Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\n
We wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\n
Throughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\n
We wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"9163",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"The Eye and Foot in Diabetes",title:"The Eye and Foot in Diabetes",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"In order to fully understand any disease, it is important to understand not only the potential end results of the condition, but how and why it develops to that point and the stages it passes through getting to that end. This book does not attempt to be a comprehensive treatise on how diabetic complications affect those who suffer from them or how they develop, but it does offer a collection of topics from distinguished scientists and clinicians covering the pathogenesis of damage, the clinical evaluation and treatment, and some surgical solutions to problems encountered in the diabetic eye and foot. It is not intended to be read cover to cover, although it could be, but rather offers specific information on topics of the diabetic eye and foot that should enlighten the reader. If you are a scientist, clinician, or surgeon, we hope you find the information presented here as useful as we did collecting it.",isbn:"978-1-83880-945-4",printIsbn:"978-1-83880-944-7",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83880-946-1",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.83159",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"the-eye-and-foot-in-diabetes",numberOfPages:188,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,isInBkci:!1,hash:"0702b8cb35abbd7ac1fe4d80a7d092ad",bookSignature:"Jeffery Grigsby and Fethi Derbel",publishedDate:"November 19th 2020",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9163.jpg",numberOfDownloads:5995,numberOfWosCitations:3,numberOfCrossrefCitations:4,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:7,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:1,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:14,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"May 30th 2019",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"November 5th 2019",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"January 4th 2020",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"March 24th 2020",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"May 23rd 2020",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"83508",title:"Dr.",name:"Jeffery",middleName:"Glen",surname:"Grigsby",slug:"jeffery-grigsby",fullName:"Jeffery Grigsby",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/83508/images/system/83508.jfif",biography:"Dr. Jeff Grigsby practiced in ophthalmology and optometry practices in West Texas several years before founding Vision Health Specialties. He saw patients, lectured on eye disease, and dabbled in eye care politics. A mid-career change sent him back to school in biology with an emphasis in diabetic retinal disease. Since that time working as an optometrist, teacher, and biologist, he continues to see patients and manage a large eye care practice. Additionally, he works as a clinic director of a laser refractive center, lectures on diabetic retinopathy and refractive surgical issues, performs clinical and basic science research, writes research and literature reviews on the biological roots of diabetic eye disease, and edits papers and books on diabetic retinopathy.",institutionString:"Texas Tech University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",biography:"Professor Fethi Derbel was born in 1960 in Tunisia. He received his medical degree from the Sousse Faculty of Medicine at Sousse, University of Sousse, Tunisia. He completed his surgical residency in General Surgery at the University Hospital Farhat Hached of Sousse and was a member of the Unit of Liver Transplantation in the University of Rennes, France. He then worked in the Department of Surgery at the Sahloul University Hospital in Sousse. Professor Derbel is presently working at the Clinique les Oliviers, Sousse, Tunisia. His hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, colorectal, pancreatic, hepatobiliary, and gastric surgery. He is also very interested in hernia surgery and performs ventral hernia repairs and inguinal hernia repairs. He has been a member of the GREPA and Tunisian Hernia Society (THS). During his residency, he managed patients suffering from diabetic foot, and he was very interested in this pathology. For this reason, he decided to coordinate a book project dealing with the diabetic foot. Professor Derbel has published many articles in journals and collaborates intensively with IntechOpen Access Publisher as an editor.",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"6",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"4",institution:null},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1012",title:"Neuroendocrinology",slug:"medicine-endocrinology-neuroendocrinology"}],chapters:[{id:"69338",title:"Advanced Glycation End Products: Formation, Role in Diabetic Complications, and Potential in Clinical Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89408",slug:"advanced-glycation-end-products-formation-role-in-diabetic-complications-and-potential-in-clinical-a",totalDownloads:698,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Hyperglycemic conditions and disruptions to glucose-regulating pathways lead to increased formation of highly reactive aldehydes, methylglyoxal and glyoxal, which react with certain arginine and lysine residues in proteins to form advanced glycation end products (AGEs). These AGEs damage the integrity of the retinal vasculature predominantly through two mechanisms: non-receptor-mediated damage, which pertains to the interaction with extracellular matrix and its functional properties, and receptor-mediated damage through AGE interactions with their receptors (RAGE) on pericytes and Muller cells. Damage occurring between AGE and RAGE potentially generates reactive oxygen species, inflammatory cytokines, and growth factors. Both mechanisms result in increased permeability of endothelial tight junctions, and this increased permeability can lead to leaking and eventually ischemia. Once this ischemia becomes significant, neovascularization can occur, the hallmark of proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Current pharmaceutical studies have shown the potential of AGE inhibitors, such as aminoguanidine, in decreasing AGE production, thus minimizing its effects in hyperglycemic conditions. Other pharmaceutical interventions, such as Tanshinone IIA, aim to protect cells from the impacts of AGEs. Future research will not only continue to understand the properties of AGEs and their effects on diabetes and diabetic complications like diabetic retinopathy but will also explore how they impact other diseases.",signatures:"Rujman Khan, Xin Yee Ooi, Matthew Parvus, Laura Valdez and Andrew Tsin",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69338",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69338",authors:[{id:"307759",title:"Ms.",name:"XinYee",surname:"Ooi",slug:"xinyee-ooi",fullName:"XinYee Ooi"},{id:"308743",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Laura",surname:"Valdez",slug:"laura-valdez",fullName:"Laura Valdez"},{id:"310664",title:"Ms.",name:"Rujman",surname:"Khan",slug:"rujman-khan",fullName:"Rujman Khan"},{id:"310667",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrew",surname:"Tsin",slug:"andrew-tsin",fullName:"Andrew Tsin"},{id:"310669",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Matthew",surname:"Parvus",slug:"matthew-parvus",fullName:"Matthew Parvus"}],corrections:null},{id:"69935",title:"Deficient Autophagy Contributes to the Development of Diabetic Retinopathy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89339",slug:"deficient-autophagy-contributes-to-the-development-of-diabetic-retinopathy",totalDownloads:663,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Autophagy is a self-degradation process essential to maintain intracellular homeostasis and cell survival, controlling elimination of pathogens, damage to organelles, and nutrient recycling to generate energy. Alterations in autophagic flux have been reported in the mechanisms of several diseases such as neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, diabetes mellitus, and its associated complications. Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a microvascular complication of diabetes, affecting nearly 30% of diabetic patients. Several pathways are triggered and repressed in the development of DR, and autophagy showed to be relevant in the pathogenesis of this devastating complication. In this chapter, autophagy’s involvement in the development and progression of DR will be discussed, mainly in retinal pigmented epithelial cells and retinal microvascular endothelial cells, as well as in Müller cells—the more prominent retinal glial cell.",signatures:"Jacqueline M. Lopes de Faria and Marcella Neves Dátilo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69935",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69935",authors:[{id:"309884",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jacqueline M",surname:"Lopes De Faria",slug:"jacqueline-m-lopes-de-faria",fullName:"Jacqueline M Lopes De Faria"},{id:"309885",title:"MSc.",name:"Marcella N",surname:"Dátilo",slug:"marcella-n-datilo",fullName:"Marcella N Dátilo"}],corrections:null},{id:"71237",title:"Diabetic Vitrectomy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91360",slug:"diabetic-vitrectomy",totalDownloads:467,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Diabetic retinopathy (DR) in its advanced stage is a leading cause of blindness and visual impairment. Despite efforts at early detection of DR, disease monitoring, and medical therapy, significant proportions of people living with diabetes still progress to develop the advanced proliferative disease, which is characterized by neovascularization, actively proliferating fibrovascular membranes, and retinal traction. The surgical removal of this proliferating tissue and the treatment of the retinal ischemic drive can be very rewarding, providing significant stability of the retina and in several cases improved retinal anatomy and vision. Diabetic vitrectomy comprises a broad range of surgical techniques and maneuvers, which offer the surgeon and patient opportunity to reverse deranged vitreoretinal anatomy and improve or stabilizes vision. Advances in vitreoretinal technology have contributed greatly to more recent improved outcomes; it is expected that future advances will offer even more benefit.",signatures:"Ogugua N. Okonkwo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71237",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71237",authors:[{id:"243927",title:"Dr.",name:"Ogugua",surname:"Ndubuisi Okonkwo",slug:"ogugua-ndubuisi-okonkwo",fullName:"Ogugua Ndubuisi Okonkwo"}],corrections:null},{id:"73713",title:"Introductory Chapter: Diabetic Foot",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.94331",slug:"introductory-chapter-diabetic-foot",totalDownloads:378,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Meriem Braiki, Mohamed Ali Khalifa, Bilel Faidi, Mosaab Ghannouchi and Fethi Derbel",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73713",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73713",authors:[{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel"}],corrections:null},{id:"72787",title:"Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs) and Diabetic Foot: Pathophysiological Findings and Recent Developments in Their Inhibitors of Natural as well as Synthetic Origin",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92982",slug:"matrix-metalloproteinases-mmps-and-diabetic-foot-pathophysiological-findings-and-recent-developments",totalDownloads:398,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Management of diabetic foot remains a major challenge for healthcare system. Though wound healing is a multiphase process and involved multiple biomarkers that acts in stepwise manner, pathophysiology diabetic foot ulcers is still not much clear and need standardization. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are often linked with non-healing characteristic of diabetic foot ulcers. They play vital roles in various phases of healing process. Major functions are removal of damaged extracellular matrix in inflammatory phase, breakdown of capillary basement membrane prior to angiogenesis and facilitation in fibroblast migration during proliferation phase. For efficient healing, these enzymes are needed in certain amount only. Imbalance of these enzymes leads to excessive degradation which has been linked with the non-healing nature of diabetic ulcers. This chapter will shed light on the role of MMP’s in various phases of wound healing and the inhibitors of MMP’s from natural as well as synthetic origin. It would help researchers and physicians to the understand nature of diabetic foot more clearly and design of strategies for diabetic foot management.",signatures:"Kirandeep Kaur, Atamjit Singh, Shivani Attri, Danish Malhotra, Aditi Verma, Neena Bedi and Preet Mohinder Singh Bedi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72787",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72787",authors:[{id:"240090",title:"Ms.",name:"Kirandeep",surname:"Kaur",slug:"kirandeep-kaur",fullName:"Kirandeep Kaur"},{id:"296950",title:"Dr.",name:"Neena",surname:"Bedi",slug:"neena-bedi",fullName:"Neena Bedi"},{id:"318261",title:"Mr.",name:"Atamjit",surname:"Singh",slug:"atamjit-singh",fullName:"Atamjit Singh"},{id:"320996",title:"Ms.",name:"Shivani",surname:"Attri",slug:"shivani-attri",fullName:"Shivani Attri"},{id:"320997",title:"Mr.",name:"Danish",surname:"Malhotra",slug:"danish-malhotra",fullName:"Danish Malhotra"},{id:"320998",title:"Ms.",name:"Aditi",surname:"Verma",slug:"aditi-verma",fullName:"Aditi Verma"},{id:"320999",title:"Prof.",name:"Preet Mohinder Singh",surname:"Bedi",slug:"preet-mohinder-singh-bedi",fullName:"Preet Mohinder Singh Bedi"}],corrections:null},{id:"72829",title:"Novel Application of Immunomodulatory Mushroom Polysaccharide (β-Glucan) and Triterpenes for Diabetic Wound Care",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93122",slug:"novel-application-of-immunomodulatory-mushroom-polysaccharide-glucan-and-triterpenes-for-diabetic-wo",totalDownloads:504,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"β-Glucan and triterpenes are two important derivative compounds from traditional medicinal mushroom, such as Ganoderma lucidum and Antrodia cinnamomea. β-glucan and triterpenes are considered to have immunoregulatory properties in disease treatment for long years. The immunoregulatory effects are usually activated through some transcription of pro-inflammatory genes and possess immunomodulatory activity. Difficulty in healing wound now is a common condition that occurred in diabetic patients, and the physiological hyperglycemic status of diabetic patients resulting in the wounds continue to produce an inflammatory response. Thus, we hope to use β-glucan and triterpenes for difficult wound healing that possess immunomodulatory activity on the wound micro-environment and stimulate the positive effects on healing. In this chapter, these two important derivative compounds from traditional medicinal mushroom were examined by diabetic mammal’s wound healing models. In these models, the skin wounds’ microenvironment is expected close to diabetic foot, suffering in hyperglycemic and inflammatory status. The results are clearly presented, with the immunomodulatory effects from mushroom β-glucan and triterpenes that involved in modulating the cell-mediated immune system to cause cellular proliferation and further to introduce healing performance of the chronic inflammation wounds.",signatures:"Shiu-Nan Chen, Yu-Sheng Wu, Sherwin Chen, Ya-Chin Chang and Chung-Lun Lu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72829",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72829",authors:[{id:"116110",title:"Dr.",name:"Shiu-Nan",surname:"Chen",slug:"shiu-nan-chen",fullName:"Shiu-Nan Chen"},{id:"117136",title:"Dr.",name:"Chung-Lun",surname:"Lu",slug:"chung-lun-lu",fullName:"Chung-Lun Lu"},{id:"315821",title:"Prof.",name:"Yu-Sheng",surname:"Wu",slug:"yu-sheng-wu",fullName:"Yu-Sheng Wu"},{id:"320205",title:"Dr.",name:"Ya-Chih",surname:"Chang",slug:"ya-chih-chang",fullName:"Ya-Chih Chang"},{id:"320211",title:"Mr.",name:"Sherwin",surname:"Chen",slug:"sherwin-chen",fullName:"Sherwin Chen"}],corrections:null},{id:"72201",title:"Assessment of Diabetic Foot through the Developmental Stages of Lower Limb Abnormalities Using Ultrasound",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92431",slug:"assessment-of-diabetic-foot-through-the-developmental-stages-of-lower-limb-abnormalities-using-ultra",totalDownloads:424,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"A diabetic foot is one of the most serious complications of diabetes mellitus. This causes large number of lower leg amputations worldwide. Usually this disease is getting diagnosed in a very later stage. Ankle-arm index, diastolic blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose, hemoglobin A1C, high blood pressure, medial arterial calcification, nerve conduction velocity, peripheral vascular disease, systolic blood pressure, transcutaneous oxygen tension, etc. are some of the major indicators of a diabetic foot. Among these peripheral arterial abnormalities and neuropathy are the most dominant visible factors. Detection and monitoring of diabetic foot help to demonstrate the feet at risk of ulceration positively. This study reveals the various assessment methodologies of lower limb abnormalities leading to diabetic foot using ultrasound. Ultrasound is being used in various cases related to diabetic foot, from the identification of systolic pressure for the ankle brachial pressure index to the velocity analysis of hemodynamic studies. The study analyses the lower limb abnormalities and extracts the features of diabetic foot from the velocity spectrum of ultrasound Doppler scan.",signatures:"Suresh K.S. and Sukesh Kumar A.",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72201",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72201",authors:[{id:"314306",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Suresh",surname:"K.S.",slug:"suresh-k.s.",fullName:"Suresh K.S."},{id:"317184",title:"Dr.",name:"Sukesh Kumar",surname:"A.",slug:"sukesh-kumar-a.",fullName:"Sukesh Kumar A."}],corrections:null},{id:"71882",title:"Chronic Limb-Threatening Ischemia (CLTI) in Diabetic Patients: Looking at the Big Picture beyond Wound, Ischemia and Foot Infection (WIfI) Classification System",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91970",slug:"chronic-limb-threatening-ischemia-clti-in-diabetic-patients-looking-at-the-big-picture-beyond-wound-",totalDownloads:999,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"During the 1990s, most diabetic ulcers were considered neuropathic, but the Eurodiale study showed that more than 50% of these were non-plantar (neuro-ischaemic and ischaemic). According to the International Guidelines, the neuro-ischaemic and ischaemic diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) outcomes are connected to factors related to the wound, leg-associated factors and patients’ comorbidities. We used wound, ischaemia and foot infection (WIfI) classification system; Trans-Atlantic Inter-Society Consensus-II (TASC-II) arterial lesion score; and Kaiser Permanente pyramid (stratification of patients according to their complexity) for assessing these parameters. From February 2011 to June 2012, we collected 124 episodes of neuro-ischaemic and ischaemic active ulcer in 100 patients: 18 required major amputation, 14 of them were in WIfI stage 4 and 4 in WIfI stage 3. Ten patients (over 14 in WIfI stage 4) were classified as TASC-II D. Eight patients (over the same 14) were classified as the higher risk of Kaiser Permanente pyramid. In line with other studies, our data support that the WIfI classification correlates well regarding risk of amputation at 1 year. However, when adding TASC-II and Kaiser Permanente pyramid assessment, the outcome is even more accurate not only for limb salvage but also for patients’ survival.",signatures:"Maria Pilar Vela-Orús and María Sonia Gaztambide-Sáenz",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71882",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71882",authors:[{id:"313684",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Pilar",surname:"Vela-Orus",slug:"maria-pilar-vela-orus",fullName:"Maria Pilar Vela-Orus"},{id:"313727",title:"Dr.",name:"María Sonia",surname:"Gaztambide-Sáenz",slug:"maria-sonia-gaztambide-saenz",fullName:"María Sonia Gaztambide-Sáenz"}],corrections:null},{id:"72330",title:"Diabetic Foot Ulcer: An Easy and Comprehensive Approach",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92585",slug:"diabetic-foot-ulcer-an-easy-and-comprehensive-approach",totalDownloads:605,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Foot problems are commonly involved in diabetes, and the most common presentation of diabetes is an ulcer. Diabetic foot ulcer is a complex problem caused by reduced blood supply, nerve damage, or infection. But unfortunately in most of cases, these three factors have played a role for impairment of diabetic feet. Sometimes nerve damage or neuropathy is an initial insult, and multiple times ischemia is the leading factor for ulcer formation. After certain period, infection finally supervenes and makes a sterile ulcer to infected leads to loss of limb or foot. This becomes more complicated because of less pronounced ischemic symptoms in diabetic than non-diabetics. Furthermore, the healing of a neuroischemic ulcer is slowed down by microvascular dysfunction. Therefore, some ulcers can get better by revascularization, but pure ischemic ulcers rarely respond to revascularization. Many guidelines have largely ignored these specific demands related to ulcerated neuroischemic diabetic feet. Any diabetic foot ulcer should always be considered to have vascular impairment unless otherwise proven. This chapter highlights the best way to diagnose and treat these patients with diabetic foot ulcer. Most of the studies dealing with neuroischemic diabetic feet are not comparable in terms of patient populations, interventions, or outcomes. Therefore, there is an urgent need for a paradigm shift in diabetic foot care, that is, a new approach and classification of diabetics with foot ulcer in regard to clinical practice and research.",signatures:"Imran Ali Shaikh, Naila Masood Sddiqui and Javeria Hameed Shaikh",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72330",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72330",authors:[{id:"198052",title:"Dr.",name:"Naila",surname:"Siddiqui",slug:"naila-siddiqui",fullName:"Naila Siddiqui"},{id:"320413",title:"Prof.",name:"Imran Ali",surname:"Shaikh",slug:"imran-ali-shaikh",fullName:"Imran Ali Shaikh"},{id:"320414",title:"Dr.",name:"Javeria",surname:"Shaikh",slug:"javeria-shaikh",fullName:"Javeria Shaikh"}],corrections:null},{id:"73615",title:"Diagnosis, Treatment, Multidisciplinary Collaborative Therapy and Prevention of Diabetic Foot",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93381",slug:"diagnosis-treatment-multidisciplinary-collaborative-therapy-and-prevention-of-diabetic-foot",totalDownloads:302,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Diabetic foot (DF) is one of the most common complications of diabetes. Diabetic foot is one of the main causes of disability and death of diabetic patients, and it is also a major public health problem that causes a heavy burden on society. Diabetic foot involves a variety of factors including peripheral nerve tissue lesions, ischemic lesions, and reduced body immunity. With the development of medical standards, clinical knowledge and treatment of diabetic foot are constantly improving. Early diagnosis and intervention is the key to reducing the incidence of diabetic foot and improving the cure rate. This chapter will briefly introduce the diagnosis, the treatment, the multidisciplinary collaborative therapy and prevention of diabetic foot.",signatures:"Fanna Liu and Lianghong Yin",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73615",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73615",authors:[{id:"318827",title:"Dr.",name:"Fanna",surname:"Liu",slug:"fanna-liu",fullName:"Fanna Liu"}],corrections:null},{id:"71737",title:"Neurocognitive Dysfunction and Diabetic Foot",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91989",slug:"neurocognitive-dysfunction-and-diabetic-foot",totalDownloads:565,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Diabetic foot ulcers are one of the most serious complications associated with diabetes. People with diabetes experience an accelerated rate of age-related cognitive decline, and comorbid complications increase the likelihood of neurocognitive attenuation. The current body of research into neurocognitive functioning in individuals with diabetic foot ulcers is small, but suggests significantly increased rates of neurocognitive dysfunction, and that up to one quarter of this cohort have cognitive functioning consistent with dementia samples. This has implications for utilising disease self-management as the primary treatment model. Neurocognitive deficits mean that understanding, retaining, and adhering to management recommendations are likely to be difficult in this group. Further research is needed in this area to determine the specific neurocognitive profile associated with diabetic foot, including which cognitive domains are the most impacted. The provision of a framework for tailoring management strategies to assist this group with more efficacious disease management is also required.",signatures:"Caroline A. Fisher",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71737",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71737",authors:[{id:"313181",title:"Dr.",name:"Caroline",surname:"Fisher",slug:"caroline-fisher",fullName:"Caroline Fisher"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"2552",title:"Lipid Metabolism",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"66b8e95379ce94691627be9279b5a616",slug:"lipid-metabolism",bookSignature:"Rodrigo Valenzuela Baez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2552.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"72355",title:"Prof.",name:"Rodrigo",surname:"Valenzuela Baez",slug:"rodrigo-valenzuela-baez",fullName:"Rodrigo Valenzuela Baez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2538",title:"Glucocorticoids",subtitle:"New Recognition of Our Familiar Friend",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"317d6ea020414596baedc9e33fc75c1d",slug:"glucocorticoids-new-recognition-of-our-familiar-friend",bookSignature:"Xiaoxiao Qian",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2538.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"143871",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiaoxiao",surname:"Qian",slug:"xiaoxiao-qian",fullName:"Xiaoxiao Qian"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3334",title:"Steroids",subtitle:"From Physiology to Clinical Medicine",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4d3dbedce5fc8eb293e968589523c68a",slug:"steroids-from-physiology-to-clinical-medicine",bookSignature:"Sergej M. Ostojic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3334.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"74282",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergej",surname:"Ostojic",slug:"sergej-ostojic",fullName:"Sergej Ostojic"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2539",title:"Glucose Tolerance",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"263cc350ae19eadd340fc133ff3a02ea",slug:"glucose-tolerance",bookSignature:"Sureka Chackrewarthy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2539.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"143419",title:"Dr.",name:"Sureka",surname:"Chackrewarthy",slug:"sureka-chackrewarthy",fullName:"Sureka Chackrewarthy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2589",title:"Thyroid Hormone",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"10402e127b33c9f3f428b99add65a29c",slug:"thyroid-hormone",bookSignature:"Neeraj Kumar Agrawal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2589.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"136647",title:"Dr.",name:"N.K.",surname:"Agrawal",slug:"n.k.-agrawal",fullName:"N.K. Agrawal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7328",title:"Melatonin",subtitle:"Molecular Biology, Clinical and Pharmaceutical Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"80d0b8d927e0913f639da36f67be3522",slug:"melatonin-molecular-biology-clinical-and-pharmaceutical-approaches",bookSignature:"Cristina Manuela Drăgoi and Alina Crenguţa Nicolae",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7328.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"192919",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Cristina Manuela",surname:"Drăgoi",slug:"cristina-manuela-dragoi",fullName:"Cristina Manuela Drăgoi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3456",title:"Current Topics in Hypothyroidism with Focus on Development",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"431344ca371c7413980c373f19c1939a",slug:"current-topics-in-hypothyroidism-with-focus-on-development",bookSignature:"Eliška Potluková",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3456.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"81897",title:"Dr.",name:"Eliska",surname:"Potlukova",slug:"eliska-potlukova",fullName:"Eliska Potlukova"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1258",title:"Thyroid and Parathyroid Diseases",subtitle:"New Insights into Some Old and Some New Issues",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1d264ee64e50893c0a9e40405a70656e",slug:"thyroid-and-parathyroid-diseases-new-insights-into-some-old-and-some-new-issues",bookSignature:"Laura Sterian Ward",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1258.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"40956",title:"Dr.",name:"Laura",surname:"Ward",slug:"laura-ward",fullName:"Laura Ward"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2876",title:"Insulin Resistance",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dac3d501162575948f43551265132839",slug:"insulin-resistance",bookSignature:"Sarika Arora",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2876.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"107238",title:"Dr.",name:"Sarika",surname:"Arora",slug:"sarika-arora",fullName:"Sarika Arora"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3809",title:"Thyroid Disorders",subtitle:"Focus on Hyperthyroidism",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"25b066f4ceed3f5ca69257e4c7d2a6b6",slug:"thyroid-disorders-focus-on-hyperthyroidism",bookSignature:"Gonzalo Diaz Soto",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3809.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"92633",title:"Dr.",name:"Gonzalo",surname:"Díaz-Soto",slug:"gonzalo-diaz-soto",fullName:"Gonzalo Díaz-Soto"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"79043",slug:"corrigendum-the-application-of-electric-drive-technologies-i",title:"Corrigendum: Application of Electric Drive Technologies in City Buses",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/79043.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/79043",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/79043",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/79043",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/79043",chapter:{id:"41487",slug:"the-application-of-electric-drive-technologies-in-city-buses",signatures:"Zlatomir Živanović and Zoran Nikolic",dateSubmitted:"April 4th 2012",dateReviewed:"July 21st 2012",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"December 19th 2012",book:{id:"3196",title:"New Generation of Electric Vehicles",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"New Generation of Electric Vehicles",slug:"new-generation-of-electric-vehicles",publishedDate:"December 19th 2012",bookSignature:"Zoran Stevic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3196.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"30692",title:"Dr.",name:"Zoran",middleName:"M.",surname:"Stevic",slug:"zoran-stevic",fullName:"Zoran Stevic"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"154524",title:"Dr.",name:"Zlatomir",middleName:null,surname:"Zivanovic",fullName:"Zlatomir Zivanovic",slug:"zlatomir-zivanovic",email:"zzivanovic@vinca.rs",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Belgrade",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Serbia"}}},{id:"164696",title:"Dr.",name:"Zoran",middleName:null,surname:"Nikolic",fullName:"Zoran Nikolic",slug:"zoran-nikolic",email:"zor.nikolic@yahoo.com",position:null,institution:null}]}},chapter:{id:"41487",slug:"the-application-of-electric-drive-technologies-in-city-buses",signatures:"Zlatomir Živanović and Zoran Nikolic",dateSubmitted:"April 4th 2012",dateReviewed:"July 21st 2012",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"December 19th 2012",book:{id:"3196",title:"New Generation of Electric Vehicles",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"New Generation of Electric Vehicles",slug:"new-generation-of-electric-vehicles",publishedDate:"December 19th 2012",bookSignature:"Zoran Stevic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3196.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"30692",title:"Dr.",name:"Zoran",middleName:"M.",surname:"Stevic",slug:"zoran-stevic",fullName:"Zoran Stevic"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"154524",title:"Dr.",name:"Zlatomir",middleName:null,surname:"Zivanovic",fullName:"Zlatomir Zivanovic",slug:"zlatomir-zivanovic",email:"zzivanovic@vinca.rs",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Belgrade",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Serbia"}}},{id:"164696",title:"Dr.",name:"Zoran",middleName:null,surname:"Nikolic",fullName:"Zoran Nikolic",slug:"zoran-nikolic",email:"zor.nikolic@yahoo.com",position:null,institution:null}]},book:{id:"3196",title:"New Generation of Electric Vehicles",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"New Generation of Electric Vehicles",slug:"new-generation-of-electric-vehicles",publishedDate:"December 19th 2012",bookSignature:"Zoran Stevic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3196.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"30692",title:"Dr.",name:"Zoran",middleName:"M.",surname:"Stevic",slug:"zoran-stevic",fullName:"Zoran Stevic"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"6052",leadTitle:null,title:"Cartilage Repair and Regeneration",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This work is the result of a partnership that began in 2011, when I received for the first time the invitation to be the scientific editor of a book on bone grafting, by the still little publisher known as InTech. Now six years later, InTech has grown and thrived. My respect and warm approval for the quality of the publisher's work only increased. The hyaline cartilage is a tissue that challenges tissue engineering and regenerative medicine because of its avascular nature. In the 11 chapters of this book, the reader will find texts written by researchers working on advanced topics related to basic laboratory research, as well as excellent reviews on the clinical use of currently available therapies.",isbn:"978-953-51-3789-4",printIsbn:"978-953-51-3788-7",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4020-7",doi:"10.5772/67903",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"cartilage-repair-and-regeneration",numberOfPages:228,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,hash:"e4881b3685ffd70f3f4d3d2c49b1d7f6",bookSignature:"Alessandro R. Zorzi and Joao Batista de Miranda",publishedDate:"February 14th 2018",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6052.jpg",keywords:null,numberOfDownloads:13571,numberOfWosCitations:7,numberOfCrossrefCitations:9,numberOfDimensionsCitations:14,numberOfTotalCitations:30,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"February 20th 2017",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"March 13th 2017",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"September 22nd 2017",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 22nd 2017",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 22nd 2017",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"5 years",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"80871",title:"M.D.",name:"Alessandro Rozim",middleName:null,surname:"Zorzi",slug:"alessandro-rozim-zorzi",fullName:"Alessandro Rozim Zorzi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/80871/images/system/80871.jpeg",biography:'Prof. Dr. Alessandro Rozim Zorzi (M.D., M.Sc., Ph.D.) is the Supervisor of Orthopedic Surgery Medical Residency Program at the State University of Campinas, Researcher and Lecturer of graduation and post graduation at São Leopoldo Mandic Medical School in Brazil. He is the author of dozens of international publications such as original articles, review articles, and book chapters. He is also the editor of the scientific blog "Femur Distal" (http://www.blogs.unicamp.br/femurdistal) and editor of five previous books with IntechOpen since 2014: "Bone Grafting"; "Osteonecrosis"; "Advanced Techniques in Bone Regeneration"; "Primary Total Knee Arthroplasty"; and "Cartilage Repair and Regeneration".',institutionString:"State University of Campinas",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"5",institution:{name:"State University of Campinas",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}],coeditorOne:{id:"84386",title:"Prof.",name:"João",middleName:null,surname:"Batista de Miranda",slug:"joao-batista-de-miranda",fullName:"João Batista de Miranda",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/84386/images/system/84386.jpg",biography:"Professor João Batista de Miranda is the chairman of the Division of Knee Surgery and Inflammatory Diseases, at the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Campinas State University (Unicamp), Brazil. He performs teaching activities with medical students, orthopedic fellows, and postgraduating researchers. He also develops research and clinical care. He is currently the superintendent of the Unicamp Teaching Hospital. Prof. Miranda obtained PhD with an experimental study on bone regeneration and on allografts. He has published several scientific articles in international journals and is coeditor of the book Bone Grafting of InTechOpen.",institutionString:"University of Campinas",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"State University of Campinas",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"980",title:"Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine",slug:"tissue-engineering-and-regenerative-medicine"}],chapters:[{id:"57520",title:"Viruses: Friends and Foes",slug:"viruses-friends-and-foes",totalDownloads:1045,totalCrossrefCites:3,authors:[{id:"80655",title:"Dr.",name:"Lara J.",surname:"Herrero",slug:"lara-j.-herrero",fullName:"Lara J. Herrero"},{id:"222233",title:"Dr.",name:"Penny A.",surname:"Rudd",slug:"penny-a.-rudd",fullName:"Penny A. Rudd"}]},{id:"57030",title:"Chondrocyte Turnover in Lung Cartilage",slug:"chondrocyte-turnover-in-lung-cartilage",totalDownloads:1197,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[{id:"79264",title:"Dr.",name:"Gilberto",surname:"Jaramillo-Rangel",slug:"gilberto-jaramillo-rangel",fullName:"Gilberto Jaramillo-Rangel"},{id:"88485",title:"Dr.",name:"Ivett",surname:"Miranda-Maldonado",slug:"ivett-miranda-maldonado",fullName:"Ivett Miranda-Maldonado"},{id:"88489",title:"Dr.",name:"Marta",surname:"Ortega-Martinez",slug:"marta-ortega-martinez",fullName:"Marta Ortega-Martinez"},{id:"203340",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",surname:"Niderhauser-García",slug:"alberto-niderhauser-garcia",fullName:"Alberto Niderhauser-García"},{id:"216608",title:"BSc.",name:"Yareth",surname:"Gopar-Cuevas",slug:"yareth-gopar-cuevas",fullName:"Yareth Gopar-Cuevas"},{id:"216609",title:"Dr.",name:"Adriana",surname:"Ancer-Arellano",slug:"adriana-ancer-arellano",fullName:"Adriana Ancer-Arellano"},{id:"216612",title:"Dr.",name:"María-De-Lourdes",surname:"Chávez-Briones",slug:"maria-de-lourdes-chavez-briones",fullName:"María-De-Lourdes Chávez-Briones"},{id:"216613",title:"MSc.",name:"Laura",surname:"Rodríguez-Flores",slug:"laura-rodriguez-flores",fullName:"Laura Rodríguez-Flores"}]},{id:"58093",title:"Alternative Therapeutic Approach for Cartilage Repair",slug:"alternative-therapeutic-approach-for-cartilage-repair",totalDownloads:1258,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[{id:"219924",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Sandra",surname:"Barbalho",slug:"sandra-barbalho",fullName:"Sandra Barbalho"},{id:"222572",title:"Dr.",name:"Marina",surname:"Akuri",slug:"marina-akuri",fullName:"Marina Akuri"},{id:"222573",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariana",surname:"Barion",slug:"mariana-barion",fullName:"Mariana Barion"},{id:"222574",title:"Dr.",name:"Elen",surname:"Guiguer",slug:"elen-guiguer",fullName:"Elen Guiguer"}]},{id:"56848",title:"Cell Therapy and Tissue Engineering for Cartilage Repair",slug:"cell-therapy-and-tissue-engineering-for-cartilage-repair",totalDownloads:1158,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[{id:"14784",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco J.",surname:"Blanco",slug:"francisco-j.-blanco",fullName:"Francisco J. Blanco"}]},{id:"56883",title:"Macroscopic Anatomy, Histopathology, and Image Diagnosis of Joints and Synovial Cartilages",slug:"macroscopic-anatomy-histopathology-and-image-diagnosis-of-joints-and-synovial-cartilages",totalDownloads:1267,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"186594",title:"Prof.",name:"Flávio",surname:"Alves",slug:"flavio-alves",fullName:"Flávio Alves"},{id:"213831",title:"MSc.",name:"Renan Paraguassu",surname:"De Sá Rodrigues",slug:"renan-paraguassu-de-sa-rodrigues",fullName:"Renan Paraguassu De Sá Rodrigues"},{id:"213832",title:"MSc.",name:"Andrezza Braga Soares",surname:"Da Silva",slug:"andrezza-braga-soares-da-silva",fullName:"Andrezza Braga Soares Da Silva"},{id:"213833",title:"Dr.",name:"Gerson Tavares",surname:"Pessoa",slug:"gerson-tavares-pessoa",fullName:"Gerson Tavares Pessoa"},{id:"213834",title:"Dr.",name:"Laecio Da Silva Moura",surname:"Moura",slug:"laecio-da-silva-moura-moura",fullName:"Laecio Da Silva Moura Moura"},{id:"213835",title:"MSc.",name:"Jacyara De Jesus Rosa Pereira",surname:"Alves",slug:"jacyara-de-jesus-rosa-pereira-alves",fullName:"Jacyara De Jesus Rosa Pereira Alves"},{id:"213836",title:"MSc.",name:"Kássio Vieira",surname:"Macedo",slug:"kassio-vieira-macedo",fullName:"Kássio Vieira Macedo"},{id:"213837",title:"Dr.",name:"Robson",surname:"Giglio",slug:"robson-giglio",fullName:"Robson Giglio"}]},{id:"56567",title:"Chondral Lesion in the Hip Joint and Current Chondral Repair Techniques",slug:"chondral-lesion-in-the-hip-joint-and-current-chondral-repair-techniques",totalDownloads:1377,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[{id:"42138",title:"Dr.",name:"Adrian J",surname:"Cassar Gheiti",slug:"adrian-j-cassar-gheiti",fullName:"Adrian J Cassar Gheiti"},{id:"161549",title:"Prof.",name:"Kevin J",surname:"Mulhall",slug:"kevin-j-mulhall",fullName:"Kevin J Mulhall"},{id:"212364",title:"Mr.",name:"Neil G",surname:"Burke",slug:"neil-g-burke",fullName:"Neil G Burke"},{id:"212365",title:"Ms.",name:"Theresa Michelle",surname:"Cassar-Gheiti",slug:"theresa-michelle-cassar-gheiti",fullName:"Theresa Michelle Cassar-Gheiti"}]},{id:"56983",title:"Osteochondritis Dissecans of the Knee",slug:"osteochondritis-dissecans-of-the-knee",totalDownloads:1224,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"205941",title:"M.D.",name:"Paul",surname:"Saluan",slug:"paul-saluan",fullName:"Paul Saluan"},{id:"206536",title:"Dr.",name:"Anthony",surname:"Egger",slug:"anthony-egger",fullName:"Anthony Egger"}]},{id:"57375",title:"Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation: Scaffold-Based Solutions",slug:"autologous-chondrocyte-implantation-scaffold-based-solutions",totalDownloads:1302,totalCrossrefCites:2,authors:[{id:"206602",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"David",surname:"Flanigan",slug:"david-flanigan",fullName:"David Flanigan"},{id:"212887",title:"Dr.",name:"Joshua",surname:"Everhart",slug:"joshua-everhart",fullName:"Joshua Everhart"},{id:"212888",title:"Dr.",name:"Nicholas",surname:"Early",slug:"nicholas-early",fullName:"Nicholas Early"}]},{id:"57662",title:"Management of Knee Cartilage Defects with the Autologous Matrix-Induced Chondrogenesis (AMIC) Technique",slug:"management-of-knee-cartilage-defects-with-the-autologous-matrix-induced-chondrogenesis-amic-techniqu",totalDownloads:1151,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"73667",title:"Prof.",name:"Michael E.",surname:"Hantes",slug:"michael-e.-hantes",fullName:"Michael E. Hantes"},{id:"215889",title:"Dr.",name:"Apostolos H.",surname:"Fyllos",slug:"apostolos-h.-fyllos",fullName:"Apostolos H. Fyllos"}]},{id:"57076",title:"MRI Mapping for Cartilage Repair Follow-up",slug:"mri-mapping-for-cartilage-repair-follow-up",totalDownloads:1181,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"205716",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Mokhtar",surname:"Mars",slug:"mokhtar-mars",fullName:"Mokhtar Mars"}]},{id:"58354",title:"Applied Basic Science of the Auricular Cartilage",slug:"applied-basic-science-of-the-auricular-cartilage",totalDownloads:1419,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"219104",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohamed Khamis Tolba Mahmoud",surname:"Abdalla",slug:"mohamed-khamis-tolba-mahmoud-abdalla",fullName:"Mohamed Khamis Tolba Mahmoud Abdalla"}]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"185545",firstName:"Martina",lastName:"Usljebrka Kauric",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/185545/images/4749_n.jpg",email:"martina.u@intechopen.com",biography:"As a Commissioning Editor at IntechOpen, I work closely with our collaborators in the selection of book topics for the yearly publishing plan and in preparing new book catalogues for each season. This requires extensive analysis of developing trends in scientific research in order to offer our readers relevant content. Creating the book catalogue is also based on keeping track of the most read, downloaded and highly cited chapters and books and relaunching similar topics. I am also responsible for consulting with our Scientific Advisors on which book topics to add to our catalogue and sending possible book proposal topics to them for evaluation. Once the catalogue is complete, I contact leading researchers in their respective fields and ask them to become possible Academic Editors for each book project. Once an editor is appointed, I prepare all necessary information required for them to begin their work, as well as guide them through the editorship process. I also assist editors in inviting suitable authors to contribute to a specific book project and each year, I identify and invite exceptional editors to join IntechOpen as Scientific Advisors. I am responsible for developing and maintaining strong relationships with all collaborators to ensure an effective and efficient publishing process and support other departments in developing and maintaining such relationships."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"5164",title:"Advanced Techniques in Bone Regeneration",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e99f852544eefac23fb5fe0697c2096d",slug:"advanced-techniques-in-bone-regeneration",bookSignature:"Alessandro Rozim Zorzi and Joao Batista de Miranda",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5164.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"80871",title:"M.D.",name:"Alessandro Rozim",surname:"Zorzi",slug:"alessandro-rozim-zorzi",fullName:"Alessandro Rozim Zorzi"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"943",title:"Bone Grafting",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9afab8beeb4879b2751907783a3de842",slug:"bone-grafting",bookSignature:"Alessandro Zorzi and Joao Batista de Miranda",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/943.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"80871",title:"M.D.",name:"Alessandro Rozim",surname:"Zorzi",slug:"alessandro-rozim-zorzi",fullName:"Alessandro Rozim Zorzi"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6145",title:"Primary Total Knee Arthroplasty",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"18df110af120b1a8e88e0a1ded2aba75",slug:"primary-total-knee-arthroplasty",bookSignature:"Alessandro Rozim Zorzi and João Batista de Miranda",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6145.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"80871",title:"M.D.",name:"Alessandro Rozim",surname:"Zorzi",slug:"alessandro-rozim-zorzi",fullName:"Alessandro Rozim Zorzi"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5522",title:"Osteonecrosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"108218b008b3e8768c595a6ab363c331",slug:"osteonecrosis",bookSignature:"Alessandro R Zorzi and Joao Batista de Miranda",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5522.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"80871",title:"M.D.",name:"Alessandro Rozim",surname:"Zorzi",slug:"alessandro-rozim-zorzi",fullName:"Alessandro Rozim Zorzi"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"314",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",subtitle:"Cells and Biomaterials",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb67e80e480c86bb8315458012d65686",slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3348",title:"Tissue Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"39bb39271df3b373edb7d5e2cdeffb18",slug:"tissue-engineering",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3348.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3361",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fe914d49a96b3dcd00d27292ae23536e",slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering",bookSignature:"Jose A. Andrades",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3361.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"40914",title:"Prof.",name:"Jose A.",surname:"Andrades",slug:"jose-a.-andrades",fullName:"Jose A. Andrades"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"786",title:"Advances in Regenerative Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"06d8a9addc021349418ffcc670142467",slug:"advances-in-regenerative-medicine",bookSignature:"Sabine Wislet-Gendebien",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/786.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"65329",title:"Dr.",name:"Sabine",surname:"Wislet",slug:"sabine-wislet",fullName:"Sabine Wislet"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"560",title:"Bone Regeneration",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"293cde681a800f168d0b3ceb13bac38a",slug:"bone-regeneration",bookSignature:"Haim Tal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/560.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"97351",title:"Prof.",name:"Haim",surname:"Tal",slug:"haim-tal",fullName:"Haim Tal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"637",title:"Tissue Engineering for Tissue and Organ Regeneration",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5bef0b1c31f0555294c7d49580c8d241",slug:"tissue-engineering-for-tissue-and-organ-regeneration",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/637.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"72107",title:"Digestate: The Coproduct of Biofuel Production in a Circular Economy, and New Results for Cassava Peeling Residue Digestate",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91340",slug:"digestate-the-coproduct-of-biofuel-production-in-a-circular-economy-and-new-results-for-cassava-peel",body:'
1. Introduction
Linear economic model has been constructed on the premise of production, use, and disposal of used resources as wastes. However, there are serious limitations associated with the linear paradigm. These include nonrenewability, unsustainability, and environmental perturbations characterized by negative impacts on air, eco-diversity, soil, and water quality and safety. On the other hand, circular economic model maximizes the 3 (three)Rs of reduce, reuse, and recycle resources. In particular, circular economy applies residue from one process as input material for another process. This approach delivers sustainable benefits for humanity in terms of air, ecology, energy, environment, food, forest, housing, sanitation, soil and water quality, safety and security; as well as improvements in animal and human health, economic, social, and industrial developments.
On the predicate of biorefinery platform, biotechnological upgrading of biomass via biological, chemical, physical or some combinations of these would create bio-based energy, chemicals, and other beneficial metabolites and products within the domain of circular economic model. In this context, anaerobic digestion (AD) is an attractive technology as it would utilize organic resources in waste streams to generate biogas and digestate. However, the quality of digestate is dependent upon variables such as characteristics of feedstock, digester process, and treatment options. Digestates emanating from AD of animal manure, energy crops, agricultural residues, organic fraction of municipal solid wastes (OFMSW), and other feedstocks have been reported in published literature [1, 2, 3]. On the other hand, there is dearth of reports on nutrient properties of digestate generated from AD processes that utilized cassava peeling residue (CPR) as sole feedstock. This chapter presents relevant information on digestates in general, and new results of a technical experiment conducted to secure overview assessment of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) compositions of liquid fraction of CPR digestate.
2. Anaerobic digestion (AD)
AD is a biochemical process that decomposes organic matter to generate flammable biogas and residual digestate. The process is achieved with the assistance of a suite of microorganisms in a near oxygen free environment. Biogas is basically composed of methane and carbon dioxide in the respective range of 40–75% and 25–40%. Other constituents are hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen sulfide and other trace components ranging from 0.1 to 3% [4]. Successful AD operations are carried out within digester or reactor systems designed to supply nutrients required for metabolic activities of the microbes, as well as prevent conditions or elements that may become stressors or present inhibitory effects. AD digester operations and systems may be classified according to the following [5, 6, 7]:
Optimal temperature regimen: psychrophilic (<20°C), mesophilic (30–38°C), and thermophilic (48–57°C);
Total solid (TS) content: wet digestion (TS < 12%), semi-dry digestion (TS 12–20%), and dry digestion (TS ˃ 20%);
Feeding mode: batch, fed-batch, semi-continuous, and continuous;
Process stage or step: single-stage (where all AD processes—hydrolysis, fermentation, acetogenesis, and methanogenesis are executed in one reactor), and multi-stage (where the processes are separated into two or more reactors);
Fluid-dynamic mode: plug flow, completely stirred or mixed, and hybrid; as well as
Today there are millions of anaerobic digesters (domestic, medium, and large-scale versions) operating in the world and generating tremendous amount of biogas. In 2016 for instance, about 60.8 billion m3 of biogas (1.31 EJ) was generated worldwide; most of it, 84%; in Europe (54%) and Asia (30%) [8]. The technical status of AD plants varies widely. Advanced state-of-the-art systems are prevalent in Europe and more low-tech installations in Africa, Asia and South America. However, irrespective of the level of sophistication, the two fundamental products of AD are biogas and digestate.
3. Digestate
Digestate is the residual organic matter generated as coproduct of biogas production. Digestate is suitable for direct use as bio-fertilizer, as raw material for production of bio-fertilizers, and as amendment material to improve soil physical properties such as bulk density, hydraulic conductivity, and moisture retention capacity. Digestate is also attributed with improved sustainability and veterinary safety; reductions in odors, weed seeds, plant pathogens, food chain contamination risks and greenhouse gas emissions. The three basic types of digestate are: whole digestate, liquor (liquid fraction) digestate, and fiber (solid fraction) digestate. Whole digestate is the digestate as obtained leaving the digester at the end of AD process. It contains less than 15% dry matter. This whole digestate could be separated into liquid and solid fractions using appropriate technology and method. The liquid fraction constitutes up to 90% of the digestate by volume, contains 2–6% dry matter, particles <1.2 mm in size, and most of the soluble nitrogen and potassium, while the solid fraction retains most of the digestate phosphorus, and contains dry matter content ˃ 15% [9, 10].
However, the quality, safety, and utility of digestate are dependent upon variables such as feedstock characteristics (pH, chemical composition, carbon-nitrogen ratio (C/N), particle size), digester process (temperature, inoculum, microbial community, hydraulic retention time (HRT)), as well as pre- and post-digestion treatments. Feedstock should possess balanced nutrients, including optimal C/N to satisfy physiological needs of the microorganisms. High or low C/N would disrupt biogasification and lead to reduced biogas output due to low buffer capacity (high C/N) or ammonia inhibition (low C/N). Generally, for biogas production, C/N of 20–30 is considered optimal. For food wastes, C/N of around 15 could be appropriate. Digestates within C/N range of 15–20 are regarded as safe for application to agricultural land without further treatment [11]. When sole feedstock lacks sufficient nutrients for adequate C/N, feedstocks with complimentary nutrients profile are co-digested to offset the limitations. Table 1 highlights some feedstocks that have been used in AD operations and digestate studies.
S/N
Feedstock
S/N
Feedstock
1
Agro-industrial residues
61
Miscanthus sacchariflorus (Maxim.) Hack silage
2
Animal manure
62
Miscanthus sinesis giganteus Silage
3
Barley straw
63
Molasses
4
Biodegradable plastics
64
Mozzarella Cheese Whey
5
Biodiesel wastewaters
65
Municipal solid waste
6
Biowastes
66
Municipal waste water
7
Blood industry residues
67
Oat silage
8
Buffalo farming wastewater
68
Olive oil mill wastewater
9
Buffalo manure
69
Olive Pomace, olive waste
10
Cacao
70
Orange peel waste
11
Cardboard
71
Organic fraction of municipal solid waste
12
Cattle/cow: manure/slurry
72
Paper
13
Cattle (beef) urine
73
Paper sludge
14
Cereal bran
74
Peach-juice pulp
15
Cereal-WPS
75
Peeled Cassava wash water
16
Cereals
76
Pharmaceutical industry sludge
17
Cheese Whey
77
Phleum pratense L. silage
18
Chicken manure
78
Pig urine
19
Chroococcus sp. (algal biomass)
79
Piggery wastewater
20
Coconut chips
80
Pig/swine effluent; manure; slurry
21
Coffee grounds
81
Plum stones
22
Corn
82
Potato chips production residues
23
Corn cob mix
83
Potato waste
24
Cornmeal
84
Potatoes
25
Corn residue
85
Poultry litter/manure/waste
26
Cover crops
86
Primary sludge
27
Crushed cassava juice
87
Pumpkin waste
28
Dairy manure
88
Rabbit manure
29
Distiller’s waste
89
Rape residue
30
Dried blood of slaughterhouse waste
90
Restaurant food waste
31
Duck slaughterhouse sludge
91
Rice residues
32
Edible oil
92
Rye
33
Energetic crops
93
Sewage sludge
34
Energy maize
94
Sida Hermaphrodita Rusby silage
35
Fennel waste
95
Slaughterhouse waste
36
Fish by-product
96
Sludge from Slaughterhouse wastewater treatment plant
37
Food industry residues
97
Solid farmyard manure
38
Food waste
98
Sorghum silage
39
Fruits and distillery by-products
99
Source-separated organic household waste
40
Fruit Marc
100
Source-separated municipal solid waste
41
Garden wastes
101
Starch processing wastewater
42
Glycerin
102
Straws (cereal, pea)
43
Grape seeds
103
Sugar beet pulp
44
Grass (clover, Sudan); grass silage
104
Sugar sorghum (S. saccharatum L. Moench.) silage
45
Green waste
105
Sunflower residue, sunflower silage
46
Hemp
106
Tea leaves
47
Household kitchen waste
107
Tetraselmis sp. (algal biomass)
48
Household waste
108
Thin stillage (bioethanol by-product)
49
Human excreta
109
Triticale
50
Human urine
110
Triticale silage
51
Industrial and commercial wastes
111
Turkey manure
52
Jute Caddis
112
Vegetable waste
53
Kitchen waste
113
Vinasse
54
Landscape waste
114
Waste-activated sludge
55
Ley silage
115
Waste potato starch
56
Livestock waste
116
Wastewater
57
Maize stover
117
Wastewater sludge
58
Medicago sativa L. silage
118
Wheat
59
Milk (serum, whey)
119
Yeast production wastewater
60
Millet
120
Zea mays L. (corn, maize) silage
Table 1.
Feedstocks used in digestate production and studies.
Source: Assembled from scientific literatures in the public domain, most of them cited in this present work.
4. Regulations, quality, and safety requirements
Perhaps the most important variable affecting the quality and safety of digestate is feedstock. Starting with a high-quality feedstock would virtually guarantee a safe and quality digestate. Source separation can be used to achieve high purity feedstock. The biological, chemical, and physical properties of digestate may be governed by regulations and quality assurance systems. The European Union (EU) and many European national governments have hygienic, quality and safety standards for digestate certification that consider feedstock source and other aspects such as digester process, treatment options, handling and storage requirements. The essential quality and safety requirements for digestate destined as biofertilizer must be achieved regardless of the initial raw material. Essential quality and safety parameters include nutrients content, dry matter and organic dry matter contents, homogeneity, pH, purity (free of inorganic impurities such as glass, metal, plastic, and stones), sanitized and safe for soil organisms and the environment with regards to biological status (pathogenic organisms) and chemical status (organic and inorganic contaminants/pollutants). Furthermore, the digestate should be free of odor, phytotoxicity and weed seeds; and be satisfactorily stabilized.
Quality assurance systems for digestate certification may comprise monitoring to ensure control; standardization to ensure repeatable performance; characterization label to identify product fitness; declaration to describe product constituents; application guidelines to ensure safe and proper use; and documentation to prove that the product received required treatments following approved protocols. Table 2 presents established criteria and characteristics for the production and use of quality and safe digestates. In the EU, conformity with these criteria is enough to ensure that digestate complies with European “End of Waste” criteria; and can be used without further waste management controls.
Criteria
Process/parameter
Requirements
Hygiene
Pasteurization at 70°C
1 h
Sterilization at 133°C
20 min
Weed seeds and sprouting plant parts
≤2/L
Odor
Free of annoying odors
Pathogens
E. coli
≤1000 CFU/g fresh matter
Salmonella spp.
Absent in 25 g fresh matter
Heavy metals
Cadmium (Cd)
0.8–20 mg/kg DM
Chromium (Cr)
75–1000 mg/kg DM
Copper (Cu)
75–1000 mg/kg DM
Lead (Pb)
80–900 mg/kg DM
Mercury (Hg)
0.6–16 mg/kg DM
Nickel (Ni)
30–300 mg/kg DM
Zinc (Zn)
300–4000 mg/kg DM
Organic pollutants
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
3–6 mg/kg DM
Dioxins and furans
20 ng TE/kg
Chlorinated pesticides
0.5 mg/kg Product
Polychlorinated biphenyls
0.2 mg/kg DM
Absorbable organic halogens
500 mg/kg DM
Linear alkylbenzene sulphonates
1300 mg/kg DM
Nonylphenol and nonylphenolethoxylates
10 mg/kg DM
DEPH: Di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
50 mg/kg DM
Inorganic pollutants
Non-stone impurities >2 mm (glass, metal, plastic, etc.)
0.5% m/m dry matter
Stones > 5 mm
8% m/m dry matter
Stability
Volatile fatty acids
0.43 g COD/g VS
Residual biogas potential
0.25 l/g VS
Respiration rate
16 mg CO2 g VS−1 day−1
Declarations
Name of producer, type of product (whole, liquid, solid), mass of product, total nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, total phosphorus, total potassium, soluble chloride, soluble sodium, dry matter, volatile solids, pH, bulk density, etc.
Relevant units where applicable (e.g., kg; kg/m3; mg/(kg DM); mg/L; %;)
Additives and chemicals
Lime, iron chloride, iron oxide, bentonite, diatomaceous earth
Feedstock sources
Agriculture (e.g., manure, harvesting by-products, silage, energy crops); animal by-products (e.g., manure, stomach intestine, raw milk); food industry (residues from food industry that contain food grade additives); food related shops (e.g., potatoes, dairy waste, bread, meat remnants, flowers, plants); forrest (e.g., bark, wood chips, sludge from the cellulosic industry); parks, gardens (e.g., leaves, grass); greenhouses (e.g., tops, peat products); households, kitchens, restaurants (e.g., fruit and vegetables residues, food, coffee and tea remainders, egg shells); etc.
Table 2.
Quality and safety validation criteria for digestates.
In the context of AD and digestate, we may distinguish between pre- and post-treatment processes. A pretreatment process refers to a processing operation applied upstream, before the digestate emerges from the digester. This could range from size reduction or thermochemical treatment of feedstock substrate; to process management (such as pH, temperature, and retention time control). On the other hand, a posttreatment process is that processing operation applied downstream of digestate harvest. This may also involve size reduction, other unit operations; composting, and end-product requirements that ensure the digestate sanitation. Post treatment may generate nutrient concentrates, liquid and solid fraction digestates conditioned to standardized biofertilizers, and final liquid effluent that could be discharged into a stream or sewage system. Benefits of posttreatment include enhanced marketability, reductions in handling, storage and transportation costs/requirements, and compliance with environmental regulations.
Depending on the starting feedstock and desired end product form of the digestate, similar technologies could be used for pre and post treatment processing. Applied technologies and methods may be classified as biological, chemical, or physical. The methods could also be used in combination. Biological treatment could be accomplished with the use of microorganisms and catalysts; chemical treatment with acids, alkalis and oxidants; and physical treatment by mechanical and thermal means. Physicochemical treatment combines physical and chemical techniques. Ammonia fiber explosion (AFEX), and supercritical CO2 explosion are examples. The major classifications of treatment options and associated technologies are presented in Table 3.
Inorganic acids (hydrochloric, nitric, phosphoric, sulfuric); organic acids (fumaric, maleic). May be used in percolation, plug flow, shrinking-bed, batch, and countercurrent modes
Alkalis
Ammonia, lime
Ammonia recovery
Ion exchange; scrubbing, stripping, precipitation (struvite)
In the service of circular economy, there are many applications management options for digestate. These may include algae cultivation, energy production, bio-adsorbent production, building materials production, nutrients recovery/production, soil creation and other value-added commodities. Perhaps the two most widely recognized utilities of digestate are as land application for soil amendment and as biofertilizer.
6.1 Biofertilizer and soil amendment
Technological aids used in modern agriculture such as inorganic fertilizers and antibiotics have negative impacts on soil, water, and air quality and safety, and therefore pose health risks to humans and the ecosystem. Inorganic fertilizers for instance have caused environmental and soil quality degradation, eutrophication and heavy metals pollution. Similarly, field-spreading agricultural land with raw/untreated manures derived from medicated livestock contributes to dissemination of veterinary antibiotic residues and antibiotic-resistant pathogens. Lincomycin, monensin, and sulfamethazine antibiotics were reported to affect soil microbial community composition and respiration, denitrification and nitrogen transformations [37]. Applications of digestate for biofertilizer and soil amendment purposes could ameliorate some of these adverse effects.
Amendment propensity relates to capability to maintain soil fertility and humus balance. Dairy slurry digestate was found richer in humic substances than raw dairy slurry [38]. Researchers concluded that digestate enhanced soil biological stability, microbial biomass and enzymatic activities [39].
On the other hand, fertilizer properties relate to provision of nutrients necessary for good crop performance. Leaves of alfalfa plant fertilized with digestate had higher contents of N, P, and K in comparison to alfalfa fertilized with mineral fertilizers [40]. Digestate also produced higher yields of dent corn than the application of chemical fertilizers [38]; higher yield of potato (Solanum tuberosum) over the application of compost [41]; and 30% increase in yield over farm yard manure [42].
6.2 Nutrients recovery
Digestate is applied in recovery of nutrients, production of fertilizers and volatile fatty acids (VFAs). Livestock manure contains about 49 g N/kg TS and 6 g P/kg TS; energy crops, 17 g N/kg TS and 2.5 g P/kg TS; and agro-wastes, 27 g N/kg TS and 3 g P/kg TS [43]. Much of these nutrients remain in digestate after AD operation. For example, total N, P, and K values for digestates obtained from wet AD of agricultural wastes were reported respectively in the ranges 44–120, 8–42, and 28–95 g/kg DM [44]. These nutrients could be recovered/harvested with the technologies outlined in Table 3.
VFAs are important input organic acids used extensively in the bioenergy, food, chemical, cosmetic, pharmaceutical, textile, and other industries. Acetic acid (E 260), propionic acid (E 280) and butyric acid are examples; and are GRAS (generally regarded as safe) rated by the FDA. Acetic acid is used to defend against Campylobacter, Escherichia coli, Listeria, Salmonella, and other pathogens in beef, chicken, pork, turkey, carcasses, skin and hides [45]. Butyric acid is used in the textile industry to enhance heat and sunlight resistance of fibers. In the food industry, it is used as additive for flavor formulation and modification [46]. Similarly, propionic acid (E 280) is used as antibacterial and antifungal agent to decontaminate packaging films and coatings, and to protect meat and meat products such as sausages, bologna and ham. VFAs have been harvested from digestates generated from short-term dry AD of swine manure, generated from AD of food waste, and used in recovery of biological nitrogen and phosphorus from sewage sludge [47, 48, 49].
6.3 Energy production
Digestate can be deployed for energy generation. Recirculating digestate into the digester maximizes biogas production, at the same time minimizing methane emissions during digestate storage, transport, and use. Digestate was pyrolyzed (via the use of Pyroformer, quartz rotary kiln reactor, and thermo-catalytic reforming reactor) to produce biofuels: pyrolysis oil (biooil) and pyrolysis gas (syngas). The biooil generated by thermo-catalytic reforming process at 750°C had a higher heating value of 33.9 MJ/kg, and a total acid number of 4.9 mgKOH/g [50].
Algae have widespread applications and potentials in: biofuels, cosmetics, biofertilizer, infant formulas, nutritional supplements, livestock feeds, chemical and allied industries, and biodegradable packaging. Perhaps more importantly, digestate could be used for the cultivation and production of microalgae. In the context of biorefinery platform and circular economy, various compounds produced by microalgae and their applications have been reported [51, 52].
6.4 Other applications
Digestates have other utilities and management options. These include applications in aquaculture, gardening and horticulture, and the production of building materials and biochar.
6.4.1 Biochar
Biochar (charcoal) is the byproduct of thermal pyrolysis of carbonaceous biomass; and has carbon sink properties. Dairy waste and whole sugar beet digestate biochar were effective in eliminating heavy metals (Pb2+, Cu2+, Ni2+, and Cd2+) from aqueous solutions [53].
6.4.2 Gardening and horticulture
Due to its organic origin and physicochemical characteristics, digestate is useful in gardening and horticulture. It could be applied in soil creation or remediation, and has found applications in green houses, plant nurseries, and home gardening [54].
6.4.3 Building materials
A 50% substitution of wood with cattle manure digestate produced particleboard panels that met ANSI performance requirements [55]. USDA reported that medium-density fiberboard and wood/plastic composite engineered materials could be created using digestate solids without compromising mechanical or aesthetic values [56].
6.4.4 Aquaculture
Digestate is better than raw manure in fertilizing fish ponds. Firstly, digestate is hygienic because most of the bacteria, parasites and their eggs are destroyed in the AD process. Thus, pond sanitation is improved; minimizing fish diseases and the cost of veterinary services. Secondly, the digestate is largely stabilized and therefore does not consume and compete with fish for dissolved oxygen. Tilapia, Silver carp, Bighead carp, Silver barb and Mrigal fish species raised in pond fertilized with digestate matured faster and achieved higher net weight gain than counterparts raised in pond fertilized with chemical fertilizer or raw manure. By comparison, while chemical fertilizer increased net yield over raw manure by 27%, digestate increased net yield by 55% [57].
6.4.5 Bio-adsorbents and bedding
Digestates have been applied as bio-adsorbents to scavenge heavy metals from contaminated soils and water [58], and as chicken litter [54], and other livestock bedding [56, 59].
7. Cost implications
The big picture cost elements relevant to AD systems include land acquisition, site preparation/development, plant and machinery (including digester/reactor, pre and post treatment technologies), personnel, feedstock, environmental impact, other operating costs (electricity, logistics, regulations), and revenue from products (biogas and digestate). In the case of digestate, feedstock, treatment processes, and the logistics of storage, transport, handling and field application bear crucial concerns. Cost-effective digestate production process is presaged by efficient feedstock collection and sorting operations. A cost benefit analysis of municipal solid waste management system in Yangon, Myanmar, identified weak organizational structure and ineffective collection methods in the existing system that operated with just 32% waste collection efficiency. An alternative system with increased waste collection efficiency was then proposed. The new system required labor and vehicular productivity; using vehicles with container-hoist handling mechanism. The new system reduced operating and other costs associated with the old system by up to 42% [60]. It is noteworthy that consumer and public environmental behavior and cooperation on waste management could be modified by pecuniary and nonpecuniary information. In Surabaya city, Indonesia, researchers found that in the reference case in which the no information treatment was applied, mean WTP (willingness to pay) for marginal improvements in a waste collection and disposal program was estimated to be US$ 14.65. The researchers reported that pecuniary information increased WTP by 20.5%, whereas non-pecuniary information had a negative but statistically insignificant effect on WTP [61].
A situation where 50% of whole unprocessed digestate was applied on agricultural land near the generating biogas plant and the other 50% transported to a location 20 km away was studied. Cost for digestate utilization near the biogas plant was € 3.34 (US$ 3.73)/t, and that at a location 20 km away was € 5.47 (US$ 6.10)/t [62]. This study highlights the impact that location or site of digestate utilization could have on cost. Such distance related cost also applies to feedstock substrate. Generally, the farther the distance, the higher the cost.
Researchers performed specific cost analysis for six scenarios that involved direct land application of digestate as reference, and various treatment technology options that included screw press and decanter centrifuge separation, belt drying, evaporation concentration, purification by ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis, and nutrients recovery by ammonia stripping and precipitation. Result indicated that net specific costs ranged from € 1.94 (US$ 2.16)/m3 of digestate for the reference scenario, to € 5.45 (US$ 6.08)/m3 for stripping, to € 6.80 (US$ 7.58)/m3 for belt dryer [62]. Similarly, the costs of AD were found to vary up to € 109 (US$ 122)/t of digestate from € 35 (US$ 39)/t for basic storage of digestate for aerobic conditioning, to € 70 (US$ 78)/t for digestate ready for direct land application, to € 79 (US$ 88)/t for on farm co-digestion [63].
Case studies were conducted for separation systems in three regions (Aachen, Borken, and Siegen) of Germany. The researchers determined that investment and variable costs were respectively € 23,000 (US$ 25,536) and € 0.47 (US$ 0.52)/m3 for screw press; € 27,000 (US$ 29,977) and € 0.48 (US$ 0.53)/m3 for screening drum press; and € 163,000 (US$ 180,970) and € 1.46 (US$ 1.62)/m3 for decanter centrifuge. Further analysis revealed the unit cost of digestate disposal for screening drum press varied from € 4.1 (US$ 4.6)/m3 in Aachen to € 4.8 (US$ 5.3)/m3 in Borken, and Siegen [64].
The following were reported about AD in the UK. Least cost post treatment technology for digestate derived from a 10% solids content food waste was biological oxidation at £13.18 (US$ 16.97)/t of feedstock. At 20% solids content, least cost option was direct application of whole digestate to agricultural land at £8.76 (US$ 11.28)/t. The cost of treating 4000 t of slurry with a mechanical screen separator was £0.44 (US$ 0.57)/t per year, and treatment with decanting centrifuge cost £2.21 (US$ 2.85)/t per year. Furthermore, about £3.5M (US$ 4.5 M) would be required to construct a 1 (one) MWe AD plant utilizing farm wastes as feedstock [65, 66, 67].
In the continent of Africa, cost of establishing a 4 m3 anaerobic digester was found to range from US$ 555 in Uganda to US$ 698 in Cameroun to US$ 979 in Rwanda [68]; while that of founding a family size floating drum plant was estimated at US$ 1667 [69].
Techno-economic analyses were performed for post treatment technologies used to recover nutrients from the digestates of five full scale farm AD systems. Results showed membrane technology had specific cost of € 6.97 (US$ 7.72)/m3 of treated digestate. Drying was estimated at € 5.81 (US$ 6.44)/m3, while stripping operated at € 5.44 (US$ 6.03)/m3 [70]. In addition, the process economics of membrane-based nutrients extraction and fractionation from dairy manure digestate indicated cost of solid-liquid separation unit to be US$ 11,000; the microfiltration extraction unit cost US$ 30,000; the nanofiltration fractionation unit was priced at US$ 60,000; and the daily cost of operation (chemicals, energy and water) was approximately US$ 24 [71].
Finally, digestates are used as quilt for cattle bedding and poultry litter due to significant cost offsets to livestock farms. The cost of solid digestate as animal bedding (US$ 55 per dry ton) is cheaper than the cost of alternative wood-based replacement materials such as wood chips at US$ 65 per dry ton or sawdust and shavings at US$ 124 to US$ 248 per tonne [55, 59].
8. Challenges and opportunities
Digestates have good fertilizer qualities: nutrients, safety and other properties required for soil amendment and plants production. However, relative to mineral fertilizers, digestates are not well known in many countries. Therefore, their potential as mineral fertilizer alternative/substitute is limited. Perhaps, standardized quality assurance and control protocols, regulations, certifications, legal and other institutional management systems organized internationally could help demonstrate digestates’ benefits, quality and safety, and thereby engender confidence in their utilization as sustainable fertilizer and soil amendment products. Reconciling and bringing such issues and their benefits to existence present challenges and opportunities. Presented in Table 4 are some of these challenges and opportunities of the waste, AD and digestate system.
Issues
Challenges and opportunities
8.1. Concept of waste
Challenge: the conventional or customary status of looking at waste as a problem presents significant challenge. Opportunity: seeing waste as potential resource would help change perception and attitude, possibly stimulating salient management options. Opportunities may emerge in the areas of prevention, recovery, collection, sorting, reducing, reusing, and recycling. For developing countries these have implications for environmental hygiene and sanitation.
8.2. Biowaste
Challenge: because biodegradable waste could be a source of heavy metals and polluting organic compounds, it presents challenges to life generally, and to the environment. Opportunity: these challenges create opportunities to develop management options (e.g., biological treatments) to protect life, environment, and to benefit agriculture and ecosystem. Biowaste is reported to have potential to tackle climate change in the areas of nitrous oxide (NO2) emissions mitigation, and sequestration capacity of agricultural soils [72].
8.3. E-waste
Challenge: problems and dangers of e-waste, heavy industry products and components; including electrical and electronic equipment, waste batteries, engine blocks, paint, etc. Opportunity: guidance/support for the informal (non or loosely regulated) establishments, to call attention to dangers and health risks that may be associated with used or discarded electronic devices/items (acids, other chemicals, radioactive materials, etc.).
8.4. Mineral waste
Challenge: mining of solid minerals do present health and environmental challenges. Opportunity: chances to implement safeguards for hazardous minerals and to divert safe wastes to beneficial applications. Examples are uses as substitute for backfill material in open pit mining, landfill, or as grit in construction materials. Production of concrete and brick for structural work (bridges, dams, launch pads, highways) are possibilities.
8.5. Source of feedstock
Challenge: the source of digestate feedstock and its treatment could present barriers. PAS 110 in the UK does not approve certification for digestate generated from mechanically biologically treated waste. Such digestates require proof of biodegradability test to be considered suitable for recycling; like land spreading. There is also the issue of digestate originating from co-digestion of industrial waste and household waste. In the Netherlands, the desire in AD electricity regime to maximize biogas production by mixing manure with other organic material conflicts with AD biofertilizer rules for spreading digestate from co-digested manure on farm land. Opportunity: some of these challenges are consumer-induced barriers and lack quantitative elements. Opportunities might lie in the sociocultural realm, such as modifying social and cultural attitudes and behaviors towards waste and its inherent heterogeneity.
8.6. Unrecovered organic matter
Challenge: AD is more adapted to easily putrescible carbohydrates (starch, sugar). Recalcitrant lignocellulosic components (lignin, etc.) remain undigested. Efficiency of organic matter conversion was quite low as ˃97% of lignin in maize stover was found undigested [73]. AD could thus lead to unrecovered organic matter still present in digestate Opportunity: prospects for advanced and innovative pretreatment technologies to fractionate, recover, purify and convert lignin or other recalcitrant organics to more digestible biopolymers. Alkaline treatment, gamma irradiation, membrane technologies, organosolv, steam explosion, wet oxidation, etc. may come to the rescue (Table 3).
8.7. Informal and low status
Challenge: AD and digestate are perceived to be in domain of informal waste management system and service; and therefore, relegated as only appropriate for the rural populace. Opportunity: integration of formal and informal systems. Training to abate misconceptions, lack of awareness, and raise public profile of digestate. These may purge image of biogas and digestate as products that are derived from wastes, and hence belong to poor/rural settings.
8.8. Legal barriers
Challenge: lack of binding global (and for developing countries, own country) coherent rules, laws, directives, regulations and policy frameworks. Opportunity: the formulation of these guidelines and laws on waste governance system. Implementing appropriate technologies and business models for waste management.
8.9. Data and waste reporting system
Challenge: lack of reliable data on waste management systems, design features, standard operating procedures (SOPs), etc. could limit exchange of ideas and retard progress. Opportunity: waste management value chain information is vital. Quantity, type, economic sector, source, and composition data could guide prioritization of strategies and enable trends forecast that deliver better outcomes. Global exchange of briefs would catalyze spread of best practices.
8.10. Standardization
Challenge: although digestate products have similar characteristics as commercial chemical fertilizers, they are not classified in any way, are poorly developed in most countries, and there is no overall guidance [20, 62, 70]. These barriers restrict utilization and trade. Opportunity: these challenges create opportunities to establish frameworks that enable digestate utilization through standardization, fair comparison, commerce development, and international trade.
8.11. Marketing
Challenge: regional nutrient availability, agricultural structure, season, feedstock and degree of upgrading have been reported to challenge and impact digestate prices and marketing [54]. Opportunity: upgraded products offer increased marketability due to their denser nutrients. Marketing to nutrient deficient regions, non-agricultural sectors and purposes represent prospects. Manufacturers of organic soils, particle- and fiber- boards, landscapers, and private customers all represent credible market outlets.
8.12. Cost barrier
Challenge: initial investment fund is a major issue. Cost of establishing a 4 m3 AD digester in the continent of Africa ranges from US$ 555 to US$ 979 [68]; and the price for a family size floating drum reactor was reported at US$ 1667 [69]. In Sri Lanka, a family unit digester generating 6–10 m3 of biogas per day cost Rs. 17,000 (US$ 5459); and described as difficult proposition for low-income families [74]. In the UK, a 1 MWe AD plant utilizing farm wastes as feedstock cost about £3.5M (US$ 4.5 M) to construct [67]. Also, costs associated with animal breeding and maintenance (veterinary care, feed, water, etc.) escalate operating costs, and constrain availability of manure for feedstock. Opportunity: easing cost barriers would require support with appropriate and necessary interventions (policies, credit facilities, subsidy schemes, preventive maintenance that promote solutions, prolong facilities productive lifespan, and minimize operating costs). Furthermore, transparency on proposals and bidding for new plants and projects could build confidence in the process.
8.13. Urban and rural dichotomy
Challenge: differences between metropolitan, urban, sub-urban, and rural areas can compromise AD projects. Segregation by infrastructure and income for example could affect waste collection and limit access to feedstock. Opportunity: prospects for rural development with public utilities, services, and infrastructure (roads, power, water, etc.) These would facilitate logistics for waste collection, AD processes, and digestate handling/evacuation.
8.14. Contamination of agricultural land
Challenge: most of the digestate produced in AD is used for soil amendment and as biofertilizer. There are risks of spreading animal pathogens, heavy metals, and other pollutants on soils due to the presence of these hazards in animal by-products used in AD. Sulfadiazine and oxytetracycline are antibiotics found in manure of medicated animals that affect soil quality. Twenty five percent of 70 digestate and compost samples assessed in Switzerland contained polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) concentrations beyond the regulated threshold value of 4000 μg/kgdw [75]. Opportunity: digestate is a sustainable fertilizer and soil improver; thus, necessary to assure its safety. The potential to contaminate soils with pollutants from digestate application beacons vigilance and chances to develop technical and monitoring strategies that sequester and purge the digestates of polluting hazards before their use.
8.15. Air pollution
Challenge: digestate has potential to emit substances and gasses that contaminate the air and influence global warming [11]. Challenges also exist due to lack of practical tools to monitor primary air pollutants [76]. Opportunity: advanced methods of digestate management and reutilization to minimize emissions of air pollutants (ammonia: NH3, nitrous oxide: NO2) and greenhouse gases (methane: CH4, nitrogen dioxide: N2O). Strategies may include processing (composting, curing, dewatering); alternative applications (in construction, aquaculture, regeneration activities); and storage. Development of software tools that enable quantitative monitoring of emissions from digestate soil applications on a routine basis is another prospect area.
8.16. Bad odors
Challenge: compared to raw manure slurry, digestate has fewer bad odors. However, this may not be true when compared to chemical fertilizer. There have been complaints of nuisance odors associated with land-spreading of digestate [77], and at landfills and composting plants [78]. Opportunity: this problem could be due to spreading practice and/or the spreading of unstable digestates. Application of good timing and spreading techniques (trailing-shoes, injection), and use of stabilized digestates (sufficient HRT, aerobic composting) would minimize odor issues.
8.17. Bad legacies
Challenge: there are challenges associated with bad reputation of AD systems and biogas plants around the world. A study in 2006 found that 60% of 600–700 domestic biogas plants in Ethiopia was not functioning [79]. During the 7 years period from 2009, more than 3600 biogas plants were installed in the Tigray region of Ethiopia; and a 2017 study reported that 58.1% of the installations was not operational [80]. The 21 biogas plants installed by Pakistan council for appropriate technology (PCAT) in the 1970s were reported to have failed to perform [81]. In 1986, a survey of the status of 25 biogas plants in Kenya found 36% to be alive, functional and maintained. Another 36% was described as dead, not functional, and not maintained. Unfinished projects accounted for 8%; while remaining plants were reported in disrepair, with varied patterns of being alive, dead, not functional, and not maintained [82]. The regional bioenergy program of the Latin American energy organization (OLADE), catalogs biogas technology projects in Latin American countries. Experience began in 1953 and by 1986 at least 22 countries including Bolivia, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Nicaragua, Jamaica, and Peru had projects at varying levels of implementation. Out of the 3950 biodigesters inventoried, 60% was found operable and 40% was either shut down or functioning irregularly or completely abandoned [83]. Though China rebounded and emerged as a major reference on household digesters, about 50% of biogas tanks installed from 1958 into the 1970s were abandoned in the 1980s. By 1988 the seven million rural digesters existing in 1980 dropped to 4.7 million [84]. In 1986, a survey of biogas plants in Sri Lanka indicated that 61% was functional. By 1996 only 28.5% of completely surveyed 365 biogas systems was reported functional. At this point 16 units had been abandoned and the success rate for biogas systems implementation was reported as 32.9% [74]. In the Netherlands, for a period of over 30 years beginning in the 1970s, many AD projects using biomass were considerably delayed, suspended, abandoned and out rightly never realized. [85, 86]. These failures and circumstances taken together portrayed negative images and bad legacies for biogas plants. Opportunity: reasons adduced for failures included economic, social, technical, and policy components such as high investment and maintenance costs, urbanization and socio-cultural constraints, poor dissemination strategy, complicated permit regulations, shortage of feedstocks, lack of or inadequate training, poor digester design, etc. These reasons provide opportunities to create circumstances, provisions and tools that would promote and sustain biogas systems. Some examples are mobilization of local and external funds, more business-friendly policies and rules, appropriate and sustainable technologies, technical training, warranties for plant performance. Also, public dissemination of information and follow-up on successful programs could help.
8.18. Low diffusion rate
Challenge: in Latin America, the number of rural biogas plants installed yearly from mid-1985 to 1992 was less than 15% of that installed from 1982 to mid-1985. Challenges included technology adoption, technical manpower and materials of construction. However, non-technical reasons for biogas adoption failures accounted for up to 69%, 50% and 25%, respectively, in Cote d’Ivoire (Ivory Coast), Costa Rica and Tanzania [84]. Unstable institutional environment, lack of network and lobby activities, lack of initiatives between academia, research institutes, private sector entrepreneurs and stakeholders were cited nontechnical reasons. For the Netherlands, apart from technological problems; limited economic feasibility, fragmented support from the government, decreases in energy prices, and lack of financial support which made return on investment uncertain contributed to inadequate AD diffusion. Opportunity: cooperation between academia, government, industry and other stakeholders (farmers, energy sector, municipalities). Cooperative efforts that landed mutually beneficial outcomes should be highlighted, applauded and replicated. Well planned long-term, clear and supportive arrangements would facilitate continuity. Government policy that guide search for solutions, market formation and resources mobilization. Ease of technology adoption would also require reliable and sustainable infrastructure (technical assistance, manpower, cohesive farming approach with biogas and digestate, integration and dissemination of societal and cultural values and norms).
8.19. Inhibition of microalgae
Challenge: it has been shown that the green alga (Raphidocelis subcapitata) is sensitive to digestate, with ecotoxicity index; EC50 of 0.77% [87]. Similarly, Scenedesmus bijuga; and oil-rich Chlorella sp., including C. minutissima and C. sorokiniana were found sensitive to digestate. Also, the dark color of liquid digestate of algal biomass inhibited the growth of Chroococcus sp. Therefore, cultivation of algae for value added products recovery could be minimized in the presence of digestate. Opportunity: because algae are exploited for biofuels, and various other useful biotechnological metabolites production by valorization of digestate, the inhibitory effect of digestate on algae cultivation is of practical interest. Therefore, digestate pretreatment or at least its dilution before use [88], would aid good algal productivity.
8.20. Nomadic and free-range culture
Challenge: many developing nations have nomadic animal husbandry architecture and free-range culture. These make the gathering of animal manure as feedstock for digesters a major challenge. In Pakistan, for example, livestock farmers from time to time relocate to weather conditions more benign to their livestock. However, current digester designs used by rural populations such as the fixed dome and floating drum are sedentary and cannot be readily moved by the farmers with their livestock. Opportunity: perhaps this challenge creates opportunity for a mobile biogas system such as the portable biogas plant reported in the year 2016 [81].
8.21. Disparity between developed and developing countries
Challenge: the economic, political and technological mismatches and divides between industrialized and industrially developing countries are challenging local, regional and international waste management systems. Environmental and health dangers do not know or respect boundaries (local, regional, or international) by land, sea, air or space. Planet earth is perhaps at the cusp of the axiomatic global village and economy. Sooner than later, pollution and instability at one corner of the earth would reverberate and affect other parts (Plastics in the oceans? Heavy metals in food, aquatic and terrestrial biota? Ebola in America? Flood events in Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Puerto Rico and U.S. Virgin Islands? Wildfires in Australia, Brazil, Portugal and USA? Coronavirus (COVID–19) in Japan, Singapore, and USA?). Opportunity: cooperation and support are needed to enable developing nations to leapfrog and shorten the learning curve and development timescales. Developing nations need guidance and assistance to cope with technological demands and challenges, and eschew reinventing the wheel. Waste management offers an opportunity for cooperation among nations for the betterment of humanity and planet earth.
Table 4.
Challenges and opportunities of the waste, AD and digestate system.
9. Cassava peeling residue (CPR) digestate
N, P, and K are critical macro nutrients for crops production. N is considered the limiting nutrient in growth and yield [89]. P is required for energy transfer, signal transduction, photosynthesis, and macromolecular respiration [90]. K is responsible for metabolism of cell division, enzymatic reactions of amide formation, and amino acid activation during proteins biosynthesis and substrate phosphorylation [91]. To be a credible mineral fertilizer substitute, digestate must have the capacity to deliver the necessities and requirements of N, P, and K.
Table 1 presented a broad gamut of materials used in biogas and digestate creation. The table covered energy crops, agricultural byproducts, food processing residues, livestock effluents, organic fraction of municipal solid wastes, and pharmaceutical industry sludge. However, cassava peeling residue (CPR) was not represented in the table. There is a published report on ammonium, potassium, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus contents of digestate generated from co-digestion of human urine, cow dung, and cassava effluent (a mixture of peeled cassava wash water and crushed cassava juice) [92]. CPR is a solid substrate abundantly generated during production of cassava root-based food systems such as gari and starch [93]. The present author is not aware of any report on nutrients value of digestate generated from the AD of CPR as sole feedstock. Therefore, a technical experiment was conducted to secure an overview assessment of N, P, and K compositions of liquid fraction of CPR digestate.
Some results of the research work on CPR as sole substrate for AD were reported earlier. These included proximate properties (e.g., moisture content, total solids, volatile solids), digester performance characteristics (methane content of biogas, pH, discharge effluent COD), feedstock materials, sampling procedures, analyses [94]. Presented in Table 5 are results of nutrient values of liquid fraction of CPR digestate. Table 5 results appear to be within the range of some published nutrients values for liquid digestates derived from other feedstocks such as algal biomass (Chroococcus sp.) [88], starch processing wastewater [95], source separated household waste [96], as well as liquid and solid manure slurries [97].
S/N
Nutrient
Value [mg/L]
1
Ammonia nitrogen
561
2
Ortho-phosphorus
20
3
Potassium
1066
4
Total Kjeldahl nitrogen
573
5
Total phosphorus
31
Table 5.
Nutrients values of liquid fraction of cassava peeling residue (CPR) digestate.
10. Conclusions
Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is perhaps third largest source of food energy for humans. Cassava supports the nutrition and subsistence of up to one billion persons in over 100 countries. Also, cassava is gluten free and could thus assuage medical complications for individuals with celiac disease. Cassava root processing byproduct such as CPR has organic matter content with applications in biogas and digestate production. This is a welcome development in views of biorefinery platform and the emergent circular economy. CPR digestate may be applied directly for agronomic uses or treated to generate products with varied applications and utilities. Treatment technologies may be biological, chemical, physical, or some combinations. Global benefits would include carbon sequestration, energy recovery, resource sustainability and recycling, waste reduction, profitability of AD process, biogas facilities, and agricultural systems in general. End effects of climate change mitigation, enhanced energy and food security, environmental and ecological protection, and sustainable development are good news for humanity and planet earth. These outcomes should motivate and provide consumers, farmers, regulators, managers, and other stakeholders in the emergent circular economy with insights to integrate and apply quality, safety, marketing, handling, storage, transportation, compliance with environmental regulations, and cost considerations and requirements strategies for digestate; into a renewable and sustainable energy production and waste management system.
Acknowledgments
All currency conversions to US$ were based on exchange rate taken at different times and days, during the period of last quarter of the year 2019, from the Foreign Exchange Converter Site: https://www1.oanda.com/currency/converter/
Conflict of interest
There is no conflict of interest (private or public) associated with this work.
\n',keywords:"anaerobic digestion, biofuel, biogas, cassava, cassava peeling residue, CPR, circular economy, digestate, management options, renewability, sustainability",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/72107.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/72107.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72107",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72107",totalDownloads:1065,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:6,totalAltmetricsMentions:3,impactScore:2,impactScorePercentile:72,impactScoreQuartile:3,hasAltmetrics:1,dateSubmitted:"September 12th 2019",dateReviewed:"January 23rd 2020",datePrePublished:"May 11th 2020",datePublished:"February 17th 2021",dateFinished:"May 9th 2020",readingETA:"0",abstract:"Circular economic paradigm applies residue from one process as input material for another, fostering sustainable benefits for humanity. Anaerobic digestion (AD) is an attractive technology for biogas production in a circular economy. Digestate is the residual organic matter generated as coproduct of biogas. Because digestate is nutrient rich and largely stabilized, it has varied management options. Digestate is suitable for direct use as bio-fertilizer and is a good amendment material to improve soil physical properties. However, the quality, safety, and utility of digestate are dependent upon the characteristics of feedstock, digester process, pre- and post- digestion treatments. Digestates emanating from AD of animal manure, energy crops, food processing residues, and other feedstocks have been reported in published literature. On the other hand, there is dearth of reports on digestate emanating from AD process that utilized cassava peeling residue (CPR) as sole feedstock. This chapter presents relevant information on digestates including production, feedstock, quality and safety requirements, processing and treatment technologies, regulatory aspects, applications management options, cost implications, as well as challenges and opportunities. In addition, new results of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) compositions of liquid fraction of CPR digestate are reported.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/72107",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/72107",book:{id:"9385",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications"},signatures:"Sammy N. Aso",authors:[{id:"219927",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sammy N.",middleName:null,surname:"Aso",fullName:"Sammy N. Aso",slug:"sammy-n.-aso",email:"sammyasso@yahoo.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Anaerobic digestion (AD)",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3",title:"3. Digestate",level:"1"},{id:"sec_4",title:"4. Regulations, quality, and safety requirements",level:"1"},{id:"sec_5",title:"5. Treatment technology options",level:"1"},{id:"sec_6",title:"6. Applications management options for digestate",level:"1"},{id:"sec_6_2",title:"6.1 Biofertilizer and soil amendment",level:"2"},{id:"sec_7_2",title:"6.2 Nutrients recovery",level:"2"},{id:"sec_8_2",title:"6.3 Energy production",level:"2"},{id:"sec_9_2",title:"6.4 Other applications",level:"2"},{id:"sec_9_3",title:"6.4.1 Biochar",level:"3"},{id:"sec_10_3",title:"6.4.2 Gardening and horticulture",level:"3"},{id:"sec_11_3",title:"6.4.3 Building materials",level:"3"},{id:"sec_12_3",title:"6.4.4 Aquaculture",level:"3"},{id:"sec_13_3",title:"6.4.5 Bio-adsorbents and bedding",level:"3"},{id:"sec_16",title:"7. Cost implications",level:"1"},{id:"sec_17",title:"8. Challenges and opportunities",level:"1"},{id:"sec_18",title:"9. Cassava peeling residue (CPR) digestate",level:"1"},{id:"sec_19",title:"10. Conclusions",level:"1"},{id:"sec_20",title:"Acknowledgments",level:"1"},{id:"sec_23",title:"Conflict of interest",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Gómez X, Cuetos MJ, García AI, Morán A. An evaluation of stability by thermogravimetric analysis of digestate obtained from different biowastes. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2007;149(1):97-105. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.03.049'},{id:"B2",body:'Tambone F, Orzi V, D’Imporzano G, Adani F. Solid and liquid fractionation of digestate: Mass balance, chemical characterization, and agronomic and environmental value. Bioresource Technology. 2017;243:1251-1256. DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.07.130'},{id:"B3",body:'Antoniou N, Monlau F, Sambusiti C, Ficara E, Barakat A, Zabaniotou A. Contribution to circular economy options of mixed agricultural wastes management: Coupling anaerobic digestion with gasification for enhanced energy and material recovery. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2019;209:505-514. DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.10.055'},{id:"B4",body:'Salomon KR, Lora ES. Estimate of the electric energy generating potential for different sources of biogas in Brazil. Biomass and Bioenergy. 2009;3(9):1101-1107. DOI: 10.1016/j.biombioe.2009.03.001'},{id:"B5",body:'Kusch S, Schäfer W, Kranert M. Dry digestion of organic residues. In: Kumar S, editor. Integrated Waste Management. Vol. 1. Croatia: IntechOpen; 2011. pp. 115-134. ISBN: 978-953-307-469-6. Available from: http://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/17433/InTech-Dry_digestion_of_organic_residues.pdf'},{id:"B6",body:'Aso SN, Teixeira AA, Achinewhu SC. Cassava residues could provide sustainable bioenergy for cassava producing nations. Chapter 13. In: Waisundara VY, editor. Cassava. Rijeka, Croatia: IntechOpen; 2018. pp. 219-240. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.72166'},{id:"B7",body:'Liu H, Wang L, Zhang X, Fu B, Liu H, Li Y, et al. A viable approach for commercial VFAs production from sludge: Liquid fermentation in anaerobic dynamic membrane reactor. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2019;365:912-920. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.11.082'},{id:"B8",body:'WBA: World Bioenergy Association. WBA Global Bioenergy Statistics 2018. Stockholm, Sweden: World Bioenergy Association; 2018. Available from: https://worldbioenergy.org/uploads/181203%20WBA%20GBS%202018_hq.pdf'},{id:"B9",body:'BSI: British Standards Institution. Specification for whole digestate, separated liquor and separated fibre derived from the anaerobic digestion of source-segregated biodegradable materials. PAS 110:2010. British Standards Institution, London, UK. 2010. pp. 60. Available from: http://www.wrap.org.uk/sites/files/wrap/PAS110_vis_10.pdf'},{id:"B10",body:'Tampio E, Marttinen S, Rintala J. Liquid fertilizer products from anaerobic digestion of food waste: Mass, nutrient and energy balance of four digestate liquid treatment systems. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2016;125:22-32. DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.03.127'},{id:"B11",body:'Zeshan S, Visvanathan C. Evaluation of anaerobic digestate for greenhouse gas emissions at various stages of its management. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation. 2014;95(Part A):167-175. DOI: 10.1016/j.ibiod.2014.06.020'},{id:"B12",body:'EC: European Commission. Regulation (EC) No. 208/2006 of 7 February 2006 amending Annexes VI and VIII to regulation (EC) No. 1774/2002 of the European parliament and of the council as regards processing standards for biogas and composting plants and requirements for manure. Official Journal of European Community. 2006;L36:25-31. Available from: https://publications.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/eb5ea96c-1ee9-4654-931a-37a1f581b32e/language-en'},{id:"B13",body:'Petersson A. English summary of SPCR 120—Certification rules for digestate from biowaste by the quality assurance system of Swedish Waste Management. Swedish Gas Centre; 2008. Available from: http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/nr/sustainability_pathways/docs/Certification%20rules%20for%20digestate%20from%20biowaste.pdf'},{id:"B14",body:'Siebert S. Quality requirements and quality assurance of digestion residuals in Germany. In: ECN/ORBIT Workshop: The future for Anaerobic Digestion of Organic Waste in Europe. Nüremberg, Germany. 2008. Available from: http://www.kompost.de/uploads/media/Quality_Requirements_of_digestion_residuals_in_Germany_text_01.pdf'},{id:"B15",body:'Al Seadi T, Lukehurst C. Quality management of digestate from biogas plants used as fertiliser. IEA Bioenergy. 2012:4-36. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Teodorita_Seadi/publication/265227188_Quality_Management_of_Digestate_from_Biogas_Plants_Used_as_Fertiliser/links/54b62dec0cf26833efd35c9d.pdf'},{id:"B16",body:'Saveyn H, Eder P. End-of-waste criteria for biodegradable waste subjected to biological treatment (compost & digestate): Technical proposals. In: European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Prospective Technological Studies (IPTS). Seville: Spain; 2014. Available from: http://ftp.jrc.es/EURdoc/JRC87124.pdf'},{id:"B17",body:'Mottet A, Steyer JP, Déléris S, Vedrenne F, Chauzy J, Carrère H. Kinetics of thermophilic batch anaerobic digestion of thermal hydrolysed waste activated sludge. Biochemical Engineering Journal. 2009;46(2):169-175. DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2009.05.003'},{id:"B18",body:'Alvira P, Tomás-Pejó E, Ballesteros M, Negro MJ. Pretreatment technologies for an efficient bioethanol production process based on enzymatic hydrolysis: A review. Bioresource Technology. 2010;101(13):4851-4861. DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2009.11.093'},{id:"B19",body:'Hjorth M, Christensen KV, Christensen ML, Sommer SG. Solid-liquid separation of animal slurry in theory and practice. A review. Agronomy and Sustainable Development. 2010;30:153-180. DOI: 10.1051/agro/2009010'},{id:"B20",body:'Mouat A, Barclay A, Mistry P, Webb J. Digestate market development in Scotland. Vol. OPR080-801. Stirling, UK: Zero Waste Scotland; 2010. Available from: http://www.wrap.org.uk/sites/files/wrap/Zero_Waste_Scotland_Digestate_Market_Development.pdf'},{id:"B21",body:'Moon HC, Song IS. Enzymatic hydrolysis of foodwaste and methane production using UASB bioreactor. International Journal of Green Energy. 2011;8(3):361-371. DOI: 10.1080/15435075.2011.557845'},{id:"B22",body:'Pilli S, Bhunia P, Yan S, LeBlanc RJ, Tyagi RD, Surampalli RY. Ultrasonic pretreatment of sludge: A review. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry. 2011;18:1-18. DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2010.02.014'},{id:"B23",body:'van der Stelt MJC, Gerhauser H, Kiel JHA, Ptasinski KJ. Biomass upgrading by torrefaction for the production of biofuels: A review. Biomass and Bioenergy. 2011;35:3748-3762. DOI: 10.1016/j.biombioe.2011.06.023'},{id:"B24",body:'Zhang Q, He J, Tian M, Mao Z, Tang L, Zhang J, et al. Enhancement of methane production from cassava residues by biological pretreatment using a constructed microbial consortium. Bioresource Technology. 2011;102(19):8899-8906. DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.06.061'},{id:"B25",body:'Bustamante M, Alburquerque J, Restrepo A, de la Fuente C, Paredes C, Moral R, et al. Co-composting of the solid fraction of anaerobic digestates, to obtain added-value materials for use in agriculture. Biomass and Bioenergy. 2012;43:26-35. DOI: 10.1016/j.biombioe.2012.04.010'},{id:"B26",body:'Elliott A, Mahmood T. Comparison of mechanical pretreatment methods for the enhancement of anaerobic digestion of pulp and paper waste activated sludge. Water Science & Technology. 2012;84(6):497-505. DOI: 10.2175/106143012X13347678384602'},{id:"B27",body:'Liu X, Wang W, Gao X, Zhou Y, Shen R. Effect of thermal pretreatment on the physical and chemical properties of municipal biomass waste. Waste Management. 2012;32(2):249-255. DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2011.09.027'},{id:"B28",body:'WRAP: Waste and Resources Action Programme. Enhancement and Treatment of Digestates from Anaerobic Digestion. Banbury, Oxon, United Kingdom: WRAP; 2012. Available from: http://www.wrap.org.uk/sites/files/wrap/Digestates%20from%20Anaerobic%20Digestion%20A%20review%20of%20enhancement%20techniques%20and%20novel%20digestate%20products_0.pdf'},{id:"B29",body:'Zhao P, Shen Y, Ge S, Chen Z, Yoshikawa K. Clean solid biofuel production from high moisture content waste biomass employing hydrothermal treatment. Applied Energy. 2014;131:345-367. DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.06.038'},{id:"B30",body:'Peleteiro S, Rivas S, Alonso JL, Santos V, Parajo JC. Utilization of ionic liquids in lignocellulose biorefineries as agents for separation, derivatization, fractionation, or pretreatment. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2015;63(37):8093-8102. DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b03461'},{id:"B31",body:'Carrere H, Antonopoulou G, Affes R, Passos F, Battimelli A, Lyberatos G, et al. Review of feedstock pretreatment strategies for improved anaerobic digestion: From lab-scale research to full-scale application. Bioresource Technology. 2016;199:386-397. DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.09.007'},{id:"B32",body:'Liguori R, Faraco V. Biological processes for advancing lignocellulosic waste biorefinery by advocating circular economy. Bioresource Technology. 2016;215:13-20. DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.04.054'},{id:"B33",body:'Zeng Y, Guardia AD, Dabert P. Improving composting as a post-treatment of anaerobic digestate. Bioresource Technology. 2016;201:293-303. DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.11.013'},{id:"B34",body:'Bhutto AW, Qureshi K, Harijan K, Abro R, Abbas T, Bazmi AA, et al. Insight into progress in pre-treatment of lignocellulosic biomass. Energy. 2017;122:724-745. DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2017.01.005'},{id:"B35",body:'Duque A, Manzanares P, Ballesteros M. Extrusion as a pretreatment for lignocellulosic biomass: Fundamentals and applications. Renewable Energy. 2017;114:1427-1441. DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2017.06.050'},{id:"B36",body:'Shi L, Xie S, Hu Z, Wu G, Morrison L, Croot P, et al. Nutrient recovery from pig manure digestate using electrodialysis reversal: Membrane fouling and feasibility of long-term operation. Journal of Membrane Science. 2019;573:560-569. DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2018.12.037'},{id:"B37",body:'D’Alessio M, Durso LM, Miller DN, Woodbury B, Ray C, Snow DD. Environmental fate and microbial effects of monensin, lincomycin, and sulfamethazine residues in soil. Environmental Pollution. 2019;246:60-68. DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.11.093'},{id:"B38",body:'Tani M, Sakamoto N, Kishimoto T, Umetsu K. Utilization of anaerobically digested dairy slurry combined with other wastes following application to agricultural land. International Congress Series. 2006;1293:331-334. DOI: 10.1016/j.ics.2006.03.013'},{id:"B39",body:'Alburquerque JA, Fuente C, Campoy M, Carrasco L, Nájera I, Baixauli C, et al. Agricultural use of digestate for horticultural crop production and improvement of soil properties. European Journal of Agronomy. 2012;43:119-128. DOI: 10.1016/j.eja.2012.06.001'},{id:"B40",body:'Koszel M, Lorencowicz E. Agricultural use of biogas digestate as a replacement fertilizers. Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia. 2015;7:119-124. DOI: 10.1016/j.aaspro.2015.12.004'},{id:"B41",body:'Garfí M, Ferrer-Martí L, Velo E, Ferrer I. Evaluating benefits of low-cost household digesters for rural Andean communities. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2012;16(1):575-581. DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2011.08.023'},{id:"B42",body:'Marchaim U. Biogas process for sustainable development. FAO Corporate Document Repository. M-09. 1992. ISBN: 92-5-103126-6. Available from: https://www.build-a-biogas-plant.com/PDF/BiogasSustainableDevolpment.pdf'},{id:"B43",body:'Giuliano A, Bolzonella D, Pavan P, Cavinato C, Cecchi F. Co-digestion of livestock effluents, energy crops and agro-waste: Feeding and process optimization in mesophilic and thermophilic conditions. Bioresource Technology. 2013;128:612-618. DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.11.002'},{id:"B44",body:'Monlau F, Sambusiti C, Ficara E, Aboulkas A, Barakat A, Carrère H. New opportunities for agricultural digestate valorization: Current situation and perspectives. Energy and Environmental Science. 2015;8(9):2600. DOI: 10.1039/c5ee01633a'},{id:"B45",body:'Carpenter CE, Smith JV, Broadbent JR. Efficacy of washing meat surfaces with 2% levulinic, acetic, or lactic acid for pathogen decontamination and residual growth inhibition. Meat Science. 2011;88(2):256-260. DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2010.12.032'},{id:"B46",body:'Li C, Wang Y, Xie G, Peng B, Zhang B, Chen W, et al. Complete genome sequence of Clostridium butyricum JKY6D1 isolated from the pit mud of a Chinese flavor liquor-making factory. Journal of Biotechnology. 2016;220:23-24. DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2016.01.003'},{id:"B47",body:'Huang WW, Huang WL, Yuan T, Zhao ZW, Cai W, Zhang ZY, et al. Volatile fatty acids (VFAs) production from swine manure through short-term dry anaerobic digestion and its separation from nitrogen and phosphorus resources in the digestate. Water Research. 2016;90:344-353. DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2015.12.044'},{id:"B48",body:'Wang K, Yin J, Shen D, Na L. Anaerobic digestion of food waste for volatile fatty acids (VFAs) production with different types of inoculum: Effect of pH. Bioresource Technology. 2014;161(6):395-401. DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.03.088'},{id:"B49",body:'Liu H, Han P, Liu H, Zhou G, Fu B, Zheng Z. Full-scale production of VFAs from sewage sludge by anaerobic alkaline fermentation to improve biological nutrients removal in domestic wastewater. Bioresource Technology. 2018;260:105-114. DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.03.105'},{id:"B50",body:'Neumann J, Binder S, Apfelbacher A, Gasson JR, Ramírez García P, Hornung A. Production and characterization of a new quality pyrolysis oil, char and syngas from digestate–Introducing the thermo-catalytic reforming process. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis. 2015;113:137-142. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaap.2014.11.022'},{id:"B51",body:'Singh R, Parihar P, Singh M, Bajguz A, Kumar J, Singh S, et al. Uncovering potential applications of cyanobacteria and algal metabolites in biology, agriculture and medicine: Current status and future prospects. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2017;8:515. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00515'},{id:"B52",body:'Koutra E, Economou CN, Tsafrakidou P, Kornaros M. Bio-based products from microalgae cultivated in digestates. Trends in Biotechnology. 2018;36(8):819-833. DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2018.02.015'},{id:"B53",body:'Inyang M, Gao B, Yao Y, Xue Y, Zimmerman AR, Pullammanappallil P, et al. Removal of heavy metals from aqueous solution by biochars derived from anaerobically digested biomass. Bioresource Technology. 2012;110:50-56. DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.01.072'},{id:"B54",body:'Dahlin J, Herbes C, Nelles M. Biogas digestate marketing: Qualitative insights into the supply side. Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 2015;104:152-161. DOI: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2015.08.013'},{id:"B55",body:'Spelter H, Winandy J, Zauche T. Anaerobically digested bovine biofiber as a source of fiber for particleboard manufacturing: An economic analysis. BioResources. 2008;3(4):1256-1266. Available from: https://ojs.cnr.ncsu.edu/index.php/BioRes/article/viewFile/BioRes_03_4_1256_Spelter_WZ_ADBF_Particleboard/278'},{id:"B56",body:'USDA. Uses of solids and by-products of anaerobic digestion. Farm Energy. 2019;3:2019. Available from: https://farm-energy.extension.org/uses-of-solids-and-by-products-of-anaerobic-digestion/#Livestock_bedding'},{id:"B57",body:'Sophin P, Preston TR. Effect of processing pig manure in a biodigester as fertilizer input for ponds growing fish in polyculture. Livestock Research for Rural Development. 2001;13:60. Available from: https://www.lrrd.cipav.org.co/lrrd13/6/pich136.htm'},{id:"B58",body:'Garcia-Sánchez M, Garcia-Romera I, Cajthaml T, Tlustoš P, Száková J. Changes in soil microbial community functionality and structure in a metal-polluted site: The effect of digestate and fly ash applications. Journal of Environmental Management. 2015;162:63-73. DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.07.042'},{id:"B59",body:'Alexander R. Digestate utilization in the U.S. Biocycle. 2012;53(1):56. Available from: https://www.biocycle.net/2012/01/12/digestate-utilization-in-the-u-s/'},{id:"B60",body:'Tin AM, Wise DL, Su WH, Reutergardh L, Lee SK. Cost-benefit analysis of the municipal solid waste collection system in Yangon, Myanmar. Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 1995;14(2):103-131. DOI: 10.1016/S0921-3449(95)80004-2'},{id:"B61",body:'Setiawan RP, Kaneko S, Kawata K. Impacts of pecuniary and non-pecuniary information on pro-environmental behavior: A household waste collection and disposal program in Surabaya city. Waste Management. 2019;89:322-335. DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2019.04.015'},{id:"B62",body:'Drosg B, Fuchs W, Al Seadi T, Madsen M, Linke B. Nutrient recovery by biogas digestate processing. IEA Bioenergy. 2015. Available from: https://www.iea-biogas.net/files/daten-redaktion/download/Technical%20Brochures/NUTRIENT_RECOVERY_RZ_web2.pdf'},{id:"B63",body:'Hogg D. Eunomia Research & Consulting. Costs for municipal waste management in the EU. Final Report to Directorate General Environment, European Commission. 2002. Available from: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/waste/studies/pdf/eucostwaste.pdf'},{id:"B64",body:'Delzeit R, Kellner U. The impact of plant size and location on profitability of biogas plants in Germany under consideration of processing digestates. Biomass and Bioenergy. 2013;52:43-53. DOI: 10.1016/j.biombioe.2013.02.029'},{id:"B65",body:'Baddeley A, Ballinger A, Cessford I, Smith EM, Enviro A. Assessing the costs and benefits for production and beneficial application of anaerobic digestate to agricultural land in Wales. In: Project OMK007-203. WRAP: Waste and Resources Action Programme. Cardiff, UK; 2014. Available from: http://www.wrapcymru.org.uk/sites/files/wrap/Assessing%20the%20Costs%20and%20Benefits%20for%20Production%20and%20Beneficial%20Application%20of%20Anaerobic%20Digestate%20to%20Agricultural%20Land%20in%20Wales%202014.pdf'},{id:"B66",body:'Møller HB, Lund I, Sommer SG. Solid–liquid separation of livestock slurry: Efficiency and cost. Bioresource Technology. 2000;74(3):223-229. DOI: 10.1016/S0960-8524(00)00016-X'},{id:"B67",body:'Stiles WAV, Styles D, Chapman SP, Esteves S, Bywater A, Melville L, et al. Using microalgae in the circular economy to valorise anaerobic digestate: Challenges and opportunities. Bioresource Technology. 2018;267:732-742. DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.07.100'},{id:"B68",body:'Mulinda C, Hu Q, Pan K. Dissemination and problems of African biogas technology. Energy and Power Engineering. 2013;5(08):506. Available from: http://www.build-a-biogas-plant.com/PDF/ProblemsAfricanBiogas2013.pdf'},{id:"B69",body:'Amigun B, Von Blottnitz H. Capacity-cost and location-cost analyses for biogas plants in Africa. Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 2010;55(1):63-73. DOI: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2010.07.004'},{id:"B70",body:'Bolzonella D, Fatone F, Gottardo M, Frison N. Nutrients recovery from anaerobic digestate of agro-waste: Techno-economic assessment of full scale applications. Journal of Environmental Management. 2018;216:111-119. DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.08.026'},{id:"B71",body:'Gerardo ML, Aljohani NHM, Oatley-Radcliffe DL, Lovitt RW. Moving towards sustainable resources: Recovery and fractionation of nutrients from dairy manure digestate using membranes. Water Research. 2015;80:80-89. DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2015.05.016'},{id:"B72",body:'Favoino E, Hogg D. Effects of composted organic waste on ecosystems—A specific angle: The potential contribution of biowaste to tackle Climate Change and references to the soil policy. Proceedings of the International Congress CODIS. 2008;2008:145-156. Available from: https://orgprints.org/13135/1/fuchs-etal-proceedings-codis-2008.pdf#page=151'},{id:"B73",body:'Hu Y, Shen F, Yuan H, Zou D, Pang Y, Liu Y, et al. Influence of recirculation of liquid fraction of the digestate (LFD) on maize stover anaerobic digestion. Biosystems Engineering. 2014;127:189-196. DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2014.09.006'},{id:"B74",body:'de Alwis A. Biogas—A review of Sri Lanka’s performance with a renewable energy technology. Energy for Sustainable Development. 2002;6(1):30-37. DOI: 10.1016/S0973-0826(08)60296-3'},{id:"B75",body:'Brändli RC, Bucheli TD, Kupper T, Furrer R, Stahel WA, Stadelmann FX, et al. Organic pollutants in compost and digestate. Part 1. Polychlorinated biphenyls, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and molecular markers. Journal of Environment Monitoring. 2007;9(5):456-464. DOI: 10.1039/B617101J'},{id:"B76",body:'Tiwary A, Williams ID, Pant DC, Kishore VVN. Assessment and mitigation of the environmental burdens to air from land applied food-based digestate. Environmental Pollution. 2015;203:262-270. DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.02.001'},{id:"B77",body:'Wallace P, Harris G, Frederickson J, Howell G, Tompkins D. Biofertiliser management: Best practice for agronomic benefit & odour control. In: Tompkins D, editor. Project OAV036-210. Cardiff: The Waste and Resources Action Program (WRAP); 2011. Available from: http://www.wrapcymru.org.uk/sites/files/wrap/Digestate%20odour%20management%20-%20Cymru.pdf'},{id:"B78",body:'Cheng Z, Sun Z, Zhu S, Lou Z, Zhu N, Feng L. The identification and health risk assessment of odor emissions from waste landfilling and composting. Science of The Total Environment. 2019;649:1038-1044. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.230'},{id:"B79",body:'Eshete G, Sonder K, ter Heegde F. Report on the Feasibility Study of a National Programme for Domestic Biogas in Ethiopia. SNV Netherlands Development Organization: Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; 2006. Available from: http://www.bibalex.org/Search4Dev/files/338849/172350.pdf'},{id:"B80",body:'Berhe TG, Tesfahuney RG, Desta GA, Mekonnen LS. Biogas plant distribution for rural household sustainable energy supply in Africa. Energy and Policy Research. 2017;4(1):10-20. DOI: 10.1080/23815639.2017.1280432'},{id:"B81",body:'Mushtaq K, Zaidi AA, Askari SJ. Design and performance analysis of floating dome type portable biogas plant for domestic use in Pakistan. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments. 2016;14:21-25. DOI: 10.1016/j.seta.2016.01.001'},{id:"B82",body:'Day DL, Chen TH, Anderson JC, Steinberg MP. Biogas plants for small farms in Kenya. Biomass. 1990;21(2):83-99. DOI: 10.1016/0144-4565(90)90051-K'},{id:"B83",body:'Caceres R, Chiliquinga B. Experiences with Rural Biodigesters in Latin America. Dordrecht: Springer; 1986. pp. 150-165. DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-4313-1_21'},{id:"B84",body:'Ni J-Q, Nyns E-J. New concept for the evaluation of rural biogas management in developing countries. Energy Conversion and Management. 1996;37(10):1525-1534. DOI: 10.1016/0196-8904(95)00354-1'},{id:"B85",body:'Raven RPJM. Implementation of manure digestion and co-combustion in the Dutch electricity regime: A multi-level analysis of market implementation in the Netherlands. Energy Policy. 2004;32(1):29-39. DOI: 10.1016/S0301-4215(02)00248-3'},{id:"B86",body:'Negro SO, Hekkert MP, Smits RE. Explaining the failure of the Dutch innovation system for biomass digestion—A functional analysis. Energy Policy. 2007;35(2):925-938. DOI: 10.1016/j.enpol.2006.01.027'},{id:"B87",body:'Tigini V, Franchino M, Bona F, Varese GC. Is digestate safe? A study on its ecotoxicity and environmental risk on a pig manure. Science of the Total Environment. 2016;551-552:127-132. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.02.004'},{id:"B88",body:'Prajapati SK, Kumar P, Malik A, Vijay VK. Bioconversion of algae to methane and subsequent utilization of digestate for algae cultivation: A closed loop bioenergy generation process. Bioresource Technology. 2014;158:174-180. DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.02.023'},{id:"B89",body:'Möller K, Habermeyer J, Zinkernagel V, Reents H-J. The impact and the interaction of nitrogen and Phytophthora infestans as yield-limiting and yield-reducing factors in organic potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) crops. Potato Research. 2006;49(4):281-301. DOI: 10.1007/s11540-007-9024-7'},{id:"B90",body:'Shenoy VV, Kalagudi GM. Enhancing plant phosphorus use efficiency for sustainable cropping. Biotechnology Advances. 2005;23(7-8):501-513. DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2005.01.004'},{id:"B91",body:'Sobachkin AA. The physiological role of potassium in increasing the productivity of farm crops. In: Potassium Research and Agricultural Production. Proceedings of the 10th Congress of the International Potash Institute held in June 1974 in Budapest, Hungary. International Potash Institute. 1974. pp. 147-152. Available from: https://www.ipipotash.org/uploads/udocs/potassium_research_and_agricultural_production.pdf'},{id:"B92",body:'Edith KKN, Francis KY, Martin KK, Felix KK. Characterization of digestates from anaerobic co-digestion of manioc effluent, human urine and cow dung. Journal of Water Resource and Protection. 2019;11(06):777-788. DOI: 10.4236/jwarp.2019.116047'},{id:"B93",body:'Aso SN. Food engineering stratagem to protect the environment and improve the income opportunities of gari processors. Journal of Nigerian Environmental Society (JNES). 2004;2(1):31-36'},{id:"B94",body:'Aso SN, Pullammanappallil PC, Teixeira AA, Welt BA. Biogasification of cassava residue for on-site biofuel generation for food production with potential cost minimization, health and environmental safety dividends. Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy. 2019. DOI: 10.1002/ep.13138'},{id:"B95",body:'Tan X, Chu H, Zhang Y, Yang L, Zhao F, Zhou X. Chlorella pyrenoidosa cultivation using anaerobic digested starch processing wastewater in an airlift circulation photobioreactor. Bioresource Technology. 2014;170:538-548. DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.07.086'},{id:"B96",body:'Haraldsen TK, Andersen U, Krogstad T, Sørheim R. Liquid digestate from anaerobic treatment of source-separated household waste as fertiliser to barley. Waste Management & Research. 2017;29:1271-1276. DOI: 10.1177/0734242X11411975'},{id:"B97",body:'Pirelli T, Rossi A, Miller C. Sustainability of biogas and cassava-based ethanol value chains in Viet Nam: Results and recommendations from the implementation of the Global Bioenergy Partnership indicators. In: FAO Environment and Natural Resources Management Working Paper 69. Rome: FAO; 2018. Available from: http://www.fao.org/3/i9181en/I9181EN.pdf'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Sammy N. Aso",address:"sammyasso@yahoo.com",affiliation:'
Food Engineering Laboratory, Rivers State University, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
'}],corrections:null},book:{id:"9385",type:"book",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",fullTitle:"Renewable Energy - Technologies and Applications",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",publishedDate:"February 17th 2021",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:"978-1-83881-001-6",printIsbn:"978-1-83881-000-9",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83881-002-3",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",numberOfWosCitations:1,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari"},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun"},equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"770"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"72357",type:"chapter",title:"A Review of Virtual Inertia Techniques for Renewable Energy-Based Generators",slug:"a-review-of-virtual-inertia-techniques-for-renewable-energy-based-generators",totalDownloads:1346,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Ana Fernández-Guillamón, Emilio Gómez-Lázaro, Eduard Muljadi and Ángel Molina-Garcia",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"153168",title:"Prof.",name:"Emilio",middleName:null,surname:"Gomez-Lazaro",fullName:"Emilio Gomez-Lazaro",slug:"emilio-gomez-lazaro"},{id:"154049",title:"Dr.",name:"Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Molina-Garcia",fullName:"Angel Molina-Garcia",slug:"angel-molina-garcia"},{id:"318862",title:"Mrs.",name:"Ana",middleName:null,surname:"Fernandez-Guillamon",fullName:"Ana Fernandez-Guillamon",slug:"ana-fernandez-guillamon"},{id:"320304",title:"Dr.",name:"Eduard",middleName:null,surname:"Muljadi",fullName:"Eduard Muljadi",slug:"eduard-muljadi"}]},{id:"73187",type:"chapter",title:"Use of Renewable Energy in Buildings",slug:"use-of-renewable-energy-in-buildings",totalDownloads:874,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"İzzet Yüksek and İlker Karadağ",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"186397",title:"Dr.",name:"İzzet",middleName:null,surname:"Yüksek",fullName:"İzzet Yüksek",slug:"izzet-yuksek"},{id:"295400",title:"Dr.",name:"İlker",middleName:null,surname:"Karadağ",fullName:"İlker Karadağ",slug:"ilker-karadag"}]},{id:"71804",type:"chapter",title:"Feasibility Analysis of Solar Power for the Safety of Fast Reactors during beyond Design Basis Events",slug:"feasibility-analysis-of-solar-power-for-the-safety-of-fast-reactors-during-beyond-design-basis-event",totalDownloads:572,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Kudiyarasan Swamynathan, P. Sivakumar and K. Karthikeyan",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"310733",title:"Dr.",name:"Kudiyarasan",middleName:null,surname:"Swamynathan",fullName:"Kudiyarasan Swamynathan",slug:"kudiyarasan-swamynathan"}]},{id:"70545",type:"chapter",title:"Recent Advances in Photovoltaic-Trombe Wall System: A Review",slug:"recent-advances-in-photovoltaic-trombe-wall-system-a-review",totalDownloads:642,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Omer K. Ahmed",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"286415",title:"Prof.",name:"Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Omer",fullName:"Ahmed Omer",slug:"ahmed-omer"}]},{id:"70691",type:"chapter",title:"Energetics and GHG Emission Mitigation Potential Estimation of Solar Water Heating System in India",slug:"energetics-and-ghg-emission-mitigation-potential-estimation-of-solar-water-heating-system-in-india",totalDownloads:606,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Bhupendra Singh Rawat, Pradeep Chandra Pant, Poonam Negi and Bharti Ramola",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"311763",title:"Dr.",name:"Bhupendra S.",middleName:null,surname:"Rawat",fullName:"Bhupendra S. Rawat",slug:"bhupendra-s.-rawat"},{id:"312089",title:"Dr.",name:"Poonam",middleName:null,surname:"Negi",fullName:"Poonam Negi",slug:"poonam-negi"},{id:"312150",title:"Dr.",name:"Bharti",middleName:null,surname:"Ramola",fullName:"Bharti Ramola",slug:"bharti-ramola"},{id:"312151",title:"Dr.",name:"Pradeep Chandra",middleName:null,surname:"Pant",fullName:"Pradeep Chandra Pant",slug:"pradeep-chandra-pant"}]},{id:"72280",type:"chapter",title:"Photo-Voltaic (PV) Monitoring System, Performance Analysis and Power Prediction Models in Doha, Qatar",slug:"photo-voltaic-pv-monitoring-system-performance-analysis-and-power-prediction-models-in-doha-qatar",totalDownloads:834,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Farid Touati, Amith Khandakar, Muhammad E.H. Chowdhury, Antonio Jr. S.P. Gonzales, Christian Kim Sorino and Kamel Benhmed",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"127564",title:"Prof.",name:"Kamel",middleName:null,surname:"Benhmed",fullName:"Kamel Benhmed",slug:"kamel-benhmed"},{id:"244639",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad E.H.",middleName:null,surname:"Chowdhury",fullName:"Muhammad E.H. Chowdhury",slug:"muhammad-e.h.-chowdhury"},{id:"245398",title:"MSc.",name:"Amith M. A.",middleName:null,surname:"Khandakar",fullName:"Amith M. A. Khandakar",slug:"amith-m.-a.-khandakar"},{id:"311956",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Antonio Jr.",middleName:null,surname:"Gonzales",fullName:"Antonio Jr. Gonzales",slug:"antonio-jr.-gonzales"},{id:"312319",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid",middleName:null,surname:"Touati",fullName:"Farid Touati",slug:"farid-touati"},{id:"312324",title:"Mr.",name:"Christian Kim",middleName:null,surname:"Sorino",fullName:"Christian Kim Sorino",slug:"christian-kim-sorino"}]},{id:"70747",type:"chapter",title:"Computing the Global Irradiation over the Plane of Photovoltaic Arrays: A Step-by-Step Methodology",slug:"computing-the-global-irradiation-over-the-plane-of-photovoltaic-arrays-a-step-by-step-methodology",totalDownloads:757,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Oswaldo A. Arraez-Cancelliere, Nicolás Muñoz-Galeano and Jesús M. López-Lezama",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"213238",title:"Dr.",name:"Nicolás",middleName:null,surname:"Muñoz-Galeano",fullName:"Nicolás Muñoz-Galeano",slug:"nicolas-munoz-galeano"},{id:"307883",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesús M",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez-Lezama",fullName:"Jesús M Lopez-Lezama",slug:"jesus-m-lopez-lezama"},{id:"307884",title:"MSc.",name:"Oswaldo A.",middleName:null,surname:"Arráez-Cancelliere",fullName:"Oswaldo A. Arráez-Cancelliere",slug:"oswaldo-a.-arraez-cancelliere"}]},{id:"72841",type:"chapter",title:"Pulsed Electrical Discharge and Pulsed Electric Field Treatment during Sunflower Seed Processing",slug:"pulsed-electrical-discharge-and-pulsed-electric-field-treatment-during-sunflower-seed-processing",totalDownloads:372,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Ivan Shorstkii and Evgeny Koshevoi",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"215312",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Ivan",middleName:null,surname:"Shorstkii",fullName:"Ivan Shorstkii",slug:"ivan-shorstkii"}]},{id:"72631",type:"chapter",title:"Bioenergy Potential of Turkey’s Forest Sources, Biomass Energy Conversion Methods, Products, and Applications",slug:"bioenergy-potential-of-turkey-s-forest-sources-biomass-energy-conversion-methods-products-and-applic",totalDownloads:495,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Selçuk Sarıkoç",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"308175",title:"Dr.",name:"Selçuk",middleName:null,surname:"Sarıkoç",fullName:"Selçuk Sarıkoç",slug:"selcuk-sarikoc"}]},{id:"71294",type:"chapter",title:"Combustion Characteristics and Behaviour of Agricultural Biomass: A Short Review",slug:"combustion-characteristics-and-behaviour-of-agricultural-biomass-a-short-review",totalDownloads:599,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Swapan Suman, Anand Mohan Yadav, Nomendra Tomar and Awani Bhushan",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"223329",title:"Dr.",name:"Swapan",middleName:null,surname:"Suman",fullName:"Swapan Suman",slug:"swapan-suman"},{id:"316554",title:"Prof.",name:"Shalini",middleName:null,surname:"Gautam",fullName:"Shalini Gautam",slug:"shalini-gautam"},{id:"316555",title:"Dr.",name:"Awani",middleName:null,surname:"Bhushan",fullName:"Awani Bhushan",slug:"awani-bhushan"},{id:"317349",title:"Mr.",name:"Nomendra",middleName:null,surname:"Tomar",fullName:"Nomendra Tomar",slug:"nomendra-tomar"}]},{id:"71530",type:"chapter",title:"Potential of Microalgal Biodiesel: Challenges and Applications",slug:"potential-of-microalgal-biodiesel-challenges-and-applications",totalDownloads:772,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Ashokkumar Veeramuthu and Chawalit Ngamcharussrivichai",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"310835",title:"Prof.",name:"Chawalit",middleName:null,surname:"Ngamcharussrivichai",fullName:"Chawalit Ngamcharussrivichai",slug:"chawalit-ngamcharussrivichai"},{id:"311142",title:"Dr.",name:"Veeramuthu",middleName:null,surname:"Ashokkumar",fullName:"Veeramuthu Ashokkumar",slug:"veeramuthu-ashokkumar"}]},{id:"70903",type:"chapter",title:"Rapid Evaluation of Biomass Properties Used for Energy Purposes Using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy",slug:"rapid-evaluation-of-biomass-properties-used-for-energy-purposes-using-near-infrared-spectroscopy",totalDownloads:722,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Jetsada Posom, Kanvisit Maraphum and Arthit Phuphaphud",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"311549",title:"Dr.",name:"Jetsada",middleName:null,surname:"Posom",fullName:"Jetsada Posom",slug:"jetsada-posom"},{id:"311800",title:"Mr.",name:"Kanvisit",middleName:null,surname:"Maraphum",fullName:"Kanvisit Maraphum",slug:"kanvisit-maraphum"},{id:"315895",title:"Mr.",name:"Arthit",middleName:null,surname:"Phuphaphud",fullName:"Arthit Phuphaphud",slug:"arthit-phuphaphud"}]},{id:"72107",type:"chapter",title:"Digestate: The Coproduct of Biofuel Production in a Circular Economy, and New Results for Cassava Peeling Residue Digestate",slug:"digestate-the-coproduct-of-biofuel-production-in-a-circular-economy-and-new-results-for-cassava-peel",totalDownloads:1065,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Sammy N. Aso",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"219927",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sammy N.",middleName:null,surname:"Aso",fullName:"Sammy N. Aso",slug:"sammy-n.-aso"}]},{id:"71520",type:"chapter",title:"Formation and Transformation of Typical Pollutant from MSW by Hydrothermal Carbonization towards Biofuel Hydrochar Production",slug:"formation-and-transformation-of-typical-pollutant-from-msw-by-hydrothermal-carbonization-towards-bio",totalDownloads:534,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Wentao Jiao, Nana Peng and Zhengang Liu",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"260377",title:"Prof.",name:"Zhengang",middleName:null,surname:"Liu",fullName:"Zhengang Liu",slug:"zhengang-liu"}]},{id:"71324",type:"chapter",title:"Hydro Energy Potential for Electricity Generating on Selected Regions in Turkey",slug:"hydro-energy-potential-for-electricity-generating-on-selected-regions-in-turkey",totalDownloads:511,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Ibrahim Yuksel, Omer Yuksek and Hasan Arman",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"143271",title:"Prof.",name:"Ibrahim",middleName:null,surname:"Yuksel",fullName:"Ibrahim Yuksel",slug:"ibrahim-yuksel"},{id:"314619",title:"Prof.",name:"Hasan",middleName:null,surname:"Arman",fullName:"Hasan Arman",slug:"hasan-arman"},{id:"318376",title:"Prof.",name:"Omer",middleName:null,surname:"Yuksek",fullName:"Omer Yuksek",slug:"omer-yuksek"}]},{id:"73874",type:"chapter",title:"An Overview of Geothermal Energy Production in Germencik, Turkey",slug:"an-overview-of-geothermal-energy-production-in-germencik-turkey",totalDownloads:357,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Kaan Yamanturk and Cihan Dogruoz",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"268628",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Cihan",middleName:null,surname:"Dogruoz",fullName:"Cihan Dogruoz",slug:"cihan-dogruoz"},{id:"323332",title:"MSc.",name:"Kaan",middleName:null,surname:"Yamanturk",fullName:"Kaan Yamanturk",slug:"kaan-yamanturk"}]},{id:"70956",type:"chapter",title:"Design of Three-Term Controller Using a PIC18F452 Microcontroller",slug:"design-of-three-term-controller-using-a-pic18f452-microcontroller",totalDownloads:774,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Mostefa Ghassoul",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"146702",title:"Dr.",name:"Mostefa",middleName:null,surname:"Ghassoul",fullName:"Mostefa Ghassoul",slug:"mostefa-ghassoul"}]},{id:"70864",type:"chapter",title:"Lessons Learnt from Some Natural Energy Sources",slug:"lessons-learnt-from-some-natural-energy-sources",totalDownloads:424,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Dan Serbanescu",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"200401",title:"Dr.",name:"Dan",middleName:null,surname:"Serbanescu",fullName:"Dan Serbanescu",slug:"dan-serbanescu"}]},{id:"71328",type:"chapter",title:"Research and Development of the New Progressive Construction Press Machines",slug:"research-and-development-of-the-new-progressive-construction-press-machines",totalDownloads:679,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Ľubomír Šooš",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"141212",title:"Prof.",name:"Ľubomír",middleName:null,surname:"Šooš",fullName:"Ľubomír Šooš",slug:"lubomir-soos"}]},{id:"71676",type:"chapter",title:"Performance, Gaseous and Particle Emissions from a Residential Pellet Stove",slug:"performance-gaseous-and-particle-emissions-from-a-residential-pellet-stove",totalDownloads:545,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Md. Obaidullah and Jacques De Ruyck",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"312153",title:"Dr.",name:"Md.",middleName:null,surname:"Obaidullah",fullName:"Md. Obaidullah",slug:"md.-obaidullah"},{id:"317825",title:"Prof.",name:"Jacques",middleName:null,surname:"De Ruyck",fullName:"Jacques De Ruyck",slug:"jacques-de-ruyck"}]},{id:"73219",type:"chapter",title:"Analysis of Optimal Steady-State Operation of Power Systems with Embedded FACTS Devices: A Matlab-Based Flexible Approach",slug:"analysis-of-optimal-steady-state-operation-of-power-systems-with-embedded-facts-devices-a-matlab-bas",totalDownloads:393,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Jose Miguel García-Guzman, Néstor González-Cabrera, Luis Alberto Contreras-Aguilar, Jose Merced Lozano-García and Alejandro Pizano-Martinez",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"236462",title:"D.Sc.",name:"Nestor",middleName:null,surname:"Gonzalez",fullName:"Nestor Gonzalez",slug:"nestor-gonzalez"},{id:"316399",title:"MSc.",name:"Jose Miguel",middleName:null,surname:"Garcia-Guzman",fullName:"Jose Miguel Garcia-Guzman",slug:"jose-miguel-garcia-guzman"},{id:"329182",title:"Dr.",name:"L. Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Contreras-Aguilar",fullName:"L. Alberto Contreras-Aguilar",slug:"l.-alberto-contreras-aguilar"},{id:"329183",title:"Dr.",name:"J.",middleName:null,surname:"Merced-Lozano-García",fullName:"J. Merced-Lozano-García",slug:"j.-merced-lozano-garcia"},{id:"329184",title:"Dr.",name:"A.",middleName:null,surname:"Pizano-Martine",fullName:"A. Pizano-Martine",slug:"a.-pizano-martine"}]},{id:"74786",type:"chapter",title:"Distributed Sources Optimal Sites and Sizes Search in Large Power Systems",slug:"distributed-sources-optimal-sites-and-sizes-search-in-large-power-systems",totalDownloads:318,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Mustafa Mosbah, Redha Djamel Mohammedi and Salem Arif",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"271686",title:"Prof.",name:"Salem",middleName:null,surname:"Arif",fullName:"Salem Arif",slug:"salem-arif"},{id:"319304",title:"Dr.",name:"Mustafa",middleName:null,surname:"Mosbah",fullName:"Mustafa Mosbah",slug:"mustafa-mosbah"},{id:"319307",title:"Prof.",name:"Ridha Djamel",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammedi",fullName:"Ridha Djamel Mohammedi",slug:"ridha-djamel-mohammedi"}]},{id:"73513",type:"chapter",title:"New Generation Aero Combustor",slug:"new-generation-aero-combustor",totalDownloads:400,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Jushan Chin and Jin Dang",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"323759",title:"Prof.",name:"Jushan",middleName:null,surname:"Chin",fullName:"Jushan Chin",slug:"jushan-chin"},{id:"326768",title:"Dr.",name:"Jin",middleName:null,surname:"Dang",fullName:"Jin Dang",slug:"jin-dang"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6469",title:"Application of Exergy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0836749bb350a373d5e2628c73539698",slug:"application-of-exergy",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6469.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"58347",title:"Introductory Chapter: Application of Exergy for All Energy Field and New Technologies",slug:"introductory-chapter-application-of-exergy-for-all-energy-field-and-new-technologies",signatures:"Tolga Taner",authors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner",slug:"tolga-taner"}]},{id:"60258",title:"Application of Exergy: A Low-Exergy Solution to Building Heating and Cooling",slug:"application-of-exergy-a-low-exergy-solution-to-building-heating-and-cooling",signatures:"Lin-Shu Wang",authors:[{id:"223830",title:"Prof.",name:"Lin-Shu",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Lin-Shu Wang",slug:"lin-shu-wang"}]},{id:"61325",title:"Exergetic Assessment in Dairy Industry",slug:"exergetic-assessment-in-dairy-industry",signatures:"Seda Genc",authors:[{id:"221734",title:"Dr.",name:"Seda",middleName:null,surname:"Genç",fullName:"Seda Genç",slug:"seda-genc"}]},{id:"59710",title:"Advanced Exergy Analysis of an Integrated SOFC-Adsorption Refrigeration Power System",slug:"advanced-exergy-analysis-of-an-integrated-sofc-adsorption-refrigeration-power-system",signatures:"Victor Hugo Rangel-Hernández, Andrés M. Niño-Avendaño, José J.\nRamírez-Minguela, Juan M. Belman-Flores and Francisco Elizalde-\nBlancas",authors:[{id:"145219",title:"Dr.",name:"Victor Hugo",middleName:null,surname:"Rangel-Hernandez",fullName:"Victor Hugo Rangel-Hernandez",slug:"victor-hugo-rangel-hernandez"},{id:"145857",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Elizalde-Blancas",fullName:"Francisco Elizalde-Blancas",slug:"francisco-elizalde-blancas"},{id:"202266",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan Manuel",middleName:null,surname:"Belman-Flores",fullName:"Juan Manuel Belman-Flores",slug:"juan-manuel-belman-flores"},{id:"227040",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrés Mauricio",middleName:null,surname:"Niño-Avendaño",fullName:"Andrés Mauricio Niño-Avendaño",slug:"andres-mauricio-nino-avendano"},{id:"227401",title:"Dr.",name:"José De Jesús",middleName:null,surname:"Ramírez-Minguela",fullName:"José De Jesús Ramírez-Minguela",slug:"jose-de-jesus-ramirez-minguela"}]},{id:"59000",title:"New Exergetic Methodology to Promote Improvements in nZEB",slug:"new-exergetic-methodology-to-promote-improvements-in-nzeb",signatures:"Ana Picallo-Perez, Juan-Maria Hidalgo-Betanzos and Jose-Maria\nSala-Lizarraga",authors:[{id:"223909",title:"Mrs.",name:"Ana",middleName:null,surname:"Picallo-Perez",fullName:"Ana Picallo-Perez",slug:"ana-picallo-perez"}]},{id:"60220",title:"Application of Exergy Analysis to Energy Systems",slug:"application-of-exergy-analysis-to-energy-systems",signatures:"Rauf Terzi",authors:[{id:"222042",title:"Dr.",name:"Rauf",middleName:null,surname:"Terzi",fullName:"Rauf Terzi",slug:"rauf-terzi"}]},{id:"59041",title:"Exergetic Costs for Thermal Systems",slug:"exergetic-costs-for-thermal-systems",signatures:"Ho-Young Kwak and Cuneyt Uysal",authors:[{id:"15336",title:"Dr.",name:"Ho-Young",middleName:null,surname:"Kwak",fullName:"Ho-Young Kwak",slug:"ho-young-kwak"},{id:"235337",title:"Prof.",name:"Cuneyt",middleName:null,surname:"Uysal",fullName:"Cuneyt Uysal",slug:"cuneyt-uysal"}]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari"},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun"},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"295",title:"Solar Cells",subtitle:"Thin-Film Technologies",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ad5cda9b208fbf385f7cdf7a5c16baae",slug:"solar-cells-thin-film-technologies",bookSignature:"Leonid A. Kosyachenko",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/295.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6262",title:"Prof.",name:"Leonid A.",surname:"Kosyachenko",slug:"leonid-a.-kosyachenko",fullName:"Leonid A. Kosyachenko"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9425",title:"Advanced Statistical Modeling, Forecasting, and Fault Detection in Renewable Energy Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f9dfa41155499eb62f21917c77db5f7c",slug:"advanced-statistical-modeling-forecasting-and-fault-detection-in-renewable-energy-systems",bookSignature:"Fouzi Harrou and Ying Sun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9425.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"197090",title:"Dr.",name:"Fouzi",surname:"Harrou",slug:"fouzi-harrou",fullName:"Fouzi Harrou"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"894",title:"Solar Power",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f83c61c054d71d074164ecd3914f57a4",slug:"solar-power",bookSignature:"Radu D. Rugescu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/894.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"8615",title:"Prof.",name:"Radu",surname:"Rugescu",slug:"radu-rugescu",fullName:"Radu Rugescu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9430",title:"Sustainable Energy Investment",subtitle:"Technical, Market and Policy Innovations to Address Risk",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"944911e9a2154a0bf8b358cafc971f42",slug:"sustainable-energy-investment-technical-market-and-policy-innovations-to-address-risk",bookSignature:"Joseph Nyangon and John Byrne",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9430.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"225597",title:"Dr.",name:"Joseph",surname:"Nyangon",slug:"joseph-nyangon",fullName:"Joseph Nyangon"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari"},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun"},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"73265",title:"Ecofriendly Marigold Dye as Natural Colourant for Fabric",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93823",slug:"ecofriendly-marigold-dye-as-natural-colourant-for-fabric",body:'
1. Introduction
Marigold is a common name of Tagetes species, a genus of herbs and the member of the Asteraceae family. It is a native of Mexico and other warmer parts of America and naturalised elsewhere within tropics and sub tropics. In India it is cultivated as garden plant. The flowers which are yellow to orange in colour with corymbose clusters are much used for garlands and functions and also used to decorate households during celebration of festivals.
These plants do not require any additional care. They grow in all conditions of the environment. Marigold plants bare sun, heat, drought and grow in any well-drained soil. Marigolds are easy to grow even from transplants also. Marigold requires a mild climate for smooth growth and flowering. Mild climate is required during the growing period is 14.5° - 28.6°C and it improves the production of flowers at higher temperature (26.2° - 36.4°C). Depending on the climatic conditions, the marigold grows three times in a year – rainy, winter, and summer seasons. The different coloured flowers are shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1.
The types of marigold flowers available in India.
The earliest use of marigolds was by the Aztec people who attributed magical, religious and medicinal properties to marigolds. The first recorded use of marigolds is in the De La Crus-Badiano Aztec Herbal of 1552. The Herbal records the use of marigolds for treatment of hiccups.
The orange, yellow and reddish yellow (i.e. red) colour flowers contain several pigments which appear to vary with source and soil nature. The active ingredients found in marigolds are plant sterols called calendulin, calendic acid, polysaccharides, polyunsaturated fatty acid, carotenoids, flavonoids, triterpenes saponins, like triterpenoid, Tocopherols, oleanolic acid glycosides.
The aqueous extract of flowers showed activity against gram positive bacteria. An infusion of plant is employed against rheumatism, cold and bronchitis. Root extract is employed as laxatives. Marigold leaves are utilised in kidney troubles and muscular pains. The infusion of florets is prescribed as a diuretic and carminative. The florets are utilised in the treatment of eye diseases and ulcers. The oil obtained from the fresh flowers incorporates a paralysing effect on the spinal marrow. It is used as antiseptic also. The flower heads are said to possess stimulant and anti-helminthic properties. Their juice contains iodine and is employed on cuts and wounds.
India is producing a big amount of marigold flowers. It is mainly used for floral offerings to Goddess and also for decorative purpose. After its use, the flowers were thrown away as garbage in ponds and rivers, which creates a lot of pollution. Our main aim of this chapter is to bring an awareness about the employability of marigold in many applications.
2. Uses of Marigold
The flowers of marigolds are very beautiful with a lot of benefits make a garden as more attractive. Marigold and its extracts are highly useful in therapeutic treatments like headaches, swelling, toothache, wounds and numerous skin problems. In addition, they have been used in cooking. Marigold was one of the earliest cultivated flower. The ancient Greeks used the petals of marigold for decorations and other purposes like make-up, colouring food (stews, soups, pudding, etc), dying fabrics and as part of medicines. The significant uses of marigold flowers are deliberated as follows:
2.1 As a garden plant
2.1.1 Nematode control
The roots and stems of marigolds emit a chemical that will suppress the population of root-knot nematodes, tiny soil borne worms that prey on the roots of decorative plants and vegetables. It appears that French marigolds, particularly the ‘Tangerine’ variety, are the best against the destructive pests.
2.1.2 Beneficial to insects
Marigolds itself attracts many insects that are harmful to other plants of the garden, so that the other plants get protected from the pests and do not require any pesticides.
2.1.3 Beautifies the garden
Marigolds are capable of growing in hot shades with many colours like orange, yellow, red, mahogany or with combinations. Flowers are of a single, double or multi-layered and sizes vary from 6 inches to 3 feet. So makes the garden more gorgeous and increases the beauty of the garden.
2.1.4 Marigold companion benefits on planting
When marigold is planted nearby cruciferous and tomato plants, these plants get protected from worms. It is because of the scent released from marigold, which confuses the pests. So it avoids usage of chemical pesticides. Marigold is additionally a decent companion when planted near bush beans, squash, cucumbers and brinjal.
2.2 As a medicinal plant
The very important uses of marigold with respect to antioxidant properties as medicine are as follows.
2.2.1 Homemade skin treatment
Ointments made up of marigold are used to heal sunburns, acne and ulcerations in addition to healing of wounds, dry skin and blisters.
2.2.2 Digestive-soothing tea
Tea powder made with marigold flowers lowers the symptoms caused by inflammatory bowel diseases. Marigold tea is useful in solving gastric and ulcer problems as well as in reducing stomach cramps. The florets are consumed in tea form to assist ease digestion internally and improve liver health.
2.2.3 Immunity booster
Marigold extracts are accustomed to manage symptoms of coughs, sore throats or fever. So it can also be used as immunity booster.
2.3 Treatment for fungal infections
2.3.1 Lowers inflammation and oxidative damage
Research shows that active chemicals of marigold make it a natural cytotoxic, hepato-protective, and spasmogenic herb, that has been used in both animal and human trials. Extracts obtained from the flower contains C-reactive protein and cytokine levels which protect cells from being damaged like ageing and cell deterioration.
Marigold controls oxidative damage from free radicals which will affect delicate tissues of the skin, GI tract and genitals caused by viruses or bacteria [1]. In addition, research also shows that marigold helps to reduce the growth of bacteria’s in wounds and might even be ready to reduce symptoms related to chemotherapy and cancer treatments [2].
2.3.2 Reduces eye inflammation and conjunctivitis
Marigold extracts are used for treating conjunctivitis and other chronic ocular inflammatory conditions of animals. As these extracts have shown antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal and immuno-stimulating properties and which can be used on delicate tissues of the eyes against oxidative damage [3].
2.3.3 As a natural antiseptic
The extract of Marigold is employed to treat bacterial ear infections and reduce pain. It has been identified that marigold drops can lower inner-ear swelling and inflammation very easily in a short period and even without the use of antibiotics. Marigold extract may be used as antifungal for treating fungal infections of ear [4].
2.3.4 Heals skin wounds, burns and rashes
From the traditional days the marigold is employed for treating irritated skin to cut back itchiness, redness, sensitivity, dryness and swelling. It found that marigold has the power to push the expansion of healthy new tissues, increasing the rate of blood flow to the affected areas and boost collagen production, which firms and strengthen the skin, hydrate dry skin and speed up the method of skin repair following surgery or damage.
Marigold’s ability to support the treatment of wounds is believed to be the secretion due to stimulation of somatic cell production, which contains glycoproteins and nucleoproteins. It is also associated with increased cell turnover and improved collagen metabolism stimulation.
In folklore medicine, marigold products were applied to varied ulceration (both internal and external) and on wounds to stop infections, and even today marigold is employed during post-surgery to push faster incision healing.
Marigold extract is combined with natural lubricating products and applied on dry and rash-prone skin that will help to enhance skin hydration and firmness. The extract of marigold is employed topically to reduce rashes on the sensitive skin, discoloration, unsightly varicose veins, dermatitis, eczema, bruises and scalp dandruff. It used to treat swollen bug bites, burns, and infected cuts and decreases other signs of poor blood flow and inflammation affecting the skin.
2.3.5 Eases cramps and spasms
Marigold’s analgesic property is useful for relieving muscle spasms, stomach cramps and PMS/menstrual cramps. It reduces cramping by improving blood circulation to the painful area and lowering inflammatory responses [5].
2.3.6 Mosquito repellent
Due to their pungent odour, antioxidant content and volatile oils, marigolds are often accustomed naturally repel mosquitoes, pests and other insects. This is often one reason as marigold commonly planted in vegetable gardens. The flowers of Marigold are employed as extract form in candles, room/ bug sprays, and lots of skin lotions so as to forestall mosquito bites. Use of marigold products on our skin helps to repel bites. The flowers’ aroma works underground to stay away nematodes (microscopic worms) [6].
2.4 Marigold as perfume
Many Tagetes sp. of marigold yield strong aromatic oil and referred as Tagetes oil. The tagetes oil is principally used for the compounding of high grade perfumes. The oil from French marigold L. is produced chiefly in France and finds a decent market within the perfumery trade.
In India French marigold L. appears to be a promising source of the oil on account of its fairly high yield with true floral character and favourable tagetone content. The flowers are regularly distilled in India for the assembly of attars by absorbing their steam distillate over sandalwood oil or liquid paraffin. It also acts as fly repellent and is credited with larvicidal properties.
2.5 Natural dye
India has a rich, diversified plant kingdom, which is a treasure house of varied natural products. Natural dye is one such product. The natural colourants mainly flavonoids and carotenoids present in the Marigold were extracted by different techniques and used as natural colourants on different fabrics. The use of natural colourants exists from ancient period.
3. Dye of marigold
Dyes are one of the foremost important yields of plants. In most of the countries, natural dyeing is practiced only on handicrafts and artificial dyes are being employed altogether for commercial dyeing processes. The problems related to synthetic dyes arise during their application, manufacture, and process of synthesis, intermediates formed and other raw materials involved.
Now a days with the global concern on the use of eco-friendly and biodegradable materials, around the world the solicitation of natural dyes in the textile industry is enhanced. The interest in the utilisation of eco-friendly and biodegradable materials create the employment of natural dyes. In contrast, natural dyes are environmental friendly, exhibit better biodegradability and customarily have the ensuing compatibility with the environment than synthetic dyes [7]. Natural Dyeing may be carried out by using eco-friendly bath methods like alkaline bath, acidic bath, or neutral bath. The method is economically viable because the raw materials are available at low cost, which in turn reduces the cost of production. There are several articles available on different methods of mordanting on different fabrics, for dyeing with different natural dyes.
Dyeing of cotton and silk with marigold brings a growing interest within the revival of natural dyes in textile colouration [8]. The main idea of extracting dyes from marigold plant sources is to avoid environmental pollution and its characteristics like antibacterial, antifungal, etc. The application of various mordants along with marigold gives innumerable shades like brown, yellow, orange and so on to the fabric.
Dyes derived from marigold sources have emerged as a significant alternative to synthetic dyes. The dyes produced were dyed on cotton fabric and tested for colour fastness to washing properties. Mordants were used to fix the colour on the fabrics. The dyes obtained from the marigold plant are replaceable to synthetic dyes.
Light fastness of the numerous natural dyes, particularly which are extracted from flower parts is found to be poor to medium [9]. In earlier days India was a significant exporter of herbal dyes to the world. Now days the demand for natural dyes has augmented, because of the ban on the assembly of a variety of synthetic dyes and intermediates within the developed countries, thanks to the pollution problem [10].
3.1 Process of dyeing
The procedure involved in dyeing of cotton with marigold extract comprises the following steps
Pre-Treatment
Extraction of colourant
Mordanting (fixing dye with fibre)
Dyeing
3.1.1 Pre-treatment
Before carrying out the dying process. Fabric undergoes scouring. Scouring is a process used to remove the dust and other colourants present on fabric. During scouring, the cotton fabrics were washed in a solution containing x g/L soda ash and a couple of g/L non-ionic detergent solution at 50° C for 25 min, keeping the fabric to required liquor ratio. The scoured material was thoroughly washed with H2O and dried at moderate temperature. The scoured material must be soaked in clean water for 40 min before dyeing or mordanting.
3.1.2 Extraction of colourant
Flowers from the plant source were dried in trays, in thin layers, in an exceedingly current of warm air immediately after picking. Then crushed and dissolved in water and allowed to boil over a water bath for two hours for the quick extraction. All the colour was extracted from flowers was filtered for immediate use.
3.1.3 Mordanting
It is a method where mordant is used to fix the dye on fabric. Mordant binds dye with fabrics by forming a complex, which then confers to the fabric. Most of the natural dyes have no substantively on textile fabrics without the utilisation of a mordant. All most all the natural dyes need a mordanting chemical to make an affinity between the fabric and dye [11].
During mordanting, the weighed cotton samples were treated with a different metal salt. The different percentage of mordant was dissolved in water to create a required liquor ratio. The wetted sample is immersed into the mordant solution and so dropped at heating. The temperature of the dye bath was raised to 80°C over a period of half an hour and left at that temperature for 30 minutes. The mordanted material should be rinsed with water and dried in shadow. Mordanted cotton must be used immediately for dyeing because some mordants are very sensitive to light.
Generally mordants are metallic salts form a metal complexes with the fibres and dyes [12]. After completion of mordanting, the metal salts fixed to the fabrics, attract the dye pigment molecules. For example if aluminium sulphate mordant is used, it induced into the fabric and helps to fix the natural dyes through either coordination bonds or hydrogen bonds and by other inter molecular forces [13].
3.1.4 Dyeing
The cotton samples must be dyed with dye extract, keeping required M:L ratio. The marigold dye extract has prepared by adding × gm dye powder in y ml of water. Dyeing was carried out by standard dyeing method. After dyeing, the dyed material was washed with cold water and dried at low temperature. Then it has been dipped in brine for dye fixing.
4. Purpose of natural dye
Mainly the colours generated from natural resources like marigold are vibrant, biodegradable, and non-allergic. These features indicate that they are far compatible with the environment and to be used around humans. It is easy to extract the natural colour from plants, fruits or flowers. Many natural dyes even have antimicrobial properties, making them safer for teenagers specifically.
Natural dyes will not contain harmful chemicals nor carcinogenic components, common to artificial or synthetic dyes [14]. Usage of natural dyes will help to preserve the environment and lowering human dependence on harmful products. When toxic runoff and residuals from the textile manufacturing and dyeing process often find yourself in our delicate oceans, we must always do and make sure that we are using the nontoxic alternative, natural dyes.
Furthermore, the products employed in producing natural dyes, particularly plants, produce no waste, unlike the products employed in the synthetic dyeing process. Because plants bypass the complete production process which takes to form synthetic dyes. This can be one more reason why natural dyes are infinitely better for the environment. By using natural dyes instead of synthetic dyes, we are ready to be closely connected to nature and recognise the importance it plays altogether of our lives. The main advantage of naturally dyed fabric is that they are capable of absorbing higher UV rays. By wearing clothes dyed naturally, you are able to protect your skin more from the UV rays. The natural dyes can be used on fabrics for different purposes.
4.1 Intention of Marigold dye
4.1.1 To provide different colour effect on fabric
Marigold flower is grown altogether parts of India throughout the year and maybe an honest source of material for natural dyes. Three different shades of Marigold flowers are available in India; those are light yellow, golden yellow and orange mix yellow. These were taken as raw materials for natural dyeing of cotton fabrics. Depending upon the thickness of the colour, the amount of flower is soaked in a specific amount of water to extract the required colour. The 30 g of extract powder is mixed with 100 ml of water for about 30 minutes for extraction. However, in the case of orange-yellow and light yellow, the extraction time was 50 minutes.
Cotton material is used to dye with the extracts obtained from three different shades of marigold after mordanting with eight different mordants in each case. All the specified cases of attractive shades may be produced by such dyeing. The colour fastness property to washing of most of the dyed samples was within the range of 2–3 percent in general. Colour fastness to light of the dyed samples varied with the change of mordant and therefore the substrate.
4.1.2 To enhance antibacterial/antimicrobial properties of fabric
Cotton fabric is employed in many applications in the textile industry due to its unique properties. However, the antibacterial properties of marigold extract will help within its applications in hygienic textiles and employed in medical fields. Flowers of marigolds are generally used to worship in temples and decorate vehicles [15]. The dyed SPF fabrics were then evaluated for colour values, fastness properties, anti-bacterial activities in addition to the durability of the identical. The studies give us clarity regarding the benefits of using such mordants in case of achieving antibacterial/antimicrobial functionality with addition of eco-friendliness [16]. Marigold dyeing by using most typically found alum mordant was also distributed for comparison of the aim.
5. Materials and experimental processes
5.1 Materials
Plant material: Marigold (Tagetes erecta).
The scientific classifications are as follows.
Kingdom – Plantae
Order – Asterales
Family – Asteraceae
Genus – Tagetes
Species – T erecta
5.1.1 Plant description
A stout, branching herb as shown in Figure 2 is 60 cm tall, native of Mexico, extensively cultivated as a border - annual in gardens all over India. Roots usually taproot system, Stems usually erect; Leaves strong scented, pinnately dissected: segments 1–5 cm long, oblong or lanceolate, serrate; flower - heads solitary, yellow to orange, 5-9 cm across, florets bisexual, pistillate, functionally staminate, rays many, long-clawed, sometimes two-lipped or quilled, involucre campanulate; fruit achenes, 6–7 mm long, usually dry with relatively thick, tough pericarps, sometimes beaked (rostrate) and/or winged (late), often dispersed with aid from pappi; Seeds 1 per fruit, exalbuminous; embryos straight. The flower samples of four cultivars of T. erecta (marigold) i.e., marigold orange (MGO), marigold yellow (MGY), marigold reddish yellow or red (MGR) were collected (Figure 3).
Figure 2.
Marigold plant.
Figure 3.
Different colours of marigold.
5.2 Experimental process
5.2.1 Extraction of marigold powder
The petals were separated, sun-dried, powdered, and stored at −20°C for further studies (Figure 4).
Figure 4.
Extraction process of marigold.
5.2.2 Extraction of lutein ester
The fine powder of the petals of marigold orange, marigold yellow, marigold reddish yellow of about 30 gm was used to extract with various solvents. The extraction was carried out under dark conditions by covering the apparatus with black cloth together with the condenser. The extract was filtered and concentrated to dryness in an exceedingly rotary evaporator under reduced pressure and at 40° C, this stored in a container at −20° C (Figure 5).
Figure 5.
Preparation and extraction of lutein.
5.2.3 Identification and extraction of fatty acids
The concentrated extract of different cultivars of marigold flower petals containing lutein esters was saponified in presence of 40% methanolic potassium hydroxide at 60°C for 1 h under dark condition. The unsaponifiable matter containing free lutein was extracted by three times using hexane. The water layer was acidified to liberate the free fatty acids and extracted three times with petroleum ether. The ether fractions were collected and the solvent was removed under vacuum. The fatty acids were converted to methyl ester according to the standard method [13] and fatty acid composition was analysed by using a gas liquid chromatography.
6. Conclusion
The fabric dying process using marigold (Tagetes erecta) helps us to come to a general conclusion. Indian Marigold grows in all type of soil with different atmospheric condition and the required care to grow the marigold plant is very minimal. Marigold with rich quality of making garden beautiful have wide range of additional benefits. It has been used in the medicines, foods and in textile industry from ancient days. The marigold extracts are effective in protecting unsaturated fatty acids in the emulsion system. Marigold extract is used as a colouring agent.
Now days it is used in the fabrication of fabrics for colour dyeing and to provide antibacterial, antifungal and antimicrobial effects on fabric. Marigold dye arises as natural dye and free from harmful chemicals. Natural dye extraction is very simple and user friendly. Flower extract contains rich lutein esters. These extracts are used as antioxidant component in various food and pharmaceutical formulations.
Overall investigation has generated a lot of information on Indian marigold and its extract, which are highly beneficial in textile industry. This information can create commercially importance to produce viable products from Indian marigold for food, pharmaceutical industries and Textile industry.
Acknowledgments
Authors are thankful to Vemana Institute of Technology, Bangalore and Management of BVVs S R Vastrad Rural Polytechnic, Guledagudda for their support.
\n',keywords:"dyeing, marigold, colour fastness, fabric, antibacterial, antimicrobial",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/73265.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/73265.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73265",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73265",totalDownloads:452,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,dateSubmitted:"August 7th 2020",dateReviewed:"August 31st 2020",datePrePublished:"October 11th 2020",datePublished:"July 21st 2021",dateFinished:"September 18th 2020",readingETA:"0",abstract:"This chapter highlights on the applications of marigold plant extracts as an antibacterial and antimicrobial best dyer for textiles. Tagetes erecta usually known as Marigold is a vital wellspring of carotenoids and lutein, developed as a nursery plant. Marigold blossoms are yellow to orange red in colour. Now a days, lutein is transforming into an unquestionably common powerful fixing, used as a part of the medicines, food industry and textile coatings. This has increased more noticeable vitality of marigold and its exceptional concealing properties. Regardless of the way that marigold blooms; its extract has been used as a measure of veterinary supports. The examination was directed to contemplate the usage of a concentrate of marigold as a trademark shading, which is antibacterial and antimicrobial. The marigold extract ability was focused on colouring of the cotton fabrics. Investigations of the dye ability, wash fastness, light fastness, antibacterial tests and antimicrobial tests can be endeavoured. Studies have exhibited that surface concealing was not impacted by washing and drying in the shadow/sunlight. These surprises reveal that the concentrate of marigold extract can be used for cotton fabrics.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/73265",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/73265",signatures:"Sujata F. Harlapur, Suneeta Harlapur and Shantabasavareddi F. Harlapur",book:{id:"10363",type:"book",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants",publishedDate:"July 21st 2021",bookSignature:"Shah Fahad, Shah Saud, Yajun Chen, Chao Wu and Depeng Wang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10363.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:"978-1-83881-062-7",printIsbn:"978-1-83881-055-9",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83881-063-4",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"194771",title:"Dr.",name:"Shah",middleName:null,surname:"Fahad",slug:"shah-fahad",fullName:"Shah Fahad"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"251439",title:"Dr.",name:"Suneeta",middleName:null,surname:"Harlapur",fullName:"Suneeta Harlapur",slug:"suneeta-harlapur",email:"sunitahaveri@gmail.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"328794",title:"Prof.",name:"Sujata",middleName:null,surname:"Harlapur",fullName:"Sujata Harlapur",slug:"sujata-harlapur",email:"sujataharlapur@vemanait.edu.in",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"329410",title:"Dr.",name:"Shanthbasavareddi F.",middleName:null,surname:"Harlapur",fullName:"Shanthbasavareddi F. Harlapur",slug:"shanthbasavareddi-f.-harlapur",email:"shantufh19@gmail.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Uses of Marigold",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2_2",title:"2.1 As a garden plant",level:"2"},{id:"sec_2_3",title:"2.1.1 Nematode control",level:"3"},{id:"sec_3_3",title:"2.1.2 Beneficial to insects",level:"3"},{id:"sec_4_3",title:"2.1.3 Beautifies the garden",level:"3"},{id:"sec_5_3",title:"2.1.4 Marigold companion benefits on planting",level:"3"},{id:"sec_7_2",title:"2.2 As a medicinal plant",level:"2"},{id:"sec_7_3",title:"2.2.1 Homemade skin treatment",level:"3"},{id:"sec_8_3",title:"2.2.2 Digestive-soothing tea",level:"3"},{id:"sec_9_3",title:"2.2.3 Immunity booster",level:"3"},{id:"sec_11_2",title:"2.3 Treatment for fungal infections",level:"2"},{id:"sec_11_3",title:"2.3.1 Lowers inflammation and oxidative damage",level:"3"},{id:"sec_12_3",title:"2.3.2 Reduces eye inflammation and conjunctivitis",level:"3"},{id:"sec_13_3",title:"2.3.3 As a natural antiseptic",level:"3"},{id:"sec_14_3",title:"2.3.4 Heals skin wounds, burns and rashes",level:"3"},{id:"sec_15_3",title:"2.3.5 Eases cramps and spasms",level:"3"},{id:"sec_16_3",title:"2.3.6 Mosquito repellent",level:"3"},{id:"sec_18_2",title:"2.4 Marigold as perfume",level:"2"},{id:"sec_19_2",title:"2.5 Natural dye",level:"2"},{id:"sec_21",title:"3. Dye of marigold",level:"1"},{id:"sec_21_2",title:"3.1 Process of dyeing",level:"2"},{id:"sec_21_3",title:"3.1.1 Pre-treatment",level:"3"},{id:"sec_22_3",title:"3.1.2 Extraction of colourant",level:"3"},{id:"sec_23_3",title:"3.1.3 Mordanting",level:"3"},{id:"sec_24_3",title:"3.1.4 Dyeing",level:"3"},{id:"sec_27",title:"4. Purpose of natural dye",level:"1"},{id:"sec_27_2",title:"4.1 Intention of Marigold dye",level:"2"},{id:"sec_27_3",title:"4.1.1 To provide different colour effect on fabric",level:"3"},{id:"sec_28_3",title:"4.1.2 To enhance antibacterial/antimicrobial properties of fabric",level:"3"},{id:"sec_31",title:"5. Materials and experimental processes",level:"1"},{id:"sec_31_2",title:"5.1 Materials",level:"2"},{id:"sec_31_3",title:"5.1.1 Plant description",level:"3"},{id:"sec_33_2",title:"5.2 Experimental process",level:"2"},{id:"sec_33_3",title:"5.2.1 Extraction of marigold powder",level:"3"},{id:"sec_34_3",title:"5.2.2 Extraction of lutein ester",level:"3"},{id:"sec_35_3",title:"5.2.3 Identification and extraction of fatty acids",level:"3"},{id:"sec_38",title:"6. Conclusion",level:"1"},{id:"sec_39",title:"Acknowledgments",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Preeti K C, Girija K, Ramadasan K, Anti-inflammatory activity of flower extract of Calendula officinalis Linn. and its possible mechanism of action. Indian J Exp Biol. 2009 47(2) 113-20.'},{id:"B2",body:'Xiao Q , Darwin R, Haiping H, Samuel L. Mackenzie, Patrick C, Identification and Analysis of a Gene from Calendula officinalis Encoding a Fatty Acid Conjugase, Plant physiology, 2001 125(2) 847-55.'},{id:"B3",body:'Disha A, Anita Rani, Anupam S, A review on phytochemistry and ethno-pharmacological aspects of genus Calendula. Pharmacogn Rev. 2013, 7(14) 179-187 doi: 10.4103/0973-7847.120520.'},{id:"B4",body:'Nahida T, Mariya H, Plants used to treat skin diseases. Pharmacogn Rev. 2014, 8(15) 52-60 doi: 10.4103/0973-7847.125531.'},{id:"B5",body:'Samra B, Khalid HJ, Qaiser J, Anwar HG, Studies on spasmogenic and spasmolytic activities of Calendula officinalis flowers. Phytother Res. 2006, 20(10) 906-10 doi: 10.1002/ptr.1980.'},{id:"B6",body:'https://www.almanac.com/plant/marigolds.'},{id:"B7",body:'Ahlström L, Eskilsson CS, Björklund E, Determination of banned azo dyes in consumer goods. Trends Anal. Chem. 2005 24 (1) 49-56.'},{id:"B8",body:'Mehanta ZA, Tiwari IA, Natural dye-yielding plants and indigenous knowledge on dye preparation in Arunachal Pradesh Northeast India. Curr. Sci., 2003 88 (4) 1474-1480.'},{id:"B9",body:'Samanta AK, Agarwal P, Application of natural dyes on textiles. Indian J Fibre Textile Res, 2009 34 384-399.'},{id:"B10",body:'Gaur RD, Traditional dye yielding plants of Uttarakhand, India. Nat. Prod. Rad, 2008 7(2) 154-165.'},{id:"B11",body:'Fatemeh SG, Ali SN, Sayed MM, Daryoush A, Javad M, The effect of mordant salts on antibacterial activity of wool fabric dyed with pomegranate and walnut shell extracts, Coloration Technology, 2012.'},{id:"B12",body:'Samanta AK, Konar A, Chakroborty S, Datta S, J Inst Engg (I), Text Engg, 2010 91 7.'},{id:"B13",body:'Senthikumar S, Umashankar P, Sujatha B, Indian Textile J, 2002 112(6) 15.'},{id:"B14",body:'Patil1 DB, Patil KN, Gaikwad PV, Patil PJ, Shewale UL, Bhamburdekar SB, Extraction of natural dye from rose flower for dyeing cotton fabrics. Int. J. Innovative Research in Multidisciplinary field, 2016 2(8) 133-135.'},{id:"B15",body:'M. D. Teli MD, Javed S, Maruti K, Ecofriendly dyeing and antibacterial finishing of soyabean protein fabric using waste flowers from temples. Textiles and Light Industrial Science and Technology (TLIST). 2013 2(2), 78.'},{id:"B16",body:'Sathyanarayanan, MP, Chaudhari MP, Bhat NV, Development of durable antibacterial agent from ban-ajwain seed (Thymus serpyllum) for cotton fabric, IJFTR, 2011, 36(3) 234-241.'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Sujata F. Harlapur",address:"sujataharlapur@vemanait.edu.in",affiliation:'
'},{corresp:null,contributorFullName:"Shantabasavareddi F. Harlapur",address:null,affiliation:'
BVV’s S. R. Vastrad Rural Polytechnic, Guledagudda, India
'}],corrections:null},book:{id:"10363",type:"book",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants",publishedDate:"July 21st 2021",bookSignature:"Shah Fahad, Shah Saud, Yajun Chen, Chao Wu and Depeng Wang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10363.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:"978-1-83881-062-7",printIsbn:"978-1-83881-055-9",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83881-063-4",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"194771",title:"Dr.",name:"Shah",middleName:null,surname:"Fahad",slug:"shah-fahad",fullName:"Shah Fahad"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},profile:{item:{id:"414376",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",middleName:null,surname:"Chettri",email:"achettri01@cus.ac.in",fullName:"Arun Chettri",slug:"arun-chettri",position:null,biography:"Arun Chettri is a Taxonomist/ecologist who has worked extensively on plant diversity, taxonomy, ecology and conservation of threatened plants in different forests types in North East India in particular in Sikkim.",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/414376/images/16877_n.jpg",totalCites:0,totalChapterViews:"0",outsideEditionCount:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalEditedBooks:"0",personalWebsiteURL:null,twitterURL:null,linkedinURL:null,institution:null},booksEdited:[],chaptersAuthored:[{id:"79341",title:"Threat to Citrus in a Global Pollinator Decline Scenario: Current Understanding of Its Pollination Requirements and Future Directions",slug:"threat-to-em-citrus-em-in-a-global-pollinator-decline-scenario-current-understanding-of-its-pollinat",abstract:"Pollinators are vital for world biodiversity and their contribution to agricultural productivity is immense. Pollinators are globally declining with reports such as colony collapse being documented. Citrus exhibits a varying degree of pollination requirements due to its vast cultivars being developed all the time. The article intends to understand the breeding system of a few commercially important Citrus groups and discern its dependency on pollination services. The threat related to pollinator decline to the Citrus industry is measured not only by its reliance on pollinators but also the requirement of the consumers and manufacturers who mostly seek seedless varieties. Therefore, the threat can be tackled by developing high-quality seedless varieties where pollination requirement is absent. Although the importance of pollinators on several self-incompatible varieties cannot be negated, the impact of pollinator decline on its production will entirely depend upon the demand of the market.",signatures:"Subhankar Gurung and Arun Chettri",authors:[{id:"352215",title:"Mr.",name:"Subhankar",surname:"Gurung",fullName:"Subhankar Gurung",slug:"subhankar-gurung",email:"subhankargurung@hotmail.com"},{id:"414376",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Chettri",fullName:"Arun Chettri",slug:"arun-chettri",email:"achettri01@cus.ac.in"}],book:{id:"10777",title:"Plant Reproductive Ecology",slug:"plant-reproductive-ecology-recent-advances",productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume"}}}],collaborators:[{id:"253555",title:"Dr.",name:"Hana'A",surname:"Burezq",slug:"hana'a-burezq",fullName:"Hana'A Burezq",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"322891",title:"Dr.",name:"Sananda",surname:"Mondal",slug:"sananda-mondal",fullName:"Sananda Mondal",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"345663",title:"Dr.",name:"Mukesh",surname:"Nitharwal",slug:"mukesh-nitharwal",fullName:"Mukesh Nitharwal",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"345757",title:"Prof.",name:"Bandana",surname:"Bose",slug:"bandana-bose",fullName:"Bandana Bose",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Banaras Hindu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"352113",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"B.C.",surname:"Anu",slug:"b.c.-anu",fullName:"B.C. Anu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"352144",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramanuj",surname:"Vishwakarma",slug:"ramanuj-vishwakarma",fullName:"Ramanuj Vishwakarma",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Bihar Agricultural University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"352215",title:"Mr.",name:"Subhankar",surname:"Gurung",slug:"subhankar-gurung",fullName:"Subhankar Gurung",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sikkim University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"352690",title:"Prof.",name:"Elizabeth L.",surname:"Kordyum",slug:"elizabeth-l.-kordyum",fullName:"Elizabeth L. Kordyum",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"416149",title:"Dr.",name:"Helen A.",surname:"Kravets",slug:"helen-a.-kravets",fullName:"Helen A. Kravets",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"420912",title:"Ms.",name:"Rashmi",surname:"Rolania",slug:"rashmi-rolania",fullName:"Rashmi Rolania",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Rajasthan",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}]},generic:{page:{slug:"OA-publishing-fees",title:"Open Access Publishing Fees",intro:"
The Open Access model is applied to all of our publications and is designed to eliminate subscriptions and pay-per-view fees. This approach ensures free, immediate access to full text versions of your research.
As a gold Open Access publisher, an Open Access Publishing Fee is payable on acceptance following peer review of the manuscript. In return, we provide high quality publishing services and exclusive benefits for all contributors. IntechOpen is the trusted publishing partner of over 140,000 international scientists and researchers.
\\n\\n
The Open Access Publishing Fee (OAPF) is payable only after your book chapter, monograph or journal article is accepted for publication.
\\n\\n
OAPF Publishing Options
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
1,400 GBP Chapter - Edited Volume
\\n\\t
850 GBP Chapter - Book Series Topic (Annual Volume)
\\n\\t
10,000 GBP Monograph - Long Form
\\n\\t
4,000 GBP Compacts Monograph - Short Form
\\n\\t
850 GBP Journal Article (Across Portfolio)
\\n
\\n\\n
During the launching phase journals do not charge an APC, rather they will be funded by IntechOpen.
\\n\\n
*These prices do not include Value-Added Tax (VAT). Residents of European Union countries need to add VAT based on the specific rate in their country of residence. Institutions and companies registered as VAT taxable entities in their own EU member state will not pay VAT as long as provision of the VAT registration number is made during the application process. This is made possible by the EU reverse charge method.
\\n\\n
Services included are:
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
An online manuscript tracking system to facilitate your work
\\n\\t
Personal contact and support throughout the publishing process from your dedicated Author Service Manager
\\n\\t
Assurance that your manuscript meets the highest publishing standards
\\n\\t
English language copyediting and proofreading, including the correction of grammatical, spelling, and other common errors
\\n\\t
XML Typesetting and pagination - web (PDF, HTML) and print files preparation
\\n\\t
Discoverability - electronic citation and linking via DOI
\\n\\t
Permanent and unrestricted online access to your work
\\n
\\n\\n
What isn't covered by the Open Access Publishing Fee?
\\n\\n
If your manuscript:
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Exceeds the number of pages defined by the publishing guidelines, an additional fee per page may be required
\\n\\t
If a manuscript requires Heavy Editing or Language Polishing, this will incur additional fees.
\\n
\\n\\n
Your Author Service Manager will inform you of any items not covered by the OAPF and provide exact information regarding those additional costs before proceeding.
\\n\\n
Open Access Funding
\\n\\n
To explore funding opportunities and learn more about how you can finance your IntechOpen publication, go to our Open Access Funding page. IntechOpen offers expert assistance to all of its Authors. We can support you in approaching funding bodies and institutions in relation to publishing fees by providing information about compliance with the Open Access policies of your funder or institution. We can also assist with communicating the benefits of Open Access in order to support and strengthen your funding request and provide personal guidance through your application process. You can contact us at funders@intechopen.com for further details or assistance.
\\n\\n
For Authors who are still unable to obtain funding from their institutions or research funding bodies for individual projects, IntechOpen does offer the possibility of applying for a Waiver to offset some or all processing feed. Details regarding our Waiver Policy can be found here.
\\n\\n
Added Value of Publishing with IntechOpen
\\n\\n
Choosing to publish with IntechOpen ensures the following benefits:
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Indexing and listing across major repositories, see details ...
\\n\\t
Long-term archiving
\\n\\t
Visibility on the world's strongest OA platform
\\n\\t
Live Performance Metrics to track readership and the impact of your chapter
\\n\\t
Dissemination and Promotion
\\n
\\n\\n
Benefits of Publishing with IntechOpen
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Proven world leader in Open Access book publishing with over 10 years experience
\\n\\t
+5,700 OA books published
\\n\\t
Most competitive prices in the market
\\n\\t
Fully compliant with OA funding requirements
\\n\\t
Optimized processes that assure your research is made available to the scientific community without delay
\\n\\t
Personal support during every step of the publication process
\\n\\t
+184,650 citations in Web of Science databases
\\n\\t
Currently strongest OA platform with over 175 million downloads
As a gold Open Access publisher, an Open Access Publishing Fee is payable on acceptance following peer review of the manuscript. In return, we provide high quality publishing services and exclusive benefits for all contributors. IntechOpen is the trusted publishing partner of over 140,000 international scientists and researchers.
\n\n
The Open Access Publishing Fee (OAPF) is payable only after your book chapter, monograph or journal article is accepted for publication.
\n\n
OAPF Publishing Options
\n\n
\n\t
1,400 GBP Chapter - Edited Volume
\n\t
850 GBP Chapter - Book Series Topic (Annual Volume)
\n\t
10,000 GBP Monograph - Long Form
\n\t
4,000 GBP Compacts Monograph - Short Form
\n\t
850 GBP Journal Article (Across Portfolio)
\n
\n\n
During the launching phase journals do not charge an APC, rather they will be funded by IntechOpen.
\n\n
*These prices do not include Value-Added Tax (VAT). Residents of European Union countries need to add VAT based on the specific rate in their country of residence. Institutions and companies registered as VAT taxable entities in their own EU member state will not pay VAT as long as provision of the VAT registration number is made during the application process. This is made possible by the EU reverse charge method.
\n\n
Services included are:
\n\n
\n\t
An online manuscript tracking system to facilitate your work
\n\t
Personal contact and support throughout the publishing process from your dedicated Author Service Manager
\n\t
Assurance that your manuscript meets the highest publishing standards
\n\t
English language copyediting and proofreading, including the correction of grammatical, spelling, and other common errors
\n\t
XML Typesetting and pagination - web (PDF, HTML) and print files preparation
\n\t
Discoverability - electronic citation and linking via DOI
\n\t
Permanent and unrestricted online access to your work
\n
\n\n
What isn't covered by the Open Access Publishing Fee?
\n\n
If your manuscript:
\n\n
\n\t
Exceeds the number of pages defined by the publishing guidelines, an additional fee per page may be required
\n\t
If a manuscript requires Heavy Editing or Language Polishing, this will incur additional fees.
\n
\n\n
Your Author Service Manager will inform you of any items not covered by the OAPF and provide exact information regarding those additional costs before proceeding.
\n\n
Open Access Funding
\n\n
To explore funding opportunities and learn more about how you can finance your IntechOpen publication, go to our Open Access Funding page. IntechOpen offers expert assistance to all of its Authors. We can support you in approaching funding bodies and institutions in relation to publishing fees by providing information about compliance with the Open Access policies of your funder or institution. We can also assist with communicating the benefits of Open Access in order to support and strengthen your funding request and provide personal guidance through your application process. You can contact us at funders@intechopen.com for further details or assistance.
\n\n
For Authors who are still unable to obtain funding from their institutions or research funding bodies for individual projects, IntechOpen does offer the possibility of applying for a Waiver to offset some or all processing feed. Details regarding our Waiver Policy can be found here.
\n\n
Added Value of Publishing with IntechOpen
\n\n
Choosing to publish with IntechOpen ensures the following benefits:
\n\n
\n\t
Indexing and listing across major repositories, see details ...
\n\t
Long-term archiving
\n\t
Visibility on the world's strongest OA platform
\n\t
Live Performance Metrics to track readership and the impact of your chapter
\n\t
Dissemination and Promotion
\n
\n\n
Benefits of Publishing with IntechOpen
\n\n
\n\t
Proven world leader in Open Access book publishing with over 10 years experience
\n\t
+5,700 OA books published
\n\t
Most competitive prices in the market
\n\t
Fully compliant with OA funding requirements
\n\t
Optimized processes that assure your research is made available to the scientific community without delay
\n\t
Personal support during every step of the publication process
\n\t
+184,650 citations in Web of Science databases
\n\t
Currently strongest OA platform with over 175 million downloads
\n
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{"933869@":null},profiles:[],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:6601},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5906},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:2400},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:12541},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:1008},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:17561}],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{sort:"dateEndSecondStepPublish"},books:[{type:"book",id:"11254",title:"Optical Coherence Tomography",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"a958c09ceaab1fc44c1dd0a817f48c92",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11254.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11436",title:"Beauty",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"0e15ba86bab1a64f950318f3ab2584ed",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11436.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11438",title:"Fake News in the Era of Pandemics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"bc9e4cab86c76f35cd70b39086d9b69e",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11438.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11472",title:"21st Century Slavery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"b341f3fc3411ced881e43ce007a892b8",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11472.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11473",title:"Social Inequality",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"20307129f7fb39aa443d5449acb6a784",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11473.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11546",title:"Smart and Sustainable Transportation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"e8ea27a1ff85cde00efcb6f6968c20f8",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11546.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11554",title:"Information Systems Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"3134452ff2fdec020663f241c7a9a748",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11554.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11588",title:"Autism",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"0c5043c6174db167599cb3f762e8bba8",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11588.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11605",title:"Bamboo",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"378d957561b27c86b750a9c7841a5d18",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11605.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11612",title:"Landraces",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"06316c41a6f6317ad2bee244dc98c6a4",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11612.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11616",title:"Foraging",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"955b60bb658c8d1a09dd4efc9bf6674b",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11616.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11632",title:"Updated Research on Bacteriophages",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"d34dfa0d5d10511184f97ddaeef9936b",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11632.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:43},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:23},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:21},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:17},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:62},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:29},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:122},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:12},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:4}],offset:12,limit:12,total:769},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9974",title:"E-Learning and Digital Education in the Twenty-First Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88b58d66e975df20425fc1dfd22d53aa",slug:"e-learning-and-digital-education-in-the-twenty-first-century",bookSignature:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9974.jpg",editors:[{id:"94099",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Mahruf C.",middleName:null,surname:"Shohel",slug:"m.-mahruf-c.-shohel",fullName:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11001",title:"Density Functional Theory",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"82d53383af78ab41eb982086c02fb2bb",slug:"density-functional-theory-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",bookSignature:"Daniel Glossman-Mitnik",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11001.jpg",editors:[{id:"198499",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Glossman-Mitnik",slug:"daniel-glossman-mitnik",fullName:"Daniel Glossman-Mitnik"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10251",title:"Plankton Communities",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e11e441ca2d2d5f631b1b4704505cfb6",slug:"plankton-communities",bookSignature:"Leonel Pereira and Ana Marta Gonçalves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10251.jpg",editors:[{id:"279788",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonel",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"leonel-pereira",fullName:"Leonel Pereira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10830",title:"Animal Feed Science and Nutrition",subtitle:"Production, Health and Environment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"79944fc8fbbaa329aed6fde388154832",slug:"animal-feed-science-and-nutrition-production-health-and-environment",bookSignature:"Amlan Kumar Patra",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10830.jpg",editors:[{id:"310962",title:"Dr.",name:"Amlan",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Patra",slug:"amlan-patra",fullName:"Amlan Patra"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10356",title:"Natural Medicinal Plants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"943e56ccaaf19ff696d25aa638ae37d6",slug:"natural-medicinal-plants",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10356.jpg",editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11752",title:"Natural Drugs from Plants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a0a83c0822608ef7592bf16a5ed0ada4",slug:"natural-drugs-from-plants",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11752.jpg",editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10853",title:"Recent Advances in Polynomials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e8671bae09ccaa8b8e276c639a737fc",slug:"recent-advances-in-polynomials",bookSignature:"Kamal Shah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10853.jpg",editors:[{id:"231748",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"kamal-shah",fullName:"Kamal Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10676",title:"Recent Applications in Graph Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"900c60742d224080732bd16bd25ccba8",slug:"recent-applications-in-graph-theory",bookSignature:"Harun Pirim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10676.jpg",editors:[{id:"146092",title:"Dr.",name:"Harun",middleName:null,surname:"Pirim",slug:"harun-pirim",fullName:"Harun Pirim"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10903",title:"Genetically Modified Plants and Beyond",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4d7ed4faab99c92cd4d676dc86501df9",slug:"genetically-modified-plants-and-beyond",bookSignature:"Idah Sithole Niang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10903.jpg",editors:[{id:"90172",title:"Prof.",name:"Idah",middleName:null,surname:"Sithole-Niang",slug:"idah-sithole-niang",fullName:"Idah Sithole-Niang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10904",title:"Fusarium",subtitle:"An Overview of the Genus",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"49d9063e43f94bd1517d65fbc58b93c3",slug:"fusarium-an-overview-of-the-genus",bookSignature:"Seyed Mahyar Mirmajlessi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10904.jpg",editors:[{id:"100573",title:"Dr.",name:"Seyed Mahyar",middleName:null,surname:"Mirmajlessi",slug:"seyed-mahyar-mirmajlessi",fullName:"Seyed Mahyar Mirmajlessi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10871",title:"Computed-Tomography (CT) Scan",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"966d8cf74fa27eea1b9cbc9a6ee94993",slug:"computed-tomography-ct-scan",bookSignature:"Reda R. Gharieb",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10871.jpg",editors:[{id:"225387",title:"Prof.",name:"Reda R.",middleName:"R.",surname:"Gharieb",slug:"reda-r.-gharieb",fullName:"Reda R. Gharieb"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11196",title:"New Updates in E-Learning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6afaadf68e2a0a4b370ac5ceb5ca89c6",slug:"new-updates-in-e-learning",bookSignature:"Eduard Babulak",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11196.jpg",editors:[{id:"10086",title:"Prof.",name:"Eduard",middleName:null,surname:"Babulak",slug:"eduard-babulak",fullName:"Eduard Babulak"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4383},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9974",title:"E-Learning and Digital Education in the Twenty-First Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88b58d66e975df20425fc1dfd22d53aa",slug:"e-learning-and-digital-education-in-the-twenty-first-century",bookSignature:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9974.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3340,editors:[{id:"94099",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Mahruf C.",middleName:null,surname:"Shohel",slug:"m.-mahruf-c.-shohel",fullName:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11001",title:"Density Functional Theory",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"82d53383af78ab41eb982086c02fb2bb",slug:"density-functional-theory-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",bookSignature:"Daniel Glossman-Mitnik",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11001.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1845,editors:[{id:"198499",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Glossman-Mitnik",slug:"daniel-glossman-mitnik",fullName:"Daniel Glossman-Mitnik"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10251",title:"Plankton Communities",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e11e441ca2d2d5f631b1b4704505cfb6",slug:"plankton-communities",bookSignature:"Leonel Pereira and Ana Marta Gonçalves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10251.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1096,editors:[{id:"279788",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonel",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"leonel-pereira",fullName:"Leonel Pereira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10830",title:"Animal Feed Science and Nutrition",subtitle:"Production, Health and Environment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"79944fc8fbbaa329aed6fde388154832",slug:"animal-feed-science-and-nutrition-production-health-and-environment",bookSignature:"Amlan Kumar Patra",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10830.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:995,editors:[{id:"310962",title:"Dr.",name:"Amlan",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Patra",slug:"amlan-patra",fullName:"Amlan Patra"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10356",title:"Natural Medicinal Plants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"943e56ccaaf19ff696d25aa638ae37d6",slug:"natural-medicinal-plants",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10356.jpg",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3791,editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11752",title:"Natural Drugs from Plants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a0a83c0822608ef7592bf16a5ed0ada4",slug:"natural-drugs-from-plants",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11752.jpg",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2982,editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10853",title:"Recent Advances in Polynomials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e8671bae09ccaa8b8e276c639a737fc",slug:"recent-advances-in-polynomials",bookSignature:"Kamal Shah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10853.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:559,editors:[{id:"231748",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"kamal-shah",fullName:"Kamal Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10676",title:"Recent Applications in Graph Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"900c60742d224080732bd16bd25ccba8",slug:"recent-applications-in-graph-theory",bookSignature:"Harun Pirim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10676.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:546,editors:[{id:"146092",title:"Dr.",name:"Harun",middleName:null,surname:"Pirim",slug:"harun-pirim",fullName:"Harun Pirim"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10903",title:"Genetically Modified Plants and Beyond",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4d7ed4faab99c92cd4d676dc86501df9",slug:"genetically-modified-plants-and-beyond",bookSignature:"Idah Sithole Niang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10903.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:539,editors:[{id:"90172",title:"Prof.",name:"Idah",middleName:null,surname:"Sithole-Niang",slug:"idah-sithole-niang",fullName:"Idah Sithole-Niang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10904",title:"Fusarium",subtitle:"An Overview of the Genus",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"49d9063e43f94bd1517d65fbc58b93c3",slug:"fusarium-an-overview-of-the-genus",bookSignature:"Seyed Mahyar Mirmajlessi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10904.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:535,editors:[{id:"100573",title:"Dr.",name:"Seyed Mahyar",middleName:null,surname:"Mirmajlessi",slug:"seyed-mahyar-mirmajlessi",fullName:"Seyed Mahyar Mirmajlessi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10251",title:"Plankton Communities",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e11e441ca2d2d5f631b1b4704505cfb6",slug:"plankton-communities",bookSignature:"Leonel Pereira and Ana Marta Gonçalves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10251.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"279788",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonel",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"leonel-pereira",fullName:"Leonel Pereira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10830",title:"Animal Feed Science and Nutrition",subtitle:"Production, Health and Environment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"79944fc8fbbaa329aed6fde388154832",slug:"animal-feed-science-and-nutrition-production-health-and-environment",bookSignature:"Amlan Kumar Patra",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10830.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"310962",title:"Dr.",name:"Amlan",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Patra",slug:"amlan-patra",fullName:"Amlan Patra"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10853",title:"Recent Advances in Polynomials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e8671bae09ccaa8b8e276c639a737fc",slug:"recent-advances-in-polynomials",bookSignature:"Kamal Shah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10853.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"231748",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"kamal-shah",fullName:"Kamal Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10871",title:"Computed-Tomography (CT) Scan",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"966d8cf74fa27eea1b9cbc9a6ee94993",slug:"computed-tomography-ct-scan",bookSignature:"Reda R. Gharieb",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10871.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"225387",title:"Prof.",name:"Reda R.",middleName:"R.",surname:"Gharieb",slug:"reda-r.-gharieb",fullName:"Reda R. Gharieb"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10903",title:"Genetically Modified Plants and Beyond",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4d7ed4faab99c92cd4d676dc86501df9",slug:"genetically-modified-plants-and-beyond",bookSignature:"Idah Sithole Niang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10903.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"90172",title:"Prof.",name:"Idah",middleName:null,surname:"Sithole-Niang",slug:"idah-sithole-niang",fullName:"Idah Sithole-Niang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10904",title:"Fusarium",subtitle:"An Overview of the Genus",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"49d9063e43f94bd1517d65fbc58b93c3",slug:"fusarium-an-overview-of-the-genus",bookSignature:"Seyed Mahyar Mirmajlessi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10904.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"100573",title:"Dr.",name:"Seyed Mahyar",middleName:null,surname:"Mirmajlessi",slug:"seyed-mahyar-mirmajlessi",fullName:"Seyed Mahyar Mirmajlessi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10654",title:"Brain-Computer Interface",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a5308884068cc53ed31c6baba756857f",slug:"brain-computer-interface",bookSignature:"Vahid Asadpour",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10654.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"165328",title:"Dr.",name:"Vahid",middleName:null,surname:"Asadpour",slug:"vahid-asadpour",fullName:"Vahid Asadpour"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10676",title:"Recent Applications in Graph Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"900c60742d224080732bd16bd25ccba8",slug:"recent-applications-in-graph-theory",bookSignature:"Harun Pirim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10676.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"146092",title:"Dr.",name:"Harun",middleName:null,surname:"Pirim",slug:"harun-pirim",fullName:"Harun Pirim"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11196",title:"New Updates in E-Learning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6afaadf68e2a0a4b370ac5ceb5ca89c6",slug:"new-updates-in-e-learning",bookSignature:"Eduard Babulak",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11196.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"10086",title:"Prof.",name:"Eduard",middleName:null,surname:"Babulak",slug:"eduard-babulak",fullName:"Eduard Babulak"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9974",title:"E-Learning and Digital Education in the Twenty-First Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88b58d66e975df20425fc1dfd22d53aa",slug:"e-learning-and-digital-education-in-the-twenty-first-century",bookSignature:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9974.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"94099",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Mahruf C.",middleName:null,surname:"Shohel",slug:"m.-mahruf-c.-shohel",fullName:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"61",title:"Population Genetics",slug:"biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology-population-genetics",parent:{id:"6",title:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",slug:"biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology"},numberOfBooks:5,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:163,numberOfWosCitations:124,numberOfCrossrefCitations:48,numberOfDimensionsCitations:135,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"61",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"10886",title:"Genetic Polymorphisms",subtitle:"New Insights",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a71558dd7dfd16ad140168409f887f7e",slug:"genetic-polymorphisms-new-insights",bookSignature:"Mahmut Çalışkan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10886.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"51528",title:"Prof.",name:"Mahmut",middleName:null,surname:"Çalışkan",slug:"mahmut-caliskan",fullName:"Mahmut Çalışkan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9743",title:"Genetic Variation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"86b87245e21cb2af4c3bd568aefbbcb7",slug:"genetic-variation",bookSignature:"Rafael Trindade Maia and Magnólia de Araújo Campos",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9743.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"212393",title:"Prof.",name:"Rafael",middleName:"Trindade",surname:"Trindade Maia",slug:"rafael-trindade-maia",fullName:"Rafael Trindade Maia"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7947",title:"The Recent Topics in Genetic Polymorphisms",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d77e0df1c9ae7d3721747744650bfcd3",slug:"the-recent-topics-in-genetic-polymorphisms",bookSignature:"Mahmut Çalışkan, Osman Erol and Gül Cevahir Öz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7947.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"51528",title:"Prof.",name:"Mahmut",middleName:null,surname:"Çalışkan",slug:"mahmut-caliskan",fullName:"Mahmut Çalışkan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6974",title:"Integrated View of Population Genetics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d0fce1c94e04593f309f807a4620cb39",slug:"integrated-view-of-population-genetics",bookSignature:"Rafael Trindade Maia and Magnólia de Araújo Campos",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6974.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"212393",title:"Prof.",name:"Rafael",middleName:"Trindade",surname:"Trindade Maia",slug:"rafael-trindade-maia",fullName:"Rafael Trindade Maia"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2253",title:"Genetic Diversity in Microorganisms",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"209e2075adb4614d4061ea69f1cb3c99",slug:"genetic-diversity-in-microorganisms",bookSignature:"Mahmut Caliskan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2253.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"51528",title:"Prof.",name:"Mahmut",middleName:null,surname:"Çalışkan",slug:"mahmut-caliskan",fullName:"Mahmut Çalışkan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:5,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"28891",doi:"10.5772/35363",title:"Microsatellites as Tools for Genetic Diversity Analysis",slug:"microsatellites-as-tools-for-genetic-diversity-analysis",totalDownloads:12427,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:36,abstract:null,book:{id:"2253",slug:"genetic-diversity-in-microorganisms",title:"Genetic Diversity in Microorganisms",fullTitle:"Genetic Diversity in Microorganisms"},signatures:"Andrea Akemi Hoshino, Juliana Pereira Bravo, Paula Macedo Nobile and Karina Alessandra Morelli",authors:[{id:"104076",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:"Akemi",surname:"Hoshino",slug:"andrea-hoshino",fullName:"Andrea Hoshino"},{id:"104949",title:"Dr.",name:"Juliana",middleName:null,surname:"Bravo",slug:"juliana-bravo",fullName:"Juliana Bravo"},{id:"104951",title:"Dr.",name:"Karina",middleName:"Alessandra",surname:"Morelli",slug:"karina-morelli",fullName:"Karina Morelli"},{id:"104953",title:"Dr.",name:"Paula",middleName:null,surname:"Nobile",slug:"paula-nobile",fullName:"Paula Nobile"}]},{id:"28894",doi:"10.5772/32913",title:"Genetically Related Listeria Monocytogenes Strains Isolated from Lethal Human Cases and Wild Animals",slug:"genetically-related-listeria-monocytogenes-strains-isolated-from-lethal-human-cases-and-wild-animals",totalDownloads:3436,totalCrossrefCites:12,totalDimensionsCites:19,abstract:null,book:{id:"2253",slug:"genetic-diversity-in-microorganisms",title:"Genetic Diversity in Microorganisms",fullTitle:"Genetic Diversity in Microorganisms"},signatures:"Ruslan Adgamov, Elena Zaytseva, Jean-Michel Thiberge, Sylvain Brisse and Svetlana Ermolaeva",authors:[{id:"93185",title:"Dr.",name:"Svetlana",middleName:null,surname:"Ermolaeva",slug:"svetlana-ermolaeva",fullName:"Svetlana Ermolaeva"}]},{id:"28886",doi:"10.5772/35333",title:"Diversity of Heterolobosea",slug:"diversity-of-heterolobosea",totalDownloads:4302,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:17,abstract:null,book:{id:"2253",slug:"genetic-diversity-in-microorganisms",title:"Genetic Diversity in Microorganisms",fullTitle:"Genetic Diversity in Microorganisms"},signatures:"Tomáš Pánek and Ivan Čepička",authors:[{id:"103948",title:"Dr.",name:"Ivan",middleName:null,surname:"Cepicka",slug:"ivan-cepicka",fullName:"Ivan Cepicka"},{id:"103954",title:"MSc.",name:"Tomas",middleName:null,surname:"Panek",slug:"tomas-panek",fullName:"Tomas Panek"}]},{id:"28888",doi:"10.5772/35101",title:"Genotyping Techniques for Determining the Diversity of Microorganisms",slug:"genotyping-techniques-for-determining-the-diversity-of-microorganisms",totalDownloads:6449,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:13,abstract:null,book:{id:"2253",slug:"genetic-diversity-in-microorganisms",title:"Genetic Diversity in Microorganisms",fullTitle:"Genetic Diversity in Microorganisms"},signatures:"Katarzyna Wolska and Piotr Szweda",authors:[{id:"102977",title:"Dr.",name:"Katarzyna",middleName:null,surname:"Wolska",slug:"katarzyna-wolska",fullName:"Katarzyna Wolska"},{id:"117528",title:"Dr.",name:"Szweda",middleName:null,surname:"Piotr",slug:"szweda-piotr",fullName:"Szweda Piotr"}]},{id:"71577",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91886",title:"Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) in Plant Genetics and Breeding",slug:"single-nucleotide-polymorphisms-snps-in-plant-genetics-and-breeding",totalDownloads:1488,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:"Recent advances in genome technology revealed various single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), the most common form of DNA sequence variation between alleles, in several plant species. The discovery and application of SNPs increased our knowledge about genetic diversity and a better understanding on crop improvement. Natural breeding process which takes an agelong time during collecting, cultivating, and domestication has been accelerated by detecting dozens of SNPs on various species using advanced biotechnological techniques such as next-generation sequencing. This will result in the improvement of economically important traits. Therefore, we would like to focus on the discovery, current technologies, and applications of SNPs in breeding. The chapter covers the following topics: (1) introduction, (2) application of SNPs, (3) techniques to detect SNPs, (4) importance of SNPs for crop improvement, and (5) conclusion.",book:{id:"7947",slug:"the-recent-topics-in-genetic-polymorphisms",title:"The Recent Topics in Genetic Polymorphisms",fullTitle:"The Recent Topics in Genetic Polymorphisms"},signatures:"Hande Morgil, Yusuf Can Gercek and Isil Tulum",authors:null}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"75504",title:"Introductory Chapter: Genetic Variation - The Source of Biological Diversity",slug:"introductory-chapter-genetic-variation-the-source-of-biological-diversity",totalDownloads:418,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:null,book:{id:"9743",slug:"genetic-variation",title:"Genetic Variation",fullTitle:"Genetic Variation"},signatures:"Rafael Trindade Maia and Magnólia de Araújo Campos",authors:[{id:"212393",title:"Prof.",name:"Rafael",middleName:"Trindade",surname:"Trindade Maia",slug:"rafael-trindade-maia",fullName:"Rafael Trindade Maia"},{id:"344747",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Magnólia",middleName:"De Araújo",surname:"de Araújo Campos",slug:"magnolia-de-araujo-campos",fullName:"Magnólia de Araújo Campos"}]},{id:"73657",title:"Potential of Mutation Breeding to Sustain Food Security",slug:"potential-of-mutation-breeding-to-sustain-food-security",totalDownloads:738,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Mutation is a sudden heritable change in the genetic material of living organism. Spontaneous mutation, the natural process that develops new allele copies of a gene was the only source of genetic diversity until the 20th century. Besides, mutations can also be induced artificially using physical or chemical mutagens. Chemical mutations received popularity due to its efficiency in creating gene mutations contrary to chromosomal changes. Mutation has played a vital role in the improvement of crop productivity and quality, resultantly > 3,000 varieties of 175 plant species have been developed either through direct or indirect induced mutation breeding approaches worldwide. The advances in plant breeding also achieved through molecular marker technology. The in vitro mutagenesis, heavy-ion beam, and space mutation breeding are being efficiently used to create genetic variability to improve various complicated traits in crop plants. In mutation breeding, TILLING (Targeting Induced Local Lesions in Genomes), a more advanced molecular technique is being used to identify specific sequential genomic changes in mutant plants. Therefore, the mutation breeding in combination with molecular techniques could be an efficient tool in plant breeding programs. This chapter will discuss and review the mutation breeding application for the improvement of crop productivity and environmental stresses.",book:{id:"9743",slug:"genetic-variation",title:"Genetic Variation",fullTitle:"Genetic Variation"},signatures:"Arain Saima Mir, Meer Maria, Sajjad Muhammad and Sial Mahboob Ali",authors:[{id:"329068",title:"Dr.",name:"Arain Saima Mir",middleName:null,surname:"Saima Mir",slug:"arain-saima-mir-saima-mir",fullName:"Arain Saima Mir Saima Mir"},{id:"330046",title:"Ms.",name:"Meer",middleName:null,surname:"Maria",slug:"meer-maria",fullName:"Meer Maria"},{id:"330047",title:"Dr.",name:"Sajjad",middleName:null,surname:"Muhammad",slug:"sajjad-muhammad",fullName:"Sajjad Muhammad"},{id:"330048",title:"Dr.",name:"Sial",middleName:null,surname:"Mahboob Ali",slug:"sial-mahboob-ali",fullName:"Sial Mahboob Ali"}]},{id:"65713",title:"Introductory Chapter: Population Genetics - The Evolution Process as a Genetic Function",slug:"introductory-chapter-population-genetics-the-evolution-process-as-a-genetic-function",totalDownloads:2327,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:null,book:{id:"6974",slug:"integrated-view-of-population-genetics",title:"Integrated View of Population Genetics",fullTitle:"Integrated View of Population Genetics"},signatures:"Rafael Trindade Maia and Magnólia de Araújo Campos",authors:[{id:"212393",title:"Prof.",name:"Rafael",middleName:"Trindade",surname:"Trindade Maia",slug:"rafael-trindade-maia",fullName:"Rafael Trindade Maia"}]},{id:"71577",title:"Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) in Plant Genetics and Breeding",slug:"single-nucleotide-polymorphisms-snps-in-plant-genetics-and-breeding",totalDownloads:1485,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:"Recent advances in genome technology revealed various single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), the most common form of DNA sequence variation between alleles, in several plant species. The discovery and application of SNPs increased our knowledge about genetic diversity and a better understanding on crop improvement. Natural breeding process which takes an agelong time during collecting, cultivating, and domestication has been accelerated by detecting dozens of SNPs on various species using advanced biotechnological techniques such as next-generation sequencing. This will result in the improvement of economically important traits. Therefore, we would like to focus on the discovery, current technologies, and applications of SNPs in breeding. The chapter covers the following topics: (1) introduction, (2) application of SNPs, (3) techniques to detect SNPs, (4) importance of SNPs for crop improvement, and (5) conclusion.",book:{id:"7947",slug:"the-recent-topics-in-genetic-polymorphisms",title:"The Recent Topics in Genetic Polymorphisms",fullTitle:"The Recent Topics in Genetic Polymorphisms"},signatures:"Hande Morgil, Yusuf Can Gercek and Isil Tulum",authors:null},{id:"71702",title:"Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms in Inflammatory Bowel Disease",slug:"single-nucleotide-polymorphisms-in-inflammatory-bowel-disease",totalDownloads:968,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) mainly includes ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD). Both conditions are characterized by chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract, with alternating periods of relapse and remission. Both forms of IBD involve an uncontrolled inflammatory process in the intestines, leading to worsening quality of life and requiring long-term medical and/or surgical intervention. Epidemiological and clinical studies suggest that the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease is strongly linked to genetic predisposition. CD and UC are considered polygenic diseases in which familial clustering is observed in 5–10% of patients. Among genetic factors associated with IBD development, it has been found that many single nucleotide polymorphisms are associated with susceptibility to IBD progression. SNP can affect the production or function of a protein and thus affect the development of the disease. However, although the overall role of genes involved in the development of IBD is already in most cases known, as of today it is unclear how the SNPs in these genes affect cellular function, or how such changed cellular functions would contribute to the development of IBD. In the present work several selected polymorphisms in genes involved in IBD development are discussed.",book:{id:"7947",slug:"the-recent-topics-in-genetic-polymorphisms",title:"The Recent Topics in Genetic Polymorphisms",fullTitle:"The Recent Topics in Genetic Polymorphisms"},signatures:"Ewa Dudzińska",authors:null}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"61",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:98,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:287,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:10,numberOfPublishedChapters:103,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 18th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:27,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:9,paginationItems:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",slug:"rosa-maria-martinez-espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa has been a Spanish Full Professor since 2020 (Biochemistry and Molecular Biology) and is currently Vice-President of International Relations and Cooperation development and leader of the research group 'Applied Biochemistry” (University of Alicante, Spain). Other positions she has held at the university include Vice-Dean of Master Programs, Vice-Dean of the Degree in Biology and Vice-Dean for Mobility and Enterprise and Engagement at the Faculty of Science (University of Alicante). She received her Bachelor in Biology in 1998 (University of Alicante) and her PhD in 2003 (Biochemistry, University of Alicante). She undertook post-doctoral research at the University of East Anglia (Norwich, U.K. 2004-2005; 2007-2008).\nHer multidisciplinary research focuses on investigating archaea and their potential applications in biotechnology. She has an H-index of 21. She has authored one patent and has published more than 70 indexed papers and around 60 book chapters.\nShe has contributed to more than 150 national and international meetings during the last 15 years. Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"79367",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"Flores",slug:"ana-isabel-flores",fullName:"Ana Isabel Flores",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRpIOQA0/Profile_Picture_1632418099564",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Hospital Universitario 12 De Octubre",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"328234",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Palavecino",slug:"christian-palavecino",fullName:"Christian Palavecino",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000030DhEhQAK/Profile_Picture_1628835318625",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Central University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"186585",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Martin-Romero",slug:"francisco-javier-martin-romero",fullName:"Francisco Javier Martin-Romero",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSB3HQAW/Profile_Picture_1631258137641",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}]},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. Dr. Beydemir is also Rector of Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Turkey.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",slug:"deniz-ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",biography:"Dr. Deniz Ekinci obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 2004, MSc in Biochemistry in 2006, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2009 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He studied at Stetson University, USA, in 2007-2008 and at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Germany, in 2009-2010. Dr. Ekinci currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Agriculture and is the Head of the Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Division, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Turkey. He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. Dr. Ekinci serves as the Editor in Chief of four international books and is involved in the Editorial Board of several international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"241413",title:"Dr.",name:"Azhar",middleName:null,surname:"Rasul",slug:"azhar-rasul",fullName:"Azhar Rasul",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRT1oQAG/Profile_Picture_1635251978933",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",slug:"sergey-sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178316/images/system/178316.jfif",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Novosibirsk State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}}]},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",slug:"yannis-karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",biography:"Yannis Karamanos, born in Greece in 1953, completed his pre-graduate studies at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, then his Masters and Doctoral degree at the Université de Lille (1983). He was associate professor at the University of Limoges (1987) before becoming full professor of biochemistry at the Université d’Artois (1996). He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. His teaching areas are energy metabolism and regulation, integration and organ specialization and metabolic adaptation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"243049",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Pantea Stoian",slug:"anca-pantea-stoian",fullName:"Anca Pantea Stoian",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243049/images/system/243049.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"203824",title:"Dr.",name:"Attilio",middleName:null,surname:"Rigotti",slug:"attilio-rigotti",fullName:"Attilio Rigotti",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pontifical Catholic University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"300470",title:"Dr.",name:"Yanfei (Jacob)",middleName:null,surname:"Qi",slug:"yanfei-(jacob)-qi",fullName:"Yanfei (Jacob) Qi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300470/images/system/300470.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}]},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",slug:"paolo-iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",biography:"Paolo Iadarola graduated with a degree in Chemistry from the University of Pavia (Italy) in July 1972. He then worked as an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Science of the same University until 1984. In 1985, Prof. Iadarola became Associate Professor at the Department of Biology and Biotechnologies of the University of Pavia and retired in October 2017. Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. He is a Consultant Reviewer for several journals, including the Journal of Chromatography A, Journal of Chromatography B, Plos ONE, Proteomes, International Journal of Molecular Science, Biotech, Electrophoresis, and others. He is also Associate Editor of Biotech.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",slug:"simona-viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",biography:"Simona Viglio is an Associate Professor of Biochemistry at the Department of Molecular Medicine at the University of Pavia. She has been working since 1995 on the determination of proteolytic enzymes involved in the degradation process of connective tissue matrix and on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. She is an author of about 90 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; According to WOS: H-Index: 20) on peer-reviewed journals, a member of the “Società Italiana di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare,“ and a Consultant Reviewer for International Journal of Molecular Science, Journal of Chromatography A, COPD, Plos ONE and Nutritional Neuroscience.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"72288",title:"Dr.",name:"Arli Aditya",middleName:null,surname:"Parikesit",slug:"arli-aditya-parikesit",fullName:"Arli Aditya Parikesit",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/72288/images/system/72288.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"40928",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez-Camarillo",slug:"cesar-lopez-camarillo",fullName:"Cesar Lopez-Camarillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40928/images/3884_n.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"81926",title:"Dr.",name:"Shymaa",middleName:null,surname:"Enany",slug:"shymaa-enany",fullName:"Shymaa Enany",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRqB9QAK/Profile_Picture_1626163237970",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Suez Canal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:0,paginationItems:[]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:0,paginationItems:[]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{id:"11601",title:"Econometrics - Recent Advances and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11601.jpg",hash:"bc8ab49e2cf436c217a49ca8c12a22eb",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 13th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"452331",title:"Dr.",name:"Brian",surname:"Sloboda",slug:"brian-sloboda",fullName:"Brian Sloboda"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:19,paginationItems:[{id:"81793",title:"Canine parvovirus-2: An Emerging Threat to Young Pets",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104846",signatures:"Mithilesh Singh, Rajendran Manikandan, Ujjwal Kumar De, Vishal Chander, Babul Rudra Paul, Saravanan Ramakrishnan and Darshini Maramreddy",slug:"canine-parvovirus-2-an-emerging-threat-to-young-pets",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"81271",title:"The Diversity of Parvovirus Telomeres",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102684",signatures:"Marianne Laugel, Emilie Lecomte, Eduard Ayuso, Oumeya Adjali, Mathieu Mével and Magalie Penaud-Budloo",slug:"the-diversity-of-parvovirus-telomeres",totalDownloads:23,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"79909",title:"Cryopreservation Methods and Frontiers in the Art of Freezing Life in Animal Models",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101750",signatures:"Feda S. Aljaser",slug:"cryopreservation-methods-and-frontiers-in-the-art-of-freezing-life-in-animal-models",totalDownloads:170,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Animal Reproduction",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10664.jpg",subseries:{id:"28",title:"Animal Reproductive Biology and Technology"}}},{id:"79782",title:"Avian Reproduction",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101185",signatures:"Kingsley Omogiade Idahor",slug:"avian-reproduction",totalDownloads:151,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Kingsley O.",surname:"Idahor"}],book:{title:"Animal Reproduction",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10664.jpg",subseries:{id:"28",title:"Animal Reproductive Biology and Technology"}}},{id:"78802",title:"Intraovarian Gestation in Viviparous Teleosts: Unique Type of Gestation among Vertebrates",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100267",signatures:"Mari-Carmen Uribe, Gabino De la Rosa-Cruz, Adriana García-Alarcón and Juan Carlos Campuzano-Caballero",slug:"intraovarian-gestation-in-viviparous-teleosts-unique-type-of-gestation-among-vertebrates",totalDownloads:184,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Animal Reproduction",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10664.jpg",subseries:{id:"28",title:"Animal Reproductive Biology and Technology"}}},{id:"79209",title:"Virtual Physiology: A Tool for the 21st Century",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99671",signatures:"Carmen Nóbrega, Maria Aires Pereira, Catarina Coelho, Isabel Brás, Ana Cristina Mega, Carla Santos, Fernando Esteves, Rita Cruz, Ana I. Faustino-Rocha, Paula A. Oliveira, João Mesquita and Helena Vala",slug:"virtual-physiology-a-tool-for-the-21st-century",totalDownloads:137,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"78849",title:"Application of Vermicompost Fertilizer in Aquaculture Nutrition: Review",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100326",signatures:"Sonnia Nzilani Musyoka and Rita Nairuti",slug:"application-of-vermicompost-fertilizer-in-aquaculture-nutrition-review",totalDownloads:67,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Animal Nutrition - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11416.jpg",subseries:{id:"20",title:"Animal Nutrition"}}},{id:"78617",title:"Doppler Ultrasound in the Reproduction of Mares",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98951",signatures:"Camila Silva Costa Ferreira and Rita de Cássia Lima Morais",slug:"doppler-ultrasound-in-the-reproduction-of-mares",totalDownloads:123,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Animal Reproduction",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10664.jpg",subseries:{id:"28",title:"Animal Reproductive Biology and Technology"}}},{id:"78543",title:"Pulmonary Vein: Embryology, Anatomy, Function and Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100051",signatures:"Chan I-Ping and Hsueh Tung",slug:"pulmonary-vein-embryology-anatomy-function-and-disease",totalDownloads:171,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"78564",title:"Anatomy of the Rhesus Monkey (Macaca mulatta): The Essentials for the Biomedical Researcher",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99067",signatures:"Christophe Casteleyn and Jaco Bakker",slug:"anatomy-of-the-rhesus-monkey-macaca-mulatta-the-essentials-for-the-biomedical-researcher",totalDownloads:308,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Animal Nutrition",value:20,count:1,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Animal Reproductive Biology and Technology",value:28,count:7,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Animal Science",value:19,count:11,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:10,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10830",title:"Animal Feed Science and Nutrition",subtitle:"Production, Health and Environment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10830.jpg",slug:"animal-feed-science-and-nutrition-production-health-and-environment",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Amlan Kumar Patra",hash:"79944fc8fbbaa329aed6fde388154832",volumeInSeries:10,fullTitle:"Animal Feed Science and Nutrition - Production, Health and Environment",editors:[{id:"310962",title:"Dr.",name:"Amlan",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Patra",slug:"amlan-patra",fullName:"Amlan Patra",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/310962/images/system/310962.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8737",title:"Rabies Virus at the Beginning of 21st Century",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8737.jpg",slug:"rabies-virus-at-the-beginning-of-21st-century",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Sergey Tkachev",hash:"49cce3f548da548c718c865feb343509",volumeInSeries:9,fullTitle:"Rabies Virus at the Beginning of 21st Century",editors:[{id:"61139",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Tkachev",slug:"sergey-tkachev",fullName:"Sergey Tkachev",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/61139/images/system/61139.png",institutionString:"Russian Academy of Sciences",institution:{name:"Russian Academy of Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10496",title:"Advanced Studies in the 21st Century Animal Nutrition",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10496.jpg",slug:"advanced-studies-in-the-21st-century-animal-nutrition",publishedDate:"December 8th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"László Babinszky, Juliana Oliveira and Edson Mauro Santos",hash:"8ffe43a82ac48b309abc3632bbf3efd0",volumeInSeries:8,fullTitle:"Advanced Studies in the 21st Century Animal Nutrition",editors:[{id:"53998",title:"Prof.",name:"László",middleName:null,surname:"Babinszky",slug:"laszlo-babinszky",fullName:"László Babinszky",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/53998/images/system/53998.png",institutionString:"University of Debrecen",institution:{name:"University of Debrecen",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Hungary"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10497",title:"Canine Genetics, Health and Medicine",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10497.jpg",slug:"canine-genetics-health-and-medicine",publishedDate:"June 2nd 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Catrin Rutland",hash:"b91512e31ce34032e560362e6cbccc1c",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Canine Genetics, Health and Medicine",editors:[{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8545",title:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8545.jpg",slug:"animal-reproduction-in-veterinary-medicine",publishedDate:"January 20th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Faruk Aral, Rita Payan-Carreira and Miguel Quaresma",hash:"13aaddf5fdbbc78387e77a7da2388bf6",volumeInSeries:6,fullTitle:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",editors:[{id:"25600",title:"Prof.",name:"Faruk",middleName:null,surname:"Aral",slug:"faruk-aral",fullName:"Faruk Aral",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/25600/images/system/25600.jpg",institutionString:"Independent Researcher",institution:{name:"Harran University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9081",title:"Equine Science",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9081.jpg",slug:"equine-science",publishedDate:"September 23rd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Catrin Rutland and Albert Rizvanov",hash:"ac415ef2f5450fa80fdb9cf6cf32cd2d",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Equine Science",editors:[{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8460",title:"Reproductive Biology and Technology in Animals",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8460.jpg",slug:"reproductive-biology-and-technology-in-animals",publishedDate:"April 15th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Juan Carlos Gardón Poggi and Katy Satué Ambrojo",hash:"32ef5fe73998dd723d308225d756fa1e",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Reproductive Biology and Technology in Animals",editors:[{id:"251314",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Gardón",slug:"juan-carlos-gardon",fullName:"Juan Carlos Gardón",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/251314/images/system/251314.jpeg",institutionString:"Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, Spain",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8524",title:"Lactation in Farm Animals",subtitle:"Biology, Physiological Basis, Nutritional Requirements, and Modelization",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8524.jpg",slug:"lactation-in-farm-animals-biology-physiological-basis-nutritional-requirements-and-modelization",publishedDate:"January 22nd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Naceur M'Hamdi",hash:"2aa2a9a0ec13040bbf0455e34625504e",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Lactation in Farm Animals - Biology, Physiological Basis, Nutritional Requirements, and Modelization",editors:[{id:"73376",title:"Dr.",name:"Naceur",middleName:null,surname:"M'Hamdi",slug:"naceur-m'hamdi",fullName:"Naceur M'Hamdi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/73376/images/system/73376.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7144",title:"Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7144.jpg",slug:"veterinary-anatomy-and-physiology",publishedDate:"March 13th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Catrin Sian Rutland and Valentina Kubale",hash:"75cdacb570e0e6d15a5f6e69640d87c9",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",editors:[{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7233",title:"New Insights into Theriogenology",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7233.jpg",slug:"new-insights-into-theriogenology",publishedDate:"December 5th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rita Payan-Carreira",hash:"74f4147e3fb214dd050e5edd3aaf53bc",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"New Insights into Theriogenology",editors:[{id:"38652",title:"Prof.",name:"Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Payan-Carreira",slug:"rita-payan-carreira",fullName:"Rita Payan-Carreira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRiFPQA0/Profile_Picture_1614601496313",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Évora",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Animal Nutrition",value:20,count:2},{group:"subseries",caption:"Animal Reproductive Biology and Technology",value:28,count:3},{group:"subseries",caption:"Animal Science",value:19,count:5}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:2},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:1},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:148,paginationItems:[{id:"165328",title:"Dr.",name:"Vahid",middleName:null,surname:"Asadpour",slug:"vahid-asadpour",fullName:"Vahid Asadpour",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165328/images/system/165328.jpg",biography:"Vahid Asadpour, MS, Ph.D., is currently with the Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California. He has both an MS and Ph.D. in Biomedical Engineering. He was previously a research scientist at the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) and visiting professor and researcher at the University of North Dakota. He is currently working in artificial intelligence and its applications in medical signal processing. In addition, he is using digital signal processing in medical imaging and speech processing. Dr. Asadpour has developed brain-computer interfacing algorithms and has published books, book chapters, and several journal and conference papers in this field and other areas of intelligent signal processing. He has also designed medical devices, including a laser Doppler monitoring system.",institutionString:"Kaiser Permanente Southern California",institution:null},{id:"169608",title:"Prof.",name:"Marian",middleName:null,surname:"Găiceanu",slug:"marian-gaiceanu",fullName:"Marian Găiceanu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/169608/images/system/169608.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Marian Gaiceanu graduated from the Naval and Electrical Engineering Faculty, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Romania, in 1997. He received a Ph.D. (Magna Cum Laude) in Electrical Engineering in 2002. Since 2017, Dr. Gaiceanu has been a Ph.D. supervisor for students in Electrical Engineering. He has been employed at Dunarea de Jos University of Galati since 1996, where he is currently a professor. Dr. Gaiceanu is a member of the National Council for Attesting Titles, Diplomas and Certificates, an expert of the Executive Agency for Higher Education, Research Funding, and a member of the Senate of the Dunarea de Jos University of Galati. He has been the head of the Integrated Energy Conversion Systems and Advanced Control of Complex Processes Research Center, Romania, since 2016. He has conducted several projects in power converter systems for electrical drives, power quality, PEM and SOFC fuel cell power converters for utilities, electric vehicles, and marine applications with the Department of Regulation and Control, SIEI S.pA. (2002–2004) and the Polytechnic University of Turin, Italy (2002–2004, 2006–2007). He is a member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and cofounder-member of the IEEE Power Electronics Romanian Chapter. He is a guest editor at Energies and an academic book editor for IntechOpen. He is also a member of the editorial boards of the Journal of Electrical Engineering, Electronics, Control and Computer Science and Sustainability. Dr. Gaiceanu has been General Chairman of the IEEE International Symposium on Electrical and Electronics Engineering in the last six editions.",institutionString:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',institution:{name:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"4519",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaydip",middleName:null,surname:"Sen",slug:"jaydip-sen",fullName:"Jaydip Sen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/4519/images/system/4519.jpeg",biography:"Jaydip Sen is associated with Praxis Business School, Kolkata, India, as a professor in the Department of Data Science. His research areas include security and privacy issues in computing and communication, intrusion detection systems, machine learning, deep learning, and artificial intelligence in the financial domain. He has more than 200 publications in reputed international journals, refereed conference proceedings, and 20 book chapters in books published by internationally renowned publishing houses, such as Springer, CRC press, IGI Global, etc. Currently, he is serving on the editorial board of the prestigious journal Frontiers in Communications and Networks and in the technical program committees of a number of high-ranked international conferences organized by the IEEE, USA, and the ACM, USA. He has been listed among the top 2% of scientists in the world for the last three consecutive years, 2019 to 2021 as per studies conducted by the Stanford University, USA.",institutionString:"Praxis Business School",institution:null},{id:"320071",title:"Dr.",name:"Sidra",middleName:null,surname:"Mehtab",slug:"sidra-mehtab",fullName:"Sidra Mehtab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002v6KHoQAM/Profile_Picture_1584512086360",biography:"Sidra Mehtab has completed her BS with honors in Physics from Calcutta University, India in 2018. She has done MS in Data Science and Analytics from Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology (MAKAUT), Kolkata, India in 2020. Her research areas include Econometrics, Time Series Analysis, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Artificial Intelligence, and Computer and Network Security with a particular focus on Cyber Security Analytics. Ms. Mehtab has published seven papers in international conferences and one of her papers has been accepted for publication in a reputable international journal. She has won the best paper awards in two prestigious international conferences – BAICONF 2019, and ICADCML 2021, organized in the Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore, India in December 2019, and SOA University, Bhubaneswar, India in January 2021. Besides, Ms. Mehtab has also published two book chapters in two books. Seven of her book chapters will be published in a volume shortly in 2021 by Cambridge Scholars’ Press, UK. Currently, she is working as the joint editor of two edited volumes on Time Series Analysis and Forecasting to be published in the first half of 2021 by an international house. Currently, she is working as a Data Scientist with an MNC in Delhi, India.",institutionString:"NSHM College of Management and Technology",institution:null},{id:"226240",title:"Dr.",name:"Andri Irfan",middleName:null,surname:"Rifai",slug:"andri-irfan-rifai",fullName:"Andri Irfan Rifai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226240/images/7412_n.jpg",biography:"Andri IRFAN is a Senior Lecturer of Civil Engineering and Planning. He completed the PhD at the Universitas Indonesia & Universidade do Minho with Sandwich Program Scholarship from the Directorate General of Higher Education and LPDP scholarship. He has been teaching for more than 19 years and much active to applied his knowledge in the project construction in Indonesia. His research interest ranges from pavement management system to advanced data mining techniques for transportation engineering. He has published more than 50 papers in journals and 2 books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Internasional Batam",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"314576",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibai",middleName:null,surname:"Laña",slug:"ibai-lana",fullName:"Ibai Laña",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314576/images/system/314576.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ibai Laña works at TECNALIA as a data analyst. He received his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence from the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Spain, in 2018. He is currently a senior researcher at TECNALIA. His research interests fall within the intersection of intelligent transportation systems, machine learning, traffic data analysis, and data science. He has dealt with urban traffic forecasting problems, applying machine learning models and evolutionary algorithms. He has experience in origin-destination matrix estimation or point of interest and trajectory detection. Working with large volumes of data has given him a good command of big data processing tools and NoSQL databases. He has also been a visiting scholar at the Knowledge Engineering and Discovery Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"314575",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus",middleName:null,surname:"L. Lobo",slug:"jesus-l.-lobo",fullName:"Jesus L. Lobo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314575/images/system/314575.png",biography:"Dr. Jesús López is currently based in Bilbao (Spain) working at TECNALIA as Artificial Intelligence Research Scientist. In most cases, a project idea or a new research line needs to be investigated to see if it is good enough to take into production or to focus on it. That is exactly what he does, diving into Machine Learning algorithms and technologies to help TECNALIA to decide whether something is great in theory or will actually impact on the product or processes of its projects. So, he is expert at framing experiments, developing hypotheses, and proving whether they’re true or not, in order to investigate fundamental problems with a longer time horizon. He is also able to design and develop PoCs and system prototypes in simulation. He has participated in several national and internacional R&D projects.\n\nAs another relevant part of his everyday research work, he usually publishes his findings in reputed scientific refereed journals and international conferences, occasionally acting as reviewer and Programme Commitee member. Concretely, since 2018 he has published 9 JCR (8 Q1) journal papers, 9 conference papers (e.g. ECML PKDD 2021), and he has co-edited a book. He is also active in popular science writing data science stories for reputed blogs (KDNuggets, TowardsDataScience, Naukas). Besides, he has recently embarked on mentoring programmes as mentor, and has also worked as data science trainer.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",slug:"yalcin-isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",biography:"Yalcin Isler (1971 - Burdur / Turkey) received the B.Sc. degree in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey, in 1993, the M.Sc. degree from the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey, in 1996, the Ph.D. degree from the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey, in 2009, and the Competence of Associate Professorship from the Turkish Interuniversity Council in 2019.\n\nHe was Lecturer at Burdur Vocational School in Suleyman Demirel University (1993-2000, Burdur / Turkey), Software Engineer (2000-2002, Izmir / Turkey), Research Assistant in Bulent Ecevit University (2002-2003, Zonguldak / Turkey), Research Assistant in Dokuz Eylul University (2003-2010, Izmir / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering in Bulent Ecevit University (2010-2012, Zonguldak / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering in Izmir Katip Celebi University (2012-2019, Izmir / Turkey). He is an Associate Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir / Turkey, since 2019. In addition to academics, he has also founded Islerya Medical and Information Technologies Company, Izmir / Turkey, since 2017.\n\nHis main research interests cover biomedical signal processing, pattern recognition, medical device design, programming, and embedded systems. He has many scientific papers and participated in several projects in these study fields. He was an IEEE Student Member (2009-2011) and IEEE Member (2011-2014) and has been IEEE Senior Member since 2014.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"339677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mrinmoy",middleName:null,surname:"Roy",slug:"mrinmoy-roy",fullName:"Mrinmoy Roy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/339677/images/16768_n.jpg",biography:"An accomplished Sales & Marketing professional with 12 years of cross-functional experience in well-known organisations such as CIPLA, LUPIN, GLENMARK, ASTRAZENECA across different segment of Sales & Marketing, International Business, Institutional Business, Product Management, Strategic Marketing of HIV, Oncology, Derma, Respiratory, Anti-Diabetic, Nutraceutical & Stomatological Product Portfolio and Generic as well as Chronic Critical Care Portfolio. A First Class MBA in International Business & Strategic Marketing, B.Pharm, D.Pharm, Google Certified Digital Marketing Professional. Qualified PhD Candidate in Operations and Management with special focus on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning adoption, analysis and use in Healthcare, Hospital & Pharma Domain. Seasoned with diverse therapy area of Pharmaceutical Sales & Marketing ranging from generating revenue through generating prescriptions, launching new products, and making them big brands with continuous strategy execution at the Physician and Patients level. Moved from Sales to Marketing and Business Development for 3.5 years in South East Asian Market operating from Manila, Philippines. Came back to India and handled and developed Brands such as Gluconorm, Lupisulin, Supracal, Absolut Woman, Hemozink, Fabiflu (For COVID 19), and many more. In my previous assignment I used to develop and execute strategies on Sales & Marketing, Commercialization & Business Development for Institution and Corporate Hospital Business portfolio of Oncology Therapy Area for AstraZeneca Pharma India Ltd. Being a Research Scholar and Student of ‘Operations Research & Management: Artificial Intelligence’ I published several pioneer research papers and book chapters on the same in Internationally reputed journals and Books indexed in Scopus, Springer and Ei Compendex, Google Scholar etc. Currently, I am launching PGDM Pharmaceutical Management Program in IIHMR Bangalore and spearheading the course curriculum and structure of the same. I am interested in Collaboration for Healthcare Innovation, Pharma AI Innovation, Future trend in Marketing and Management with incubation on Healthcare, Healthcare IT startups, AI-ML Modelling and Healthcare Algorithm based training module development. I am also an affiliated member of the Institute of Management Consultant of India, looking forward to Healthcare, Healthcare IT and Innovation, Pharma and Hospital Management Consulting works.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lovely Professional University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",institution:{name:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"221364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneko",middleName:null,surname:"Osaba",slug:"eneko-osaba",fullName:"Eneko Osaba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221364/images/system/221364.jpg",biography:"Dr. Eneko Osaba works at TECNALIA as a senior researcher. He obtained his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence in 2015. He has participated in more than twenty-five local and European research projects, and in the publication of more than 130 papers. He has performed several stays at universities in the United Kingdom, Italy, and Malta. Dr. Osaba has served as a program committee member in more than forty international conferences and participated in organizing activities in more than ten international conferences. He is a member of the editorial board of the International Journal of Artificial Intelligence, Data in Brief, and Journal of Advanced Transportation. He is also a guest editor for the Journal of Computational Science, Neurocomputing, Swarm, and Evolutionary Computation and IEEE ITS Magazine.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"275829",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Villar-Rodriguez",slug:"esther-villar-rodriguez",fullName:"Esther Villar-Rodriguez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/275829/images/system/275829.jpg",biography:"Dr. Esther Villar obtained a Ph.D. in Information and Communication Technologies from the University of Alcalá, Spain, in 2015. She obtained a degree in Computer Science from the University of Deusto, Spain, in 2010, and an MSc in Computer Languages and Systems from the National University of Distance Education, Spain, in 2012. Her areas of interest and knowledge include natural language processing (NLP), detection of impersonation in social networks, semantic web, and machine learning. Dr. Esther Villar made several contributions at conferences and publishing in various journals in those fields. Currently, she is working within the OPTIMA (Optimization Modeling & Analytics) business of TECNALIA’s ICT Division as a data scientist in projects related to the prediction and optimization of management and industrial processes (resource planning, energy efficiency, etc).",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:null},{id:"278948",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"carlos-pedro-goncalves",fullName:"Carlos Pedro Gonçalves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRcmyQAC/Profile_Picture_1564224512145",biography:'Carlos Pedro Gonçalves (PhD) is an Associate Professor at Lusophone University of Humanities and Technologies and a researcher on Complexity Sciences, Quantum Technologies, Artificial Intelligence, Strategic Studies, Studies in Intelligence and Security, FinTech and Financial Risk Modeling. He is also a progammer with programming experience in:\n\nA) Quantum Computing using Qiskit Python module and IBM Quantum Experience Platform, with software developed on the simulation of Quantum Artificial Neural Networks and Quantum Cybersecurity;\n\nB) Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning programming in Python;\n\nC) Artificial Intelligence, Multiagent Systems Modeling and System Dynamics Modeling in Netlogo, with models developed in the areas of Chaos Theory, Econophysics, Artificial Intelligence, Classical and Quantum Complex Systems Science, with the Econophysics models having been cited worldwide and incorporated in PhD programs by different Universities.\n\nReceived an Arctic Code Vault Contributor status by GitHub, due to having developed open source software preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\" for future generations (https://archiveprogram.github.com/arctic-vault/), with the Strategy Analyzer A.I. module for decision making support (based on his PhD thesis, used in his Classes on Decision Making and in Strategic Intelligence Consulting Activities) and QNeural Python Quantum Neural Network simulator also preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\", for access to these software modules see: https://github.com/cpgoncalves. He is also a peer reviewer with outsanding review status from Elsevier journals, including Physica A, Neurocomputing and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence. Science CV available at: https://www.cienciavitae.pt//pt/8E1C-A8B3-78C5 and ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0298-3974',institutionString:"University of Lisbon",institution:{name:"Universidade Lusófona",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"241400",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Bsiss",slug:"mohammed-bsiss",fullName:"Mohammed Bsiss",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241400/images/8062_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"276128",title:"Dr.",name:"Hira",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",slug:"hira-fatima",fullName:"Hira Fatima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/276128/images/14420_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Hira Fatima\nAssistant Professor\nDepartment of Mathematics\nInstitute of Applied Science\nMangalayatan University, Aligarh\nMobile: no : 8532041179\nhirafatima2014@gmal.com\n\nDr. Hira Fatima has received his Ph.D. degree in pure Mathematics from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh India. Currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mathematics, Institute of Applied Science, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh. She taught so many courses of Mathematics of UG and PG level. Her research Area of Expertise is Functional Analysis & Sequence Spaces. She has been working on Ideal Convergence of double sequence. She has published 17 research papers in National and International Journals including Cogent Mathematics, Filomat, Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, Advances in Difference Equations, Journal of Mathematical Analysis, Journal of Mathematical & Computer Science etc. She has also reviewed few research papers for the and international journals. She is a member of Indian Mathematical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"414880",title:"Dr.",name:"Maryam",middleName:null,surname:"Vatankhah",slug:"maryam-vatankhah",fullName:"Maryam Vatankhah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Borough of Manhattan Community College",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"414879",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammad-Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",slug:"mohammad-reza-akbarzadeh-totonchi",fullName:"Mohammad-Reza Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ferdowsi University of Mashhad",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"414878",title:"Prof.",name:"Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Fazel-Rezai",slug:"reza-fazel-rezai",fullName:"Reza Fazel-Rezai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"American Public University System",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"302698",title:"Dr.",name:"Yao",middleName:null,surname:"Shan",slug:"yao-shan",fullName:"Yao Shan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Dalian University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"125911",title:"Prof.",name:"Jia-Ching",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"jia-ching-wang",fullName:"Jia-Ching Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Central University",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"357085",title:"Mr.",name:"P. Mohan",middleName:null,surname:"Anand",slug:"p.-mohan-anand",fullName:"P. Mohan Anand",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"356696",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"P.V.",middleName:null,surname:"Sai Charan",slug:"p.v.-sai-charan",fullName:"P.V. Sai Charan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"357086",title:"Prof.",name:"Sandeep K.",middleName:null,surname:"Shukla",slug:"sandeep-k.-shukla",fullName:"Sandeep K. Shukla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"356823",title:"MSc.",name:"Seonghee",middleName:null,surname:"Min",slug:"seonghee-min",fullName:"Seonghee Min",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Daegu University",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"353307",title:"Prof.",name:"Yoosoo",middleName:null,surname:"Oh",slug:"yoosoo-oh",fullName:"Yoosoo Oh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:"Yoosoo Oh received his Bachelor's degree in the Department of Electronics and Engineering from Kyungpook National University in 2002. He obtained his Master’s degree in the Department of Information and Communications from Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) in 2003. In 2010, he received his Ph.D. degree in the School of Information and Mechatronics from GIST. In the meantime, he was an executed team leader at Culture Technology Institute, GIST, 2010-2012. In 2011, he worked at Lancaster University, the UK as a visiting scholar. In September 2012, he joined Daegu University, where he is currently an associate professor in the School of ICT Conver, Daegu University. Also, he served as the Board of Directors of KSIIS since 2019, and HCI Korea since 2016. From 2017~2019, he worked as a center director of the Mixed Reality Convergence Research Center at Daegu University. From 2015-2017, He worked as a director in the Enterprise Supporting Office of LINC Project Group, Daegu University. His research interests include Activity Fusion & Reasoning, Machine Learning, Context-aware Middleware, Human-Computer Interaction, etc.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"262719",title:"Dr.",name:"Esma",middleName:null,surname:"Ergüner Özkoç",slug:"esma-erguner-ozkoc",fullName:"Esma Ergüner Özkoç",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Başkent University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"346530",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibrahim",middleName:null,surname:"Kaya",slug:"ibrahim-kaya",fullName:"Ibrahim Kaya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"419199",title:"Dr.",name:"Qun",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"qun-yang",fullName:"Qun Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Auckland",country:{name:"New Zealand"}}},{id:"351158",title:"Prof.",name:"David W.",middleName:null,surname:"Anderson",slug:"david-w.-anderson",fullName:"David W. Anderson",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Calgary",country:{name:"Canada"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"11",type:"subseries",title:"Cell Physiology",keywords:"Neurodevelopment and Neurodevelopmental Disease, Free Radicals, Tumor Metastasis, Antioxidants, Essential Fatty Acids, Melatonin, Lipid Peroxidation Products and Aging Physiology",scope:"
\r\n\tThe integration of tissues and organs throughout the mammalian body, as well as the expression, structure, and function of molecular and cellular components, is essential for modern physiology. The following concerns will be addressed in this Cell Physiology subject, which will consider all organ systems (e.g., brain, heart, lung, liver; gut, kidney, eye) and their interactions: (1) Neurodevelopment and Neurodevelopmental Disease (2) Free Radicals (3) Tumor Metastasis (4) Antioxidants (5) Essential Fatty Acids (6) Melatonin and (7) Lipid Peroxidation Products and Aging Physiology.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/11.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11407,editor:{id:"133493",title:"Prof.",name:"Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Catala",slug:"angel-catala",fullName:"Angel Catala",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/133493/images/3091_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Dr. Angel Catalá \r\nShort Biography Angel Catalá was born in Rodeo (San Juan, Argentina). He studied \r\nchemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina, where received aPh.D. degree in chemistry (Biological Branch) in 1965. From\r\n1964 to 1974, he worked as Assistant in Biochemistry at the School of MedicineUniversidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina. From 1974 to 1976, he was a Fellowof the National Institutes of Health (NIH) at the University of Connecticut, Health Center, USA. From 1985 to 2004, he served as a Full Professor oBiochemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina. He is Member ofthe National Research Council (CONICET), Argentina, and Argentine Society foBiochemistry and Molecular Biology (SAIB). His laboratory has been interested for manyears in the lipid peroxidation of biological membranes from various tissues and different species. Professor Catalá has directed twelve doctoral theses, publishedover 100 papers in peer reviewed journals, several chapters in books andtwelve edited books. Angel Catalá received awards at the 40th InternationaConference Biochemistry of Lipids 1999: Dijon (France). W inner of the Bimbo PanAmerican Nutrition, Food Science and Technology Award 2006 and 2012, South AmericaHuman Nutrition, Professional Category. 2006 award in pharmacology, Bernardo\r\nHoussay, in recognition of his meritorious works of research. Angel Catalá belongto the Editorial Board of Journal of lipids, International Review of Biophysical ChemistryFrontiers in Membrane Physiology and Biophysics, World Journal oExperimental Medicine and Biochemistry Research International, W orld Journal oBiological Chemistry, Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, Diabetes and thePancreas, International Journal of Chronic Diseases & Therapy, International Journal oNutrition, Co-Editor of The Open Biology Journal.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National University of La Plata",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Argentina"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"10",title:"Physiology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",issn:"2631-8261"},editorialBoard:[{id:"186048",title:"Prof.",name:"Ines",middleName:null,surname:"Drenjančević",slug:"ines-drenjancevic",fullName:"Ines Drenjančević",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186048/images/5818_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Osijek",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"187859",title:"Prof.",name:"Kusal",middleName:"K.",surname:"Das",slug:"kusal-das",fullName:"Kusal Das",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBDeQAO/Profile_Picture_1623411145568",institutionString:"BLDE (Deemed to be University), India",institution:null},{id:"79615",title:"Dr.",name:"Robson",middleName:null,surname:"Faria",slug:"robson-faria",fullName:"Robson Faria",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/79615/images/system/79615.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"84459",title:"Prof.",name:"Valerie",middleName:null,surname:"Chappe",slug:"valerie-chappe",fullName:"Valerie Chappe",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/84459/images/system/84459.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Dalhousie University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Canada"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{id:"81831",title:"Deep Network Model and Regression Analysis using OLS Method for Predicting Lung Vital Capacity",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104737",signatures:"Harun Sümbül",slug:"deep-network-model-and-regression-analysis-using-ols-method-for-predicting-lung-vital-capacity",totalDownloads:2,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Decision Science - Recent Advances and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11604.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}}]},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:3,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10859",title:"Data Mining",subtitle:"Concepts and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10859.jpg",slug:"data-mining-concepts-and-applications",publishedDate:"March 30th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Ciza Thomas",hash:"63a4e514e537d3962cf53ef1c6b9d5eb",volumeInSeries:8,fullTitle:"Data Mining - Concepts and Applications",editors:[{id:"43680",title:"Prof.",name:"Ciza",middleName:null,surname:"Thomas",slug:"ciza-thomas",fullName:"Ciza Thomas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/43680/images/system/43680.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Government of Kerala",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10651",title:"Machine Learning",subtitle:"Algorithms, Models and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10651.jpg",slug:"machine-learning-algorithms-models-and-applications",publishedDate:"December 22nd 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Jaydip Sen",hash:"6208156401c496e0a4ca5ff4265324cc",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Machine Learning - Algorithms, Models and Applications",editors:[{id:"4519",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaydip",middleName:null,surname:"Sen",slug:"jaydip-sen",fullName:"Jaydip Sen",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/4519/images/system/4519.jpeg",institutionString:"Praxis Business School",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9963",title:"Advances and Applications in Deep Learning",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9963.jpg",slug:"advances-and-applications-in-deep-learning",publishedDate:"December 9th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Marco Antonio Aceves-Fernandez",hash:"0d51ba46f22e55cb89140f60d86a071e",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Advances and Applications in Deep Learning",editors:[{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},testimonialsList:[{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}},{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}},{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.png",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:98,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:287,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:10,numberOfPublishedChapters:103,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],subseriesList:[{id:"4",title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases",scope:"Fungi are ubiquitous and there are almost no non-pathogenic fungi. Fungal infectious illness prevalence and prognosis are determined by the exposure between fungi and host, host immunological state, fungal virulence, and early and accurate diagnosis and treatment. \r\nPatients with both congenital and acquired immunodeficiency are more likely to be infected with opportunistic mycosis. Fungal infectious disease outbreaks are common during the post- disaster rebuilding era, which is characterised by high population density, migration, and poor health and medical conditions.\r\nSystemic or local fungal infection is mainly associated with the fungi directly inhaled or inoculated in the environment during the disaster. The most common fungal infection pathways are human to human (anthropophilic), animal to human (zoophilic), and environment to human (soilophile). Diseases are common as a result of widespread exposure to pathogenic fungus dispersed into the environment. \r\nFungi that are both common and emerging are intertwined. In Southeast Asia, for example, Talaromyces marneffei is an important pathogenic thermally dimorphic fungus that causes systemic mycosis. Widespread fungal infections with complicated and variable clinical manifestations, such as Candida auris infection resistant to several antifungal medicines, Covid-19 associated with Trichoderma, and terbinafine resistant dermatophytosis in India, are among the most serious disorders. \r\nInappropriate local or systemic use of glucocorticoids, as well as their immunosuppressive effects, may lead to changes in fungal infection spectrum and clinical characteristics. Hematogenous candidiasis is a worrisome issue that affects people all over the world, particularly ICU patients. CARD9 deficiency and fungal infection have been major issues in recent years. Invasive aspergillosis is associated with a significant death rate. Special attention should be given to endemic fungal infections, identification of important clinical fungal infections advanced in yeasts, filamentous fungal infections, skin mycobiome and fungal genomes, and immunity to fungal infections.\r\nIn addition, endemic fungal diseases or uncommon fungal infections caused by Mucor irregularis, dermatophytosis, Malassezia, cryptococcosis, chromoblastomycosis, coccidiosis, blastomycosis, histoplasmosis, sporotrichosis, and other fungi, should be monitored. \r\nThis topic includes the research progress on the etiology and pathogenesis of fungal infections, new methods of isolation and identification, rapid detection, drug sensitivity testing, new antifungal drugs, schemes and case series reports. It will provide significant opportunities and support for scientists, clinical doctors, mycologists, antifungal drug researchers, public health practitioners, and epidemiologists from all over the world to share new research, ideas and solutions to promote the development and progress of medical mycology.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/4.jpg",keywords:"Emerging Fungal Pathogens, Invasive Infections, Epidemiology, Cell Membrane, Fungal Virulence, Diagnosis, Treatment"},{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",scope:"Parasitic diseases have evolved alongside their human hosts. In many cases, these diseases have adapted so well that they have developed efficient resilience methods in the human host and can live in the host for years. Others, particularly some blood parasites, can cause very acute diseases and are responsible for millions of deaths yearly. Many parasitic diseases are classified as neglected tropical diseases because they have received minimal funding over recent years and, in many cases, are under-reported despite the critical role they play in morbidity and mortality among human and animal hosts. The current topic, Parasitic Infectious Diseases, in the Infectious Diseases Series aims to publish studies on the systematics, epidemiology, molecular biology, genomics, pathogenesis, genetics, and clinical significance of parasitic diseases from blood borne to intestinal parasites as well as zoonotic parasites. We hope to cover all aspects of parasitic diseases to provide current and relevant research data on these very important diseases. In the current atmosphere of the Coronavirus pandemic, communities around the world, particularly those in different underdeveloped areas, are faced with the growing challenges of the high burden of parasitic diseases. At the same time, they are faced with the Covid-19 pandemic leading to what some authors have called potential syndemics that might worsen the outcome of such infections. Therefore, it is important to conduct studies that examine parasitic infections in the context of the coronavirus pandemic for the benefit of all communities to help foster more informed decisions for the betterment of human and animal health.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/5.jpg",keywords:"Blood Borne Parasites, Intestinal Parasites, Protozoa, Helminths, Arthropods, Water Born Parasites, Epidemiology, Molecular Biology, Systematics, Genomics, Proteomics, Ecology"},{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases",scope:"The Viral Infectious Diseases Book Series aims to provide a comprehensive overview of recent research trends and discoveries in various viral infectious diseases emerging around the globe. The emergence of any viral disease is hard to anticipate, which often contributes to death. A viral disease can be defined as an infectious disease that has recently appeared within a population or exists in nature with the rapid expansion of incident or geographic range. This series will focus on various crucial factors related to emerging viral infectious diseases, including epidemiology, pathogenesis, host immune response, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and clinical recommendations for managing viral infectious diseases, highlighting the recent issues with future directions for effective therapeutic strategies.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/6.jpg",keywords:"Novel Viruses, Virus Transmission, Virus Evolution, Molecular Virology, Control and Prevention, Virus-host Interaction"}],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:null},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/414376",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"414376"},fullPath:"/profiles/414376",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()