\r\n\tCell viability is defined as the number of healthy cells in a sample and proliferation of cells is a vital indicator for understanding the mechanisms inaction of certain genes, proteins, and pathways involved in cell survival or death after exposure to toxic agents. The methods used to determine viability are also common for the detection of cell proliferation. A cell viability assay is performed based on the ratio of live and dead cells. This assay is based on an analysis of cell viability in cell culture for evaluating in vitro drug effects in cell-mediated cytotoxicity assays for monitoring cell proliferation. Various methods are involved in performing a cell viability assay, including the dilution method, surface viable count, roll tube technique, nalidixic acid method, fluorogenic dye assay, and the Trypan Blue Cell Viability Assay. The cell viability assays can determine the effect of drug candidates on cells and be used to optimize the cell culture conditions. The parameters that define cell viability can be as diverse as the redox potential of the cell population, the integrity of cell membranes, or the activity of cellular enzymes. \r\n\tCytotoxicity is the degree to which a substance can cause damage to a cell. Cytotoxicity assays measure the ability of cytotoxic compounds to cause cell damage or cell death. Cytotoxicity assays are widely used in fundamental research and drug discovery to screen libraries for toxic compounds. The cell cytotoxicity and proliferation assays are mainly used for drug screening to detect whether the test molecules have effects on cell proliferation or display direct cytotoxic effects. In a cell-based assay, it is important to know how many viable cells are remaining at the end of the experiment. There are a variety of assay methods based on various cell functions such as enzyme activity, cell membrane permeability, cell adherence, ATP production, co-enzyme production, and nucleotide uptake activity. These methods could be classified in to different categories: (I) dye exclusion methods such as trypan blue dye exclusion assay, (II) methods based on metabolic activity, (III) ATP assay, (IV) sulforhodamine B assay, (V) protease viability marker assay, (VI) clonogenic cell survival assay, (VII) DNA synthesis cell proliferation assays and (V) Raman micro-spectroscopy. \r\n\tMedical devices have been widely used in various clinical disciplines and these devices have direct contact with the tissues and cells of the body, they should have good physical and chemical properties as well as good biocompatibility. Biocompatibility testing assesses the compatibility of medical devices with a biological system. It studies the interaction between the device and the various types of living tissues and cells exposed to the device when it comes into contact with patients.
\r\n
\r\n\t \r\n\tThe book will cover original studies, reviews, all aspects of Cell Viability and Cytotoxicity assays, methods, Biocompatibility of studies of biomedical devices, and related topics.
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1. Introduction
Rapid advancement of mobile and portable electronics for health care, environmental sensing and communication is a prominent trend in IoT times [1, 2]. Thus, developing corresponding wearable energy sources to satisfy the wearing demand is of great significance to enhance life quality [3]. There is abundant energy around us in various forms, such as solar energy, thermal energy, mechanical energy etc., which can be converted into electrical energy utilizing energy harvesting techniques. Among them, mechanical energy could be the most extensively distributed one. Nevertheless, mechanical energies like human motion, wind blowing, and ocean waves are almost neglected and wasted in daily life. In 2012, Fan et al. [4] demonstrated a mechanical energy harvester, triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) based on the coupling effects of triboelectrification and electrostatic induction. Taking advantages of high voltage output, TENG can be used to power commercial digital electronics and can even directly light up LED lights.
In addition to the high electrical output performance, TENG also possesses advantages of light weight, wide-ranging material selection, simple fabrication process, etc. so that it could be regarded as a promising energy source for wearable electronics [5]. In recent years, tremendous efforts have been put into the development of flexible TENGs which can be attached on human body to harvest human motion energy like walking, patting or twisting [6, 7, 8]. Moreover, stretchability of TENG is essential since stretching behaviors happen frequently in human motions such as joint motions. So far, stretchable TENGs show extensive application in many fields, ranging from body mechanical energy harvesting, wearable sensors to monitor human health as well as biocompatible e-skin. The key challenge to fabricate stretchable TENG is to choose stretchable triboelectric materials and electrode materials which are the two main components for TENG [9]. For stretchable triboelectric materials, different kinds of elastomers (PDMS, silicone rubber, VHB, etc.) are the main source due to their softness and stretchability as well as the excellent triboelectric properties.
For stretchable electrode materials, we will introduce three main fabricating strategies in this chapter regarding different properties of conductive materials, including (i) geometrically design of rigid conductive materials, (ii) mixture of conductive materials with elastomers, (iii) intrinsically stretchable and conductive materials. In addition, we will also involve stretchable and self-healing conductive materials. Once the materials are over-stretched, self-healing capability enables the device to last longer lifetime. Meanwhile, the fabrication process of stretchable TENG based on these stretchable electrodes will be discussed as well. Herein, we only involve single-electrode TENG and contact-separation TENG. It should be noted that in some cases of contact and separation mode TENG, stretchable electrode materials can be treated as electrode materials and one of the triboelectric materials at the same time [10, 11].
2. Strategies of stretchable electrodes for TENGs
2.1 Geometrical design of rigid conductive materials
Rigid conductive materials, such as carbon papers, metal foils/wires, certain polymer thin films are all excellent candidates for the electrodes for TENG. But their low strain deformations limit their application in flexible and stretchable TENGs which is a promising developing trend for wearable electronics. In order to overcome this challenge, geometrical designs and engineering have been developed to endow these rigid conductive materials with certain stretchability. Herein, we will introduce several common geometrical engineering strategies.
Wave structural configuration can effectively accommodate large strain to avoid potential fracture of the rigid electrode materials themselves. Such wavy-shaped electrode can be achieved by deposition, coating or transferring the conductive thin film on the pre-stretched elastomeric substrate [14, 15, 16, 17]. As Figure 1a shows, Wen et al. demonstrated a transparent and stretchable triboelectric nanogenerator based on wrinkled PEDOT:PSS electrode. In this work, poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) is pre-stretched and fixed on a flat glass panel, which is employed as the elastomeric substrate. Then the conductive material PEDOT:PSS film is blade-coated on this substrate. After releasing the sample from the panel, a wavy-shaped electrode is spontaneously formed (Figure 1b). Finally, a stretchable TENG can be obtained by inserting the Al foil as lead wire and encapsulating the whole device with additional PDMS [12]. Such a device is not only applied as body motion harvester but also as the active motion sensor attaching on human skin. Moreover, Figure 1c illustrates the fabrication process of a stretchable, transparent and self-healable TENG based on a buckled Ag-PEDOT electrode. The stretchability of this electrode is also achieved via a prestrain of substrate (H-PDMS)-transfer of conductive film (Ag-PEDOT)-release of prestrain process. PEDOT here is spin-coated on the Ag NW film at first as an adhesive agent to anchor the networks for successful transfer [13]. Besides, in terms of self-healable ability, we will discuss about it later in this chapter which is also a significant property for stretchable electrodes. In both cases above, the ultimate stretchability of the electrodes is determined by the prestrain level of the elastomeric substrate.
Figure 1.
Geometrical design of wave structural configuration for rigid materials. (a) Fabrication process of wavy-structured PEDOT:PSS film based triboelectric nanogenerator. (b) SEM image of a wavy-structured PEDOT:PSS film on an elastic PDMS substrate (up: Front view, down: Side view) and electrode in stretched and original state. Reproduced with permission [12]. Copyright 2018 WILEY-VCH (c) fabrication procedures of the Ag-PEDOT based stretchable electrode and the final soft TENG. Reproduced with permission [13]. Copyright 2018 American Chemical Society.
Another strategy to configure stretchable electrode for TENG is to operate geometrical engineering to the existing rigid materials themselves since it is difficult for some conductive rigid materials to adhere to the prestrained substrate. As depicted in Figure 2a [18], the wavy structure could be realized easily through paper-folding method. The fabrication process of this stretchable TENG based on sandpaper including following steps: Firstly, the conductive paper is obtained by pencil drawing on the sandpaper. Secondly, the stretchable electrode is achieved by folding the paper into wavy structure. Lastly, the stretchable TENG is fabricated by sealing the carbon paper electrode inside silicone rubber. The ultimate stretchability of this electrode depends on the folding angle of the carbon paper. Take two folds as an example, the length of the electrode after stretching Lmax can be describe as
Figure 2.
Geometrical engineering of the existing rigid materials for stretchable purpose. (a) Fabrication process of wavy-structured carbon paper electrode and the final TENG. (b) the geometrical relationship between maximum stretchability and folding angle θ. reproduced with permission [18] copyright 2018 springer nature. (c) Fabrication process of the spiral steel wire electrode based TENG. Reproduced with permission [19] copyright 2019 springer.
Lmax=L0sinθ2E1
Where L0 is the original length of electrode before stretching, θ is the folding angle (Figure 2b). It should be noted that the ultimate stretchability of such stretchable TENG should be determined by a lower one after comparing the stretchability of silicone rubber and folded electrode. Here in Zhou’s work, the folded carbon paper electrode determines the ultimate stretchability of the entire device. In addition, Figure 2c shows that Xie et al. [19] proposed a fiber-shaped stretchable TENG based on the geometric engineering of a steel wire electrode. The steel wire is designed into spiral structure possessing certain stretchability. Subsequently, by inserting such spiral steel wire into silicone rubber, a fiber-shaped stretchable TENG could be obtained. Similar to the previous example, the ultimate strain of this device is also determined by the strain level of the spiral steel wire since the maximum strain level of silicone rubber is much better than these geometrically designed rigid materials. Besides energy harvesting, these fiber-shaped stretchable TENGs are woven into gloves to act as gesture sensor.
The stretchability of rigid materials can also be acquired via kirigami architecture. As illustrated in Figure 3a, a silver-coated nylon yarn is employed as the electrode, for which the stretchability is achieved by zigzag arrangement and rhombus interlaced network. Stretchable and soft silicone rubber is selected to seal the yarn electrode network. When tensile strength is applied, the electrode network could be stretched due to gradually straightened zigzag structure and extension of rhombic region (Figure 3b). The ultimate stretchability of the TENG is determined by the thickness of the silicone rubber and the basic unit of network electrode including the height h and the length l (Figure 3c). With the h and l of 1.24 mm and d of 2.8 mm, the TENG can be stretched to 30% stain, which is eligible for e-skin and pressure sensing application [20]. Origami strategies like Figure 3d [21] and Figure 3e [22] can also endow the brittle materials with stretchability.
Figure 3.
Geometrical engineering of rigid materials by origami architecture. (a) Schematic illustration of the TENG with “chain-link” fence-shaped structure and rhombic unit design. (b) Schematic demonstrating the in-plane tensile behaviors of the repeated rhombic unit in the TENG system. (c) the basic cyclic unit of the yarn conducting network in the SI-TENG system. Reproduced with permission [20] copyright 2018 Wiley-VCH (d) schematic structure of paper-based TENG and the assembled device under different tensile strains. Reproduced with permission [21] copyright 2016 American Chemical Society. (e) Schematic structure of a kirigami based electrode and the related strain property. Reproduced with permission [22] copyright 2016 American Chemical Society.
2.2 Mixture of conductive materials and elastomer
In this section, stretchable electrodes for TENG are acquired by directly mixing conductive materials (metal particles, carbon nanotubes, carbon black and so on) with elastomer (PDMS, silicone rubber and so on), taking advantages of the conductive property of conductive materials and the stretchability of elastomers. Different from depositing conductive materials on prestrained elastomer surface, conductive materials in this strategy are embedded into the elastomers, making use of the fluidity of silicone rubber before solidifying.
Figure 4a illustrates a TENG based on a stretchable electrode, combining carbon black with silicone rubber. Herein, carbon black is blended with liquid silicone rubber to form a mixture. Then the mixture is coated over a piece of acrylic plate which has been processed with release agent in advance. After the mixture is solidified, a piece of stretchable conductive carbon black-silicone rubber mixture layer can be peeled off from the plate. Figure 4b shows the nano/microstructured surface morphologies of the stretchable electrodes in the original state. Regarding to the proposed stretchable TENG, its triboelectric materials contain one silicone rubber layer and one carbon black-silicone rubber mixture layer. Meanwhile, the stretchable mixture layers act as the electrodes for TENG. An air gap is created between the two layers to realize contact and separation process. With the increasing strain of TENG, electrical output is enhanced resulting from the increasing displacement of two triboelectric layers (Figure 4c) [23]. Figure 4d demonstrates another super-stretchable TENG via percolating networks effect of silver nanowires and silicone rubber. The fabrication process is as follows: Firstly, Ag NWs suspension is drop-coated on an acrylic plate with a specific shape molded by kapton tapes. Next, the tapes are removed from the sheet and liquid silicone rubber is cast onto the as-fabricated Ag NW network. After solidifying of silicone rubber, Ag NWs-silicone rubber film is peeled off from the acrylic plate. Finally, stretchable TENG is obtained by curing another liquid silicone rubber again over the film with a copper tape as conductive lead for assembling the Ag NW-silicone rubber layer. It is clearly shown in Figure 4e that Ag NWs are embedded in the silicone rubber because interspace between Ag NWs allows silicone rubber to percolate into the network structure. The proposed Ag NWs-silicone rubber mixture layer exhibits outstanding stretchability, so as for the fabricated TENG, reaching up to 300% strain [24].
Figure 4.
Mixture of conductive materials and elastomer. (a) Schematic diagram showing the detailed structure of the stretchable TENG. (b) SEM images of the surface morphology of the TENG’s electrode in the original state. (c) Relationship between the Δσsc and the elongation of the device. Reproduced with permission [23] copyright 2016 American Chemical Society (d) fabrication process of the silver nanowire- silicone rubber electrode based TENG. (e) SEM image of stretchable electrode. Reproduced with permission [24] copyright 2016 Wiley-VCH.
In the work of Lim et al., they fabricated a stretchable TENG based on highly stretchable Au NS-embedded PDMS electrode. As shown in Figure 5a, Au NS multilayer film was prepared by transferring monolayer of the Au NSs onto a Teflon coated Si wafer for several times. After each transfer, thermal annealing is conducted to increase the contact between stacked Au NSs. Then, liquid PDMS is poured to the as-prepared Au NS film, percolating into the interspace between the NSs. After curing, the Au NS-embedded PDMS film can be peeled off from the Si wafer. In this stretchable electrode film, Au NSs are densely entangled and partially embedded in the PDMS matrix (Figure 5b). Different from directly depositing conductive materials on the surface of elastomer, embedding conductive materials into elastomers presents a more stable and slight resistance change for stretchable electrodes especially under larger strain (>30%) (Figure 5c–e). Such TENG is employed to detect movement of fingers [25]. Li et al. proposed electrospinning technique as an effective strategy for the fabrication of conductive materials-elastomer mixed stretchable electrode.
Figure 5.
Mixture of conductive materials and elastomer. (a) Fabrication process of the Au NS-embedded electrode. (b) Top-view FE-SEM image of the Au NS-embedded electrode. (c) Change in resistance for Au NS electrodes in response to tensile strain. (d) Variations of R/R0 for Au NS electrodes during 10,000 cycles of stretching at a 30% strain. (e) Variations of R/R0 for Au NS electrodes during 100 cycles of the scotch-tape detachment test. Reproduced with permission [25] copyright 2017 Elsevier (f) fabrication process of PU-GR@MWCNTs stretchable electrode. (g) Resistance change of the electrode under different strains. Reproduced with permission [26] copyright 2019 Elsevier.
As Figure 5f shows, polyurethane (PU) and graphene (GR) are mixed uniformly as the solution for electrospinning. Then, the prepared PU-GR film is sonicated in the solution of MWCNTs to reduce its internal resistance. Consequently, MWCNTs coated PU-GR (PU-GR@MWCNTs) stretchable electrode is obtained. Such stretchable electrode can withstand a strain of about 15% without a remarkable resistance increase (Figure 5g). Researchers also attached this TENG on the leaves to monitor wind speed in the natural environment [26]. In contrast with previously described wavy-structure electrodes whose stretchability mainly depends on the pre-strain level, electrodes based on percolating networks or mixture of conductive materials with elastomers display strong dependence on the capacity of the overlapping of conductive materials in response to the applied strain.
Considering the above two strategies, although stretchability can be acquired for electrodes, it is greatly limited by the geometrical engineering technique and conductive pathways of conductive materials when embedded into elastomers.
In this section, we will introduce intrinsically stretchable conductive materials including liquid-state materials with extremely low Young’s modulus and prepared conductive gels. As shown in Figure 6a, a stretchable TENG is composed of conductive liquid inside and a rubber layer outside with etched nanostructures. In the fabrication process, conductive liquid is injected into a hollow cylindrical rubber layer with one terminal open and the other one sealed. After injection, a copper wire is inserted into the liquid and a knot is formed to seal the open terminal. NaCl is used here as the conductive liquid electrode which has certain conductivity and infinite stretchability due to its fluidity at room temperature [27]. Ultimate stretchability only relies on the stretchability of the rubber, which means liquid-state conductive materials can exercise the maximum potential for stretchable electrodes.
Figure 6.
Conductive liquid-state materials based stretchable electrode. (a) The structure of conductive liquid based TENG unit. Reproduced with permission from the authors [27] (b) fabrication process of liquid metal based TENG. Reproduced with permission [28] copyright 2018 American Chemical Society (c) the PEDOT:PSS particles dispersed in the aqueous solution. (d) Fabrication process of liquid PEDOT:PSS based TENG. Reproduced with permission [29] copyright 2019 the Royal Society of Chemistry.
However, the performance of TENG is limited due to the low conductivity of ion solution. Thus, in Yang et al.’s work, [28] they demonstrate a super-stretchable and high-performance TENG using liquid metal (Galinstan) electrode which exhibit low Young’s modulus, high conductivity at room temperature. Silicone rubber is chosen as the triboelectric layer and encapsulating layer. Figure 6b shows the fabrication process of this stretchable bulk-shaped TENG: A silicone rubber model is prepared by encapsulating two concave silicone rubber plates together with a conducting tape inserted to form a cavity in the middle. Single-mode stretchable TENG is obtained after Galinstan is injected into the cavity. The as-prepared stretchable TENG has an ultimate stretchability of 300% depending on the silicone rubber. Meanwhile, its electrical output performance is much higher than the ion-solution based stretchable TENG.
Similar to this work, Shi et al. [29] utilize the liquid-state PEDOT:PSS as electrode for fabricating TENG with silicone rubber as triboelectric layer as well as encapsulating layer. Conductive polymer, PEDOT:PSS are commonly used in organic solar cells, organic light-emitting diodes (OLED) due to its transparency and conductivity while in solid state. As illustrated in Figure 6c, PEDOT and PSS particles are dispersed in the aqueous solution and combined by electrostatic attraction. Significant conductivity and stretchability of PEDOT:PSS electrode is attributed to the conjugated bond of PEDOT like other conductive polymers. Figure 6d shows similar fabrication process of this polymer liquid electrode based TENG as liquid metal based TENG. Such prepared liquid PEDOT:PSS TENG can also be stretched to 300% at most without any crack.
Moreover, hydrogels, which contains hydrophilic polymer networks swollen with water or ionic aqueous solution, are intrinsically stretchable materials, so that they can be employed as stretchable conductive electrodes for TENG. For example, stretchable electrodes based on polyacrylamide (PAAm)-(lithium chloride) LiCl hydrogel is proposed by Pu et al. for application in the stretchable TENG [30]. PAAm powder is added into LiCl solution, followed by adding N, N′-methylenebisacrylamide, ammonium persulfate, and N, N, N′, N′-tetramethylethylenediamine orderly into the solution. Then the solution is transferred into a mold. After treated at 50°C for 2 hours, conductive and stretchable hydrogel is formed. Using elastomer VHB/PDMS as triboelectric materials as well as encapsulating materials, the hydrogel is sealed inside the elastomer to form single-electrode mode TENG (Figure 7a). Such VHB-hydrogel based TENG can be stretched to 1000% of original length while the PAAm-LiCl itself can be stretched to 1400% (Figure 7b). It means that the conductive hydrogel electrode present enough stretchability for the fabrication of stretchable TENG. The stretchability is only controlled by the encapsulation materials. Zhao et al. [31] utilize PAMPS ionogel as the electrode for stretchable TENG, where the conductivity of the ionogel is attributed to the nonvolatility of ILs. As shown in Figure 7c, TENG works in contact and separation mode with patterned PDMS acting as one triboelectric material and ionogel acting as the other triboelectric material. Distance between two triboelectric materials is created due to triangular stripes on the patterned PDMS. The three layers (one patterned PDMS and two ionogel layers) are sealed inside two smooth PDMS films. Such device has an ultimate stretchability of about 125% which is determined by the ionogel film which has lower strain level compared with the patterned triboelectric PDMS and smooth packaging PDMS (Figure 7d). Due to the transparency, stretchability and pressure sensitive property of TENG, touching and pressure sensing are demonstrated in both work in Figure 7.
Figure 7.
Conductive gels based stretchable electrode. (a) The structure of PAAm-LiCl hydrogel electrode based TENG. (b) Tensile test of the PAAm-LiCl hydrogel, PDMS-STENG and VHB-TENG. Reproduced with permission of the authors [30] (c) the structure of PAMPS ionogel electrode based TENG. (d) Tensile test of the ionogel-based TENG. Reproduced with permission [31] copyright 2019 Elsevier.
2.4 Self-healing conductive materials
When the electrodes are over stretched, fractures would occur to influence its conductivity as well as the output performance of TENG. Hence, self-healing ability is required for electrode materials so that fractured structures can be repaired to maintain performance and elongate the lifetime of devices The self-healing capability of electrode can be attributed several mechanisms, such as the containing of self-healing agents inside microcapsules, the use of dynamic bonds.
As Figure 8a shows, Parida et al. [32] prepared a stretchable and self-healing TENG based on slime ionic electrode. VHB adhesive tape, acting as the substrate and encapsulation material also possesses stretchability and self-healing capability. Although silicone rubber is not intrinsically self-healable, the self-healing process of slime electrode and VHB tape can bring the damaged silicone rubber film back into contact. Meanwhile, it would not influence triboelectrification with skin or electrostatic induction in electrode because charges over silicone rubber are immovable. Thus, the entire device can be regarded as self-healing TENG. Ultimate stretchability of the device can be as high as 700%. The damaged device can be successfully healed at room temperature without any external stimuli. Figures 8b and c show that output performance of TENG before damage and after self-healing is comparable to each other, even damaged and recovered for 300 times.
Figure 8.
Self-healing conductive stretchable materials based electrode. (a) The structure of slime electrode based self-healing TENG. (b) Voltage output of the self-healing TENG before damaging and after healing. (c) Stability of the TENG after multiple cut. Reproduced with permission [32] copyright 2017 Wiley-VCH (e) SEM image of CNTs embedded putty. Reproduced with permission [33] copyright 2019 American Chemical Society (f) structure of PUA-silver flake-liquid metal electrode based TENG. (g) Schematic diagram of the stretchable and healable triboelectric nanogenerator indicating silver flakes and liquid metal particles are embedded in the PUA matrix. Reproduced with permission from the authors [34].
Chen et al. [33] demonstrate a stretchable and self-healing TENG utilizing viscoelastic supramolecular polymer (Putty) as triboelectric materials, mixture of carbon nanotubes and Putty as electrode materials (Figure 8d). The percolating method of configuring stretchable electrode is introduced in previous part. Figure 8e shows the morphology of the CNT embedded putty. Self-healing capability of CNT-Putty electrode is acquired because of reversible dynamic hydrogen bonds and dative bonds between boron and oxygen in putty, enabling the stretchable TENG to recover from damage at room temperature in 3 min.
Another example of self-healing and stretchable electrode for TENG is fabricated by mixing polyurethane acrylate (PUA) solution, liquid metal particles and silver flakes together. And then the mixture is drop casted and sandwiched between two PUA films. A self-healing and stretchable TENG can be developed after UV cures (Figure 8f). This TENG shows the highest stretchability (2500%), compared to previously reported TENGs. Liquid metal here provides effective anchoring between silver flakes in the PUA matrix, ensuring stable electrical performance (Figure 8g). Both stretchability and self-healing capability of the device is also attributed to the supramolecular hydrogen-bonding of PUA. It takes about 24 h for this TENG to recover at room temperature [34].
3. Conclusions
Overall, we have introduced three functional strategies in this chapter to fabricate the stretchable electrodes for flexible and wearable TENGs. In the first strategy, we present several methods considering different material properties, including prestrain-coating-release method for conductive materials that can be coated and cured on the surface of stretchable elastomer, structure design and origami architecture method for those existing conductive materials. In the second strategy, conductive and stretchable electrodes are fabricated by embedding conductive materials into the elastomer. In the third strategy, intrinsically stretchable electrode like liquid-state electrode and conductive gel are presented. Besides, we also discussed about the self-healing and stretchable electrodes for TENG application. These stretchable electrodes ensure the great flexibility of TENG so that it can be further applied in wearable electronics.
Acknowledgments
The work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 61804103) and Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province of China (Nos. BK20170343). This work is also supported by Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science & Technology, the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (PAPD), the 111 Project and Joint International Research Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
\n',keywords:"triboelectric nanogenerator, electrode design, stretchable electrodes, self-healing, wearable electronics",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/70559.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/70559.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/70559",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/70559",totalDownloads:1058,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,dateSubmitted:"August 22nd 2019",dateReviewed:"November 15th 2019",datePrePublished:"February 21st 2020",datePublished:"July 1st 2020",dateFinished:"December 22nd 2019",readingETA:"0",abstract:"Triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG), a recently emerging technology that is based on the combination of triboelectric effect and electrostatic induction, has been found to be a promising strategy to harvest large amount of underutilized and low-frequency mechanical energy. One major challenge for TENGs is that the practical application requires flexible, deformable, multifunctional materials to ensure its favorable accommodation to arbitrary surfaces or moving object or harsh environment. Recent research interests mainly focus on the design and fabrication of electrode materials for TENG, making it a perfect candidate for wearable power source. In this chapter, we will introduce a couple of recent achievements regarding highly flexible/deformable TENGs based on stretchable electrodes, including geometrically designed electrode, mixture of conductive materials with elastomeric materials and intrinsically stretchable electrode, etc. In addition, we will address stretchable and self-healing electrodes of flexible TENGs for potential wearable and implantable electronics.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/70559",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/70559",signatures:"Zhen Wen",book:{id:"8539",type:"book",title:"Nanogenerators",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Nanogenerators",slug:"nanogenerators",publishedDate:"July 1st 2020",bookSignature:"Sang Jae Kim, Arunkumar Chandrasekhar and Nagamalleswara Rao Alluri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8539.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:"978-1-83881-060-3",printIsbn:"978-1-83881-059-7",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83881-061-0",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"81419",title:"Prof.",name:"Sang-Jae",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",slug:"sang-jae-kim",fullName:"Sang-Jae Kim"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"310822",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Zhen",middleName:null,surname:"Wen",fullName:"Zhen Wen",slug:"zhen-wen",email:"wenzhen2011@suda.edu.cn",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y00002pDms8QAC/ProfilePicture%202021-10-28%2008%3A28%3A10.568",institution:{name:"Soochow University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Strategies of stretchable electrodes for TENGs",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2_2",title:"2.1 Geometrical design of rigid conductive materials",level:"2"},{id:"sec_3_2",title:"2.2 Mixture of conductive materials and elastomer",level:"2"},{id:"sec_4_2",title:"2.3 Intrinsically stretchable conductive materials",level:"2"},{id:"sec_5_2",title:"2.4 Self-healing conductive materials",level:"2"},{id:"sec_7",title:"3. Conclusions",level:"1"},{id:"sec_8",title:"Acknowledgments",level:"1"},{id:"sec_11",title:"Conflict of interest",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Cheng T, Zhang Y, Lai WY, Huang W. Stretchable thin-film electrodes for flexible electronics with high deformability and stretchability. Advanced Materials. 2015;27(22):3349-3376. DOI: 10.1002/adma.201405864'},{id:"B2",body:'Yang JC, Mun J, Kwon SY, Park S, Bao Z, Park S. 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Spiral steel wire based fiber-shaped stretchable and tailorable triboelectric nanogenerator for wearable power source and active gesture sensor. Nano-Micro Letters. 2019;11(1):39. DOI: 10.1007/s40820-019-0271-3'},{id:"B20",body:'Dong K, Wu Z, Deng J, Wang AC, Zou H, Chen C, et al. A stretchable yarn embedded triboelectric nanogenerator as electronic skin for biomechanical energy harvesting and multifunctional pressure sensing. Advanced Materials. 2018;30:43, e1804944. DOI: 10.1002/adma.201804944'},{id:"B21",body:'Wu C, Wang X, Lin L, Guo H, Wang ZL. Paper-based triboelectric nanogenerators made of stretchable interlocking kirigami patterns. ACS Nano. 2016;10(4):4652-4659. DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b00949'},{id:"B22",body:'Guo H, Yeh MH, Lai YC, Zi Y, Wu C, Wen Z, et al. All-in-one shape-adaptive self-charging power package for wearable electronics. ACS Nano. 2016;10(11):10580-10588. DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b06621'},{id:"B23",body:'Yi F, Wang J, Wang X, Niu S, Li S, Liao Q , et al. Stretchable and waterproof self-charging power system for harvesting energy from diverse deformation and powering wearable electronics. ACS Nano. 2016;10(7):6519-6525. DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b03007'},{id:"B24",body:'Lai Y-C, Deng J, Niu S, Peng W, Wu C, Liu R, et al. Electric eel-skin-inspired mechanically durable and super-stretchable nanogenerator for deformable power source and fully autonomous conformable electronic-skin applications. Advanced Materials. 2016;28(45):10024-10032. DOI: 10.1002/adma.201603527'},{id:"B25",body:'Lim G-H, Kwak SS, Kwon N, Kim T, Kim H, Kim SM, et al. Fully stretchable and highly durable triboelectric nanogenerators based on gold-nanosheet electrodes for self-powered human-motion detection. Nano Energy. 2017;42:300-306. DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2017.11.001'},{id:"B26",body:'Li X, Jiang C, Zhao F, Lan L, Yao Y, Yu Y, et al. Fully stretchable triboelectric nanogenerator for energy harvesting and self-powered sensing. Nano Energy. 2019;61:78-85. DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2019.04.025'},{id:"B27",body:'Yi F, Wang X, Niu S, Li S, Yin Y, Dai K, et al. A highly shape-adaptive, stretchable design based on conductive liquid for energy harvesting and self-powered biomechanical monitoring. Science Advances. 2016;2(6):e1501624. DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1501624'},{id:"B28",body:'Yang Y, Sun N, Wen Z, Cheng P, Zheng H, Shao H, et al. Liquid-metal-based super-stretchable and structure-designable triboelectric nanogenerator for wearable electronics. ACS Nano. 2018;12(2):2027-2034. DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b00147'},{id:"B29",body:'Shi J, Chen X, Li G, Sun N, Jiang H, Bao D, et al. A liquid pedot:Pss electrode-based stretchable triboelectric nanogenerator for a portable self-charging power source. Nanoscale. 2019;11(15):7513-7519. DOI: 10.1039/c9nr01271k'},{id:"B30",body:'Pu X, Liu M, Chen X, Sun J, Du C, Zhang Y, et al. Ultrastretchable, transparent triboelectric nanogenerator as electronic skin for biomechanical energy harvesting and tactile sensing. Science Advances. 2017;3(5):e1700015. DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1700015'},{id:"B31",body:'Zhao G, Zhang Y, Shi N, Liu Z, Zhang X, Wu M, et al. Transparent and stretchable triboelectric nanogenerator for self-powered tactile sensing. Nano Energy. 2019;59:302-310. DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2019.02.054'},{id:"B32",body:'Parida K, Kumar V, Jiangxin W, Bhavanasi V, Bendi R, Lee PS. Highly transparent, stretchable, and self-healing ionic-skin triboelectric nanogenerators for energy harvesting and touch applications. Advanced Materials. 2017;29(37):1702181. DOI: 10.1002/adma.201702181'},{id:"B33",body:'Chen Y, Pu X, Liu M, Kuang S, Zhang P, Hua Q , et al. Shape-adaptive, self-healable triboelectric nanogenerator with enhanced performances by soft solid-solid contact electrification. ACS Nano. 2019;13(8):8936-8945. DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b02690'},{id:"B34",body:'Parida K, Thangavel G, Cai G, Zhou X, Park S, Xiong J, et al. Extremely stretchable and self-healing conductor based on thermoplastic elastomer for all-three-dimensional printed triboelectric nanogenerator. Nature Communications. 2019;10(1):2158. DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10061-y'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Zhen Wen",address:"wenzhen2011@suda.edu.cn",affiliation:'
Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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It is possible to achieving this goal only by using the laser scanning at tanks calibration. Metrological and other technical requirements for laser scanners have been developed. It is proved by the results of mathematical modeling that only the compliance of scanners with the developed requirements makes it possible to achieve the set goal. It has been developed methods of measurements by laser scanners that allow to achieve an increase in the accuracy of determination the interval capacities of all types of the tanks. Methods, formulae and algorithms for interval capacities of tanks calculation are very complicated. Therefore, the interlaboratory comparisons for the interval capacities, calculated by laboratories own software developed for processing the results of the specified calibration are proposed. It is concluded that the developed requirements, methods and algorithms will allow, in several times, to increase the accuracy of determining the interval capacities of the tanks with a significant reduction in time for measurements and processing of their results.",signatures:"Oleksandr Samoilenko and Volodymyr Zaets",authors:[{id:"424366",title:"Prof.",name:"Oleksandr",surname:"Samoilenko",fullName:"Oleksandr Samoilenko",slug:"oleksandr-samoilenko",email:"asam@ukrcsm.kiev.ua"},{id:"436957",title:"Mr.",name:"Volodymyr",surname:"Zaets",fullName:"Volodymyr Zaets",slug:"volodymyr-zaets",email:"zajetz74@gmail.com"}],book:{id:"10968",title:"Applied Aspects of Modern Metrology",slug:"applied-aspects-of-modern-metrology",productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume"}}}],collaborators:[{id:"94982",title:"Prof.",name:"Tetyana",surname:"Gordiyenko",slug:"tetyana-gordiyenko",fullName:"Tetyana Gordiyenko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94982/images/279_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Tetyana Gordiyenko holds an master’s degree in Food Technologies and PhD in Standardization. Since 2015 she headed of Department of the State Academy of Technical Regulation and Quality – now the State University of Intellectual Technologies and Communications (Odesa, Ukraine), she has trained in National Standards Bodies in EU country: German Standards Institute (DIN) and the French Association for Standardization (AFNOR), she is a friend of TC 7 “Measurement Science” of the International Measurement Confederation (IMEKO), and she has published chapters in the books InTech and IntechOpen: “Greenhouse Gases. Emission, Measurement and Management”(2012) and “Standards, methods, and solutions of Metrology”(2019).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"223340",title:"Prof.",name:"Oleh",surname:"Velychko",slug:"oleh-velychko",fullName:"Oleh Velychko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/223340/images/system/223340.jpg",biography:"Prof. Oleh Velychko received a master’s degree in Radio Engineering and a Ph.D. in Metrology. Since 2005, he has been Director of the Institute of Electromagnetic Measurements of the State Enterprise ”Ukrmetrteststandard,” Kyiv, Ukraine. He has experience in creating and comparing national standards of electrical quantities. He is also a committee member for the International Measurement Confederation (IMEKO), the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), and the Euro-Asian Cooperation of National Metrological Institutions (COOMET). Prof. Velychko has published several book chapters.",institutionString:'State Enterprise "Ukrmetrteststandard"',institution:null},{id:"425339",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Valentyn",surname:"Isaiev",slug:"valentyn-isaiev",fullName:"Valentyn Isaiev",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"425340",title:"Mr.",name:"Iurii",surname:"Anokhin",slug:"iurii-anokhin",fullName:"Iurii Anokhin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"426771",title:"Prof.",name:"Oleg",surname:"Angelsky",slug:"oleg-angelsky",fullName:"Oleg Angelsky",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"426773",title:"Prof.",name:"Peter",surname:"Maksymyak",slug:"peter-maksymyak",fullName:"Peter Maksymyak",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chernivtsi National University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Ukraine"}}},{id:"426774",title:"Prof.",name:"Claudia",surname:"Zenkova",slug:"claudia-zenkova",fullName:"Claudia Zenkova",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chernivtsi National University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Ukraine"}}},{id:"426775",title:"Prof.",name:"Olexander",surname:"Ushenko",slug:"olexander-ushenko",fullName:"Olexander Ushenko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chernivtsi National University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Ukraine"}}},{id:"426777",title:"Dr.",name:"Jun",surname:"Zheng",slug:"jun-zheng",fullName:"Jun Zheng",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"436957",title:"Mr.",name:"Volodymyr",surname:"Zaets",slug:"volodymyr-zaets",fullName:"Volodymyr Zaets",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null}]},generic:{page:{slug:"conflicts-of-interest-policy",title:"Conflicts of Interest Policy",intro:"
As an Open Access publisher, IntechOpen is dedicated to maintaining the highest ethical standards and principles in publishing. In addition, IntechOpen promotes the highest standards of integrity and ethical behavior in scientific research and peer-review. To maintain these principles IntechOpen has developed basic guidelines to facilitate the avoidance of Conflicts of Interest.
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In each instance of a possible Conflict of Interest, IntechOpen aims to disclose the situation in as transparent a way as possible in order to allow readers to judge whether a particular potential Conflict of Interest has influenced the Work of any individual Author, Editor, or Reviewer. IntechOpen takes all possible Conflicts of Interest into account during the review process and ensures maximum transparency in implementing its policies.
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A Conflict of Interest is a situation in which a person's professional judgment may be influenced by a range of factors, including financial gain, material interest, or some other personal or professional interest. For IntechOpen as a publisher, it is essential that all possible Conflicts of Interest are avoided. Each contributor, whether an Author, Editor, or Reviewer, who suspects they may have a Conflict of Interest, is obliged to declare that concern in order to make the publisher and the readership aware of any potential influence on the work being undertaken.
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A Conflict of Interest can be identified at different phases of the publishing process.
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IntechOpen requires:
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Authors to declare all relevant Conflicts of Interest that might have any bearing on research reported in their submitted manuscript.
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Book Editors and Reviewers to declare all possible Conflicts of Interest that might warrant their exclusion from any further handling of submissions.
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\\n\\n
CONFLICT OF INTEREST - AUTHOR
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All Authors are obliged to declare every existing or potential Conflict of Interest, including financial or personal factors, as well as any relationship which could influence their scientific work. Authors must declare Conflicts of Interest at the time of manuscript submission, although they may exceptionally do so at any point during manuscript review. For jointly prepared manuscripts, the corresponding Author is obliged to declare potential Conflicts of Interest of any other Authors who have contributed to the manuscript.
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CONFLICT OF INTEREST – ACADEMIC EDITOR
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Editors can also have Conflicts of Interest. Editors are expected to maintain the highest standards of conduct, which are outlined in our Best Practice Guidelines (templates for Best Practice Guidelines). Among other obligations, it is essential that Editors make transparent declarations of any possible Conflicts of Interest that they might have.
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Avoidance Measures for Academic Editors of Conflicts of Interest:
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For manuscripts submitted by the Academic Editor (or a scientific advisor), an appropriate person will be appointed to handle and evaluate the manuscript. The appointed handling Editor's identity will not be disclosed to the Author in order to maintain impartiality and anonymity of the review.
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If a manuscript is submitted by an Author who is a member of an Academic Editor's family or is personally or professionally related to the Academic Editor in any way, either as a friend, colleague, student or mentor, the work will be handled by a different Academic Editor who is not in any way connected to the Author.
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CONFLICT OF INTEREST - REVIEWER
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All Reviewers are required to declare possible Conflicts of Interest at the beginning of the evaluation process. If a Reviewer feels he or she might have any material, financial or any other conflict of interest with regards to the manuscript being reviewed, he or she is required to declare such concern and, if necessary, request exclusion from any further involvement in the evaluation process. A Reviewer's potential Conflicts of Interest are declared in the review report and presented to the Academic Editor, who then assesses whether or not the declared potential or actual Conflicts of Interest had, or could be perceived to have had, any significant impact on the review itself.
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EXAMPLES OF CONFLICTS OF INTEREST:
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FINANCIAL AND MATERIAL
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ownership of relevant stocks or shares;
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past and/or present work or consulting work for the research funder;
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payment to the Reviewer/Academic Editor of financial fees by the Author;
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professional or personal relationships with institutions and funding bodies, including non-governmental organizations, research institutions and charities;
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personal relationships, either through friendship, marriage, acting as a mentor, family relationships or being a student of other contributors, whether they are Authors, Reviewers or Academic Editors.
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\\n\\n
Authors are required to declare all potentially relevant non-financial, financial and material Conflicts of Interest that may have had an influence on their scientific work.
\\n\\n
Academic Editors and Reviewers are required to declare any non-financial, financial and material Conflicts of Interest that could influence their fair and balanced evaluation of manuscripts. If such conflict exists with regards to a submitted manuscript, Academic Editors and Reviewers should exclude themselves from handling it.
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All Authors, Academic Editors, and Reviewers are required to declare all possible financial and material Conflicts of Interest in the last five years, although it is advisable to declare less recent Conflicts of Interest as well.
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EXAMPLES:
\\n\\n
Authors should declare if they were or they still are Academic Editors of the publications in which they wish to publish their work.
\\n\\n
Authors should declare if they are board members of an organization that could benefit financially or materially from the publication of their work.
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Academic Editors should declare if they were coauthors or they have worked on the research project with the Author who has submitted a manuscript.
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Academic Editors should declare if the Author of a submitted manuscript is affiliated with the same department, faculty, institute, or company as they are.
In each instance of a possible Conflict of Interest, IntechOpen aims to disclose the situation in as transparent a way as possible in order to allow readers to judge whether a particular potential Conflict of Interest has influenced the Work of any individual Author, Editor, or Reviewer. IntechOpen takes all possible Conflicts of Interest into account during the review process and ensures maximum transparency in implementing its policies.
\n\n
A Conflict of Interest is a situation in which a person's professional judgment may be influenced by a range of factors, including financial gain, material interest, or some other personal or professional interest. For IntechOpen as a publisher, it is essential that all possible Conflicts of Interest are avoided. Each contributor, whether an Author, Editor, or Reviewer, who suspects they may have a Conflict of Interest, is obliged to declare that concern in order to make the publisher and the readership aware of any potential influence on the work being undertaken.
\n\n
A Conflict of Interest can be identified at different phases of the publishing process.
\n\n
IntechOpen requires:
\n\n
\n\t
Authors to declare all relevant Conflicts of Interest that might have any bearing on research reported in their submitted manuscript.
\n\t
Book Editors and Reviewers to declare all possible Conflicts of Interest that might warrant their exclusion from any further handling of submissions.
\n
\n\n
CONFLICT OF INTEREST - AUTHOR
\n\n
All Authors are obliged to declare every existing or potential Conflict of Interest, including financial or personal factors, as well as any relationship which could influence their scientific work. Authors must declare Conflicts of Interest at the time of manuscript submission, although they may exceptionally do so at any point during manuscript review. For jointly prepared manuscripts, the corresponding Author is obliged to declare potential Conflicts of Interest of any other Authors who have contributed to the manuscript.
\n\n
CONFLICT OF INTEREST – ACADEMIC EDITOR
\n\n
Editors can also have Conflicts of Interest. Editors are expected to maintain the highest standards of conduct, which are outlined in our Best Practice Guidelines (templates for Best Practice Guidelines). Among other obligations, it is essential that Editors make transparent declarations of any possible Conflicts of Interest that they might have.
\n\n
Avoidance Measures for Academic Editors of Conflicts of Interest:
\n\n
For manuscripts submitted by the Academic Editor (or a scientific advisor), an appropriate person will be appointed to handle and evaluate the manuscript. The appointed handling Editor's identity will not be disclosed to the Author in order to maintain impartiality and anonymity of the review.
\n\n
If a manuscript is submitted by an Author who is a member of an Academic Editor's family or is personally or professionally related to the Academic Editor in any way, either as a friend, colleague, student or mentor, the work will be handled by a different Academic Editor who is not in any way connected to the Author.
\n\n
CONFLICT OF INTEREST - REVIEWER
\n\n
All Reviewers are required to declare possible Conflicts of Interest at the beginning of the evaluation process. If a Reviewer feels he or she might have any material, financial or any other conflict of interest with regards to the manuscript being reviewed, he or she is required to declare such concern and, if necessary, request exclusion from any further involvement in the evaluation process. A Reviewer's potential Conflicts of Interest are declared in the review report and presented to the Academic Editor, who then assesses whether or not the declared potential or actual Conflicts of Interest had, or could be perceived to have had, any significant impact on the review itself.
\n\n
EXAMPLES OF CONFLICTS OF INTEREST:
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FINANCIAL AND MATERIAL
\n\n
\n\t
ownership of relevant stocks or shares;
\n\t
past and/or present work or consulting work for the research funder;
\n\t
membership of the relevant board;
\n\t
payment to the Reviewer/Academic Editor of financial fees by the Author;
\n\t
acceptance by the Reviewer/Academic Editor of gifts from the Author;
\n\t
other direct or indirect sources of funding or material benefit gained by the Reviewer/Academic Editor through the Author.
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NON-FINANCIAL
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\n\t
professional or personal relationships with institutions and funding bodies, including non-governmental organizations, research institutions and charities;
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membership of relevant company boards or governmental organizations;
\n\t
personal relationships, either through friendship, marriage, acting as a mentor, family relationships or being a student of other contributors, whether they are Authors, Reviewers or Academic Editors.
\n
\n\n
Authors are required to declare all potentially relevant non-financial, financial and material Conflicts of Interest that may have had an influence on their scientific work.
\n\n
Academic Editors and Reviewers are required to declare any non-financial, financial and material Conflicts of Interest that could influence their fair and balanced evaluation of manuscripts. If such conflict exists with regards to a submitted manuscript, Academic Editors and Reviewers should exclude themselves from handling it.
\n\n
All Authors, Academic Editors, and Reviewers are required to declare all possible financial and material Conflicts of Interest in the last five years, although it is advisable to declare less recent Conflicts of Interest as well.
\n\n
EXAMPLES:
\n\n
Authors should declare if they were or they still are Academic Editors of the publications in which they wish to publish their work.
\n\n
Authors should declare if they are board members of an organization that could benefit financially or materially from the publication of their work.
\n\n
Academic Editors should declare if they were coauthors or they have worked on the research project with the Author who has submitted a manuscript.
\n\n
Academic Editors should declare if the Author of a submitted manuscript is affiliated with the same department, faculty, institute, or company as they are.
\n\n
Policy last updated: 2016-06-09
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In addition, energy balance of the process and the feasibility of the pre-treatment technologies and their current status are discussed.",book:{id:"8783",slug:"sustainable-sewage-sludge-management-and-resource-efficiency",title:"Sustainable Sewage Sludge Management and Resource Efficiency",fullTitle:"Sustainable Sewage Sludge Management and Resource Efficiency"},signatures:"Sridhar Pilli, Ashutosh Kumar Pandey, Ankur Katiyar, Kritika Pandey and Rajeshwar Dayal Tyagi",authors:[{id:"314309",title:"Dr.",name:"Sridhar",middleName:null,surname:"Pilli",slug:"sridhar-pilli",fullName:"Sridhar Pilli"},{id:"322782",title:"Mr.",name:"Ashutosh Kumar",middleName:null,surname:"Pandey",slug:"ashutosh-kumar-pandey",fullName:"Ashutosh Kumar Pandey"},{id:"322785",title:"Mr.",name:"Ankur",middleName:null,surname:"Katiyar",slug:"ankur-katiyar",fullName:"Ankur Katiyar"},{id:"322787",title:"Mr.",name:"Kritika",middleName:null,surname:"Pandey",slug:"kritika-pandey",fullName:"Kritika Pandey"},{id:"322788",title:"Prof.",name:"Rajeshwar Dayal",middleName:null,surname:"Tyagi",slug:"rajeshwar-dayal-tyagi",fullName:"Rajeshwar Dayal Tyagi"}]},{id:"71641",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90837",title:"Solid Waste Management: Current Scenario and Challenges in Bengaluru",slug:"solid-waste-management-current-scenario-and-challenges-in-bengaluru",totalDownloads:1481,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"Municipal solid waste management (MSWM) has become one of the significant environmental issues, particularly in developing countries. Bengaluru, the state capital of Karnataka, is one of the fastest growing cities in Asia. The Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike (BBMP) with an area of 2190 km2 and a population of about 10.18 million generates around 5000 metric tons per day of solid waste at an average generation rate of 0.5 kg per capita per day (kg/capita/d). Presently, Bengaluru City is facing significant problems due to existing disposal practices of generated waste, incurring high cost due to lack of proper infrastructural facilities; also, the open dumping in the expanding zone of the city poses severe problems to the structures constructed on these old dumps. In the meantime, groundwater quality deteriorated due to improper leachate management. Intending to assess the possible impacts on the water environment and suggest a better waste management strategy, the present paper discusses the potential for handling the wastes, thereby reducing the amount of waste to be transported to the landfill. If this waste is used for energy and nutrient recovery, decentralization could also become commercially viable and address the technology-wise deficiencies in the existing MSWM system of Bengaluru City.",book:{id:"8783",slug:"sustainable-sewage-sludge-management-and-resource-efficiency",title:"Sustainable Sewage Sludge Management and Resource Efficiency",fullTitle:"Sustainable Sewage Sludge Management and Resource Efficiency"},signatures:"B.P. Naveen and P.V. Sivapullaiah",authors:[{id:"152840",title:"Prof.",name:"P.V.",middleName:null,surname:"Sivapullaiah",slug:"p.v.-sivapullaiah",fullName:"P.V. Sivapullaiah"},{id:"313545",title:"Dr.",name:"B.P.",middleName:null,surname:"Naveen",slug:"b.p.-naveen",fullName:"B.P. Naveen"}]},{id:"74077",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.94538",title:"Impact of Climate Change on Life",slug:"impact-of-climate-change-on-life",totalDownloads:1187,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Climate is changing in an accelerating pace. Climate change occurs as a result of an imbalance between incoming and outgoing radiation in the atmosphere. The global mean temperatures may increase up to 5.4°C by 2100. Climate change is mainly caused by humans, especially through increased greenhouse gas emissions. Climate change is recognized as a serious threat to ecosystem, biodiversity, and health. It is associated with alterations in the physical environment of the planet Earth. Climate change affects life around the globe. It impacts plants and animals, with consequences for the survival of the species. In humans, climate change has multiple deleterious consequences. Climate change creates water and food insecurity, increased morbidity/mortality, and population movement. Vulnerable populations (e.g., children, elderly, indigenous, and poor) are disproportionately affected. Personalized adaptation to the consequences of climate change and preventive measures are key challenges for the society. Policymakers must implement the appropriate strategies, especially in the vulnerable populations.",book:{id:"9664",slug:"environmental-issues-and-sustainable-development",title:"Environmental Issues and Sustainable Development",fullTitle:"Environmental Issues and Sustainable Development"},signatures:"Hassan M. Heshmati",authors:[{id:"313921",title:"Dr.",name:"Hassan M.",middleName:null,surname:"Heshmati",slug:"hassan-m.-heshmati",fullName:"Hassan M. Heshmati"}]},{id:"71033",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91190",title:"Comparative Life Cycle Assessment of Sewage Sludge (Biosolid) Management Options",slug:"comparative-life-cycle-assessment-of-sewage-sludge-biosolid-management-options",totalDownloads:779,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Sludge formation during wastewater treatment is inevitable even with proper management and treatment. However, the proper treatment and disposal of sludge are still difficult in terms of cost of treatment, the presence of new pollutants, health problems, and public acceptance. Conventional disposal methods (e.g., storage, incineration) have raised concerns about legislative constraints and community perception that encourage the assessment of substitute sludge management options. Sludge management requires a systematic solution that combines environmental effectiveness, social acceptability, and economic affordability. Life cycle assessment is one of the most important tools to identify and compare the environmental impact of sludge treatment technologies to ensure sustainable sludge management. Increased production of sludge (biosolids) increases worldwide due to population growth, urban planning, and industrial developments. The sludge needs to be properly treated and environmentally managed to reduce the negative effects of its application or disposal. This chapter deals with the application of biosolids or sewage sludge, together with possible resources for sustainable development. In this section, the life cycle assessments of sludge treatment methods were also investigated and found that sludge treatment techniques lead to major environmental impact categories such as global warming potential, human toxicity, acidification potential, and resource consumption.",book:{id:"8783",slug:"sustainable-sewage-sludge-management-and-resource-efficiency",title:"Sustainable Sewage Sludge Management and Resource Efficiency",fullTitle:"Sustainable Sewage Sludge Management and Resource Efficiency"},signatures:"Başak Kiliç Taşeli",authors:[{id:"302014",title:"Prof.",name:"Başak",middleName:null,surname:"Kılıç Taşeli",slug:"basak-kilic-taseli",fullName:"Başak Kılıç Taşeli"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"74077",title:"Impact of Climate Change on Life",slug:"impact-of-climate-change-on-life",totalDownloads:1178,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Climate is changing in an accelerating pace. Climate change occurs as a result of an imbalance between incoming and outgoing radiation in the atmosphere. The global mean temperatures may increase up to 5.4°C by 2100. Climate change is mainly caused by humans, especially through increased greenhouse gas emissions. Climate change is recognized as a serious threat to ecosystem, biodiversity, and health. It is associated with alterations in the physical environment of the planet Earth. Climate change affects life around the globe. It impacts plants and animals, with consequences for the survival of the species. In humans, climate change has multiple deleterious consequences. Climate change creates water and food insecurity, increased morbidity/mortality, and population movement. Vulnerable populations (e.g., children, elderly, indigenous, and poor) are disproportionately affected. Personalized adaptation to the consequences of climate change and preventive measures are key challenges for the society. Policymakers must implement the appropriate strategies, especially in the vulnerable populations.",book:{id:"9664",slug:"environmental-issues-and-sustainable-development",title:"Environmental Issues and Sustainable Development",fullTitle:"Environmental Issues and Sustainable Development"},signatures:"Hassan M. Heshmati",authors:[{id:"313921",title:"Dr.",name:"Hassan M.",middleName:null,surname:"Heshmati",slug:"hassan-m.-heshmati",fullName:"Hassan M. Heshmati"}]},{id:"39928",title:"Effect of Heat on Egg White Proteins",slug:"effect-of-heat-on-egg-white-proteins",totalDownloads:15970,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:null,book:{id:"3565",slug:"international-conference-on-applied-life-sciences",title:"International Conference on Applied Life Sciences",fullTitle:"International Conference on Applied Life Sciences"},signatures:"Zoubida Akkouche, Lyes Aissat, Khodir Madani",authors:null},{id:"73585",title:"Treatment of Dairy Wastewaters: Evaluating Microbial Fuel Cell Tools and Mechanism",slug:"treatment-of-dairy-wastewaters-evaluating-microbial-fuel-cell-tools-and-mechanism",totalDownloads:730,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Pollution caused by chemical and dairy effluent is a major concern worldwide. Dairy wastewaters are the most challenging to treat because of the presence of various pollutants in them. The characteristics of effluent like temperature, color, pH, Dissolved Oxygen, Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), dissolved solids, suspended solids, chloride, sulfate, oil, and grease depend solely on the volume of milk processed and the form of finished produce. It is difficult to select an efficient wastewater treatment method for the dairy wastewaters because of their selective nature in terms of pH, flow rate, volume, and suspended solids. Thus there exists a clear need for a technology or a combination of technologies that would efficiently treat the dairy wastewaters. This chapter explains the energy-generating microbial fuel cell or MFC technologies for dairy wastewaters treatment having different designs of MFCs, mechanism of action, different electrode materials, their surface modification, operational parameters, applications and outcomes delivered through the technology in reducing the COD, BOD, suspended solids and other residues present in the wastewaters. The chapter also elaborates on the availability of various natural low-cost anode materials which can be derived from agricultural wastes. The current chapter elaborates on MFC technology and its tools used for dairy wastewater treatment, providing useful insight for integrating it with existing conventional wastewater treatment methods to achieve the degradation of various dairy pollutants including emerging micropollutants.",book:{id:"9664",slug:"environmental-issues-and-sustainable-development",title:"Environmental Issues and Sustainable Development",fullTitle:"Environmental Issues and Sustainable Development"},signatures:"Aman Dongre, Monika Sogani, Kumar Sonu, Zainab Syed and Gopesh Sharma",authors:[{id:"317585",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Monika",middleName:null,surname:"Sogani",slug:"monika-sogani",fullName:"Monika Sogani"},{id:"317969",title:"Ms.",name:"Zainab",middleName:null,surname:"Syed",slug:"zainab-syed",fullName:"Zainab Syed"},{id:"317970",title:"Mr.",name:"Kumar",middleName:null,surname:"Sonu",slug:"kumar-sonu",fullName:"Kumar Sonu"},{id:"317971",title:"Mr.",name:"Aman",middleName:null,surname:"Dongre",slug:"aman-dongre",fullName:"Aman Dongre"},{id:"328817",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Gopesh",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"gopesh-sharma",fullName:"Gopesh Sharma"}]},{id:"71641",title:"Solid Waste Management: Current Scenario and Challenges in Bengaluru",slug:"solid-waste-management-current-scenario-and-challenges-in-bengaluru",totalDownloads:1479,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"Municipal solid waste management (MSWM) has become one of the significant environmental issues, particularly in developing countries. Bengaluru, the state capital of Karnataka, is one of the fastest growing cities in Asia. The Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike (BBMP) with an area of 2190 km2 and a population of about 10.18 million generates around 5000 metric tons per day of solid waste at an average generation rate of 0.5 kg per capita per day (kg/capita/d). Presently, Bengaluru City is facing significant problems due to existing disposal practices of generated waste, incurring high cost due to lack of proper infrastructural facilities; also, the open dumping in the expanding zone of the city poses severe problems to the structures constructed on these old dumps. In the meantime, groundwater quality deteriorated due to improper leachate management. Intending to assess the possible impacts on the water environment and suggest a better waste management strategy, the present paper discusses the potential for handling the wastes, thereby reducing the amount of waste to be transported to the landfill. If this waste is used for energy and nutrient recovery, decentralization could also become commercially viable and address the technology-wise deficiencies in the existing MSWM system of Bengaluru City.",book:{id:"8783",slug:"sustainable-sewage-sludge-management-and-resource-efficiency",title:"Sustainable Sewage Sludge Management and Resource Efficiency",fullTitle:"Sustainable Sewage Sludge Management and Resource Efficiency"},signatures:"B.P. Naveen and P.V. Sivapullaiah",authors:[{id:"152840",title:"Prof.",name:"P.V.",middleName:null,surname:"Sivapullaiah",slug:"p.v.-sivapullaiah",fullName:"P.V. Sivapullaiah"},{id:"313545",title:"Dr.",name:"B.P.",middleName:null,surname:"Naveen",slug:"b.p.-naveen",fullName:"B.P. Naveen"}]},{id:"71315",title:"Composition, Production, and Treatment of Sewage Sludge",slug:"composition-production-and-treatment-of-sewage-sludge",totalDownloads:865,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Sewage treatment ultimately culminates in the concentration of the solid phase. Sludge are separated mainly in primary or secondary decanters. Even in biological treatment, where biological degradation of organic matter actually occurs, there is the separation of excess sludge concentrated in the bottom of the secondary settlers of activated sludge systems or biological filters. In fact, the production of sludge is an important differential in the choice of the treatment system. While purely aerobic systems such as activated sludge or high-rate biological filters can produce 0.6–0.8 kgSS/kgBOD applied, sludge production in an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor is only about 0.2 kgSS/kgCOD applied. Even the mixed anaerobic/aerobic system leads to less sludge production than that of an exclusively aerobic system. This advantage is very important nowadays, especially since, besides reducing the treatment needs, the difficulties with the final disposal of the sludge are usually very large.",book:{id:"8783",slug:"sustainable-sewage-sludge-management-and-resource-efficiency",title:"Sustainable Sewage Sludge Management and Resource Efficiency",fullTitle:"Sustainable Sewage Sludge Management and Resource Efficiency"},signatures:"Rodrigo de Freitas Bueno",authors:[{id:"314421",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Rodrigo",middleName:null,surname:"De Freitas Bueno",slug:"rodrigo-de-freitas-bueno",fullName:"Rodrigo De Freitas Bueno"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"862",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:98,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:287,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:10,numberOfPublishedChapters:103,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",issn:null,scope:"
\r\n\tTransforming our World: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development endorsed by United Nations and 193 Member States, came into effect on Jan 1, 2016, to guide decision making and actions to the year 2030 and beyond. Central to this Agenda are 17 Goals, 169 associated targets and over 230 indicators that are reviewed annually. The vision envisaged in the implementation of the SDGs is centered on the five Ps: People, Planet, Prosperity, Peace and Partnership. This call for renewed focused efforts ensure we have a safe and healthy planet for current and future generations.
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\r\n\tThis Series focuses on covering research and applied research involving the five Ps through the following topics:
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\r\n\t1. Sustainable Economy and Fair Society that relates to SDG 1 on No Poverty, SDG 2 on Zero Hunger, SDG 8 on Decent Work and Economic Growth, SDG 10 on Reduced Inequalities, SDG 12 on Responsible Consumption and Production, and SDG 17 Partnership for the Goals
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\r\n\t2. Health and Wellbeing focusing on SDG 3 on Good Health and Wellbeing and SDG 6 on Clean Water and Sanitation
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\r\n\t3. Inclusivity and Social Equality involving SDG 4 on Quality Education, SDG 5 on Gender Equality, and SDG 16 on Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions
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\r\n\t
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\r\n\t4. Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability comprising SDG 13 on Climate Action, SDG 14 on Life Below Water, and SDG 15 on Life on Land
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\r\n\t
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\r\n\t5. Urban Planning and Environmental Management embracing SDG 7 on Affordable Clean Energy, SDG 9 on Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure, and SDG 11 on Sustainable Cities and Communities.
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\r\n\tThe series also seeks to support the use of cross cutting SDGs, as many of the goals listed above, targets and indicators are all interconnected to impact our lives and the decisions we make on a daily basis, making them impossible to tie to a single topic.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/24.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 19th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:0,editor:{id:"262440",title:"Prof.",name:"Usha",middleName:null,surname:"Iyer-Raniga",slug:"usha-iyer-raniga",fullName:"Usha Iyer-Raniga",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRYSXQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-02-28T13:55:36.jpeg",biography:"Usha Iyer-Raniga is a professor in the School of Property and Construction Management at RMIT University. Usha co-leads the One Planet Network’s Sustainable Buildings and Construction Programme (SBC), a United Nations 10 Year Framework of Programmes on Sustainable Consumption and Production (UN 10FYP SCP) aligned with Sustainable Development Goal 12. The work also directly impacts SDG 11 on Sustainable Cities and Communities. She completed her undergraduate degree as an architect before obtaining her Masters degree from Canada and her Doctorate in Australia. Usha has been a keynote speaker as well as an invited speaker at national and international conferences, seminars and workshops. Her teaching experience includes teaching in Asian countries. She has advised Austrade, APEC, national, state and local governments. She serves as a reviewer and a member of the scientific committee for national and international refereed journals and refereed conferences. She is on the editorial board for refereed journals and has worked on Special Issues. Usha has served and continues to serve on the Boards of several not-for-profit organisations and she has also served as panel judge for a number of awards including the Premiers Sustainability Award in Victoria and the International Green Gown Awards. Usha has published over 100 publications, including research and consulting reports. Her publications cover a wide range of scientific and technical research publications that include edited books, book chapters, refereed journals, refereed conference papers and reports for local, state and federal government clients. She has also produced podcasts for various organisations and participated in media interviews. She has received state, national and international funding worth over USD $25 million. Usha has been awarded the Quarterly Franklin Membership by London Journals Press (UK). Her biography has been included in the Marquis Who's Who in the World® 2018, 2016 (33rd Edition), along with approximately 55,000 of the most accomplished men and women from around the world, including luminaries as U.N. Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon. In 2017, Usha was awarded the Marquis Who’s Who Lifetime Achiever Award.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"RMIT University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:3,paginationItems:[{id:"86",title:"Business and Management",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/86.jpg",editor:{id:"128342",title:"Prof.",name:"Vito",middleName:null,surname:"Bobek",slug:"vito-bobek",fullName:"Vito Bobek",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/128342/images/system/128342.jpg",biography:"Dr. Vito Bobek works as an international management professor at the University of Applied Sciences FH Joanneum, Graz, Austria. He has published more than 400 works in his academic career and visited twenty-two universities worldwide as a visiting professor. Dr. Bobek is a member of the editorial boards of six international journals and a member of the Strategic Council of the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Slovenia. He has a long history in academia, consulting, and entrepreneurship. His own consulting firm, Palemid, has managed twenty significant projects, such as Cooperation Program Interreg V-A (Slovenia-Austria) and Capacity Building for the Serbian Chamber of Enforcement Agents. He has also participated in many international projects in Italy, Germany, Great Britain, the United States, Spain, Turkey, France, Romania, Croatia, Montenegro, Malaysia, and China. Dr. Bobek is also a co-founder of the Academy of Regional Management in Slovenia.",institutionString:"Universities of Applied Sciences FH Joanneum, Austria",institution:null},editorTwo:{id:"293992",title:"Dr.",name:"Tatjana",middleName:null,surname:"Horvat",slug:"tatjana-horvat",fullName:"Tatjana Horvat",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002hXb0hQAC/Profile_Picture_1642419002203",biography:"Tatjana Horvat works as a professor for accountant and auditing at the University of Primorska, Slovenia. She is a Certified State Internal Auditor (licensed by Ministry of Finance RS) and Certified Internal Auditor for Business Sector and Certified accountant (licensed by Slovenian Institute of Auditors). 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Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine Technology has always been my aspiration and my life. As years passed I accumulated a tremendous amount of skills and knowledge in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Conventional Radiology, Radiation Protection, Bioinformatics Technology, PACS, Image processing, clinically and lecturing that will enable me to provide a valuable service to the community as a Researcher and Consultant in this field. My method of translating this into day to day in clinical practice is non-exhaustible and my habit of exchanging knowledge and expertise with others in those fields is the code and secret of success.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",biography:"Bartłomiej Płaczek, MSc (2002), Ph.D. (2005), Habilitation (2016), is a professor at the University of Silesia, Institute of Computer Science, Poland, and an expert from the National Centre for Research and Development. His research interests include sensor networks, smart sensors, intelligent systems, and image processing with applications in healthcare and medicine. He is the author or co-author of more than seventy papers in peer-reviewed journals and conferences as well as the co-author of several books. He serves as a reviewer for many scientific journals, international conferences, and research foundations. Since 2010, Dr. Placzek has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in the field of information technologies.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"35000",title:"Prof.",name:"Ulrich H.P",middleName:"H.P.",surname:"Fischer",slug:"ulrich-h.p-fischer",fullName:"Ulrich H.P Fischer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35000/images/3052_n.jpg",biography:"Academic and Professional Background\nUlrich H. P. has Diploma and PhD degrees in Physics from the Free University Berlin, Germany. He has been working on research positions in the Heinrich-Hertz-Institute in Germany. Several international research projects has been performed with European partners from France, Netherlands, Norway and the UK. He is currently Professor of Communications Systems at the Harz University of Applied Sciences, Germany.\n\nPublications and Publishing\nHe has edited one book, a special interest book about ‘Optoelectronic Packaging’ (VDE, Berlin, Germany), and has published over 100 papers and is owner of several international patents for WDM over POF key elements.\n\nKey Research and Consulting Interests\nUlrich’s research activity has always been related to Spectroscopy and Optical Communications Technology. Specific current interests include the validation of complex instruments, and the application of VR technology to the development and testing of measurement systems. He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University, Kuwait. His research interests include optimization, computer graphics, computer vision, image processing, machine learning, pattern recognition, soft computing, data science, and intelligent systems. Prof. Sarfraz has been a keynote/invited speaker at various platforms around the globe. He has advised/supervised more than 110 students for their MSc and Ph.D. theses. He has published more than 400 publications as books, journal articles, and conference papers. He has authored and/or edited around seventy books. Prof. Sarfraz is a member of various professional societies. He is a chair and member of international advisory committees and organizing committees of numerous international conferences. He is also an editor and editor in chief for various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:null},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:"Beijing University of Technology",institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Lakhno Igor Victorovich was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPhD – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSc – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nLakhno Igor has been graduated from an international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held in Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor of the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s a professor of the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education . He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 17 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Lakhno Igor is a rewiever of Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for DSc degree \\'Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention and treatment”. Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, cardiovascular medicine.",institutionString:"V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University",institution:{name:"Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education",country:{name:"Ukraine"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"243698",title:"M.D.",name:"Xiaogang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xiaogang-wang",fullName:"Xiaogang Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243698/images/system/243698.png",biography:"Dr. Xiaogang Wang, a faculty member of Shanxi Eye Hospital specializing in the treatment of cataract and retinal disease and a tutor for postgraduate students of Shanxi Medical University, worked in the COOL Lab as an international visiting scholar under the supervision of Dr. David Huang and Yali Jia from October 2012 through November 2013. Dr. Wang earned an MD from Shanxi Medical University and a Ph.D. from Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Dr. Wang was awarded two research project grants focused on multimodal optical coherence tomography imaging and deep learning in cataract and retinal disease, from the National Natural Science Foundation of China. He has published around 30 peer-reviewed journal papers and four book chapters and co-edited one book.",institutionString:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",institution:{name:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRZkkQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-05-09T12:55:18.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. 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