Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\n
We wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\n
Throughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\n
We wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"10376",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Adaptive Filtering - Recent Advances and Practical Implementation",title:"Adaptive Filtering",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Practical Implementation",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Active filters are key technologies in applications such as telecommunications, advanced control, smart grids, and green transport. This book provides an update of the latest technological progress in signal processing and adaptive filters, with a focus on Kalman filters and applications. It illustrates fundamentals and guides filter design for specific applications, primarily for graduate students, academics, and industrial engineers who are interested in the theoretical, experimental, and design aspects of active filter technologies.",isbn:"978-1-83962-378-3",printIsbn:"978-1-83962-377-6",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83962-379-0",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91562",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"adaptive-filtering-recent-advances-and-practical-implementation",numberOfPages:152,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"143698bdab370da4f6c14ddf8624488c",bookSignature:"Wenping Cao and Qian Zhang",publishedDate:"October 20th 2021",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10376.jpg",numberOfDownloads:923,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"June 10th 2020",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"December 11th 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"February 9th 2021",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"April 30th 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"June 29th 2021",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"174154",title:"Prof.",name:"Wenping",middleName:null,surname:"Cao",slug:"wenping-cao",fullName:"Wenping Cao",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/174154/images/system/174154.png",biography:"Professor Cao is a chair professor at Anhui University, China. He is a fellow of IET and a senior member of IEEE.\nHe received a Royal Society Wolfson Research Merit Award in 2016, the Dragon\\'s Den Competition Award from Queen\\'s University Belfast in 2014, and the Innovator of the Year Award from Newcastle University, UK, in 2013. He has served as an editor for IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, IEEE Transactions on Industry Application, IET Power Electronics, and several other international journals. He has published over 260 research articles and 12 edited books and book chapters. His research interests include fault analysis and condition monitoring of electrical machines and power electronics.",institutionString:"Anhui University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"4",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"3",institution:{name:"Aston University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"321207",title:"Dr.",name:"Qian",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"qian-zhang",fullName:"Qian Zhang",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/321207/images/system/321207.jpg",biography:"Qian Zhang received a BS from Anhui University, China, in 2004, an MEng from the University of Science and Technology of China in 2007, and a Ph.D. from Anhui University in 2014.\nShe is currently an associate professor in the School of Electrical Engineering and director of the Electrical Engineering Department at Anhui University. She received the “New Talent of Teaching Award” from Anhui Province in 2013. Her research interests include nonlinear control, servo system modeling, load forecasting, and fault diagnosis of distribution networks.",institutionString:"Anhui University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Anhui University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"611",title:"Signal Processing",slug:"numerical-analysis-and-scientific-computing-signal-processing"}],chapters:[{id:"77701",title:"Fundamentals of Narrowband Array Signal Processing",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98702",slug:"fundamentals-of-narrowband-array-signal-processing",totalDownloads:174,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Array signal processing is an actively developing research area connected to the progress in optimization theory, and remains the key technological development that attracts prevalent attention in signal processing. This chapter provides an overview of the fundamental concepts and essential terminologies employed in narrowband array signal processing. We first develop a general signal model for narrowband adaptive arrays and discuss the beamforming operation. We next introduce the basic performance parameters of adaptive arrays and the second order statistics of the array data. We then formulate various optimal weigh vector solution criteria. Finally, we discuss various types of adaptive filtering algorithms. Besides, this chapter emphasizes the theory of narrowband array signal processing employed in narrowband beamforming and direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation algorithms.",signatures:"Zeeshan Ahmad",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77701",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77701",authors:[{id:"327689",title:"Dr.",name:"Zeeshan",surname:"Ahmad",slug:"zeeshan-ahmad",fullName:"Zeeshan Ahmad"}],corrections:null},{id:"77642",title:"Reconfigurable Filter Design",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97446",slug:"reconfigurable-filter-design",totalDownloads:142,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter discusses recent development of reconfigurable filters. The technical terminology reconfigurable means that a circuit is designed in a way to have various electrical characteristics comparing with one which has a static feature. For the filter design, the various electrical characteristics can be considered as the filter can tune its operating frequency, bandwidth, and/or have multiple operational modes, that is, bandstop or bandpass modes. Also, recently, the filters that can exhibit an improved impedance matching performance over its stopband have been reported. It provides more options for the filter designers to realize the reconfigurable filters having reflective and/or absorptive frequency response types to satisfy a prior given requirement. In this chapter, recently devised filter designs will be covered and essential frequency tuning elements to realize the reconfigurable characteristic will be introduced as well.",signatures:"Tae-Hak Lee, Sang-Gyu Lee, Jean-Jacques Laurin and Ke Wu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77642",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77642",authors:[{id:"34161",title:"Dr.",name:"Ke",surname:"Wu",slug:"ke-wu",fullName:"Ke Wu"},{id:"340875",title:"Dr.",name:"Tae-Hak",surname:"Lee",slug:"tae-hak-lee",fullName:"Tae-Hak Lee"},{id:"349866",title:"Dr.",name:"Sang-Gyu",surname:"Lee",slug:"sang-gyu-lee",fullName:"Sang-Gyu Lee"},{id:"349867",title:"Prof.",name:"Jean-Jacques",surname:"Laurin",slug:"jean-jacques-laurin",fullName:"Jean-Jacques Laurin"}],corrections:null},{id:"76884",title:"Kalman Filter Estimation and Its Implementation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97406",slug:"kalman-filter-estimation-and-its-implementation",totalDownloads:218,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In this chapter, we use the Kalman filter to estimate the future state of a system. We present the theory, design, simulation, and implementation of the Kalman filter. We use as a case example the estimation of temperature using a Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD), which has not been reported before. After a brief literature review, the theoretical analysis of a Kalman filter is presented along with that of the RTD. The dynamics of the RTD system are analytically derived and identified using Matlab. Then, the design of a time-varying Kalman filter using Matlab is presented. The solution to the Riccati equation is used to estimate the future state. Then, we implement the design using C-code for a microprocessor ATMega328. We show under what conditions the system may be simplified. In our case, we reduced the order of the system to that of a system having a 1st order response, that of an RC system, giving us satisfactory results. Furthermore, we can find two first order systems whose response defines two boundaries inside which the evolution of a second order system remains.",signatures:"Erick Ulin-Avila and Juan Ponce-Hernandez",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/76884",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/76884",authors:[{id:"340896",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Erick",surname:"Ulin-Avila",slug:"erick-ulin-avila",fullName:"Erick Ulin-Avila"},{id:"347290",title:"MSc.",name:"Juan",surname:"Ponce-Hernandez",slug:"juan-ponce-hernandez",fullName:"Juan Ponce-Hernandez"}],corrections:null},{id:"77723",title:"A Constant Gain Kalman Filter for Wireless Sensor Network and Maneuvering Target Tracking",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98700",slug:"a-constant-gain-kalman-filter-for-wireless-sensor-network-and-maneuvering-target-tracking",totalDownloads:155,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"One of the well-known approaches to target tracking is the Kalman filter. The problem of applying the Kalman Filter in practice is that in the presence of unknown noise statistics, accurate results cannot be obtained. Hence the tuning of the noise covariances is of paramount importance in order to employ the filter. The difficulty involved with the tuning attracts the applicability of the concept of Constant Gain Kalman Filter (CGKF). It has been generally observed that after an initial transient the Kalman Filter gain and the State Error Covariance P settles down to steady state values. This encourages one to consider working directly with steady state or constant Kalman gain, rather than with error covariances in order to obtain efficient tracking. Since there are no covariances in CGKF, only the state equations need to be propagated and updated at a measurement, thus enormously reducing the computational load. The current work first applies the CGKF concept to heterogeneous sensor based wireless sensor network (WSN) target tracking problem. The paper considers the Standard EKF and CGKF for tracking various manoeuvring targets using nonlinear state and measurement models. Based on the numerical studies it is clearly seen that the CGKF out performs the Standard EKF. To the best of our knowledge, such a comprehensive study of the CGKF has not been carried out in its application to diverse target tracking scenarios and data fusion aspects.",signatures:"Peeyush Awasthi, Ashwin Yadav, Naren Naik and Mudambi Ramaswamy Ananthasayanam",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77723",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77723",authors:[{id:"209685",title:"Prof.",name:"Mudambi",surname:"Ananthasayanam",slug:"mudambi-ananthasayanam",fullName:"Mudambi Ananthasayanam"},{id:"316643",title:"Mr",name:"Ashwin",surname:"Yadav",slug:"ashwin-yadav",fullName:"Ashwin Yadav"},{id:"345819",title:"Prof.",name:"Naren",surname:"Naik",slug:"naren-naik",fullName:"Naren Naik"},{id:"350489",title:"Mr.",name:"Peeyush",surname:"Awasthi",slug:"peeyush-awasthi",fullName:"Peeyush Awasthi"}],corrections:null},{id:"78751",title:"Parameter Estimation of Weighted Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution Using Simulated and Real Life Data Sets",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100227",slug:"parameter-estimation-of-weighted-maxwell-boltzmann-distribution-using-simulated-and-real-life-data-s",totalDownloads:95,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This paper deals with estimation of parameters of Weighted Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution by using Classical and Bayesian Paradigm. Under Classical Approach, we have estimated the rate parameter using Maximum likelihood Estimator. In Bayesian Paradigm, we have primarily studied the Bayes’ estimator of the parameter of the Weighted Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution under the extended Jeffrey’s prior, Gamma and exponential prior distributions assuming different loss functions. The extended Jeffrey’s prior gives the opportunity of covering wide spectrum of priors to get Bayes’ estimates of the parameter – particular cases of which are Jeffrey’s prior and Hartigan’s prior. A comparative study has been done between the MLE and the estimates of different loss functions (SELF and Al-Bayyati’s, Stein and Precautionary new loss function). From the results, we observe that in most cases, Bayesian Estimator under New Loss function (Al-Bayyati’s Loss function) has the smallest Mean Squared Error values for both prior’s i.e., Jeffrey’s and an extension of Jeffrey’s prior information. Moreover, when the sample size increases, the MSE decreases quite significantly. These estimators are then compared in terms of mean square error (MSE) which is computed by using the programming language R. Also, two types of real life data sets are considered for making the model comparison between special cases of Weighted Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution in terms of fitting.",signatures:"Javaid Ahmad Reshi, Bilal Ahmad Para and Shahzad Ahmad Bhat",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78751",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78751",authors:[{id:"341967",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Javaid Ahmad",surname:"Reshi",slug:"javaid-ahmad-reshi",fullName:"Javaid Ahmad Reshi"},{id:"342817",title:"Mr.",name:"Shahzad Ahmad",surname:"Bhat",slug:"shahzad-ahmad-bhat",fullName:"Shahzad Ahmad Bhat"},{id:"347281",title:"Dr.",name:"Bilal Ahmad",surname:"Para",slug:"bilal-ahmad-para",fullName:"Bilal Ahmad Para"}],corrections:null},{id:"78179",title:"Averaging Indoor Localization System",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97531",slug:"averaging-indoor-localization-system",totalDownloads:140,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter aims at improving the accuracy of estimation the localization by using the RSS method to estimate the positions and take into account the effects of both LOS propagation. The proposed system is depending on developing a mathematical model for the noisy VLC positioning system. For improving the results, adopting the KF is combined with the proposed system, which is considered an optimal estimator. The performance of the proposed technique is determined by evaluating the positioning errors in a typical room. Also this chapter develops the accuracy of the positioning system by using different ideas with average techniques. The discussion of the results for averaging technique is displayed.",signatures:"Eman Shawky Abd El-Fattah Amer",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78179",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78179",authors:[{id:"342023",title:"Dr.",name:"Eman Shawky",surname:"Amer",slug:"eman-shawky-amer",fullName:"Eman Shawky Amer"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"4623",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Utilisation and System Integration",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a95f39bf464b9e664978e0ed8e4d77ca",slug:"renewable-energy-utilisation-and-system-integration",bookSignature:"Wenping Cao and Yihua Hu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4623.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"174154",title:"Prof.",name:"Wenping",surname:"Cao",slug:"wenping-cao",fullName:"Wenping Cao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5835",title:"Development and Integration of Microgrids",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f7816bff39f3662d16a4df91841e2b5b",slug:"development-and-integration-of-microgrids",bookSignature:"Wen-Ping Cao and Jin Yang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5835.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"174154",title:"Prof.",name:"Wenping",surname:"Cao",slug:"wenping-cao",fullName:"Wenping Cao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2278",title:"Advances in Wavelet Theory and Their Applications in Engineering, Physics and Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"43f8c4f3571860f51c18deef213fa8cb",slug:"advances-in-wavelet-theory-and-their-applications-in-engineering-physics-and-technology",bookSignature:"Dumitru Baleanu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2278.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"105623",title:"Dr.",name:"Dumitru",surname:"Baleanu",slug:"dumitru-baleanu",fullName:"Dumitru Baleanu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4459",title:"Kalman Filter",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"979e6a0dfff2bfee783d07a92c0ed8b1",slug:"kalman-filter",bookSignature:"Vedran Kordic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4459.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"150",title:"Adaptive Filtering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"54fd85b236699142f3eeb7e80cb6b291",slug:"adaptive-filtering",bookSignature:"Lino Garcia",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/150.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"682",title:"Dr.",name:"Lino",surname:"Garcia Morales",slug:"lino-garcia-morales",fullName:"Lino Garcia Morales"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6547",title:"Wavelet Theory and Its Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"18c8eeba76232a47936f09f42fc739e6",slug:"wavelet-theory-and-its-applications",bookSignature:"Sudhakar Radhakrishnan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6547.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"26327",title:"Dr.",name:"Sudhakar",surname:"Radhakrishnan",slug:"sudhakar-radhakrishnan",fullName:"Sudhakar Radhakrishnan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7466",title:"Introduction and Implementations of the Kalman Filter",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b5b8ce013c3cdac70704f8edef9d9944",slug:"introduction-and-implementations-of-the-kalman-filter",bookSignature:"Felix Govaers",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7466.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"209490",title:"Dr.",name:"Felix",surname:"Govaers",slug:"felix-govaers",fullName:"Felix Govaers"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6799",title:"Structural Health Monitoring from Sensing to Processing",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dc048dca9ab7aaec08b4e7fde410f9d8",slug:"structural-health-monitoring-from-sensing-to-processing",bookSignature:"Magd Abdel Wahab, Yun Lai Zhou and Nuno Manuel Mendes Maia",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6799.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"235628",title:"Dr.",name:"Magd Abdel",surname:"Wahab",slug:"magd-abdel-wahab",fullName:"Magd Abdel Wahab"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10397",title:"LabVIEW",subtitle:"A Flexible Environment for Modeling and Daily Laboratory Use",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"44082cb927f5a6fd83b9b071b84d4619",slug:"labview-a-flexible-environment-for-modeling-and-daily-laboratory-use",bookSignature:"Riccardo de Asmundis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10397.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"43508",title:"Prof.",name:"Riccardo",surname:"de Asmundis",slug:"riccardo-de-asmundis",fullName:"Riccardo de Asmundis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"79043",slug:"corrigendum-the-application-of-electric-drive-technologies-i",title:"Corrigendum: Application of Electric Drive Technologies in City Buses",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/79043.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/79043",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/79043",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/79043",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/79043",chapter:{id:"41487",slug:"the-application-of-electric-drive-technologies-in-city-buses",signatures:"Zlatomir Živanović and Zoran Nikolic",dateSubmitted:"April 4th 2012",dateReviewed:"July 21st 2012",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"December 19th 2012",book:{id:"3196",title:"New Generation of Electric Vehicles",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"New Generation of Electric Vehicles",slug:"new-generation-of-electric-vehicles",publishedDate:"December 19th 2012",bookSignature:"Zoran Stevic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3196.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"30692",title:"Dr.",name:"Zoran",middleName:"M.",surname:"Stevic",slug:"zoran-stevic",fullName:"Zoran Stevic"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"154524",title:"Dr.",name:"Zlatomir",middleName:null,surname:"Zivanovic",fullName:"Zlatomir Zivanovic",slug:"zlatomir-zivanovic",email:"zzivanovic@vinca.rs",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Belgrade",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Serbia"}}},{id:"164696",title:"Dr.",name:"Zoran",middleName:null,surname:"Nikolic",fullName:"Zoran Nikolic",slug:"zoran-nikolic",email:"zor.nikolic@yahoo.com",position:null,institution:null}]}},chapter:{id:"41487",slug:"the-application-of-electric-drive-technologies-in-city-buses",signatures:"Zlatomir Živanović and Zoran Nikolic",dateSubmitted:"April 4th 2012",dateReviewed:"July 21st 2012",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"December 19th 2012",book:{id:"3196",title:"New Generation of Electric Vehicles",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"New Generation of Electric Vehicles",slug:"new-generation-of-electric-vehicles",publishedDate:"December 19th 2012",bookSignature:"Zoran Stevic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3196.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"30692",title:"Dr.",name:"Zoran",middleName:"M.",surname:"Stevic",slug:"zoran-stevic",fullName:"Zoran Stevic"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"154524",title:"Dr.",name:"Zlatomir",middleName:null,surname:"Zivanovic",fullName:"Zlatomir Zivanovic",slug:"zlatomir-zivanovic",email:"zzivanovic@vinca.rs",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Belgrade",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Serbia"}}},{id:"164696",title:"Dr.",name:"Zoran",middleName:null,surname:"Nikolic",fullName:"Zoran Nikolic",slug:"zoran-nikolic",email:"zor.nikolic@yahoo.com",position:null,institution:null}]},book:{id:"3196",title:"New Generation of Electric Vehicles",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"New Generation of Electric Vehicles",slug:"new-generation-of-electric-vehicles",publishedDate:"December 19th 2012",bookSignature:"Zoran Stevic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3196.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"30692",title:"Dr.",name:"Zoran",middleName:"M.",surname:"Stevic",slug:"zoran-stevic",fullName:"Zoran Stevic"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"6052",leadTitle:null,title:"Cartilage Repair and Regeneration",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This work is the result of a partnership that began in 2011, when I received for the first time the invitation to be the scientific editor of a book on bone grafting, by the still little publisher known as InTech. Now six years later, InTech has grown and thrived. My respect and warm approval for the quality of the publisher's work only increased. The hyaline cartilage is a tissue that challenges tissue engineering and regenerative medicine because of its avascular nature. In the 11 chapters of this book, the reader will find texts written by researchers working on advanced topics related to basic laboratory research, as well as excellent reviews on the clinical use of currently available therapies.",isbn:"978-953-51-3789-4",printIsbn:"978-953-51-3788-7",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4020-7",doi:"10.5772/67903",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"cartilage-repair-and-regeneration",numberOfPages:228,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,hash:"e4881b3685ffd70f3f4d3d2c49b1d7f6",bookSignature:"Alessandro R. Zorzi and Joao Batista de Miranda",publishedDate:"February 14th 2018",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6052.jpg",keywords:null,numberOfDownloads:13571,numberOfWosCitations:7,numberOfCrossrefCitations:9,numberOfDimensionsCitations:14,numberOfTotalCitations:30,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"February 20th 2017",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"March 13th 2017",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"September 22nd 2017",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 22nd 2017",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 22nd 2017",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"5 years",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"80871",title:"M.D.",name:"Alessandro Rozim",middleName:null,surname:"Zorzi",slug:"alessandro-rozim-zorzi",fullName:"Alessandro Rozim Zorzi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/80871/images/system/80871.jpeg",biography:'Prof. Dr. Alessandro Rozim Zorzi (M.D., M.Sc., Ph.D.) is the Supervisor of Orthopedic Surgery Medical Residency Program at the State University of Campinas, Researcher and Lecturer of graduation and post graduation at São Leopoldo Mandic Medical School in Brazil. He is the author of dozens of international publications such as original articles, review articles, and book chapters. He is also the editor of the scientific blog "Femur Distal" (http://www.blogs.unicamp.br/femurdistal) and editor of five previous books with IntechOpen since 2014: "Bone Grafting"; "Osteonecrosis"; "Advanced Techniques in Bone Regeneration"; "Primary Total Knee Arthroplasty"; and "Cartilage Repair and Regeneration".',institutionString:"State University of Campinas",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"5",institution:{name:"State University of Campinas",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}],coeditorOne:{id:"84386",title:"Prof.",name:"João",middleName:null,surname:"Batista de Miranda",slug:"joao-batista-de-miranda",fullName:"João Batista de Miranda",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/84386/images/system/84386.jpg",biography:"Professor João Batista de Miranda is the chairman of the Division of Knee Surgery and Inflammatory Diseases, at the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Campinas State University (Unicamp), Brazil. He performs teaching activities with medical students, orthopedic fellows, and postgraduating researchers. He also develops research and clinical care. He is currently the superintendent of the Unicamp Teaching Hospital. Prof. Miranda obtained PhD with an experimental study on bone regeneration and on allografts. He has published several scientific articles in international journals and is coeditor of the book Bone Grafting of InTechOpen.",institutionString:"University of Campinas",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"State University of Campinas",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"980",title:"Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine",slug:"tissue-engineering-and-regenerative-medicine"}],chapters:[{id:"57520",title:"Viruses: Friends and Foes",slug:"viruses-friends-and-foes",totalDownloads:1045,totalCrossrefCites:3,authors:[{id:"80655",title:"Dr.",name:"Lara J.",surname:"Herrero",slug:"lara-j.-herrero",fullName:"Lara J. Herrero"},{id:"222233",title:"Dr.",name:"Penny A.",surname:"Rudd",slug:"penny-a.-rudd",fullName:"Penny A. Rudd"}]},{id:"57030",title:"Chondrocyte Turnover in Lung Cartilage",slug:"chondrocyte-turnover-in-lung-cartilage",totalDownloads:1197,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[{id:"79264",title:"Dr.",name:"Gilberto",surname:"Jaramillo-Rangel",slug:"gilberto-jaramillo-rangel",fullName:"Gilberto Jaramillo-Rangel"},{id:"88485",title:"Dr.",name:"Ivett",surname:"Miranda-Maldonado",slug:"ivett-miranda-maldonado",fullName:"Ivett Miranda-Maldonado"},{id:"88489",title:"Dr.",name:"Marta",surname:"Ortega-Martinez",slug:"marta-ortega-martinez",fullName:"Marta Ortega-Martinez"},{id:"203340",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",surname:"Niderhauser-García",slug:"alberto-niderhauser-garcia",fullName:"Alberto Niderhauser-García"},{id:"216608",title:"BSc.",name:"Yareth",surname:"Gopar-Cuevas",slug:"yareth-gopar-cuevas",fullName:"Yareth Gopar-Cuevas"},{id:"216609",title:"Dr.",name:"Adriana",surname:"Ancer-Arellano",slug:"adriana-ancer-arellano",fullName:"Adriana Ancer-Arellano"},{id:"216612",title:"Dr.",name:"María-De-Lourdes",surname:"Chávez-Briones",slug:"maria-de-lourdes-chavez-briones",fullName:"María-De-Lourdes Chávez-Briones"},{id:"216613",title:"MSc.",name:"Laura",surname:"Rodríguez-Flores",slug:"laura-rodriguez-flores",fullName:"Laura Rodríguez-Flores"}]},{id:"58093",title:"Alternative Therapeutic Approach for Cartilage Repair",slug:"alternative-therapeutic-approach-for-cartilage-repair",totalDownloads:1258,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[{id:"219924",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Sandra",surname:"Barbalho",slug:"sandra-barbalho",fullName:"Sandra Barbalho"},{id:"222572",title:"Dr.",name:"Marina",surname:"Akuri",slug:"marina-akuri",fullName:"Marina Akuri"},{id:"222573",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariana",surname:"Barion",slug:"mariana-barion",fullName:"Mariana Barion"},{id:"222574",title:"Dr.",name:"Elen",surname:"Guiguer",slug:"elen-guiguer",fullName:"Elen Guiguer"}]},{id:"56848",title:"Cell Therapy and Tissue Engineering for Cartilage Repair",slug:"cell-therapy-and-tissue-engineering-for-cartilage-repair",totalDownloads:1158,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[{id:"14784",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco J.",surname:"Blanco",slug:"francisco-j.-blanco",fullName:"Francisco J. Blanco"}]},{id:"56883",title:"Macroscopic Anatomy, Histopathology, and Image Diagnosis of Joints and Synovial Cartilages",slug:"macroscopic-anatomy-histopathology-and-image-diagnosis-of-joints-and-synovial-cartilages",totalDownloads:1267,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"186594",title:"Prof.",name:"Flávio",surname:"Alves",slug:"flavio-alves",fullName:"Flávio Alves"},{id:"213831",title:"MSc.",name:"Renan Paraguassu",surname:"De Sá Rodrigues",slug:"renan-paraguassu-de-sa-rodrigues",fullName:"Renan Paraguassu De Sá Rodrigues"},{id:"213832",title:"MSc.",name:"Andrezza Braga Soares",surname:"Da Silva",slug:"andrezza-braga-soares-da-silva",fullName:"Andrezza Braga Soares Da Silva"},{id:"213833",title:"Dr.",name:"Gerson Tavares",surname:"Pessoa",slug:"gerson-tavares-pessoa",fullName:"Gerson Tavares Pessoa"},{id:"213834",title:"Dr.",name:"Laecio Da Silva Moura",surname:"Moura",slug:"laecio-da-silva-moura-moura",fullName:"Laecio Da Silva Moura Moura"},{id:"213835",title:"MSc.",name:"Jacyara De Jesus Rosa Pereira",surname:"Alves",slug:"jacyara-de-jesus-rosa-pereira-alves",fullName:"Jacyara De Jesus Rosa Pereira Alves"},{id:"213836",title:"MSc.",name:"Kássio Vieira",surname:"Macedo",slug:"kassio-vieira-macedo",fullName:"Kássio Vieira Macedo"},{id:"213837",title:"Dr.",name:"Robson",surname:"Giglio",slug:"robson-giglio",fullName:"Robson Giglio"}]},{id:"56567",title:"Chondral Lesion in the Hip Joint and Current Chondral Repair Techniques",slug:"chondral-lesion-in-the-hip-joint-and-current-chondral-repair-techniques",totalDownloads:1377,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[{id:"42138",title:"Dr.",name:"Adrian J",surname:"Cassar Gheiti",slug:"adrian-j-cassar-gheiti",fullName:"Adrian J Cassar Gheiti"},{id:"161549",title:"Prof.",name:"Kevin J",surname:"Mulhall",slug:"kevin-j-mulhall",fullName:"Kevin J Mulhall"},{id:"212364",title:"Mr.",name:"Neil G",surname:"Burke",slug:"neil-g-burke",fullName:"Neil G Burke"},{id:"212365",title:"Ms.",name:"Theresa Michelle",surname:"Cassar-Gheiti",slug:"theresa-michelle-cassar-gheiti",fullName:"Theresa Michelle Cassar-Gheiti"}]},{id:"56983",title:"Osteochondritis Dissecans of the Knee",slug:"osteochondritis-dissecans-of-the-knee",totalDownloads:1224,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"205941",title:"M.D.",name:"Paul",surname:"Saluan",slug:"paul-saluan",fullName:"Paul Saluan"},{id:"206536",title:"Dr.",name:"Anthony",surname:"Egger",slug:"anthony-egger",fullName:"Anthony Egger"}]},{id:"57375",title:"Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation: Scaffold-Based Solutions",slug:"autologous-chondrocyte-implantation-scaffold-based-solutions",totalDownloads:1302,totalCrossrefCites:2,authors:[{id:"206602",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"David",surname:"Flanigan",slug:"david-flanigan",fullName:"David Flanigan"},{id:"212887",title:"Dr.",name:"Joshua",surname:"Everhart",slug:"joshua-everhart",fullName:"Joshua Everhart"},{id:"212888",title:"Dr.",name:"Nicholas",surname:"Early",slug:"nicholas-early",fullName:"Nicholas Early"}]},{id:"57662",title:"Management of Knee Cartilage Defects with the Autologous Matrix-Induced Chondrogenesis (AMIC) Technique",slug:"management-of-knee-cartilage-defects-with-the-autologous-matrix-induced-chondrogenesis-amic-techniqu",totalDownloads:1151,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"73667",title:"Prof.",name:"Michael E.",surname:"Hantes",slug:"michael-e.-hantes",fullName:"Michael E. Hantes"},{id:"215889",title:"Dr.",name:"Apostolos H.",surname:"Fyllos",slug:"apostolos-h.-fyllos",fullName:"Apostolos H. Fyllos"}]},{id:"57076",title:"MRI Mapping for Cartilage Repair Follow-up",slug:"mri-mapping-for-cartilage-repair-follow-up",totalDownloads:1181,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"205716",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Mokhtar",surname:"Mars",slug:"mokhtar-mars",fullName:"Mokhtar Mars"}]},{id:"58354",title:"Applied Basic Science of the Auricular Cartilage",slug:"applied-basic-science-of-the-auricular-cartilage",totalDownloads:1419,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"219104",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohamed Khamis Tolba Mahmoud",surname:"Abdalla",slug:"mohamed-khamis-tolba-mahmoud-abdalla",fullName:"Mohamed Khamis Tolba Mahmoud Abdalla"}]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"185545",firstName:"Martina",lastName:"Usljebrka Kauric",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/185545/images/4749_n.jpg",email:"martina.u@intechopen.com",biography:"As a Commissioning Editor at IntechOpen, I work closely with our collaborators in the selection of book topics for the yearly publishing plan and in preparing new book catalogues for each season. This requires extensive analysis of developing trends in scientific research in order to offer our readers relevant content. Creating the book catalogue is also based on keeping track of the most read, downloaded and highly cited chapters and books and relaunching similar topics. I am also responsible for consulting with our Scientific Advisors on which book topics to add to our catalogue and sending possible book proposal topics to them for evaluation. Once the catalogue is complete, I contact leading researchers in their respective fields and ask them to become possible Academic Editors for each book project. Once an editor is appointed, I prepare all necessary information required for them to begin their work, as well as guide them through the editorship process. I also assist editors in inviting suitable authors to contribute to a specific book project and each year, I identify and invite exceptional editors to join IntechOpen as Scientific Advisors. I am responsible for developing and maintaining strong relationships with all collaborators to ensure an effective and efficient publishing process and support other departments in developing and maintaining such relationships."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"5164",title:"Advanced Techniques in Bone Regeneration",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e99f852544eefac23fb5fe0697c2096d",slug:"advanced-techniques-in-bone-regeneration",bookSignature:"Alessandro Rozim Zorzi and Joao Batista de Miranda",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5164.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"80871",title:"M.D.",name:"Alessandro Rozim",surname:"Zorzi",slug:"alessandro-rozim-zorzi",fullName:"Alessandro Rozim Zorzi"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"943",title:"Bone Grafting",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9afab8beeb4879b2751907783a3de842",slug:"bone-grafting",bookSignature:"Alessandro Zorzi and Joao Batista de Miranda",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/943.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"80871",title:"M.D.",name:"Alessandro Rozim",surname:"Zorzi",slug:"alessandro-rozim-zorzi",fullName:"Alessandro Rozim Zorzi"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6145",title:"Primary Total Knee Arthroplasty",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"18df110af120b1a8e88e0a1ded2aba75",slug:"primary-total-knee-arthroplasty",bookSignature:"Alessandro Rozim Zorzi and João Batista de Miranda",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6145.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"80871",title:"M.D.",name:"Alessandro Rozim",surname:"Zorzi",slug:"alessandro-rozim-zorzi",fullName:"Alessandro Rozim Zorzi"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5522",title:"Osteonecrosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"108218b008b3e8768c595a6ab363c331",slug:"osteonecrosis",bookSignature:"Alessandro R Zorzi and Joao Batista de Miranda",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5522.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"80871",title:"M.D.",name:"Alessandro Rozim",surname:"Zorzi",slug:"alessandro-rozim-zorzi",fullName:"Alessandro Rozim Zorzi"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"314",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",subtitle:"Cells and Biomaterials",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb67e80e480c86bb8315458012d65686",slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3348",title:"Tissue Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"39bb39271df3b373edb7d5e2cdeffb18",slug:"tissue-engineering",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3348.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3361",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fe914d49a96b3dcd00d27292ae23536e",slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering",bookSignature:"Jose A. Andrades",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3361.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"40914",title:"Prof.",name:"Jose A.",surname:"Andrades",slug:"jose-a.-andrades",fullName:"Jose A. Andrades"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"786",title:"Advances in Regenerative Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"06d8a9addc021349418ffcc670142467",slug:"advances-in-regenerative-medicine",bookSignature:"Sabine Wislet-Gendebien",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/786.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"65329",title:"Dr.",name:"Sabine",surname:"Wislet",slug:"sabine-wislet",fullName:"Sabine Wislet"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"560",title:"Bone Regeneration",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"293cde681a800f168d0b3ceb13bac38a",slug:"bone-regeneration",bookSignature:"Haim Tal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/560.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"97351",title:"Prof.",name:"Haim",surname:"Tal",slug:"haim-tal",fullName:"Haim Tal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"637",title:"Tissue Engineering for Tissue and Organ Regeneration",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5bef0b1c31f0555294c7d49580c8d241",slug:"tissue-engineering-for-tissue-and-organ-regeneration",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/637.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"74766",title:"Wavelet Theory and Application in Communication and Signal Processing",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95047",slug:"wavelet-theory-and-application-in-communication-and-signal-processing",body:'
1. Introduction
We are familiar with real world signals such as speech signal, temperature of a patient in every hour etc. Generally, signals are visualized as a time domain graph. In literature, it is possible to express same information in many different languages; in a similar fashion signals can be represented in frequency domain to convey the message [1]. These signals can be processed to achieve desired outputs or to carry out certain actions according to the application.
2. Concept of frequency and time domain analysis
2.1 Frequency domain
Figure 1 represents a sinusoidal signal expressed in time and frequency domain. The representation in frequency domain shows there is only one frequency component in the waveform. This representation is simple to extract behavior of signal compared to that in time domain in majority of real-world applications.
Figure 1.
Representation of a 100 Hz sinusoidal signal in time and frequency domain.
In real world, not the signals are processed in frequency domain to arrive at desired output, since they simplify the analysis mathematically [2]. In applications like control engineering, differential equations are used to represent systems. Frequency domain analysis converts the differential equations to algebraic equations which are relatively easy to solve. Applications related to speech, image and video also gets simplified with the use of frequency domain approach since the sensory organs interprets the signal in frequency domain.
2.2 Fourier analysis - the tool used to convert to frequency domain
Any signal which satisfy Dirichlet conditions (signals with finite number of discontinuity, finite maximum or minimum magnitude) can be converted to frequency domain by Fourier analysis. For analog signals Fourier series or Fourier transform if signal is periodic or aperiodic, respectively. The corresponding counterparts for discrete signals are Discrete Fourier series and Discrete Fourier transform [1]. Fourier analysis can be visualized as inner product of a kernel function with the signal. For example, to find the coefficient corresponding to 100 Hz, find the inner product of signal with a kernel which is a unit sine wave of 100 Hz.
2.2.1 Time frequency analysis - short time Fourier transform
Fourier transforms (FT) assumes periodicity if waveform is known for a finite duration of time and it works only for stationary signals. For non-stationary signals it fails to provide complete behavior of signal. As an example, consider the waveform given in Figure 2. The signal has constantly changing frequency. But Fourier analysis represents it as a combination of 1 Hz and 2 Hz present all the time. If the application demands to initiate some operations when the frequency starts to change, Fourier analysis cannot be used for the application. In order to tackle these difficulties Short Time Fourier Transform (STFT) is used.
Figure 2.
Non-stationary sinusoidal signal of varying frequency in time and frequency domain.
In STFT signal is divided into small sub intervals or windows and FT is calculated for each sub interval separately. The problem of STFT is the choice of time windows; low frequencies require large time windows and high frequencies need a short time windows to provide required resolution in time and frequency. This resolution issue is similar to the Heisenberg uncertainty principle relating position and speed which are analogous to time and frequency respectively [3]. Figure 3 shows STFT of the chirp signal given in Figure 2. It is evident that the time localization of frequency is not clearly defined in STFT output. Frequency values corresponding to the 200 Hz and 300 Hz are present across the time interval 49.5 to 50 ms. But Figure 2 indicated only 300 Hz was present between time 49.5 to 50 ms.
Figure 3.
STFT of chirp signal.
3. Wavelets
As discussed in Section 1.2 the kernel of FT is not time limited (exists for all time values) and this is the bottleneck for analyzing a non-stationary signal. Wavelets are waveforms which are time limited or exists only for a given time period only. Wavelets are useful for examining aperiodic, noisy signal in both time and frequency domain simultaneously. The word “wavelet” means a “small wave”. There are variety of wavelets available which are selected according to the application. The short duration wavelet is superimposed to the signal under consideration for a short duration of time and decompose them to useful form. This process is called wavelet transform. The method of transforming the decomposed signal to original wave is called inverse wavelet transform.
There are the two ways the wavelets are manipulated. The transform of the entire signal is done by translating the wavelet to the next instance of time called as translation. If the signal is of different frequency the mother wavelet is expanded or contracted. This method is called as dilation.
3.1 Continuous wavelet transform (CWT)
Mathematical expression for wavelet function is
ψa,bt=1aψt−baE1
where a represents the scaling parameter for dilation and ‘b’ represents the moving parameter for translation for the entire signal location [4].
Continuous wavelet transform follows two properties.
∫−∞∞ψtdt=0E2
∫−∞∞ψt2=0E3
For the CWT the mathematical expression C(a, b) obtained by integrating the input function with the wavelet is
Cab=∫tft1aψt−badtE4
Figure 4.
Signal with the translated Morlet wavelet [5].
Figures 4 and 5 represent the translation and dilation of wavelets respectively.
Figure 5.
Dilated Morlet wavelet [5].
3.2 Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT)
Eq. 1 represents the CWT, on substituting a=2−j and b=k2−j the equation will become as Dab=∫tft2−jψ2jt−kdt, where j refer to the scale.
Haar scaling and wavelet functions are given as
ϕt=1,0≤t<10otherwiseE5
ψt=1,0≤t<1/2−11/2≤t<1E6
The scaling coefficients are [h(0), h(1)]= [1, 1] and wavelet coefficients are [g(0), g(1)] = [1, −1]. The scaling and the wavelet functions shown in Figure 6 are orthogonal with each other. The decomposition of coefficients done by scaling function is done by the low pass filter and wavelet function is by the high pass filter [5].
Figure 6.
Haar scaling ϕ (t) and wavelet function ψ(t) [5].
For eg. Let us consider a signal having function f(t) as
ft=2,0<t≤14,2<t≤33,4<t≤5E7
If the signal is decomposed by Haar scaling, the function will be
ft=2ϕt+4ϕt−1+4ϕt−2+3ϕt−3+3ϕt−4E8
3.3 Properties of the scaling and wavelet functions
The scaling and wavelet functions are orthogonal to each other
The scaling function and translates are orthogonal to each other.
The area of the scaling function is equal to one.
The scaling function and translates of wavelet function are orthonormal to each other.
All the above conditions are satisfied by all the scaling and wavelet coefficients. Nonlinear equations are derived using the numerical values of the coefficients [5].
4. Analysis and synthesis of signals
As discussed in Section 2, h(n) and g(n) are the dilation coefficients.
The refinement relation can be written as
ϕt=∑n=0N−1hn2ϕ2t−nE9
ψt=∑n=0N−1gn2ϕ2t−nE10
where h(n) and g(n) are the scaling and wavelet coefficients, N is the support of wavelet [4].
4.1 Decomposition of signal
The analysis of the signal or the decomposition of the signal can be represented in a block diagram as decomposing input into low frequency and high frequency samples.
Let us consider a signal having function f(t) as
ft=2,0<t≤14,2<t≤33,4<t≤5E11
If the signal is decomposed by Haar scaling, the function will be
ft=2ϕt+4ϕt−1+4ϕt−2+3ϕt−3+3ϕt−4E12
The decomposed output of the low pass filter shown in Figure 7 can be visualized as the average of the immediate signals.
Figure 7.
Block diagram of one level of decomposition of signal.
Figure 7 represents the decomposition and reconstruction of one level of the signal. Let us consider the vector space of the input function f(t) is V2. After decomposition the samples are decomposed as f1(t) of low frequency samples spanning the vector space of V1 and high frequency samples g1(t) of high frequency spanning the vector space of W1.
If the signal f1(t) is again decomposed (second level of decomposition), then they are still split up as low frequency samples say f2(t) spanning the vector space V0 and the high frequency samples say g2(t) spanning the vector space W0. Like this, the signal can be decomposed for any level there by splitting the signal with the cut off frequency as per the coefficients of the filter h(n) and g(n).
For V2 space the vector space can be written as
V2=V1⊕W1
V2=V0⊕W0⊕W1E13
Frequency band split and the vector space is shown in the Figure 8.
Figure 8.
Frequency split for a two-level decomposition.
Thus, decomposition is the process in which the signal of high resolution is converted to signal of two orthogonal signal of low resolution [5].
4.2 Reconstruction of signal
The synthesis or the reconstruction of the signal can be represented in a block diagram (Figure 9) combining input low frequency and high frequency samples.
Figure 9.
Block diagram of one level of reconstruction of signal.
For a perfectly matched filter the signal f(t) given as input in the analysis filter and the output of the reconstruction filter r(t) will be equal.
Any signal resolution in the present level and previous level are orthogonal. This property was useful for the wavelets to be used for Multiresolution Analysis (MRA) [4].
4.3 Decomposition of 2-D signal
Two-dimensional signal is an image that has row and column pixel or samples. Wavelet decomposition of the image can be done by scanning the pixel values in a regular fashion and given as input to the decomposition block as explained in Section 3.1. Two types of scanning methods are used for reading the row-column pixel values thereby converting the 2-D signal to 1-D. They are raster scanning and Morton scanning.
Figure 10 shows the scanning of pixel values in the horizontal direction. Once the samples are decomposed by sending it to the block in Figure 7, then the pixels are then scanned vertically and again decomposed. This completes one level of decomposition of 2-D signal. After horizontal decompose, the image will be separated as Low pass and high pass pixels in horizontal fashion. Once the vertical decompose is done followed by horizontal the image is divided into two rows and two columns named as LL, LH, HL, HH as shown in Figure 11.
Figure 10.
Scanning of pixels.
Figure 11.
Bands of 2-D after one level of decomposition.
For a second level of decomposition the scanning process is done to the LL band of the first level and LL band is again decomposed as LL1, LH1, HL1, HH1. Thus, the high-resolution signal is transformed to Low frequency and high frequency bands. For higher levels, the process is repeated for the LL bands leading to the coarser resolutions [5].
4.4 Reconstruction of 2-D signal
The decomposed signal after processing can be reconstructed by up sample the data by two and then convoluted with the filter of low and high frequency coefficients. This need to be done for all the sub bands and the values are summed up to move from the coarser scale to high resolution scale. This process is repeated to reach the final image is reached [5].
5. Applications
5.1 Wavelets in communication system
Wavelets are suited for communication systems due to its potential to handle non stationary behavior and to segregate information into uncorrelated segments. This section provides a brief about various methodologies to extract benefits of wavelets into communication systems.
5.1.1 OFDM systems using wavelets
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) uses multicarrier technique by dividing the spectrum into many subcarriers and each subcarrier gets modulated by low data rate. If M symbols are required to be transmitted, M orthogonal subcarriers are used to modulate each symbols.
Wavelet packet transforms can be effectively used in OFDM systems Figure 4.1 shows a wavelet packet based system.
In Figure 12, M band IDWT is used to split the signal to smaller sub bands while the M band DWT is used to combine the sub bands. The wavelet packet transform structure is given in Figure 13. Here sub band division is done in both approximation and detail coefficients compared with a discrete wavelet transform.
Figure 12.
Wavelet based OFDM system [6].
Figure 13.
Wavelet packet based combining or splitting into sub bands in OFDM system.
Wavelet based OFDM systems provides improved Bit Error Rate (BER) and peak-to-average-power ratio (PAPR) performance compared to conventional OFDM system using FFT. Due to large number of sub band carriers, OFDM has high PAPR and makes it sensitive to nonlinear effects. Wavelet based system controls the PAPR ratio and results in improved performance compared to FFT based systems. Applications of Wavelets in 4G, 5G and beyond was reported in literature [6, 7, 8]. Selection of wavelet and level plays an important role and is promising field for future research.
5.2 Wavelets in biomedical applications
Bio medical signal processing is a promising field for future research. Wavelet transform can be used effectively in combination with artificial intelligence to provide solution to many problems. Bio medical signals are generally one dimensional time series data (Electro Cardiogram- ECG, electroencephalogram -EEG) or an image (X ray, ultrasound scan, MRI). Accordingly a 1D or 2D wavelet transform can be used to process the signal. Wavelet transform helps to divide the signal to uncorrelated sub bands due to orthogonality property. The transform coefficients or a part of it (say certain level coefficients) are used as feature for classifying the signal is a common methodology that can be adopted for a variety of applications. Recent advancement in neural networks like CNN with wavelet coefficients as input features opens up stage for a wide variety of research solutions. Another promising category of application is in signal preprocessing to remove unwanted information in biomedical signals [9] with thresholding techniques. A complete list of applications is beyond the scope of this book chapter, a few applications of wavelets are described briefly in coming sections.
5.2.1 Wavelets in EEG signal processing
Wavelet transform with suitable mother wavelet and appropriate level of transform has to be selected to extract maximum performance for a given application. Figure 14 gives a general block level representation for an EEG signal classification system to detect abnormality type.
Figure 14.
Wavelet based EEG signal classification system.
EEG signal after required preprocessing steps to remove noise is passed through a DWT step to divide it to different sub bands. The required sub bands are further passed through a thresholding step (optional) to remove certain features that do not contribute to abnormalities. The DWT coefficients are fed as input to a neural network classifier to classify the signal to different categories based on the abnormality. The challenges in these signal processing is selection of wavelets, level of transform, threshold calculations, selection of neural network of appropriate level and availability of data to train the network to achieve a desired accuracy [10]. In [11] EEG classification system 5 level decomposition with Db4 wavelet is used to extract features for a neural network classifier is described to arrive at success rate of 94% to identify healthy, epilepsy syndrome and seizure cases with 250 and 50 training and testing samples of EEG respectively. Similar kind of systems can be used to classify ECG signals as well. In [12] Haar wavelet transform was used to identify characteristics of ECG wave. QRS complex detection sensitivity above 99% was reported. Here wavelet packet transform for 20 levels are done and D20 coefficient was used to detect R wave of ECG signal.
5.2.2 Wavelets in cancer detection
Wavelets can be effectively used for abnormality detection in biomedical images. In [13] wavelet decomposition coefficients are used to extract features by calculating 2 level Haar wavelet transform and extract mean, standard deviation and energy of the transform coefficients as features for extraction of abnormal areas in image.
Figure 15 shows the block schematics of the system described in [13].
Figure 15.
Block diagram of breast cancer diagnosis system [13].
5.2.3 Research scope for wavelets in COVID 19
Cough detection is one of the important application in monitoring of public places and to monitor people in isolation or quarantine. Ability of wavelet to model nonstationary signal is a potential strength here since cough signals (audio) are non stationary time series signal. Currently Arduino based cough detection systems are being developed as low cost cough detection system. In these system Mel Frequency Cepstral Coefficient (MFCC) are used to extract feature from cough signals to train neural network model like Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) [14]. Wavelets can be used instead of MFCC for feature extraction to improve system accuracy. This require further research to arrive at optimized set of wavelets and appropriate level of transform.
5.3 Image compression
In today’s world handling of huge amount of data is complex. Conversion of large data files into smaller one is important for storing and transmission. This conversion process is called as data compression. This is important in this digital era. The reverse process is called as decompression. Several algorithms are proposed for efficient conversion process. Lossy and Lossless compression techniques are used in different applications. JPEG image compression technique is the standard technique used. It uses Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) for the frequency domain conversion followed by Huffman coding [5].
5.3.1 EZW (embedded zero tree) coder
EZW algorithm was proposed by Shapiro. After applying Wavelet transform on an image the pixels will be converted to four bands of pixels as explained in Section 3.3. then the wavelet coefficients are passed to the EZW encoder. It is a progressive encoding which is embedded encoding with high accuracy. EZW is a lossless compressor which can be applied for any level of decomposition [15].
EZW takes care of coding both time and space. After decomposition, the pixels are represented as trees. One coefficient in the lower sub band will have four children. Each of the children will have four more grandchildren in the next higher sub band. Figure 16 represents the relationship between the coefficients of lower sub bands with the higher sub bands.
Figure 16.
Wavelet coefficients and their relationships with sub bands.
Each tree is coded with a symbol as P, N, T, Z. For every decomposition levels, the pixels are categorized to two passes as Dominant pass and Subordinate pass. Dominant pass will find the pixel values which are above the threshold value and subordinate pass quantize all the pixel values in the present pass and the previous dominant pass. The threshold value is calculated using the equation
T0=2log2(MaxCxyE14
where (x, y) are the coordinates of the image and C (x, y) represent the pixel coefficient. The main advantage of the EZW coder is that the output can be coded for the desired size. The eliminated pixels are least significant bits and the low frequency pixel are not eliminated entirely.
5.3.2 SPIHT Coder:
SPIHT algorithm was designed by Said and Pearlman. This algorithm has a spatial relationship with the children and grandchildren of the pixels. As in EZW algorithm SPHIT algorithm has two passes, sorting and refinement pass. In the sorting pass, the List of Insignificant Pixel (LIP) is updated comparing with the threshold value. Then the List of Insignificant Set (LIS) is updated. The sorting of LIS is to have a single zero for the set of coefficients and zero trees. In the refinement pass, the List of significant Pixel (LSP) is used to refine the coefficients with the current threshold. For the next level the threshold will be halved [16].
5.3.3 Performance analysis.
The performance of the compressor algorithms is evaluated by PSNR (Peak Signal to Noise Ratio) and MSE (Mean Square Error)
PSNRdb=10log102552MSEE15
MSE=1mn∑i=0m−1∑j=0n−1Iij−Kij2
where m and n are the number of rows and columns.
where Iij is the coefficients of the original image and Kij is the coefficients of the decompressed image. When the original image and the decompressed image are same, they subtracts each other and the value of MSE is equal to zero. So lesser the value of MSE the better the compression by the coder. The performance of SPHIT algorithm and EZW algorithm outperforms the JPEG standard compression algorithm.
6. Conclusion
Frequency domain approach is a powerful tool in signal processing since many of the natural system like human auditory system works based on frequency content of audio signals. Fourier transform is a conventional tool to convert the signal from time to frequency domain. However, FT fails for non-stationary signals. In such a situation wavelet transforms are primarily useful for processing non stationary signals. Applications demanding time and frequency information simultaneously wavelets are considered as a potential tool to provide tangible results. Ability of wavelet transform to split signals into orthogonal bands makes them suitable in communication systems. Improved BER and PAPR performance is highlight of wavelet based system. Biomedical signals like speech, scan images etc. can be processed effectively with wavelet transform in conjunction with techniques like neural network classifier can be thought as an efficient method to solve a multitude of problems. Compression and preprocessing of signal are other categories of wavelet applications. Artificial Intelligence techniques are considered as a hot research topic in recent technology. A combination of wavelet based feature extraction and AI techniques can be applied to problems demanding processing of big data.
Acknowledgments
The research leading to these results has received funding from the Ministry of Higher Education, Research and Innovation in the Sultanate of Oman under Covid19 Funding Program. TRC Block Funding Agreement No [TRC/CRP/MEC/COVID-19/20/09].
\n',keywords:"1-D and 2-D signals, continuous wavelet transform (CWT), discrete wavelet transform (DWT), orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), image compression, cough detection",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/74766.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/74766.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74766",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74766",totalDownloads:651,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,totalAltmetricsMentions:0,impactScore:1,impactScorePercentile:68,impactScoreQuartile:3,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"June 23rd 2020",dateReviewed:"November 17th 2020",datePrePublished:"January 21st 2021",datePublished:"February 24th 2021",dateFinished:"January 11th 2021",readingETA:"0",abstract:"Wavelet analysis is the recent development in applied mathematics. For several applications, Fourier analysis fails to provide tangible results due to non-stationary behavior of signals. In such situation, wavelet transforms can be used as a potential alternative. The book chapter starts with the description about importance of frequency domain representation with the concept of Fourier series and Fourier transform for periodic, aperiodic signals in continuous and discrete domain followed by shortcoming of Fourier transform. Further, Short Time Fourier Transform (STFT) will be discussed to induce the concept of time frequency analysis. Explanation of Continuous Wavelet Transform (CWT) and Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) will be provided with the help of theoretical approach involving mathematical equations. Decomposition of 1D and 2D signals will be discussed suitable examples, leading to application concept. Wavelet based communication systems are becoming popular due to growing multimedia applications. Wavelet based Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) technique and its merit also presented. Biomedical signal processing is an emerging field where wavelet provides considerable improvement in performance ranging from extraction of abnormal areas and improved feature extraction scheme for further processing. Advancement in multimedia systems together with the developments in wireless technologies demands effective data compression schemes. Wavelet transform along with EZW, SPIHT algorithms are discussed. The chapter will be a useful guide to undergraduate and post graduate who would like to conduct a research study that include wavelet transform and its usage.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/74766",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/74766",book:{id:"10065",slug:"wavelet-theory"},signatures:"Nizar Al Bassam, Vidhyalavanya Ramachandran and Sumesh Eratt Parameswaran",authors:[{id:"209205",title:"Dr.",name:"Nizar",middleName:null,surname:"Albassam",fullName:"Nizar Albassam",slug:"nizar-albassam",email:"nazarhooby@yahoo.co.uk",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"MEC",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"329233",title:"Dr.",name:"Sumesh",middleName:null,surname:"EP",fullName:"Sumesh EP",slug:"sumesh-ep",email:"sumesh@mec.edu.om",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"335241",title:"Dr.",name:"Dr. Vidhya Lavanya",middleName:null,surname:"Ramachandran",fullName:"Dr. Vidhya Lavanya Ramachandran",slug:"dr.-vidhya-lavanya-ramachandran",email:"vidhya@mec.edu.om",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"Middle East College",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Oman"}}}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Concept of frequency and time domain analysis",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2_2",title:"2.1 Frequency domain",level:"2"},{id:"sec_3_2",title:"2.2 Fourier analysis - the tool used to convert to frequency domain",level:"2"},{id:"sec_3_3",title:"2.2.1 Time frequency analysis - short time Fourier transform",level:"3"},{id:"sec_6",title:"3. Wavelets",level:"1"},{id:"sec_6_2",title:"3.1 Continuous wavelet transform (CWT)",level:"2"},{id:"sec_7_2",title:"3.2 Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT)",level:"2"},{id:"sec_8_2",title:"3.3 Properties of the scaling and wavelet functions",level:"2"},{id:"sec_10",title:"4. Analysis and synthesis of signals",level:"1"},{id:"sec_10_2",title:"4.1 Decomposition of signal",level:"2"},{id:"sec_11_2",title:"4.2 Reconstruction of signal",level:"2"},{id:"sec_12_2",title:"4.3 Decomposition of 2-D signal",level:"2"},{id:"sec_13_2",title:"4.4 Reconstruction of 2-D signal",level:"2"},{id:"sec_15",title:"5. Applications",level:"1"},{id:"sec_15_2",title:"5.1 Wavelets in communication system",level:"2"},{id:"sec_15_3",title:"5.1.1 OFDM systems using wavelets",level:"3"},{id:"sec_17_2",title:"5.2 Wavelets in biomedical applications",level:"2"},{id:"sec_17_3",title:"5.2.1 Wavelets in EEG signal processing",level:"3"},{id:"sec_18_3",title:"5.2.2 Wavelets in cancer detection",level:"3"},{id:"sec_19_3",title:"5.2.3 Research scope for wavelets in COVID 19",level:"3"},{id:"sec_21_2",title:"5.3 Image compression",level:"2"},{id:"sec_21_3",title:"5.3.1 EZW (embedded zero tree) coder",level:"3"},{id:"sec_22_3",title:"5.3.2 SPIHT Coder:",level:"3"},{id:"sec_23_3",title:"5.3.3 Performance analysis.",level:"3"},{id:"sec_26",title:"6. Conclusion",level:"1"},{id:"sec_27",title:"Acknowledgments",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Oppenheim A, Schafer R. Discrete-Time Signal Processing. 3rd ed. Essex: Pearson New International Edition; 2013. ISBN-10:1–292–02572-7'},{id:"B2",body:'Cadence PCB Solutions. Time Domain Analysis vs Frequency Domain Analysis: A Guide and Comparison [Internet]. 2020. Available from: https://resources.pcb.cadence.com/blog/2020-time-domain-analysis-vs-frequency-domain-analysis-a-guide-and-comparison [Accessed: 2020-08-20]'},{id:"B3",body:'Robi Polikar. Wavelet tutorial [internet]. Available from: http://users.rowan.edu/∼polikar/WTpart1.htmll [Accessed: 2020-08-28]'},{id:"B4",body:'Strang G, Nguyen T. Wavelets and Filter Banks. 2nd ed. Wellesly – Cambridge Press; 1996. ISBN- 10: 0961408871'},{id:"B5",body:'Soman KP. Insights into Wavelets : From Theory to Practice. Gardners Books; 2004. ISBN-10 : 8120326504'},{id:"B6",body:'M. F. Raji, J. P. Li, A. U. Hao, E. Raji, M. Happy. Performance Evaluation of Orthogonal Wavelet Division Multiplex for 5G and Beyond. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Computer Conference on Wavelet Active Media Technology and Information Processing, Chengdu, China: IEEE; 2019, pp. 1–5, doi: 10.1109/ICCWAMTIP47768.2019.9067577'},{id:"B7",body:'Wenwen L, Zheng D, Lin Q, Chengzhuo S. Wavelet Transform Based Modulation Classification for 5G and UAV Communication in Multipath Fading Channel . Physical Communications. Elsevier, 34, 2019, pp 272–282'},{id:"B8",body:'R. Kaur, A. Singh. PAPR and Spectrum Analysis of 4G and 5G Techniques. In Proceedings of 2019 International Conference on Wireless Communications Signal Processing and Networking (WiSPNET), Chennai, India, 2019, pp. 18–21, doi: 10.1109/WiSPNET45539.2019.9032858'},{id:"B9",body:'Giulia B, Eleonora S, Monica U, Roberto T, Luigi R, Danilo P. Wavelet Denoising as a Post-Processing Enhancement Method for Non-Invasive Foetal Electrocardiography. Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine. Elsevier, 195, 2020, 105558'},{id:"B10",body:'I. Omerhodzic, S. Avdakovic, A. Nuhanovic, K. Dizdarevic Energy Distribution of EEG Signals: EEG Signal Wavelet-Neural Network Classifier, https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1307/1307.7897.pdf accessed on 14/10/2020]'},{id:"B11",body:'Prochazka A, Kukal J, Vysata O. Wavelet transform use for feature extraction and EEG signal segments classification. In Proc. 2008 IEEE Communications, Control and Signal Processing, 3rd International Symposium, pp. 719–722'},{id:"B12",body:'Hsieh JC, Tzeng WC, Yang YC, Shieh S M. Detecting ECG characteristic points by novel hybrid wavelet transforms: an evaluation of clinical SCP-ECG database. Computers in Cardiology, 2005, Lyon, 2005, pp. 751–754, doi: 10.1109/CIC.2005.1588213'},{id:"B13",body:'S. Benmazou, Merouani HF. Wavelet based feature extraction method for breast cancer diagnosis, 2018 4th International Conference on Advanced Technologies for Signal and Image Processing (ATSIP), Sousse, 2018, pp. 1–5, doi: 10.1109/ATSIP.2018.8364477'},{id:"B14",body:'Igor D. S, Miranda, Andreas H. D, Thomas RN. A Comparative Study of Features for Acoustic Cough Detection Using Deep Architectures [Internet]. Available from: https://dsp.sun.ac.za/∼trn/reports/miranda+diacon+niesler_embc19.pdf'},{id:"B15",body:'Mischel M, Yves M, Oppenheim G, Jean Michel P. The EZW Algorithm [Internet]. 2007. Available from: [Accessed 2020-09-21] https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/9780470612491.app1'},{id:"B16",body:'Mukherjee D, Mitra S. Mint: Vector SPIHT for Embedded Wavelet Video and Image Coding, IEEE Trans. Circuits and Syst. Video Tech. March 2003'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Nizar Al Bassam",address:"nazarhooby@yahoo.co.uk",affiliation:'
'}],corrections:null},book:{id:"10065",type:"book",title:"Wavelet Theory",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Wavelet Theory",slug:"wavelet-theory",publishedDate:"February 24th 2021",bookSignature:"Somayeh Mohammady",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10065.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:"978-1-83881-948-4",printIsbn:"978-1-83881-947-7",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83881-955-2",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",numberOfWosCitations:2,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"109280",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammady",slug:"somayeh-mohammady",fullName:"Somayeh Mohammady"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"974"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"74096",type:"chapter",title:"Time Frequency Analysis of Wavelet and Fourier Transform",slug:"time-frequency-analysis-of-wavelet-and-fourier-transform",totalDownloads:1170,totalCrossrefCites:6,signatures:"Karlton Wirsing",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"325178",title:"Dr.",name:"Karlton",middleName:null,surname:"Wirsing",fullName:"Karlton Wirsing",slug:"karlton-wirsing"}]},{id:"74371",type:"chapter",title:"Wavelet Theory: Applications of the Wavelet",slug:"wavelet-theory-applications-of-the-wavelet",totalDownloads:410,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Mohammed S. Mechee, Zahir M. Hussain and Zahrah Ismael Salman",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"323755",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed S Mechee",middleName:null,surname:"Mechee",fullName:"Mohammed S Mechee Mechee",slug:"mohammed-s-mechee-mechee"},{id:"324142",title:"Prof.",name:"Zahir",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",fullName:"Zahir Hussain",slug:"zahir-hussain"},{id:"346621",title:"Dr.",name:"Zahrah Ismael",middleName:null,surname:"Salman",fullName:"Zahrah Ismael Salman",slug:"zahrah-ismael-salman"}]},{id:"74766",type:"chapter",title:"Wavelet Theory and Application in Communication and Signal Processing",slug:"wavelet-theory-and-application-in-communication-and-signal-processing",totalDownloads:651,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Nizar Al Bassam, Vidhyalavanya Ramachandran and Sumesh Eratt Parameswaran",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"209205",title:"Dr.",name:"Nizar",middleName:null,surname:"Albassam",fullName:"Nizar Albassam",slug:"nizar-albassam"},{id:"329233",title:"Dr.",name:"Sumesh",middleName:null,surname:"EP",fullName:"Sumesh EP",slug:"sumesh-ep"},{id:"335241",title:"Dr.",name:"Dr. Vidhya Lavanya",middleName:null,surname:"Ramachandran",fullName:"Dr. Vidhya Lavanya Ramachandran",slug:"dr.-vidhya-lavanya-ramachandran"}]},{id:"74374",type:"chapter",title:"Wavelet Based Multicarrier Modulation (MCM) Systems: PAPR Analysis",slug:"wavelet-based-multicarrier-modulation-mcm-systems-papr-analysis",totalDownloads:347,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Jamaluddin Zakaria and Mohd Fadzli Mohd Salleh",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"325304",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Mohd Fadzli",middleName:null,surname:"Mohd Salleh",fullName:"Mohd Fadzli Mohd Salleh",slug:"mohd-fadzli-mohd-salleh"},{id:"325310",title:"Dr.",name:"Jamaluddin",middleName:null,surname:"Zakaria",fullName:"Jamaluddin Zakaria",slug:"jamaluddin-zakaria"}]},{id:"74032",type:"chapter",title:"Wavelets for EEG Analysis",slug:"wavelets-for-eeg-analysis",totalDownloads:1166,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Nikesh Bajaj",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"326400",title:"Dr.",name:"Nikesh",middleName:null,surname:"Bajaj",fullName:"Nikesh Bajaj",slug:"nikesh-bajaj"}]},{id:"74490",type:"chapter",title:"Ultra-High Performance and Low-Cost Architecture of Discrete Wavelet Transforms",slug:"ultra-high-performance-and-low-cost-architecture-of-discrete-wavelet-transforms",totalDownloads:423,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Mouhamad Chehaitly, Mohamed Tabaa, Fabrice Monteiro, Safa Saadaoui and Abbas Dandache",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"323340",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohamed",middleName:null,surname:"Tabaa",fullName:"Mohamed Tabaa",slug:"mohamed-tabaa"},{id:"323344",title:"Dr.",name:"Safa",middleName:null,surname:"Saadaoui",fullName:"Safa Saadaoui",slug:"safa-saadaoui"},{id:"323345",title:"Dr.",name:"Mouhamad",middleName:null,surname:"Chehaitly",fullName:"Mouhamad Chehaitly",slug:"mouhamad-chehaitly"},{id:"344628",title:"Dr.",name:"Fabrice",middleName:null,surname:"Monteiro",fullName:"Fabrice Monteiro",slug:"fabrice-monteiro"},{id:"344629",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbas",middleName:null,surname:"Dandache",fullName:"Abbas Dandache",slug:"abbas-dandache"}]},{id:"74031",type:"chapter",title:"Fault Detection, Diagnosis, and Isolation Strategy in Li-Ion Battery Management Systems of HEVs Using 1-D Wavelet Signal Analysis",slug:"fault-detection-diagnosis-and-isolation-strategy-in-li-ion-battery-management-systems-of-hevs-using-",totalDownloads:443,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Nicolae Tudoroiu, Mohammed Zaheeruddin, Roxana-Elena Tudoroiu and Sorin Mihai Radu",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"239295",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Nicolae",middleName:null,surname:"Tudoroiu",fullName:"Nicolae Tudoroiu",slug:"nicolae-tudoroiu"},{id:"239611",title:"Dr.",name:"Sorin-Mihai",middleName:null,surname:"Radu",fullName:"Sorin-Mihai Radu",slug:"sorin-mihai-radu"},{id:"243050",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohamed",middleName:null,surname:"Zaheeruddin",fullName:"Mohamed Zaheeruddin",slug:"mohamed-zaheeruddin"},{id:"326060",title:"Dr.",name:"Roxana-Elena",middleName:null,surname:"Tudoroiu",fullName:"Roxana-Elena Tudoroiu",slug:"roxana-elena-tudoroiu"}]},{id:"73918",type:"chapter",title:"Industrial IoT Using Wavelet Transform",slug:"industrial-iot-using-wavelet-transform",totalDownloads:329,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Mohamed Tabaa, Safa Saadaoui, Mouhamad Chehaitly, Aamre Khalil, Fabrice Monteiro and Abbas Dandache",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"323340",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohamed",middleName:null,surname:"Tabaa",fullName:"Mohamed Tabaa",slug:"mohamed-tabaa"},{id:"323344",title:"Dr.",name:"Safa",middleName:null,surname:"Saadaoui",fullName:"Safa Saadaoui",slug:"safa-saadaoui"},{id:"323345",title:"Dr.",name:"Mouhamad",middleName:null,surname:"Chehaitly",fullName:"Mouhamad Chehaitly",slug:"mouhamad-chehaitly"},{id:"323346",title:"Dr.",name:"Aamre",middleName:null,surname:"Khalil",fullName:"Aamre Khalil",slug:"aamre-khalil"},{id:"323347",title:"Prof.",name:"Fabrice",middleName:null,surname:"Monteiro",fullName:"Fabrice Monteiro",slug:"fabrice-monteiro"},{id:"323348",title:"Prof.",name:"Abbas",middleName:null,surname:"Dandache",fullName:"Abbas Dandache",slug:"abbas-dandache"}]},{id:"74597",type:"chapter",title:"Wavelet Transform for Signal Processing in Internet-of-Things (IoT)",slug:"wavelet-transform-for-signal-processing-in-internet-of-things-iot-",totalDownloads:348,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Indrakshi Dey and Shama Siddiqui",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"321151",title:"Dr.",name:"Indrakshi",middleName:null,surname:"Dey",fullName:"Indrakshi Dey",slug:"indrakshi-dey"}]},{id:"74434",type:"chapter",title:"The Discrete Quincunx Wavelet Packet Transform",slug:"the-discrete-quincunx-wavelet-packet-transform",totalDownloads:452,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Abdesselam Bassou",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"325295",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdesselam",middleName:null,surname:"Bassou",fullName:"Abdesselam Bassou",slug:"abdesselam-bassou"}]},{id:"74347",type:"chapter",title:"Uncertainty and the Oracle of Market Returns: Evidence from Wavelet Coherence Analysis",slug:"uncertainty-and-the-oracle-of-market-returns-evidence-from-wavelet-coherence-analysis",totalDownloads:334,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Joan Nix and Bruce D. McNevin",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"225668",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Joan",middleName:null,surname:"Nix",fullName:"Joan Nix",slug:"joan-nix"},{id:"323479",title:"Dr.",name:"Bruce",middleName:null,surname:"McNevin",fullName:"Bruce McNevin",slug:"bruce-mcnevin"}]},{id:"75021",type:"chapter",title:"Case Study: Coefficient Training in Paley-Wiener Space, FFT, and Wavelet Theory",slug:"case-study-coefficient-training-in-paley-wiener-space-fft-and-wavelet-theory",totalDownloads:337,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Kayupe Kikodio Patrick",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"325290",title:"Dr.",name:"Kayupe Kikodio",middleName:null,surname:"Patrick",fullName:"Kayupe Kikodio Patrick",slug:"kayupe-kikodio-patrick"}]},{id:"74258",type:"chapter",title:"Wavelet Filter Banks Using Allpass Filters",slug:"wavelet-filter-banks-using-allpass-filters",totalDownloads:344,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Xi Zhang",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"323093",title:"Prof.",name:"Xi",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",fullName:"Xi Zhang",slug:"xi-zhang"}]},{id:"73875",type:"chapter",title:"A Wavelet Threshold Function for Treatment of Partial Discharge Measurements",slug:"a-wavelet-threshold-function-for-treatment-of-partial-discharge-measurements",totalDownloads:376,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Caio F.F.C. Cunha, Mariane R. Petraglia, André T. Carvalho and Antonio C.S. Lima",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"1553",title:"Prof.",name:"Mariane",middleName:null,surname:"Petraglia",fullName:"Mariane Petraglia",slug:"mariane-petraglia"},{id:"272211",title:"Dr.",name:"Caio Fleming",middleName:"Ferreira De Carvalho",surname:"Cunha",fullName:"Caio Fleming Cunha",slug:"caio-fleming-cunha"},{id:"324697",title:"Dr.",name:"André",middleName:null,surname:"Carvalho",fullName:"André Carvalho",slug:"andre-carvalho"},{id:"324699",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio Carlos",middleName:"Siqueira",surname:"S. Lima",fullName:"Antonio Carlos S. Lima",slug:"antonio-carlos-s.-lima"}]},{id:"73428",type:"chapter",title:"Use of Daubechies Wavelets in the Representation of Analytical Functions",slug:"use-of-daubechies-wavelets-in-the-representation-of-analytical-functions",totalDownloads:383,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Paulo César Linhares da Silva",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"329037",title:"Prof.",name:"Paulo",middleName:null,surname:"Silva",fullName:"Paulo Silva",slug:"paulo-silva"}]},{id:"74037",type:"chapter",title:"Higher Order Haar Wavelet Method for Solving Differential Equations",slug:"higher-order-haar-wavelet-method-for-solving-differential-equations",totalDownloads:410,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Jüri Majak, Mart Ratas, Kristo Karjust and Boris Shvartsman",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"323886",title:"Prof.",name:"Jüri",middleName:null,surname:"Majak",fullName:"Jüri Majak",slug:"juri-majak"},{id:"329594",title:"Mr.",name:"Mart",middleName:null,surname:"Ratas",fullName:"Mart Ratas",slug:"mart-ratas"},{id:"329595",title:"Prof.",name:"Kristo",middleName:null,surname:"Karjust",fullName:"Kristo Karjust",slug:"kristo-karjust"},{id:"329596",title:"Prof.",name:"Boris",middleName:null,surname:"Shvartsman",fullName:"Boris Shvartsman",slug:"boris-shvartsman"}]},{id:"74536",type:"chapter",title:"COVID-19 Outbreak and Co-Movement of Global Markets: Insight from Dynamic Wavelet Correlation Analysis",slug:"covid-19-outbreak-and-co-movement-of-global-markets-insight-from-dynamic-wavelet-correlation-analysi",totalDownloads:399,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Maurice Omane-Adjepong, Imhotep Paul Alagidede and John Bosco Dramani",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"324897",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Maurice",middleName:null,surname:"Omane-Adjepong",fullName:"Maurice Omane-Adjepong",slug:"maurice-omane-adjepong"},{id:"327959",title:"Prof.",name:"Imhotep",middleName:null,surname:"Paul Alagidede",fullName:"Imhotep Paul Alagidede",slug:"imhotep-paul-alagidede"},{id:"335781",title:"Dr.",name:"John",middleName:null,surname:"Dramani Bosco",fullName:"John Dramani Bosco",slug:"john-dramani-bosco"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8383",title:"Multiplexing",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"57b7f473289c825517f17b8e18d893fc",slug:"multiplexing",bookSignature:"Somayeh Mohammady",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8383.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"109280",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",surname:"Mohammady",slug:"somayeh-mohammady",fullName:"Somayeh Mohammady"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"67242",title:"Introductory Chapter: Multiplexing History - How It Applies to Current Technologies",slug:"introductory-chapter-multiplexing-history-how-it-applies-to-current-technologies",signatures:"Somayeh Mohammady and Pooria Varahram",authors:[{id:"109280",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammady",fullName:"Somayeh Mohammady",slug:"somayeh-mohammady"}]},{id:"67713",title:"Multiplexing",slug:"multiplexing",signatures:"Vijayakumar Nandalal and M.S. Sumalatha",authors:[{id:"285973",title:"Dr.",name:"Nandalal",middleName:null,surname:"Vijayakumar",fullName:"Nandalal Vijayakumar",slug:"nandalal-vijayakumar"},{id:"297986",title:"Mrs.",name:"Sumalatha",middleName:null,surname:"M S",fullName:"Sumalatha M S",slug:"sumalatha-m-s"}]},{id:"66562",title:"Overview of Multiplexing Techniques in Wireless Networks",slug:"overview-of-multiplexing-techniques-in-wireless-networks",signatures:"Pedram Kheirkhah Sangdeh and Huacheng Zeng",authors:[{id:"286202",title:"Dr.",name:"Huacheng",middleName:null,surname:"Zeng",fullName:"Huacheng Zeng",slug:"huacheng-zeng"},{id:"286204",title:"Mr.",name:"Pedram",middleName:null,surname:"Kheirkhah Sangdeh",fullName:"Pedram Kheirkhah Sangdeh",slug:"pedram-kheirkhah-sangdeh"}]},{id:"66803",title:"Coherent Receiver for Turbo Coded Single-User Massive MIMO-OFDM with Retransmissions",slug:"coherent-receiver-for-turbo-coded-single-user-massive-mimo-ofdm-with-retransmissions",signatures:"K. Vasudevan, Shivani Singh and A. Phani Kumar Reddy",authors:[{id:"284388",title:"Prof.",name:"Kasturi",middleName:null,surname:"Vasudevan",fullName:"Kasturi Vasudevan",slug:"kasturi-vasudevan"},{id:"284392",title:"Ms.",name:"Shivani",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",fullName:"Shivani Singh",slug:"shivani-singh"},{id:"284393",title:"Mr.",name:"A. Phani Kumar",middleName:null,surname:"Reddy",fullName:"A. Phani Kumar Reddy",slug:"a.-phani-kumar-reddy"}]},{id:"66776",title:"Direct Sequence-Optical Code-Division Multiple Access (DS-OCDMA): Receiver Structures for Performance Improvement",slug:"direct-sequence-optical-code-division-multiple-access-ds-ocdma-receiver-structures-for-performance-i",signatures:"Younes Zouine and Zhour Madini",authors:[{id:"289842",title:"Prof.",name:"Younes",middleName:null,surname:"Zouine",fullName:"Younes Zouine",slug:"younes-zouine"},{id:"289844",title:"Prof.",name:"Zhour",middleName:null,surname:"Madini",fullName:"Zhour Madini",slug:"zhour-madini"}]},{id:"68586",title:"Optically Multiplexed Systems: Wavelength Division Multiplexing",slug:"optically-multiplexed-systems-wavelength-division-multiplexing",signatures:"Meena Dasan, Fredy Francis, Kundil T. Sarath, Elambilayi Dipin and Talabattula Srinivas",authors:[{id:"292618",title:"Dr.",name:"Meena",middleName:null,surname:"Dasan",fullName:"Meena Dasan",slug:"meena-dasan"},{id:"292620",title:"Mr.",name:"Fredy",middleName:null,surname:"Francis",fullName:"Fredy Francis",slug:"fredy-francis"},{id:"292622",title:"Mr.",name:"Sarath",middleName:null,surname:"K T",fullName:"Sarath K T",slug:"sarath-k-t"},{id:"292623",title:"Mr.",name:"Dipin",middleName:null,surname:"E",fullName:"Dipin E",slug:"dipin-e"},{id:"292624",title:"Dr.",name:"Srinivas",middleName:null,surname:"T",fullName:"Srinivas T",slug:"srinivas-t"}]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"5411",title:"Fourier Transforms",subtitle:"High-tech Application and Current Trends",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5c45d1a91daef66093a42a82448a70f0",slug:"fourier-transforms-high-tech-application-and-current-trends",bookSignature:"Goran S. Nikolic, Milorad D. Cakic and Dragan J. Cvetkovic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5411.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"23261",title:"Prof.",name:"Goran",surname:"Nikolic",slug:"goran-nikolic",fullName:"Goran Nikolic"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10065",title:"Wavelet Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8868e332169597ba2182d9b004d60de",slug:"wavelet-theory",bookSignature:"Somayeh Mohammady",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10065.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"109280",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",surname:"Mohammady",slug:"somayeh-mohammady",fullName:"Somayeh Mohammady"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6444",title:"New Insights into Bayesian Inference",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8a6c48ec7bdf923a126816fdbbb24274",slug:"new-insights-into-bayesian-inference",bookSignature:"Mohammad Saber Fallah Nezhad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6444.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"150393",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammad Saber Fallah",surname:"Nezhad",slug:"mohammad-saber-fallah-nezhad",fullName:"Mohammad Saber Fallah Nezhad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7653",title:"Wavelet Transform and Complexity",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"74bd7559ad44e50940d35974905e98ee",slug:"wavelet-transform-and-complexity",bookSignature:"Dumitru Baleanu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7653.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"105623",title:"Dr.",name:"Dumitru",surname:"Baleanu",slug:"dumitru-baleanu",fullName:"Dumitru Baleanu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8181",title:"Applied Mathematics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"85b873324d4e1af230fea39738ba9be5",slug:"applied-mathematics",bookSignature:"Bruno Carpentieri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8181.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"92921",title:"Dr.",name:"Bruno",surname:"Carpentieri",slug:"bruno-carpentieri",fullName:"Bruno Carpentieri"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[{type:"book",id:"6223",title:"Chaos Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fac2355e6108735e443616453ae50a11",slug:"chaos-theory",bookSignature:"Kais A. Mohamedamen Al Naimee",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6223.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"45521",title:"Prof.",name:"Kais A. M.",surname:"Al Naimee",slug:"kais-a.-m.-al-naimee",fullName:"Kais A. M. Al Naimee"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10065",title:"Wavelet Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8868e332169597ba2182d9b004d60de",slug:"wavelet-theory",bookSignature:"Somayeh Mohammady",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10065.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"109280",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",surname:"Mohammady",slug:"somayeh-mohammady",fullName:"Somayeh Mohammady"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"74654",title:"Tropheryma whipplei Endocarditis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95378",slug:"-em-tropheryma-whipplei-em-endocarditis",body:'
1. Introduction
Tropheryma whipplei, formerly Tropheryma whipplei, is an intracellular gram-positive Actinobacteria ubiquitous in the environment that is involved in a large variety of clinical forms [1, 2]. The initial name was proposed by Relman et al. in 1992, and comes from the Greek trophe, nourishment, and eryma, barrier, due to the malabsorption it causes, and from the surname of George Hoyt Whipple [3]. In 2001, the name of the bacterium was slightly modified to conform to the proper spelling of Dr. George H. Whipple’s name [4].
Dr. Whipple was the first who reported, in 1907, a “hitherto undescribed disease” he named “intestinal lipodystrophy” in a 36-year-old man with malabsortion, weight loss, diarrhea, migratory polyarthritis, cough and mesenteric lymphadenopathy [5]. Now, we refer to this disease as Whipple’s disease. Although this disease was first described at the beginning of the last century, the hypothesis of its bacterial origin goes back to the late 40’s and was supported with use of periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining and the success of the first antibiotic treatment [6, 7]. Subsequently, the presence of the microorganism was confirmed by electron microscopy (rod-shaped organism), polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of the 16S rRNA and finally by culture [1, 3, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12]. The isolation and later sequencing of its genome made possible to define its antibiotic susceptibility [13, 14, 15, 16].
Until recently, T. whipplei was known to be only the causative agent of Whipple’s disease, now called by some authors “classical Whipple disease”, a rare chronic multisystemic infection [5]. Incidence of Whipple’s disease was reported in approximately 1 per 1.000.000, although it remains unclear and epidemiological estimates varies among different studies [17, 18, 19]. Classical form of Whipple’s disease usually involves the gastrointestinal tract, joints and central nervous system with malabsorption, diarrhea, abdominal pain and/or weight loss and arthralgia as prominent manifestations. Cardiac, ocular or other organs involvement has been also reported in patients with Whipple’s disease [20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29]. The knowledge of the genome of T. whipplei has allowed developing specific and sensible tools that have let to involve this microorganism in a broad spectrum of clinical conditions [13, 14]. Therefore, T. whipplei can produce acute localized forms of infection such as pneumonia [30, 31], bacteremia [32], acute diarrhea [33, 34], uveitis [35, 36]; sub-acute forms such as adenitis [37] and chronic forms as uveitis [38], and, overall, endocarditis [39, 40].
T. whipplei has also been detected in asymptomatic carriers based, mainly, on stools and saliva analysis with very different prevalence among populations [41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52]. The carriage of T. whipplei varies considerably across studies and subjects. Many factors are involved in those differences such as the geographical region, exposure or the age of the studied subjects. The prevalence of asymptomatic carriers of T. whipplei in Africa and Asia is higher than in Europe and it is also higher in children than in adults [49, 50, 51, 53]. Actinobacteria are environmental microorganisms that can be found in freshwater, soil or seawater sediments, this fact could explain the high prevalence of T. whipplei in people expose to sewage and sewage plant workers [2, 41, 47, 54, 55]. People in contact with patients with Whipple’s disease, as patients’ relatives or carriers, or those with poor hygiene conditions such as homeless, also presents higher prevalences [56, 57, 58, 59]. Differences between the targets used for the PCR and the samples used have been also observed and could explain these reported differences [52, 60]. Li et al. assessed that genomic variants of T. whipplei are associated with neither the organotropism of the bacteria nor the geographical residence of the individuals [61], however later studies show that different genotypes are more frequent in some populations [34, 56, 58, 62]. Therefore, despite Whipple’s disease is rare, the high number of healthy carriers, the ubiquitous presence of the bacteria in the environment [41, 47, 57, 59] and the possibility of interhuman transmission [49, 56, 57, 58, 59, 63, 64] make T. whipplei a common bacterium in humans.
2. Epidemiology
First implication of T. whipplei as causative agent of infective endocarditis was reported in Switzerland in 1997, in a patient with blood culture negative endocarditis (BCNE) using a broad-range PCR followed by sequencing [64]. Curiously, first stable cultivation of the bacterium of Whipple’s disease was carried out in 2000, from the mitral valve of a patient with BCNE [1]. Since then, the number of cases has increased and to date T. whipplei endocarditis is one of the more frequent causes of BCNE in some areas [65, 66].
BCNE is a relative frequent condition among endocarditis representing 5–30% in big series [67, 68, 69, 70]. The main reasons are the previous administration of antimicrobials and fastidiously culture microorganisms [67, 68, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75]. The application of molecular tools has allowed doing new approximations to the etiology of BCNE and new agents have been involved [69].
Sporadic cases of T. whipplei endocarditis have been reported from different countries, but there are few published series of T. whipplei endocarditis. France, Spain, Germany and Switzerland have the largest number of diagnosed cases [39, 64, 65, 70]. This fact could be due to their larger experience in the knowledge and use of the molecular tools to heart valves [40]. The incidence of T. whipplei endocarditis among BCNE varies depending on the series. The incidence rate estimated varies between 2.6% and 7.1% depending on the country (France: 2.6% [76], Spain and Denmark: 3.5% [70, 77], Switzerland: 4.3% [78], Germany: 6.3% [65], Czech Republic: 7.1% [79]). However, it is difficult to know the true incidence of T. whipplei endocarditis since its study by molecular tools is not the rule in all hospitals. Thus, several parameters seem to affect the incidence of T. whipplei endocarditis such as the diagnostic tools available, the working group experience and the true incidence itself [39].
Comorbidities or other predisposing risk factors have been not uniformly reported in the literature [118]. Previous valvular affectation has been documented in 21% of the diagnosed cases, while prosthetic valve replacement previously to the event seems not an important condition (<5% of the available series). Alcohol abuse has been reported in very few cases, however alcohol intake (>60 g/d) was referred by the 23.5% of the patients in the Spanish series [70]. Previous cardiac condition or a cardiac event (i.e., coronary heart disease) has been observed in 50% of cases [66]. Data of historical immunosuppression forms (autoimmune disease or immunosuppressive therapies such as steroids or tumor necrosis factor inhibitors) have been reported in 21 cases (12%).
Classical Whipple’s disease has been reported as concomitant with the diagnose of endocarditis in few cases (6%) [66, 70]. However, in lot of cases this data is not available and in some of them although, classical Whipple’s Disease has not been diagnosed, it cannot be excluded.
The signs and symptoms T. whipplei endocarditis are not the typical ones. Fever has been only reported in 21% of the cases. Cardiac failure and arthralgia have been shown as the main presenting symptoms and have been described in 43% and 52% of patients, respectively. Cardiac failure is of special interest because it is the first manifestation in a high percentage of patients. Long lasting arthralgias presence as a prominent symptom varies depending on the series. While in the French series arthralgias were present in 75% of patients [39], in the Spanish one this condition was present in 53% [70]. These variations could be due to this symptom is sometimes weak and only detected after an exhaustive clinical research. Some authors suggest that, in those patients with sub-acute endocarditis and low-grade fever or not fever, if arthralgias are present, T. whipplei as causative agent should be suspected [39, 103]. Asthenia and malaise lasting more than six months were notified by the 41.2% of the patients in one series [70]. Other signs such as weight loss or gastrointestinal symptoms have been observed in 25% and 21% of the reported patients [118]. In addition, central nervous system manifestations (i.e., emboli) have been detected in 16% of patients.
The valve involved in patients with T. whipplei endocarditis has been predominantly the aortic (63%). Involvement of multiple valves (mainly aortic valve in combination with the mitral or tricuspid valve, and mitral-tricuspid affection) has been noticed in 23% of patients. Only mitral valve affectation has been observed in 20% of patients and tricuspid valve just in six of 174 patients (3%). Native valve was affected in the vast majority of cases.
Echocardiography features are one of the most valuable tools for suspecting infectious endocarditis. According to the literature, when these data were recorded, presence of vegetations was observed in more than the half of patients [66]. In our series, echocardiography was performed in all patients (both transthoracic and transesophageal in more than 80%) and allowed the diagnosis of infectious endocarditis in 70% of patients through the visualization of vegetations in the vast majority, or by indirect signs in a few [70]. Valve vegetation from a patient after cardiac valve surgery is shown in Figure 1. In the French series, echocardiography showed vegetations in 78% of the patients, but these data are not recorded in the German one [39, 65]. Data of vegetation appearance or size is rarely reported. Data of size vegetations when available, shown a minimum size of 5 mm and a maximum of 33 mm [118].
Figure 1.
Valve vegetation specimen obtained after surgery from a patient with T whipplei endocarditis.
The main laboratory recording abnormalities at the time of the diagnosis have been anemia, which was detected in 40% of patients but this date can reach 88.2% in some series, and increasing of C-reactive protein in range from 2.3 to 137 mg/L [70]. In patients who had heart failure, B-type natriuretic peptide (BNPs) of up to 2536 ng/L has been also reported [118].
Main characteristics of patients are shown in Table 1.
% (No.)
Patients (No.)
174
Epidemiological data
Medium Age (years)
57
Male gender
85% (148)
Medical history
Immunosuppression
12% (21)
Valvular abnormality
21.8% (38)
Affected valve
Aortic
63% (110)
Mitral
20.7% (36)
Tricuspid
3.4% (6)
Multiple valves
22.9% (40)
Presenting symptoms
Arthralgia
51.7% (90)
Heart failure
43% (75)
Weight loss
25.2% (44)
Fever
21.3% (37)
Central nervous system
16.1% (28)
Gastrointestinal symptoms
20,7% (36)
Laboratory abnormalities
Anemia
39,1% (68)
Outcome
Valve surgery
73.5% (128)
Death
17.8% (31)
Table 1.
Main clinical epidemiological, clinical and outcome characteristics of patients with T. whipplei endocarditis reported in the literature. Updated from McGee et al. [118].
4. Diagnosis
The suspicion and diagnosis of T. whipplei endocarditis is complicated. To date, 174 cases have been reported but, due to the difficulties for the identification of T. whipplei, the prevalence of the endocarditis it causes could be underestimated [119].
Diagnosis of T. whipplei endocarditis remains a challenge for several reasons. One of them is because this endocarditis does not exhibit the typical sings (no fever nor peripheral stigmata and low inflammatory response) and blood cultures used to be negative; therefore, modified Duke’s criteria are ineffective for diagnosis before heart valve analysis [39]. In this sense, some series have shown that only 3.6% patients met criteria for endocarditis according to the modified Duke criteria and 60.7% met for possible endocarditis [39]. It is very difficult to perform a microbiological or histological diagnose without analyzing the surgical remove valve. Routine blood and tissue culture are not often useful for the diagnosis. Thus, the diagnosis is often made post-surgery and valve analysis requires specialized laboratories, moreover if culture of the bacteria is intended to carry out.
Different targets have been used for molecular analyses. PCR based on the 16S rRNA amplification and subsequent sequencing has been widely used and has been the first-line screening in our series. However, some authors alert that this broad-spectrum PCR could have a limited sensitivity (value sensitivity 60%, specificity 100%) [120], while specific qPCR for T. whipplei have showed higher sensitivities [48, 60]. So, if 16S rRNA PCR has been negative, specific targets should be used in highly suspected cases of T. whipplei. At least 2 of the PCRs must be positive and their sequences have to show higher identity with the bacterium studied. PCR yield in other specimen different from valves varies depending on the specimen type and should be interpreted with caution according to the clinical context [66, 118]. A positive PCR result from a non-sterile site such as stool or saliva samples has been used to diagnose classical Whipple’s disease and to detect asymptomatic carriers, but is nor sensible nor specific for the diagnosis of T. whipplei endocarditis without clinical evidence of disease [42, 121, 122].
The role of serological tests in the diagnosis of Whipple’s disease is unclear because healthy carrier patients may paradoxically have a higher immune response to T. whipplei compared with patients with active Whipple’s disease [123]. Specific tools for an indirect diagnose for T. whipplei endocarditis are not available. This fact does not occur in other BCNE such as Q fever endocarditis or Bartonella spp. endocarditis. Curiously, a patient with Q fever and T. whipplei concomitant endocarditis has been described [124]. Valvular inflammatory infiltrates of T. whipplei–infected heart valves mainly consisted of foamy macrophages and lymphocytes. These macrophages have been observed in valvular tissue and in the vegetations on the surface of the heart valves. The dense and granular material that foamy histiocytes are filled with is strongly positive on PAS staining or immunopositive with a specific antibody against T. whipplei [39]. Thus, PAS staining and specific immunohistochemistry test (IHC) using specific antibodies against T. whipplei of cardiac valves could be useful for the diagnosis of T. whipplei endocarditis (Figure 2).
Figure 2.
PAS staining positive in valvular tissue and vegetation.
According to the literature, 156 patients have been diagnosed of definite T. whipplei endocarditis by direct examination of the valve, of which more than 70% had positive PCR, almost 40% reported PAS staining positive on valve tissue and around 50% showed positive IHC. Seven patients were diagnosed of possible endocarditis regarding to vegetations on valve imaging and classical Whipple’s disease concomitant diagnosis. In these last cases, 85% had positive PCR on different specimen such as duodenal sample, stool, saliva or central nervous system samples and more than 50% had positive PAS staining in other tissue specimen [118].
In summary, definitive T. whipplei endocarditis could considered if positive results of PAS staining and/or specific IHC test using specific antibodies against T. whipplei and/or 2 positive results of PCR assays targeting 2 different sequences in a cardiac valve specimen are met [60]. It is important to notice that in patients with subacute endocarditis with negative blood cultures and low-grade fever (or not fever), if arthralgias are present, T. whipplei as causative agent should be suspected [39, 103].
5. Treatment
The optimal treatment of IE caused by T. whipplei remains uncertain. Treatment options and duration are based on previous experience and expert opinion owing to the microorganism’s nature, the lack of large series (because of the low incidence) in which follow-up is documented and because clinical trials have not been developed [74]. Recommendations are mainly based on the experience obtained from the treatment of classical Whipple’s disease and other types of BCNE such as Q fever endocarditis [125, 126]. Two weeks treatment with ceftriaxone, followed by 1 year of trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, has been the most recommended treatment for years [126]. However, in vitro studies have shown best results with the combination of doxycycline and hydroxychloroquine [127, 128].
According to the literature, treatments used in T. whipplei endocarditis include, in most cases, two weeks of parenteral high dose of ceftriaxone (others such as meropenem, penicillin G have been also used) followed by an oral treatment strategy of 12 months with sulfamethoxazole (160/800 mg BID) or, at least, 18 months of doxycycline (100 mg BID) plus hydroxychloroquine (600 mg/d), in a smaller proportion [125, 129, 130]. Available data indicate that the average treatment length (range) has been 17 months (12 months to indefinite) [118].
Last European guidelines published in 2015, recommend doxycycline (200 mg/24 h) plus hydroxychloroquine (200–600 mg/24 h) orally for at least 18 months (in the case of central nervous system involvement, sulfadiazine 1.5 g/6 h orally must be added to doxycycline). As alternative therapy, 2–4 weeks of ceftriaxone (2 g/24 h intravenously) or 2–4 weeks of penicillin G (2 million U/4 h) and streptomycin (1 g/24 h) intravenously can be used, followed by, at least, 1 year of oral trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (800 mg/12 h) [74]. It is likely that this recommendation was included after taking into consideration an in vitro T. whipplei resistant to trimethoprim, a case report of a patient with clinically acquired resistance to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and the cases of T. whipplei endocarditis relapses after treatment with trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole which were apparently cured after two years of doxycycline and hidroxychloroquine [109, 114, 131, 132]. Furthermore, some authors do not recommend the use of trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole because the clinical, microbiological and genetic data analyses show that it is an antibiotic not efficient for the management of T. whipplei endocarditis [109]. In fact, three T. whipplei endocarditis relapses after treatment with trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole have been published.
After the end of treatment, some authors recommend checking for the presence of T. whipplei in blood, saliva, and fecal samples every six months for two years and every year for the entire life of the patient [39]. If colonization is detected, they recommend treating again, but there is not still evidence for this procedure.
Follow-up data and long-term outcome of the treatments used in this condition have not been widely reported. These data are well documented in the Spanish series. Although in this series only the 35% of the patients received treatment according to guidelines, all the treatment lines used in this cohort in the management of T. whipplei endocarditis were effective and well tolerated and therapeutic failures or relapses were not detected either during the treatment or after it was finished [133]. Furthermore, no major complications were detected once the treatment was established or during the follow-up. Even though, follow-up of all patients continues in order to identify possible late relapses. It has been demonstrated that doxycycline plus hydroxychloroquine treatment of duration shorter than 18 months was not associated with either relapses or fatal outcomes. Moreover, data suggest that, with a very careful post-treatment monitoring, in patients who require the replacement of the infected valve and without classical manifestation of Whipple’s disease, replacement of the affected valve and a shorter duration antimicrobial treatment might be sufficient [133].
Since T. whipplei is not present in the stool or saliva of patients with endocarditis caused by this microorganism and in the absence of other biological markers indicating the discontinuation of the antimicrobials, other tools are needed. In this regard, the role of PCR of urine should be explored both as a tool for monitoring patients post-treatment and the non-invasive diagnosis of T. whipplei endocarditis [134].
6. Conclusions
In the last years and with the development of molecular tools, new cases of T. whipplei endocarditis have been diagnosed. For this reason, although T. whipplei infective endocarditis is an infrequent condition has emerged as an important differential diagnosis for BCNE. Endocarditis due to T. whipplei is often slowly progressive, similar to that caused by Coxiella burnetii and Bartonella spp. and it could be diagnosed with specific procedures when BCNE undergo cardiac surgery. An early and appropriate diagnosis is required since this condition has a very good course and prognosis when the appropriate treatment is started (including surgery). In our opinion, patients with unexplained valve destruction which requires cardiac surgery, an exhaustive clinical investigation must be performed and removed valves should be studied by molecular tools for to rule out an underlying infectious endocarditis.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
\n',keywords:"Tropheryma whipplei, Tropheryma whipplei endocarditis, endocarditis, blood culture negative endocarditis, infectious endocarditis",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/74654.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/74654.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74654",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74654",totalDownloads:282,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,dateSubmitted:"September 18th 2020",dateReviewed:"December 4th 2020",datePrePublished:"January 4th 2021",datePublished:"August 25th 2021",dateFinished:"December 30th 2020",readingETA:"0",abstract:"Tropheryma whipplei mainly known as the causative agent of classical Whipple’s disease, also produces acute, sub-acute and chronic localized forms of infection such as endocarditis. The development of molecular tools has allowed increasing the number of cases of endocarditis due to blood culture use to be negative in T. whipplei endocarditis and most of the cases are confirmed post-surgery when molecular analyses of heart valves are performed. Although, T. whipplei endocarditis is an uncommon condition with an atypical presentation it must be considered in the diagnosis of blood culture negative endocarditis and in patients with heart failure in which valve affectation is present. Other clinical features such as long lasting arthralgia can be present in a high percentage of the patients. It is important to know that few cases are diagnosed in the context of the classical Whipple’s disease. The prognosis is very good when an appropriate surgical management and antimicrobial-specific treatment is given. This chapter describes the epidemiological, clinical characteristics, diagnosis and treatments for T. whipplei endocarditis.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/74654",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/74654",signatures:"Lara García-Álvarez and José Antonio Oteo",book:{id:"9581",type:"book",title:"Advanced Concepts in Endocarditis",subtitle:"2021",fullTitle:"Advanced Concepts in Endocarditis - 2021",slug:"advanced-concepts-in-endocarditis-2021",publishedDate:"August 25th 2021",bookSignature:"Michael S. Firstenberg and Umashankar Lakshmanadoss",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9581.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:"978-1-83968-480-7",printIsbn:"978-1-83968-479-1",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83968-481-4",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"64343",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael S.",middleName:null,surname:"Firstenberg",slug:"michael-s.-firstenberg",fullName:"Michael S. Firstenberg"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"64887",title:"Dr.",name:"José A.",middleName:null,surname:"Oteo",fullName:"José A. Oteo",slug:"jose-a.-oteo",email:"jaoteo@riojasalud.es",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"186761",title:"BSc.",name:"Lara",middleName:null,surname:"García-Álvarez",fullName:"Lara García-Álvarez",slug:"lara-garcia-alvarez",email:"lgalvarez.ext@riojasalud.es",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Epidemiology",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3",title:"3. Clinical features",level:"1"},{id:"sec_4",title:"4. Diagnosis",level:"1"},{id:"sec_5",title:"5. Treatment",level:"1"},{id:"sec_6",title:"6. Conclusions",level:"1"},{id:"sec_10",title:"Conflict of interest",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Raoult D, Birg ML, La Scola B, Fournier PE, Enea M, Lepidi H, et al. Cultivation of the bacillus of Whipple’s disease. N Engl J Med. 2000;342:620-625.DOI: 10.1056/NEJM200003023420903.'},{id:"B2",body:'Dutly F, Altwegg M. Whipple’s disease and “Tropheryma whippelii”. Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 2001;14:561-583. DOI: 10.1128/CMR.14.3.561-583.2001'},{id:"B3",body:'Relman DA, Schmidt TM, MacDermott RP, Falkow S. Identification of the uncultured bacillus of Whipple’s disease. The New England Journal of Medicine. 1992;327:293-301. DOI: 10.1056/NEJM199207303270501'},{id:"B4",body:'La Scola B, Fenollar F, Fournier PE, Altwegg M, Mallet MN, Raoult D. Description of Tropheryma whipplei gen. Nov., sp. nov., the Whipple’s disease bacillus. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 2001;51:1471-1479. DOI: 10.1099/00207713-51-4-1471'},{id:"B5",body:'Whipple GH. A hitherto undescribed disease characterized anatomically by deposits of fat and fatty acids in the intestinal and mesenteric lymphatic tissues. Bulletin of the Johns Hopkins Hospital. 1907;18:382-393'},{id:"B6",body:'Black-Schaffer B. The tinctoral demonstration of a glycoprotein in Whipple’s disease. Proc Soc Exp Biol. 1949;72:225-227. DOI: 10.3181/00379727-72-17388'},{id:"B7",body:'Paulley JW. A case of Whipple’s disease (intestinal lipodystrophy). Gastroenterology. 1952;22:128-133'},{id:"B8",body:'WJr C, Ashworth CT. Electron microscopy study of the intestinal mucosa in Whipple’s disease-demonstration of encapsulated bacilliform bodies in the lesion. Gastroenterology. 1961;41:129-138'},{id:"B9",body:'Yardley JH, Hendrix TR. Combined electron and light microscopy in Whipple’s disease. Bulletin of the Johns Hopkins Hospital. 1961;109:80-98'},{id:"B10",body:'Wilson KH, Blitchington R, Frothingham R, Wilson JA. Phylogeny of the Whipple’s-disease-associated bacterium. Lancet. 1991;338:474-475. DOI: 10.1016/0140-6736(91)90545-z'},{id:"B11",body:'Cohen AS, Schimmel EM, Holt PR, Isselbacher KJ. Ultrastructural abnormalities in Whipple’s disease. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. 1960;105:411-414. DOI: 10.3181/00379727-105-26126'},{id:"B12",body:'Schoedon G, Goldenberger D, Forrer R, Gunz A, Dutly F, Höchli M, et al. Deactivation of macrophages with interleukin-4 is the key to the isolation of Tropheryma whippelii. The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1997;176:672-677. DOI: 10.1086/514089'},{id:"B13",body:'Raoult D, Ogata H, Audic S, Robert C, Suhre K, Drancourt M. Tropheryma whipplei twist: A human pathogenic actinobacteria with a reduced genome. Genome Research. 2003;13:1800-1809. DOI: 10.1101/gr.1474603'},{id:"B14",body:'Bentley SD, Maiwald M, Murphy LD, Pallen MJ, Yeats CA, Dover LG, et al. Sequencing and analysis of the genome of the Whipple’s disease bacterium Tropheryma whipplei. Lancet. 2003;361:637-644. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12597-4'},{id:"B15",body:'Boulos A, Rolain JM, Raoult D. Antibiotic susceptibility of Tropheryma whipplei in MRC5 cells. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2004;48:747-752. DOI: 10.1128/aac.48.3.747-752.2004'},{id:"B16",body:'Boulos A, Rolain JM, Mallet MN, Raoult D. Molecular evaluation of antibiotic susceptibility of Tropheryma whipplei in axenic medium. The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2005;55:178-181. DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkh524'},{id:"B17",body:'Sieracki JC. Whipple’s disease: Observations on systemic involvement. Cytologic observations. Amer Med Asso Arch Pathol. 1958;66:464-467'},{id:"B18",body:'von Herbay A, Otto HF, Stolte M, Borchard F, Kirchner T, Ditton HJ, et al. Epidemiology of Whipple’s disease in Germany. Analysis of 110 patients diagnosed in 1965-95. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 1997;32:52-57. DOI: 10.3109/00365529709025063'},{id:"B19",body:'Biagi F, Balduzzi D, Delvino P, Schiepatti A, Klersy C, Corazza GR. Prevalence of Whipple’s disease in North-Western Italy. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases. 2015;34:1347-1348. DOI: 10.1007/s10096-015-2357-2'},{id:"B20",body:'Durand DV, Lecomte C, Cathebras P, Rousset H, Godeau P. Whipple disease: Clinical review of 52 cases. The SNFMI research group on Whipple disease. Société Nationale Française de Médecine interne. Medicine (Baltimore). 1997;76:170-184. DOI: 10.1097/00005792-199705000-00003.'},{id:"B21",body:'Fenollar F, Lepidi H, Raoult D. Whipple’s endocarditis: Review of the literature and comparisons with Q fever, Bartonella infection, and blood culture-positive endocarditis. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2001;33:1309-1316. DOI: 10.1086/322666'},{id:"B22",body:'Enzinger FM, Helwig EB. Whipple’s disease: A review of the literature and report fifteen patients. Virchows Archiv für Pathologische Anatomie und Physiologie und für Klinische Medizin. 1963;336:238-269'},{id:"B23",body:'Maizel H, Ruffin JM, Dobbins WO 3rd. Whipple’s disease: A review of 19 patients from one hospital and a review of the literature since 1950. Medicine (Baltimore). 1993;72:343-355'},{id:"B24",body:'McAllister HAJ, Fenoglio JJJ. Cardiac involvement in Whipple’s disease. Circulation. 1975;52:152-156. DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.52.1.152'},{id:"B25",body:'Hausser-Hauw C, Roullet E, Robert R, Marteau R. Oculo-facioskeletalmyorhythmia as a cerebral complication of systemic Whipple’s disease. Movement Disorders. 1988;3:179-184. DOI: 10.1002/mds.870030211'},{id:"B26",body:'Adler CH, Galetta SL. Oculo-facial-skeletal myorhythmia in Whipple disease: Treatment with ceftriaxone. Annals of Internal Medicine. 1990;112:467-469. DOI: 10.7326/0003-4819-76-3-112-6-467'},{id:"B27",body:'Simpson DA, Wishnow R, Gargulinski RB, Pawlak AM. Oculofacial-skeletal myorhythmia in central nervous system Whipple’s disease: Additional case and review of the literature. Movement Disorders. 1995;10:195-200. DOI: 10.1002/mds.870100210'},{id:"B28",body:'Rickman LS, Freeman WR, Green WR, Feldman ST,Sullivan J,Russack V, et al. Brief report: uveitis caused by Tropheryma whippeli (Whipple’s bacillus). N Engl J Med. 1995;332:363-366. DOI: 10.1056/NEJM199502093320604.'},{id:"B29",body:'Helliwella TR, Appleton RE, Mapstone NC, Davidson J, Walsh KP. Dermatomyositis and Whipple’s disease. Neuromuscular Disorders. 2000;10:46-51. DOI: 10.1016/s0960-8966(99)00054-1'},{id:"B30",body:'Stein A, Doutchi M, Fenollar F, Raoult D. Tropheryma whipplei pneumonia in a patient with HIV-2 infection. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 2013;188:1036-1037. DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201304-0692LE'},{id:"B31",body:'Bousbia S, Papazian L, Auffray JP, Fenollar F, Martin C, Li W, et al. Tropheryma whipplei in patients with pneumonia. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2010;16:258-263. DOI: 10.3201/eid1602.090610'},{id:"B32",body:'Fenollar F, Mediannikov O, Socolovschi C, Bassene H, Diatta G, Richet H, et al. Tropheryma whipplei bacteremia during fever in rural West Africa. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2010;51:515-521. DOI: 10.1086/655677'},{id:"B33",body:'Gautret P, Benkouiten S, Parola P, Brouqui P, Memish Z, Raoult D. Occurrence of Tropheryma whipplei during diarrhea in hajj pilgrims: A PCR analysis of paired rectal swabs. Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease. 2014;12:481-484. DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2014.04.003'},{id:"B34",body:'Raoult D, Fenollar F, Rolain JM, Minodier P, Bosdure E, Li W, et al. Tropheryma whipplei in children with gastroenteritis. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2010;16:776-782. DOI: 10.3201/eid1605.091801'},{id:"B35",body:'Nishimura JK. Cook BE Jr, Pach JM (1998). Whipple disease presenting as posterior uveítis without prominent gastrointestinal symptoms. American Journal of Ophthalmology. 1998;126:130-132. DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9394(98)00084-1'},{id:"B36",body:'Drancourt M, Fenollar F, Denis D, Raoult D. Postoperative panophthalmitis caused by Whipple disease. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15:825-827. DOI: 10.3201/eid1505.081209'},{id:"B37",body:'Al-Hamoudi W, Habbab F, Nudo C, Nahal A, Flegel K. Eosinophilic vasculitis: A rare presentation of Whipple’s disease. Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology. 2007;21:189-191. DOI: 10.1155/2007/326174'},{id:"B38",body:'Thaler S, Grisanti S, Klingel K, Raible A, Kempf VA, Schulte B. Intermediate uveitis and arthralgia as early symptoms in Whipple’s disease. International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2010;14:388-389. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2009.11.038'},{id:"B39",body:'Fenollar F, Célard M, Lagier JC, Lepidi H, Fournier PE, Raoult D. Tropheryma whipplei endocarditis. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2013;19:1721-1730. DOI: 10.3201/eid1911.121356'},{id:"B40",body:'Moos V, Schneider T. Changing paradigms in Whipple’s disease and infection with Tropheryma whipplei. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect. 2011;30:1151-1158. DOI: 10.1007/s10096-011-1209-y'},{id:"B41",body:'Maiwald M, Schuhmacher F, Ditton HJ, von Herbay A. Environmental occurrence of the Whipple’s disease bacterium (Tropheryma whipplei). Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 1998;64:760-762. DOI: 10.1128/AEM.64.2.760-762.1998.'},{id:"B42",body:'Street S, Donoghue HD, Neild GH. Tropheryma whippelii DNA in saliva of healthy people. Lancet. 1999;354:1178-1179. DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(99)03065-2'},{id:"B43",body:'Ehrbar HU, Bauerfeind P, Dutly F, Koelz HR, Altwegg M. PCR-positive tests for Tropheryma whippelii in patients without Whipple’s disease. Lancet. 1999;353:2214. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(99)01776-6'},{id:"B44",body:'Dutly F, Hinrikson HP, Seidel T, Morgenegg S, Altwegg M, Bauerfeind P. Tropheryma whippelii DNA in saliva of patients without Whipple’s disease. Infection. 2000;28:219-222. DOI: 10.1007/s150100070039'},{id:"B45",body:'Maibach RC, Dutly F, Altwegg M. Detection of Tropheryma whipplei DNA in feces by PCR using a target capture method. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2002;40:2466-2471. DOI: 10.1128/jcm.40.7.2466-2471.2002'},{id:"B46",body:'Amsler L, Bauernfeind P, Nigg C, Maibach RC, Steffen R, Altwegg M. Prevalence of Tropheryma whipplei DNA in patients with various gastrointestinal disease and in healthy controls. Infection. 2003;31:81-85. DOI: 10.1007/s15010-002-3083-0'},{id:"B47",body:'Schoniger-Hekele M, Petermann D, Weber B, Muller C. Tropheryma whipplei in the environment—Survey of sewage plant influxes and sewage plant workers. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2007;73:2033-2035. DOI: 10.1128/AEM.02335-06'},{id:"B48",body:'Fenollar F, Trani M, Davoust B, Salle B, Birg ML, Rolain JM, et al. Prevalence of asymptomatic Tropheryma whipplei carriage among humans and nonhuman primates. The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2008;197:880-887. DOI: 10.1086/528693'},{id:"B49",body:'Fenollar F, Trape JF, Bassene H, Sokhna C, Raoult D. Tropheryma whipplei in fecal samples from children, Senegal. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2009;15:922-924. DOI: 10.3201/eid1506.090182'},{id:"B50",body:'Keita AK, Bassene H, Tall A, Sokhna C, Ratmanov P, Trape JF, et al. Tropheryma whipplei: A common bacterium in rural Senegal. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 2011;5:e1403. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001403'},{id:"B51",body:'Ramharter M, Harrison N, Bühler T, Herold B, Lagler H, Lötsch F, et al. Prevalence and risk factor assessment of Tropheryma whipplei in a rural Community in Gabon: A community based cross-sectional study. Clinical Microbiology and Infection. 2014;20:1189-1194. DOI: 10.1111/1469-0691.12724'},{id:"B52",body:'García-Álvarez L, Pérez-Matute P, Blanco JR, Ibarra V, Oteo JA. High prevalence of asymptomatic carriers of Tropheryma whipplei in different populations from the north of Spain. Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica. 2016;34:340-345. DOI: 10.1016/j.eimc.2015.09.006'},{id:"B53",body:'Keita AK, Dubot-Peres A, Phommasone K, Sibounheuang B, Vongsouvath M, Mayxay M, et al. High prevalence of Tropheryma whipplei in Lao kindergarten children. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 2015;9:e0003538. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003538'},{id:"B54",body:'Marth T, Raoult D. Whipple’s disease. Lancet. 2003;361:239-246. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12274-X'},{id:"B55",body:'Marth T, Moos V, Müller C, Biagi F, Schneider T. Tropheryma whipplei infection and Whipple’s disease. The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2016;16:e13-e22. DOI: 10.1016/S1473-3099(15)00537-X'},{id:"B56",body:'Fenollar F, Keita AK, Buffet S, Raoult D. Intrafamilial circulation of Tropheryma whipplei, France. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012;18:949-955. DOI: 10.3201/eid1806.111038'},{id:"B57",body:'Keita AK, Raoult D, Fenollar F. Tropheryma whipplei as a commensal bacterium. Future Microbiology. 2013;8:57-71. DOI: 10.2217/fmb.12.124'},{id:"B58",body:'Keita AK, Brouqui P, Badiaga S, Benkouiten S, Ratmanov P, Raoult D, et al. Tropheryma whipplei prevalence strongly suggests human transmission in homeless shelters. International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2013;17:e67-e68. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2012.05.1033'},{id:"B59",body:'Keita AK, Mediannikov O, Ratmanov P, Diatta G, Bassene H, Roucher C, et al. Looking for Tropheryma whipplei source and reservoir in rural Senegal. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2013;88:339-343. DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.2012.12-0614.'},{id:"B60",body:'Fenollar F, Laouira S, Lepidi H, Rolain JM, Raoult D. Value of Tropheryma whipplei quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay for the diagnosis of Whipple disease: Usefulness of saliva and stool specimens for first-line screening. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2008;47:659-667. DOI: 10.1086/590559'},{id:"B61",body:'Li W, Fenollar F, Rolain JM, Fournier PE, Feurle GE, Müller C, et al. Genotyping reveals a wide heterogeneity of Tropheryma whipplei. Microbiology. 2008;154:521-527. DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.2007/011668-0'},{id:"B62",body:'Wetzstein N, Fenollar F, Buffet S, Moos V, Schneider T, Raoult D. Tropheryma whipplei genotypes 1 and 3, in Central Europe. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2013;19:341-342. DOI: 10.3201/eid1902.120709'},{id:"B63",body:'Fenollar F, Lagier JC, Raoult D. Tropheryma whipplei and Whipple’s disease. The Journal of Infection. 2014;69:103-112. DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2014.05.008'},{id:"B64",body:'Goldenberger D, Künzli A, Vogt P, Zbinden R, Altwegg M. Molecular diagnosis of bacterial endocarditis by broad-range PCR amplification and direct sequencing. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1997;35:2733-2739. DOI: 10.1128/JCM.35.11.2733-2739.1997'},{id:"B65",body:'Geissdörfer W, Moos V, Moter A, Loddenkemper C, Jansen A, Tandler R, et al. High frequency of Tropheryma whipplei in culture-negative endocarditis. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2012;50:216-222. DOI: 10.1128/JCM.05531-11'},{id:"B66",body:'García-Álvarez L, Sanz M, Oteo JA. Tropheryma Whipplei endocarditis. An epidemiological, clinical and treatment review. Aperito J infect dis. Vaccine. 2015;1:103'},{id:"B67",body:'Murdoch DR, Corey GR, Hoen B, Miró JM, Fowler VG Jr, Bayer AS, et al. Clinical presentation, etiology, and outcome of infective endocarditis in the 21st century: The international collaboration on endocarditis-prospective cohort study. Archives of Internal Medicine. 2009;169:463-473. DOI: 10.1001/archinternmed.2008.603.'},{id:"B68",body:'Tattevin P, Watt G, Revest M, Arvieux C, Fournier PE. Update on blood culture-negative endocarditis. Médecine et Maladies Infectieuses. 2014;45:1-8. DOI: 10.1016/j.medmal.2014.11.003'},{id:"B69",body:'Muñoz P, Kestler M, De Alarcon A, Miro JM, Bermejo J, Rodríguez-Abella H, et al. Current epidemiology and outcome of infective endocarditis: A multicenter, prospective. Cohort study. Med (Baltimore). 2015;94:e1816. DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000001816'},{id:"B70",body:'García-Álvarez L, Sanz MM, Marín M, Fariñas M, Montejo M, Goikoetxea J, et al. Tropheryma whipplei endocarditis in Spain: Case reports of 17 prospective cases. Medicine (Baltimore). 2016;95(26):e4058. DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000004058'},{id:"B71",body:'Cecchi E, Forno D, Imazio M, Migliardi A, Gnavi R, Dal Conte I, et al. New trends in the epidemiological and clinical features of infective endocarditis: Results of a multicenter prospective study. Italian Heart Journal. 2004;5:249-256'},{id:"B72",body:'López-Dupla M, Hernández S, Olona M, Mercé J, Lorenzo A, Tapiol J, et al. Clinical characteristics and outcome of infective endocarditis in individuals of the general population managed at a teaching hospital without cardiac surgery facilities. Study of 120 cases. Rev Esp Cardiol. 2006;59:1131-1139'},{id:"B73",body:'Baddour LM, Wilson WR, Bayer AS, Fowler VG Jr, Tleyjeh IM, Rybak MJ, et al. Infective endocarditis in adults: Diagnosis, antimicrobial therapy, and management of complications: A scientific statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2015;132:1435-1486. DOI: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000296'},{id:"B74",body:'Habib G, Lancellotti P, Antunes MJ, Bongiorni MG, Casalta JP, Del Zotti F, et al. 2015 ESC guidelines for the management of infective endocarditis: The task force for the Management of Infective Endocarditis of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Endorsed by: European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS), the European association of NuclearMedicine (EANM). European Heart Journal. 2015;36:3075-3128. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehv319'},{id:"B75",body:'Díez-Villanueva P, Muñoz P, Marín M, Bermejo J, de Alarcón González A, Fariñas MC, et al. Infective endocarditis: Absence of microbiological diagnosis is an independent predictor of inhospitalmortality. International Journal of Cardiology. 2016;220:162-165. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.06.129'},{id:"B76",body:'Fournier PE, Thuny F, Richet H, Lepidi H, Casalta JP, Arzouni JP, et al. Comprehensive diagnostic strategy for blood culture–negative endocarditis: A prospective study of 819 new cases. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2010;51:131-140. DOI: 10.1086/653675'},{id:"B77",body:'Voldstedlund M, Norum PL, Baandrup U, Klaaborg KE, Fuursted K. Broad-range PCR and sequencing in routine diagnosis of infective endocarditis. APMIS. 2008;116:190-198. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0463.2008.00942.x'},{id:"B78",body:'Bosshard PP, Kronenberg A, Zbinden R, Ruef C, Bottger EC, Altwegg M. Etiologic diagnosis of infective endocarditis by broadrange polymerase chain reaction: A 3-year experience. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2003;37:167-172. DOI: 10.1086/375592'},{id:"B79",body:'Grijalva M, Horvath R, Dendis M, Erny J, Benedik J. Molecular diagnosis of culture negative infective endocarditis: Clinical validation in a group of surgically treated patients. Heart. 2003;89:263-268. DOI: 10.1136/heart.89.3.263.'},{id:"B80",body:'Pron B, Poyart C, Abachin E, Fest T, Belanger C, Bonnet C, et al. Diagnosis and follow-up of Whipple’s disease by amplification of the 16S rRNA gene of Tropheryma whippelii. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases. 1999;18:62-65. DOI: 10.1007/s100960050228'},{id:"B81",body:'Wolfert AL, Wright JE. Whipple’s disease presenting as sarcoidosis and valvular heart disease. Southern Medical Journal. 1999;92:820-825. DOI: 10.1097/00007611-199908000-00017'},{id:"B82",body:'Smith MA. Whipple endocarditis without gastrointestinal disease. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2000;132:595. DOI: 10.7326/0003-4819-132-7-200004040-00025'},{id:"B83",body:'Ferrari Mde L, Vilela EG, Faria LC, Couto CA, Salgado CJ, Leite VR, et al. Whipple’s disease. Report of five cases with different clinical features. Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo. 2001;43:45-50. DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652001000100009'},{id:"B84",body:'Charniot JC, Mouthon L, Martin A, Barthelemy B, Podeva JD, Artigou JY, et al. Valvular locations in Whipple’s disease: Report of two cases and review of the literature. Archives des Maladies du Coeur et des Vaisseaux. 2001;94:1117-1121'},{id:"B85",body:'Geissdörfer W, Wittmann I, Seitz G, Cesnjevar R, Röllinghoff M, Schoerner C, et al. A case of aortic valve disease associated with Tropheryma whippelii infection in the absence of other signs of Whipple’s disease. Infection. 2001;29:44-47. DOI: 10.1007/s15010-001-0135-9.'},{id:"B86",body:'Geissdörfer W, Wittmann I, Röllinghoff M, Schoerner C, Bogdan C. Detection of a new 16S-23S rRNA spacer sequence variant (type 7) of Tropheryma whippelii in a patient with prosthetic aortic valve endocarditis. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases. 2001;20:762-763. DOI: 10.1007/s100960100588'},{id:"B87",body:'Richardson DC, Burrows LL, Korithoski B, Salit IE, Butany J, David TE, et al. Tropheryma whippelii as a cause of afebrile culture-negative endocarditis: The evolving spectrum of Whipple’s disease. The Journal of Infection. 2003;47:170-173. DOI: 10.1016/s0163-4453(03)00015-x'},{id:"B88",body:'Dreier J, Szabados F, von Herbay A, Kröger T, Kleesiek K. Tropheryma whipplei infection of an acellular porcine heart valve bioprosthesis in a patient who did not have intestinal Whipple’s disease. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2004;42:4487-4493. DOI: 10.1128/JCM.42.10.4487-4493.2004'},{id:"B89",body:'Marrakchi C, Abdennadher M, Blin D. Endocarditis caused by Tropheryma whippelii. La Tunisie Médicale. 2004;82:781-784'},{id:"B90",body:'Lepidi H, Fenollar F, Dumler JS, Gauduchon V, Chalabreysse L, Bammert A, et al. Cardiac valves in patients with Whipple endocarditis: Microbiological, molecular, quantitative histologic, and immunohistochemical studies of 5 patients. The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2004;190:935-945. DOI: 10.1086/422845'},{id:"B91",body:'Aïouaz H, Célard M, Puget M, Vandenesch F, Mercusot A, Fenollar F, et al. Whipple’s disease endocarditis: Report of 5 cases and review of the literature. La Revue de Médecine Interne. 2005;26:784-790. DOI: 10.1016/j.revmed.2005.07.012'},{id:"B92",body:'Saba M, Rollot F, Park S, et al. Whipple disease. initially diagnosed as sarcoidosis. Presse Med. 2005;34:1521-1524'},{id:"B93",body:'Marín M, Muñoz P, Sánchez M, et al. Grupo de Apoyo al Manejo de la endocarditis Infecciosa del Hospital Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain. Tropheryma whipplei infective endocarditis as the only manifestation of Whipple’s disease. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2007;45:2078-2081'},{id:"B94",body:'West D, Hutcheon S, Kain R, Reid T, Walton S, Buchan K. Whipple’s endocarditis. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 2005;98:362-364. DOI: 10.1258/jrsm.98.8.362'},{id:"B95",body:'Williams OM, Nightingale AK, Hartley J. Whipple’s disease. N Engl J Med 2007;356:1479-1480;author reply 1480-1. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMc070234.'},{id:"B96",body:'Kolek M, Zaloudíková B, Freiberger T, Brát R. Aortic and mitral valve infective endocarditis caused by Tropheryma whipplei and with no gastrointestinal manifestations of Whipple’s disease. Klinická Mikrobiologie a Infekc̆ní Lékar̆ství. 2007;13:213-216'},{id:"B97",body:'Le Scanff J, Gaultier JB, Durand DV, Durieu I, Celard M, Benito Y, et al. Tropheryma whipplei and Whipple disease: False positive PCR detections of Tropheryma whipplei in diagnostic samples are rare. La Revue de Médecine Interne. 2008;29:861-867. DOI: 10.1016/j.revmed.2008.02.020'},{id:"B98",body:'Voldstedlund M, Pedersen LN, Baandrup U, Fuursted K. Whipple’s disease–a cause of culture-negative endocarditis. Ugeskrift for Laeger. 2004;166:3731-3732'},{id:"B99",body:'Besnard S, Cady A, Flecher E, Fily F, Revest M, Arvieux C, et al. Should we systematically perform central nervous system imaging in patients with Whipple’s endocarditis? The American Journal of Medicine. 2010;123:962.e1-962.e4. DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2010.04.030'},{id:"B100",body:'Lagier JC, Lepidi H, Raoult D, Fenollar F. Systemic Tropheryma whipplei: Clinical presentation of 142 patients with infections diagnosed or confirmed in a reference center. Medicine (Baltimore). 2010;89:337-345. DOI: 10.1097/MD.0b013e3181f204a8'},{id:"B101",body:'Ansemant T, Celard M, Tavernier C, Maillefert JF, Delahaye F, Ornetti P. Whipple’s disease endocarditis following anti-TNF therapy for atypical rheumatoid arthritis. Joint, Bone, Spine. 2010;77:622-623. DOI: 10.1016/j.jbspin.2010.07.003'},{id:"B102",body:'Escher R, Roth S, Droz S, Egli K, Altwegg M, Täuber MG. Endocarditis due to Tropheryma whipplei: Rapid detection, limited genetic diversity, and long-term clinical outcome in a local experience. Clinical Microbiology and Infection. 2010;16:1213-1222. DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2009.03038.x'},{id:"B103",body:'Whistance RN, Elfarouki GW, Vohra HA. Livesey SA. A case of Tropheryma whipplei infective endocarditis of the aortic and mitral valves in association with psoriatic arthritis and lumbar discitis. The Journal of Heart Valve Disease. 2011;20:353-356'},{id:"B104",body:'Chan V, Wang B, Veinot JP, Suh KN, Rose G, Desjardins M, et al. Tropheryma whipplei aortic valve endocarditis without systemic Whipple’s disease. International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2011;15:e804-e806. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2011.05.020'},{id:"B105",body:'Agard C, Brisseau JM, Grossi O, Pattier S, Espitia-Thibault A, Le Goff B, et al. Two cases of atypical Whipple’s disease associated with cytoplasmic ANCA of undefined specificity. Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology. 2012;41:246-248. DOI: 10.3109/03009742.2011.648656'},{id:"B106",body:'Algin A, Wegdam-Blans M, Verduin K, Janssen H, van Dantzig JM. Tropheryma whipplei aortic valve endocarditis, cured without surgical treatment. BMC Research Notes. 2012;5:600. DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-5-600'},{id:"B107",body:'Love SM, Morrison L, Appleby C, Modi P. Tropheryma whipplei endocarditis without gastrointestinal involvement. Interactive Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery. 2012;15:161-163. DOI: 10.1093/icvts/ivs116'},{id:"B108",body:'Weisman A, Rebick G, Morris A, Butany J, Liles WC. Whipple’s endocarditis: An enigmatic cause of culture-negative bacterial endocarditis. Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol. 2013;24:e29-e30. DOI: 10.1155/2013/138746'},{id:"B109",body:'Fenollar F, Lagier JC, Rolain JM, Célard M, Bouchot O, Eicher JC, et al. Tropheryma whipplei endocarditis relapses after treatment with trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 2013;41:592-594. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2013.02.003'},{id:"B110",body:'Herrmann MD, Neumayr A, Essig A, Spiess J, Merk J, Möller P, et al. Isolated Whipple’s endocarditis: An underestimated diagnosis that requires molecular analysis of surgical material. The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 2014;98:e1-e3. DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2014.04.059'},{id:"B111",body:'Loughran D, Beale L, Lodge F, et al. Whipple’s in the valleys: A case of Whipple’s with thrombocytopenia and endocarditis. Journal of Clinical Pathology. 2014;67:445-448'},{id:"B112",body:'Borne RT, Babu A, Levi M, et al. Tropheryma whipplei endocarditis: A two-patient case series. The American Journal of Medicine. 2015;128:1364-1366'},{id:"B113",body:'Alozie A, Zimpfer A, Köller K, Westphal B, Obliers A, Erbersdobler A, et al. Arthralgia and blood culture-negative endocarditis in middle age men suggest Tropheryma whipplei infection: Report of two cases and review of the literature. BMC Infectious Diseases. 2015;15:339. DOI: 10.1186/s12879-015-1078-6'},{id:"B114",body:'Emonet S, Wuillemin T, Harbarth S, Wassilew N, Cikirikcioglu M, Schrenzel J, et al. Relapse of Tropheryma whipplei endocarditis treated by trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, cured by hydroxychloroquine plus doxycycline. International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2015;30:17-19. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2014.11.003'},{id:"B115",body:'Jos SL, Angelakis E, Caus T, Raoult D. Positron emission tomography in the diagnosis of Whipple’s endocarditis: A case report. BMC Research Notes. 2015;8:56. DOI: 10.1186/s13104-015-1022-2'},{id:"B116",body:'Damaraju D, Steiner T, Wade J, Gin K, FitzGerald JM. Clinical problem-solving. A surprising cause of chronic cough. The New England Journal of Medicine. 2015;373:561-566. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMcps1303787'},{id:"B117",body:'Gruber JR, Sarro R, Delaloye J, Surmely JF, Siniscalchi G, Tozzi P, et al. Tropheryma whipplei bivalvular endocarditis and polyarthralgia: A case report. Journal of Medical Case Reports. 2015;9:259. DOI: 10.1186/s13256-015-0746-x'},{id:"B118",body:'McGee M, Brienesse S, Chong B, Levendel A, Lai K. Tropheryma whipplei Endocarditis: Case Presentation and Review of the Literature. Open Forum Infect Dis 2018;6:ofy330. DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofy330'},{id:"B119",body:'Houpikian P, Raoult D. Blood culture-negative endocarditis in a reference center: Etiologic diagnosis of 348 cases. Medicine (Baltimore). 2005;84:162-173. DOI: 10.1097/01.md.0000165658.82869.17'},{id:"B120",body:'Greub G, Lepidi H, Rovery C, Casalta JP, Habib G, Collard F, et al. Diagnosis of infectious endocarditis in patients undergoing valve surgery. Am J Med. 2005;118:230-238. DOIi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2004.12.014.'},{id:"B121",body:'Grasman ME, Pettersson AM, Catsburg A, Koek AG, van Bodegraven AA, Savelkoul PHM. Tropheryma whipplei, a potential commensal detected in individuals undergoing routine colonoscopy. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2015;53:3919-3921. DOI: 10.1128/JCM.02630-15'},{id:"B122",body:'Rolain JM, Fenollar F, Raoult D. False positive PCR detection of Tropheryma whipplei in the saliva of healthy people. BMC Microbiology. 2007;7:48. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-7-48'},{id:"B123",body:'Fenollar F, Amphoux B, Raoult D. A paradoxical Tropheryma whipplei Western blot differentiates patients with whipple disease from asymptomatic carriers. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2009;49:717-723. DOI: 10.1086/604717'},{id:"B124",body:'Santibáñez P, Portillo A, Santibáñez S, García-Álvarez L, de Toro M, Oteo JA. Qué aporta la secuenciación masiva del gen ARNr 16S al estudio de endocarditis infecciosa en tejido valvular? In: Programme of the VIII Congreso de la Sociedad Española de Infecciones cardiovasculares (SEICAV); 16-17 November 2018; Seville, Spain. 2018. p. 30'},{id:"B125",body:'Schneider T, Moos V, Loddenkemper C, Marth T, Fenollar F, Raoult D. Whipple’s disease: New aspects of pathogenesis and treatment. The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2008;8:179-190. DOI: 10.1016/S1473-3099(08)70042-2'},{id:"B126",body:'Feurle GE, Moos V, Bläker H, Loddenkemper C, Moter A, Stroux A, et al. Intravenous ceftriaxone, followed by 12 or three months of oral treatment with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in Whipple’s disease. The Journal of Infection. 2013;66:263-270. DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2012.12.004'},{id:"B127",body:'Fenollar F, Puéchal X, Raoult D. Whipple’s disease. The New England Journal of Medicine. 2007;356:55-66. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMra062477'},{id:"B128",body:'Lagier JC, Fenollar F, Lepidi H, Raoult D. Failure and relapse after treatment with trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole in classic Whipple’s disease. The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2010;65:2005-2012. DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkq263'},{id:"B129",body:'Raoult D, Ogata H, Audic S, Robert C, Suhre K, Drancourt M, et al. Tropheryma whipplei twist: A human pathogenic actinobacteria with a reduced genome. Genome Research. 2003;13:1800-1809. DOI: 10.1101/gr.1474603'},{id:"B130",body:'Feurle GE, Junga NS, Marth T. Efficacy of ceftriaxone or meropenem as initial therapies in Whipple’s disease. Gastroenterology. 2010;138:478-486. DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2009.10.041'},{id:"B131",body:'Fenollar F, Perreal C, Raoult D. Tropheryma whipplei natural resistance to trimethoprim and sulphonamides in vitro. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 2014;43:388-390'},{id:"B132",body:'Fenollar F, Rolain JM, Alric L, Papo T, Chauveheid MP, van de Beek D, et al. Resistance to trimethoprim/ sulfamethoxazole and Tropheryma whipplei. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 2009;34:255-259. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2009.02.014'},{id:"B133",body:'García-Álvarez L, Sanz MM, Marín M, Fariñas MC, Montejo M, Goikoetxea J, et al. Antimicrobial management of Tropheryma whipplei endocarditis: the Spanish Collaboration on Endocarditis (GAMES) experience. The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2019;74:1713-1717. DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkz059'},{id:"B134",body:'Lagier JC, Raoult D. Whipple’s disease and Tropheryma whipplei infections: When to suspect them and how to diagnose and treat them. Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases. 2018;31:463-470. DOI: 10.1097/QCO.0000000000000489'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:null,contributorFullName:"Lara García-Álvarez",address:null,affiliation:'
San Pedro University Hospital - Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), Logroño, Spain
'},{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"José Antonio Oteo",address:"jaoteo@riojasalud.es",affiliation:'
San Pedro University Hospital - Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), Logroño, Spain
'}],corrections:null},book:{id:"9581",type:"book",title:"Advanced Concepts in Endocarditis",subtitle:"2021",fullTitle:"Advanced Concepts in Endocarditis - 2021",slug:"advanced-concepts-in-endocarditis-2021",publishedDate:"August 25th 2021",bookSignature:"Michael S. Firstenberg and Umashankar Lakshmanadoss",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9581.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:"978-1-83968-480-7",printIsbn:"978-1-83968-479-1",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83968-481-4",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"64343",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael S.",middleName:null,surname:"Firstenberg",slug:"michael-s.-firstenberg",fullName:"Michael S. Firstenberg"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},profile:{item:{id:"352113",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"B.C.",middleName:null,surname:"Anu",email:"anubcanant2@gmail.com",fullName:"B.C. Anu",slug:"b.c.-anu",position:null,biography:null,institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",totalCites:0,totalChapterViews:"0",outsideEditionCount:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalEditedBooks:"0",personalWebsiteURL:null,twitterURL:null,linkedinURL:null,institution:null},booksEdited:[],chaptersAuthored:[{id:"79492",title:"Invasive Exotic Plant-Pollinator Interactions",slug:"invasive-exotic-plant-pollinator-interactions",abstract:"Pollination is an imperative biological process, and the exotic plant species have a significant effect on the interaction of plant with pollinators. The exotic plant communities have the ability to cause both direct and indirect impacts on pollinators. The impact of non-native exotic plants on native pollinators can occur at a varying range of scales: starting from the flower visitors who visit flowers individually, to populations and community-level interactions (insect-flower interaction networks). As it is impractical to study every invasive plant in every ecological context, understanding appropriate individual-level trait predicting direct interactions between invasive exotic plants and native pollinators is needed.",signatures:"B.C. Anu and Ramanuj Vishwakarma",authors:[{id:"352113",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"B.C.",surname:"Anu",fullName:"B.C. Anu",slug:"b.c.-anu",email:"anubcanant2@gmail.com"},{id:"352144",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramanuj",surname:"Vishwakarma",fullName:"Ramanuj Vishwakarma",slug:"ramanuj-vishwakarma",email:"entoramanuj@gmail.com"}],book:{id:"10777",title:"Plant Reproductive Ecology",slug:"plant-reproductive-ecology-recent-advances",productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume"}}}],collaborators:[{id:"253555",title:"Dr.",name:"Hana'A",surname:"Burezq",slug:"hana'a-burezq",fullName:"Hana'A Burezq",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"322891",title:"Dr.",name:"Sananda",surname:"Mondal",slug:"sananda-mondal",fullName:"Sananda Mondal",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"345663",title:"Dr.",name:"Mukesh",surname:"Nitharwal",slug:"mukesh-nitharwal",fullName:"Mukesh Nitharwal",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"345757",title:"Prof.",name:"Bandana",surname:"Bose",slug:"bandana-bose",fullName:"Bandana Bose",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Banaras Hindu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"352144",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramanuj",surname:"Vishwakarma",slug:"ramanuj-vishwakarma",fullName:"Ramanuj Vishwakarma",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Bihar Agricultural University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"352215",title:"Mr.",name:"Subhankar",surname:"Gurung",slug:"subhankar-gurung",fullName:"Subhankar Gurung",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sikkim University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"352690",title:"Prof.",name:"Elizabeth L.",surname:"Kordyum",slug:"elizabeth-l.-kordyum",fullName:"Elizabeth L. Kordyum",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"414376",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Chettri",slug:"arun-chettri",fullName:"Arun Chettri",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/414376/images/16877_n.jpg",biography:"Arun Chettri is a Taxonomist/ecologist who has worked extensively on plant diversity, taxonomy, ecology and conservation of threatened plants in different forests types in North East India in particular in Sikkim.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"416149",title:"Dr.",name:"Helen A.",surname:"Kravets",slug:"helen-a.-kravets",fullName:"Helen A. Kravets",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"420912",title:"Ms.",name:"Rashmi",surname:"Rolania",slug:"rashmi-rolania",fullName:"Rashmi Rolania",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Rajasthan",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}]},generic:{page:{slug:"OA-publishing-fees",title:"Open Access Publishing Fees",intro:"
The Open Access model is applied to all of our publications and is designed to eliminate subscriptions and pay-per-view fees. This approach ensures free, immediate access to full text versions of your research.
As a gold Open Access publisher, an Open Access Publishing Fee is payable on acceptance following peer review of the manuscript. In return, we provide high quality publishing services and exclusive benefits for all contributors. IntechOpen is the trusted publishing partner of over 140,000 international scientists and researchers.
\\n\\n
The Open Access Publishing Fee (OAPF) is payable only after your book chapter, monograph or journal article is accepted for publication.
\\n\\n
OAPF Publishing Options
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
1,400 GBP Chapter - Edited Volume
\\n\\t
850 GBP Chapter - Book Series Topic (Annual Volume)
\\n\\t
10,000 GBP Monograph - Long Form
\\n\\t
4,000 GBP Compacts Monograph - Short Form
\\n\\t
850 GBP Journal Article (Across Portfolio)
\\n
\\n\\n
During the launching phase journals do not charge an APC, rather they will be funded by IntechOpen.
\\n\\n
*These prices do not include Value-Added Tax (VAT). Residents of European Union countries need to add VAT based on the specific rate in their country of residence. Institutions and companies registered as VAT taxable entities in their own EU member state will not pay VAT as long as provision of the VAT registration number is made during the application process. This is made possible by the EU reverse charge method.
\\n\\n
Services included are:
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
An online manuscript tracking system to facilitate your work
\\n\\t
Personal contact and support throughout the publishing process from your dedicated Author Service Manager
\\n\\t
Assurance that your manuscript meets the highest publishing standards
\\n\\t
English language copyediting and proofreading, including the correction of grammatical, spelling, and other common errors
\\n\\t
XML Typesetting and pagination - web (PDF, HTML) and print files preparation
\\n\\t
Discoverability - electronic citation and linking via DOI
\\n\\t
Permanent and unrestricted online access to your work
\\n
\\n\\n
What isn't covered by the Open Access Publishing Fee?
\\n\\n
If your manuscript:
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Exceeds the number of pages defined by the publishing guidelines, an additional fee per page may be required
\\n\\t
If a manuscript requires Heavy Editing or Language Polishing, this will incur additional fees.
\\n
\\n\\n
Your Author Service Manager will inform you of any items not covered by the OAPF and provide exact information regarding those additional costs before proceeding.
\\n\\n
Open Access Funding
\\n\\n
To explore funding opportunities and learn more about how you can finance your IntechOpen publication, go to our Open Access Funding page. IntechOpen offers expert assistance to all of its Authors. We can support you in approaching funding bodies and institutions in relation to publishing fees by providing information about compliance with the Open Access policies of your funder or institution. We can also assist with communicating the benefits of Open Access in order to support and strengthen your funding request and provide personal guidance through your application process. You can contact us at funders@intechopen.com for further details or assistance.
\\n\\n
For Authors who are still unable to obtain funding from their institutions or research funding bodies for individual projects, IntechOpen does offer the possibility of applying for a Waiver to offset some or all processing feed. Details regarding our Waiver Policy can be found here.
\\n\\n
Added Value of Publishing with IntechOpen
\\n\\n
Choosing to publish with IntechOpen ensures the following benefits:
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Indexing and listing across major repositories, see details ...
\\n\\t
Long-term archiving
\\n\\t
Visibility on the world's strongest OA platform
\\n\\t
Live Performance Metrics to track readership and the impact of your chapter
\\n\\t
Dissemination and Promotion
\\n
\\n\\n
Benefits of Publishing with IntechOpen
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Proven world leader in Open Access book publishing with over 10 years experience
\\n\\t
+5,700 OA books published
\\n\\t
Most competitive prices in the market
\\n\\t
Fully compliant with OA funding requirements
\\n\\t
Optimized processes that assure your research is made available to the scientific community without delay
\\n\\t
Personal support during every step of the publication process
\\n\\t
+184,650 citations in Web of Science databases
\\n\\t
Currently strongest OA platform with over 175 million downloads
As a gold Open Access publisher, an Open Access Publishing Fee is payable on acceptance following peer review of the manuscript. In return, we provide high quality publishing services and exclusive benefits for all contributors. IntechOpen is the trusted publishing partner of over 140,000 international scientists and researchers.
\n\n
The Open Access Publishing Fee (OAPF) is payable only after your book chapter, monograph or journal article is accepted for publication.
\n\n
OAPF Publishing Options
\n\n
\n\t
1,400 GBP Chapter - Edited Volume
\n\t
850 GBP Chapter - Book Series Topic (Annual Volume)
\n\t
10,000 GBP Monograph - Long Form
\n\t
4,000 GBP Compacts Monograph - Short Form
\n\t
850 GBP Journal Article (Across Portfolio)
\n
\n\n
During the launching phase journals do not charge an APC, rather they will be funded by IntechOpen.
\n\n
*These prices do not include Value-Added Tax (VAT). Residents of European Union countries need to add VAT based on the specific rate in their country of residence. Institutions and companies registered as VAT taxable entities in their own EU member state will not pay VAT as long as provision of the VAT registration number is made during the application process. This is made possible by the EU reverse charge method.
\n\n
Services included are:
\n\n
\n\t
An online manuscript tracking system to facilitate your work
\n\t
Personal contact and support throughout the publishing process from your dedicated Author Service Manager
\n\t
Assurance that your manuscript meets the highest publishing standards
\n\t
English language copyediting and proofreading, including the correction of grammatical, spelling, and other common errors
\n\t
XML Typesetting and pagination - web (PDF, HTML) and print files preparation
\n\t
Discoverability - electronic citation and linking via DOI
\n\t
Permanent and unrestricted online access to your work
\n
\n\n
What isn't covered by the Open Access Publishing Fee?
\n\n
If your manuscript:
\n\n
\n\t
Exceeds the number of pages defined by the publishing guidelines, an additional fee per page may be required
\n\t
If a manuscript requires Heavy Editing or Language Polishing, this will incur additional fees.
\n
\n\n
Your Author Service Manager will inform you of any items not covered by the OAPF and provide exact information regarding those additional costs before proceeding.
\n\n
Open Access Funding
\n\n
To explore funding opportunities and learn more about how you can finance your IntechOpen publication, go to our Open Access Funding page. IntechOpen offers expert assistance to all of its Authors. We can support you in approaching funding bodies and institutions in relation to publishing fees by providing information about compliance with the Open Access policies of your funder or institution. We can also assist with communicating the benefits of Open Access in order to support and strengthen your funding request and provide personal guidance through your application process. You can contact us at funders@intechopen.com for further details or assistance.
\n\n
For Authors who are still unable to obtain funding from their institutions or research funding bodies for individual projects, IntechOpen does offer the possibility of applying for a Waiver to offset some or all processing feed. Details regarding our Waiver Policy can be found here.
\n\n
Added Value of Publishing with IntechOpen
\n\n
Choosing to publish with IntechOpen ensures the following benefits:
\n\n
\n\t
Indexing and listing across major repositories, see details ...
\n\t
Long-term archiving
\n\t
Visibility on the world's strongest OA platform
\n\t
Live Performance Metrics to track readership and the impact of your chapter
\n\t
Dissemination and Promotion
\n
\n\n
Benefits of Publishing with IntechOpen
\n\n
\n\t
Proven world leader in Open Access book publishing with over 10 years experience
\n\t
+5,700 OA books published
\n\t
Most competitive prices in the market
\n\t
Fully compliant with OA funding requirements
\n\t
Optimized processes that assure your research is made available to the scientific community without delay
\n\t
Personal support during every step of the publication process
\n\t
+184,650 citations in Web of Science databases
\n\t
Currently strongest OA platform with over 175 million downloads
\n
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{"933869@":null},profiles:[],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:6601},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5906},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:2400},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:12541},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:1008},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:17561}],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{sort:"dateEndSecondStepPublish"},books:[{type:"book",id:"11254",title:"Optical Coherence Tomography",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"a958c09ceaab1fc44c1dd0a817f48c92",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11254.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11436",title:"Beauty",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"0e15ba86bab1a64f950318f3ab2584ed",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11436.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11438",title:"Fake News in the Era of Pandemics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"bc9e4cab86c76f35cd70b39086d9b69e",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11438.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11472",title:"21st Century Slavery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"b341f3fc3411ced881e43ce007a892b8",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11472.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11473",title:"Social Inequality",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"20307129f7fb39aa443d5449acb6a784",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11473.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11546",title:"Smart and Sustainable Transportation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"e8ea27a1ff85cde00efcb6f6968c20f8",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11546.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11554",title:"Information Systems Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"3134452ff2fdec020663f241c7a9a748",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11554.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11588",title:"Autism",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"0c5043c6174db167599cb3f762e8bba8",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11588.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11605",title:"Bamboo",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"378d957561b27c86b750a9c7841a5d18",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11605.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11612",title:"Landraces",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"06316c41a6f6317ad2bee244dc98c6a4",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11612.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11616",title:"Foraging",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"955b60bb658c8d1a09dd4efc9bf6674b",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11616.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11632",title:"Updated Research on Bacteriophages",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"d34dfa0d5d10511184f97ddaeef9936b",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11632.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:43},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:23},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:21},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:17},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:62},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:29},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:122},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:12},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:4}],offset:12,limit:12,total:769},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9974",title:"E-Learning and Digital Education in the Twenty-First Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88b58d66e975df20425fc1dfd22d53aa",slug:"e-learning-and-digital-education-in-the-twenty-first-century",bookSignature:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9974.jpg",editors:[{id:"94099",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Mahruf C.",middleName:null,surname:"Shohel",slug:"m.-mahruf-c.-shohel",fullName:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11001",title:"Density Functional Theory",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"82d53383af78ab41eb982086c02fb2bb",slug:"density-functional-theory-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",bookSignature:"Daniel Glossman-Mitnik",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11001.jpg",editors:[{id:"198499",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Glossman-Mitnik",slug:"daniel-glossman-mitnik",fullName:"Daniel Glossman-Mitnik"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10251",title:"Plankton Communities",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e11e441ca2d2d5f631b1b4704505cfb6",slug:"plankton-communities",bookSignature:"Leonel Pereira and Ana Marta Gonçalves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10251.jpg",editors:[{id:"279788",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonel",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"leonel-pereira",fullName:"Leonel Pereira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10830",title:"Animal Feed Science and Nutrition",subtitle:"Production, Health and Environment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"79944fc8fbbaa329aed6fde388154832",slug:"animal-feed-science-and-nutrition-production-health-and-environment",bookSignature:"Amlan Kumar Patra",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10830.jpg",editors:[{id:"310962",title:"Dr.",name:"Amlan",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Patra",slug:"amlan-patra",fullName:"Amlan Patra"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10356",title:"Natural Medicinal Plants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"943e56ccaaf19ff696d25aa638ae37d6",slug:"natural-medicinal-plants",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10356.jpg",editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11752",title:"Natural Drugs from Plants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a0a83c0822608ef7592bf16a5ed0ada4",slug:"natural-drugs-from-plants",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11752.jpg",editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10853",title:"Recent Advances in Polynomials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e8671bae09ccaa8b8e276c639a737fc",slug:"recent-advances-in-polynomials",bookSignature:"Kamal Shah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10853.jpg",editors:[{id:"231748",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"kamal-shah",fullName:"Kamal Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10676",title:"Recent Applications in Graph Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"900c60742d224080732bd16bd25ccba8",slug:"recent-applications-in-graph-theory",bookSignature:"Harun Pirim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10676.jpg",editors:[{id:"146092",title:"Dr.",name:"Harun",middleName:null,surname:"Pirim",slug:"harun-pirim",fullName:"Harun Pirim"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10903",title:"Genetically Modified Plants and Beyond",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4d7ed4faab99c92cd4d676dc86501df9",slug:"genetically-modified-plants-and-beyond",bookSignature:"Idah Sithole Niang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10903.jpg",editors:[{id:"90172",title:"Prof.",name:"Idah",middleName:null,surname:"Sithole-Niang",slug:"idah-sithole-niang",fullName:"Idah Sithole-Niang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10904",title:"Fusarium",subtitle:"An Overview of the Genus",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"49d9063e43f94bd1517d65fbc58b93c3",slug:"fusarium-an-overview-of-the-genus",bookSignature:"Seyed Mahyar Mirmajlessi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10904.jpg",editors:[{id:"100573",title:"Dr.",name:"Seyed Mahyar",middleName:null,surname:"Mirmajlessi",slug:"seyed-mahyar-mirmajlessi",fullName:"Seyed Mahyar Mirmajlessi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10871",title:"Computed-Tomography (CT) Scan",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"966d8cf74fa27eea1b9cbc9a6ee94993",slug:"computed-tomography-ct-scan",bookSignature:"Reda R. Gharieb",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10871.jpg",editors:[{id:"225387",title:"Prof.",name:"Reda R.",middleName:"R.",surname:"Gharieb",slug:"reda-r.-gharieb",fullName:"Reda R. Gharieb"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11196",title:"New Updates in E-Learning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6afaadf68e2a0a4b370ac5ceb5ca89c6",slug:"new-updates-in-e-learning",bookSignature:"Eduard Babulak",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11196.jpg",editors:[{id:"10086",title:"Prof.",name:"Eduard",middleName:null,surname:"Babulak",slug:"eduard-babulak",fullName:"Eduard Babulak"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4383},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9974",title:"E-Learning and Digital Education in the Twenty-First Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88b58d66e975df20425fc1dfd22d53aa",slug:"e-learning-and-digital-education-in-the-twenty-first-century",bookSignature:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9974.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3340,editors:[{id:"94099",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Mahruf C.",middleName:null,surname:"Shohel",slug:"m.-mahruf-c.-shohel",fullName:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11001",title:"Density Functional Theory",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"82d53383af78ab41eb982086c02fb2bb",slug:"density-functional-theory-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",bookSignature:"Daniel Glossman-Mitnik",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11001.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1845,editors:[{id:"198499",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Glossman-Mitnik",slug:"daniel-glossman-mitnik",fullName:"Daniel Glossman-Mitnik"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10251",title:"Plankton Communities",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e11e441ca2d2d5f631b1b4704505cfb6",slug:"plankton-communities",bookSignature:"Leonel Pereira and Ana Marta Gonçalves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10251.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1096,editors:[{id:"279788",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonel",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"leonel-pereira",fullName:"Leonel Pereira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10830",title:"Animal Feed Science and Nutrition",subtitle:"Production, Health and Environment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"79944fc8fbbaa329aed6fde388154832",slug:"animal-feed-science-and-nutrition-production-health-and-environment",bookSignature:"Amlan Kumar Patra",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10830.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:995,editors:[{id:"310962",title:"Dr.",name:"Amlan",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Patra",slug:"amlan-patra",fullName:"Amlan Patra"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10356",title:"Natural Medicinal Plants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"943e56ccaaf19ff696d25aa638ae37d6",slug:"natural-medicinal-plants",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10356.jpg",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3791,editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11752",title:"Natural Drugs from Plants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a0a83c0822608ef7592bf16a5ed0ada4",slug:"natural-drugs-from-plants",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11752.jpg",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2982,editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10853",title:"Recent Advances in Polynomials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e8671bae09ccaa8b8e276c639a737fc",slug:"recent-advances-in-polynomials",bookSignature:"Kamal Shah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10853.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:559,editors:[{id:"231748",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"kamal-shah",fullName:"Kamal Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10676",title:"Recent Applications in Graph Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"900c60742d224080732bd16bd25ccba8",slug:"recent-applications-in-graph-theory",bookSignature:"Harun Pirim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10676.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:546,editors:[{id:"146092",title:"Dr.",name:"Harun",middleName:null,surname:"Pirim",slug:"harun-pirim",fullName:"Harun Pirim"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10903",title:"Genetically Modified Plants and Beyond",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4d7ed4faab99c92cd4d676dc86501df9",slug:"genetically-modified-plants-and-beyond",bookSignature:"Idah Sithole Niang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10903.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:539,editors:[{id:"90172",title:"Prof.",name:"Idah",middleName:null,surname:"Sithole-Niang",slug:"idah-sithole-niang",fullName:"Idah Sithole-Niang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10904",title:"Fusarium",subtitle:"An Overview of the Genus",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"49d9063e43f94bd1517d65fbc58b93c3",slug:"fusarium-an-overview-of-the-genus",bookSignature:"Seyed Mahyar Mirmajlessi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10904.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:535,editors:[{id:"100573",title:"Dr.",name:"Seyed Mahyar",middleName:null,surname:"Mirmajlessi",slug:"seyed-mahyar-mirmajlessi",fullName:"Seyed Mahyar Mirmajlessi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10251",title:"Plankton Communities",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e11e441ca2d2d5f631b1b4704505cfb6",slug:"plankton-communities",bookSignature:"Leonel Pereira and Ana Marta Gonçalves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10251.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"279788",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonel",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"leonel-pereira",fullName:"Leonel Pereira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10830",title:"Animal Feed Science and Nutrition",subtitle:"Production, Health and Environment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"79944fc8fbbaa329aed6fde388154832",slug:"animal-feed-science-and-nutrition-production-health-and-environment",bookSignature:"Amlan Kumar Patra",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10830.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"310962",title:"Dr.",name:"Amlan",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Patra",slug:"amlan-patra",fullName:"Amlan Patra"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10853",title:"Recent Advances in Polynomials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e8671bae09ccaa8b8e276c639a737fc",slug:"recent-advances-in-polynomials",bookSignature:"Kamal Shah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10853.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"231748",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"kamal-shah",fullName:"Kamal Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10871",title:"Computed-Tomography (CT) Scan",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"966d8cf74fa27eea1b9cbc9a6ee94993",slug:"computed-tomography-ct-scan",bookSignature:"Reda R. Gharieb",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10871.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"225387",title:"Prof.",name:"Reda R.",middleName:"R.",surname:"Gharieb",slug:"reda-r.-gharieb",fullName:"Reda R. Gharieb"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10903",title:"Genetically Modified Plants and Beyond",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4d7ed4faab99c92cd4d676dc86501df9",slug:"genetically-modified-plants-and-beyond",bookSignature:"Idah Sithole Niang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10903.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"90172",title:"Prof.",name:"Idah",middleName:null,surname:"Sithole-Niang",slug:"idah-sithole-niang",fullName:"Idah Sithole-Niang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10904",title:"Fusarium",subtitle:"An Overview of the Genus",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"49d9063e43f94bd1517d65fbc58b93c3",slug:"fusarium-an-overview-of-the-genus",bookSignature:"Seyed Mahyar Mirmajlessi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10904.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"100573",title:"Dr.",name:"Seyed Mahyar",middleName:null,surname:"Mirmajlessi",slug:"seyed-mahyar-mirmajlessi",fullName:"Seyed Mahyar Mirmajlessi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10654",title:"Brain-Computer Interface",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a5308884068cc53ed31c6baba756857f",slug:"brain-computer-interface",bookSignature:"Vahid Asadpour",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10654.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"165328",title:"Dr.",name:"Vahid",middleName:null,surname:"Asadpour",slug:"vahid-asadpour",fullName:"Vahid Asadpour"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10676",title:"Recent Applications in Graph Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"900c60742d224080732bd16bd25ccba8",slug:"recent-applications-in-graph-theory",bookSignature:"Harun Pirim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10676.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"146092",title:"Dr.",name:"Harun",middleName:null,surname:"Pirim",slug:"harun-pirim",fullName:"Harun Pirim"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11196",title:"New Updates in E-Learning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6afaadf68e2a0a4b370ac5ceb5ca89c6",slug:"new-updates-in-e-learning",bookSignature:"Eduard Babulak",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11196.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"10086",title:"Prof.",name:"Eduard",middleName:null,surname:"Babulak",slug:"eduard-babulak",fullName:"Eduard Babulak"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9974",title:"E-Learning and Digital Education in the Twenty-First Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88b58d66e975df20425fc1dfd22d53aa",slug:"e-learning-and-digital-education-in-the-twenty-first-century",bookSignature:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9974.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"94099",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Mahruf C.",middleName:null,surname:"Shohel",slug:"m.-mahruf-c.-shohel",fullName:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"61",title:"Population Genetics",slug:"biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology-population-genetics",parent:{id:"6",title:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",slug:"biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology"},numberOfBooks:5,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:163,numberOfWosCitations:124,numberOfCrossrefCitations:48,numberOfDimensionsCitations:135,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"61",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"10886",title:"Genetic Polymorphisms",subtitle:"New Insights",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a71558dd7dfd16ad140168409f887f7e",slug:"genetic-polymorphisms-new-insights",bookSignature:"Mahmut Çalışkan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10886.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"51528",title:"Prof.",name:"Mahmut",middleName:null,surname:"Çalışkan",slug:"mahmut-caliskan",fullName:"Mahmut Çalışkan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9743",title:"Genetic Variation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"86b87245e21cb2af4c3bd568aefbbcb7",slug:"genetic-variation",bookSignature:"Rafael Trindade Maia and Magnólia de Araújo Campos",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9743.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"212393",title:"Prof.",name:"Rafael",middleName:"Trindade",surname:"Trindade Maia",slug:"rafael-trindade-maia",fullName:"Rafael Trindade Maia"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7947",title:"The Recent Topics in Genetic Polymorphisms",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d77e0df1c9ae7d3721747744650bfcd3",slug:"the-recent-topics-in-genetic-polymorphisms",bookSignature:"Mahmut Çalışkan, Osman Erol and Gül Cevahir Öz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7947.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"51528",title:"Prof.",name:"Mahmut",middleName:null,surname:"Çalışkan",slug:"mahmut-caliskan",fullName:"Mahmut Çalışkan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6974",title:"Integrated View of Population Genetics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d0fce1c94e04593f309f807a4620cb39",slug:"integrated-view-of-population-genetics",bookSignature:"Rafael Trindade Maia and Magnólia de Araújo Campos",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6974.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"212393",title:"Prof.",name:"Rafael",middleName:"Trindade",surname:"Trindade Maia",slug:"rafael-trindade-maia",fullName:"Rafael Trindade Maia"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2253",title:"Genetic Diversity in Microorganisms",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"209e2075adb4614d4061ea69f1cb3c99",slug:"genetic-diversity-in-microorganisms",bookSignature:"Mahmut Caliskan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2253.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"51528",title:"Prof.",name:"Mahmut",middleName:null,surname:"Çalışkan",slug:"mahmut-caliskan",fullName:"Mahmut Çalışkan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:5,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"28891",doi:"10.5772/35363",title:"Microsatellites as Tools for Genetic Diversity Analysis",slug:"microsatellites-as-tools-for-genetic-diversity-analysis",totalDownloads:12427,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:36,abstract:null,book:{id:"2253",slug:"genetic-diversity-in-microorganisms",title:"Genetic Diversity in Microorganisms",fullTitle:"Genetic Diversity in Microorganisms"},signatures:"Andrea Akemi Hoshino, Juliana Pereira Bravo, Paula Macedo Nobile and Karina Alessandra Morelli",authors:[{id:"104076",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:"Akemi",surname:"Hoshino",slug:"andrea-hoshino",fullName:"Andrea Hoshino"},{id:"104949",title:"Dr.",name:"Juliana",middleName:null,surname:"Bravo",slug:"juliana-bravo",fullName:"Juliana Bravo"},{id:"104951",title:"Dr.",name:"Karina",middleName:"Alessandra",surname:"Morelli",slug:"karina-morelli",fullName:"Karina Morelli"},{id:"104953",title:"Dr.",name:"Paula",middleName:null,surname:"Nobile",slug:"paula-nobile",fullName:"Paula Nobile"}]},{id:"28894",doi:"10.5772/32913",title:"Genetically Related Listeria Monocytogenes Strains Isolated from Lethal Human Cases and Wild Animals",slug:"genetically-related-listeria-monocytogenes-strains-isolated-from-lethal-human-cases-and-wild-animals",totalDownloads:3436,totalCrossrefCites:12,totalDimensionsCites:19,abstract:null,book:{id:"2253",slug:"genetic-diversity-in-microorganisms",title:"Genetic Diversity in Microorganisms",fullTitle:"Genetic Diversity in Microorganisms"},signatures:"Ruslan Adgamov, Elena Zaytseva, Jean-Michel Thiberge, Sylvain Brisse and Svetlana Ermolaeva",authors:[{id:"93185",title:"Dr.",name:"Svetlana",middleName:null,surname:"Ermolaeva",slug:"svetlana-ermolaeva",fullName:"Svetlana Ermolaeva"}]},{id:"28886",doi:"10.5772/35333",title:"Diversity of Heterolobosea",slug:"diversity-of-heterolobosea",totalDownloads:4302,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:17,abstract:null,book:{id:"2253",slug:"genetic-diversity-in-microorganisms",title:"Genetic Diversity in Microorganisms",fullTitle:"Genetic Diversity in Microorganisms"},signatures:"Tomáš Pánek and Ivan Čepička",authors:[{id:"103948",title:"Dr.",name:"Ivan",middleName:null,surname:"Cepicka",slug:"ivan-cepicka",fullName:"Ivan Cepicka"},{id:"103954",title:"MSc.",name:"Tomas",middleName:null,surname:"Panek",slug:"tomas-panek",fullName:"Tomas Panek"}]},{id:"28888",doi:"10.5772/35101",title:"Genotyping Techniques for Determining the Diversity of Microorganisms",slug:"genotyping-techniques-for-determining-the-diversity-of-microorganisms",totalDownloads:6449,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:13,abstract:null,book:{id:"2253",slug:"genetic-diversity-in-microorganisms",title:"Genetic Diversity in Microorganisms",fullTitle:"Genetic Diversity in Microorganisms"},signatures:"Katarzyna Wolska and Piotr Szweda",authors:[{id:"102977",title:"Dr.",name:"Katarzyna",middleName:null,surname:"Wolska",slug:"katarzyna-wolska",fullName:"Katarzyna Wolska"},{id:"117528",title:"Dr.",name:"Szweda",middleName:null,surname:"Piotr",slug:"szweda-piotr",fullName:"Szweda Piotr"}]},{id:"71577",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91886",title:"Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) in Plant Genetics and Breeding",slug:"single-nucleotide-polymorphisms-snps-in-plant-genetics-and-breeding",totalDownloads:1488,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:"Recent advances in genome technology revealed various single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), the most common form of DNA sequence variation between alleles, in several plant species. The discovery and application of SNPs increased our knowledge about genetic diversity and a better understanding on crop improvement. Natural breeding process which takes an agelong time during collecting, cultivating, and domestication has been accelerated by detecting dozens of SNPs on various species using advanced biotechnological techniques such as next-generation sequencing. This will result in the improvement of economically important traits. Therefore, we would like to focus on the discovery, current technologies, and applications of SNPs in breeding. The chapter covers the following topics: (1) introduction, (2) application of SNPs, (3) techniques to detect SNPs, (4) importance of SNPs for crop improvement, and (5) conclusion.",book:{id:"7947",slug:"the-recent-topics-in-genetic-polymorphisms",title:"The Recent Topics in Genetic Polymorphisms",fullTitle:"The Recent Topics in Genetic Polymorphisms"},signatures:"Hande Morgil, Yusuf Can Gercek and Isil Tulum",authors:null}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"75504",title:"Introductory Chapter: Genetic Variation - The Source of Biological Diversity",slug:"introductory-chapter-genetic-variation-the-source-of-biological-diversity",totalDownloads:418,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:null,book:{id:"9743",slug:"genetic-variation",title:"Genetic Variation",fullTitle:"Genetic Variation"},signatures:"Rafael Trindade Maia and Magnólia de Araújo Campos",authors:[{id:"212393",title:"Prof.",name:"Rafael",middleName:"Trindade",surname:"Trindade Maia",slug:"rafael-trindade-maia",fullName:"Rafael Trindade Maia"},{id:"344747",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Magnólia",middleName:"De Araújo",surname:"de Araújo Campos",slug:"magnolia-de-araujo-campos",fullName:"Magnólia de Araújo Campos"}]},{id:"73657",title:"Potential of Mutation Breeding to Sustain Food Security",slug:"potential-of-mutation-breeding-to-sustain-food-security",totalDownloads:738,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Mutation is a sudden heritable change in the genetic material of living organism. Spontaneous mutation, the natural process that develops new allele copies of a gene was the only source of genetic diversity until the 20th century. Besides, mutations can also be induced artificially using physical or chemical mutagens. Chemical mutations received popularity due to its efficiency in creating gene mutations contrary to chromosomal changes. Mutation has played a vital role in the improvement of crop productivity and quality, resultantly > 3,000 varieties of 175 plant species have been developed either through direct or indirect induced mutation breeding approaches worldwide. The advances in plant breeding also achieved through molecular marker technology. The in vitro mutagenesis, heavy-ion beam, and space mutation breeding are being efficiently used to create genetic variability to improve various complicated traits in crop plants. In mutation breeding, TILLING (Targeting Induced Local Lesions in Genomes), a more advanced molecular technique is being used to identify specific sequential genomic changes in mutant plants. Therefore, the mutation breeding in combination with molecular techniques could be an efficient tool in plant breeding programs. This chapter will discuss and review the mutation breeding application for the improvement of crop productivity and environmental stresses.",book:{id:"9743",slug:"genetic-variation",title:"Genetic Variation",fullTitle:"Genetic Variation"},signatures:"Arain Saima Mir, Meer Maria, Sajjad Muhammad and Sial Mahboob Ali",authors:[{id:"329068",title:"Dr.",name:"Arain Saima Mir",middleName:null,surname:"Saima Mir",slug:"arain-saima-mir-saima-mir",fullName:"Arain Saima Mir Saima Mir"},{id:"330046",title:"Ms.",name:"Meer",middleName:null,surname:"Maria",slug:"meer-maria",fullName:"Meer Maria"},{id:"330047",title:"Dr.",name:"Sajjad",middleName:null,surname:"Muhammad",slug:"sajjad-muhammad",fullName:"Sajjad Muhammad"},{id:"330048",title:"Dr.",name:"Sial",middleName:null,surname:"Mahboob Ali",slug:"sial-mahboob-ali",fullName:"Sial Mahboob Ali"}]},{id:"65713",title:"Introductory Chapter: Population Genetics - The Evolution Process as a Genetic Function",slug:"introductory-chapter-population-genetics-the-evolution-process-as-a-genetic-function",totalDownloads:2327,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:null,book:{id:"6974",slug:"integrated-view-of-population-genetics",title:"Integrated View of Population Genetics",fullTitle:"Integrated View of Population Genetics"},signatures:"Rafael Trindade Maia and Magnólia de Araújo Campos",authors:[{id:"212393",title:"Prof.",name:"Rafael",middleName:"Trindade",surname:"Trindade Maia",slug:"rafael-trindade-maia",fullName:"Rafael Trindade Maia"}]},{id:"71577",title:"Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) in Plant Genetics and Breeding",slug:"single-nucleotide-polymorphisms-snps-in-plant-genetics-and-breeding",totalDownloads:1485,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:"Recent advances in genome technology revealed various single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), the most common form of DNA sequence variation between alleles, in several plant species. The discovery and application of SNPs increased our knowledge about genetic diversity and a better understanding on crop improvement. Natural breeding process which takes an agelong time during collecting, cultivating, and domestication has been accelerated by detecting dozens of SNPs on various species using advanced biotechnological techniques such as next-generation sequencing. This will result in the improvement of economically important traits. Therefore, we would like to focus on the discovery, current technologies, and applications of SNPs in breeding. The chapter covers the following topics: (1) introduction, (2) application of SNPs, (3) techniques to detect SNPs, (4) importance of SNPs for crop improvement, and (5) conclusion.",book:{id:"7947",slug:"the-recent-topics-in-genetic-polymorphisms",title:"The Recent Topics in Genetic Polymorphisms",fullTitle:"The Recent Topics in Genetic Polymorphisms"},signatures:"Hande Morgil, Yusuf Can Gercek and Isil Tulum",authors:null},{id:"71702",title:"Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms in Inflammatory Bowel Disease",slug:"single-nucleotide-polymorphisms-in-inflammatory-bowel-disease",totalDownloads:968,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) mainly includes ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD). Both conditions are characterized by chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract, with alternating periods of relapse and remission. Both forms of IBD involve an uncontrolled inflammatory process in the intestines, leading to worsening quality of life and requiring long-term medical and/or surgical intervention. Epidemiological and clinical studies suggest that the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease is strongly linked to genetic predisposition. CD and UC are considered polygenic diseases in which familial clustering is observed in 5–10% of patients. Among genetic factors associated with IBD development, it has been found that many single nucleotide polymorphisms are associated with susceptibility to IBD progression. SNP can affect the production or function of a protein and thus affect the development of the disease. However, although the overall role of genes involved in the development of IBD is already in most cases known, as of today it is unclear how the SNPs in these genes affect cellular function, or how such changed cellular functions would contribute to the development of IBD. In the present work several selected polymorphisms in genes involved in IBD development are discussed.",book:{id:"7947",slug:"the-recent-topics-in-genetic-polymorphisms",title:"The Recent Topics in Genetic Polymorphisms",fullTitle:"The Recent Topics in Genetic Polymorphisms"},signatures:"Ewa Dudzińska",authors:null}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"61",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:98,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:287,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:10,numberOfPublishedChapters:103,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 18th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:27,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:9,paginationItems:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",slug:"rosa-maria-martinez-espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa has been a Spanish Full Professor since 2020 (Biochemistry and Molecular Biology) and is currently Vice-President of International Relations and Cooperation development and leader of the research group 'Applied Biochemistry” (University of Alicante, Spain). Other positions she has held at the university include Vice-Dean of Master Programs, Vice-Dean of the Degree in Biology and Vice-Dean for Mobility and Enterprise and Engagement at the Faculty of Science (University of Alicante). She received her Bachelor in Biology in 1998 (University of Alicante) and her PhD in 2003 (Biochemistry, University of Alicante). She undertook post-doctoral research at the University of East Anglia (Norwich, U.K. 2004-2005; 2007-2008).\nHer multidisciplinary research focuses on investigating archaea and their potential applications in biotechnology. She has an H-index of 21. She has authored one patent and has published more than 70 indexed papers and around 60 book chapters.\nShe has contributed to more than 150 national and international meetings during the last 15 years. Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"79367",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"Flores",slug:"ana-isabel-flores",fullName:"Ana Isabel Flores",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRpIOQA0/Profile_Picture_1632418099564",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Hospital Universitario 12 De Octubre",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"328234",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Palavecino",slug:"christian-palavecino",fullName:"Christian Palavecino",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000030DhEhQAK/Profile_Picture_1628835318625",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Central University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"186585",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Martin-Romero",slug:"francisco-javier-martin-romero",fullName:"Francisco Javier Martin-Romero",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSB3HQAW/Profile_Picture_1631258137641",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}]},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. Dr. Beydemir is also Rector of Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Turkey.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",slug:"deniz-ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",biography:"Dr. Deniz Ekinci obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 2004, MSc in Biochemistry in 2006, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2009 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He studied at Stetson University, USA, in 2007-2008 and at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Germany, in 2009-2010. Dr. Ekinci currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Agriculture and is the Head of the Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Division, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Turkey. He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. Dr. Ekinci serves as the Editor in Chief of four international books and is involved in the Editorial Board of several international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"241413",title:"Dr.",name:"Azhar",middleName:null,surname:"Rasul",slug:"azhar-rasul",fullName:"Azhar Rasul",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRT1oQAG/Profile_Picture_1635251978933",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",slug:"sergey-sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178316/images/system/178316.jfif",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Novosibirsk State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}}]},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",slug:"yannis-karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",biography:"Yannis Karamanos, born in Greece in 1953, completed his pre-graduate studies at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, then his Masters and Doctoral degree at the Université de Lille (1983). He was associate professor at the University of Limoges (1987) before becoming full professor of biochemistry at the Université d’Artois (1996). He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. His teaching areas are energy metabolism and regulation, integration and organ specialization and metabolic adaptation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"243049",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Pantea Stoian",slug:"anca-pantea-stoian",fullName:"Anca Pantea Stoian",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243049/images/system/243049.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"203824",title:"Dr.",name:"Attilio",middleName:null,surname:"Rigotti",slug:"attilio-rigotti",fullName:"Attilio Rigotti",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pontifical Catholic University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"300470",title:"Dr.",name:"Yanfei (Jacob)",middleName:null,surname:"Qi",slug:"yanfei-(jacob)-qi",fullName:"Yanfei (Jacob) Qi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300470/images/system/300470.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}]},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",slug:"paolo-iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",biography:"Paolo Iadarola graduated with a degree in Chemistry from the University of Pavia (Italy) in July 1972. He then worked as an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Science of the same University until 1984. In 1985, Prof. Iadarola became Associate Professor at the Department of Biology and Biotechnologies of the University of Pavia and retired in October 2017. Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. He is a Consultant Reviewer for several journals, including the Journal of Chromatography A, Journal of Chromatography B, Plos ONE, Proteomes, International Journal of Molecular Science, Biotech, Electrophoresis, and others. He is also Associate Editor of Biotech.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",slug:"simona-viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",biography:"Simona Viglio is an Associate Professor of Biochemistry at the Department of Molecular Medicine at the University of Pavia. She has been working since 1995 on the determination of proteolytic enzymes involved in the degradation process of connective tissue matrix and on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. She is an author of about 90 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; According to WOS: H-Index: 20) on peer-reviewed journals, a member of the “Società Italiana di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare,“ and a Consultant Reviewer for International Journal of Molecular Science, Journal of Chromatography A, COPD, Plos ONE and Nutritional Neuroscience.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"72288",title:"Dr.",name:"Arli Aditya",middleName:null,surname:"Parikesit",slug:"arli-aditya-parikesit",fullName:"Arli Aditya Parikesit",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/72288/images/system/72288.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"40928",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez-Camarillo",slug:"cesar-lopez-camarillo",fullName:"Cesar Lopez-Camarillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40928/images/3884_n.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"81926",title:"Dr.",name:"Shymaa",middleName:null,surname:"Enany",slug:"shymaa-enany",fullName:"Shymaa Enany",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRqB9QAK/Profile_Picture_1626163237970",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Suez Canal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:0,paginationItems:[]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:0,paginationItems:[]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{id:"11601",title:"Econometrics - Recent Advances and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11601.jpg",hash:"bc8ab49e2cf436c217a49ca8c12a22eb",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 13th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"452331",title:"Dr.",name:"Brian",surname:"Sloboda",slug:"brian-sloboda",fullName:"Brian Sloboda"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:19,paginationItems:[{id:"81793",title:"Canine parvovirus-2: An Emerging Threat to Young Pets",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104846",signatures:"Mithilesh Singh, Rajendran Manikandan, Ujjwal Kumar De, Vishal Chander, Babul Rudra Paul, Saravanan Ramakrishnan and Darshini Maramreddy",slug:"canine-parvovirus-2-an-emerging-threat-to-young-pets",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"81271",title:"The Diversity of Parvovirus Telomeres",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102684",signatures:"Marianne Laugel, Emilie Lecomte, Eduard Ayuso, Oumeya Adjali, Mathieu Mével and Magalie Penaud-Budloo",slug:"the-diversity-of-parvovirus-telomeres",totalDownloads:23,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"79909",title:"Cryopreservation Methods and Frontiers in the Art of Freezing Life in Animal Models",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101750",signatures:"Feda S. Aljaser",slug:"cryopreservation-methods-and-frontiers-in-the-art-of-freezing-life-in-animal-models",totalDownloads:170,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Animal Reproduction",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10664.jpg",subseries:{id:"28",title:"Animal Reproductive Biology and Technology"}}},{id:"79782",title:"Avian Reproduction",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101185",signatures:"Kingsley Omogiade Idahor",slug:"avian-reproduction",totalDownloads:151,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Kingsley O.",surname:"Idahor"}],book:{title:"Animal Reproduction",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10664.jpg",subseries:{id:"28",title:"Animal Reproductive Biology and Technology"}}},{id:"78802",title:"Intraovarian Gestation in Viviparous Teleosts: Unique Type of Gestation among Vertebrates",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100267",signatures:"Mari-Carmen Uribe, Gabino De la Rosa-Cruz, Adriana García-Alarcón and Juan Carlos Campuzano-Caballero",slug:"intraovarian-gestation-in-viviparous-teleosts-unique-type-of-gestation-among-vertebrates",totalDownloads:184,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Animal Reproduction",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10664.jpg",subseries:{id:"28",title:"Animal Reproductive Biology and Technology"}}},{id:"79209",title:"Virtual Physiology: A Tool for the 21st Century",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99671",signatures:"Carmen Nóbrega, Maria Aires Pereira, Catarina Coelho, Isabel Brás, Ana Cristina Mega, Carla Santos, Fernando Esteves, Rita Cruz, Ana I. Faustino-Rocha, Paula A. Oliveira, João Mesquita and Helena Vala",slug:"virtual-physiology-a-tool-for-the-21st-century",totalDownloads:137,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"78849",title:"Application of Vermicompost Fertilizer in Aquaculture Nutrition: Review",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100326",signatures:"Sonnia Nzilani Musyoka and Rita Nairuti",slug:"application-of-vermicompost-fertilizer-in-aquaculture-nutrition-review",totalDownloads:67,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Animal Nutrition - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11416.jpg",subseries:{id:"20",title:"Animal Nutrition"}}},{id:"78617",title:"Doppler Ultrasound in the Reproduction of Mares",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98951",signatures:"Camila Silva Costa Ferreira and Rita de Cássia Lima Morais",slug:"doppler-ultrasound-in-the-reproduction-of-mares",totalDownloads:123,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Animal Reproduction",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10664.jpg",subseries:{id:"28",title:"Animal Reproductive Biology and Technology"}}},{id:"78543",title:"Pulmonary Vein: Embryology, Anatomy, Function and Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100051",signatures:"Chan I-Ping and Hsueh Tung",slug:"pulmonary-vein-embryology-anatomy-function-and-disease",totalDownloads:171,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"78564",title:"Anatomy of the Rhesus Monkey (Macaca mulatta): The Essentials for the Biomedical Researcher",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99067",signatures:"Christophe Casteleyn and Jaco Bakker",slug:"anatomy-of-the-rhesus-monkey-macaca-mulatta-the-essentials-for-the-biomedical-researcher",totalDownloads:308,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Animal Nutrition",value:20,count:1,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Animal Reproductive Biology and Technology",value:28,count:7,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Animal Science",value:19,count:11,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:10,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10830",title:"Animal Feed Science and Nutrition",subtitle:"Production, Health and Environment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10830.jpg",slug:"animal-feed-science-and-nutrition-production-health-and-environment",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Amlan Kumar Patra",hash:"79944fc8fbbaa329aed6fde388154832",volumeInSeries:10,fullTitle:"Animal Feed Science and Nutrition - Production, Health and Environment",editors:[{id:"310962",title:"Dr.",name:"Amlan",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Patra",slug:"amlan-patra",fullName:"Amlan Patra",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/310962/images/system/310962.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8737",title:"Rabies Virus at the Beginning of 21st Century",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8737.jpg",slug:"rabies-virus-at-the-beginning-of-21st-century",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Sergey Tkachev",hash:"49cce3f548da548c718c865feb343509",volumeInSeries:9,fullTitle:"Rabies Virus at the Beginning of 21st Century",editors:[{id:"61139",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Tkachev",slug:"sergey-tkachev",fullName:"Sergey Tkachev",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/61139/images/system/61139.png",institutionString:"Russian Academy of Sciences",institution:{name:"Russian Academy of Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10496",title:"Advanced Studies in the 21st Century Animal Nutrition",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10496.jpg",slug:"advanced-studies-in-the-21st-century-animal-nutrition",publishedDate:"December 8th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"László Babinszky, Juliana Oliveira and Edson Mauro Santos",hash:"8ffe43a82ac48b309abc3632bbf3efd0",volumeInSeries:8,fullTitle:"Advanced Studies in the 21st Century Animal Nutrition",editors:[{id:"53998",title:"Prof.",name:"László",middleName:null,surname:"Babinszky",slug:"laszlo-babinszky",fullName:"László Babinszky",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/53998/images/system/53998.png",institutionString:"University of Debrecen",institution:{name:"University of Debrecen",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Hungary"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10497",title:"Canine Genetics, Health and Medicine",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10497.jpg",slug:"canine-genetics-health-and-medicine",publishedDate:"June 2nd 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Catrin Rutland",hash:"b91512e31ce34032e560362e6cbccc1c",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Canine Genetics, Health and Medicine",editors:[{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8545",title:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8545.jpg",slug:"animal-reproduction-in-veterinary-medicine",publishedDate:"January 20th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Faruk Aral, Rita Payan-Carreira and Miguel Quaresma",hash:"13aaddf5fdbbc78387e77a7da2388bf6",volumeInSeries:6,fullTitle:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",editors:[{id:"25600",title:"Prof.",name:"Faruk",middleName:null,surname:"Aral",slug:"faruk-aral",fullName:"Faruk Aral",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/25600/images/system/25600.jpg",institutionString:"Independent Researcher",institution:{name:"Harran University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9081",title:"Equine Science",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9081.jpg",slug:"equine-science",publishedDate:"September 23rd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Catrin Rutland and Albert Rizvanov",hash:"ac415ef2f5450fa80fdb9cf6cf32cd2d",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Equine Science",editors:[{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8460",title:"Reproductive Biology and Technology in Animals",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8460.jpg",slug:"reproductive-biology-and-technology-in-animals",publishedDate:"April 15th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Juan Carlos Gardón Poggi and Katy Satué Ambrojo",hash:"32ef5fe73998dd723d308225d756fa1e",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Reproductive Biology and Technology in Animals",editors:[{id:"251314",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Gardón",slug:"juan-carlos-gardon",fullName:"Juan Carlos Gardón",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/251314/images/system/251314.jpeg",institutionString:"Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, Spain",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8524",title:"Lactation in Farm Animals",subtitle:"Biology, Physiological Basis, Nutritional Requirements, and Modelization",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8524.jpg",slug:"lactation-in-farm-animals-biology-physiological-basis-nutritional-requirements-and-modelization",publishedDate:"January 22nd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Naceur M'Hamdi",hash:"2aa2a9a0ec13040bbf0455e34625504e",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Lactation in Farm Animals - Biology, Physiological Basis, Nutritional Requirements, and Modelization",editors:[{id:"73376",title:"Dr.",name:"Naceur",middleName:null,surname:"M'Hamdi",slug:"naceur-m'hamdi",fullName:"Naceur M'Hamdi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/73376/images/system/73376.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7144",title:"Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7144.jpg",slug:"veterinary-anatomy-and-physiology",publishedDate:"March 13th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Catrin Sian Rutland and Valentina Kubale",hash:"75cdacb570e0e6d15a5f6e69640d87c9",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",editors:[{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7233",title:"New Insights into Theriogenology",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7233.jpg",slug:"new-insights-into-theriogenology",publishedDate:"December 5th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rita Payan-Carreira",hash:"74f4147e3fb214dd050e5edd3aaf53bc",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"New Insights into Theriogenology",editors:[{id:"38652",title:"Prof.",name:"Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Payan-Carreira",slug:"rita-payan-carreira",fullName:"Rita Payan-Carreira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRiFPQA0/Profile_Picture_1614601496313",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Évora",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Animal Nutrition",value:20,count:2},{group:"subseries",caption:"Animal Reproductive Biology and Technology",value:28,count:3},{group:"subseries",caption:"Animal Science",value:19,count:5}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:2},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:1},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:148,paginationItems:[{id:"165328",title:"Dr.",name:"Vahid",middleName:null,surname:"Asadpour",slug:"vahid-asadpour",fullName:"Vahid Asadpour",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165328/images/system/165328.jpg",biography:"Vahid Asadpour, MS, Ph.D., is currently with the Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California. He has both an MS and Ph.D. in Biomedical Engineering. He was previously a research scientist at the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) and visiting professor and researcher at the University of North Dakota. He is currently working in artificial intelligence and its applications in medical signal processing. In addition, he is using digital signal processing in medical imaging and speech processing. Dr. Asadpour has developed brain-computer interfacing algorithms and has published books, book chapters, and several journal and conference papers in this field and other areas of intelligent signal processing. He has also designed medical devices, including a laser Doppler monitoring system.",institutionString:"Kaiser Permanente Southern California",institution:null},{id:"169608",title:"Prof.",name:"Marian",middleName:null,surname:"Găiceanu",slug:"marian-gaiceanu",fullName:"Marian Găiceanu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/169608/images/system/169608.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Marian Gaiceanu graduated from the Naval and Electrical Engineering Faculty, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Romania, in 1997. He received a Ph.D. (Magna Cum Laude) in Electrical Engineering in 2002. Since 2017, Dr. Gaiceanu has been a Ph.D. supervisor for students in Electrical Engineering. He has been employed at Dunarea de Jos University of Galati since 1996, where he is currently a professor. Dr. Gaiceanu is a member of the National Council for Attesting Titles, Diplomas and Certificates, an expert of the Executive Agency for Higher Education, Research Funding, and a member of the Senate of the Dunarea de Jos University of Galati. He has been the head of the Integrated Energy Conversion Systems and Advanced Control of Complex Processes Research Center, Romania, since 2016. He has conducted several projects in power converter systems for electrical drives, power quality, PEM and SOFC fuel cell power converters for utilities, electric vehicles, and marine applications with the Department of Regulation and Control, SIEI S.pA. (2002–2004) and the Polytechnic University of Turin, Italy (2002–2004, 2006–2007). He is a member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and cofounder-member of the IEEE Power Electronics Romanian Chapter. He is a guest editor at Energies and an academic book editor for IntechOpen. He is also a member of the editorial boards of the Journal of Electrical Engineering, Electronics, Control and Computer Science and Sustainability. Dr. Gaiceanu has been General Chairman of the IEEE International Symposium on Electrical and Electronics Engineering in the last six editions.",institutionString:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',institution:{name:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"4519",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaydip",middleName:null,surname:"Sen",slug:"jaydip-sen",fullName:"Jaydip Sen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/4519/images/system/4519.jpeg",biography:"Jaydip Sen is associated with Praxis Business School, Kolkata, India, as a professor in the Department of Data Science. His research areas include security and privacy issues in computing and communication, intrusion detection systems, machine learning, deep learning, and artificial intelligence in the financial domain. He has more than 200 publications in reputed international journals, refereed conference proceedings, and 20 book chapters in books published by internationally renowned publishing houses, such as Springer, CRC press, IGI Global, etc. Currently, he is serving on the editorial board of the prestigious journal Frontiers in Communications and Networks and in the technical program committees of a number of high-ranked international conferences organized by the IEEE, USA, and the ACM, USA. He has been listed among the top 2% of scientists in the world for the last three consecutive years, 2019 to 2021 as per studies conducted by the Stanford University, USA.",institutionString:"Praxis Business School",institution:null},{id:"320071",title:"Dr.",name:"Sidra",middleName:null,surname:"Mehtab",slug:"sidra-mehtab",fullName:"Sidra Mehtab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002v6KHoQAM/Profile_Picture_1584512086360",biography:"Sidra Mehtab has completed her BS with honors in Physics from Calcutta University, India in 2018. She has done MS in Data Science and Analytics from Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology (MAKAUT), Kolkata, India in 2020. Her research areas include Econometrics, Time Series Analysis, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Artificial Intelligence, and Computer and Network Security with a particular focus on Cyber Security Analytics. Ms. Mehtab has published seven papers in international conferences and one of her papers has been accepted for publication in a reputable international journal. She has won the best paper awards in two prestigious international conferences – BAICONF 2019, and ICADCML 2021, organized in the Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore, India in December 2019, and SOA University, Bhubaneswar, India in January 2021. Besides, Ms. Mehtab has also published two book chapters in two books. Seven of her book chapters will be published in a volume shortly in 2021 by Cambridge Scholars’ Press, UK. Currently, she is working as the joint editor of two edited volumes on Time Series Analysis and Forecasting to be published in the first half of 2021 by an international house. Currently, she is working as a Data Scientist with an MNC in Delhi, India.",institutionString:"NSHM College of Management and Technology",institution:null},{id:"226240",title:"Dr.",name:"Andri Irfan",middleName:null,surname:"Rifai",slug:"andri-irfan-rifai",fullName:"Andri Irfan Rifai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226240/images/7412_n.jpg",biography:"Andri IRFAN is a Senior Lecturer of Civil Engineering and Planning. He completed the PhD at the Universitas Indonesia & Universidade do Minho with Sandwich Program Scholarship from the Directorate General of Higher Education and LPDP scholarship. He has been teaching for more than 19 years and much active to applied his knowledge in the project construction in Indonesia. His research interest ranges from pavement management system to advanced data mining techniques for transportation engineering. He has published more than 50 papers in journals and 2 books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Internasional Batam",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"314576",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibai",middleName:null,surname:"Laña",slug:"ibai-lana",fullName:"Ibai Laña",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314576/images/system/314576.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ibai Laña works at TECNALIA as a data analyst. He received his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence from the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Spain, in 2018. He is currently a senior researcher at TECNALIA. His research interests fall within the intersection of intelligent transportation systems, machine learning, traffic data analysis, and data science. He has dealt with urban traffic forecasting problems, applying machine learning models and evolutionary algorithms. He has experience in origin-destination matrix estimation or point of interest and trajectory detection. Working with large volumes of data has given him a good command of big data processing tools and NoSQL databases. He has also been a visiting scholar at the Knowledge Engineering and Discovery Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"314575",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus",middleName:null,surname:"L. Lobo",slug:"jesus-l.-lobo",fullName:"Jesus L. Lobo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314575/images/system/314575.png",biography:"Dr. Jesús López is currently based in Bilbao (Spain) working at TECNALIA as Artificial Intelligence Research Scientist. In most cases, a project idea or a new research line needs to be investigated to see if it is good enough to take into production or to focus on it. That is exactly what he does, diving into Machine Learning algorithms and technologies to help TECNALIA to decide whether something is great in theory or will actually impact on the product or processes of its projects. So, he is expert at framing experiments, developing hypotheses, and proving whether they’re true or not, in order to investigate fundamental problems with a longer time horizon. He is also able to design and develop PoCs and system prototypes in simulation. He has participated in several national and internacional R&D projects.\n\nAs another relevant part of his everyday research work, he usually publishes his findings in reputed scientific refereed journals and international conferences, occasionally acting as reviewer and Programme Commitee member. Concretely, since 2018 he has published 9 JCR (8 Q1) journal papers, 9 conference papers (e.g. ECML PKDD 2021), and he has co-edited a book. He is also active in popular science writing data science stories for reputed blogs (KDNuggets, TowardsDataScience, Naukas). Besides, he has recently embarked on mentoring programmes as mentor, and has also worked as data science trainer.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",slug:"yalcin-isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",biography:"Yalcin Isler (1971 - Burdur / Turkey) received the B.Sc. degree in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey, in 1993, the M.Sc. degree from the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey, in 1996, the Ph.D. degree from the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey, in 2009, and the Competence of Associate Professorship from the Turkish Interuniversity Council in 2019.\n\nHe was Lecturer at Burdur Vocational School in Suleyman Demirel University (1993-2000, Burdur / Turkey), Software Engineer (2000-2002, Izmir / Turkey), Research Assistant in Bulent Ecevit University (2002-2003, Zonguldak / Turkey), Research Assistant in Dokuz Eylul University (2003-2010, Izmir / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering in Bulent Ecevit University (2010-2012, Zonguldak / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering in Izmir Katip Celebi University (2012-2019, Izmir / Turkey). He is an Associate Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir / Turkey, since 2019. In addition to academics, he has also founded Islerya Medical and Information Technologies Company, Izmir / Turkey, since 2017.\n\nHis main research interests cover biomedical signal processing, pattern recognition, medical device design, programming, and embedded systems. He has many scientific papers and participated in several projects in these study fields. He was an IEEE Student Member (2009-2011) and IEEE Member (2011-2014) and has been IEEE Senior Member since 2014.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"339677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mrinmoy",middleName:null,surname:"Roy",slug:"mrinmoy-roy",fullName:"Mrinmoy Roy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/339677/images/16768_n.jpg",biography:"An accomplished Sales & Marketing professional with 12 years of cross-functional experience in well-known organisations such as CIPLA, LUPIN, GLENMARK, ASTRAZENECA across different segment of Sales & Marketing, International Business, Institutional Business, Product Management, Strategic Marketing of HIV, Oncology, Derma, Respiratory, Anti-Diabetic, Nutraceutical & Stomatological Product Portfolio and Generic as well as Chronic Critical Care Portfolio. A First Class MBA in International Business & Strategic Marketing, B.Pharm, D.Pharm, Google Certified Digital Marketing Professional. Qualified PhD Candidate in Operations and Management with special focus on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning adoption, analysis and use in Healthcare, Hospital & Pharma Domain. Seasoned with diverse therapy area of Pharmaceutical Sales & Marketing ranging from generating revenue through generating prescriptions, launching new products, and making them big brands with continuous strategy execution at the Physician and Patients level. Moved from Sales to Marketing and Business Development for 3.5 years in South East Asian Market operating from Manila, Philippines. Came back to India and handled and developed Brands such as Gluconorm, Lupisulin, Supracal, Absolut Woman, Hemozink, Fabiflu (For COVID 19), and many more. In my previous assignment I used to develop and execute strategies on Sales & Marketing, Commercialization & Business Development for Institution and Corporate Hospital Business portfolio of Oncology Therapy Area for AstraZeneca Pharma India Ltd. Being a Research Scholar and Student of ‘Operations Research & Management: Artificial Intelligence’ I published several pioneer research papers and book chapters on the same in Internationally reputed journals and Books indexed in Scopus, Springer and Ei Compendex, Google Scholar etc. Currently, I am launching PGDM Pharmaceutical Management Program in IIHMR Bangalore and spearheading the course curriculum and structure of the same. I am interested in Collaboration for Healthcare Innovation, Pharma AI Innovation, Future trend in Marketing and Management with incubation on Healthcare, Healthcare IT startups, AI-ML Modelling and Healthcare Algorithm based training module development. I am also an affiliated member of the Institute of Management Consultant of India, looking forward to Healthcare, Healthcare IT and Innovation, Pharma and Hospital Management Consulting works.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lovely Professional University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",institution:{name:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"221364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneko",middleName:null,surname:"Osaba",slug:"eneko-osaba",fullName:"Eneko Osaba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221364/images/system/221364.jpg",biography:"Dr. Eneko Osaba works at TECNALIA as a senior researcher. He obtained his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence in 2015. He has participated in more than twenty-five local and European research projects, and in the publication of more than 130 papers. He has performed several stays at universities in the United Kingdom, Italy, and Malta. Dr. Osaba has served as a program committee member in more than forty international conferences and participated in organizing activities in more than ten international conferences. He is a member of the editorial board of the International Journal of Artificial Intelligence, Data in Brief, and Journal of Advanced Transportation. He is also a guest editor for the Journal of Computational Science, Neurocomputing, Swarm, and Evolutionary Computation and IEEE ITS Magazine.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"275829",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Villar-Rodriguez",slug:"esther-villar-rodriguez",fullName:"Esther Villar-Rodriguez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/275829/images/system/275829.jpg",biography:"Dr. Esther Villar obtained a Ph.D. in Information and Communication Technologies from the University of Alcalá, Spain, in 2015. She obtained a degree in Computer Science from the University of Deusto, Spain, in 2010, and an MSc in Computer Languages and Systems from the National University of Distance Education, Spain, in 2012. Her areas of interest and knowledge include natural language processing (NLP), detection of impersonation in social networks, semantic web, and machine learning. Dr. Esther Villar made several contributions at conferences and publishing in various journals in those fields. Currently, she is working within the OPTIMA (Optimization Modeling & Analytics) business of TECNALIA’s ICT Division as a data scientist in projects related to the prediction and optimization of management and industrial processes (resource planning, energy efficiency, etc).",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:null},{id:"278948",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"carlos-pedro-goncalves",fullName:"Carlos Pedro Gonçalves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRcmyQAC/Profile_Picture_1564224512145",biography:'Carlos Pedro Gonçalves (PhD) is an Associate Professor at Lusophone University of Humanities and Technologies and a researcher on Complexity Sciences, Quantum Technologies, Artificial Intelligence, Strategic Studies, Studies in Intelligence and Security, FinTech and Financial Risk Modeling. He is also a progammer with programming experience in:\n\nA) Quantum Computing using Qiskit Python module and IBM Quantum Experience Platform, with software developed on the simulation of Quantum Artificial Neural Networks and Quantum Cybersecurity;\n\nB) Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning programming in Python;\n\nC) Artificial Intelligence, Multiagent Systems Modeling and System Dynamics Modeling in Netlogo, with models developed in the areas of Chaos Theory, Econophysics, Artificial Intelligence, Classical and Quantum Complex Systems Science, with the Econophysics models having been cited worldwide and incorporated in PhD programs by different Universities.\n\nReceived an Arctic Code Vault Contributor status by GitHub, due to having developed open source software preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\" for future generations (https://archiveprogram.github.com/arctic-vault/), with the Strategy Analyzer A.I. module for decision making support (based on his PhD thesis, used in his Classes on Decision Making and in Strategic Intelligence Consulting Activities) and QNeural Python Quantum Neural Network simulator also preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\", for access to these software modules see: https://github.com/cpgoncalves. He is also a peer reviewer with outsanding review status from Elsevier journals, including Physica A, Neurocomputing and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence. Science CV available at: https://www.cienciavitae.pt//pt/8E1C-A8B3-78C5 and ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0298-3974',institutionString:"University of Lisbon",institution:{name:"Universidade Lusófona",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"241400",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Bsiss",slug:"mohammed-bsiss",fullName:"Mohammed Bsiss",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241400/images/8062_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"276128",title:"Dr.",name:"Hira",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",slug:"hira-fatima",fullName:"Hira Fatima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/276128/images/14420_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Hira Fatima\nAssistant Professor\nDepartment of Mathematics\nInstitute of Applied Science\nMangalayatan University, Aligarh\nMobile: no : 8532041179\nhirafatima2014@gmal.com\n\nDr. Hira Fatima has received his Ph.D. degree in pure Mathematics from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh India. Currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mathematics, Institute of Applied Science, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh. She taught so many courses of Mathematics of UG and PG level. Her research Area of Expertise is Functional Analysis & Sequence Spaces. She has been working on Ideal Convergence of double sequence. She has published 17 research papers in National and International Journals including Cogent Mathematics, Filomat, Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, Advances in Difference Equations, Journal of Mathematical Analysis, Journal of Mathematical & Computer Science etc. She has also reviewed few research papers for the and international journals. She is a member of Indian Mathematical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"414880",title:"Dr.",name:"Maryam",middleName:null,surname:"Vatankhah",slug:"maryam-vatankhah",fullName:"Maryam Vatankhah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Borough of Manhattan Community College",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"414879",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammad-Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",slug:"mohammad-reza-akbarzadeh-totonchi",fullName:"Mohammad-Reza Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ferdowsi University of Mashhad",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"414878",title:"Prof.",name:"Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Fazel-Rezai",slug:"reza-fazel-rezai",fullName:"Reza Fazel-Rezai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"American Public University System",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"302698",title:"Dr.",name:"Yao",middleName:null,surname:"Shan",slug:"yao-shan",fullName:"Yao Shan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Dalian University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"125911",title:"Prof.",name:"Jia-Ching",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"jia-ching-wang",fullName:"Jia-Ching Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Central University",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"357085",title:"Mr.",name:"P. Mohan",middleName:null,surname:"Anand",slug:"p.-mohan-anand",fullName:"P. Mohan Anand",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"356696",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"P.V.",middleName:null,surname:"Sai Charan",slug:"p.v.-sai-charan",fullName:"P.V. Sai Charan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"357086",title:"Prof.",name:"Sandeep K.",middleName:null,surname:"Shukla",slug:"sandeep-k.-shukla",fullName:"Sandeep K. Shukla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"356823",title:"MSc.",name:"Seonghee",middleName:null,surname:"Min",slug:"seonghee-min",fullName:"Seonghee Min",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Daegu University",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"353307",title:"Prof.",name:"Yoosoo",middleName:null,surname:"Oh",slug:"yoosoo-oh",fullName:"Yoosoo Oh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:"Yoosoo Oh received his Bachelor's degree in the Department of Electronics and Engineering from Kyungpook National University in 2002. He obtained his Master’s degree in the Department of Information and Communications from Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) in 2003. In 2010, he received his Ph.D. degree in the School of Information and Mechatronics from GIST. In the meantime, he was an executed team leader at Culture Technology Institute, GIST, 2010-2012. In 2011, he worked at Lancaster University, the UK as a visiting scholar. In September 2012, he joined Daegu University, where he is currently an associate professor in the School of ICT Conver, Daegu University. Also, he served as the Board of Directors of KSIIS since 2019, and HCI Korea since 2016. From 2017~2019, he worked as a center director of the Mixed Reality Convergence Research Center at Daegu University. From 2015-2017, He worked as a director in the Enterprise Supporting Office of LINC Project Group, Daegu University. His research interests include Activity Fusion & Reasoning, Machine Learning, Context-aware Middleware, Human-Computer Interaction, etc.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"262719",title:"Dr.",name:"Esma",middleName:null,surname:"Ergüner Özkoç",slug:"esma-erguner-ozkoc",fullName:"Esma Ergüner Özkoç",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Başkent University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"346530",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibrahim",middleName:null,surname:"Kaya",slug:"ibrahim-kaya",fullName:"Ibrahim Kaya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"419199",title:"Dr.",name:"Qun",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"qun-yang",fullName:"Qun Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Auckland",country:{name:"New Zealand"}}},{id:"351158",title:"Prof.",name:"David W.",middleName:null,surname:"Anderson",slug:"david-w.-anderson",fullName:"David W. Anderson",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Calgary",country:{name:"Canada"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"11",type:"subseries",title:"Cell Physiology",keywords:"Neurodevelopment and Neurodevelopmental Disease, Free Radicals, Tumor Metastasis, Antioxidants, Essential Fatty Acids, Melatonin, Lipid Peroxidation Products and Aging Physiology",scope:"
\r\n\tThe integration of tissues and organs throughout the mammalian body, as well as the expression, structure, and function of molecular and cellular components, is essential for modern physiology. The following concerns will be addressed in this Cell Physiology subject, which will consider all organ systems (e.g., brain, heart, lung, liver; gut, kidney, eye) and their interactions: (1) Neurodevelopment and Neurodevelopmental Disease (2) Free Radicals (3) Tumor Metastasis (4) Antioxidants (5) Essential Fatty Acids (6) Melatonin and (7) Lipid Peroxidation Products and Aging Physiology.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/11.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11407,editor:{id:"133493",title:"Prof.",name:"Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Catala",slug:"angel-catala",fullName:"Angel Catala",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/133493/images/3091_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Dr. Angel Catalá \r\nShort Biography Angel Catalá was born in Rodeo (San Juan, Argentina). He studied \r\nchemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina, where received aPh.D. degree in chemistry (Biological Branch) in 1965. From\r\n1964 to 1974, he worked as Assistant in Biochemistry at the School of MedicineUniversidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina. From 1974 to 1976, he was a Fellowof the National Institutes of Health (NIH) at the University of Connecticut, Health Center, USA. From 1985 to 2004, he served as a Full Professor oBiochemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina. He is Member ofthe National Research Council (CONICET), Argentina, and Argentine Society foBiochemistry and Molecular Biology (SAIB). His laboratory has been interested for manyears in the lipid peroxidation of biological membranes from various tissues and different species. Professor Catalá has directed twelve doctoral theses, publishedover 100 papers in peer reviewed journals, several chapters in books andtwelve edited books. Angel Catalá received awards at the 40th InternationaConference Biochemistry of Lipids 1999: Dijon (France). W inner of the Bimbo PanAmerican Nutrition, Food Science and Technology Award 2006 and 2012, South AmericaHuman Nutrition, Professional Category. 2006 award in pharmacology, Bernardo\r\nHoussay, in recognition of his meritorious works of research. Angel Catalá belongto the Editorial Board of Journal of lipids, International Review of Biophysical ChemistryFrontiers in Membrane Physiology and Biophysics, World Journal oExperimental Medicine and Biochemistry Research International, W orld Journal oBiological Chemistry, Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, Diabetes and thePancreas, International Journal of Chronic Diseases & Therapy, International Journal oNutrition, Co-Editor of The Open Biology Journal.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National University of La Plata",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Argentina"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"10",title:"Physiology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",issn:"2631-8261"},editorialBoard:[{id:"186048",title:"Prof.",name:"Ines",middleName:null,surname:"Drenjančević",slug:"ines-drenjancevic",fullName:"Ines Drenjančević",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186048/images/5818_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Osijek",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"187859",title:"Prof.",name:"Kusal",middleName:"K.",surname:"Das",slug:"kusal-das",fullName:"Kusal Das",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBDeQAO/Profile_Picture_1623411145568",institutionString:"BLDE (Deemed to be University), India",institution:null},{id:"79615",title:"Dr.",name:"Robson",middleName:null,surname:"Faria",slug:"robson-faria",fullName:"Robson Faria",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/79615/images/system/79615.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"84459",title:"Prof.",name:"Valerie",middleName:null,surname:"Chappe",slug:"valerie-chappe",fullName:"Valerie Chappe",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/84459/images/system/84459.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Dalhousie University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Canada"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{id:"81831",title:"Deep Network Model and Regression Analysis using OLS Method for Predicting Lung Vital Capacity",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104737",signatures:"Harun Sümbül",slug:"deep-network-model-and-regression-analysis-using-ols-method-for-predicting-lung-vital-capacity",totalDownloads:2,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Decision Science - Recent Advances and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11604.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}}]},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:3,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10859",title:"Data Mining",subtitle:"Concepts and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10859.jpg",slug:"data-mining-concepts-and-applications",publishedDate:"March 30th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Ciza Thomas",hash:"63a4e514e537d3962cf53ef1c6b9d5eb",volumeInSeries:8,fullTitle:"Data Mining - Concepts and Applications",editors:[{id:"43680",title:"Prof.",name:"Ciza",middleName:null,surname:"Thomas",slug:"ciza-thomas",fullName:"Ciza Thomas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/43680/images/system/43680.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Government of Kerala",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10651",title:"Machine Learning",subtitle:"Algorithms, Models and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10651.jpg",slug:"machine-learning-algorithms-models-and-applications",publishedDate:"December 22nd 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Jaydip Sen",hash:"6208156401c496e0a4ca5ff4265324cc",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Machine Learning - Algorithms, Models and Applications",editors:[{id:"4519",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaydip",middleName:null,surname:"Sen",slug:"jaydip-sen",fullName:"Jaydip Sen",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/4519/images/system/4519.jpeg",institutionString:"Praxis Business School",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9963",title:"Advances and Applications in Deep Learning",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9963.jpg",slug:"advances-and-applications-in-deep-learning",publishedDate:"December 9th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Marco Antonio Aceves-Fernandez",hash:"0d51ba46f22e55cb89140f60d86a071e",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Advances and Applications in Deep Learning",editors:[{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},testimonialsList:[{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}},{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}},{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.png",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:98,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:287,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:10,numberOfPublishedChapters:103,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],subseriesList:[{id:"4",title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases",scope:"Fungi are ubiquitous and there are almost no non-pathogenic fungi. Fungal infectious illness prevalence and prognosis are determined by the exposure between fungi and host, host immunological state, fungal virulence, and early and accurate diagnosis and treatment. \r\nPatients with both congenital and acquired immunodeficiency are more likely to be infected with opportunistic mycosis. Fungal infectious disease outbreaks are common during the post- disaster rebuilding era, which is characterised by high population density, migration, and poor health and medical conditions.\r\nSystemic or local fungal infection is mainly associated with the fungi directly inhaled or inoculated in the environment during the disaster. The most common fungal infection pathways are human to human (anthropophilic), animal to human (zoophilic), and environment to human (soilophile). Diseases are common as a result of widespread exposure to pathogenic fungus dispersed into the environment. \r\nFungi that are both common and emerging are intertwined. In Southeast Asia, for example, Talaromyces marneffei is an important pathogenic thermally dimorphic fungus that causes systemic mycosis. Widespread fungal infections with complicated and variable clinical manifestations, such as Candida auris infection resistant to several antifungal medicines, Covid-19 associated with Trichoderma, and terbinafine resistant dermatophytosis in India, are among the most serious disorders. \r\nInappropriate local or systemic use of glucocorticoids, as well as their immunosuppressive effects, may lead to changes in fungal infection spectrum and clinical characteristics. Hematogenous candidiasis is a worrisome issue that affects people all over the world, particularly ICU patients. CARD9 deficiency and fungal infection have been major issues in recent years. Invasive aspergillosis is associated with a significant death rate. Special attention should be given to endemic fungal infections, identification of important clinical fungal infections advanced in yeasts, filamentous fungal infections, skin mycobiome and fungal genomes, and immunity to fungal infections.\r\nIn addition, endemic fungal diseases or uncommon fungal infections caused by Mucor irregularis, dermatophytosis, Malassezia, cryptococcosis, chromoblastomycosis, coccidiosis, blastomycosis, histoplasmosis, sporotrichosis, and other fungi, should be monitored. \r\nThis topic includes the research progress on the etiology and pathogenesis of fungal infections, new methods of isolation and identification, rapid detection, drug sensitivity testing, new antifungal drugs, schemes and case series reports. It will provide significant opportunities and support for scientists, clinical doctors, mycologists, antifungal drug researchers, public health practitioners, and epidemiologists from all over the world to share new research, ideas and solutions to promote the development and progress of medical mycology.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/4.jpg",keywords:"Emerging Fungal Pathogens, Invasive Infections, Epidemiology, Cell Membrane, Fungal Virulence, Diagnosis, Treatment"},{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",scope:"Parasitic diseases have evolved alongside their human hosts. In many cases, these diseases have adapted so well that they have developed efficient resilience methods in the human host and can live in the host for years. Others, particularly some blood parasites, can cause very acute diseases and are responsible for millions of deaths yearly. Many parasitic diseases are classified as neglected tropical diseases because they have received minimal funding over recent years and, in many cases, are under-reported despite the critical role they play in morbidity and mortality among human and animal hosts. The current topic, Parasitic Infectious Diseases, in the Infectious Diseases Series aims to publish studies on the systematics, epidemiology, molecular biology, genomics, pathogenesis, genetics, and clinical significance of parasitic diseases from blood borne to intestinal parasites as well as zoonotic parasites. We hope to cover all aspects of parasitic diseases to provide current and relevant research data on these very important diseases. In the current atmosphere of the Coronavirus pandemic, communities around the world, particularly those in different underdeveloped areas, are faced with the growing challenges of the high burden of parasitic diseases. At the same time, they are faced with the Covid-19 pandemic leading to what some authors have called potential syndemics that might worsen the outcome of such infections. Therefore, it is important to conduct studies that examine parasitic infections in the context of the coronavirus pandemic for the benefit of all communities to help foster more informed decisions for the betterment of human and animal health.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/5.jpg",keywords:"Blood Borne Parasites, Intestinal Parasites, Protozoa, Helminths, Arthropods, Water Born Parasites, Epidemiology, Molecular Biology, Systematics, Genomics, Proteomics, Ecology"},{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases",scope:"The Viral Infectious Diseases Book Series aims to provide a comprehensive overview of recent research trends and discoveries in various viral infectious diseases emerging around the globe. The emergence of any viral disease is hard to anticipate, which often contributes to death. A viral disease can be defined as an infectious disease that has recently appeared within a population or exists in nature with the rapid expansion of incident or geographic range. This series will focus on various crucial factors related to emerging viral infectious diseases, including epidemiology, pathogenesis, host immune response, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and clinical recommendations for managing viral infectious diseases, highlighting the recent issues with future directions for effective therapeutic strategies.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/6.jpg",keywords:"Novel Viruses, Virus Transmission, Virus Evolution, Molecular Virology, Control and Prevention, Virus-host Interaction"}],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:null},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/352113",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"352113"},fullPath:"/profiles/352113",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()