the wearing course to assess the compliance of the material with the performance required by the Regulation. As a consequence, the model is updated with new information and the raking algorithm immediately finds out the new critical section (Figure 13).
\n
\n
\n
\n
4. Conclusions
\n
Computer-aided drafting (CAD) transformed the way professionals created infrastructure designs.
\n
If oriented to the management phase, a BIM model becomes a real simulation, planning and implementation tool for the facility manager, also thanks to the three-dimensional approach related to the parametric objects that populate the environment, representing a valid tool to guarantee control and interoperability of data in an intelligent way.
\n
The implemented methodology allowed creating an integrated model that contains and analyzes data produced by the quality controls of the bituminous materials after laying and compaction.
\n
The applied methodology resulted in a dynamic model that updates its information package and modifies the output of the analysis every time the data worksheet is integrated with new test results.
\n
A tool as such is intended on the one hand to support the prioritization of any existing Pavement Management System that is currently adopted by administrations to plan maintenance operations on the road network and on the other to provide information as an alert system identifying what does not work in maintenance operations.
\n
BIM systems are therefore destined not only to radically change the paradigms of the real estate market but will be able to make a fundamental contribution to the future of the planet, capable of creating IT models from an architectural, urban, environmental and not simply a single infrastructure point of view but of entire inhabited centers: BIM is at the basis of the creation of sustainable cities and Smart Cities. Not only that, with the help of BIM it will be possible to achieve improvements in terms of more sustainable, inclusive and secure cities.
\n
In this way, the proposed framework can also serve as a decision support tool for better planning and management of smart city infrastructure requirements, taking in account as further perspectives other key factors as energy, estimating/cost simulation and mobility analysis.
\n
\n
Conflict of interest
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.
\n',keywords:"building information modeling, smart infrastructure, road pavements, computational design",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/73624.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/73624.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73624",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73624",totalDownloads:144,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,dateSubmitted:"May 14th 2020",dateReviewed:"September 29th 2020",datePrePublished:"October 15th 2020",datePublished:null,dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:"In the age of the Internet-of-Things and Big Data, Building Information Modeling (BIM) is being expanded into sectors for which it was not originally designed, such as the infrastructure sector, and becomes a necessity for the planning and management of smart cities. The digitization of the urban environment, its building and infrastructural heritage and its services is at the center of the concept of smart city, and this appears strongly linked to the use of BIM on an increasingly extended scale as an enabling tool for planning cities that are increasingly intelligent, sustainable, interconnected and above all liveable. In this chapter a creation process for the digitalization of existing roads, as well-known as reverse engineering method, will be shown as follows: a) modeling 3D digital terrain model; b) creating the horizontal alignment, vertical profiles and editing cross-sections; c) modeling the 3D corridor. As a response to long-term development between BIM and road engineering, this chapter will contribute also by offering innovative and practical solutions for integration of road design and pavement analysis, for a better management and optimization of road pavement maintenance.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/73624",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/73624",signatures:"Salvatore Antonio Biancardo, Nunzio Viscione, Cristina Oreto and Francesca Russo",book:{id:"9872",title:"Transportation Systems for Smart, Sustainable, Inclusive and Secure Cities",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Transportation Systems for Smart, Sustainable, Inclusive and Secure Cities",slug:null,publishedDate:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Stefano de Luca, Dr. Roberta Di Pace and Dr. Chiara Fiori",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9872.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"271061",title:"Prof.",name:"Stefano",middleName:null,surname:"de Luca",slug:"stefano-de-luca",fullName:"Stefano de Luca"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:null,sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Goals definition",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3",title:"3. Road modeling",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3_2",title:"3.1 Digital terrain model",level:"2"},{id:"sec_4_2",title:"3.2 Horizontal-vertical alignment",level:"2"},{id:"sec_5_2",title:"3.3 Section type",level:"2"},{id:"sec_6_2",title:"3.4 Corridor modeling",level:"2"},{id:"sec_7_2",title:"3.5 Information management",level:"2"},{id:"sec_9",title:"4. Conclusions",level:"1"},{id:"sec_13",title:"Conflict of interest",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'\nKumar H, Singh MK, Gupta MP. Moving towards smart cities: Solutions that lead to the Smart City Transformation Framework. Technological Forecasting and Social Change. 2018.\n'},{id:"B2",body:'\nAzhar S. Building information Modeling (BIM): Trends, benefits, risks, and challenges for the AEC industry. Leadership and Management in Engineering. 2011; 11:134-146.\n'},{id:"B3",body:'\nMarmo R, Polverino F, Nicolella M, Tibaut A. Building performance and maintenance information model based on IFC schema. Automation in Construction. 2020; 118:103275.\n'},{id:"B4",body:'\nSingh P, Sadhu A. System Identification-Enhanced Visualization Tool for Infrastructure Monitoring and Maintenance. Frontiers in Built Environment. 2020; 6:76.\n'},{id:"B5",body:'\nOzturk GB. Interoperability in building information modelling for AECO/FM industry. Automation in Construction. 2020; 113:103122.\n'},{id:"B6",body:'\nAl Sayed K, Bew M, Penn A, Palmer D, Broyd T. Modelling dependency networks to inform data structures in BIM and smart cities. In: Proceedings of the 10th International Space Syntax Symposium; 13-17 July 2015; London. United Kingdom; 2015.\n'},{id:"B7",body:'\nVilgertshofer S, Borrmann A. Using graph rewriting methods for the semi-automatic generation of parametric infrastructure models. Advanced Engineering Informatics. 2017; 33:502-515.\n'},{id:"B8",body:'\nBiancardo SA, Capano A, Guerra De Oliveira S, Tibaut A. Integration of BIM and Procedural Modeling Tools for Road Design. Infrastructures. 2020; 5(37).\n'},{id:"B9",body:'\nMcGraw-Hill Construction. The Business Value of BIM for Infrastructure: Addressing America’s Infrastructure Challenges with Collaboration and Technology. Smart Market Report. 2012. Available from: http://images.autodesk.com/adsk/files/business_value_of_bim_for_infrastructure_smartmarket_report__2012.pdf\n\n'},{id:"B10",body:'\nChong H, Lopez, R, Wang J, Wang, X, Zhao Z. Comparative analysis on the adoption and use of BIM in road infrastructure projects. Journal of Management in Engineering. 2016; 32:1-13.\n'},{id:"B11",body:'\nSankaran B, O’Brien W, Goodrum P, Khwaja N, Leite F, Johnson J. Civil integrated management for highway infrastructure: Case studies and lessons learned. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board. 2016; 2573:10-17.\n'},{id:"B12",body:'\nAbdelwahab HT. Intelligent design (4D, 5D and beyond) for road design and construction projects: Two case studies. International Road Federation (IRF) Examiner. 2018; 12:21-25.\n'},{id:"B13",body:'\nLee SS, Kim KT, Tanoli WA, Seo JW. Flexible 3D Model Partitioning System for nD-Based BIM Implementation of Alignment-Based Civil Infrastructure. Journal of Management in Engineering. 2020; 36(1): 04019037.\n'},{id:"B14",body:'\nAbbondati F, Biancardo SA, Sicignano G, Guerra de Olivera S, Tibaut A, Dell’Acqua G. BIM parametric modelling of a railway underpass. Ingegneria Ferroviaria. 2020; 6:443-459.\n'},{id:"B15",body:'\nBiancardo SA, Viscione N, Oreto C, Veropalumbo R, Abbondati F. BIM Approach for Modeling Airports Terminal Expansion. Infrastructures. 2020; 5(41).\n'},{id:"B16",body:'\nAbbondati F, Biancardo SA, Palazzo S, Capaldo FS, Viscione N. I-BIM for Airport Infrastructures. Transportation Research Procedia. 2020; 45:596-603.\n'},{id:"B17",body:'\nBiancardo SA, Viscione N, Cerbone A, Dessì E Jr. BIM-Based Design for Road Infrastructure: A Critical Focus on Modeling Guardrails and Retaining Walls. Infrastructures. 2020; 5(59).\n'},{id:"B18",body:'\nTschickardt T, Krause D. BIM in highway construction using the example project Availability model A 10/A 24. Bautechnik. 2019; 96(3):259-268.\n'},{id:"B19",body:'\nBosurgi G, Celauro C, Pellegrino O, Rustica N, Sollazzo G. The BIM (building information modeling)-based approach for road pavement maintenance. Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering. 2020; 48:480-490.\n'},{id:"B20",body:'\nJing W, Hao G, Li C, Wei W, Cheng J. BIM Application Approach on Highway Maintenance and Management. In: Proceedings of the 19th COTA International Conference of Transportation Professionals; 6-8 July 2019; Nanjing. China; 2016. p. 776-786.\n'},{id:"B21",body:'\nBiancardo SA, Russo F, Veropalumbo R, Vorobjovas V, Dell’Acqua G. Modeling Roman Pavements using Heritage-BIM. The Baltic Journal of Road and Bridge Engineering. 2020; 15(3): 34-46.\n'},{id:"B22",body:'\nMarzouk M, Othman A. Planning utility infrastructure requirements for smart cities using the integration between BIM and GIS. Sustainable Cities and Society. 2020; 57: 102120.\n'},{id:"B23",body:'\nSankaran B, Nevett G, O’Brien WJ, Goodrum PM, Johnson J. Civil Integrated Management: Empirical study of digital practices in highway project delivery and asset management. Automation in Construction. 2018; 87:84-95.\n'},{id:"B24",body:'\nTang F, Ma T, Y. Guan, Zhang Z. Parametric modeling and structure verification of asphalt pavement based on BIM-ABAQUS. Automation in Construction. 2020; 111:103066.\n'},{id:"B25",body:'\nTang F, Ma T, Zhang J, Guan Y, Chen L. Integrating three-dimensional road design and pavement structure analysis based on BIM. Automation in Construction. 2020; 113:103152.\n'},{id:"B26",body:'\nCostin A, Adibfar A, Hu H, Chen SS. Building Information Modeling (BIM) for transportation infrastructure–Literature review, applications, challenges, and recommendations. Automation in Construction. 2018; 94:257-281.\n'},{id:"B27",body:'\nTam ASB, Price JWH. A maintenance prioritisation approach to maximise return on investment subject to time and budget constraints. Journal of Quality in Maintenance Engineering. 2008; 14(3):272-289.\n'},{id:"B28",body:'\nDelval T, Geffroy B, Rezoug M, Jolibois A, Oliveira F, Carrè S, Trual M, Soula J. BIM to Develop Integrated, Incremental and Multiscale Methods to Assess Comfort and Quality of Public Spaces. Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering. 2021, 98: 160-179.\n'},{id:"B29",body:'\nKim JI, Kim J, Fischer MA, Orr R. BIM-based decision-support method for master planning of sustainable large-scale developments. Automation in Construction. 2015; 58: 95-108.\n'},{id:"B30",body:'\nLi YW, Cao K. Establishment and application of intelligent city building information modelbased on BP neural network model. Computer Communications. 2020, 153: 382-389\n'},{id:"B31",body:'\nWang J, Jiang C, Zhang K, Quel TQS. Vehicular sensing networks in a smart city: Principles, technologies and applications. IEEE Wireless Communications. 2018; 25 (1): 122-132.\n'},{id:"B32",body:'\nAzienda Nazionale Autonoma delle Strade (ANAS). Capitolato speciale d’appalto-Norme Tecniche. 2016.\n'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Salvatore Antonio Biancardo",address:"salvatoreantonio.biancardo@unina.it",affiliation:'
'}],corrections:null},book:{id:"9872",title:"Transportation Systems for Smart, Sustainable, Inclusive and Secure Cities",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Transportation Systems for Smart, Sustainable, Inclusive and Secure Cities",slug:null,publishedDate:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Stefano de Luca, Dr. Roberta Di Pace and Dr. Chiara Fiori",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9872.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"271061",title:"Prof.",name:"Stefano",middleName:null,surname:"de Luca",slug:"stefano-de-luca",fullName:"Stefano de Luca"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},profile:{item:{id:"91522",title:"Prof.",name:"Kostis",middleName:null,surname:"Gyftopoulos",email:"kogyftop@yahoo.gr",fullName:"Kostis Gyftopoulos",slug:"kostis-gyftopoulos",position:null,biography:null,institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",totalCites:0,totalChapterViews:"0",outsideEditionCount:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalEditedBooks:"0",personalWebsiteURL:null,twitterURL:null,linkedinURL:null,institution:{name:"University of Patras",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},booksEdited:[],chaptersAuthored:[{title:"The Use of Topical Cream Anesthetics in Office Procedures of the External Genitalia",slug:"the-use-of-topical-cream-anaesthetics-in-office-procedures-of-the-external-genitalia-",abstract:null,signatures:"Kostis Gyftopoulos",authors:[{id:"91522",title:"Prof.",name:"Kostis",surname:"Gyftopoulos",fullName:"Kostis Gyftopoulos",slug:"kostis-gyftopoulos",email:"kogyftop@yahoo.gr"}],book:{title:"Clinical Use of Local Anesthetics",slug:"clinical-use-of-local-anesthetics",productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume"}}}],collaborators:[{id:"84949",title:"Dr.",name:"Niteen",surname:"Dhepe",slug:"niteen-dhepe",fullName:"Niteen Dhepe",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"85858",title:"Prof.",name:"Alberto",surname:"Acevedo",slug:"alberto-acevedo",fullName:"Alberto Acevedo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"86656",title:"Dr.",name:"Hasan",surname:"Garip",slug:"hasan-garip",fullName:"Hasan Garip",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"87174",title:"Dr.",name:"Tülin",surname:"Satılmış",slug:"tulin-satilmis",fullName:"Tülin Satılmış",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"87222",title:"Dr.",name:"Onur",surname:"Gönül",slug:"onur-gonul",fullName:"Onur Gönül",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"87224",title:"Prof.",name:"Kamil",surname:"Göker",slug:"kamil-goker",fullName:"Kamil Göker",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"88868",title:"Prof.",name:"M Hammad",surname:"Ather",slug:"m-hammad-ather",fullName:"M Hammad Ather",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/88868/images/system/88868.jpg",biography:"Hammad Ather is a consultant urological surgeon and professor and head of Urology at the Aga Khan University, Karachi. He is an editorial board member of many international urological journals, author of over 110 articles in international peer reviewed journals and 10 book chapters. He is also an adviser and reviewer for over 2-dozen international urological journals. He is also a reviewer for dissertations for various universities nationally and grants National University of Singapore. Dr Ather was trained in Karachi and London and has many fellowship attachments in Europe at Erasmus University, Rotterdam, Katholique Universiteit Leuven and University College London. He has served as the General secretary of Pakistan Association of Urological surgeons (PAUS) . He is an international advisory board member of the EULIS (EAU) and national representative of Asia-Pacific society of uro oncology (UAA). He is currently Vice chairman of the U Merge (Urology in emerging countries). He has special interest in urolithiasis, bladder and advanced prostate cancer, which is his major research interest as well.",institutionString:"Aga Khan University",institution:{name:"Aga Khan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"95854",title:"Dr.",name:"Milind",surname:"Naik",slug:"milind-naik",fullName:"Milind Naik",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"L V Prasad Eye Institute",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"130066",title:"Dr.",name:"Nasir",surname:"Sulaiman",slug:"nasir-sulaiman",fullName:"Nasir Sulaiman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"130067",title:"Ms.",name:"Ammara",surname:"Mushtaq",slug:"ammara-mushtaq",fullName:"Ammara Mushtaq",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null}]},generic:{page:{slug:"open-access-funding-funders-list",title:"List of Funders by Country",intro:"
If your research is financed through any of the below-mentioned funders, please consult their Open Access policies or grant ‘terms and conditions’ to explore ways to cover your publication costs (also accessible by clicking on the link in their title).
\n\n
IMPORTANT: You must be a member or grantee of the listed funders in order to apply for their Open Access publication funds. Do not attempt to contact the funders if this is not the case.
",metaTitle:"List of Funders by Country",metaDescription:"If your research is financed through any of the below-mentioned funders, please consult their Open Access policies or grant ‘terms and conditions’ to explore ways to cover your publication costs (also accessible by clicking on the link in their title).",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/open-access-funding-funders-list",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"
UK Research and Innovation (former Research Councils UK (RCUK) - including AHRC, BBSRC, ESRC, EPSRC, MRC, NERC, STFC.) Processing charges for books/book chapters can be covered through RCUK block grants which are allocated to most universities in the UK, which then handle the OA publication funding requests. It is at the discretion of the university whether it will approve the request.)
UK Research and Innovation (former Research Councils UK (RCUK) - including AHRC, BBSRC, ESRC, EPSRC, MRC, NERC, STFC.) Processing charges for books/book chapters can be covered through RCUK block grants which are allocated to most universities in the UK, which then handle the OA publication funding requests. It is at the discretion of the university whether it will approve the request.)
Wellcome Trust (Funding available only to Wellcome-funded researchers/grantees)
\n
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/55578/images/4574_n.png",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5774},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5240},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1721},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:10411},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:897},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:15812}],offset:12,limit:12,total:118381},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish"},books:[{type:"book",id:"10231",title:"Proton Therapy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f4a9009287953c8d1d89f0fa9b7597b0",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10231.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10652",title:"Visual Object Tracking",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"96f3ee634a7ba49fa195e50475412af4",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10652.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10655",title:"Motion Planning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"809b5e290cf2dade9e7e0a5ae0ef3df0",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10655.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10657",title:"Service Robots",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"5f81b9eea6eb3f9af984031b7af35588",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10657.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10662",title:"Pedagogy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c858e1c6fb878d3b895acbacec624576",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10662.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10673",title:"The Psychology of Trust",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"1f6cac41fd145f718ac0866264499cc8",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10673.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10675",title:"Hydrostatics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c86c2fa9f835d4ad5e7efd8b01921866",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10675.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10677",title:"Topology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"85eac84b173d785f989522397616124e",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10677.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10678",title:"Biostatistics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f63db439474a574454a66894db8b394c",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10678.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10679",title:"Mass Production",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"2dae91102099b1a07be1a36a68852829",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10679.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10689",title:"Risk Management in Construction",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"e3805b3d2fceb9d33e1fa805687cd296",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10689.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10693",title:"Open Data",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"9fcbb8e096da084fb29d8f16aaecb061",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10693.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:19},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:21},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:25},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:1}],offset:12,limit:12,total:202},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9521",title:"Antimicrobial Resistance",subtitle:"A One Health Perspective",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"30949e78832e1afba5606634b52056ab",slug:"antimicrobial-resistance-a-one-health-perspective",bookSignature:"Mihai Mareș, Swee Hua Erin Lim, Kok-Song Lai and Romeo-Teodor Cristina",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9521.jpg",editors:[{id:"88785",title:"Prof.",name:"Mihai",middleName:null,surname:"Mares",slug:"mihai-mares",fullName:"Mihai Mares"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"190224",title:"Dr.",name:"Swee Hua Erin",middleName:null,surname:"Lim",slug:"swee-hua-erin-lim",fullName:"Swee Hua Erin Lim",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/190224/images/system/190224.png",biography:"Dr. Erin Lim is presently working as an Assistant Professor in the Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women\\'s College, Higher Colleges of Technology in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates and is affiliated as an Associate Professor to Perdana University-Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Selangor, Malaysia. She obtained her Ph.D. from Universiti Putra Malaysia in 2010 with a National Science Fellowship awarded from the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation Malaysia and has been actively involved in research ever since. Her main research interests include analysis of carriage and transmission of multidrug resistant bacteria in non-conventional settings, besides an interest in natural products for antimicrobial testing. She is heavily involved in the elucidation of mechanisms of reversal of resistance in bacteria in addition to investigating the immunological analyses of diseases, development of vaccination and treatment models in animals. She hopes her work will support the discovery of therapeutics in the clinical setting and assist in the combat against the burden of antibiotic resistance.",institutionString:"Abu Dhabi Women’s College",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Perdana University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"221544",title:"Dr.",name:"Kok-Song",middleName:null,surname:"Lai",slug:"kok-song-lai",fullName:"Kok-Song Lai",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221544/images/system/221544.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Lai Kok Song is an Assistant Professor in the Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women\\'s College, Higher Colleges of Technology in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. He obtained his Ph.D. in Biological Sciences from Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Japan in 2012. Prior to his academic appointment, Dr. Lai worked as a Senior Scientist at the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, Malaysia. His current research areas include antimicrobial resistance and plant-pathogen interaction. His particular interest lies in the study of the antimicrobial mechanism via membrane disruption of essential oils against multi-drug resistance bacteria through various biochemical, molecular and proteomic approaches. Ultimately, he hopes to uncover and determine novel biomarkers related to antibiotic resistance that can be developed into new therapeutic strategies.",institutionString:"Higher Colleges of Technology",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"8",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Higher Colleges of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Arab Emirates"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10020",title:"Operations Management",subtitle:"Emerging Trend in the Digital Era",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"526f0dbdc7e4d85b82ce8383ab894b4c",slug:"operations-management-emerging-trend-in-the-digital-era",bookSignature:"Antonella Petrillo, Fabio De Felice, Germano Lambert-Torres and Erik Bonaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10020.jpg",editors:[{id:"181603",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",middleName:null,surname:"Petrillo",slug:"antonella-petrillo",fullName:"Antonella Petrillo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9560",title:"Creativity",subtitle:"A Force to Innovation",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"58f740bc17807d5d88d647c525857b11",slug:"creativity-a-force-to-innovation",bookSignature:"Pooja Jain",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9560.jpg",editors:[{id:"316765",title:"Dr.",name:"Pooja",middleName:null,surname:"Jain",slug:"pooja-jain",fullName:"Pooja Jain"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8985",title:"Natural Resources Management and Biological Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5c2e219a6c021a40b5a20c041dea88c4",slug:"natural-resources-management-and-biological-sciences",bookSignature:"Edward R. Rhodes and Humood Naser",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8985.jpg",editors:[{id:"280886",title:"Prof.",name:"Edward R",middleName:null,surname:"Rhodes",slug:"edward-r-rhodes",fullName:"Edward R Rhodes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10192",title:"Background and Management of Muscular Atrophy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eca24028d89912b5efea56e179dff089",slug:"background-and-management-of-muscular-atrophy",bookSignature:"Julianna Cseri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10192.jpg",editors:[{id:"135579",title:"Dr.",name:"Julianna",middleName:null,surname:"Cseri",slug:"julianna-cseri",fullName:"Julianna Cseri"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10065",title:"Wavelet Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8868e332169597ba2182d9b004d60de",slug:"wavelet-theory",bookSignature:"Somayeh Mohammady",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10065.jpg",editors:[{id:"109280",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammady",slug:"somayeh-mohammady",fullName:"Somayeh Mohammady"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9644",title:"Glaciers and the Polar Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e8cfdc161794e3753ced54e6ff30873b",slug:"glaciers-and-the-polar-environment",bookSignature:"Masaki Kanao, Danilo Godone and Niccolò Dematteis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9644.jpg",editors:[{id:"51959",title:"Dr.",name:"Masaki",middleName:null,surname:"Kanao",slug:"masaki-kanao",fullName:"Masaki Kanao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9243",title:"Coastal Environments",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8e05e5f631e935eef366980f2e28295d",slug:"coastal-environments",bookSignature:"Yuanzhi Zhang and X. San Liang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9243.jpg",editors:[{id:"77597",title:"Prof.",name:"Yuanzhi",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"yuanzhi-zhang",fullName:"Yuanzhi Zhang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7847",title:"Medical Toxicology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"db9b65bea093de17a0855a1b27046247",slug:"medical-toxicology",bookSignature:"Pınar Erkekoglu and Tomohisa Ogawa",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7847.jpg",editors:[{id:"109978",title:"Prof.",name:"Pınar",middleName:null,surname:"Erkekoglu",slug:"pinar-erkekoglu",fullName:"Pınar Erkekoglu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9027",title:"Human Blood Group Systems and Haemoglobinopathies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d00d8e40b11cfb2547d1122866531c7e",slug:"human-blood-group-systems-and-haemoglobinopathies",bookSignature:"Osaro Erhabor and Anjana Munshi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9027.jpg",editors:[{id:"35140",title:null,name:"Osaro",middleName:null,surname:"Erhabor",slug:"osaro-erhabor",fullName:"Osaro Erhabor"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8558",title:"Aerodynamics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"db7263fc198dfb539073ba0260a7f1aa",slug:"aerodynamics",bookSignature:"Mofid Gorji-Bandpy and Aly-Mousaad Aly",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8558.jpg",editors:[{id:"35542",title:"Prof.",name:"Mofid",middleName:null,surname:"Gorji-Bandpy",slug:"mofid-gorji-bandpy",fullName:"Mofid Gorji-Bandpy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:5252},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9521",title:"Antimicrobial Resistance",subtitle:"A One Health Perspective",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"30949e78832e1afba5606634b52056ab",slug:"antimicrobial-resistance-a-one-health-perspective",bookSignature:"Mihai Mareș, Swee Hua Erin Lim, Kok-Song Lai and Romeo-Teodor Cristina",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9521.jpg",editors:[{id:"88785",title:"Prof.",name:"Mihai",middleName:null,surname:"Mares",slug:"mihai-mares",fullName:"Mihai Mares"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"190224",title:"Dr.",name:"Swee Hua Erin",middleName:null,surname:"Lim",slug:"swee-hua-erin-lim",fullName:"Swee Hua Erin Lim",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/190224/images/system/190224.png",biography:"Dr. Erin Lim is presently working as an Assistant Professor in the Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women\\'s College, Higher Colleges of Technology in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates and is affiliated as an Associate Professor to Perdana University-Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Selangor, Malaysia. She obtained her Ph.D. from Universiti Putra Malaysia in 2010 with a National Science Fellowship awarded from the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation Malaysia and has been actively involved in research ever since. Her main research interests include analysis of carriage and transmission of multidrug resistant bacteria in non-conventional settings, besides an interest in natural products for antimicrobial testing. She is heavily involved in the elucidation of mechanisms of reversal of resistance in bacteria in addition to investigating the immunological analyses of diseases, development of vaccination and treatment models in animals. She hopes her work will support the discovery of therapeutics in the clinical setting and assist in the combat against the burden of antibiotic resistance.",institutionString:"Abu Dhabi Women’s College",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Perdana University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"221544",title:"Dr.",name:"Kok-Song",middleName:null,surname:"Lai",slug:"kok-song-lai",fullName:"Kok-Song Lai",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221544/images/system/221544.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Lai Kok Song is an Assistant Professor in the Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women\\'s College, Higher Colleges of Technology in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. He obtained his Ph.D. in Biological Sciences from Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Japan in 2012. Prior to his academic appointment, Dr. Lai worked as a Senior Scientist at the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, Malaysia. His current research areas include antimicrobial resistance and plant-pathogen interaction. His particular interest lies in the study of the antimicrobial mechanism via membrane disruption of essential oils against multi-drug resistance bacteria through various biochemical, molecular and proteomic approaches. Ultimately, he hopes to uncover and determine novel biomarkers related to antibiotic resistance that can be developed into new therapeutic strategies.",institutionString:"Higher Colleges of Technology",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"8",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Higher Colleges of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Arab Emirates"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10020",title:"Operations Management",subtitle:"Emerging Trend in the Digital Era",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"526f0dbdc7e4d85b82ce8383ab894b4c",slug:"operations-management-emerging-trend-in-the-digital-era",bookSignature:"Antonella Petrillo, Fabio De Felice, Germano Lambert-Torres and Erik Bonaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10020.jpg",editors:[{id:"181603",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",middleName:null,surname:"Petrillo",slug:"antonella-petrillo",fullName:"Antonella Petrillo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9560",title:"Creativity",subtitle:"A Force to Innovation",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"58f740bc17807d5d88d647c525857b11",slug:"creativity-a-force-to-innovation",bookSignature:"Pooja Jain",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9560.jpg",editors:[{id:"316765",title:"Dr.",name:"Pooja",middleName:null,surname:"Jain",slug:"pooja-jain",fullName:"Pooja Jain"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8985",title:"Natural Resources Management and Biological Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5c2e219a6c021a40b5a20c041dea88c4",slug:"natural-resources-management-and-biological-sciences",bookSignature:"Edward R. Rhodes and Humood Naser",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8985.jpg",editors:[{id:"280886",title:"Prof.",name:"Edward R",middleName:null,surname:"Rhodes",slug:"edward-r-rhodes",fullName:"Edward R Rhodes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10192",title:"Background and Management of Muscular Atrophy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eca24028d89912b5efea56e179dff089",slug:"background-and-management-of-muscular-atrophy",bookSignature:"Julianna Cseri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10192.jpg",editors:[{id:"135579",title:"Dr.",name:"Julianna",middleName:null,surname:"Cseri",slug:"julianna-cseri",fullName:"Julianna Cseri"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10065",title:"Wavelet Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8868e332169597ba2182d9b004d60de",slug:"wavelet-theory",bookSignature:"Somayeh Mohammady",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10065.jpg",editors:[{id:"109280",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammady",slug:"somayeh-mohammady",fullName:"Somayeh Mohammady"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9243",title:"Coastal Environments",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8e05e5f631e935eef366980f2e28295d",slug:"coastal-environments",bookSignature:"Yuanzhi Zhang and X. San Liang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9243.jpg",editors:[{id:"77597",title:"Prof.",name:"Yuanzhi",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"yuanzhi-zhang",fullName:"Yuanzhi Zhang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9644",title:"Glaciers and the Polar Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e8cfdc161794e3753ced54e6ff30873b",slug:"glaciers-and-the-polar-environment",bookSignature:"Masaki Kanao, Danilo Godone and Niccolò Dematteis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9644.jpg",editors:[{id:"51959",title:"Dr.",name:"Masaki",middleName:null,surname:"Kanao",slug:"masaki-kanao",fullName:"Masaki Kanao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7847",title:"Medical Toxicology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"db9b65bea093de17a0855a1b27046247",slug:"medical-toxicology",bookSignature:"Pınar Erkekoglu and Tomohisa Ogawa",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7847.jpg",editors:[{id:"109978",title:"Prof.",name:"Pınar",middleName:null,surname:"Erkekoglu",slug:"pinar-erkekoglu",fullName:"Pınar Erkekoglu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9243",title:"Coastal Environments",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8e05e5f631e935eef366980f2e28295d",slug:"coastal-environments",bookSignature:"Yuanzhi Zhang and X. San Liang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9243.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"77597",title:"Prof.",name:"Yuanzhi",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"yuanzhi-zhang",fullName:"Yuanzhi Zhang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10020",title:"Operations Management",subtitle:"Emerging Trend in the Digital Era",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"526f0dbdc7e4d85b82ce8383ab894b4c",slug:"operations-management-emerging-trend-in-the-digital-era",bookSignature:"Antonella Petrillo, Fabio De Felice, Germano Lambert-Torres and Erik Bonaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10020.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"181603",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",middleName:null,surname:"Petrillo",slug:"antonella-petrillo",fullName:"Antonella Petrillo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9521",title:"Antimicrobial Resistance",subtitle:"A One Health Perspective",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"30949e78832e1afba5606634b52056ab",slug:"antimicrobial-resistance-a-one-health-perspective",bookSignature:"Mihai Mareș, Swee Hua Erin Lim, Kok-Song Lai and Romeo-Teodor Cristina",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9521.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"88785",title:"Prof.",name:"Mihai",middleName:null,surname:"Mares",slug:"mihai-mares",fullName:"Mihai Mares"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"190224",title:"Dr.",name:"Swee Hua Erin",middleName:null,surname:"Lim",slug:"swee-hua-erin-lim",fullName:"Swee Hua Erin Lim",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/190224/images/system/190224.png",biography:"Dr. Erin Lim is presently working as an Assistant Professor in the Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women\\'s College, Higher Colleges of Technology in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates and is affiliated as an Associate Professor to Perdana University-Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Selangor, Malaysia. She obtained her Ph.D. from Universiti Putra Malaysia in 2010 with a National Science Fellowship awarded from the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation Malaysia and has been actively involved in research ever since. Her main research interests include analysis of carriage and transmission of multidrug resistant bacteria in non-conventional settings, besides an interest in natural products for antimicrobial testing. She is heavily involved in the elucidation of mechanisms of reversal of resistance in bacteria in addition to investigating the immunological analyses of diseases, development of vaccination and treatment models in animals. She hopes her work will support the discovery of therapeutics in the clinical setting and assist in the combat against the burden of antibiotic resistance.",institutionString:"Abu Dhabi Women’s College",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Perdana University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"221544",title:"Dr.",name:"Kok-Song",middleName:null,surname:"Lai",slug:"kok-song-lai",fullName:"Kok-Song Lai",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221544/images/system/221544.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Lai Kok Song is an Assistant Professor in the Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women\\'s College, Higher Colleges of Technology in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. He obtained his Ph.D. in Biological Sciences from Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Japan in 2012. Prior to his academic appointment, Dr. Lai worked as a Senior Scientist at the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, Malaysia. His current research areas include antimicrobial resistance and plant-pathogen interaction. His particular interest lies in the study of the antimicrobial mechanism via membrane disruption of essential oils against multi-drug resistance bacteria through various biochemical, molecular and proteomic approaches. Ultimately, he hopes to uncover and determine novel biomarkers related to antibiotic resistance that can be developed into new therapeutic strategies.",institutionString:"Higher Colleges of Technology",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"8",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Higher Colleges of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Arab Emirates"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9560",title:"Creativity",subtitle:"A Force to Innovation",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"58f740bc17807d5d88d647c525857b11",slug:"creativity-a-force-to-innovation",bookSignature:"Pooja Jain",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9560.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"316765",title:"Dr.",name:"Pooja",middleName:null,surname:"Jain",slug:"pooja-jain",fullName:"Pooja Jain"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9669",title:"Recent Advances in Rice Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"12b06cc73e89af1e104399321cc16a75",slug:"recent-advances-in-rice-research",bookSignature:"Mahmood-ur- Rahman Ansari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9669.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"185476",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmood-Ur-",middleName:null,surname:"Rahman Ansari",slug:"mahmood-ur-rahman-ansari",fullName:"Mahmood-Ur- Rahman Ansari"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10192",title:"Background and Management of Muscular Atrophy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eca24028d89912b5efea56e179dff089",slug:"background-and-management-of-muscular-atrophy",bookSignature:"Julianna Cseri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10192.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"135579",title:"Dr.",name:"Julianna",middleName:null,surname:"Cseri",slug:"julianna-cseri",fullName:"Julianna Cseri"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9550",title:"Entrepreneurship",subtitle:"Contemporary Issues",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9b4ac1ee5b743abf6f88495452b1e5e7",slug:"entrepreneurship-contemporary-issues",bookSignature:"Mladen Turuk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9550.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"319755",title:"Prof.",name:"Mladen",middleName:null,surname:"Turuk",slug:"mladen-turuk",fullName:"Mladen Turuk"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10065",title:"Wavelet Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8868e332169597ba2182d9b004d60de",slug:"wavelet-theory",bookSignature:"Somayeh Mohammady",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10065.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"109280",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammady",slug:"somayeh-mohammady",fullName:"Somayeh Mohammady"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9313",title:"Clay Science and Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6fa7e70396ff10620e032bb6cfa6fb72",slug:"clay-science-and-technology",bookSignature:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9313.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"7153",title:"Prof.",name:"Gustavo",middleName:null,surname:"Morari Do Nascimento",slug:"gustavo-morari-do-nascimento",fullName:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9888",title:"Nuclear Power Plants",subtitle:"The Processes from the Cradle to the Grave",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c2c8773e586f62155ab8221ebb72a849",slug:"nuclear-power-plants-the-processes-from-the-cradle-to-the-grave",bookSignature:"Nasser Awwad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9888.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"145209",title:"Prof.",name:"Nasser",middleName:"S",surname:"Awwad",slug:"nasser-awwad",fullName:"Nasser Awwad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"590",title:"Algorithm Analysis",slug:"numerical-analysis-and-scientific-computing-algorithm-analysis",parent:{title:"Numerical Analysis and Scientific Computing",slug:"numerical-analysis-and-scientific-computing"},numberOfBooks:7,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:215,numberOfWosCitations:429,numberOfCrossrefCitations:282,numberOfDimensionsCitations:541,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"numerical-analysis-and-scientific-computing-algorithm-analysis",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"1940",title:"Bio-Inspired Computational Algorithms and Their Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9025a709550b508f98bdb47a9a856d89",slug:"bio-inspired-computational-algorithms-and-their-applications",bookSignature:"Shangce Gao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1940.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111444",title:"Dr.",name:"Shangce",middleName:null,surname:"Gao",slug:"shangce-gao",fullName:"Shangce Gao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"98",title:"Evolutionary Algorithms",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6816724ee9d4c10832441d90fd28a485",slug:"evolutionary-algorithms",bookSignature:"Eisuke Kita",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/98.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"22506",title:"Prof.",name:"Eisuke",middleName:null,surname:"Kita",slug:"eisuke-kita",fullName:"Eisuke Kita"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"89",title:"Search Algorithms and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"724aa705bd006317eaa0062212fd8b05",slug:"search-algorithms-and-applications",bookSignature:"Nashat Mansour",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/89.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"22053",title:"Prof.",name:"Nashat",middleName:null,surname:"Mansour",slug:"nashat-mansour",fullName:"Nashat Mansour"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"14",title:"Traveling Salesman Problem",subtitle:"Theory and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"traveling-salesman-problem-theory-and-applications",bookSignature:"Donald Davendra",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/14.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"2961",title:"Prof.",name:"Donald",middleName:null,surname:"Davendra",slug:"donald-davendra",fullName:"Donald Davendra"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6119",title:"Advances in Evolutionary Algorithms",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"49e46daf06834416b65ddf059cae29f6",slug:"advances_in_evolutionary_algorithms",bookSignature:"Witold Kosinski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6119.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6162",title:"Prof.",name:"Witold",middleName:null,surname:"Kosinski",slug:"witold-kosinski",fullName:"Witold Kosinski"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6121",title:"Greedy Algorithms",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a7b8354916df79ba38188bafe59e3a89",slug:"greedy_algorithms",bookSignature:"Witold Bednorz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6121.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"130302",title:"PhD.",name:"Witold",middleName:null,surname:"Bednorz",slug:"witold-bednorz",fullName:"Witold Bednorz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6114",title:"Tabu Search",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"73a2322552a6c99a6dca22e9c604aff2",slug:"tabu_search",bookSignature:"Wassim Jaziri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6114.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"132091",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaziri",middleName:null,surname:"Wassim",slug:"jaziri-wassim",fullName:"Jaziri Wassim"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:7,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"12736",doi:"10.5772/12909",title:"Traveling Salesman Problem: an Overview of Applications, Formulations, and Solution Approaches",slug:"traveling-salesman-problem-an-overview-of-applications-formulations-and-solution-approaches",totalDownloads:21756,totalCrossrefCites:46,totalDimensionsCites:81,book:{slug:"traveling-salesman-problem-theory-and-applications",title:"Traveling Salesman Problem",fullTitle:"Traveling Salesman Problem, Theory and Applications"},signatures:"Rajesh Matai, Surya Singh and Murari Lal Mittal",authors:[{id:"13446",title:"Prof.",name:"Surya",middleName:"Prakash",surname:"Singh",slug:"surya-singh",fullName:"Surya Singh"},{id:"23587",title:"Dr.",name:"Murari Lal",middleName:null,surname:"Mittal",slug:"murari-lal-mittal",fullName:"Murari Lal Mittal"},{id:"23588",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh",middleName:null,surname:"Matai",slug:"rajesh-matai",fullName:"Rajesh Matai"}]},{id:"15621",doi:"10.5772/16166",title:"Analytical Programming - a Novel Approach for Evolutionary Synthesis of Symbolic Structures",slug:"analytical-programming-a-novel-approach-for-evolutionary-synthesis-of-symbolic-structures",totalDownloads:3193,totalCrossrefCites:38,totalDimensionsCites:53,book:{slug:"evolutionary-algorithms",title:"Evolutionary Algorithms",fullTitle:"Evolutionary Algorithms"},signatures:"Ivan Zelinka, Donald Davendra, Roman Senkerik, Roman Jasek and Zuzana Oplatkova",authors:[{id:"10213",title:"Dr.",name:"Ivan",middleName:null,surname:"Zelinka",slug:"ivan-zelinka",fullName:"Ivan Zelinka"}]},{id:"4597",doi:"10.5772/5592",title:"Tabu Search Experience in Forest Management and Planning",slug:"tabu_search_experience_in_forest_management_and_planning",totalDownloads:2067,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:33,book:{slug:"tabu_search",title:"Tabu Search",fullTitle:"Tabu Search"},signatures:"Pete Bettinger",authors:null}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"5832",title:"Semantic Matchmaking Algorithms",slug:"semantic_matchmaking_algorithms",totalDownloads:5520,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:10,book:{slug:"greedy_algorithms",title:"Greedy Algorithms",fullTitle:"Greedy Algorithms"},signatures:"Umesh Bellur, Harin Vadodaria and Amit Gupta",authors:null},{id:"12736",title:"Traveling Salesman Problem: an Overview of Applications, Formulations, and Solution Approaches",slug:"traveling-salesman-problem-an-overview-of-applications-formulations-and-solution-approaches",totalDownloads:21752,totalCrossrefCites:46,totalDimensionsCites:81,book:{slug:"traveling-salesman-problem-theory-and-applications",title:"Traveling Salesman Problem",fullTitle:"Traveling Salesman Problem, Theory and Applications"},signatures:"Rajesh Matai, Surya Singh and Murari Lal Mittal",authors:[{id:"13446",title:"Prof.",name:"Surya",middleName:"Prakash",surname:"Singh",slug:"surya-singh",fullName:"Surya Singh"},{id:"23587",title:"Dr.",name:"Murari Lal",middleName:null,surname:"Mittal",slug:"murari-lal-mittal",fullName:"Murari Lal Mittal"},{id:"23588",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh",middleName:null,surname:"Matai",slug:"rajesh-matai",fullName:"Rajesh Matai"}]},{id:"15639",title:"Stages of Gene Regulatory Network Inference: the Evolutionary Algorithm Role",slug:"stages-of-gene-regulatory-network-inference-the-evolutionary-algorithm-role",totalDownloads:2022,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:7,book:{slug:"evolutionary-algorithms",title:"Evolutionary Algorithms",fullTitle:"Evolutionary Algorithms"},signatures:"Alina Sîrbu, Heather J. Ruskin and Martin Crane",authors:[{id:"19911",title:"Ms",name:"Alina",middleName:null,surname:"Sirbu",slug:"alina-sirbu",fullName:"Alina Sirbu"},{id:"21942",title:"Prof.",name:"Heather",middleName:null,surname:"Ruskin",slug:"heather-ruskin",fullName:"Heather Ruskin"},{id:"22214",title:"Dr.",name:"Martin",middleName:null,surname:"Crane",slug:"martin-crane",fullName:"Martin Crane"}]},{id:"12404",title:"A Fast Evolutionary Algorithm for Traveling Salesman Problem",slug:"a-fast-evolutionary-algorithm-for-traveling-salesman-problem",totalDownloads:2888,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"traveling-salesman-problem-theory-and-applications",title:"Traveling Salesman Problem",fullTitle:"Traveling Salesman Problem, Theory and Applications"},signatures:"Xuesong Yan, Qinghua Wu and Hui Li",authors:[{id:"13316",title:"Dr.",name:"Xuesong",middleName:null,surname:"Yan",slug:"xuesong-yan",fullName:"Xuesong Yan"}]},{id:"12405",title:"Immune-Genetic Algorithm for Traveling Salesman Problem",slug:"immune-genetic-algorithm-for-traveling-salesman-problem",totalDownloads:3421,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:7,book:{slug:"traveling-salesman-problem-theory-and-applications",title:"Traveling Salesman Problem",fullTitle:"Traveling Salesman Problem, Theory and Applications"},signatures:"Jingui Lu and Min Xie",authors:[{id:"13508",title:"Prof.",name:"Jingui",middleName:null,surname:"Lu",slug:"jingui-lu",fullName:"Jingui Lu"},{id:"14286",title:"Dr.",name:"Min",middleName:null,surname:"Xie",slug:"min-xie",fullName:"Min Xie"}]},{id:"4589",title:"Tabu Search: A Comparative Study",slug:"tabu_search__a_comparative_study",totalDownloads:6621,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:14,book:{slug:"tabu_search",title:"Tabu Search",fullTitle:"Tabu Search"},signatures:"Harun Pirim, Engin Bayraktar and Burak Eksioglu",authors:null},{id:"15643",title:"Running Particle Swarm Optimization on Graphic Processing Units",slug:"running-particle-swarm-optimization-on-graphic-processing-units",totalDownloads:2563,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:3,book:{slug:"search-algorithms-and-applications",title:"Search Algorithms and Applications",fullTitle:"Search Algorithms and Applications"},signatures:"Carmelo Bastos-Filho, Marcos Oliveira Junior and Débora Nascimento",authors:[{id:"3807",title:"Dr.",name:"Carmelo",middleName:"Jose Albanez",surname:"Bastos-Filho",slug:"carmelo-bastos-filho",fullName:"Carmelo Bastos-Filho"},{id:"18546",title:"Mr.",name:"Marcos",middleName:null,surname:"Oliveira",slug:"marcos-oliveira",fullName:"Marcos Oliveira"},{id:"18547",title:"Mrs.",name:"Debora",middleName:null,surname:"Nascimento",slug:"debora-nascimento",fullName:"Debora Nascimento"}]},{id:"15613",title:"Hybridization of Evolutionary Algorithms",slug:"hybridization-of-evolutionary-algorithms",totalDownloads:2406,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,book:{slug:"evolutionary-algorithms",title:"Evolutionary Algorithms",fullTitle:"Evolutionary Algorithms"},signatures:"Iztok Fister, Marjan Mernik and Janez Brest",authors:[{id:"11259",title:"Dr.",name:"Marjan",middleName:null,surname:"Mernik",slug:"marjan-mernik",fullName:"Marjan Mernik"},{id:"21330",title:"Dr.",name:"Iztok",middleName:null,surname:"Fister",slug:"iztok-fister",fullName:"Iztok Fister"},{id:"22483",title:"Prof",name:"Janez",middleName:null,surname:"Brest",slug:"janez-brest",fullName:"Janez Brest"}]},{id:"12413",title:"Predicting Parallel TSP Performance: a Computational Approach",slug:"predicting-parallel-tsp-performance-a-computational-approach",totalDownloads:1970,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"traveling-salesman-problem-theory-and-applications",title:"Traveling Salesman Problem",fullTitle:"Traveling Salesman Problem, Theory and Applications"},signatures:"Dolores Rexachs, Emilio Luque and Paula Cecilia Fritzsche",authors:[{id:"13424",title:"Mrs.",name:"Paula Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Fritzsche",slug:"paula-cecilia-fritzsche",fullName:"Paula Cecilia Fritzsche"},{id:"13619",title:"Prof.",name:"Emilio",middleName:null,surname:"Luque",slug:"emilio-luque",fullName:"Emilio Luque"},{id:"14383",title:"Prof.",name:"Dolores",middleName:null,surname:"Rexachs",slug:"dolores-rexachs",fullName:"Dolores Rexachs"}]},{id:"15644",title:"Enhanced Genetic Algorithm for Protein Structure Prediction based on the HP Model",slug:"enhanced-genetic-algorithm-for-protein-structure-prediction-based-on-the-hp-model",totalDownloads:1888,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:6,book:{slug:"search-algorithms-and-applications",title:"Search Algorithms and Applications",fullTitle:"Search Algorithms and Applications"},signatures:"Nashat Mansour, Fatima Kanj and Hassan Khachfe",authors:[{id:"22053",title:"Prof.",name:"Nashat",middleName:null,surname:"Mansour",slug:"nashat-mansour",fullName:"Nashat Mansour"},{id:"22055",title:"Ms.",name:"Fatima",middleName:null,surname:"Kanj",slug:"fatima-kanj",fullName:"Fatima Kanj"},{id:"22056",title:"Dr.",name:"Hassan",middleName:null,surname:"Khachfe",slug:"hassan-khachfe",fullName:"Hassan Khachfe"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"numerical-analysis-and-scientific-computing-algorithm-analysis",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:0,limit:8,total:null},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/91522/kostis-gyftopoulos",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"91522",slug:"kostis-gyftopoulos"},fullPath:"/profiles/91522/kostis-gyftopoulos",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()