Protocol of miRNA-based marker assay.
\\n\\n
Dr. Pletser’s experience includes 30 years of working with the European Space Agency as a Senior Physicist/Engineer and coordinating their parabolic flight campaigns, and he is the Guinness World Record holder for the most number of aircraft flown (12) in parabolas, personally logging more than 7,300 parabolas.
\\n\\nSeeing the 5,000th book published makes us at the same time proud, happy, humble, and grateful. This is a great opportunity to stop and celebrate what we have done so far, but is also an opportunity to engage even more, grow, and succeed. It wouldn't be possible to get here without the synergy of team members’ hard work and authors and editors who devote time and their expertise into Open Access book publishing with us.
\\n\\nOver these years, we have gone from pioneering the scientific Open Access book publishing field to being the world’s largest Open Access book publisher. Nonetheless, our vision has remained the same: to meet the challenges of making relevant knowledge available to the worldwide community under the Open Access model.
\\n\\nWe are excited about the present, and we look forward to sharing many more successes in the future.
\\n\\nThank you all for being part of the journey. 5,000 times thank you!
\\n\\nNow with 5,000 titles available Open Access, which one will you read next?
\\n\\nRead, share and download for free: https://www.intechopen.com/books
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:null},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Preparation of Space Experiments edited by international leading expert Dr. Vladimir Pletser, Director of Space Training Operations at Blue Abyss is the 5,000th Open Access book published by IntechOpen and our milestone publication!
\n\n"This book presents some of the current trends in space microgravity research. The eleven chapters introduce various facets of space research in physical sciences, human physiology and technology developed using the microgravity environment not only to improve our fundamental understanding in these domains but also to adapt this new knowledge for application on earth." says the editor. Listen what else Dr. Pletser has to say...
\n\n\n\nDr. Pletser’s experience includes 30 years of working with the European Space Agency as a Senior Physicist/Engineer and coordinating their parabolic flight campaigns, and he is the Guinness World Record holder for the most number of aircraft flown (12) in parabolas, personally logging more than 7,300 parabolas.
\n\nSeeing the 5,000th book published makes us at the same time proud, happy, humble, and grateful. This is a great opportunity to stop and celebrate what we have done so far, but is also an opportunity to engage even more, grow, and succeed. It wouldn't be possible to get here without the synergy of team members’ hard work and authors and editors who devote time and their expertise into Open Access book publishing with us.
\n\nOver these years, we have gone from pioneering the scientific Open Access book publishing field to being the world’s largest Open Access book publisher. Nonetheless, our vision has remained the same: to meet the challenges of making relevant knowledge available to the worldwide community under the Open Access model.
\n\nWe are excited about the present, and we look forward to sharing many more successes in the future.
\n\nThank you all for being part of the journey. 5,000 times thank you!
\n\nNow with 5,000 titles available Open Access, which one will you read next?
\n\nRead, share and download for free: https://www.intechopen.com/books
\n\n\n\n
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Systematic documentation and evaluation of plant genome based on molecular markers that capture variability at the level of DNA or its protein products is essential for plant genetic resources management. These markers complement the morphological, agronomic, and other characteristics necessary to classify and identify plant genotypes within the species. Their importance and benefits are significant both for research and breeding, and for practice [1, 2]. The study and comparison of molecular information of individual organisms involves the search for DNA polymorphisms [3]. Polymorphisms are differences in DNA sequence caused by mutations. Molecular techniques in which polymorphisms can be visualized without sequencing are called molecular marker techniques [4]. A molecular marker is a specific fragment of DNA that can be identified within the whole genome and that is transmitted to the next generation following the standard rules of inheritance (Mendel’s Laws). Marker may be located in or close to a gene or in noncoding regions.
The presence of polymorphisms between individuals will lead to a different pattern of markers after electrophoresis. These patterns are comparable with a “fingerprint”; therefore, these techniques are referred to as fingerprinting techniques. These patterns reveal the DNA polymorphisms between the studied individuals. The more the individuals are related, the more their fingerprint will match. The level of polymorphisms in a group of individuals reveals the genetic diversity within this group [5].
There are different types of molecular markers. Molecular markers can be divided into two groups (a) biochemical markers, which detect variation at the gene product level such as changes in proteins and amino acids and (b) molecular markers, which detect variation at the DNA level such as nucleotide changes: deletion, duplication, inversion, and/or insertion. DNA markers are based on hybridization or PCR (amplification of DNA) [3]. The multiplex ratio is defined as the amount of markers generated with one single reaction (e.g., one PCR, one hybridization reaction). The obtained pattern can be simple (one or a few bands, low multiplex ratio) or complex (a high number of bands, high multiplex ratio).
Molecular marker methods are either dominant or co-dominant. Using co-dominant marker techniques, the different genotype combinations can be distinguished from each other at the study locus (or multiple loci). This means that homozygous (two identical alleles at a certain DNA locus) and heterozygous (two different alleles at a certain DNA locus) individuals will be identifiable. In the case of a dominant technique, it is not possible to detect the alleles that are present at a certain locus/loci, so homozygotes are not distinguishable from heterozygotes [6, 7].
The high conservation of microRNA sequences provided an opportunity to develop miRNA-based marker system referred to as stable, polymorphic, functional, and transferable genotyping technique.
The plant organism has to cope with the environmental stress in natural and agricultural conditions. The genetic background of the plant organism allows it to adapt and defend itself through different mechanisms at a molecular level.
RNA interference represents the plant immune and defense system. It is a conserved mechanism induced by double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) or hairpin-structured RNA (hpRNA). One of the modules of RNA interference is provided by the microRNA (miRNA) molecules [8, 9, 10], which are capable to form double-stranded hairpin-like structures referred to as pre-miRNA. These small molecules have significant regulatory potential in the genetic and epigenetic control of gene expression. They are one of the key players in plant genome response to abiotic and biotic stress factor(s). Especially, deeply conserved miRNA families are integral components of many regulatory networks in plant organism [11, 12].
In general, the function of miRNAs molecules in plant organisms is defined as regulatory in the following processes:
plant growth and development
leaf morphology and plant polarity
root formation
processes of transition from embryogenic to vegetative phase
flowering time, formation of flower organs, and reproduction
defense mechanisms through transferring of signaling molecules.
Plant adaptation mechanism requires complex modifications of gene expression machinery at the transcriptional and posttranscriptional level. Detailed studies of posttranscriptional gene regulation allow identifying stress-responsive miRNAs, which are differentially regulated under various stress factors. In plants, various abiotic stress-regulated miRNAs have been identified and characterized [13, 14, 15, 16, 17].
Certain families of miRNAs are either under or over-expressed, or new types of miRNAs can be synthesized under stress [13, 18]. Regulation of target genes expression by miRNA molecules is mediated by hybridization between miRNA sequences and their nascent reverse complementary sequences of mRNAs, which leads to their degradation or translational repression [19, 20, 21]. Because of their mode of action, they are generally referred to as negative regulators of gene expression.
Plant adaptation mechanism to environmental conditions includes minimization of their growth rates and reorganizing their resources. The primary focus of the adjustment is cell cycle, cell division, and cell wall constitution [22]; it means developmental processes regulated by conserved families of microRNAs.
Genomic conservation of miRNA sequences and especially the stem-loop region of precursor molecules of miRNA (pre-miRNA) provided an opportunity to develop a novel type of molecular markers.
MicroRNA-based genotyping technique as a novel type of marker system was published in 2013 by authors Fu et al. [23]. Since then, this system has been applied to genotyping applications of
The attributes of miRNA-based markers [23, 24] are as follows:
good stability due to a direct PCR-based marker system
improved reproducibility and sequence specificity due to high annealing temperature (more than 60°C) and the use of “touchdown” PCR approach
relatively high polymorphism because of possible random combinations of primers
putative functionality due to their polymorphism nature and the ability to predict phenotypes controlled by miRNAs
cross-genera transferability potential because of the conservation level of miRNAs between species and the way of deriving markers from the consensus sequences of miRNAs.
Following subsection provides the approach of microRNA-based marker assay applied in our laboratory. As referred in Table 1, the following procedure has been applied in several plant species for different research purposes.
PCR component | Concentration | Final concentration |
---|---|---|
PCR buffer KCl, (NH4)2SO4, 20 mmol × dm−3 MgCl2 | 10× | 1× |
dNTP mix | 2.5 mmol × dm−3 | 0.8 mmol × dm−3 |
Primer forward | 100 μmol × dm−3 | 10 pmol × dm−3 |
Primer reverse | 100 μmol × dm−3 | 10 pmol × dm−3 |
5 U | 2 U |
Protocol of miRNA-based marker assay.
The genomic DNA isolation protocol is based on the type of plant biological material (in terms of secondary metabolite content or other aspects). The primers for the miRNA-based markers are designed according to the mature or precursors sequences (pre-miRNAs) available on the miRBase database (http://www.mirbase.org, version 22), taking into account the primer design approach of published methodology [23, 24]. The primers are combined as follows: (a) forward and reverse primers of the same type, (b) forward and reverse primers in random combinations or (c) specific forward primer and universal reverse primer [29].
The amplification protocol has originated from methodologies [23, 24] and was modified [30] (Tables 1 and 2). The total volume of PCR was 20 μl and the DNA concentration was 70 ng μl−1. Amplification products are separated on 15% TBE-urea polyacrylamide (PAGE) gels, running in 1× TBE running buffer at constant power 180 V, 30 mA for 90 min. The gels are stained with PAGE GelRed™ Nucleic Acid Gel stain and are visualized on G-Box Syngene electrophoresis documentation system. For the recording of loci number and their position, as well as the identification of unique fragments, the gels are analyzed by GeneTools software (Syngene) (Figure 1).
Amplification process | Temperature | Time period | Number of cycles |
---|---|---|---|
Initial denaturation | 94°C | 5 min | 1 cycle |
Denaturation | 94°C | 30 s | 5 cycles |
Annealing | 64°C (with temperature reduction of 1°C per cycle) | 45 s | |
Polymerization | 72°C | 60 s | |
Denaturation | 94°C | 30 s | 30 cycles |
Annealing | 60°C | 45 s | |
Polymerization | 72°C | 60 s | |
Final polymerization | 72°C | 10 min |
Amplification protocol of miRNA-based markers.
Representative profile of amplified miRNA loci analyzed by GeneTool software (Syngene).
Genomic polymorphism of plants is the basis of their survival and ability to different climatic conditions. The cognition and mapping of plant genome variability using molecular markers is a prerequisite for extending the genetic base of crops to reduce their susceptibility to adverse environmental conditions [26]. An ideal molecular marker should be polymorphic, stable, reproducible, providing sufficient resolution, fast, and with fairly low cost [31]. The miRNA-based marker system is characterized by relatively high polymorphism, reproducibility, transferability across species, and ease of use with putative functionality [23]. The high level of transferability demonstrates the usability of miRNA-based markers for comparative genome mapping and phylogenetic studies [24].
Recognizing relationships between species or within species help to focus more closely on a wide range of human interests, from basic description and disaggregation, through efficient resource genetic management to the production of quality and safe food, whether plant or animal origin [32].
Within our research, we focused on the use of miRNA-based markers to highlight their broad spectrum of regulatory impact activities in different plant species of nutritional and pharmaceutical uses (Table 3): flax (
Research purpose | Plant species | Reference |
---|---|---|
Genome profiling with regard to genotype origin | [30] | |
Spatial and temporal abundance of individual miRNA markers | [33, 34] | |
Functional markers of commercial type of the crop | [35, 36] | |
Genotyping | [36] | |
Genomic authentication of varieties | [37] | |
Genotyping | [38, 39] | |
Genotyping | [40] | |
Genotyping | — | |
Genotyping | — |
The list of realized miRNA-based markers experiments.
Useful molecular markers produce fragments between 150 and 500 bp in length, as this size of fragments can easily be distinguished using agarose or PAGE gels [23]. In our experiments, this size of fragments varied predominantly from 40 to 300 bp and could be clearly identified on agarose gels (Figure 2).
Representative gel showing amplification profile of miRNA-based markers of
This range is due to variability of stem-loop structure of which the mature miRNA sequences are part of and the length of stem-loop structure ranges from less than 100 to over 900 nt. The primers’ design based on miRNAs sequences can be linked to different places of the same stem-loop structure. Another possibility is that primers amplify regions between neighboring miRNAs [23].
The level of polymorphism varied from 70 to 90%. Mature miRNAs are expressed as small 21–24 nt endogenous molecules. As a result of different transcriptional activity among
The results of the studies have repeatedly confirmed the following:
MicroRNA-based markers show the cross-genera transferability potential.
MicroRNA-based markers display sufficient level of polymorphism in analyzed genotypes and are suitable to differentiate within genotypes of one specimen.
MicroRNA-based markers provide genotype-specific profile of miRNA loci.
The abundance of selective miRNA-based markers is tissue specific and developmental specific.
Different mechanism of stress response contributes to stress tolerance or resistance at different morphological, biochemical, and molecular level [13]. Many stress-regulated genes are found to be regulated by miRNAs.
In the flax study, we applied nutritional stress factor under
Another study was conducted in order to test the ultrasound-induced oxidative stress in lettuce (
The aim of research into the impact of soil compaction was to identify the barley (
We have conducted experiments in connection with research on the drought resistance of wheat (
It can be summarized that the marker system based on microRNA molecules represents (a) flexible marker system based on sequences of regulatory molecules, (b) species-transfer system due to the conserved nature of mature sequences of miRNAs, (c) functionally potential markers, where observed polymorphism points to changes in miRNA loci sequences evoking changes in the target gene regulatory model, (d) tissue-specific and development-specific characters of markers, and (e) screening tool of genome adaptation changes to induced abiotic stress referred to as stress-sensitive biomarkers. It should be noted that in selecting suitable type(s) of miRNA markers for a particular type of study, it is necessary to know the regulatory background, regulation mechanism, and target sequences of particular type of miRNA molecules.
This work was supported by the project of Slovak Scientific Agency of Ministry of Education of the Slovak Republic, VEGA, No. 1/0246/18 and Slovak Research and Development Agency APVV-15-0156.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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This bibliography review underscore the need for during the teachers’ initial training the conflict management skills development.",book:{id:"7827",slug:null,title:"Interpersonal Relationships",fullTitle:"Interpersonal Relationships"},signatures:"Sabina Valente, Abílio Afonso Lourenço and Zsolt Németh",authors:null},{id:"73271",title:"Social Media and Its Effects on Beauty",slug:"social-media-and-its-effects-on-beauty",totalDownloads:2914,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Beauty is concerned with physical and mental health as both are intimately related. Short-term decisions to alter one’s body structure irrespective of genetic, environmental, occupational and nutritional needs can leave medium- and long-term effects. This chapter analyzes the role of social media and its effects on the standards of beauty. The researchers have summarized the literature on how social media plays a role in affecting beauty trends, body image and self-esteem concerns. There is support that social media affects individuals negatively, in pushing them to engage in life threatening beauty trends due to social compliance and acceptance in society. The aim was to review social networking sites’ impact on perception of standards of beauty and newer unrealistic trends gaining popularity that could alter opinions and also cause harm to individuals in the long run. This is an emerging area of research that is of high importance to the physical and mental health in the beauty, health and hospitality industry with the latter being manifested in depression, anxiety and fear of non-acceptability and being seen as a social gauche.",book:{id:"7811",slug:"beauty-cosmetic-science-cultural-issues-and-creative-developments",title:"Beauty",fullTitle:"Beauty - Cosmetic Science, Cultural Issues and Creative Developments"},signatures:"Mavis Henriques and Debasis Patnaik",authors:[{id:"320016",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Mavis",middleName:"Lilian",surname:"Henriques",slug:"mavis-henriques",fullName:"Mavis Henriques"},{id:"320978",title:"Dr.",name:"Debasis",middleName:null,surname:"Patnaik",slug:"debasis-patnaik",fullName:"Debasis Patnaik"}]},{id:"60564",title:"Ageing Process and Physiological Changes",slug:"ageing-process-and-physiological-changes",totalDownloads:6807,totalCrossrefCites:16,totalDimensionsCites:30,abstract:"Ageing is a natural process. Everyone must undergo this phase of life at his or her own time and pace. In the broader sense, ageing reflects all the changes taking place over the course of life. These changes start from birth—one grows, develops and attains maturity. To the young, ageing is exciting. Middle age is the time when people notice the age-related changes like greying of hair, wrinkled skin and a fair amount of physical decline. Even the healthiest, aesthetically fit cannot escape these changes. Slow and steady physical impairment and functional disability are noticed resulting in increased dependency in the period of old age. According to World Health Organization, ageing is a course of biological reality which starts at conception and ends with death. It has its own dynamics, much beyond human control. However, this process of ageing is also subject to the constructions by which each society makes sense of old age. In most of the developed countries, the age of 60 is considered equivalent to retirement age and it is said to be the beginning of old age. In this chapter, you understand the details of ageing processes and associated physiological changes.",book:{id:"6381",slug:"gerontology",title:"Gerontology",fullTitle:"Gerontology"},signatures:"Shilpa Amarya, Kalyani Singh and Manisha Sabharwal",authors:[{id:"226573",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Shilpa",middleName:null,surname:"Amarya",slug:"shilpa-amarya",fullName:"Shilpa Amarya"},{id:"226593",title:"Dr.",name:"Kalyani",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"kalyani-singh",fullName:"Kalyani Singh"},{id:"243264",title:"Dr.",name:"Manisha",middleName:null,surname:"Sabharwal",slug:"manisha-sabharwal",fullName:"Manisha Sabharwal"}]},{id:"27237",title:"Emotional Intelligence",slug:"emotional-intelligence",totalDownloads:5688,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:null,book:{id:"679",slug:"emotional-intelligence-new-perspectives-and-applications",title:"Emotional Intelligence",fullTitle:"Emotional Intelligence - New Perspectives and Applications"},signatures:"Adrian Furnham",authors:[{id:"85492",title:"Prof.",name:"Adrian",middleName:null,surname:"Furnham",slug:"adrian-furnham",fullName:"Adrian Furnham"}]},{id:"70731",title:"Theoretical Perspective of Traditional Counseling",slug:"theoretical-perspective-of-traditional-counseling",totalDownloads:1545,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"This chapter discusses the theoretical perspective of traditional counseling from an African context. Traditional counseling involves a broad perspective that enhances learning for transformation and integration of sociocultural values that are peculiar to each human society. A cursory review of the literature suggests that the concept of traditional counseling is rooted in traditional systems of knowledge and sociocultural customs and practices, and it promotes a collective approach to problem identification, resolution, and management. The traditional counseling process centers on four aspects: traditional counselor, client, family, and community. The key elements that inform the theoretical framework of traditional counseling from an African perspective are: cultural context, collective belief system, and initiation rituals Traditional systems of knowledge deemed essential for each generation are passed on successively to the next generation by elderly people who do not only have the necessary wisdom and experience, but are also adorned with social competences and skills.",book:{id:"9136",slug:"counseling-and-therapy",title:"Counseling and Therapy",fullTitle:"Counseling and Therapy"},signatures:"Hector Chiboola",authors:[{id:"314172",title:"Prof.",name:"Hector",middleName:null,surname:"Chiboola",slug:"hector-chiboola",fullName:"Hector Chiboola"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"21",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"81962",title:"Gender and Modern-Day Slavery: Aggression and Violence in the Context of a Nigerian Focus",slug:"gender-and-modern-day-slavery-aggression-and-violence-in-the-context-of-a-nigerian-focus",totalDownloads:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104727",abstract:"This chapter explored the various forms of gender-based modern-day slavery in Nigeria. Such modern slaveries as baby factories (unlawful maternity and orphanages where children are sold and their mothers serve as ‘economic-slaves, sex-slaves, procreation-slaves, and money-ritual-slaves’), peonage (debt bondage), and early forced marriage were found to be common and on the increase in Nigeria and fundamentally precipitated by patriarchy. The predictors and risk factors of these slavery typologies were supported by the tenets of feminist and political economy theories, which formed the framework. A patriarchal society engenders inequalities, alienation, subjugation, aggression, violence, deprivations, and frustration, with women on the receiving end, when compared to men. The female population is largely the victim, while most perpetrators are males. The new, emerging trend in slavery enterprise are typically organised and largely motivated by women’s vulnerabilities and powerlessness, with dehumanising and destructive consequences. Arising from this is the conclusion that certain cultural practices and socioeconomic forces intertwine with poverty, lack of qualitative education, and other exclusions to expose women and girls to servitudes. The problem requires robust intersectoral approaches—that is, coordinated intervention, programmes, and collaborative efforts between governments and local authorities and institutions—to (re)solve.",book:{id:"11440",title:"Aggression and Violent Behaviour",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11440.jpg"},signatures:"Mary Juachi Eteng and Macpherson Uchenna Nnam"},{id:"81882",title:"The Importance of Supporting Creativity Development as the Main Skill of the Twenty-First Century",slug:"the-importance-of-supporting-creativity-development-as-the-main-skill-of-the-twenty-first-century",totalDownloads:3,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104919",abstract:"This chapter calls into question the ways of creativity development as the main skill of the twenty-first century. Attention is paid to the analysis of key notions and concepts of creativity. This chapter discusses how to enhance creative thinking skills during training in higher institutions. The study presents the results gained from the literature overview. The examples of assignments aimed at creative thinking skills development during training are given. The paper investigates approaches to the construction of tasks to develop creative thinking and criteria for creativity assessment. An analysis has allowed highlighting the positive experience of different experts researched creativity, which can be implemented in future training in Ukrainian higher educational institutions. The findings of this study support the idea that heuristic tasks, creative projects, mind maps, and case study are significant assignments in the enhancement of creativity development that can be supported in the educational process and everyday life.",book:{id:"11303",title:"Creativity",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11303.jpg"},signatures:"Iryna Simkova, Kateryna Tuliakova, Oksana Serheieva and Oksana Pastushenko"},{id:"81771",title:"Psychotherapy in Nature: Exploring an Alternative Psychotherapeutic Framework to Address the Limitations of Working in Traditional Settings in Order to Move with the Times",slug:"psychotherapy-in-nature-exploring-an-alternative-psychotherapeutic-framework-to-address-the-limitati",totalDownloads:6,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104627",abstract:"This paper introduces nature therapy and single session therapy as alternative psychotherapeutic frameworks in addition to more traditional ways of working, offering a modern perspective on evolving societal and individual needs. In particular, the concern for human coping mechanisms and survival in today’s fast paced environment dictates a growing need to address conflicts of inner and outer lived experiences, dissociation, and trauma, where traditional settings are failing or inadequate. Ethical considerations and applications for working outside in nature are discussed, as well as limitations for traditional settings. This paper can be used as an introductory guide for practitioners seeking to work therapeutically in nature.",book:{id:"11305",title:"Counseling and Therapy - Recent Developments in Theories and Concepts",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11305.jpg"},signatures:"Philippa Williams"},{id:"81652",title:"Sexual Health Education for Youth with Disabilities: An Unmet Need",slug:"sexual-health-education-for-youth-with-disabilities-an-unmet-need",totalDownloads:22,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104420",abstract:"Individuals with disabilities experience higher rates of mental, emotional, physical, and sexual abuse than those without disabilities. Children with disabilities are 3.4 times more likely to experience sexual abuse than their peers without disabilities. Although a variety of resources have been created to help improve the sexual health of people with disabilities, one area that is seriously lacking is access to sexual health information and education. Previous work has identified several barriers to providing sexual health education to adolescents and youth with disabilities, including lack of teacher preparation, lack of teacher knowledge that leads to fear, concern, and anxiety, parental anxiety and fear, the lack of valid and reliable sexual health education materials for students with disabilities, and the sexuality of students with disabilities viewed as deviant. This chapter will review those issues and discuss methods to improve sexual health education for youth with disabilities.",book:{id:"11267",title:"Human Sexuality",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11267.jpg"},signatures:"Shanon S. Taylor and Tammy V. Abernathy"},{id:"81634",title:"A Plea for Mixed Methods Research in the Field of Counseling",slug:"a-plea-for-mixed-methods-research-in-the-field-of-counseling",totalDownloads:15,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104781",abstract:"We need more research in counseling if we want to strengthen counseling as a profession and if we want to implement counseling in mental health systems. Thus, the research should be multiple dimensional. This chapter is a plea for mixed-methods research (MMR) designs in the field of counseling. Even if MMR is very elaborate, it is worth doing. By way of example, I would like to briefly outline three of my projects, using MMR. The first one is a mixed methods research study on the video-based counseling method Marte Meo. The second project is one concerning genograms. Genograms are an integral part of therapy and counseling. The third MMR project is an elaborate research project which we carry out on behalf of the “Deutsche Gesellschaft für Beratung”, the German National Association for Counseling (Member of the European Association for Counseling, EAC, and the International Association for Counseling, IAC) to develop a German qualifications framework for Counseling—in the context of the European Qualifications Framework (EQF). Finally, I refer to Guetterman et al. who provide some empirical evidence for researchers who wish to take full advantage of mixed methods to address pressing clinical and public health issues.",book:{id:"11305",title:"Counseling and Therapy - Recent Developments in Theories and Concepts",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11305.jpg"},signatures:"Dirk Rohr"},{id:"81633",title:"Use of Nonviolent Communication: Deepening Teacher–Student Interpersonal Relationships",slug:"use-of-nonviolent-communication-deepening-teacher-student-interpersonal-relationships",totalDownloads:12,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103797",abstract:"Human beings are social animals and communication between humans is an inevitable component of human life. In a formal school setup, the routine interpersonal interactions in classrooms form the building block of the teacher-student relationships. Strong healthy interpersonal relationships between students and teachers necessitate skills that revolve around the ability of both to create a positive educational setting encompassing conditions of empathy, warmth, mutual respect, amongst others. Teachers in the capacity of being far more experienced than students will need to exercise their agency with an exclusive set of behavioral actions and act as professionals with a different set of responsibilities in the best interest of their students. Daily talk and actions may reflect a kind of violence that can disrupt relationships creating unhealthy environment. Violence can be manifested in different forms of communication that inhibits autonomy, fails to recognize one’s and others’ needs, among others. Rosenberg emphasizes the importance of nonviolence in everyday life and brings out the essence of a good interpersonal relationship through non-violent communication (NVC). Within this context, the present chapter will explore ways of non-violent communication that can enable teachers to develop and nurture healthy positive interpersonal relationships with students.",book:{id:"11307",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11307.jpg"},signatures:"Gomathi Jatin Shah"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:71},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:0,limit:8,total:null},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:99,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:290,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403",scope:"Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a rapidly developing multidisciplinary research area that aims to solve increasingly complex problems. In today's highly integrated world, AI promises to become a robust and powerful means for obtaining solutions to previously unsolvable problems. This Series is intended for researchers and students alike interested in this fascinating field and its many applications.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/14.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 18th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:9,editor:{id:"218714",title:"Prof.",name:"Andries",middleName:null,surname:"Engelbrecht",slug:"andries-engelbrecht",fullName:"Andries Engelbrecht",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRNR8QAO/Profile_Picture_1622640468300",biography:"Andries Engelbrecht received the Masters and PhD degrees in Computer Science from the University of Stellenbosch, South Africa, in 1994 and 1999 respectively. He is currently appointed as the Voigt Chair in Data Science in the Department of Industrial Engineering, with a joint appointment as Professor in the Computer Science Division, Stellenbosch University. Prior to his appointment at Stellenbosch University, he has been at the University of Pretoria, Department of Computer Science (1998-2018), where he was appointed as South Africa Research Chair in Artifical Intelligence (2007-2018), the head of the Department of Computer Science (2008-2017), and Director of the Institute for Big Data and Data Science (2017-2018). In addition to a number of research articles, he has written two books, Computational Intelligence: An Introduction and Fundamentals of Computational Swarm Intelligence.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Stellenbosch University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:6,paginationItems:[{id:"22",title:"Applied Intelligence",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/22.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"27170",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlos",middleName:"M.",surname:"Travieso-Gonzalez",slug:"carlos-travieso-gonzalez",fullName:"Carlos Travieso-Gonzalez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/27170/images/system/27170.jpeg",biography:"Carlos M. Travieso-González received his MSc degree in Telecommunication Engineering at Polytechnic University of Catalonia (UPC), Spain in 1997, and his Ph.D. degree in 2002 at the University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC-Spain). He is a full professor of signal processing and pattern recognition and is head of the Signals and Communications Department at ULPGC, teaching from 2001 on subjects on signal processing and learning theory. His research lines are biometrics, biomedical signals and images, data mining, classification system, signal and image processing, machine learning, and environmental intelligence. He has researched in 52 international and Spanish research projects, some of them as head researcher. He is co-author of 4 books, co-editor of 27 proceedings books, guest editor for 8 JCR-ISI international journals, and up to 24 book chapters. He has over 450 papers published in international journals and conferences (81 of them indexed on JCR – ISI - Web of Science). He has published seven patents in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office. He has been a supervisor on 8 Ph.D. theses (11 more are under supervision), and 130 master theses. He is the founder of The IEEE IWOBI conference series and the president of its Steering Committee, as well as the founder of both the InnoEducaTIC and APPIS conference series. He is an evaluator of project proposals for the European Union (H2020), Medical Research Council (MRC, UK), Spanish Government (ANECA, Spain), Research National Agency (ANR, France), DAAD (Germany), Argentinian Government, and the Colombian Institutions. He has been a reviewer in different indexed international journals (<70) and conferences (<250) since 2001. He has been a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Image Processing from 2007 and a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems from 2011. \n\nHe has held the general chair position for the following: ACM-APPIS (2020, 2021), IEEE-IWOBI (2019, 2020 and 2020), A PPIS (2018, 2019), IEEE-IWOBI (2014, 2015, 2017, 2018), InnoEducaTIC (2014, 2017), IEEE-INES (2013), NoLISP (2011), JRBP (2012), and IEEE-ICCST (2005)\n\nHe is an associate editor of the Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience Journal (Hindawi – Q2 JCR-ISI). He was vice dean from 2004 to 2010 in the Higher Technical School of Telecommunication Engineers at ULPGC and the vice dean of Graduate and Postgraduate Studies from March 2013 to November 2017. He won the “Catedra Telefonica” Awards in Modality of Knowledge Transfer, 2017, 2018, and 2019 editions, and awards in Modality of COVID Research in 2020.\n\nPublic References:\nResearcher ID http://www.researcherid.com/rid/N-5967-2014\nORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4621-2768 \nScopus Author ID https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=6602376272\nScholar Google https://scholar.google.es/citations?user=G1ks9nIAAAAJ&hl=en \nResearchGate https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Carlos_Travieso",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"23",title:"Computational Neuroscience",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/23.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"14004",title:"Dr.",name:"Magnus",middleName:null,surname:"Johnsson",slug:"magnus-johnsson",fullName:"Magnus Johnsson",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/14004/images/system/14004.png",biography:"Dr Magnus Johnsson is a cross-disciplinary scientist, lecturer, scientific editor and AI/machine learning consultant from Sweden. \n\nHe is currently at Malmö University in Sweden, but also held positions at Lund University in Sweden and at Moscow Engineering Physics Institute. \nHe holds editorial positions at several international scientific journals and has served as a scientific editor for books and special journal issues. \nHis research interests are wide and include, but are not limited to, autonomous systems, computer modeling, artificial neural networks, artificial intelligence, cognitive neuroscience, cognitive robotics, cognitive architectures, cognitive aids and the philosophy of mind. \n\nDr. Johnsson has experience from working in the industry and he has a keen interest in the application of neural networks and artificial intelligence to fields like industry, finance, and medicine. \n\nWeb page: www.magnusjohnsson.se",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Malmö University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/24.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"294154",title:"Prof.",name:"George",middleName:null,surname:"Papakostas",slug:"george-papakostas",fullName:"George Papakostas",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002hYaGbQAK/Profile_Picture_1624519712088",biography:"George A. Papakostas has received a diploma in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 1999 and the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 2002 and 2007, respectively, from the Democritus University of Thrace (DUTH), Greece. Dr. Papakostas serves as a Tenured Full Professor at the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University, Greece. Dr. Papakostas has 10 years of experience in large-scale systems design as a senior software engineer and technical manager, and 20 years of research experience in the field of Artificial Intelligence. Currently, he is the Head of the “Visual Computing” division of HUman-MAchines INteraction Laboratory (HUMAIN-Lab) and the Director of the MPhil program “Advanced Technologies in Informatics and Computers” hosted by the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University. He has (co)authored more than 150 publications in indexed journals, international conferences and book chapters, 1 book (in Greek), 3 edited books, and 5 journal special issues. His publications have more than 2100 citations with h-index 27 (GoogleScholar). His research interests include computer/machine vision, machine learning, pattern recognition, computational intelligence. \nDr. Papakostas served as a reviewer in numerous journals, as a program\ncommittee member in international conferences and he is a member of the IAENG, MIR Labs, EUCogIII, INSTICC and the Technical Chamber of Greece (TEE).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"International Hellenic University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"25",title:"Evolutionary Computation",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"136112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura Soto",slug:"sebastian-ventura-soto",fullName:"Sebastian Ventura Soto",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/136112/images/system/136112.png",biography:"Sebastian Ventura is a Spanish researcher, a full professor with the Department of Computer Science and Numerical Analysis, University of Córdoba. Dr Ventura also holds the positions of Affiliated Professor at Virginia Commonwealth University (Richmond, USA) and Distinguished Adjunct Professor at King Abdulaziz University (Jeddah, Saudi Arabia). Additionally, he is deputy director of the Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI) and heads the Knowledge Discovery and Intelligent Systems Research Laboratory. He has published more than ten books and over 300 articles in journals and scientific conferences. Currently, his work has received over 18,000 citations according to Google Scholar, including more than 2200 citations in 2020. In the last five years, he has published more than 60 papers in international journals indexed in the JCR (around 70% of them belonging to first quartile journals) and he has edited some Springer books “Supervised Descriptive Pattern Mining” (2018), “Multiple Instance Learning - Foundations and Algorithms” (2016), and “Pattern Mining with Evolutionary Algorithms” (2016). He has also been involved in more than 20 research projects supported by the Spanish and Andalusian governments and the European Union. He currently belongs to the editorial board of PeerJ Computer Science, Information Fusion and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence journals, being also associate editor of Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing and IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics. Finally, he is editor-in-chief of Progress in Artificial Intelligence. 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The motor of the society is the industry and the research of this topic has to be empowered in order to increase and improve the quality of our lives.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/22.jpg",keywords:"Machine Learning, Intelligence Algorithms, Data Science, Artificial Intelligence, Applications on Applied Intelligence"},{id:"23",title:"Computational Neuroscience",scope:"Computational neuroscience focuses on biologically realistic abstractions and models validated and solved through computational simulations to understand principles for the development, structure, physiology, and ability of the nervous system. This topic is dedicated to biologically plausible descriptions and computational models - at various abstraction levels - of neurons and neural systems. This includes, but is not limited to: single-neuron modeling, sensory processing, motor control, memory, and synaptic plasticity, attention, identification, categorization, discrimination, learning, development, axonal patterning, guidance, neural architecture, behaviors, and dynamics of networks, cognition and the neuroscientific basis of consciousness. Particularly interesting are models of various types of more compound functions and abilities, various and more general fundamental principles (e.g., regarding architecture, organization, learning, development, etc.) found at various spatial and temporal levels.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/23.jpg",keywords:"Single-Neuron Modeling, Sensory Processing, Motor Control, Memory and Synaptic Pasticity, Attention, Identification, Categorization, Discrimination, Learning, Development, Axonal Patterning and Guidance, Neural Architecture, Behaviours and Dynamics of Networks, Cognition and the Neuroscientific Basis of Consciousness"},{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision",scope:"The scope of this topic is to disseminate the recent advances in the rapidly growing field of computer vision from both the theoretical and practical points of view. Novel computational algorithms for image analysis, scene understanding, biometrics, deep learning and their software or hardware implementations for natural and medical images, robotics, VR/AR, applications are some research directions relevant to this topic.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/24.jpg",keywords:"Image Analysis, Scene Understanding, Biometrics, Deep Learning, Software Implementation, Hardware Implementation, Natural Images, Medical Images, Robotics, VR/AR"},{id:"25",title:"Evolutionary Computation",scope:"Evolutionary computing is a paradigm that has grown dramatically in recent years. This group of bio-inspired metaheuristics solves multiple optimization problems by applying the metaphor of natural selection. It so far has solved problems such as resource allocation, routing, schedule planning, and engineering design. Moreover, in the field of machine learning, evolutionary computation has carved out a significant niche both in the generation of learning models and in the automatic design and optimization of hyperparameters in deep learning models. This collection aims to include quality volumes on various topics related to evolutionary algorithms and, alternatively, other metaheuristics of interest inspired by nature. For example, some of the issues of interest could be the following: Advances in evolutionary computation (Genetic algorithms, Genetic programming, Bio-inspired metaheuristics, Hybrid metaheuristics, Parallel ECs); Applications of evolutionary algorithms (Machine learning and Data Mining with EAs, Search-Based Software Engineering, Scheduling, and Planning Applications, Smart Transport Applications, Applications to Games, Image Analysis, Signal Processing and Pattern Recognition, Applications to Sustainability).",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",keywords:"Genetic Algorithms, Genetic Programming, Evolutionary Programming, Evolution Strategies, Hybrid Algorithms, Bioinspired Metaheuristics, Ant Colony Optimization, Evolutionary Learning, Hyperparameter Optimization"},{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",scope:"The scope of machine learning and data mining is immense and is growing every day. It has become a massive part of our daily lives, making predictions based on experience, making this a fascinating area that solves problems that otherwise would not be possible or easy to solve. This topic aims to encompass algorithms that learn from experience (supervised and unsupervised), improve their performance over time and enable machines to make data-driven decisions. It is not limited to any particular applications, but contributions are encouraged from all disciplines.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/26.jpg",keywords:"Intelligent Systems, Machine Learning, Data Science, Data Mining, Artificial Intelligence"},{id:"27",title:"Multi-Agent Systems",scope:"Multi-agent systems are recognised as a state of the art field in Artificial Intelligence studies, which is popular due to the usefulness in facilitation capabilities to handle real-world problem-solving in a distributed fashion. The area covers many techniques that offer solutions to emerging problems in robotics and enterprise-level software systems. Collaborative intelligence is highly and effectively achieved with multi-agent systems. Areas of application include swarms of robots, flocks of UAVs, collaborative software management. Given the level of technological enhancements, the popularity of machine learning in use has opened a new chapter in multi-agent studies alongside the practical challenges and long-lasting collaboration issues in the field. It has increased the urgency and the need for further studies in this field. We welcome chapters presenting research on the many applications of multi-agent studies including, but not limited to, the following key areas: machine learning for multi-agent systems; modeling swarms robots and flocks of UAVs with multi-agent systems; decision science and multi-agent systems; software engineering for and with multi-agent systems; tools and technologies of multi-agent systems.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/27.jpg",keywords:"Collaborative Intelligence, Learning, Distributed Control System, Swarm Robotics, Decision Science, Software Engineering"}],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:{title:"Artificial Intelligence",id:"14"},selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",issn:"2754-6713",scope:"\r\n\tScientists have long researched to understand the environment and man’s place in it. The search for this knowledge grows in importance as rapid increases in population and economic development intensify humans’ stresses on ecosystems. Fortunately, rapid increases in multiple scientific areas are advancing our understanding of environmental sciences. Breakthroughs in computing, molecular biology, ecology, and sustainability science are enhancing our ability to utilize environmental sciences to address real-world problems.
\r\n\tThe four topics of this book series - Pollution; Environmental Resilience and Management; Ecosystems and Biodiversity; and Water Science - will address important areas of advancement in the environmental sciences. They will represent an excellent initial grouping of published works on these critical topics.
\r\n\tPollution is caused by a wide variety of human activities and occurs in diverse forms, for example biological, chemical, et cetera. In recent years, significant efforts have been made to ensure that the environment is clean, that rigorous rules are implemented, and old laws are updated to reduce the risks towards humans and ecosystems. However, rapid industrialization and the need for more cultivable sources or habitable lands, for an increasing population, as well as fewer alternatives for waste disposal, make the pollution control tasks more challenging. Therefore, this topic will focus on assessing and managing environmental pollution. It will cover various subjects, including risk assessment due to the pollution of ecosystems, transport and fate of pollutants, restoration or remediation of polluted matrices, and efforts towards sustainable solutions to minimize environmental pollution.
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