Prevalence of ECG abnormalities.
\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
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Advances in telomere researches have linked telomere dysfunction with cellular aging and a number of age-related human diseases. Recent studies further expanded our knowledge of telomere functions - telomeres are shown to be important for microbial pathogen virulence and telomere proteins have important non-telomeric cellular functions. This book includes current opinions on selected aspects of telomere research and their implication, in hope to help us focus better on future studies and enhance our research progress.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-0849-8",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-5339-9",doi:"10.5772/2329",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"reviews-on-selected-topics-of-telomere-biology",numberOfPages:306,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,isInBkci:!1,hash:"5f4f25ba706645403bab2aa721a0809b",bookSignature:"Bibo Li",publishedDate:"November 14th 2012",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1907.jpg",numberOfDownloads:24529,numberOfWosCitations:19,numberOfCrossrefCitations:10,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:22,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:51,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"May 30th 2011",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 27th 2011",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"November 1st 2011",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"December 1st 2011",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"March 30th 2012",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"109879",title:"Dr.",name:"Bibo",middleName:null,surname:"Li",slug:"bibo-li",fullName:"Bibo Li",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/109879/images/3465_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Bibo Li obtained her Ph.D. in Molecular Biology from Weill Cornell Medical College in 1997 and did her postdoctoral training working on telomere functions in humans. In 2002, Dr. Li started to study the telomere structure and functions in a protozoan parasite, Trypanosoma brucei, which causes human African trypanosomiasis. Dr. Li joined Cleveland State University in 2006 and became a tenured associate professor in 2011. Her work has led to the identification of T. brucei telomere proteins TRF and RAP1. She has shown that T. brucei RAP1 plays an essential role in silencing virulence genes located adjacent to telomeres, demonstrating for the first time that the telomere complex plays an important role in T. brucei pathogenesis and virulence regulation (Yang et al. 2009. 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Her expertise on the Transboundary animal diseases (TADs) is well recognized and she has worked with FAO control programs of TADs in the country. She has been involved in conduct of various trainings for field as well as laboratory staff. She has published research papers, review articles and book chapters on different areas of veterinary disease diagnosis and control. She has been peer reviewer for two different journals of veterinary science “Research journal for Veterinary Practitioners and Veterinary Sciences; Research and Reviews” for over 03 years.",institutionString:"National Veterinary Laboratory",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null}],coeditorOne:{id:"112070",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Abubakar",slug:"muhammad-abubakar",fullName:"Muhammad Abubakar",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/112070/images/system/112070.jpg",biography:"Dr. Muhammad Abubakar, a scientist from the National Veterinary Laboratory, Islamabad, Pakistan, has more than fifteen years of experience in various fields of veterinary sciences. His main area of expertise is transboundary animal diseases (TADs) and antimicrobial resistance (AMR). He has worked in academics as well as in the field of implementing disease control programs. He has worked with local and international projects to establish diagnostic laboratories for TADs. He has also conducted various training for field as well as laboratory staff. Dr. Abubakar has published numerous research papers, review articles, and book chapters on different subjects in the veterinary sciences, especially TADs like avian influenza, foot-and-mouth disease, and peste des petits ruminants. He is the co-editor of The Role of Biotechnology in Improvement of Livestock. He is currently an editor in chief for the Research Journal for Veterinary Practitioners and Veterinary Sciences: Research and Reviews.",institutionString:"National Veterinary Laboratory",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"6",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"6",institution:null},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"5",title:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",slug:"agricultural-and-biological-sciences"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"444312",firstName:"Sara",lastName:"Tikel",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/444312/images/20015_n.jpg",email:"sara.t@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager, my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6418",title:"Hyperspectral Imaging in Agriculture, Food and Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9005c36534a5dc065577a011aea13d4d",slug:"hyperspectral-imaging-in-agriculture-food-and-environment",bookSignature:"Alejandro Isabel Luna Maldonado, Humberto Rodríguez Fuentes and Juan Antonio Vidales Contreras",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6418.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"105774",title:"Prof.",name:"Alejandro Isabel",surname:"Luna Maldonado",slug:"alejandro-isabel-luna-maldonado",fullName:"Alejandro Isabel Luna Maldonado"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10359",title:"Landraces",subtitle:"Traditional Variety and Natural Breed",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0600836fb2c422f7b624363d1e854f68",slug:"landraces-traditional-variety-and-natural-breed",bookSignature:"Amr Elkelish",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10359.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"231337",title:"Dr.",name:"Amr",surname:"Elkelish",slug:"amr-elkelish",fullName:"Amr Elkelish"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"314",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",subtitle:"Cells and Biomaterials",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb67e80e480c86bb8315458012d65686",slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"68648",title:"Cardiac Sarcoidosis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85310",slug:"cardiac-sarcoidosis",body:'Sarcoidosis is a systemic disease of unknown origin characterized by infiltration of non-necrotizing granulomas. This disease can affect any organ, including the heart. The heart can be involved to a variable extent depending on the area studied [1]. The ACCES study reported about 95% of findings compatible with cardiac involvement [2]. Others report mainly pulmonary involvement. Studies in Japan report cardiac infiltration up to 25% in contrast with the European studies in which the prevalence ranges from 2 to 7% [3].
Sarcoidosis has a worldwide prevalence of 4.7–64 per 100,000 individuals; the highest rates are found in Northern Europe and among Afro-Americans, predominantly in females [4]. The real prevalence of cardiac sarcoidosis is unknown. In some cases, it can be isolated without extracardiac involvement and in others can have no symptoms; the average age for this disease is 50 [5]. When the clinical behaviors of isolated cardiac sarcoidosis among the group of patients who also register extracardiac compromise are compared, it is found that patients who have the disease confined to the heart exhibit a higher prevalence of complete block of the right branch, delayed myocardial enhancement, and less elevation of the angiotensin-converting enzyme in serum, as they are clinically very similar in their presentation.
This is a multisystem condition, of unknown etiology, which affects the lungs in most patients (90%) and usually involves the nodes and mediastinum. Cardiac involvement varies according to the population studied and can reach up to 25% [3]. The typical histological feature is the presence of non-necrotizing granuloma (see Figure 1) [6] with a central area rich in macrophages, epithelial cells, giant multinucleated cells, and T CD4-positive lymphocytes. In the periphery, there is an abundant population of T CD8 and CD4 lymphocytes, mast cells, and fibroblasts [7]. The origin of this condition is unknown, but one of the theories proposed is antigenic stimulation due to occupational and environmental exposure and infectious agents such as mycobacteria [8].
Cardiac tissue biopsy. Fragments of myocardium can be observed with compromise due to multiple epithelial, non-necrotizing, focal, and coalesced granules, which involve about 30% of the tissue analyzed. The granules contain numerous multinucleated giant cells and, in the confluent areas, are associated with interstitial fibrosis. Stains were negative for mycobacteria and fungi.
The manifestations of sarcoidosis vary and depend on the presence or absence of extracardiac compromise, extension, localization, and activity. The majority of heart signs and symptoms are subsequent to arrhythmia, anomalies in atrioventricular conduction, and ventricular arrhythmia (including sudden death) as well as cardiac failure [4]. A less frequent clinical presentation is vasculitis of the coronary arteries. The clinical presentation ranges from palpitations, dyspnea, chest pain, to cardiorespiratory arrest.
Anomalies in atrioventricular conduction are the most frequent manifestation of cardiovascular compromise. They can have a variable clinical presentation that ranges from fixed prolongation of the PR interval (atrioventricular block degree 1) to the presence of branch blocks and in more advanced cases complete atrioventricular block. A prospective study identified that up to 34% of patients with atrioventricular block who were younger than 60 years old, without an apparently clear cause, were eventually diagnosed with sarcoidosis [9], the reason this entity should always be suspected in young patients who present with these alterations without an evident etiology.
The second form of presentation is ventricular arrhythmias which include the presence of premature ventricular complexes and ventricular tachycardia (sustained and non-sustained), mostly subsequent to an increase in cardiac automatism or a reentrant mechanism around the scar caused by granulomas in the myocardium. This type of compromise takes place in ~30% of patients [5]; even these arrhythmias can be the first manifestation of sarcoidosis [6].
Another form of presentation of arrhythmia is supraventricular tachycardia. In a retrospective study of 100 cases, the global prevalence of these arrhythmias was 32%, with auricular fibrillation being the most frequently detected arrhythmia; the methods used for detection were continuous electrocardiogram, Holter monitoring devices, and electrophysiological studies. The majority of patients were asymptomatic (96%), and after atrial fibrillation, in order of frequency, they had atrial tachycardia and atrial flutter. The presence of diastolic dysfunction, increase in the size of the left atrium, and arterial hypertension were the most important factors in the multivariate analysis [10].
Sudden death is a more unusual situation in cardiac sarcoidosis, but when it takes place, it is usually subsequent to severe malfunction in atrioventricular conduction or ventricular arrhythmia. It seems that the presence of delayed enhancement with gadolinium in nuclear magnetic resonance imaging correlated with this outcome; however, these findings are yet to be confirmed.
In some people, cardiac failure can be the main manifestation, followed by dyspnea, orthopnea, and lower limb edema [11]. The right or left ventricular function may be compromised; there may be disorders of segmental or global contractility, as well as valvular compromise, and pulmonary hypertension [12]. There should be a high degree of suspicion regarding this condition, principally when there is a manifest extrapulmonary clinical picture or antecedents of such condition are not present.
The involvement of the epicardial coronary arteries is rare; however, there are reports of cases of vasculitis presenting as acute coronary syndrome and even spontaneous dissection of the coronary arteries, cardiac tamponade, and death in patients without any known antecedents of cardiac sarcoidosis [13, 14].
The diagnosis of this condition in particular starts with a high index of suspicion; other possible causes must not be overlooked, taking into consideration the wide clinical spectrum of this pathology. The treatment of this condition requires a significant medical effort with clinical imaging and, in many cases, histological correlation.
Cardiac compromise due to sarcoidosis should be suspected when the following conditions take place in which the most frequent causes are excluded [15]:
Advanced atrioventricular block in patients younger than 60 years old
Cardiac failure
Ventricular arrhythmia
In addition, clinical suspicion should be higher in all patients with antecedents of extracardiac sarcoidosis that occurred with a cardiovascular symptom such as syncope, arrhythmias, or cardiac insufficiency.
Thus, the diagnosis of this pathology starts with clinical suspicion generated after a detailed medical record and an exhaustive physical exam of those conditions that might explain the current clinical picture is ruled out and identification of extracardiac compromise is found to be due to sarcoidosis.
The use of complementary studies should follow a logical sequence that supports or rules out the suspicion generated in the clinic. The following complementary tests must be performed:
Chest image continues to be the initial study; it is used to identify the typical anomalies of cardiac sarcoidosis; chest images are reported as abnormal in up to 95% of the cases [16] reserving high-resolution tomography for those cases in which the thorax image is normal or presents atypical findings. Image analysis should always take into consideration the multiple differential diagnoses, infections, or conditions that might compromise the lung in a similar way [17].
The electrocardiogram is abnormal in the majority of patients with symptomatic cardiac sarcoidosis, compared with patients that have a silent compromise in which the abnormality does not go above 9% [4, 18].
In the screening of asymptomatic patients with extracardiac sarcoidosis confirmed via biopsy [19], the most suggestive findings are:
Right or left branch block
One or more signals of a signal-averaged ECG
One or more premature ventricular complexes
Presence of Q wave in two or more adjacent leads in the absence of myocardial infarction
Fragmented QRS in two or more adjacent leads in the absence of myocardial infarction
Atrial arrhythmia (atrial tachycardia or atrial fibrillation)
Table 1 summarizes the ECG manifestations with variable prevalence according to the course of the cardiac sarcoidosis [19].
Presentation | Prevalence (%) |
---|---|
Atrioventricular block | 26–67 |
Bundle block | 12–61 |
Atrial arrhythmias | 23–25 |
Ventricular arrhythmias | 11–73 |
Prevalence of ECG abnormalities.
As noted before, up to 34% of cases show malfunction in atrioventricular conduction (57% of patients being reversible in some series after immunosuppression therapy) [19]. Other alterations identified are changes in the ST T wave and rarely epsilon waves [4].
Ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring which continues for 24–48 h (Holter) is useful for identification of arrhythmias, as well as their response to treatment [20].
The echocardiographic findings are diverse with low sensitivity and specificity; however, they are useful for follow-up of patients to monitor progression of the disease [3]. The alterations that stand out include anomalies of the segmental and global contractility (usually following a non-coronary epicardial pattern), thickening or thinning of the interventricular septum (especially toward the base), diastolic dysfunction, and ventricular hypertrophy which can simulate a hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and aneurysms [4]. In recent studies, interest has grown in utility of longitudinal deformity of the left ventricle via Speckle-tracking analysis to identify patients with cardiac sarcoidosis; this can be a useful tool in the early diagnosis and the follow-up of the disease [21].
Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging is one of the most useful imaging techniques for the assessment of cardiac sarcoidosis. There is no pattern that can be defined as typical; however, the delayed enhancement of the gadolinium is patched (and does not follow a vascular pattern); it compromises the myocardium and the subepicardium, unlike acute myocardial infraction that compromises the subendocardium; it usually affects the basal segments of the septum and the inferolateral wall. Left ventricle involvement is more common. Transmural and right ventricle compromise is infrequent; however, these findings do not rule out the presence of the cardiac sarcoidosis. Some series report a negative predictive value up to 100% with epidemiological limitations with respect to the gold pattern. For this reason, although a negative cardiac resonance image is not common, cardiac compromise due to this pathology cannot be disregarded, especially if the probability and clinical suspicion are high [22, 23]. The superiority of the cardiac nuclear magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of sarcoidosis was proven by Ichinose et al. [24]; he found sensitivity from 75 to 100% and specificity from 39 to 78%. He showed that the NMRI is superior to SPECT with thallium and gallium [25]. The increase in the T2 signal correlated in some subjects with inflammation and major adverse events; NMRI continues to be studied [20, 22]. The limitations of NMRI include patients with implanted cardiac devices (relative), chronic renal disease (stage 4/5), and claustrophobia.
This imaging technique is useful in cardiac sarcoidosis for the identification of possible areas with active inflammatory processes; an algorithm has been proposed as a response test to treatment [3]. As a diagnostic guide, a meta-analysis concluded 89% sensibility and 78% specificity; however, these results should be viewed with caution and with the diagnostic criteria used as a pattern [26].
Advanced cardiovascular imaging is advised in the following clinical contexts [27]:
Patients with extracardiac compromise
Presence of more than one of the following symptoms: 2 weeks + of palpitations, pre-syncope, or syncope
One or more of the following anomalies in the electrocardiogram: complete block of right or left branch, presence of unexplained pathologic Q waves in two or more leads, atrioventricular block at any degree of severity, and sustained or non-sustained ventricular tachycardia
One or more of the following echocardiographic anomalies: anomalies in the regional movement of a wall, ventricular aneurysm, thinning of the interventricular septum (basal segment), and ejection fraction of the left ventricle below 50%
Patients without extracardiac compromise
Atrioventricular block second-degree Mobitz II or third degree in adults younger than 60 years old without an evident cause
Monomorphic ventricular tachycardia without a clear cause
The angiotensin-converting enzyme has been found to be high in 75% of the patients with non-treated sarcoidosis, it does not have much diagnostic value due to its low sensitivity and specificity, and multiple conditions such as diabetes mellitus, tuberculosis, hyperthyroidism, and lung cancer, among other entities, can alter its levels [28]. The measurement of the soluble receptor of interleukin 2 has been proposed as an inflammatory marker in patients with extrapulmonary disease [28]; more studies are needed to assess its use in the clinical setting.
Being an invasive procedure and considering that sarcoidosis is usually a disease with multisystem compromise, it is preferred to identify a possible extracardiac site for biopsy and histological studies (lymph nodes or lungs). In cases in which the histological tests are not conclusive or there is only cardiac compromise, the endomyocardial biopsy becomes important in the diagnosis of this condition. The diagnostic performance of a blind biopsy is 25% [29] increasing to 50% when guided by images or electroanatomic mapping; this is logical when taking into consideration the multifocal nature of the infiltration [30, 31].
There is no global consensus accepted for the diagnosis of cardiac sarcoidosis. In 2014 The European Heart Rate Society (HRS) published a consensus for the histological and clinical diagnosis of sarcoidosis with cardiac compromise which is shown in Table 2 [27].
Presence of granuloma not classified in the histological exam of the myocardial tissue without an alternative identified cause (including staining for microorganisms) |
|
Diagnostic criteria for sarcoidosis (HRS) 2014.
The differential diagnosis of this condition is difficult considering all the pathologies that can manifest in a similar form. The complete medical record and the physical exam are the most important ways to make a diagnostic approach.
The medical and interventional management in sarcoidosis requires interaction of a multidisciplinary team that includes a cardiologist, electrophysiologist, rheumatologist, pneumologist, and other specialists.
All patients with cardiac sarcoidosis should have a proper control of cardiovascular risk factors, management of cardiac failure in case it occurs, treatment of ventricular arrhythmias and atrioventricular conduction malfunction, as well as immunosuppression therapy.
Immunosuppression therapy is prescribed in all patients with cardiac sarcoidosis. The criteria shown in Table 3 should be fulfilled [27]. Corticosteroids (prednisolone goes from 30 to 40 mg/day) [32] and the clinical response should be assessed 1–3 months after the starting treatment. The dosage should be reduced gradually, as low as 5–15 mg/day, until completing 9–12 months of sustained treatment. The patients should undergo clinical follow-up for up to 3 years after the therapy to identify relapse. Other therapies (second or third line) include methotrexate, infliximab, cyclophosphamide, and azathioprine, used in refractory cases or when steroids adverse effects are not tolerated. In immunosuppression treatment it is essential to identify the inflamed myocardium via histological study or imaging. It is here where fluorodeoxyglucose positron 18 emission tomography becomes important. It is worth noting this is proposed as a follow-up strategy to define which patients should continue with or discontinue therapy [26, 27].
Left ventricular dysfunction and evidence of myocardial inflammation |
Cardiac block Mobitz II and degree III and evidence of myocardial inflammation |
Sustained ventricular arrhythmia and evidence of myocardial inflammation |
Non-sustained ventricular arrhythmia and frequent ventricular ectopy and evidence of myocardial inflammation |
Indication of immunosuppression therapy.
Table 4 lists the recommendations by consensus for the management of arrhythmias related to cardiac sarcoidosis [4, 27].
The implantation of a device can be useful in patients with cardiac sarcoidosis with stimulation indication, even if the atrioventricular block is reverted transiently | IIa |
Immunosuppression can be useful in patients with cardiac sarcoidosis with atrioventricular block second degree (Mobitz II) or third degree | IIa |
The implantation of a cardioverter can be useful in patients with cardiac sarcoidosis and an indication of permanent implantation of a pacemaker | IIa |
The assessment of myocardial inflammation via fluorodeoxyglucose positron 18 emission tomography can be useful in patients with cardiac sarcoidosis with ventricular arrhythmias | IIa |
Immunosuppression can be useful in patients with cardiac sarcoidosis with ventricular arrhythmias and evidence of myocardial inflammation | IIa |
Therapy via antiarrhythmic medications can be useful in patients with ventricular arrhythmias refractory to immunosuppression therapy | IIa |
Ablation with catheter can be useful in patients with cardiac sarcoidosis and ventricular arrhythmias refractory to immunosuppression and antiarrhythmic therapy | IIa |
Spontaneous sustained ventricular arrhythmias, including previous cardiac arrest | I |
Ejection fraction of the left ventricle smaller or equal to 35% even with optimal medical management and a period of immunosuppression (if there was active inflammation) | I |
Implantation of cardioverter can be considered in cardiac sarcoidosis independent from ventricular function in one or more of the following:
| IIa |
Cardioverter implantation can be considered in patients with ejection fraction from 36 to 49% and/or ejection fraction of the right ventricle below 40%, even with optimal medical management for cardiac failure and a period of immunosuppression (if there was active inflammation). | IIb |
An electrophysiological study for the stratification of sudden death can be considered in patients with ejection fraction of the left ventricle >35% even with optimal medical management for cardiac failure and a period of immunosuppression (if there was active inflammation). | IIb |
Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging can be considered for the stratification of sudden death risk. | IIb |
Management of conduction malfunctions.
In a relatively long series, Tokuda et al. [33] compared behavior and course of the cardiac sarcoidosis, after ablation with ventricular tachycardia catheter in patients with sarcoidosis and patients with other types of dilated nonischemic cardiopathies; 23% of the patients with sarcoidosis had previous arrhythmic storm, and 31% had a previous ablation and had been refactored for management with two antiarrhythmics. More than 50% had received amiodarone or beta-blockers. Although they all shared similar mechanisms of arrhythmogenesis with other types of cardiopathies, the group of patients with sarcoidosis had a higher rate of recurrence of ventricular tachycardia. After ablation, survival, or rehospitalization related to the recurrence of ventricular arrhythmias, was greater in patients with cardiac sarcoidosis. This shows that sarcoidosis has the worst prognosis among all other forms of nonischemic cardiopathy.
Rare earths (RE) are widely consumed in polish, catalysts, rare earth magnets, and so on [1]. Due to the skewed distribution of production countries for RE, many countries depend on the imports from other countries. For example, in Japan, the amount of import of RE metals reached 6479 tons in 2014. The import price, severely depending on international markets, fluctuates widely. Japan is promoting the provisions such as development of alternative materials and the recycle of rare earths. Because the demand of NdFeB magnets has been growing rapidly in recent years because of their use in motors of electric vehicles, wind turbines, etc., the recycling of RE elements extracted from used magnets has become an important research area [2, 3, 4, 5].
There are two main classes of recycling of RE: dry and wet processes. As for the dry process, the recovery of Nd metal has been demonstrated [6] by employing Mg acting as an extraction medium, which forms a low-viscosity liquid alloy with Nd. It has been reported that RE can be separated by a selective reduction and a distillation [7]. The large difference of vapor pressure between RECl2 and RECl3 is skillfully utilized, and the selection efficiency is highly improved. Recently, the difference of oxygen affinity between RE and transition metals has also received attention in that this difference is used as a RE separation. For example, the mixture with flux FeO·B2O3 is a promising method for high purity and high extraction ratio of RE oxide [8]. Thermal isolation of RE oxides from NdFeB magnets using carbon as a reducing agent has been reported [9]. However, many attempts based on the dry process proposed so far are still at the initial laboratory stage.
Development of ore dressing technologies has promoted wet process methods [10, 11], which have already been applied to recycling the sludge of in-plant scrap. After the acid leaching of scrap using HCl, HNO3, and H2SO4, and the filtration of insoluble material mainly containing Fe, acid solution is reacted with oxalic or carbonic acid to form a precipitate containing RE elements. The calcined precipitate becomes RE oxides, which can be returned to the initial manufacturing process of NdFeB magnet. The roasting of NdFeB magnet [12, 13, 14] as a pretreatment improves the selectivity between rare earths and Fe, but the recovery ratio of RE is usually rather low with acid (especially HCl) leaching at room temperature. Nearly 100% recovery is achieved [12, 13] when HCl solution is heated to 80–180°C. In the acid leaching method for sludge [15], it is also necessary to heat the acid solution up to 80°C. We have recently proposed a pretreatment of corrosion [16] before the HCl leaching and the oxalic acid precipitation. In this method, the recovery ratio of Nd reaches 97% even when a room temperature process is used.
From the standpoint of sustainability and ecology, the main issue of the wet process is the discharge of waste acid solution. The recyclability of waste acid crucially depends on the efficient extraction of the constituent elements of the magnet from the used acid. One of the promising methods for Fe extraction involves a reaction with an ionic liquid [12, 17, 18, 19, 20], which often possesses a high selectivity between rare earths and Fe. Trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium chloride (Cyphos® IL101) is a well-characterized ionic liquid that can extract Fe3+ ions in HCl solution with no extraction of trivalent rare earth ions [12, 18]. A possible closed-loop acid process for roasted NdFeB magnet has also been proposed, and the elemental technologies are well investigated [12]. However, an actual demonstration with reuse of waste acid solution has not been performed.
In this study, we introduce the full recovery of rare earth from NdFeB magnet using a wet process with the pretreatment of corrosion but without a closed-loop acid process. After that we describe the detailed experimental results of multiple rare earth extraction in a closed-loop acid process [21].
We used two kinds of commercial NdFeB magnets (Niroku seisakusyo). The elemental component of one magnet (denoted as magnet (1)) according to the manufacturer is Nd:Fe:B:the other elements (Dy et al.) = 28:66:1:5 in wt%. The composition of the other magnet (denoted as magnet (2)) was checked by an energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer equipped in a field emission scanning electron microscope (JEOL, JSM-7100F) and determined to be Nd1.6Pr0.6Fe14B. Figure 1(a) shows the process flow without a closed-loop acid process. A demagnetized and pulverized NdFeB magnet (1), weighing approximately 0.5 g, was immersed in 3% NaCl solution (300 mL) for 1 week. An air pump provided constant air flow to the solution to accelerate the corrosion. The corroded sample was leached into HCl solution (100 mL) ranging from 0.1 to 0.3 mol/L, at room temperature. The insoluble material was calcined at 800°C for 5 h to obtain α-Fe2O3. The solution after removal of the insoluble was reacted with 0.26 g oxalic acid. The precipitate after the reaction was also calcined at 800°C for 5 h to obtain cubic Mn2O3-type Nd2O3 (c-Nd2O3).
(a) Procedures for rare earth recovery from NdFeB magnet (1) without closed-loop acid process. (b) Procedures for rare earth recovery from NdFeB magnet (2) with closed-loop acid process. S, L, and IL denote the solid, liquid, and ionic liquid, respectively. In procedure (b), elements expected to be present in the solid or solution are denoted.
To examine the feasibility of closed-loop acid process, the process flow was modified as shown in Figure 1(b). In this case, the corroded sample was leached in HCl solution (100 mL) with 0.2 mol/L or 0.5 mol/L for 1–2 h. After removal of the insoluble material, the solution was reacted with ionic liquid Cyphos® IL101 (HCl:ionic liquid = 4:1 in volume ratio), purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. The salting-out agent 10 mol/L NH4Cl was added to the solution. The mixture underwent magnetic stirring at 750 rpm and 60°C for 10 min. Then, it was centrifuged at 2500 rpm for 10 min and split into each component. The HCl solution was reacted with oxalic acid.
Several samples, calcined at 800°C for 5 h in the air, were evaluated using a powder X-ray diffractometer (Shimadzu, XRD-7000 L) with Cu-Kα radiation. We employed an inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometer (Shimadzu, ICPE-9000) to analyze the concentrations of Nd, Pr, Fe, and B dissolved in HCl or NaCl solution. The concentrations were determined by the working curves of standard Nd, Pr, Fe, and B liquids.
The XRD pattern of corroded magnet (1) is shown in Figure 2, in which the XRD pattern of magnet (1) itself is also displayed. The main phase of magnet (1) is Nd2Fe14B with additional minor phase of NdFe4B4. The XRD pattern of Nd2Fe14B completely disappears in the corroded magnet, partially containing the XRD pattern of γ-FeOOH denoted by the filled triangles. In order to investigate the origin of the rest of the diffraction peaks (open circles) in the corroded sample, we have corroded NdFeB magnet (1) by hydrogenating it at 600°C for 12 h under a high pressure of hydrogen. The hydrogenated sample [22], as shown in the bottom pattern of Figure 2, shows the decomposition into Nd hydride (NdH2 + x) and α-Fe. Therefore, in each compound, the corrosion process would independently occur. The XRD pattern of corroded sample after the hydrogenation almost coincides with that of directly corroded magnet (1). Considering that α-Fe corroded into the Fe hydroxide (γ-FeOOH), a Nd hydroxide is probably responsible for the rest of the diffraction peaks (open circles) in the corroded sample. We note here that the NaCl concentration is not optimized. We simply suppose the sea water which is an abundant resource. The preliminary result using more concentrated NaCl solution (10%) also leads to the same results.
XRD patterns of corroded magnet, corroded sample after hydrogenation, and hydrogenated magnet. The employed magnet is magnet (1). The origin of each pattern is shifted by an integer value for clarity. Based partly on Ref. [
We checked the XRD pattern of insoluble material after HCl leaching of the corroded sample as shown in Figure 3(a). The diffraction peaks match well with those of the XRD pattern of γ-FeOOH, which transforms into α-Fe2O3 through the calcination (see Figure 3(b)). Figure 3(a) supports that the Nd hydroxide would be selectively dissolved into HCl solution, in which Nd ions are generated. The oxalic acid precipitation was performed to recover Nd. The precipitate has been calcined and evaluated by XRD pattern, which is displayed in Figure 3(b) with the simulated pattern of c-Nd2O3. The XRD patterns are well matched between the calcined precipitate and c-Nd2O3, suggesting the successful recovery of Nd in the form of Nd oxide.
(a) XRD patterns of corroded magnet (1) and insoluble material after HCl (0.1 mol/L, 30 min) leaching and γ-FeOOH. (b) XRD patterns of insoluble material and oxalic acid precipitate in HCl solution. They were calcined in the air. The simulation patterns of α-Fe2O3 and c-Nd2O3 are also shown. The HCl concentration is 0.2 mol/L, and the leaching time is 2 h. The origin of each pattern in (a) and (b) is shifted by an integer value for clarity. Based partly on Ref. [
Figure 4 shows the leaching time dependences of effective recovery ratio
Leaching time dependences of effective recovery ratio of Nd. The examined HCl solutions are 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 mol/L. Based partly on Ref. [
For each HCl concentration,
Next, we show the experimental results of rare earth extraction using the closed-loop acid process. The starting magnet is magnet (2) with the mass of approximately 0.5 g. The distribution of constituent elements in our method mentioned above is partially unknown. Thus, a one-shot extraction with 0.2 mol/L HCl and 0.26 g oxalic acid but with no use of ionic liquid was performed. Table 1 shows the distribution of each ion in the NaCl solution after removal of the corroded sample and in the HCl solution after removal of precipitates produced by the reaction with oxalic acid. In the NaCl solution, only B is detected. A sufficient amount of oxalic acid can efficiently separate rare earths. A large amount of Fe stays in the HCl solution. The expected ion concentrations of the completely dissolved 0.5 g magnet are 1041 mg/L for Nd, 381 mg/L for Pr, 3527 mg/L for Fe, and 49 mg/L for B, respectively. The summation of the B concentrations in the two states listed in Table 1 is not far from 49 mg/L. Then, approximately 30% of B can be separated by the NaCl solution, and the remaining B stays in the HCl solution. Approximately 60% of the Fe ions are contained in the insoluble material obtained after HCl leaching. The recovery ratio of Nd (Pr) is 99% (97%).
Solution | Nd (mg/L) | Pr (mg/L) | Fe (mg/L) | B (mg/L) |
---|---|---|---|---|
NaCl after removal of corroded magnet | ND | ND | ND | 12.3 |
HCl after removal of oxalic acid precipitates | 10.6 | 13.0 | 1480 | 28.6 |
Distribution of Nd, Pr, Fe, and B in the one-shot recovery process.
ND means not detected. Based on Ref. [21].
Following the results of Ref. [12] which reported that salting-out agent NH4Cl plays an essential role in full extraction of Fe by an ionic liquid, the dependence of extraction efficiency on NH4Cl concentration was determined. Without NH4Cl, the extraction efficiency of Fe is only 40%, increasing to 75% with 5 mol/L NH4Cl and 95% for 10 mol/L NH4Cl. In this experiment, we also found that B is fully extracted by the ionic liquid. We speculate that Cyphos® IL101 represented by C38H68ClP transforms into C38H68FeCl4, after the incorporation of Fe3+ ions. Thus, the extraction efficiency of Fe severely depends on the Cl concentration, and the salting-out agent NH4Cl is necessary to provide enough Cl ions.
The preliminary experiment for a closed-loop process of HCl solution was performed using 0.5 mol/L HCl to reduce the experimental time. The oxalic acid mass was maintained at 0.26 g. Hereafter, the HCl solutions after removal of insoluble material in the acid leaching, after Fe extraction by the ionic liquid, and after removal of rare earths by oxalic acid precipitation are denoted state [I], [II], and [III], respectively (see also Figure 1(b)). Table 2 shows the Nd, Pr, and Fe concentrations of these states during each cycle. In the first cycle, approximately 24% of rare earths are extracted together with Fe by the ionic liquid. Only Nd and Pr are separated by the reaction with the oxalic acid. In state [I] during the second cycle, the concentrations of Nd and Pr are approximately one-quarter of those during the first cycle, which means an immediate precipitation due to excess oxalic acid in the previous cycle.
Cycle | State of solution | Nd (mg/L) | Pr (mg/L) | Fe (mg/L) |
---|---|---|---|---|
First | [I] | 929 | 346 | 2320 |
[II] | 707 | 264 | 105 | |
[III] | 16.9 | 17.4 | 109 | |
Second | [I] | 218 | 94 | 2770 |
[II] | 231 | 99 | 132 | |
[III] | ND | ND | 134 |
Distribution of Nd, Pr, and Fe in the preliminary experiment of a closed loop for HCl solution.
The notations of solutions are defined in Figure 1(b). ND means not detected. Based partly on Ref. [21].
The preliminary experiment suggested that the weight of oxalic acid needs to be adjusted. The weight of oxalic acid for a 0.5 g magnet, reproducing the initial concentrations of Nd and Pr in state [I] in the second cycle, has been searched as shown in Figure 5. The vertical axis shows the difference in Nd (Pr) ion concentration in state [I] between the first and second cycles, which is denoted as ▵c. A positive value for ▵c indicates a poor precipitation efficiency, and a negative value indicates an excess oxalic acid. For each element, ▵c linearly decreases with increasing weight of oxalic acid. A weight of 0.1675 g oxalic acid can reproduce the initial Nd (Pr) ion concentration of state [I] in the second cycle. The chemical equation for oxalic acid precipitation is.
A plot of Δc vs. the weight of oxalic acid. Δc represents the difference in Nd (Pr) ion concentration after HCl leaching of corroded magnet between the first and second cycles. Based partly on Ref. [
If the starting magnet weight is 0.5 g, the ideal amount of oxalic acid is 0.1335 g. However, as shown in Figure 5, Nd and Pr would not fully precipitate for 0.1335 g of oxalic acid. To achieve sufficient precipitation, the amount of oxalic acid that is consumed must be 1.3 times larger.
From the preliminary experiments for the closed-loop process of HCl solution, we have obtained the conditions of 10 mol/L NH4Cl and 0.1675 g oxalic acid for the recycling of 0.5 g magnet. Table 3 shows the results of a demonstration of triple rare earth extraction from 0.5 g magnet with the closed loop of HCl solution. The HCl concentration was 0.5 mol/L to expedite the experiment. The concentrations of Nd and Pr ions are measured in states [I], [II], and [III]. In each cycle, 10–15% of Nd and Pr ions are extracted together with Fe ions by the ionic liquid, as in the preliminary experiment (see Table 2). Contrary to our expectation, 30–35% of Nd and Pr ions remain in solution after the oxalic acid precipitation. However, these ions apparently do not contribute to the rare earth concentrations of state [I] in the next cycle; the concentrations of Nd and Pr ions in state [I] are the same as those during the previous cycle. The recovery ratio of each element, calculated by eliminating the amount of element extracted by the ionic liquid, is approximately 50% in all cycles. Figure 6 shows the XRD pattern of calcined insoluble material after HCl leaching in the second cycle. The simulated patterns of Nd0.73Pr0.27FeO3 and α-Fe2O3 are also exhibited. Elemental Nd (Pr) is partially recovered together with Fe. The XRD pattern in Figure 6 supports the idea that the Nd and Pr elements, which are present in the same concentration as the ions in state [III], would enter insoluble material in state [I] in the next cycle.
Cycle | State of solution | Nd (mg/L) | Pr (mg/L) | Recovery ratio of Nd (%) | Recovery ratio of Pr (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
First | [I] | 971 | 370 | 50 | 47 |
[II] | 818 | 311 | |||
[III] | 328 | 136 | |||
Second | [I] | 980 | 406 | 49 | 50 |
[II] | 836 | 357 | |||
[III] | 352 | 156 | |||
Third | [I] | 919 | 410 | 61 | 56 |
[II] | 842 | 360 | |||
[III] | 280 | 130 |
The distribution of Nd and Pr and the recovery ratio of each element in a triple rare earth extraction.
The notations of the solutions are defined in Figure 1(b). Based partly on Ref. [21].
XRD pattern of calcined insoluble material after HCl leaching in the second extraction. The simulated Nd0.73Pr0.27FeO3 and α-Fe2O3 patterns are also shown. The origin of each pattern is shifted by an integer value for clarity. Based partly on Ref. [
In our method, Cyphos® IL101 is rather expensive, and the regeneration of the ionic liquid by stripping Fe3+ is required to reduce the cost. We examined two stripping methods. The first one is the stripping using NaOH solution. After the reaction of the ionic liquid containing Fe3+ ions with NaOH solution, Fe(OH)3 is expected to be precipitated, and Fe2O3 would be obtained after the calcination. The ionic liquid was reacted with NaOH solution (1 mol/L) with a volume ratio of Cyphos® IL101:NaOH solution = 1:2.The calcined precipitate was checked by the XRD pattern, and it is shown in Figure 7(a). The obtained pattern is in good agreement with the XRD pattern of NaFeO2. The recovery ratio of Fe is estimated to be 17%. The second method is the employment of ammonia solution, for which 100% stripping of Fe3+ has been already reported [23]. We roughly followed the reported recipe [23]. The yellow-colored ionic liquid containing Fe3+, which was obtained in the actual process flow, was reacted with the ammonia solution (approximately 3 wt.%) with a volume ratio of Cyphos® IL101:ammonia solution = 1:10. The precipitate at the interface between the liquids was collected using a cellulose filter and calcined together with the filter in the air. Figure 7(b) shows the XRD pattern of the calcined sample recovered from used Cyphos® IL101. The figure also displays the simulated patterns of α-Fe2O3, Fe3PO7, and C. The experimental XRD pattern closely matches the superposition of simulated patterns. The sources of P and C atom contamination would be Cyphos® IL101 containing P and the cellulose filter, respectively. Despite the contamination due to our insufficient filtration technique, Fe can be stripped. Furthermore, the yellow-colored ionic liquid once again became transparent after Fe3+ stripping, which means the ionic liquid is regenerated.
(a) XRD pattern of the calcined sample recovered from used Cyphos® IL101 reacted with NaOH solution. The simulated NaFeO2 pattern is also presented. The origin of each pattern is shifted by an integer value for clarity. (b) XRD pattern of calcined sample recovered from used Cyphos® IL101 reacted with ammonia solution. The simulated α-Fe2O3, Fe3PO7, and C patterns are also presented. The origin of each pattern is shifted by an integer value for clarity. (Based partly on Ref. [
Focusing on the one-shot recovery processes, a comparison between our method and other methods [12, 13, 14, 15] based on the acid leaching mentioned in Introduction is shown in Table 4. The number of steps in the recovery processes and the rare earth recovery ratio of each method are similar. The roasting used in Refs. [12, 13, 14] would have a cost disadvantage. Although Ref. [15] does not employ roasting, HNO3 has a disadvantage because waste discharge containing nitrate salt is severely controlled by law for environmental reasons. The acid leaching process in our method and in Ref. [14] is performed at room temperature, which means that these are safe processes. Since B is harmful, its separation is highly desired. Our method has achieved 30% B separation, whereas the other methods do not report a clear B separation. If a closed-loop acid process with a high recovery ratio of rare earths is realized, our method is promising because each step except Fe extraction by ionic liquid is performed at room temperature. This condition and the rather simple procedures lead to a safe and low-cost recovery process. In addition, the peculiar feature of B separation in our method is environmentally friendly.
Items | Our method [16] | [12] | [13] | [14] | [15] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pretreatment | Corrosion at RT | Roast at 950°C | Roast at 500–1000°C | Roast at 750°C | Sludge |
Acid | HCl | HCl | HCl | H2SO4 | HNO3 |
Acid leaching temperature | RT | 80°C | 180°C | RT | 80°C |
B separation | 30% | Not separated | Not separated | Not separated | Not separated |
Recovery ratio of rare earths (%) | 97 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 94 |
Comparison between our method and other methods based on acid leaching in a one-shot recovery process.
RT means room temperature. Based partly on Ref. [21].
Rare earth extraction methods based on acid leaching are entering the stage of practical use. To address the issue of rather low selectivity between rare earths and Fe at the room temperature acid-process, we have proposed the pretreatment of corrosion. Our method has improved the selectivity, and rare earth recovery ratio, in one-shot extraction, reaches to almost 100% even at room temperature. For sustainability and environmental considerations, the recyclability of waste acid solution is one of the central issues in rare earth recycling, and this has not been well investigated. In this work, we have experimentally determined the recovery ratio of rare earth elements in our method with the closed-loop acid process. This ratio is approximately 50%, reduced from almost full recovery in a one-shot extraction. Although the recovery ratio is rather low at the present stage, our encouraging result should lead to rapid advancement of the study of recycling using a closed-loop acid process.
The demonstration of closed-loop process for HCl solution indicates that the precipitation by oxalic acid is not sufficient, although the amount of oxalic acid is larger than the ideal amount calculated using the chemical formula of precipitation. To increase the recovery ratios of rare earth elements, if the amount of oxalic acid is increased, it will result in a reduced recovery ratio in the second cycle, as deduced from Table 2. Thus, a trade-off between the number of rare earth extractions and the recovery ratio of rare earths might exist for the present precipitation condition. The main cause of the reduced recovery ratio is the insufficient ionization of oxalic acid. The degree of ionization of oxalic acid strongly depends on the pH of the solution. The ionization concentration generally increases with increasing pH, and the full ionization of oxalic acid with an ideal weight of 0.1335 g would be realized. Another issue to be considered is the partial rare earth extraction by the ionic liquid. If the oxalic acid precipitation process is performed before the process of Fe3+ extraction by the ionic liquid, only rare earth elements would be separated due to the high selectivity between rare earths and Fe under oxalic acid precipitation. Thus, the issue would be resolved by reversing the sequence of the two processes. As shown in Figure 6, unassigned peaks of material other than α-Fe2O3 and Nd0.73Pr0.27FeO3 are present in the XRD spectrum. In our study, complete separation of the ionic liquid from the HCl solution is difficult, which results in contamination of the calcined sample. Further improvement of the separation technique is needed to obtain a pure calcined sample.
This research was supported by the Matching Planner Program of the Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST). J.K. is grateful for the support provided by the Comprehensive Research Organization of Fukuoka Institute of Technology.
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\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen’s Retraction and Correction Policy has been developed in accordance with the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) publication guidelines relating to scientific misconduct and research ethics:
\n\n1. RETRACTIONS
\n\nA Retraction of a Chapter will be issued by the Academic Editor, either following an Author’s request to do so or when there is a 3rd party report of scientific misconduct. Upon receipt of a report by a 3rd party, the Academic Editor will investigate any allegations of scientific misconduct, working in cooperation with the Author(s) and their institution(s).
\n\nA formal Retraction will be issued when there is clear and conclusive evidence of any of the following:
\n\nPublishing of a Retraction Notice will adhere to the following guidelines:
\n\n1.2. REMOVALS AND CANCELLATIONS
\n\n2. STATEMENTS OF CONCERN
\n\nA Statement of Concern detailing alleged misconduct will be issued by the Academic Editor or publisher following a 3rd party report of scientific misconduct when:
\n\nIntechOpen believes that the number of occasions on which a Statement of Concern is issued will be very few in number. In all cases when such a decision has been taken by the Academic Editor the decision will be reviewed by another editor to whom the author can make representations.
\n\n3. CORRECTIONS
\n\nA Correction will be issued by the Academic Editor when:
\n\n3.1. ERRATUM
\n\nAn Erratum will be issued by the Academic Editor when it is determined that a mistake in a Chapter originates from the production process handled by the publisher.
\n\nA published Erratum will adhere to the Retraction Notice publishing guidelines outlined above.
\n\n3.2. CORRIGENDUM
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On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. 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Samim Al Azad and Slimane Ed-dafali",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11392.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10400",title:"The Application of Ant Colony Optimization",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f4fdfd07ee1ab99fb7c740d6d0c144c6",slug:"the-application-of-ant-colony-optimization",bookSignature:"Ali Soofastaei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10400.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"257455",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Soofastaei",slug:"ali-soofastaei",fullName:"Ali Soofastaei"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10915",title:"Leadership",subtitle:"New Insights",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0d72e79892f2a020cee66a52d09de5a4",slug:"leadership-new-insights",bookSignature:"Mário Franco",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10915.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"105529",title:"Dr.",name:"Mário",middleName:null,surname:"Franco",slug:"mario-franco",fullName:"Mário Franco"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10683",title:"Technological Innovations and Advances in Hydropower Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7ce7ad8768bd2cad155470fe1fd883f4",slug:"technological-innovations-and-advances-in-hydropower-engineering",bookSignature:"Yizi Shang, Ling Shang and Xiaofei Li",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10683.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"349630",title:"Dr.",name:"Yizi",middleName:null,surname:"Shang",slug:"yizi-shang",fullName:"Yizi Shang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7102",title:"Pneumonia",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9fd70142814192dcec58a176749f1b60",slug:"pneumonia",bookSignature:"Nima Rezaei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7102.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"116250",title:"Dr.",name:"Nima",middleName:null,surname:"Rezaei",slug:"nima-rezaei",fullName:"Nima Rezaei"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9670",title:"Current Trends in Wheat Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"89d795987f1747a76eee532700d2093d",slug:"current-trends-in-wheat-research",bookSignature:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman Ansari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9670.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"185476",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman",middleName:null,surname:"Ansari",slug:"mahmood-ur-rahman-ansari",fullName:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman Ansari"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"62",title:"Accounting",slug:"accounting",parent:{id:"7",title:"Business, Management and Economics",slug:"business-management-and-economics"},numberOfBooks:3,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:70,numberOfWosCitations:8,numberOfCrossrefCitations:28,numberOfDimensionsCitations:40,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"62",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"10818",title:"Accounting and Finance Innovations",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd81bc60e806fddc63d1ae22da1c779a",slug:"accounting-and-finance-innovations",bookSignature:"Nizar M. Alsharari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10818.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"231461",title:"Dr.",name:"Nizar",middleName:"Mohammad",surname:"Alsharari",slug:"nizar-alsharari",fullName:"Nizar Alsharari"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6660",title:"Accounting from a Cross-Cultural Perspective",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1fbbfae523cabcfa248b56822a2221cc",slug:"accounting-from-a-cross-cultural-perspective",bookSignature:"Asma Salman and Muthanna G. Abdul Razzaq",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6660.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"206443",title:"Prof.",name:"Asma",middleName:null,surname:"Salman",slug:"asma-salman",fullName:"Asma Salman"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6000",title:"Accounting and Corporate Reporting",subtitle:"Today and Tomorrow",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"aa4f840bdfa861be2f1c4b982a1e2cb5",slug:"accounting-and-corporate-reporting-today-and-tomorrow",bookSignature:"Soner Gokten",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6000.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"70354",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Soner",middleName:null,surname:"Gokten",slug:"soner-gokten",fullName:"Soner Gokten"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:3,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"55533",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69264",title:"The Future of Accounting Profession in an Era of Start-Ups",slug:"the-future-of-accounting-profession-in-an-era-of-start-ups",totalDownloads:2035,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:"With the help of the advancements in the field of communication and information technologies, the number of IT-based software has rapidly increased and the capabilities of high-budget enterprise resource planning (ERP) software widely used by large enterprises have begun to be offered to small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). In this chapter, cloud computing and other information technologies based accounting start-ups are covered, and the effects of these highly increasing start-ups on the profession of accounting have been addressed. In conclusion, it has been predicted that technology-based accounting start-ups with both accounting professionals and entrepreneurs having an expertise on information technologies will come together and will increase in the future, and cloud-based accounting initiatives will shape the future of the profession.",book:{id:"6000",slug:"accounting-and-corporate-reporting-today-and-tomorrow",title:"Accounting and Corporate Reporting",fullTitle:"Accounting and Corporate Reporting - Today and Tomorrow"},signatures:"Burak Özdoğan",authors:[{id:"203445",title:"Dr.",name:"Burak",middleName:null,surname:"Ozdogan",slug:"burak-ozdogan",fullName:"Burak Ozdogan"}]},{id:"55274",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68832",title:"Paradigm Shift in Corporate Reporting",slug:"paradigm-shift-in-corporate-reporting",totalDownloads:2189,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"In this paper, we present the evolution of integrated reporting and organizations playing an active role in this process. As a result of the changes, corporate reports including only historical financial information have become insufficient. It has started to be important for the firms to be sensitive towards environment, social capital and governance. For these reasons, authorities started to search for new reporting types. Their aim was to form a report giving detailed (prospective and retrospective) information about the total performance of the firm. Sustainability reports, the starting point of integrated reporting, were established and Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) standards were formed to increase the popularization. Integrated reports aim to supply full disclosure about the firms’ strategies, goals and performances. They also respond to the demands and needs of key stakeholders. In order to actualize the financial stability and sustainability, they are necessary. Integrated reports also put related groups into play. So, decision makers become a participant instead of watching the system from outside. In addition, integrated thinking philosophy provides systematic disclosure of value creation, namely how organizations made resource allocations in the past and how they will create value in the future according to their business models.",book:{id:"6000",slug:"accounting-and-corporate-reporting-today-and-tomorrow",title:"Accounting and Corporate Reporting",fullTitle:"Accounting and Corporate Reporting - Today and Tomorrow"},signatures:"Pınar Okan Gökten and Beyhan Marşap",authors:[{id:"204188",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Pınar",middleName:null,surname:"Okan Gokten",slug:"pinar-okan-gokten",fullName:"Pınar Okan Gokten"},{id:"204189",title:"Prof.",name:"Beyhan",middleName:null,surname:"Marsap",slug:"beyhan-marsap",fullName:"Beyhan Marsap"}]},{id:"56092",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69103",title:"Value Relevance of Accounting Data in an Emerging Market: Did Accounting Reforms Make a Difference?",slug:"value-relevance-of-accounting-data-in-an-emerging-market-did-accounting-reforms-make-a-difference-",totalDownloads:1450,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"This study investigates the association of accounting earnings (NI) and book value of equity (BV) with stock prices in Istanbul Stock Exchange (ISE), currently Borsa Istanbul (BIST), during the 1992–2006 period. We also explore the effect of accounting reforms on value relevance that is measured as the strength of the association between a firm’s NI and BV and its market value. We specifically investigate the impact of the Turkish Uniform Chart of Accounts (1994), mandatory inflation accounting, consolidations and voluntary (2003–2004), and the mandatory (2005) adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). We hypothesize that these reforms have reduced information asymmetry and thus are expected to enhance the value relevance of accounting information. We find strong evidence that the Ohlson model is a valid model, and BV is more value relevant than NI in BIST. We also find that inflation accounting and consolidations have enhanced the value relevance of BV, while IFRS has increased the value relevance of NI, but reduced that of BV. We contribute to the debate by exploiting the unique sequence of reforms, to come up with comparative value relevance testing designs and interesting results for all major reforms, which we believe will be instructive for researchers and for all emerging and developed economies undergoing similar reforms and best practices.",book:{id:"6000",slug:"accounting-and-corporate-reporting-today-and-tomorrow",title:"Accounting and Corporate Reporting",fullTitle:"Accounting and Corporate Reporting - Today and Tomorrow"},signatures:"Mine Aksu, Ayse Tansel Cetin and Can Simga Mugan",authors:[{id:"203574",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Mine",middleName:null,surname:"Aksu",slug:"mine-aksu",fullName:"Mine Aksu"},{id:"204249",title:"Prof.",name:"Can Simga",middleName:null,surname:"Mugan",slug:"can-simga-mugan",fullName:"Can Simga Mugan"},{id:"204250",title:"Prof.",name:"Ayse",middleName:null,surname:"Tansel Cetin",slug:"ayse-tansel-cetin",fullName:"Ayse Tansel Cetin"}]},{id:"61095",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76867",title:"Ethical Awareness, Ethical Decision Making, and Transparency: A Study on Turkish CPAs in Istanbul",slug:"ethical-awareness-ethical-decision-making-and-transparency-a-study-on-turkish-cpas-in-istanbul",totalDownloads:1619,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"This research aims to reveal the connections among ethical awareness, ethical decision making, and transparency from the perspective of certified public accountants (CPAs) in Istanbul. Data are collected from Turkish CPAs’ survey responses, which are based on a seven-point Likert scale, and analyzed using explanatory factor analysis. Hypotheses were tested using ordinary least squares regression, and the results show that, based on the participants’ average responses, CPAs are affected mainly by the level of their ethical awareness in decision making about an ethical issue or transparency of financial reports, which indicates that the three concepts are strongly connected to each other.",book:{id:"6660",slug:"accounting-from-a-cross-cultural-perspective",title:"Accounting from a Cross-Cultural Perspective",fullTitle:"Accounting from a Cross-Cultural Perspective"},signatures:"Nida Türegün",authors:[{id:"238085",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Nida",middleName:null,surname:"Türegün",slug:"nida-turegun",fullName:"Nida Türegün"}]},{id:"55385",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68778",title:"Public Accounting Reform from Institutional Theory Perspectives: Case of Turkey",slug:"public-accounting-reform-from-institutional-theory-perspectives-case-of-turkey",totalDownloads:1711,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"In the literature, it is often found that institutional theory is used as the theoretical framework to explain the development and application of accounting. By means of these studies, it becomes easier to understand accounting as a social and political activity within itself and thus to be able to understand the economic, institutional, political and social environment of the turnover of the practices. In this regard, the main aim of this study is to explain the development of the public accounting system in Turkey with the help of institutional theory. Thus, it is aimed to explain all the dynamics that provide the institutionalization of state account in the national sense, together with the economic, political and social processes of the period in question. It is revealed that the regulatory arrangements directly contribute to the institutionalization of a field, and as a result, how the public organizations directly contribute to the institutionalization process.",book:{id:"6000",slug:"accounting-and-corporate-reporting-today-and-tomorrow",title:"Accounting and Corporate Reporting",fullTitle:"Accounting and Corporate Reporting - Today and Tomorrow"},signatures:"Ceray Aldemir and Tuğba Uçma Uysal",authors:[{id:"204342",title:"Dr.",name:"Ceray",middleName:null,surname:"Aldemir",slug:"ceray-aldemir",fullName:"Ceray Aldemir"},{id:"204348",title:"Dr.",name:"Tugba",middleName:null,surname:"Ucma Uysal",slug:"tugba-ucma-uysal",fullName:"Tugba Ucma Uysal"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"78825",title:"Accounting Quality and Its Challenges in 21st Century",slug:"accounting-quality-and-its-challenges-in-21st-century",totalDownloads:256,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"This paper describes current research to drive future research challenges in accounting quality. The definition of accounting quality is mainly varying depending on the objective that the study pointed. Previous research revealed that many proxies describe the accounting quality but most of them from the financial perspective. Furthermore, this paper tries to expose this research issue in the behavioural approach and drive future research in the mixed method. It concludes that the behavioural issues can be a research model, triggering future research challenges in accounting quality. The authors support these triggers from the perspectives of political hegemony, bureaucracy ratcheting, cognitive distortion, and international accounting standard. Finally, we infer and simultaneously predict that accounting quality would broaden its concepts and lasting impression in the 21st century.",book:{id:"10818",slug:"accounting-and-finance-innovations",title:"Accounting and Finance Innovations",fullTitle:"Accounting and Finance Innovations"},signatures:"Sumiyana Sumiyana, Hendrian Hendrian, Ruslan Effendi, Krisnhoe Fitrijati and Sriwidharmanely Sriwidharmanely",authors:[{id:"328451",title:"Prof.",name:"Sumiyana",middleName:null,surname:"Sumiyana",slug:"sumiyana-sumiyana",fullName:"Sumiyana Sumiyana"},{id:"328452",title:"Dr.",name:"Sriwidharmanely",middleName:null,surname:"Sriwidharmanely",slug:"sriwidharmanely-sriwidharmanely",fullName:"Sriwidharmanely Sriwidharmanely"},{id:"350499",title:"Dr.",name:"Hendrian",middleName:null,surname:"Hendrian",slug:"hendrian-hendrian",fullName:"Hendrian Hendrian"},{id:"350500",title:"Dr.",name:"Ruslan",middleName:null,surname:"Effendi",slug:"ruslan-effendi",fullName:"Ruslan Effendi"},{id:"350501",title:"Dr.",name:"Krisnhoe",middleName:null,surname:"Fitrijati",slug:"krisnhoe-fitrijati",fullName:"Krisnhoe Fitrijati"}]},{id:"61095",title:"Ethical Awareness, Ethical Decision Making, and Transparency: A Study on Turkish CPAs in Istanbul",slug:"ethical-awareness-ethical-decision-making-and-transparency-a-study-on-turkish-cpas-in-istanbul",totalDownloads:1619,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"This research aims to reveal the connections among ethical awareness, ethical decision making, and transparency from the perspective of certified public accountants (CPAs) in Istanbul. Data are collected from Turkish CPAs’ survey responses, which are based on a seven-point Likert scale, and analyzed using explanatory factor analysis. Hypotheses were tested using ordinary least squares regression, and the results show that, based on the participants’ average responses, CPAs are affected mainly by the level of their ethical awareness in decision making about an ethical issue or transparency of financial reports, which indicates that the three concepts are strongly connected to each other.",book:{id:"6660",slug:"accounting-from-a-cross-cultural-perspective",title:"Accounting from a Cross-Cultural Perspective",fullTitle:"Accounting from a Cross-Cultural Perspective"},signatures:"Nida Türegün",authors:[{id:"238085",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Nida",middleName:null,surname:"Türegün",slug:"nida-turegun",fullName:"Nida Türegün"}]},{id:"78745",title:"Analysis of Return and Risk of Cryptocurrency Bitcoin Asset as Investment Instrument",slug:"analysis-of-return-and-risk-of-cryptocurrency-bitcoin-asset-as-investment-instrument",totalDownloads:421,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"This study aims to explore the potential use of the cryptocurrency bitcoin as an investment instrument in Indonesia. The return obtained from bitcoin cryptocurrency is compared to other investment instruments, namely stock returns, gold and the rupiah exchange rate. The research period was carried out based on research data from 2011 to 2020. This study employee compares means test (t test) and analysis of variance (F test) on rate of return of bitcoin investment. The bitcoin return compare to the rate of return form the others investments instruments namely exchange rate, gold and stock. The study collected 120 data of each investments instruments: bitcoin, exchange rate, gold and stock from various of sources during 2011–2020. Then, we calculate the return and risk of individual investment instruments. The results showed that the bitcoin currency had the highest rate of return 18% with a standard deviation of 61% compared to exchange rate, gold and stock returns. While the rate of return for the others investment instruments showed less than 0.5% with standard deviation less than 5%. The rate of return bitcoin has significance difference compare to the rate of return of exchange rate, gold and stock. The study contribute for the investors who would like to invest on bitcoin. The investors should understand the characteristic of bitcoin in term of rate of returns and also the risk. This study also contributes to government of Indonesia on crypto currency development. The Indonesia government should adopt and regulate on crypto currency in the future to secure the investor and economic growth.",book:{id:"10818",slug:"accounting-and-finance-innovations",title:"Accounting and Finance Innovations",fullTitle:"Accounting and Finance Innovations"},signatures:"Sunita Dasman",authors:[{id:"348739",title:"Dr.",name:"Sunita",middleName:null,surname:"Dasman",slug:"sunita-dasman",fullName:"Sunita Dasman"}]},{id:"55587",title:"Historical Development of Government Accounting",slug:"historical-development-of-government-accounting",totalDownloads:2774,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Government accounting aims at preventing waste in government services and establishing a balance between optimal expenditure and services by managing government assets and government sources in the most efficient way. This balance can be established only by obtaining complete and accurate information from government accounting system on time. Since the users have a low level of knowledge needs in government accounting system, it has been recorded for long years in a cash basis manner. However, as the government’s area of operation expanded and the needs increased, it became obvious that cash basis system had lacking parts. So it started to focus on recording financial transactions and financial reporting. These lacking parts in the accounting system tried to be overcome through a new regulation by focusing on the areas where cash basis accounting system was insufficient; and a change was experienced with regard to applying the accrual basis in the areas of government accounting and financial reporting. This study aims to explain the historical development of government accounting by applications in countries and especially by detailed expressions for Turkey. As a result of the literature review and the examination of countries’ government accounting practices, it has been determined that the government accounting practice has made the correct transition from cash basis to accrual basis.",book:{id:"6000",slug:"accounting-and-corporate-reporting-today-and-tomorrow",title:"Accounting and Corporate Reporting",fullTitle:"Accounting and Corporate Reporting - Today and Tomorrow"},signatures:"Mihriban Coşkun Arslan",authors:[{id:"203724",title:"Dr.",name:"Mihriban",middleName:null,surname:"Coşkun Arslan",slug:"mihriban-coskun-arslan",fullName:"Mihriban Coşkun Arslan"}]},{id:"55289",title:"Behavioral Accounting and its Interactions",slug:"behavioral-accounting-and-its-interactions",totalDownloads:4019,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Behavioral accounting is a branch of accounting that is related to behavior besides the accounting knowledge. It deals with the attitude and behavior of people when they are encountered with an accounting phenomenon which determines the behavior that they will show in decision‐making. This special area of accounting addresses such aspects as human information‐processing behavior, judgment quality, accounting problems that are created by users and providers of accounting information, and accounting information users’ and producers’ decision‐making skills. Behavioral research tries to find out how individuals make decisions and interact and influence other individuals, organizations, markets, and society. 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His research interest focuses on computational chemistry and molecular modeling of diverse systems of pharmacological, food, and alternative energy interests by resorting to DFT and Conceptual DFT. He has authored a coauthored more than 255 peer-reviewed papers, 32 book chapters, and 2 edited books. He has delivered speeches at many international and domestic conferences. He serves as a reviewer for more than eighty international journals, books, and research proposals as well as an editor for special issues of renowned scientific journals.",institutionString:"Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados",institution:{name:"Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"76477",title:"Prof.",name:"Mirza",middleName:null,surname:"Hasanuzzaman",slug:"mirza-hasanuzzaman",fullName:"Mirza Hasanuzzaman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/76477/images/system/76477.png",biography:"Dr. Mirza Hasanuzzaman is a Professor of Agronomy at Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Bangladesh. He received his Ph.D. in Plant Stress Physiology and Antioxidant Metabolism from Ehime University, Japan, with a scholarship from the Japanese Government (MEXT). Later, he completed his postdoctoral research at the Center of Molecular Biosciences, University of the Ryukyus, Japan, as a recipient of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) postdoctoral fellowship. He was also the recipient of the Australian Government Endeavour Research Fellowship for postdoctoral research as an adjunct senior researcher at the University of Tasmania, Australia. Dr. Hasanuzzaman’s current work is focused on the physiological and molecular mechanisms of environmental stress tolerance. Dr. Hasanuzzaman has published more than 150 articles in peer-reviewed journals. He has edited ten books and written more than forty book chapters on important aspects of plant physiology, plant stress tolerance, and crop production. According to Scopus, Dr. Hasanuzzaman’s publications have received more than 10,500 citations with an h-index of 53. He has been named a Highly Cited Researcher by Clarivate. He is an editor and reviewer for more than fifty peer-reviewed international journals and was a recipient of the “Publons Peer Review Award” in 2017, 2018, and 2019. He has been honored by different authorities for his outstanding performance in various fields like research and education, and he has received the World Academy of Science Young Scientist Award (2014) and the University Grants Commission (UGC) Award 2018. He is a fellow of the Bangladesh Academy of Sciences (BAS) and the Royal Society of Biology.",institutionString:"Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University",institution:{name:"Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University",country:{name:"Bangladesh"}}},{id:"187859",title:"Prof.",name:"Kusal",middleName:"K.",surname:"Das",slug:"kusal-das",fullName:"Kusal Das",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBDeQAO/Profile_Picture_1623411145568",biography:"Kusal K. Das is a Distinguished Chair Professor of Physiology, Shri B. M. Patil Medical College and Director, Centre for Advanced Medical Research (CAMR), BLDE (Deemed to be University), Vijayapur, Karnataka, India. Dr. Das did his M.S. and Ph.D. in Human Physiology from the University of Calcutta, Kolkata. His area of research is focused on understanding of molecular mechanisms of heavy metal activated low oxygen sensing pathways in vascular pathophysiology. He has invented a new method of estimation of serum vitamin E. His expertise in critical experimental protocols on vascular functions in experimental animals was well documented by his quality of publications. He was a Visiting Professor of Medicine at University of Leeds, United Kingdom (2014-2016) and Tulane University, New Orleans, USA (2017). For his immense contribution in medical research Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of India conferred him 'G.P. Chatterjee Memorial Research Prize-2019” and he is also the recipient of 'Dr.Raja Ramanna State Scientist Award 2015” by Government of Karnataka. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Biology (FRSB), London and Honorary Fellow of Karnataka Science and Technology Academy, Department of Science and Technology, Government of Karnataka.",institutionString:"BLDE (Deemed to be University), India",institution:null},{id:"243660",title:"Dr.",name:"Mallanagouda Shivanagouda",middleName:null,surname:"Biradar",slug:"mallanagouda-shivanagouda-biradar",fullName:"Mallanagouda Shivanagouda Biradar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243660/images/system/243660.jpeg",biography:"M. S. Biradar is Vice Chancellor and Professor of Medicine of\nBLDE (Deemed to be University), Vijayapura, Karnataka, India.\nHe obtained his MD with a gold medal in General Medicine and\nhas devoted himself to medical teaching, research, and administrations. He has also immensely contributed to medical research\non vascular medicine, which is reflected by his numerous publications including books and book chapters. Professor Biradar was\nalso Visiting Professor at Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, USA.",institutionString:"BLDE (Deemed to be University)",institution:{name:"BLDE University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"289796",title:"Dr.",name:"Swastika",middleName:null,surname:"Das",slug:"swastika-das",fullName:"Swastika Das",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/289796/images/system/289796.jpeg",biography:"Swastika N. Das is Professor of Chemistry at the V. P. Dr. P. G.\nHalakatti College of Engineering and Technology, BLDE (Deemed\nto be University), Vijayapura, Karnataka, India. She obtained an\nMSc, MPhil, and PhD in Chemistry from Sambalpur University,\nOdisha, India. Her areas of research interest are medicinal chemistry, chemical kinetics, and free radical chemistry. She is a member\nof the investigators who invented a new modified method of estimation of serum vitamin E. She has authored numerous publications including book\nchapters and is a mentor of doctoral curriculum at her university.",institutionString:"BLDEA’s V.P.Dr.P.G.Halakatti College of Engineering & Technology",institution:{name:"BLDE University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"248459",title:"Dr.",name:"Akikazu",middleName:null,surname:"Takada",slug:"akikazu-takada",fullName:"Akikazu Takada",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248459/images/system/248459.png",biography:"Akikazu Takada was born in Japan, 1935. After graduation from\nKeio University School of Medicine and finishing his post-graduate studies, he worked at Roswell Park Memorial Institute NY,\nUSA. He then took a professorship at Hamamatsu University\nSchool of Medicine. In thrombosis studies, he found the SK\npotentiator that enhances plasminogen activation by streptokinase. He is very much interested in simultaneous measurements\nof fatty acids, amino acids, and tryptophan degradation products. By using fatty\nacid analyses, he indicated that plasma levels of trans-fatty acids of old men were\nfar higher in the US than Japanese men. . He also showed that eicosapentaenoic acid\n(EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) levels are higher, and arachidonic acid\nlevels are lower in Japanese than US people. By using simultaneous LC/MS analyses\nof plasma levels of tryptophan metabolites, he recently found that plasma levels of\nserotonin, kynurenine, or 5-HIAA were higher in patients of mono- and bipolar\ndepression, which are significantly different from observations reported before. In\nview of recent reports that plasma tryptophan metabolites are mainly produced by\nmicrobiota. He is now working on the relationships between microbiota and depression or autism.",institutionString:"Hamamatsu University School of Medicine",institution:{name:"Hamamatsu University School of Medicine",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"137240",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Khalid",slug:"mohammed-khalid",fullName:"Mohammed Khalid",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/137240/images/system/137240.png",biography:"Mohammed Khalid received his B.S. degree in chemistry in 2000 and Ph.D. degree in physical chemistry in 2007 from the University of Khartoum, Sudan. He moved to School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Australia in 2009 and joined Dr. Ron Clarke as a postdoctoral fellow where he worked on the interaction of ATP with the phosphoenzyme of the Na+/K+-ATPase and dual mechanisms of allosteric acceleration of the Na+/K+-ATPase by ATP; then he went back to Department of Chemistry, University of Khartoum as an assistant professor, and in 2014 he was promoted as an associate professor. In 2011, he joined the staff of Department of Chemistry at Taif University, Saudi Arabia, where he is currently an assistant professor. His research interests include the following: P-Type ATPase enzyme kinetics and mechanisms, kinetics and mechanisms of redox reactions, autocatalytic reactions, computational enzyme kinetics, allosteric acceleration of P-type ATPases by ATP, exploring of allosteric sites of ATPases, and interaction of ATP with ATPases located in cell membranes.",institutionString:"Taif University",institution:{name:"Taif University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"63810",title:"Prof.",name:"Jorge",middleName:null,surname:"Morales-Montor",slug:"jorge-morales-montor",fullName:"Jorge Morales-Montor",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63810/images/system/63810.png",biography:"Dr. Jorge Morales-Montor was recognized with the Lola and Igo Flisser PUIS Award for best graduate thesis at the national level in the field of parasitology. He received a fellowship from the Fogarty Foundation to perform postdoctoral research stay at the University of Georgia. He has 153 journal articles to his credit. He has also edited several books and published more than fifty-five book chapters. He is a member of the Mexican Academy of Sciences, Latin American Academy of Sciences, and the National Academy of Medicine. He has received more than thirty-five awards and has supervised numerous bachelor’s, master’s, and Ph.D. students. Dr. Morales-Montor is the past president of the Mexican Society of Parasitology.",institutionString:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",institution:{name:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"217215",title:"Dr.",name:"Palash",middleName:null,surname:"Mandal",slug:"palash-mandal",fullName:"Palash Mandal",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/217215/images/system/217215.jpeg",biography:null,institutionString:"Charusat University",institution:null},{id:"49739",title:"Dr.",name:"Leszek",middleName:null,surname:"Szablewski",slug:"leszek-szablewski",fullName:"Leszek Szablewski",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49739/images/system/49739.jpg",biography:"Leszek Szablewski is a professor of medical sciences. He received his M.S. in the Faculty of Biology from the University of Warsaw and his PhD degree from the Institute of Experimental Biology Polish Academy of Sciences. He habilitated in the Medical University of Warsaw, and he obtained his degree of Professor from the President of Poland. Professor Szablewski is the Head of Chair and Department of General Biology and Parasitology, Medical University of Warsaw. Professor Szablewski has published over 80 peer-reviewed papers in journals such as Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, Biochim. Biophys. Acta Reviews of Cancer, Biol. Chem., J. Biomed. Sci., and Diabetes/Metabol. Res. Rev, Endocrine. He is the author of two books and four book chapters. He has edited four books, written 15 scripts for students, is the ad hoc reviewer of over 30 peer-reviewed journals, and editorial member of peer-reviewed journals. Prof. Szablewski’s research focuses on cell physiology, genetics, and pathophysiology. He works on the damage caused by lack of glucose homeostasis and changes in the expression and/or function of glucose transporters due to various diseases. He has given lectures, seminars, and exercises for students at the Medical University.",institutionString:"Medical University of Warsaw",institution:{name:"Medical University of Warsaw",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"173123",title:"Dr.",name:"Maitham",middleName:null,surname:"Khajah",slug:"maitham-khajah",fullName:"Maitham Khajah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/173123/images/system/173123.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Maitham A. Khajah received his degree in Pharmacy from Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, in 2003 and obtained his PhD degree in December 2009 from the University of Calgary, Canada (Gastrointestinal Science and Immunology). Since January 2010 he has been assistant professor in Kuwait University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics. His research interest are molecular targets for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and the mechanisms responsible for immune cell chemotaxis. He cosupervised many students for the MSc Molecular Biology Program, College of Graduate Studies, Kuwait University. Ever since joining Kuwait University in 2010, he got various grants as PI and Co-I. He was awarded the Best Young Researcher Award by Kuwait University, Research Sector, for the Year 2013–2014. He was a member in the organizing committee for three conferences organized by Kuwait University, Faculty of Pharmacy, as cochair and a member in the scientific committee (the 3rd, 4th, and 5th Kuwait International Pharmacy Conference).",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"195136",title:"Dr.",name:"Aya",middleName:null,surname:"Adel",slug:"aya-adel",fullName:"Aya Adel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/195136/images/system/195136.jpg",biography:"Dr. Adel works as an Assistant Lecturer in the unit of Phoniatrics, Department of Otolaryngology, Ain Shams University in Cairo, Egypt. Dr. Adel is especially interested in joint attention and its impairment in autism spectrum disorder",institutionString:"Ain Shams University",institution:{name:"Ain Shams University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"94911",title:"Dr.",name:"Boulenouar",middleName:null,surname:"Mesraoua",slug:"boulenouar-mesraoua",fullName:"Boulenouar Mesraoua",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94911/images/system/94911.png",biography:"Dr Boulenouar Mesraoua is the Associate Professor of Clinical Neurology at Weill Cornell Medical College-Qatar and a Consultant Neurologist at Hamad Medical Corporation at the Neuroscience Department; He graduated as a Medical Doctor from the University of Oran, Algeria; he then moved to Belgium, the City of Liege, for a Residency in Internal Medicine and Neurology at Liege University; after getting the Belgian Board of Neurology (with high marks), he went to the National Hospital for Nervous Diseases, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom for a fellowship in Clinical Neurophysiology, under Pr Willison ; Dr Mesraoua had also further training in Epilepsy and Continuous EEG Monitoring for two years (from 2001-2003) in the Neurophysiology department of Zurich University, Switzerland, under late Pr Hans Gregor Wieser ,an internationally known epileptologist expert. \n\nDr B. Mesraoua is the Director of the Neurology Fellowship Program at the Neurology Section and an active member of the newly created Comprehensive Epilepsy Program at Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar; he is also Assistant Director of the Residency Program at the Qatar Medical School. \nDr B. Mesraoua's main interests are Epilepsy, Multiple Sclerosis, and Clinical Neurology; He is the Chairman and the Organizer of the well known Qatar Epilepsy Symposium, he is running yearly for the past 14 years and which is considered a landmark in the Gulf region; He has also started last year , together with other epileptologists from Qatar, the region and elsewhere, a yearly International Epilepsy School Course, which was attended by many neurologists from the Area.\n\nInternationally, Dr Mesraoua is an active and elected member of the Commission on Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR ) , a regional branch of the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE), where he represents the Middle East and North Africa(MENA ) and where he holds the position of chief of the Epilepsy Epidemiology Section; Dr Mesraoua is a member of the American Academy of Neurology, the Europeen Academy of Neurology and the American Epilepsy Society.\n\nDr Mesraoua's main objectives are to encourage frequent gathering of the epileptologists/neurologists from the MENA region and the rest of the world, promote Epilepsy Teaching in the MENA Region, and encourage multicenter studies involving neurologists and epileptologists in the MENA region, particularly epilepsy epidemiological studies. \n\nDr. Mesraoua is the recipient of two research Grants, as the Lead Principal Investigator (750.000 USD and 250.000 USD) from the Qatar National Research Fund (QNRF) and the Hamad Hospital Internal Research Grant (IRGC), on the following topics : “Continuous EEG Monitoring in the ICU “ and on “Alpha-lactoalbumin , proof of concept in the treatment of epilepsy” .Dr Mesraoua is a reviewer for the journal \"seizures\" (Europeen Epilepsy Journal ) as well as dove journals ; Dr Mesraoua is the author and co-author of many peer reviewed publications and four book chapters in the field of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurology",institutionString:"Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar",institution:{name:"Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar",country:{name:"Qatar"}}},{id:"282429",title:"Prof.",name:"Covanis",middleName:null,surname:"Athanasios",slug:"covanis-athanasios",fullName:"Covanis Athanasios",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/282429/images/system/282429.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:"Neurology-Neurophysiology Department of the Children Hospital Agia Sophia",institution:null},{id:"190980",title:"Prof.",name:"Marwa",middleName:null,surname:"Mahmoud Saleh",slug:"marwa-mahmoud-saleh",fullName:"Marwa Mahmoud Saleh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/190980/images/system/190980.jpg",biography:"Professor Marwa Mahmoud Saleh is a doctor of medicine and currently works in the unit of Phoniatrics, Department of Otolaryngology, Ain Shams University in Cairo, Egypt. She got her doctoral degree in 1991 and her doctoral thesis was accomplished in the University of Iowa, United States. Her publications covered a multitude of topics as videokymography, cochlear implants, stuttering, and dysphagia. She has lectured Egyptian phonology for many years. Her recent research interest is joint attention in autism.",institutionString:"Ain Shams University",institution:{name:"Ain Shams University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"259190",title:"Dr.",name:"Syed Ali Raza",middleName:null,surname:"Naqvi",slug:"syed-ali-raza-naqvi",fullName:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259190/images/system/259190.png",biography:"Dr. Naqvi is a radioanalytical chemist and is working as an associate professor of analytical chemistry in the Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan. Advance separation techniques, nuclear analytical techniques and radiopharmaceutical analysis are the main courses that he is teaching to graduate and post-graduate students. In the research area, he is focusing on the development of organic- and biomolecule-based radiopharmaceuticals for diagnosis and therapy of infectious and cancerous diseases. Under the supervision of Dr. Naqvi, three students have completed their Ph.D. degrees and 41 students have completed their MS degrees. He has completed three research projects and is currently working on 2 projects entitled “Radiolabeling of fluoroquinolone derivatives for the diagnosis of deep-seated bacterial infections” and “Radiolabeled minigastrin peptides for diagnosis and therapy of NETs”. He has published about 100 research articles in international reputed journals and 7 book chapters. Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science & Technology (PINSTECH) Islamabad, Punjab Institute of Nuclear Medicine (PINM), Faisalabad and Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Radiology (INOR) Abbottabad are the main collaborating institutes.",institutionString:"Government College University",institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"58390",title:"Dr.",name:"Gyula",middleName:null,surname:"Mozsik",slug:"gyula-mozsik",fullName:"Gyula Mozsik",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/58390/images/system/58390.png",biography:"Gyula Mózsik MD, Ph.D., ScD (med), is an emeritus professor of Medicine at the First Department of Medicine, Univesity of Pécs, Hungary. He was head of this department from 1993 to 2003. His specializations are medicine, gastroenterology, clinical pharmacology, clinical nutrition, and dietetics. His research fields are biochemical pharmacological examinations in the human gastrointestinal (GI) mucosa, mechanisms of retinoids, drugs, capsaicin-sensitive afferent nerves, and innovative pharmacological, pharmaceutical, and nutritional (dietary) research in humans. He has published about 360 peer-reviewed papers, 197 book chapters, 692 abstracts, 19 monographs, and has edited 37 books. He has given about 1120 regular and review lectures. He has organized thirty-eight national and international congresses and symposia. He is the founder of the International Conference on Ulcer Research (ICUR); International Union of Pharmacology, Gastrointestinal Section (IUPHAR-GI); Brain-Gut Society symposiums, and gastrointestinal cytoprotective symposiums. He received the Andre Robert Award from IUPHAR-GI in 2014. Fifteen of his students have been appointed as full professors in Egypt, Cuba, and Hungary.",institutionString:"University of Pécs",institution:{name:"University of Pecs",country:{name:"Hungary"}}},{id:"277367",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Daniel",middleName:"Martin",surname:"Márquez López",slug:"daniel-marquez-lopez",fullName:"Daniel Márquez López",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/277367/images/7909_n.jpg",biography:"Msc Daniel Martin Márquez López has a bachelor degree in Industrial Chemical Engineering, a Master of science degree in the same área and he is a PhD candidate for the Instituto Politécnico Nacional. His Works are realted to the Green chemistry field, biolubricants, biodiesel, transesterification reactions for biodiesel production and the manipulation of oils for therapeutic purposes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Instituto Politécnico Nacional",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"196544",title:"Prof.",name:"Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Catala",slug:"angel-catala",fullName:"Angel Catala",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196544/images/system/196544.jpg",biography:"Angel Catalá studied chemistry at Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina, where he received a Ph.D. in Chemistry (Biological Branch) in 1965. From 1964 to 1974, he worked as an Assistant in Biochemistry at the School of Medicine at the same university. From 1974 to 1976, he was a fellow of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) at the University of Connecticut, Health Center, USA. From 1985 to 2004, he served as a Full Professor of Biochemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata. He is a member of the National Research Council (CONICET), Argentina, and the Argentine Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (SAIB). His laboratory has been interested for many years in the lipid peroxidation of biological membranes from various tissues and different species. Dr. Catalá has directed twelve doctoral theses, published more than 100 papers in peer-reviewed journals, several chapters in books, and edited twelve books. He received awards at the 40th International Conference Biochemistry of Lipids 1999 in Dijon, France. He is the winner of the Bimbo Pan-American Nutrition, Food Science and Technology Award 2006 and 2012, South America, Human Nutrition, Professional Category. In 2006, he won the Bernardo Houssay award in pharmacology, in recognition of his meritorious works of research. Dr. Catalá belongs to the editorial board of several journals including Journal of Lipids; International Review of Biophysical Chemistry; Frontiers in Membrane Physiology and Biophysics; World Journal of Experimental Medicine and Biochemistry Research International; World Journal of Biological Chemistry, Diabetes, and the Pancreas; International Journal of Chronic Diseases & Therapy; and International Journal of Nutrition. 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At the National Cancer Institute (National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD) he worked as a research associate on the molecular biology of selenium and its role in health and disease. After postdoctoral collaborations with Carlos Gutierrez-Merino (University of Extremadura, Spain) and Dario Alessi (University of Dundee, UK), he established his own laboratory in 2008. 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Fungal infectious illness prevalence and prognosis are determined by the exposure between fungi and host, host immunological state, fungal virulence, and early and accurate diagnosis and treatment. \r\nPatients with both congenital and acquired immunodeficiency are more likely to be infected with opportunistic mycosis. Fungal infectious disease outbreaks are common during the post- disaster rebuilding era, which is characterised by high population density, migration, and poor health and medical conditions.\r\nSystemic or local fungal infection is mainly associated with the fungi directly inhaled or inoculated in the environment during the disaster. The most common fungal infection pathways are human to human (anthropophilic), animal to human (zoophilic), and environment to human (soilophile). Diseases are common as a result of widespread exposure to pathogenic fungus dispersed into the environment. \r\nFungi that are both common and emerging are intertwined. In Southeast Asia, for example, Talaromyces marneffei is an important pathogenic thermally dimorphic fungus that causes systemic mycosis. Widespread fungal infections with complicated and variable clinical manifestations, such as Candida auris infection resistant to several antifungal medicines, Covid-19 associated with Trichoderma, and terbinafine resistant dermatophytosis in India, are among the most serious disorders. \r\nInappropriate local or systemic use of glucocorticoids, as well as their immunosuppressive effects, may lead to changes in fungal infection spectrum and clinical characteristics. Hematogenous candidiasis is a worrisome issue that affects people all over the world, particularly ICU patients. CARD9 deficiency and fungal infection have been major issues in recent years. Invasive aspergillosis is associated with a significant death rate. Special attention should be given to endemic fungal infections, identification of important clinical fungal infections advanced in yeasts, filamentous fungal infections, skin mycobiome and fungal genomes, and immunity to fungal infections.\r\nIn addition, endemic fungal diseases or uncommon fungal infections caused by Mucor irregularis, dermatophytosis, Malassezia, cryptococcosis, chromoblastomycosis, coccidiosis, blastomycosis, histoplasmosis, sporotrichosis, and other fungi, should be monitored. \r\nThis topic includes the research progress on the etiology and pathogenesis of fungal infections, new methods of isolation and identification, rapid detection, drug sensitivity testing, new antifungal drugs, schemes and case series reports. It will provide significant opportunities and support for scientists, clinical doctors, mycologists, antifungal drug researchers, public health practitioners, and epidemiologists from all over the world to share new research, ideas and solutions to promote the development and progress of medical mycology.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/4.jpg",keywords:"Emerging Fungal Pathogens, Invasive Infections, Epidemiology, Cell Membrane, Fungal Virulence, Diagnosis, Treatment"},{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",scope:"Parasitic diseases have evolved alongside their human hosts. In many cases, these diseases have adapted so well that they have developed efficient resilience methods in the human host and can live in the host for years. Others, particularly some blood parasites, can cause very acute diseases and are responsible for millions of deaths yearly. Many parasitic diseases are classified as neglected tropical diseases because they have received minimal funding over recent years and, in many cases, are under-reported despite the critical role they play in morbidity and mortality among human and animal hosts. The current topic, Parasitic Infectious Diseases, in the Infectious Diseases Series aims to publish studies on the systematics, epidemiology, molecular biology, genomics, pathogenesis, genetics, and clinical significance of parasitic diseases from blood borne to intestinal parasites as well as zoonotic parasites. We hope to cover all aspects of parasitic diseases to provide current and relevant research data on these very important diseases. In the current atmosphere of the Coronavirus pandemic, communities around the world, particularly those in different underdeveloped areas, are faced with the growing challenges of the high burden of parasitic diseases. At the same time, they are faced with the Covid-19 pandemic leading to what some authors have called potential syndemics that might worsen the outcome of such infections. Therefore, it is important to conduct studies that examine parasitic infections in the context of the coronavirus pandemic for the benefit of all communities to help foster more informed decisions for the betterment of human and animal health.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/5.jpg",keywords:"Blood Borne Parasites, Intestinal Parasites, Protozoa, Helminths, Arthropods, Water Born Parasites, Epidemiology, Molecular Biology, Systematics, Genomics, Proteomics, Ecology"},{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases",scope:"The Viral Infectious Diseases Book Series aims to provide a comprehensive overview of recent research trends and discoveries in various viral infectious diseases emerging around the globe. The emergence of any viral disease is hard to anticipate, which often contributes to death. A viral disease can be defined as an infectious disease that has recently appeared within a population or exists in nature with the rapid expansion of incident or geographic range. This series will focus on various crucial factors related to emerging viral infectious diseases, including epidemiology, pathogenesis, host immune response, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and clinical recommendations for managing viral infectious diseases, highlighting the recent issues with future directions for effective therapeutic strategies.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/6.jpg",keywords:"Novel Viruses, Virus Transmission, Virus Evolution, Molecular Virology, Control and Prevention, Virus-host Interaction"}],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 15th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfPublishedChapters:286,numberOfPublishedBooks:27,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},subseries:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",keywords:"Omics (Transcriptomics; Proteomics; Metabolomics), Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, Signal Transduction and Regulation, Cell Growth and Differentiation, Apoptosis, Necroptosis, Ferroptosis, Autophagy, Cell Cycle, Macromolecules and Complexes, Gene Expression",scope:"The Cell and Molecular Biology topic within the IntechOpen Biochemistry Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of cell and molecular biology, including aspects related to biochemical and genetic research (not only in humans but all living beings). We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics include, but are not limited to: Advanced techniques of cellular and molecular biology (Molecular methodologies, imaging techniques, and bioinformatics); Biological activities at the molecular level; Biological processes of cell functions, cell division, senescence, maintenance, and cell death; Biomolecules interactions; Cancer; Cell biology; Chemical biology; Computational biology; Cytochemistry; Developmental biology; Disease mechanisms and therapeutics; DNA, and RNA metabolism; Gene functions, genetics, and genomics; Genetics; Immunology; Medical microbiology; Molecular biology; Molecular genetics; Molecular processes of cell and organelle dynamics; Neuroscience; Protein biosynthesis, degradation, and functions; Regulation of molecular interactions in a cell; Signalling networks and system biology; Structural biology; Virology and microbiology.",annualVolume:11410,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"79367",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"Flores",fullName:"Ana Isabel Flores",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRpIOQA0/Profile_Picture_1632418099564",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Hospital Universitario 12 De Octubre",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"328234",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Palavecino",fullName:"Christian Palavecino",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000030DhEhQAK/Profile_Picture_1628835318625",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Central University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"186585",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Martin-Romero",fullName:"Francisco Javier Martin-Romero",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSB3HQAW/Profile_Picture_1631258137641",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}]},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",keywords:"Phenolic Compounds, Essential Oils, Modification of Biomolecules, Glycobiology, Combinatorial Chemistry, Therapeutic peptides, Enzyme Inhibitors",scope:"Chemical biology spans the fields of chemistry and biology involving the application of biological and chemical molecules and techniques. In recent years, the application of chemistry to biological molecules has gained significant interest in medicinal and pharmacological studies. This topic will be devoted to understanding the interplay between biomolecules and chemical compounds, their structure and function, and their potential applications in related fields. Being a part of the biochemistry discipline, the ideas and concepts that have emerged from Chemical Biology have affected other related areas. This topic will closely deal with all emerging trends in this discipline.",annualVolume:11411,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"241413",title:"Dr.",name:"Azhar",middleName:null,surname:"Rasul",fullName:"Azhar Rasul",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRT1oQAG/Profile_Picture_1635251978933",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178316/images/system/178316.jfif",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Novosibirsk State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}}]},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",keywords:"Biomolecules Metabolism, Energy Metabolism, Metabolic Pathways, Key Metabolic Enzymes, Metabolic Adaptation",scope:"Metabolism is frequently defined in biochemistry textbooks as the overall process that allows living systems to acquire and use the free energy they need for their vital functions or the chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life. Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. Thus all studies on metabolism will be considered for publication.",annualVolume:11413,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"243049",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Pantea Stoian",fullName:"Anca Pantea Stoian",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243049/images/system/243049.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"203824",title:"Dr.",name:"Attilio",middleName:null,surname:"Rigotti",fullName:"Attilio Rigotti",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pontifical Catholic University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"300470",title:"Dr.",name:"Yanfei (Jacob)",middleName:null,surname:"Qi",fullName:"Yanfei (Jacob) Qi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300470/images/system/300470.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}]},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",keywords:"Mono- and Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis (1-and 2-DE), Liquid Chromatography (LC), Mass Spectrometry/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS; MS/MS), Proteins",scope:"With the recognition that the human genome cannot provide answers to the etiology of a disorder, changes in the proteins expressed by a genome became a focus in research. Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. The Proteomics topic aims to attract contributions on all aspects of MS-based proteomics that, by pushing the boundaries of MS capabilities, may address biological problems that have not been resolved yet.",annualVolume:11414,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"72288",title:"Dr.",name:"Arli Aditya",middleName:null,surname:"Parikesit",fullName:"Arli Aditya Parikesit",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/72288/images/system/72288.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"40928",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez-Camarillo",fullName:"Cesar Lopez-Camarillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40928/images/3884_n.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"81926",title:"Dr.",name:"Shymaa",middleName:null,surname:"Enany",fullName:"Shymaa Enany",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRqB9QAK/Profile_Picture_1626163237970",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Suez Canal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/355339",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"355339"},fullPath:"/profiles/355339",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()