\r\n\tRadiation monitoring deals with the sampling and measurement of different products found in different radiation pathways from the environment ending with consumption in humans. Gamma-spectroscopy is the main tool for measurement of these radiations.
\r\n\r\n\tThe aim of this book is to investigate the radionuclide concentrations in the most consumable food products, air, water and soil. Particularly, it is essential to investigate the radiations level in the surroundings of a nuclear facility.
",isbn:null,printIsbn:"979-953-307-X-X",pdfIsbn:null,doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,hash:"f28404d284d64cf01d21820a3fc44c64",bookSignature:"Associate Prof. Muhammad Zubair",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11144.jpg",keywords:"Radioactivity Investigation, Aerosols, Water, Food Products, Health Effects, Tritium, Scintillation Counter, Alpha-Beta Radiation Monitoring, Gamma Spectroscopy, Radioactive Sampling, Environmental Effects, Activity Concentration",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"September 29th 2021",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"October 27th 2021",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"December 26th 2021",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"March 16th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"May 15th 2022",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"7 months",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Associate Professor at the University of Sharjah, the United Arab Emirates whose interests include nuclear reactor safety, accident analysis, reliability, risk analysis, digital instrumentation and control, and radiation detection and measurements.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"320007",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Zubair",slug:"muhammad-zubair",fullName:"Muhammad Zubair",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/320007/images/system/320007.png",biography:"Dr. Muhammad Zubair is an Associate Professor at the Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, University of Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. Prior to this role, Dr. Zubair worked as an assistant professor and graduate program coordinator at the University of Engineering and Technology Taxila, Pakistan.\nDr. Zubair’s interests include nuclear reactor safety, accident analysis, reliability and risk analysis, digital instrumentation and control, and radiation detection and measurements. He has a strong research background supported by publications in international journals, conferences, and book chapters. He is engaged in different research projects including one coordinated by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). He also serves as editor, associate editor, and technical committee member for international journals and conferences.",institutionString:"University of Sharjah",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"University of Sharjah",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Arab Emirates"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"20",title:"Physics",slug:"physics"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"440212",firstName:"Elena",lastName:"Vracaric",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/440212/images/20007_n.jpg",email:"elena@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager, my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10384",title:"Practical Applications in Reliability Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"377d3c041a06cfcfc99bd906fdbbbf46",slug:"practical-applications-in-reliability-engineering",bookSignature:"Muhammad Zubair",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10384.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"320007",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Muhammad",surname:"Zubair",slug:"muhammad-zubair",fullName:"Muhammad Zubair"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8356",title:"Metastable, Spintronics Materials and Mechanics of Deformable Bodies",subtitle:"Recent Progress",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1550f1986ce9bcc0db87d407a8b47078",slug:"solid-state-physics-metastable-spintronics-materials-and-mechanics-of-deformable-bodies-recent-progress",bookSignature:"Subbarayan Sivasankaran, Pramoda Kumar Nayak and Ezgi Günay",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8356.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"190989",title:"Dr.",name:"Subbarayan",surname:"Sivasankaran",slug:"subbarayan-sivasankaran",fullName:"Subbarayan Sivasankaran"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"314",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",subtitle:"Cells and Biomaterials",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb67e80e480c86bb8315458012d65686",slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"19953",title:"The Role of Matrix Metalloproteinases a nd Tissue Inhibitors of Metalloproteinases in the Progression of Astrocytomas",doi:"10.5772/21358",slug:"the-role-of-matrix-metalloproteinases-a-nd-tissue-inhibitors-of-metalloproteinases-in-the-progressio",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/19953.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/19953",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/19953",totalDownloads:1711,totalViews:67,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,totalAltmetricsMentions:0,impactScore:0,impactScorePercentile:16,impactScoreQuartile:1,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"November 12th 2010",dateReviewed:"May 31st 2011",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"September 22nd 2011",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/19953",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/19953",book:{id:"536",slug:"molecular-targets-of-cns-tumors"},signatures:"Fábio Motta, Renata Canalle, France Yoshioka, Giovanny Pinto, Lúcia Harada, Carlotti Jurnior, Elvis Valera, Carlos Scrideli and Luiz Tone",authors:[{id:"42816",title:"Dr.",name:"Fábio",middleName:null,surname:"Motta",fullName:"Fábio Motta",slug:"fandatildeandiexclbio-motta",email:"motta@ufpi.edu.br",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"49611",title:"Dr.",name:"Giovanny",middleName:"Rebouças",surname:"Pinto",fullName:"Giovanny Pinto",slug:"giovanny-pinto",email:"pintogr@ufpi.edu.br",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"55395",title:"Dr.",name:"Elvis",middleName:null,surname:"Valera",fullName:"Elvis Valera",slug:"elvis-valera",email:"etvalera@hotmail.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"55396",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Scrideli",fullName:"Carlos Scrideli",slug:"carlos-scrideli",email:"cascrideli@hcrp.fmrp.usp.br",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"55397",title:"Prof.",name:"Luiz",middleName:"Gonazaga",surname:"Tone",fullName:"Luiz Tone",slug:"luiz-tone",email:"lgtone@fmrp.usp.br",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"57022",title:"Dr.",name:"France",middleName:null,surname:"Yoshioka",fullName:"France Yoshioka",slug:"france-yoshioka",email:"keiko@ufpi.edu.br",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"57315",title:"Dr.",name:"Renata",middleName:null,surname:"Canalle",fullName:"Renata Canalle",slug:"renata-canalle",email:"recanalle@ufpi.edu.br",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"99854",title:"Dr.",name:"Lucia",middleName:null,surname:"Harada",fullName:"Lucia Harada",slug:"lucia-harada",email:"harada@ufpa.br",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"Federal University of Para",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"99855",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlotti",middleName:null,surname:"Junior",fullName:"Carlotti Junior",slug:"carlotti-junior",email:"carlotti@fmrp.usp.br",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null}],sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"536",type:"book",title:"Molecular Targets of CNS Tumors",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Molecular Targets of CNS Tumors",slug:"molecular-targets-of-cns-tumors",publishedDate:"September 22nd 2011",bookSignature:"Miklos Garami",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/536.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY-NC-SA 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-307-736-9",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-6496-8",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",numberOfWosCitations:58,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"34821",title:"Dr.",name:"Miklos",middleName:null,surname:"Garami",slug:"miklos-garami",fullName:"Miklos Garami"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1085"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"19926",type:"chapter",title:"Genetic and Immunology of Brain Tumors",slug:"genetic-and-immunology-of-brain-tumors",totalDownloads:2165,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Sahika Liva Cengiz and Aynur Emine Cicekcibasi",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"49957",title:"Prof.",name:"SahikaLiva",middleName:"Liva",surname:"Cengiz",fullName:"SahikaLiva Cengiz",slug:"sahikaliva-cengiz"},{id:"105745",title:"Prof.",name:"Aynur Emine",middleName:null,surname:"Cicekcibasi",fullName:"Aynur Emine Cicekcibasi",slug:"aynur-emine-cicekcibasi"}]},{id:"19927",type:"chapter",title:"Genetic Instability in Paediatric and Adult Brain Tumours",slug:"genetic-instability-in-paediatric-and-adult-brain-tumours",totalDownloads:1852,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Marta Viana-Pereira, Chris Jones and Rui M. Reis",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"35397",title:"Prof.",name:"Rui",middleName:null,surname:"Reis",fullName:"Rui Reis",slug:"rui-reis"},{id:"55163",title:"Dr.",name:"Marta",middleName:null,surname:"Viana-Pereira",fullName:"Marta Viana-Pereira",slug:"marta-viana-pereira"},{id:"55164",title:"Dr.",name:"Chris",middleName:null,surname:"Jones",fullName:"Chris Jones",slug:"chris-jones"}]},{id:"19928",type:"chapter",title:"Brain Tumor Exosomes and Microvesicles: Pleiotropic Effects from Tiny Cellular Surrogates",slug:"brain-tumor-exosomes-and-microvesicles-pleiotropic-effects-from-tiny-cellular-surrogates",totalDownloads:3839,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Michael W Graner",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"43247",title:"Prof.",name:"Michael",middleName:null,surname:"Graner",fullName:"Michael Graner",slug:"michael-graner"}]},{id:"19929",type:"chapter",title:"Recurrent Malignant Primary Brain Tumor: the Pathophysiology and Management",slug:"recurrent-malignant-primary-brain-tumor-the-pathophysiology-and-management",totalDownloads:4651,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Victor Tse and Harish Babu",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"46133",title:"Prof.",name:"Victor",middleName:null,surname:"Tse",fullName:"Victor Tse",slug:"victor-tse"},{id:"136314",title:"Dr.",name:"Harish",middleName:null,surname:"Babu",fullName:"Harish Babu",slug:"harish-babu"}]},{id:"19930",type:"chapter",title:"The Role of Sox Transcription Factors in Brain Tumourigenesis",slug:"the-role-of-sox-transcription-factors-in-brain-tumourigenesis",totalDownloads:2227,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Maria Ferletta",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"52808",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Ferletta",fullName:"Maria Ferletta",slug:"maria-ferletta"}]},{id:"19931",type:"chapter",title:"Angiogenesis of Primary Brain Tumors: The Role of Endoglin (CD105)",slug:"angiogenesis-of-primary-brain-tumors-the-role-of-endoglin-cd105-",totalDownloads:2504,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Yasuo Sugita",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"54465",title:"Prof.",name:"Yasuo",middleName:null,surname:"Sugita",fullName:"Yasuo Sugita",slug:"yasuo-sugita"}]},{id:"19932",type:"chapter",title:"The Role of Aquaporines in Brain Tumors",slug:"the-role-of-aquaporines-in-brain-tumors",totalDownloads:1947,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Tatsuo Sawada",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"35472",title:"Prof.",name:"SAWADA",middleName:null,surname:"TATSUO",fullName:"SAWADA TATSUO",slug:"sawada-tatsuo"}]},{id:"19933",type:"chapter",title:"Glioma Stem Cells",slug:"glioma-stem-cell",totalDownloads:2102,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Kouichi Tabu, Tetsuya Taga and Shinya Tanaka",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"41442",title:"Dr.",name:"Kouichi",middleName:null,surname:"Tabu",fullName:"Kouichi Tabu",slug:"kouichi-tabu"},{id:"49655",title:"Prof.",name:"Shinya",middleName:null,surname:"Tanaka",fullName:"Shinya Tanaka",slug:"shinya-tanaka"},{id:"53538",title:"Prof.",name:"Tetsuya",middleName:null,surname:"Taga",fullName:"Tetsuya Taga",slug:"tetsuya-taga"}]},{id:"19934",type:"chapter",title:"Molecular Hallmarks of Gliomas",slug:"molecular-hallmarks-of-gliomas",totalDownloads:1588,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Marta Pojo and Bruno Marques Costa",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"42804",title:"Dr.",name:"Bruno",middleName:null,surname:"Costa",fullName:"Bruno Costa",slug:"bruno-costa"},{id:"63016",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Marta",middleName:null,surname:"Pojo",fullName:"Marta Pojo",slug:"marta-pojo"}]},{id:"19935",type:"chapter",title:"Integrated Network Analysis of Genetic and Epigenetic Factors in Glioblastoma Multiform",slug:"integrated-network-analysis-of-genetic-and-epigenetic-factors-in-glioblastoma-multiform",totalDownloads:2196,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Hua Dong and MomiaoXiong",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"39157",title:"Dr.",name:"Hua",middleName:null,surname:"Dong",fullName:"Hua Dong",slug:"hua-dong"},{id:"53029",title:"Prof.",name:"Momiao",middleName:null,surname:"Xiong",fullName:"Momiao Xiong",slug:"momiao-xiong"}]},{id:"19936",type:"chapter",title:"The Neural Extracellular Matrix, Cell Adhesion Molecules and Proteolysis in Glioma Invasion and Tumorigenicity",slug:"the-neural-extracellular-matrix-cell-adhesion-molecules-and-proteolysis-in-glioma-invasion-and-tumor",totalDownloads:3006,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Chrissa A. Dwyer and Russell T. Matthews",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"44404",title:"Dr.",name:"Russell",middleName:null,surname:"Matthews",fullName:"Russell Matthews",slug:"russell-matthews"},{id:"55269",title:"Ms",name:"Chrissa",middleName:null,surname:"Dwyer",fullName:"Chrissa Dwyer",slug:"chrissa-dwyer"}]},{id:"19937",type:"chapter",title:"Portrait of Transcriptional Expression Profiles Displayed by Different Glioblastoma Cell Lines",slug:"portrait-of-transcriptional-expression-profiles-displayed-by-different-glioblastoma-cell-lines",totalDownloads:1763,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Paulo R. D. V. Godoy, Stephano S. Mello, Daniele A. Magalhães, Flavia S. Donaires, Ana P. Lima-Montaldi, Patricia Nicolucci, Eduardo A. Donadi, Geraldo A. S. Passos and Elza T. Sakamoto-Hojo",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"47245",title:"Dr.",name:"Elza",middleName:"Tiemi",surname:"Sakamoto-Hojo",fullName:"Elza Sakamoto-Hojo",slug:"elza-sakamoto-hojo"},{id:"53465",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Paulo Roberto",middleName:"D´Auria Vieira",surname:"Godoy",fullName:"Paulo Roberto Godoy",slug:"paulo-roberto-godoy"},{id:"53468",title:"Dr.",name:"Stephano",middleName:"Spano",surname:"Mello",fullName:"Stephano Mello",slug:"stephano-mello"},{id:"53471",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniele",middleName:null,surname:"Magalhaes",fullName:"Daniele Magalhaes",slug:"daniele-magalhaes"},{id:"53472",title:"BSc",name:"Flavia",middleName:null,surname:"Donaires",fullName:"Flavia Donaires",slug:"flavia-donaires"},{id:"53475",title:"MSc.",name:"Ana Paula",middleName:null,surname:"Montaldi",fullName:"Ana Paula Montaldi",slug:"ana-paula-montaldi"},{id:"53482",title:"Dr.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Donadi",fullName:"Eduardo Donadi",slug:"eduardo-donadi"},{id:"53483",title:"Dr.",name:"Geraldo",middleName:null,surname:"Passos",fullName:"Geraldo Passos",slug:"geraldo-passos"},{id:"53490",title:"Dr.",name:"Patricia",middleName:null,surname:"Nicolucci",fullName:"Patricia Nicolucci",slug:"patricia-nicolucci"}]},{id:"19938",type:"chapter",title:"Genetics and Biology of Glioblastoma Multiforme",slug:"genetics-and-biology-of-glioblastoma-multiforme",totalDownloads:2269,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Anália Carmo, Inês Crespo and Maria Celeste Lopes",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"52168",title:"Prof.",name:"Analia",middleName:null,surname:"Carmo",fullName:"Analia Carmo",slug:"analia-carmo"},{id:"53565",title:"Dr.",name:"Inês",middleName:null,surname:"Crespo",fullName:"Inês Crespo",slug:"ines-crespo"},{id:"53566",title:"Prof.",name:"Maria Celeste",middleName:null,surname:"Lopes",fullName:"Maria Celeste Lopes",slug:"maria-celeste-lopes"}]},{id:"19939",type:"chapter",title:"Chemokines in Glioma Progression",slug:"chemokines-in-glioma-progression",totalDownloads:2626,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Marco Locatelli and Alberto Mantovani",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani"},{id:"55813",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco",middleName:null,surname:"Locatelli",fullName:"Marco Locatelli",slug:"marco-locatelli"}]},{id:"19940",type:"chapter",title:"Biomarkers of Glioma",slug:"biomarkers-of-glioma",totalDownloads:3196,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Shufang Liang and Guobo Shen",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"37881",title:"Prof.",name:"Shufang",middleName:null,surname:"Liang",fullName:"Shufang Liang",slug:"shufang-liang"},{id:"55827",title:"Prof.",name:"Guobo",middleName:null,surname:"Shen",fullName:"Guobo Shen",slug:"guobo-shen"}]},{id:"19941",type:"chapter",title:"MicroRNA (miRNA) Regulation in Glioma: Implications in Development, Progression, Grading, Prognosis and Therapy",slug:"microrna-mirna-regulation-in-glioma-implications-in-development-progression-grading-prognosis-and-th",totalDownloads:2586,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Kumaravel Somasundaram, Soumya Alige Mahabala Rao and Zahid Nawaz",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"54550",title:"Prof.",name:"Kumaravel",middleName:null,surname:"Somasundaram",fullName:"Kumaravel Somasundaram",slug:"kumaravel-somasundaram"},{id:"54851",title:"Ms.",name:"Alige",middleName:null,surname:"Soumya",fullName:"Alige Soumya",slug:"alige-soumya"},{id:"54852",title:"Mr.",name:"Zahid",middleName:null,surname:"Nawaz",fullName:"Zahid Nawaz",slug:"zahid-nawaz"}]},{id:"19942",type:"chapter",title:"MicroRNA in Human Gliomas",slug:"microrna-in-human-gliomas",totalDownloads:1428,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Alfredo Conti, Lucia Merlo, Domenico La Torre and M’Hammed Aguennouz",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"37677",title:"Dr.",name:"Alfredo",middleName:null,surname:"Conti",fullName:"Alfredo Conti",slug:"alfredo-conti"},{id:"54947",title:"Dr.",name:"Lucia",middleName:null,surname:"Merlo",fullName:"Lucia Merlo",slug:"lucia-merlo"},{id:"54948",title:"Dr.",name:"Domenico",middleName:null,surname:"La Torre",fullName:"Domenico La Torre",slug:"domenico-la-torre"},{id:"54949",title:"Dr.",name:"M'Hammed",middleName:null,surname:"Aguennouz",fullName:"M'Hammed Aguennouz",slug:"m'hammed-aguennouz"}]},{id:"19943",type:"chapter",title:"Gliomas: Role of Wnt/β-Catenin/Tcf Signaling Pathway",slug:"gliomas-role-of-wnt-catenin-tcf-signaling-pathway",totalDownloads:1645,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Gangadhara Reddy Sareddy and Phanithi Prakash Babu",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"47201",title:"Dr.",name:"Phanithi Prakash",middleName:null,surname:"Babu",fullName:"Phanithi Prakash Babu",slug:"phanithi-prakash-babu"},{id:"55041",title:"Dr",name:"Gangadhara",middleName:"Reddy",surname:"Sareddy",fullName:"Gangadhara Sareddy",slug:"gangadhara-sareddy"}]},{id:"19944",type:"chapter",title:"Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein-2: A Possible Regulator of Invasive Growth in Glioblastoma",slug:"insulin-like-growth-factor-binding-protein-2-a-possible-regulator-of-invasive-growth-in-glioblastoma",totalDownloads:2184,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Tsuyoshi Fukushima and Hiroaki Kataoka",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"47812",title:"Prof.",name:"Hiroaki",middleName:null,surname:"Kataoka",fullName:"Hiroaki Kataoka",slug:"hiroaki-kataoka"},{id:"53671",title:"Dr.",name:"Tsuyoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Fukushima",fullName:"Tsuyoshi Fukushima",slug:"tsuyoshi-fukushima"}]},{id:"19945",type:"chapter",title:"The Role of Isocitrate Dehydrogenase Mutations in Glioma Brain Tumors",slug:"the-role-of-isocitrate-dehydrogenase-mutations-in-glioma-brain-tumors",totalDownloads:4214,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Chi-Ming Chang, Kaiming Xu and Hui-Kuo G. Shu",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"51242",title:"Dr.",name:"Hui-Kuo",middleName:null,surname:"Shu",fullName:"Hui-Kuo Shu",slug:"hui-kuo-shu"},{id:"57486",title:"Dr.",name:"Chi-Ming",middleName:null,surname:"Chang",fullName:"Chi-Ming Chang",slug:"chi-ming-chang"},{id:"57487",title:"Dr.",name:"Kaiming",middleName:null,surname:"Xu",fullName:"Kaiming Xu",slug:"kaiming-xu"}]},{id:"19946",type:"chapter",title:"The Expression of BORIS Protein in a Newly Established Primary Glioma Cell Culture Line",slug:"the-expression-of-boris-protein-in-a-newly-established-primary-glioma-cell-culture-line",totalDownloads:2072,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Siti Zawani Mohd Ramli, Shaharum Shamsuddin, Nik Norliza Hassan, Azmi Alias, Mohd Saffari Mohd Haspani and Jafri Abdullah",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"42580",title:"Prof.",name:"Jafri",middleName:"Malin",surname:"Abdullah",fullName:"Jafri Abdullah",slug:"jafri-abdullah"},{id:"53613",title:"Mrs",name:"Siti Zawani",middleName:null,surname:"Mohd Ramli",fullName:"Siti Zawani Mohd Ramli",slug:"siti-zawani-mohd-ramli"},{id:"53614",title:"Dr.",name:"Shaharum",middleName:null,surname:"Shamsuddin",fullName:"Shaharum Shamsuddin",slug:"shaharum-shamsuddin"},{id:"53616",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdul Aziz",middleName:null,surname:"Mohamed Yusoff",fullName:"Abdul Aziz Mohamed Yusoff",slug:"abdul-aziz-mohamed-yusoff"},{id:"53618",title:"Dr.",name:"Azmi",middleName:null,surname:"Alias",fullName:"Azmi Alias",slug:"azmi-alias"},{id:"53619",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohd Saffari",middleName:null,surname:"Mohd Haspani",fullName:"Mohd Saffari Mohd Haspani",slug:"mohd-saffari-mohd-haspani"},{id:"53620",title:"Dr.",name:"Nik Norliza",middleName:null,surname:"Hassan",fullName:"Nik Norliza Hassan",slug:"nik-norliza-hassan"}]},{id:"19947",type:"chapter",title:"MiR-221/222 Promote the Growth of Malignant Glioma Cells by Regulating Its Target Genes",slug:"mir-221-222-promote-the-growth-of-malignant-glioma-cells-by-regulating-its-target-genes",totalDownloads:2834,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Zhang Chunzhi, Jiang Tao, Wang Jinhuan, Cheng Jinquan, Pu Peiyu and Kang Chunsheng",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"32217",title:"Prof.",name:"Chunsheng",middleName:null,surname:"Kang",fullName:"Chunsheng Kang",slug:"chunsheng-kang"},{id:"46409",title:"Dr.",name:"Peiyu",middleName:null,surname:"Pu",fullName:"Peiyu Pu",slug:"peiyu-pu"},{id:"54052",title:"Dr.",name:"Chunzhi",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",fullName:"Chunzhi Zhang",slug:"chunzhi-zhang"},{id:"57288",title:"Prof.",name:"Tao",middleName:null,surname:"Jiang",fullName:"Tao Jiang",slug:"tao-jiang"},{id:"57289",title:"Prof.",name:"Jinhuan",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Jinhuan Wang",slug:"jinhuan-wang"},{id:"57290",title:"Prof.",name:"Jinquan",middleName:null,surname:"Cheng",fullName:"Jinquan Cheng",slug:"jinquan-cheng"}]},{id:"19948",type:"chapter",title:"Primary Glioblastoma with Different Patterns of EGFR Amplification and the Relationship with Gene Expression Profile",slug:"primary-glioblastoma-with-different-patterns-of-egfr-amplification-and-the-relationship-with-gene-ex",totalDownloads:2716,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Concha Lopez-Gines, Rosario Gil-Benso, Daniel Monleon, Jose Gonzalez-Darder and Miguel Cerda-Nicolas",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"44338",title:"Prof.",name:"Miguel",middleName:null,surname:"Cerda-Nicolas",fullName:"Miguel Cerda-Nicolas",slug:"miguel-cerda-nicolas"},{id:"54197",title:"Prof.",name:"Rosario",middleName:null,surname:"Gil-Benso",fullName:"Rosario Gil-Benso",slug:"rosario-gil-benso"},{id:"54198",title:"Prof.",name:"Concha",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez-Gines",fullName:"Concha Lopez-Gines",slug:"concha-lopez-gines"},{id:"88532",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Monleon",fullName:"Daniel Monleon",slug:"daniel-monleon"},{id:"89256",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose",middleName:null,surname:"Gonzalez-Darder",fullName:"Jose Gonzalez-Darder",slug:"jose-gonzalez-darder"}]},{id:"19949",type:"chapter",title:"Nuclear Signaling of EGFR and EGFRvIII in Glioblastoma",slug:"nuclear-signaling-of-egfr-and-egfrviii-in-glioblastoma",totalDownloads:3225,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Anupama E. Gururaj, Oliver Bögler and Khatri Latha",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"53393",title:"Prof.",name:"Oliver",middleName:null,surname:"Bogler",fullName:"Oliver Bogler",slug:"oliver-bogler"},{id:"53411",title:"Dr",name:"Anupama",middleName:"Edward",surname:"Gururaj",fullName:"Anupama Gururaj",slug:"anupama-gururaj"},{id:"53412",title:"Dr.",name:"Khatri",middleName:null,surname:"Latha",fullName:"Khatri Latha",slug:"khatri-latha"}]},{id:"19950",type:"chapter",title:"Ap 1 in Glioblastomas",slug:"ap-1-in-glioblastomas",totalDownloads:1345,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Densie Smith and Bruce Bejcek",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"44191",title:"Prof.",name:"Bruce",middleName:"Evan",surname:"Bejcek",fullName:"Bruce Bejcek",slug:"bruce-bejcek"},{id:"54188",title:"Dr.",name:"Denise",middleName:null,surname:"Smith",fullName:"Denise Smith",slug:"denise-smith"}]},{id:"19951",type:"chapter",title:"The Musashi1 RNA-Binding Protein: A Critical Regulator in Glioblastoma",slug:"the-musashi1-rna-binding-protein-a-critical-regulator-in-glioblastoma",totalDownloads:1686,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Dat T. Vo, Devraj Sandhu, Jonathan A. Gelfond and Luiz O. Penalva",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"34864",title:"Dr.",name:"Luiz",middleName:null,surname:"Penalva",fullName:"Luiz Penalva",slug:"luiz-penalva"},{id:"53567",title:"Mr.",name:"Dat",middleName:null,surname:"Vo",fullName:"Dat Vo",slug:"dat-vo"},{id:"102099",title:"Mr.",name:"Devraj",middleName:null,surname:"Sandhu",fullName:"Devraj Sandhu",slug:"devraj-sandhu"},{id:"102100",title:"Dr.",name:"Jonathan",middleName:null,surname:"Gelfond",fullName:"Jonathan Gelfond",slug:"jonathan-gelfond"}]},{id:"19952",type:"chapter",title:"The Pivotal Roles of GSK3β in Glioma Biology",slug:"the-pivotal-roles-of-gsk3-in-glioma-biology",totalDownloads:4254,totalCrossrefCites:5,signatures:"Mitsutoshi Nakada, Toshinari Minamoto, Ilya V. Pyko, Yutaka Hayashi and Jun-ichiro Hamada",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"43162",title:"Prof.",name:"Mitsutoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Nakada",fullName:"Mitsutoshi Nakada",slug:"mitsutoshi-nakada"},{id:"43163",title:"Prof.",name:"Toshinari",middleName:null,surname:"Minamoto",fullName:"Toshinari Minamoto",slug:"toshinari-minamoto"},{id:"58666",title:"Dr.",name:"Yutaka",middleName:null,surname:"Hayashi",fullName:"Yutaka Hayashi",slug:"yutaka-hayashi"},{id:"58667",title:"Prof.",name:"Jun-Ichiro",middleName:null,surname:"Hamada",fullName:"Jun-Ichiro Hamada",slug:"jun-ichiro-hamada"},{id:"90986",title:"Dr.",name:"Ilya",middleName:null,surname:"Pyko",fullName:"Ilya Pyko",slug:"ilya-pyko"}]},{id:"19953",type:"chapter",title:"The Role of Matrix Metalloproteinases a nd Tissue Inhibitors of Metalloproteinases in the Progression of Astrocytomas",slug:"the-role-of-matrix-metalloproteinases-a-nd-tissue-inhibitors-of-metalloproteinases-in-the-progressio",totalDownloads:1711,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Fábio Motta, Renata Canalle, France Yoshioka, Giovanny Pinto, Lúcia Harada, Carlotti Jurnior, Elvis Valera, Carlos Scrideli and Luiz Tone",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"42816",title:"Dr.",name:"Fábio",middleName:null,surname:"Motta",fullName:"Fábio Motta",slug:"fandatildeandiexclbio-motta"},{id:"49611",title:"Dr.",name:"Giovanny",middleName:"Rebouças",surname:"Pinto",fullName:"Giovanny Pinto",slug:"giovanny-pinto"},{id:"55395",title:"Dr.",name:"Elvis",middleName:null,surname:"Valera",fullName:"Elvis Valera",slug:"elvis-valera"},{id:"55396",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Scrideli",fullName:"Carlos Scrideli",slug:"carlos-scrideli"},{id:"55397",title:"Prof.",name:"Luiz",middleName:"Gonazaga",surname:"Tone",fullName:"Luiz Tone",slug:"luiz-tone"},{id:"57022",title:"Dr.",name:"France",middleName:null,surname:"Yoshioka",fullName:"France Yoshioka",slug:"france-yoshioka"},{id:"57315",title:"Dr.",name:"Renata",middleName:null,surname:"Canalle",fullName:"Renata Canalle",slug:"renata-canalle"},{id:"99854",title:"Dr.",name:"Lucia",middleName:null,surname:"Harada",fullName:"Lucia Harada",slug:"lucia-harada"},{id:"99855",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlotti",middleName:null,surname:"Junior",fullName:"Carlotti Junior",slug:"carlotti-junior"}]},{id:"19954",type:"chapter",title:"Medulloblastoma – Genetic Alterations",slug:"medulloblastoma-genetic-alterations",totalDownloads:1672,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Esther Manor and Lipa Bodner",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"37606",title:"Prof.",name:"Esther",middleName:"-",surname:"Manor",fullName:"Esther Manor",slug:"esther-manor"},{id:"52792",title:"Prof.",name:"Lipa",middleName:null,surname:"Bodner",fullName:"Lipa Bodner",slug:"lipa-bodner"}]},{id:"19955",type:"chapter",title:"The Role of HGF/c-Met Pathway Signaling in Human Medulloblastoma",slug:"the-role-of-hgf-c-met-pathway-signaling-in-human-medulloblastoma",totalDownloads:4398,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Claudia Faria, Christian Smith and James Rutka",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"51475",title:"Dr.",name:"James",middleName:null,surname:"Rutka",fullName:"James Rutka",slug:"james-rutka"}]},{id:"19956",type:"chapter",title:"The Impact of Redox Balance in Brain Tumors",slug:"the-impact-of-redox-balance-in-brain-tumors",totalDownloads:2685,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Pinar Atukeren",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"54960",title:"Dr.",name:"Pınar",middleName:null,surname:"Atukeren",fullName:"Pınar Atukeren",slug:"pinar-atukeren"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"281",title:"Management of CNS Tumors",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6ed8b3dbd7b800e85bb1979fbb604872",slug:"management-of-cns-tumors",bookSignature:"Miklos Garami",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/281.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"34821",title:"Dr.",name:"Miklos",surname:"Garami",slug:"miklos-garami",fullName:"Miklos Garami"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"20839",title:"Classification of Primary Brain Tumors: Molecular Aspects",slug:"classification-of-primary-brain-tumors-molecular-aspects",signatures:"Péter Molnár",authors:[{id:"47884",title:"Prof.",name:"Péter",middleName:null,surname:"Molnár",fullName:"Péter Molnár",slug:"peter-molnar"}]},{id:"20840",title:"Molecular Pathways of Glioblastoma and Glioblastoma Stem Cells",slug:"molecular-pathways-of-glioblastoma-and-glioblastoma-stem-cells",signatures:"Cho-Lea Tso",authors:[{id:"37177",title:"Prof.",name:"Cho-Lea",middleName:null,surname:"Tso",fullName:"Cho-Lea Tso",slug:"cho-lea-tso"}]},{id:"20841",title:"Midkine Signaling in Glioblastoma: A Novel Developmental Drug Target?",slug:"midkine-signaling-in-glioblastoma-a-novel-developmental-drug-target-",signatures:"Ayhan Bilir and Mine Erguven",authors:[{id:"38635",title:"Prof.",name:"Ayhan",middleName:"-",surname:"Bilir",fullName:"Ayhan Bilir",slug:"ayhan-bilir"},{id:"44074",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Mine",middleName:null,surname:"Erguven",fullName:"Mine Erguven",slug:"mine-erguven"}]},{id:"20842",title:"The Blood-Brain Barrier in Brain Tumours",slug:"the-blood-brain-barrier-in-brain-tumours",signatures:"Susan Noell, Karen Wolburg-Buchholz, Andreas F. Mack, Hartwig Wolburg and Petra Fallier-Becker",authors:[{id:"43181",title:"Dr.",name:"Hartwig",middleName:null,surname:"Wolburg",fullName:"Hartwig Wolburg",slug:"hartwig-wolburg"},{id:"55596",title:"Dr.",name:"Susan",middleName:null,surname:"Noell",fullName:"Susan Noell",slug:"susan-noell"},{id:"55597",title:"Dr.",name:"Karen",middleName:null,surname:"Wolburg-Buchholz",fullName:"Karen Wolburg-Buchholz",slug:"karen-wolburg-buchholz"},{id:"55598",title:"Dr.",name:"Andreas F.",middleName:null,surname:"Mack",fullName:"Andreas F. Mack",slug:"andreas-f.-mack"},{id:"55599",title:"Dr.",name:"Petra",middleName:null,surname:"Fallier-Becker",fullName:"Petra Fallier-Becker",slug:"petra-fallier-becker"}]},{id:"20843",title:"Childhood Brain Tumors",slug:"childhood-brain-tumors",signatures:"Sri Gururangan",authors:[{id:"34783",title:"Prof.",name:"Sridharan",middleName:null,surname:"Gururangan",fullName:"Sridharan Gururangan",slug:"sridharan-gururangan"}]},{id:"20844",title:"Malignant Brain Tumors in Childhood",slug:"malignant-brain-tumors-in-childhood",signatures:"Giovanni Scarzello, Maria S. Buzzaccarini and Guido Sotti",authors:[{id:"41627",title:"Dr.",name:"Giovanni",middleName:null,surname:"Scarzello",fullName:"Giovanni Scarzello",slug:"giovanni-scarzello"},{id:"54814",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria S.",middleName:null,surname:"Buzzaccarini",fullName:"Maria S. Buzzaccarini",slug:"maria-s.-buzzaccarini"},{id:"54815",title:"Prof.",name:"Guido",middleName:null,surname:"Sotti",fullName:"Guido Sotti",slug:"guido-sotti"}]},{id:"20845",title:"Preoperative Estimation and Resection of Gliomas Using Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography Neuronavigation",slug:"preoperative-estimation-and-resection-of-gliomas-using-positron-emission-tomography-computed-tomogra",signatures:"Yang Shuyuan, Zhang Chuan, Yue Shuyuan, Cai Li, Gao Shuo and Zhu Tao",authors:[{id:"61128",title:"Prof.",name:"Shuyuan",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",fullName:"Shuyuan Yang",slug:"shuyuan-yang"},{id:"73708",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhang",middleName:null,surname:"Chuan",fullName:"Zhang Chuan",slug:"zhang-chuan"},{id:"136036",title:"Dr.",name:"Yue",middleName:null,surname:"Shuyuan",fullName:"Yue Shuyuan",slug:"yue-shuyuan"},{id:"136037",title:"Dr.",name:"Cai",middleName:null,surname:"Li",fullName:"Cai Li",slug:"cai-li"},{id:"136038",title:"Dr.",name:"Gao",middleName:null,surname:"Shuo",fullName:"Gao Shuo",slug:"gao-shuo"},{id:"136039",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhu",middleName:null,surname:"Tao",fullName:"Zhu Tao",slug:"zhu-tao"}]},{id:"20846",title:"The Brain Adjacent to Tumor (BAT)",slug:"the-brain-adjacent-to-tumor-bat-",signatures:"Davide Schiffer, Laura Annovazzi, Valentina Caldera and Marta Mellai",authors:[{id:"50128",title:"Prof.",name:"Davide",middleName:null,surname:"Schiffer",fullName:"Davide Schiffer",slug:"davide-schiffer"},{id:"50153",title:"Dr.",name:"Marta",middleName:null,surname:"Mellai",fullName:"Marta Mellai",slug:"marta-mellai"},{id:"50154",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Caldera",fullName:"Valentina Caldera",slug:"valentina-caldera"},{id:"50155",title:"Dr.",name:"Laura",middleName:null,surname:"Annovazzi",fullName:"Laura Annovazzi",slug:"laura-annovazzi"}]},{id:"20847",title:"Insular Tumours",slug:"insular-tumours",signatures:"Francesco Signorelli, Giuseppe Barbagallo, Rodolfo Maduri, Claudio Schonauer, Jacques Guyotat and Kost Elisevich",authors:[{id:"36538",title:"Dr.",name:"Jacques",middleName:null,surname:"Guyotat",fullName:"Jacques Guyotat",slug:"jacques-guyotat"},{id:"36539",title:"Dr.",name:"Giuseppe",middleName:null,surname:"Barbagallo",fullName:"Giuseppe Barbagallo",slug:"giuseppe-barbagallo"},{id:"36544",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudio",middleName:null,surname:"Schonauer",fullName:"Claudio Schonauer",slug:"claudio-schonauer"},{id:"49744",title:"Dr.",name:"Rodolfo",middleName:null,surname:"Maduri",fullName:"Rodolfo Maduri",slug:"rodolfo-maduri"},{id:"52417",title:"Prof.",name:"Kost",middleName:null,surname:"Elisevich",fullName:"Kost Elisevich",slug:"kost-elisevich"},{id:"74494",title:"Dr.",name:"Francesco",middleName:null,surname:"Signorelli",fullName:"Francesco Signorelli",slug:"francesco-signorelli"}]},{id:"20848",title:"Regional Chemotherapy and Brachytherapy for Malignant Glioma – Clinical Experience and Serial Experiments",slug:"regional-chemotherapy-and-brachytherapy-for-malignant-glioma-clinical-experience-and-serial-experime",signatures:"Li Anmin, Fu Xiangping, Zhao Ming, Zhang Zhiwen, Yi Linhua, Xue Jinghui and Zhang Yipeng",authors:[{id:"52466",title:"Dr.",name:"Anmin",middleName:null,surname:"Li",fullName:"Anmin Li",slug:"anmin-li"},{id:"56712",title:"Dr.",name:"Ming",middleName:null,surname:"Zhao",fullName:"Ming Zhao",slug:"ming-zhao"}]},{id:"20849",title:"Novel Pharmacological and Magnetic Resonance Strategies to Enhance Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT) Efficacy in the Clinical Treatment of Malignant Glioma",slug:"novel-pharmacological-and-magnetic-resonance-strategies-to-enhance-boron-neutron-capture-therapy-bnc",signatures:"Paola Porcari, Silvia Capuani and Francesco Saverio Pastore",authors:[{id:"54176",title:"Dr.",name:"Silvia",middleName:null,surname:"Capuani",fullName:"Silvia Capuani",slug:"silvia-capuani"},{id:"59266",title:"Dr.",name:"Paola",middleName:null,surname:"Porcari",fullName:"Paola Porcari",slug:"paola-porcari"},{id:"62086",title:"Prof.",name:"Francesco Saverio",middleName:null,surname:"Pastore",fullName:"Francesco Saverio Pastore",slug:"francesco-saverio-pastore"}]},{id:"20850",title:"Research the Mechanism of Various Antineoplastic Agents with Use of Flow Cytometry in Vitro Glioma Cells",slug:"research-the-mechanism-of-various-antineoplastic-agents-with-use-of-flow-cytometry-in-vitro-glioma-c",signatures:"Hideyuki Oshige, Yoshihiro Numa, Takuya Kawaguchi, Kunikazu Yoshimura, Akio Asai, and Keiji Kawamoto",authors:[{id:"60315",title:"Dr",name:"Oshige",middleName:null,surname:"Hideyuki",fullName:"Oshige Hideyuki",slug:"oshige-hideyuki"},{id:"136040",title:"Dr.",name:"Yoshihiro",middleName:null,surname:"Numa",fullName:"Yoshihiro Numa",slug:"yoshihiro-numa"},{id:"136041",title:"Dr.",name:"Takuya",middleName:null,surname:"Kawaguchi",fullName:"Takuya Kawaguchi",slug:"takuya-kawaguchi"},{id:"136042",title:"Dr.",name:"Kunikazu",middleName:null,surname:"Yoshimura",fullName:"Kunikazu Yoshimura",slug:"kunikazu-yoshimura"},{id:"136043",title:"Dr.",name:"Keiji",middleName:null,surname:"Kawamoto",fullName:"Keiji Kawamoto",slug:"keiji-kawamoto"}]},{id:"20851",title:"Anti-Angiogenic Therapy for Malignant Glioma: Insights and Future Directions",slug:"anti-angiogenic-therapy-for-malignant-glioma-insights-and-future-directions",signatures:"Paula Province, Xiaosi Han, L. Burt Nabors and Hassan M. Fathallah-Shaykh",authors:[{id:"50232",title:"Prof.",name:"Hassan",middleName:"Mahmoud",surname:"Fathallah-Shaykh",fullName:"Hassan Fathallah-Shaykh",slug:"hassan-fathallah-shaykh"},{id:"59656",title:"Dr.",name:"Paula",middleName:null,surname:"Province",fullName:"Paula Province",slug:"paula-province"},{id:"59657",title:"Dr.",name:"Burt",middleName:null,surname:"Nabors",fullName:"Burt Nabors",slug:"burt-nabors"},{id:"59658",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiaosi",middleName:null,surname:"Han",fullName:"Xiaosi Han",slug:"xiaosi-han"}]},{id:"20852",title:"Syndromes Associated with Intracranial Tumours: A Paediatric Neurosurgeon’s Perspective",slug:"syndromes-associated-with-intracranial-tumours-a-paediatric-neurosurgeon-s-perspective",signatures:"Adrianna Ranger",authors:[{id:"40865",title:"Dr.",name:"Adrianna",middleName:null,surname:"Ranger",fullName:"Adrianna Ranger",slug:"adrianna-ranger"}]},{id:"20853",title:"Brain Tumors and the Lynch Syndrome",slug:"brain-tumors-and-the-lynch-syndrome",signatures:"Päivi Peltomäki and Annette Gylling",authors:[{id:"42609",title:"Prof.",name:"Päivi",middleName:null,surname:"Peltomäki",fullName:"Päivi Peltomäki",slug:"paivi-peltomaki"},{id:"42617",title:"Dr.",name:"Annette",middleName:null,surname:"Gylling",fullName:"Annette Gylling",slug:"annette-gylling"}]},{id:"20854",title:"Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma",slug:"primary-central-nervous-system-lymphoma",signatures:"Iyavut Thaipisuttikul and Craig Nolan",authors:[{id:"43607",title:"Dr.",name:"Iyavut",middleName:null,surname:"Thaipisuttikul",fullName:"Iyavut Thaipisuttikul",slug:"iyavut-thaipisuttikul"},{id:"54299",title:"Dr.",name:"Craig",middleName:null,surname:"Nolan",fullName:"Craig Nolan",slug:"craig-nolan"}]},{id:"20855",title:"Reversible Posterior Leukoencephalopathy Syndrome",slug:"reversible-posterior-leukoencephalopathy-syndrome",signatures:"Željka Petelin Gadže, Davorka Milat, Sanja Hajnšek, Branka Ribarić, Jasna Franjić and Damir Petravić",authors:[{id:"46656",title:"Dr.",name:"Zeljka",middleName:null,surname:"Petelin Gadze",fullName:"Zeljka Petelin Gadze",slug:"zeljka-petelin-gadze"},{id:"119754",title:"Dr.",name:"Davorka",middleName:null,surname:"Milat",fullName:"Davorka Milat",slug:"davorka-milat"},{id:"119756",title:"Dr.",name:"Branka",middleName:null,surname:"Ribarić",fullName:"Branka Ribarić",slug:"branka-ribaric"},{id:"119757",title:"Dr.",name:"Damir",middleName:null,surname:"Petravić",fullName:"Damir Petravić",slug:"damir-petravic"}]},{id:"20856",title:"Brain Tumor and Seizures: Incidence, Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Treatment",slug:"brain-tumor-and-seizures-incidence-pathophysiology-diagnosis-and-treatment",signatures:"Elysia James and Panayiotis N. Varelas",authors:[{id:"41767",title:"Dr.",name:"Panayiotis",middleName:null,surname:"Varelas",fullName:"Panayiotis Varelas",slug:"panayiotis-varelas"},{id:"43200",title:"Ms.",name:"Elysia",middleName:null,surname:"James",fullName:"Elysia James",slug:"elysia-james"}]},{id:"20857",title:"Brain Tumors at the Department of Neurology in Sarajevo: Retrospecitve Analysis",slug:"brain-tumors-at-the-department-of-neurology-in-sarajevo-retrospecitve-analysis",signatures:"A. Alajbegović and A. Gutošić",authors:[{id:"42407",title:"Dr.",name:"Azra",middleName:null,surname:"Alajbegovic",fullName:"Azra Alajbegovic",slug:"azra-alajbegovic"},{id:"135907",title:"Dr.",name:"Alma",middleName:null,surname:"Gutošić",fullName:"Alma Gutošić",slug:"alma-gutosic"}]},{id:"20858",title:"Clinicopathological Diagnosis of Gliomatosis Cerebri",slug:"clinicopathological-diagnosis-of-gliomatosis-cerebri",signatures:"Jiro Akimoto",authors:[{id:"46919",title:"Dr.",name:"Jiro",middleName:null,surname:"Akimoto",fullName:"Jiro Akimoto",slug:"jiro-akimoto"}]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6700",title:"Glioma",subtitle:"Contemporary Diagnostic and Therapeutic Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"be2cf1281ace49e67585379d829cf6b1",slug:"glioma-contemporary-diagnostic-and-therapeutic-approaches",bookSignature:"Ibrahim Omerhodžić and Kenan Arnautović",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6700.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"114763",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibrahim",surname:"Omerhodzic",slug:"ibrahim-omerhodzic",fullName:"Ibrahim Omerhodzic"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7455",title:"Primary Intracranial Tumors",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6b02d6151db3433e9ebc434101c9868b",slug:"primary-intracranial-tumors",bookSignature:"Erasmo Barros Da Silva Junior and Jerônimo Buzetti Milano",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7455.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"77927",title:"Dr.",name:"Erasmo Barros",surname:"Da Silva Junior",slug:"erasmo-barros-da-silva-junior",fullName:"Erasmo Barros Da Silva Junior"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8729",title:"Neurofibromatosis",subtitle:"Current Trends and Future Directions",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d1e955bf58e8cf955270cefb3bdd10bd",slug:"neurofibromatosis-current-trends-and-future-directions",bookSignature:"Francesco Signorelli and Raffaella Messina",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8729.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"74494",title:"Dr.",name:"Francesco",surname:"Signorelli",slug:"francesco-signorelli",fullName:"Francesco Signorelli"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10649",title:"Central Nervous System Tumors",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a5d46c2c75f8c5ccba96442bfd6c82bf",slug:"central-nervous-system-tumors",bookSignature:"Scott George Turner",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10649.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"181611",title:"Dr.",name:"Scott",surname:"Turner",slug:"scott-turner",fullName:"Scott Turner"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10788",title:"Brain Tumors",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3f9a72957ff91750acfdf3843d7108cf",slug:"brain-tumors",bookSignature:"Amit Agrawal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10788.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"100142",title:"Prof.",name:"Amit",surname:"Agrawal",slug:"amit-agrawal",fullName:"Amit Agrawal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[{type:"book",id:"536",title:"Molecular Targets of CNS Tumors",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9397c8a0230158cb461c2ffbe6f9857d",slug:"molecular-targets-of-cns-tumors",bookSignature:"Miklos Garami",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/536.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"34821",title:"Dr.",name:"Miklos",surname:"Garami",slug:"miklos-garami",fullName:"Miklos Garami"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"81536",title:"African and Lakota Ecological Perspectives",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104596",slug:"african-and-lakota-ecological-perspectives",body:'It is important today to recall that traditional religions and cultures of the world have over many centuries evolved ways of living in harmony with the physical environment. That is why we are still here, living on this planet. Works of religious traditions ought to now attract significant attention at the highest level of scholarship. Two examples of such traditional religions and cultures are the North American Lakota culture and the African culture. Both traditions are well described independently in the published works
Although am an African, I find
Both the Lakota and African societies faced colonialism as well as socio-economic and cultural intrusion. Stoeber ([1], p. 612) notes that the collaborative authorship of
The purpose of this paper is to first show a similarity, ultimately ecological and religious, between elements of the indigenous spirituality evident in
This brief paper will not focus on tangential issues surrounding these two traditions. For example, there is controversy over the authorship of
This paper is divided into five main sections or parts. Section 1 will be followed by a brief review of
There are specific aspects identifiable in the Lakota spirituality or worldview of
Black Elk is one of the most studied Native Americans. He was an Oglala Lakota holy man, who had a vision about his society and people. The author John Neihardt teamed up with Black Elk to publish the story of this Lakota native from his childhood to the 1890s. The result is the excellent work
There is a human intimacy with the physical world or the cosmos evident in Lakota spirituality. In preparation for the opening meeting at Black Elk’s home, where he would narrate his vision that would form the substance of the book, John Neihardt notes that “Many small pine trees, brought from a considerable distance, were set up around the log cabin” ([2], p. 13). The interdependence and affinity native peoples have with nature includes animals. Anyone who reads
The tradition of giving people the names of things in the physical world also includes elements like water and stars or phenomena that occur naturally in nature. The name of the Oglala Sioux chief and peacemaker is “Red Cloud” ([2], p. 23); the Lakota holy man who dreamed about what was to be is called “Drinks Water” ([2], p. 22). The medicine man paid to cure Black Elk of the illness he suffered during his great vision, and who also recognized that Black Elk had a genuinely mystical experience, is called “Whirlwind Chaser” ([2], p. 62). There are other examples throughout
There is another realm of activity in
Thus it becomes possible for this spirit realm to penetrate the cosmic realm through the knowledge received via mystical experiences – including that received by Black Elk himself. In fact, the primary goal of
Black Elk was clearly obsessed with the wellbeing of his people. At the end of the day, the whole purpose of his spiritual vision was to help his people respond to and survive in the socio-economic and political context of colonialism – that involved the degradation of his environment. His mystical gift of healing was essentially to help his people — at no cost. He judged his success and failure in terms of how much he was able to help his people using the power received through a mystical vision. “Hear me in my sorrow, for I may never call again. O make my people live!” ([2], 287). Other writers have confirmed that the Lakota spirituality or their powers received from the spirit world is for the benefit of the community [10].
The understanding of this realm of people in
Hence this narrated spiritual autobiography appears to end as a tragedy. The book laments the erosion of the people’s indigenous spirituality alongside the disrespect and exploitation of their physical environment. Black Elk spoke “of a holy tree that should have flourished in a people’s heart with flowers and singing birds, and now is withered; and of a people’s dream that died in bloody snow” ([2], 15). Black Elk lamented that he was unable to use his powers from the realm of Theos for the benefit of the Anthropos,
The above three realms, Theos, Anthropos and Cosmos, are not separate in
The human relationship with the sacred also appears inseparable with the relationship to the entire earth. As a Shaman, Black Elk is a special medium within the realm of the Anthropos connecting the Cosmos with the Theos. The interconnectedness is well captured in a most beautiful prayer, a praying through the earth, that sets the tone for the
The above major themes of the religious tradition depicted in
Like
A general observation of the ritual practices and belief-systems evident in various traditional African societies would reveal a pattern that corresponds to a sense of relationship to the physical and non-human world. That is why land was for a long time in many parts of Africa never owned [19]. “To people of this kind land was something akin to water or air; it had no owner…” Hence the physical and non-human world was not something to be owned and exploited like the yellow metal in
Traditional Africans experienced a relationship to a power beyond their control, as experienced in the vision of Black Elk, something beyond what is observable in the rest of the physical and non-human world. This realm of Theos is described variously in terms of gods, spirits and ancestors. Similar to the Platonic world of forms described in
As in
The underlying philosophical principle in this realm of the Anthropos has been described in the non-Cartesian terms of “we are, therefore, I am” ([17], p. 109). The original expression is Zulu [24], “Umuntu ngumuntu ngabantu” or “I belong therefore I am.” Therefore, the realm of Anthropos situated Africans in a relationship of mutuality and complementarity. A colleague and professor of African Theology at Hekima College in Kenya sums it up perfectly, stating that life in traditional Africa is a “Relationship Imperative”:
The three realms described above exist interconnectedly, as observed in
The above quotation sums up well the Costheanthropic unity, the relationship or interconnectedness with the Divine, with one’s community and with nature. Zuesse shows the traditional African simultaneously relating to the Cosmos, Theos and Anthropos in a unity of relationship – which is also deducible from
The traditional African beliefs and ritual practices as well as those of
In `The encyclical
Unfortunately, this type of relationship to the physical and non-human world in
That Black Elk was a Catholic (even a Catechist) at the time he provided his narrative is evidence that his perspective on holding nature in great esteem is not at the level of worship or religion.8 Rather, in both
In a more recent encyclical
At the heart of this perspective on social relationship is an understanding of the human person. As mentioned in the traditional African worldview, a person is understood in terms of
This chapter has attempted to show a similarity in ecological themes discernible in the Lakota (
The relevance of both cultural traditions today was stated in terms of ecological and social relationship issues. Therefore the two ancient traditions highlight the importance of a respectful approach towards indigenous spirituality in the ecological project. Both cultures offer us a worldview that is termed
A comparative study of the Lakota and African indigenous traditions makes for a vast topic. Within the length and scope of this book chapter, it is impossible to explain all the essential tenets. However, despite such constraint, it hoped that this chapter has managed to point out an important ecological theme deducible from two geographically different religious traditions – in terms of a worldview that invites humanity to greater ecological consciousness.
Book - collection of Works distributed in a book format, whose selection, coordination, preparation, and arrangement has been performed and published by IntechOpen, and in which the Work is included in its entirety in an unmodified form along with one or more other contributions, each constituting separate and independent sections, but together assembled into a collective whole.
",metaTitle:"Attribution Policy",metaDescription:"DEFINITION OF TERMS",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/attribution-policy",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"Work - a book Chapter (as well as Conference Papers), including any and all content, graphics, images and/or other materials forming part of, or accompanying, the Chapter/Conference Paper.
\\n\\nAttribution – appropriate credit for the used Work or book.
\\n\\nCreative Commons licenses – enable licensors to retain copyright while allowing others to use their Works in an appropriate way.
\\n\\nWith the purpose of protecting Authors' copyright and the transparent reuse of OA (Open Access) content, IntechOpen has developed Rules of Attribution of Works licensed under Creative Commons licenses.
\\n\\nIn case you reuse or republish any of the Works licensed under CC licenses, you must abide by the guidelines outlined below:
\\n\\nAll rights to Books and other compilations published on the IntechOpen platform and in print are reserved by IntechOpen. The Copyright to Books and other compilations is subject to a separate Copyright from any that exists in the included Works.
\\n\\nA Book in its entirety or a significant part of a Book cannot be translated freely without specific written consent by the publisher. Further information can be obtained at permissions@intechopen.com.
\\n\\nIn instances where permission is obtained from the publisher for reusing or republishing the Book, or significant parts of the Book, all of the following conditions apply:
\\n\\nEvery single Work that is used has to be attributed in the way described. If you are unsure about proper attribution, please write to permissions@intechopen.com.
\\n\\nIndividual Works originally published in IntechOpen books are licensed under Creative Commons licenses and can be freely used under terms of the respective CC license, if properly attributed. In order to properly attribute the Work you must respect all the conditions outlined below:
\\n\\nEvery single Work that is used has to be attributed in the way as described. If you are unsure about proper attribution, please contact Us at permissions@intechopen.com.
\\n\\nIn the event that you use more than one of IntechOpen's Works published in one or more books (but not a significant part of the book that is under separate Copyright), each of these have to be properly attributed in the way described.
\\n\\nIntechOpen does not have any claims on newly created copyrighted Works, but the Works originally published by IntechOpen must be properly attributed.
\\n\\nAll these rules apply to BOTH online and offline use.
\\n\\nParts of the Rules of Attribution are based on Work Attributing Creative Commons Materials published by the Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Creative Industries and Innovation, in partnership with Creative Commons Australia, which can be found at creativecommons.org.au licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia license, and Best practices for attribution published by Creative Commons, which can be found at wiki.creativecommons.org under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license.
\\n\\nAll the above rules are subject to change, IntechOpen reserves the right to take appropriate action if any of the conditions outlined above are not met.
\\n\\nPolicy last updated: 2016-06-09
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'Work - a book Chapter (as well as Conference Papers), including any and all content, graphics, images and/or other materials forming part of, or accompanying, the Chapter/Conference Paper.
\n\nAttribution – appropriate credit for the used Work or book.
\n\nCreative Commons licenses – enable licensors to retain copyright while allowing others to use their Works in an appropriate way.
\n\nWith the purpose of protecting Authors' copyright and the transparent reuse of OA (Open Access) content, IntechOpen has developed Rules of Attribution of Works licensed under Creative Commons licenses.
\n\nIn case you reuse or republish any of the Works licensed under CC licenses, you must abide by the guidelines outlined below:
\n\nAll rights to Books and other compilations published on the IntechOpen platform and in print are reserved by IntechOpen. The Copyright to Books and other compilations is subject to a separate Copyright from any that exists in the included Works.
\n\nA Book in its entirety or a significant part of a Book cannot be translated freely without specific written consent by the publisher. Further information can be obtained at permissions@intechopen.com.
\n\nIn instances where permission is obtained from the publisher for reusing or republishing the Book, or significant parts of the Book, all of the following conditions apply:
\n\nEvery single Work that is used has to be attributed in the way described. If you are unsure about proper attribution, please write to permissions@intechopen.com.
\n\nIndividual Works originally published in IntechOpen books are licensed under Creative Commons licenses and can be freely used under terms of the respective CC license, if properly attributed. In order to properly attribute the Work you must respect all the conditions outlined below:
\n\nEvery single Work that is used has to be attributed in the way as described. If you are unsure about proper attribution, please contact Us at permissions@intechopen.com.
\n\nIn the event that you use more than one of IntechOpen's Works published in one or more books (but not a significant part of the book that is under separate Copyright), each of these have to be properly attributed in the way described.
\n\nIntechOpen does not have any claims on newly created copyrighted Works, but the Works originally published by IntechOpen must be properly attributed.
\n\nAll these rules apply to BOTH online and offline use.
\n\nParts of the Rules of Attribution are based on Work Attributing Creative Commons Materials published by the Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Creative Industries and Innovation, in partnership with Creative Commons Australia, which can be found at creativecommons.org.au licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia license, and Best practices for attribution published by Creative Commons, which can be found at wiki.creativecommons.org under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license.
\n\nAll the above rules are subject to change, IntechOpen reserves the right to take appropriate action if any of the conditions outlined above are not met.
\n\nPolicy last updated: 2016-06-09
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",middleName:null,surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/58592/images/1664_n.jpg",biography:"Arun K. Shanker is serving as a Principal Scientist (Plant Physiology) with the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) at the Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture in Hyderabad, India. He is working with the ICAR as a full time researcher since 1993 and has since earned his Advanced degree in Crop Physiology while in service. He has been awarded the prestigious Member of the Royal Society of Chemistry (MRSC), by the Royal Society of Chemistry, London in 2015. Presently he is working on systems biology approach to study the mechanism of abiotic stress tolerance in crops. His main focus now is to unravel the mechanism of drought and heat stress response in plants to tackle climate change related threats in agriculture.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Council of Agricultural Research",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",middleName:"P",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/4782/images/system/4782.jpg",biography:"Bishnu P. Pal is Professor of Physics at Mahindra École\nCentrale Hyderabad India since July 1st 2014 after retirement\nas Professor of Physics from IIT Delhi; Ph.D.’1975 from IIT\nDelhi; Fellow of OSA and SPIE; Senior Member IEEE;\nHonorary Foreign Member Royal Norwegian Society for\nScience and Arts; Member OSA Board of Directors (2009-\n11); Distinguished Lecturer IEEE Photonics Society (2005-\n07).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Delhi",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"69653",title:"Dr.",name:"Chusak",middleName:null,surname:"Limsakul",slug:"chusak-limsakul",fullName:"Chusak Limsakul",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Prince of Songkla University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"23804",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamzah",middleName:null,surname:"Arof",slug:"hamzah-arof",fullName:"Hamzah Arof",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/23804/images/5492_n.jpg",biography:"Hamzah Arof received his BSc from Michigan State University, and PhD from the University of Wales. Both degrees were in electrical engineering. His current research interests include signal processing and photonics. Currently he is affiliated with the Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Malaya, Malaysia.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaya",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"41989",title:"Prof.",name:"He",middleName:null,surname:"Tian",slug:"he-tian",fullName:"He Tian",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"East China University of Science and Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"33351",title:null,name:"Hendra",middleName:null,surname:"Hermawan",slug:"hendra-hermawan",fullName:"Hendra Hermawan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/33351/images/168_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Institut Teknologi Bandung",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"11981",title:"Prof.",name:"Hiroshi",middleName:null,surname:"Ishiguro",slug:"hiroshi-ishiguro",fullName:"Hiroshi Ishiguro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRglaQAC/Profile_Picture_1626411846553",biography:"Hiroshi Ishiguro is an award-winning roboticist and innovator. As the Director of the Intelligent Robotics Laboratory, which is part of the Department of Systems Innovation in the Graduate School of Engineering Science at Osaka University, Japan, Ishiguro concentrates on making robots that are similar as possible to humans to understand the human species. A notable project of his laboratory is the Actroid, a humanoid robot with a lifelike appearance and observable behavior such as facial movements. (Sources: http://www.geminoid.jp/en/index.html, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroshi_Ishiguro)",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Osaka University",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"45747",title:"Dr.",name:"Hsin-I",middleName:null,surname:"Chang",slug:"hsin-i-chang",fullName:"Hsin-I Chang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Chiayi University",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"61581",title:"Dr.",name:"Joy Rizki Pangestu",middleName:null,surname:"Djuansjah",slug:"joy-rizki-pangestu-djuansjah",fullName:"Joy Rizki Pangestu Djuansjah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/61581/images/237_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"94249",title:"Prof.",name:"Junji",middleName:null,surname:"Kido",slug:"junji-kido",fullName:"Junji Kido",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Yamagata University",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"12009",title:"Dr.",name:"Ki Young",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",slug:"ki-young-kim",fullName:"Ki Young Kim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12009/images/system/12009.jpg",biography:"Http://m80.knu.ac.kr/~doors",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Cheng Kung University",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"132595",title:"Prof.",name:"Long",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"long-wang",fullName:"Long Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Peking University",country:{name:"China"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:6583},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5888},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:2381},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:12511},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:1006},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:17529}],offset:12,limit:12,total:12514},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{hasNoEditors:"0",sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish",topicId:"161925"},books:[],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:43},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:21},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:21},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:17},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:59},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:27},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:122},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:4}],offset:12,limit:12,total:0},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10584",title:"Engineered Wood Products for Construction",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"421757c56a3735986055250821275a51",slug:"engineered-wood-products-for-construction",bookSignature:"Meng Gong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10584.jpg",editors:[{id:"274242",title:"Dr.",name:"Meng",middleName:null,surname:"Gong",slug:"meng-gong",fullName:"Meng Gong"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10222",title:"Demyelination Disorders",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b6c26ceccacdde70c41c587361bd5558",slug:"demyelination-disorders",bookSignature:"Stavros J. Baloyannis, Fabian H. Rossi and Welwin Liu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10222.jpg",editors:[{id:"156098",title:"Emeritus Prof.",name:"Stavros J.",middleName:"J.",surname:"Baloyannis",slug:"stavros-j.-baloyannis",fullName:"Stavros J. Baloyannis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9544",title:"Global Trade in the Emerging Business Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fb8cb09b9599246add78d508a98273d5",slug:"global-trade-in-the-emerging-business-environment",bookSignature:"Muhammad Mohiuddin, Jingbin Wang , Md. Samim Al Azad and Selim Ahmed",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9544.jpg",editors:[{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10979",title:"Parenting",subtitle:"Challenges of Child Rearing in a Changing Society",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6f345ebcf4fd61e73643c69063a12c7b",slug:"parenting-challenges-of-child-rearing-in-a-changing-society",bookSignature:"Sayyed Ali Samadi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10979.jpg",editors:[{id:"52145",title:"Dr.",name:"Sayyed Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Samadi",slug:"sayyed-ali-samadi",fullName:"Sayyed Ali Samadi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9808",title:"Contemporary Topics in Patient Safety",subtitle:"Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fb6371607c2c6c02c6a2af8892765aba",slug:"contemporary-topics-in-patient-safety-volume-1",bookSignature:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki and Michael S. Firstenberg",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9808.jpg",editors:[{id:"181694",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislaw P.",middleName:null,surname:"Stawicki",slug:"stanislaw-p.-stawicki",fullName:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10681",title:"Biodegradation Technology of Organic and Inorganic Pollutants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9a6e10e02788092872fd249436898e97",slug:"biodegradation-technology-of-organic-and-inorganic-pollutants",bookSignature:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes, Rodrigo Nogueira de Sousa and Kamila Cabral Mielke",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10681.jpg",editors:[{id:"197720",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Kassio",middleName:null,surname:"Ferreira Mendes",slug:"kassio-ferreira-mendes",fullName:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10764",title:"Antenna Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2fbf1c7a5d92723f08198fc9b526a8ad",slug:"antenna-systems",bookSignature:"Hussain Al-Rizzo and Said Abushamleh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10764.jpg",editors:[{id:"153384",title:"Prof.",name:"Hussain",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Rizzo",slug:"hussain-al-rizzo",fullName:"Hussain Al-Rizzo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10668",title:"Sustainability of Concrete With Synthetic and Recycled Aggregates",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"55856c6a8bc3a5b21dae5a1af09a56b6",slug:"sustainability-of-concrete-with-synthetic-and-recycled-aggregates",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10668.jpg",editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-saleh",fullName:"Hosam Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10803",title:"Reactive Oxygen Species",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"176adcf090fdd1f93cb8ce3146e79ca1",slug:"reactive-oxygen-species",bookSignature:"Rizwan Ahmad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10803.jpg",editors:[{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9032",title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f609bf3251d7cc7bae0099a4374adfc3",slug:"corporate-social-responsibility",bookSignature:"Beatrice Orlando",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9032.jpg",editors:[{id:"232969",title:"Prof.",name:"Beatrice",middleName:null,surname:"Orlando",slug:"beatrice-orlando",fullName:"Beatrice Orlando"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10351",title:"Enhanced Liposuction",subtitle:"New Perspectives and Techniques",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f08ed6de16da357614586c5b58ed4dfa",slug:"enhanced-liposuction-new-perspectives-and-techniques",bookSignature:"Diane Irvine Duncan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10351.jpg",editors:[{id:"279869",title:"Dr.",name:"Diane Irvine",middleName:null,surname:"Duncan",slug:"diane-irvine-duncan",fullName:"Diane Irvine Duncan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10779",title:"21st Century Nanostructured Materials",subtitle:"Physics, Chemistry, Classification, and Emerging Applications in Industry, Biomedicine, and Agriculture",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"72c67f97f9bef68200df115b5fd79884",slug:"21st-century-nanostructured-materials-physics-chemistry-classification-and-emerging-applications-in-industry-biomedicine-and-agriculture",bookSignature:"Phuong V. Pham",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10779.jpg",editors:[{id:"236073",title:"Dr.",name:"Phuong",middleName:"Viet",surname:"Pham",slug:"phuong-pham",fullName:"Phuong Pham"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4386},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10584",title:"Engineered Wood Products for Construction",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"421757c56a3735986055250821275a51",slug:"engineered-wood-products-for-construction",bookSignature:"Meng Gong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10584.jpg",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3665,editors:[{id:"274242",title:"Dr.",name:"Meng",middleName:null,surname:"Gong",slug:"meng-gong",fullName:"Meng Gong"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10222",title:"Demyelination Disorders",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b6c26ceccacdde70c41c587361bd5558",slug:"demyelination-disorders",bookSignature:"Stavros J. Baloyannis, Fabian H. Rossi and Welwin Liu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10222.jpg",publishedDate:"May 4th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1713,editors:[{id:"156098",title:"Emeritus Prof.",name:"Stavros J.",middleName:"J.",surname:"Baloyannis",slug:"stavros-j.-baloyannis",fullName:"Stavros J. Baloyannis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9544",title:"Global Trade in the Emerging Business Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fb8cb09b9599246add78d508a98273d5",slug:"global-trade-in-the-emerging-business-environment",bookSignature:"Muhammad Mohiuddin, Jingbin Wang , Md. Samim Al Azad and Selim Ahmed",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9544.jpg",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2481,editors:[{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10979",title:"Parenting",subtitle:"Challenges of Child Rearing in a Changing Society",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6f345ebcf4fd61e73643c69063a12c7b",slug:"parenting-challenges-of-child-rearing-in-a-changing-society",bookSignature:"Sayyed Ali Samadi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10979.jpg",publishedDate:"May 4th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1107,editors:[{id:"52145",title:"Dr.",name:"Sayyed Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Samadi",slug:"sayyed-ali-samadi",fullName:"Sayyed Ali Samadi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9808",title:"Contemporary Topics in Patient Safety",subtitle:"Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fb6371607c2c6c02c6a2af8892765aba",slug:"contemporary-topics-in-patient-safety-volume-1",bookSignature:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki and Michael S. Firstenberg",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9808.jpg",publishedDate:"April 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3307,editors:[{id:"181694",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislaw P.",middleName:null,surname:"Stawicki",slug:"stanislaw-p.-stawicki",fullName:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10681",title:"Biodegradation Technology of Organic and Inorganic Pollutants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9a6e10e02788092872fd249436898e97",slug:"biodegradation-technology-of-organic-and-inorganic-pollutants",bookSignature:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes, Rodrigo Nogueira de Sousa and Kamila Cabral Mielke",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10681.jpg",publishedDate:"April 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3266,editors:[{id:"197720",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Kassio",middleName:null,surname:"Ferreira Mendes",slug:"kassio-ferreira-mendes",fullName:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10764",title:"Antenna Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2fbf1c7a5d92723f08198fc9b526a8ad",slug:"antenna-systems",bookSignature:"Hussain Al-Rizzo and Said Abushamleh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10764.jpg",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1868,editors:[{id:"153384",title:"Prof.",name:"Hussain",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Rizzo",slug:"hussain-al-rizzo",fullName:"Hussain Al-Rizzo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10668",title:"Sustainability of Concrete With Synthetic and Recycled Aggregates",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"55856c6a8bc3a5b21dae5a1af09a56b6",slug:"sustainability-of-concrete-with-synthetic-and-recycled-aggregates",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10668.jpg",publishedDate:"May 4th 2022",numberOfDownloads:856,editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-saleh",fullName:"Hosam Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10803",title:"Reactive Oxygen Species",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"176adcf090fdd1f93cb8ce3146e79ca1",slug:"reactive-oxygen-species",bookSignature:"Rizwan Ahmad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10803.jpg",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1704,editors:[{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9032",title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f609bf3251d7cc7bae0099a4374adfc3",slug:"corporate-social-responsibility",bookSignature:"Beatrice Orlando",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9032.jpg",publishedDate:"March 16th 2022",numberOfDownloads:7489,editors:[{id:"232969",title:"Prof.",name:"Beatrice",middleName:null,surname:"Orlando",slug:"beatrice-orlando",fullName:"Beatrice Orlando"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10251",title:"Plankton Communities",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e11e441ca2d2d5f631b1b4704505cfb6",slug:"plankton-communities",bookSignature:"Leonel Pereira and Ana Marta Gonçalves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10251.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"279788",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonel",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"leonel-pereira",fullName:"Leonel Pereira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10830",title:"Animal Feed Science and Nutrition",subtitle:"Production, Health and Environment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"79944fc8fbbaa329aed6fde388154832",slug:"animal-feed-science-and-nutrition-production-health-and-environment",bookSignature:"Amlan Kumar Patra",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10830.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"310962",title:"Dr.",name:"Amlan",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Patra",slug:"amlan-patra",fullName:"Amlan Patra"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10853",title:"Recent Advances in Polynomials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e8671bae09ccaa8b8e276c639a737fc",slug:"recent-advances-in-polynomials",bookSignature:"Kamal Shah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10853.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"231748",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"kamal-shah",fullName:"Kamal Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10871",title:"Computed-Tomography (CT) Scan",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"966d8cf74fa27eea1b9cbc9a6ee94993",slug:"computed-tomography-ct-scan",bookSignature:"Reda R. Gharieb",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10871.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"225387",title:"Prof.",name:"Reda R.",middleName:"R.",surname:"Gharieb",slug:"reda-r.-gharieb",fullName:"Reda R. Gharieb"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10903",title:"Genetically Modified Plants and Beyond",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4d7ed4faab99c92cd4d676dc86501df9",slug:"genetically-modified-plants-and-beyond",bookSignature:"Idah Sithole Niang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10903.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"90172",title:"Prof.",name:"Idah",middleName:null,surname:"Sithole-Niang",slug:"idah-sithole-niang",fullName:"Idah Sithole-Niang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10904",title:"Fusarium",subtitle:"An Overview of the Genus",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"49d9063e43f94bd1517d65fbc58b93c3",slug:"fusarium-an-overview-of-the-genus",bookSignature:"Seyed Mahyar Mirmajlessi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10904.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"100573",title:"Dr.",name:"Seyed Mahyar",middleName:null,surname:"Mirmajlessi",slug:"seyed-mahyar-mirmajlessi",fullName:"Seyed Mahyar Mirmajlessi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10654",title:"Brain-Computer Interface",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a5308884068cc53ed31c6baba756857f",slug:"brain-computer-interface",bookSignature:"Vahid Asadpour",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10654.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"165328",title:"Dr.",name:"Vahid",middleName:null,surname:"Asadpour",slug:"vahid-asadpour",fullName:"Vahid Asadpour"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10676",title:"Recent Applications in Graph Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"900c60742d224080732bd16bd25ccba8",slug:"recent-applications-in-graph-theory",bookSignature:"Harun Pirim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10676.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"146092",title:"Dr.",name:"Harun",middleName:null,surname:"Pirim",slug:"harun-pirim",fullName:"Harun Pirim"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11196",title:"New Updates in E-Learning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6afaadf68e2a0a4b370ac5ceb5ca89c6",slug:"new-updates-in-e-learning",bookSignature:"Eduard Babulak",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11196.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"10086",title:"Prof.",name:"Eduard",middleName:null,surname:"Babulak",slug:"eduard-babulak",fullName:"Eduard Babulak"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9974",title:"E-Learning and Digital Education in the Twenty-First Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88b58d66e975df20425fc1dfd22d53aa",slug:"e-learning-and-digital-education-in-the-twenty-first-century",bookSignature:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9974.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editors:[{id:"94099",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Mahruf C.",middleName:null,surname:"Shohel",slug:"m.-mahruf-c.-shohel",fullName:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"954",title:"Thermodynamics",slug:"thermodynamics",parent:{id:"158",title:"Metals and Nonmetals",slug:"metals-and-nonmetals"},numberOfBooks:2,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:61,numberOfWosCitations:7,numberOfCrossrefCitations:10,numberOfDimensionsCitations:15,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"954",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"8416",title:"Non-Equilibrium Particle Dynamics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2c3add7639dcd1cb442cb4313ea64e3a",slug:"non-equilibrium-particle-dynamics",bookSignature:"Albert S. Kim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8416.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"21045",title:"Prof.",name:"Albert S.",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",slug:"albert-s.-kim",fullName:"Albert S. Kim"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7661",title:"Heat and Mass Transfer",subtitle:"Advances in Science and Technology Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c29b5c2ce24925a935ca52b8344fbb99",slug:"heat-and-mass-transfer-advances-in-science-and-technology-applications",bookSignature:"Alfredo Iranzo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7661.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"67352",title:"Dr.",name:"Alfredo",middleName:null,surname:"Iranzo",slug:"alfredo-iranzo",fullName:"Alfredo Iranzo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:2,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"67726",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86322",title:"CFD Simulation of Heat and Mass Transfer for Climate Control in Greenhouses",slug:"cfd-simulation-of-heat-and-mass-transfer-for-climate-control-in-greenhouses",totalDownloads:1120,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Greenhouse plant production involves a number of processes such as transpiration, condensation, photosynthesis, and climate control. Such processes, in turn, set off mass and heat transfer phenomena that influence not only the quality and quantity of crop production but also its environmental cost. While these processes have considerably been analyzed in separate, they strongly interact with one another. For instance, increased radiation (mainly thermal infrared) increases temperature, reduces humidity, consequently increases transpiration, and affects CO2 exchange as well as other reaction rates. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is a numerical tool with a solid physical basis which allows, through the construction of a computational model, to simulate the fluid flow environment. Heating, ventilation, and condensation have been analyzed in the greenhouse environment with CFD techniques. The current challenge is the interaction of these processes and their impact on the production system. The present work summarizes some CFD investigations carried out in this topic, in order to analyze the processes of heat and mass transfer in a greenhouse for agronomic purposes.",book:{id:"7661",slug:"heat-and-mass-transfer-advances-in-science-and-technology-applications",title:"Heat and Mass Transfer",fullTitle:"Heat and Mass Transfer - Advances in Science and Technology Applications"},signatures:"Cruz Ernesto Aguilar Rodriguez and Jorge Flores Velazquez",authors:[{id:"173578",title:"Dr.",name:"Jorge",middleName:null,surname:"Flores-Velazquez",slug:"jorge-flores-velazquez",fullName:"Jorge Flores-Velazquez"}]},{id:"66158",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.84706",title:"Numerical Solution to Two-Dimensional Freezing and Subsequent Defrosting of Logs",slug:"numerical-solution-to-two-dimensional-freezing-and-subsequent-defrosting-of-logs",totalDownloads:620,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Two-dimensional mutually connected mathematical models have been created, solved, and verified for the transient non-linear heat conduction in logs during their freezing and subsequent defrosting. The models reflect the influence of the internal sources of latent heat of both the free and bound water on the logs’ freezing process and also the impact of the temperature on the fiber saturation point of wood species, with whose participation the current values of the thermo-physical characteristics in each separate volume point of the subjected to freezing and subsequent defrosting logs are computed. The chapter presents solutions of the models with explicit form of the finite-difference method and their validation towards own experimental studies. Results from experimental and simulative investigation of 2D non-stationary temperature distribution in the longitudinal section of beech and pine logs with a diameter of 0.24 m and length of 0.48 m during their many hours freezing in a freezer and subsequent defrosting at room temperature are presented, visualized, and analyzed.",book:{id:"7661",slug:"heat-and-mass-transfer-advances-in-science-and-technology-applications",title:"Heat and Mass Transfer",fullTitle:"Heat and Mass Transfer - Advances in Science and Technology Applications"},signatures:"Nencho Deliiski and Natalia Tumbarkova",authors:[{id:"43040",title:"Prof.",name:"Nencho",middleName:"Stanev",surname:"Deliiski",slug:"nencho-deliiski",fullName:"Nencho Deliiski"},{id:"284649",title:"Dr.",name:"Natalia",middleName:"Yordanova",surname:"Tumbarkova",slug:"natalia-tumbarkova",fullName:"Natalia Tumbarkova"}]},{id:"67626",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86738",title:"The Boundary Element Method for Fluctuating Active Colloids",slug:"the-boundary-element-method-for-fluctuating-active-colloids",totalDownloads:920,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"The boundary element method (BEM) is a computational method particularly suited to solution of linear partial differential equations (PDEs), including the Laplace and Stokes equations, in complex geometries. The PDEs are formulated as boundary integral equations over bounding surfaces, which can be discretized for numerical solution. This manuscript reviews application of the BEM for simulation of the dynamics of “active” colloids that can self-propel through liquid solution. We introduce basic concepts and model equations for both catalytically active colloids and the “squirmer” model of a ciliated biological microswimmer. We review the foundations of the BEM for both the Laplace and Stokes equations, including the application to confined geometries, and the extension of the method to include thermal fluctuations of the colloid. Finally, we discuss recent and potential applications to research problems concerning active colloids. The aim of this review is to facilitate development and adoption of boundary element models that capture the interplay of deterministic and stochastic effects in the dynamics of active colloids.",book:{id:"8416",slug:"non-equilibrium-particle-dynamics",title:"Non-Equilibrium Particle Dynamics",fullTitle:"Non-Equilibrium Particle Dynamics"},signatures:"William E. Uspal",authors:[{id:"279308",title:"Prof.",name:"William",middleName:null,surname:"Uspal",slug:"william-uspal",fullName:"William Uspal"}]},{id:"66487",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85735",title:"Mean Aspects Controlling Supercritical CO2 Precipitation Processes",slug:"mean-aspects-controlling-supercritical-co-sub-2-sub-precipitation-processes",totalDownloads:736,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"The use of supercritical CO2 is an excellent alternative in extraction, particle precipitation, impregnation and reaction processes due to its special properties. Solubility of the compound in supercritical CO2 drives the precipitation process in different ways. In supercritical antisolvent process, mass and heat transfers, phase equilibria, nucleation, and growth of the compound to be precipitated are the main phenomena that should be taken into account. Mass transfer conditions the morphology and particle size of the final product. This transfer could be tuned altering operating conditions. Heat transfer in non-isothermal process influences on mixing step the size of generated microparticles. In rapid expansion of supercritical solution, phenomena as the phase change from supercritical to a CO2 gas flow, rapid mass transfer and crystallization of the compound, and expansion jet define the morphology and size of the final product. These phenomena a priori could be modulated tuning a large number of operating parameters through the experiments, but the correlations and modeling of these processes are necessary to clarify the relative importance of each one. Moreover, particle agglomeration in the expansion jet and CO2 condensation are determinant phenomena which should be avoided in order to conserve fine particles in the final product.",book:{id:"7661",slug:"heat-and-mass-transfer-advances-in-science-and-technology-applications",title:"Heat and Mass Transfer",fullTitle:"Heat and Mass Transfer - Advances in Science and Technology Applications"},signatures:"Antonio Montes, Clara Pereyra and Enrique J. Martínez de la Ossa",authors:[{id:"55991",title:"Mr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Montes",slug:"antonio-montes",fullName:"Antonio Montes"},{id:"55992",title:"Dr.",name:"Clara",middleName:null,surname:"Pereyra",slug:"clara-pereyra",fullName:"Clara Pereyra"},{id:"55993",title:"Dr.",name:"Enrique",middleName:null,surname:"Martinez De La Ossa",slug:"enrique-martinez-de-la-ossa",fullName:"Enrique Martinez De La Ossa"}]},{id:"66317",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85254",title:"Review Heat Transfer of Non-Newtonian Fluids in Agitated Tanks",slug:"review-heat-transfer-of-non-newtonian-fluids-in-agitated-tanks",totalDownloads:1001,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"The heating and cooling of non-Newtonian liquids in tanks with mechanical impellers are operations commonly employed as chemical reactors, heat exchangers, distillers, extractors, thinners and decanters. In particular, the design of heat exchangers (jackets, helical coils, spiral coils and vertical tubular baffles) in tanks requires the prior knowledge of the rheology of the liquid for the calculation of the convection coefficients and the Reynolds number, in order to obtain the area thermal exchange. This chapter aimed to present the basic concepts of tanks with agitation, non-Newtonian liquids, hydrodynamics, heat transfer and, finally, with a practical design example for engineers and undergraduate students.",book:{id:"7661",slug:"heat-and-mass-transfer-advances-in-science-and-technology-applications",title:"Heat and Mass Transfer",fullTitle:"Heat and Mass Transfer - Advances in Science and Technology Applications"},signatures:"Vitor da Silva Rosa and Deovaldo de Moraes Júnior",authors:[{id:"187128",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Vitor",middleName:null,surname:"Rosa",slug:"vitor-rosa",fullName:"Vitor Rosa"},{id:"188792",title:"Dr.",name:"Deovaldo",middleName:null,surname:"Moraes Júnior",slug:"deovaldo-moraes-junior",fullName:"Deovaldo Moraes Júnior"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"66878",title:"Design of Industrial Falling Film Evaporators",slug:"design-of-industrial-falling-film-evaporators",totalDownloads:1753,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"The high performance evaporators are important for process industries such as food, desalination and refineries. The falling film evaporators have many advantages over flooded and vertical tubes that make them best candidate for processes industries application. The heat transfer area is the key parameter in designing of an evaporator and many correlations are available to estimate the size of tube bundle. Unfortunately, most of the correlation is available only for pure water and above 322 K saturation temperatures. Out of these conditions, the areas are designed by the extrapolation of existing correlations. We demonstrated that the actual heat transfer values are 2–3-fold higher at lower temperature and hence simple extrapolated estimation leads to inefficient and high capital cost design. We proposed an accurate heat transfer correlation for falling film evaporators that can capture both, low temperature evaporation and salt concentration effectively. It is also embedded with unique bubble-assisted evaporation parameter that can be only observed at low temperature and it enhances the heat transfer. The proposed correlation is applicable from 280 to 305 K saturation temperatures and feed water concentration ranges from 35,000 to 95,000 ppm. The uncertainty of measured data is less than 5% and RMS of regressed data is 3.5%. In this chapter, first part summarized the all available correlations and their limitations. In second part, falling film evaporation heat transfer coefficient (FFHTC) is proposed and model is developed. In the last part, experimentation is conducted and FFHTC developed and compared with conventional correlations.",book:{id:"7661",slug:"heat-and-mass-transfer-advances-in-science-and-technology-applications",title:"Heat and Mass Transfer",fullTitle:"Heat and Mass Transfer - Advances in Science and Technology Applications"},signatures:"Muhammad Wakil Shahzad, Muhammad Burhan and Kim Choon Ng",authors:[{id:"174208",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Wakil",middleName:null,surname:"Shahzad",slug:"muhammad-wakil-shahzad",fullName:"Muhammad Wakil Shahzad"},{id:"249811",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Burhan",slug:"muhammad-burhan",fullName:"Muhammad Burhan"},{id:"254696",title:"Prof.",name:"Kim Choon",middleName:null,surname:"Ng",slug:"kim-choon-ng",fullName:"Kim Choon Ng"}]},{id:"66102",title:"Heat and Mass Transfer of Additive Manufacturing Processes for Metals",slug:"heat-and-mass-transfer-of-additive-manufacturing-processes-for-metals",totalDownloads:1302,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Additive manufacturing (AM), a method in which a part is fabricated layer by layer from a digital design package, provides the potential to produce complex components at reduced cost and time. Many techniques (using many different names) have been developed to accomplish this via melting or solid-state joining. However, to date, only a handful can be used to produce metallic parts that fulfill the requirements of industrial applications. The thermal physics and weld pool behaviors in metal AM process have decisive influence on the deposition quality, the microstructure and service performance of the depositions. Accurate analysis and calculation of thermal processes and weld pool behaviors are of great significance to the metallurgy analysis, stress and deformation analysis, process control and process optimization etc. Numerical modeling is also a necessary way to turn welding from qualitative description and experience-based art into quantitative analysis- and science-based engineering branch. In this chapter, two techniques for producing metal parts are explored, with a focus on the thermal science of metal AM: fluid flow and heat transfer. Selective laser melting (SLM) is the one that is most widely used because it typically has the best resolution. Another is named metal fused-coated additive manufacturing (MFCAM) that is cost competitive and efficient in producing large and middle-complex components in aerospace applications.",book:{id:"7661",slug:"heat-and-mass-transfer-advances-in-science-and-technology-applications",title:"Heat and Mass Transfer",fullTitle:"Heat and Mass Transfer - Advances in Science and Technology Applications"},signatures:"Zhengying Wei and Jun Du",authors:[{id:"47614",title:"Prof.",name:"Zhengying",middleName:null,surname:"Wei",slug:"zhengying-wei",fullName:"Zhengying Wei"},{id:"282052",title:"Dr.",name:"Jun",middleName:null,surname:"Du",slug:"jun-du",fullName:"Jun Du"}]},{id:"66563",title:"Heat and Mass Transfer in Outward Convex Corrugated Tube Heat Exchangers",slug:"heat-and-mass-transfer-in-outward-convex-corrugated-tube-heat-exchangers",totalDownloads:1037,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Heat and mass transfer in outward convex corrugated tube heat exchangers is of significant importance for the optimization, fabrication, and application of outward convex corrugated tube heat exchangers. This chapter gives a deep investigation of the heat and mass transfer in outward convex corrugated tube heat exchangers. Based on the experimental setup developed, the performances of a novel outward convex corrugated tube heat exchanger are presented. Simulation methods are then used to detail the heat and mass transfer at tube side and shell side of the outward convex corrugated tube heat exchanger, and these include the flow structure, temperature distribution, and turbulence kinetic energy. Heat and mass transfer enhancements of the outward convex corrugated tube heat exchanger are also studied, and they are from tube side, shell side, and overall system aspects. Finally, multi-objective optimization of the outward convex corrugated tube heat exchanger is conducted to obtain the optimal performances through using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm (NSGA-II). Main conclusions and future outlook are then briefly stated and summarized. We firmly believe that the contents presented in this chapter can not only enrich the knowledge of heat exchangers but also develop methods for studying heat exchangers.",book:{id:"7661",slug:"heat-and-mass-transfer-advances-in-science-and-technology-applications",title:"Heat and Mass Transfer",fullTitle:"Heat and Mass Transfer - Advances in Science and Technology Applications"},signatures:"Huaizhi Han, Bingxi Li, Yaning Zhang, Quan Zhu and Ruitian Yu",authors:[{id:"23828",title:"Dr.",name:"Quan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhu",slug:"quan-zhu",fullName:"Quan Zhu"},{id:"148369",title:"Prof.",name:"Bingxi",middleName:null,surname:"Li",slug:"bingxi-li",fullName:"Bingxi Li"},{id:"196928",title:"Dr.",name:"Yaning",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"yaning-zhang",fullName:"Yaning Zhang"},{id:"281875",title:"Prof.",name:"Huaizhi",middleName:null,surname:"Han",slug:"huaizhi-han",fullName:"Huaizhi Han"},{id:"282268",title:"Mr.",name:"Ruitian",middleName:null,surname:"Yu",slug:"ruitian-yu",fullName:"Ruitian Yu"}]},{id:"66317",title:"Review Heat Transfer of Non-Newtonian Fluids in Agitated Tanks",slug:"review-heat-transfer-of-non-newtonian-fluids-in-agitated-tanks",totalDownloads:1001,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"The heating and cooling of non-Newtonian liquids in tanks with mechanical impellers are operations commonly employed as chemical reactors, heat exchangers, distillers, extractors, thinners and decanters. In particular, the design of heat exchangers (jackets, helical coils, spiral coils and vertical tubular baffles) in tanks requires the prior knowledge of the rheology of the liquid for the calculation of the convection coefficients and the Reynolds number, in order to obtain the area thermal exchange. This chapter aimed to present the basic concepts of tanks with agitation, non-Newtonian liquids, hydrodynamics, heat transfer and, finally, with a practical design example for engineers and undergraduate students.",book:{id:"7661",slug:"heat-and-mass-transfer-advances-in-science-and-technology-applications",title:"Heat and Mass Transfer",fullTitle:"Heat and Mass Transfer - Advances in Science and Technology Applications"},signatures:"Vitor da Silva Rosa and Deovaldo de Moraes Júnior",authors:[{id:"187128",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Vitor",middleName:null,surname:"Rosa",slug:"vitor-rosa",fullName:"Vitor Rosa"},{id:"188792",title:"Dr.",name:"Deovaldo",middleName:null,surname:"Moraes Júnior",slug:"deovaldo-moraes-junior",fullName:"Deovaldo Moraes Júnior"}]},{id:"65692",title:"Advances in Concentrated Solar Power: A Perspective of Heat Transfer",slug:"advances-in-concentrated-solar-power-a-perspective-of-heat-transfer",totalDownloads:1114,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Solar energy has the potential to reduce the dependence on the dwindling supply of fossil fuels through concentrated solar power (CSP) technology. CSP plants utilize solar thermal energy to produce electrical energy based on different thermodynamic power cycles. Solar collectors, reflectors, receivers, thermal fluid, and turbines are the main components of each CSP plant and involve intensive heat transfer at all stages. This chapter illustrates the thermal characteristics of the main components used in CSP technology. In addition, the solar thermal fluid characteristics and its stable operational ranges are discussed in this chapter. Heat capacity, vapor pressure, volume expansion, density and viscosity of the thermal fluid should not differ significantly at different temperatures during various operation stages because these variations can cause failure in the system, which is designed at the fixed material properties. Currently, CSP technology is associated with a higher cost compared to the electricity generated through gas power plants. Many efforts are made to search for sustainable and inexpensive materials to minimize the cost of CSP. One critical issue faced by CSP technology is the intermittent nature of the sun. Modern CSP plants integrate thermal energy storage (TES) unit to smoothen the power production or to shift the production from peak sunshine hours to peak demand hours.",book:{id:"7661",slug:"heat-and-mass-transfer-advances-in-science-and-technology-applications",title:"Heat and Mass Transfer",fullTitle:"Heat and Mass Transfer - Advances in Science and Technology Applications"},signatures:"Fadi Alnaimat and Yasir Rashid",authors:[{id:"151722",title:"Dr.",name:"Fadi",middleName:null,surname:"Alnaimat",slug:"fadi-alnaimat",fullName:"Fadi Alnaimat"},{id:"291252",title:"Mr.",name:"Yasir",middleName:null,surname:"Rashid",slug:"yasir-rashid",fullName:"Yasir Rashid"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"954",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:98,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:286,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:106,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:101,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",issn:null,scope:"