Gene‐specific primers used in this chapter.
\\n\\n
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Barely three months into the new year and we are happy to announce a monumental milestone reached - 150 million downloads.
\n\nThis achievement solidifies IntechOpen’s place as a pioneer in Open Access publishing and the home to some of the most relevant scientific research available through Open Access.
\n\nWe are so proud to have worked with so many bright minds throughout the years who have helped us spread knowledge through the power of Open Access and we look forward to continuing to support some of the greatest thinkers of our day.
\n\nThank you for making IntechOpen your place of learning, sharing, and discovery, and here’s to 150 million more!
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It considers divergent issues related to patents starting from invention to filing of a patent and the issues that come along with it. Written by authors from all over the world, this book discusses such topics as writing and defending patent applications; national and legal rules and policies regarding intellectual property rights; the laws, regulations, rules, and procedures of appeals in major patent offices in Europe and the United States; and more.",isbn:"978-1-83968-921-5",printIsbn:"978-1-83968-920-8",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83968-922-2",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.94621",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"intellectual-property",numberOfPages:138,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"135df9b403b125a6458eba971faab3f6",bookSignature:"Sakthivel Lakshmana Prabu and Timmakkondu Narasimman Kuppusami Suriyaprakash",publishedDate:"March 16th 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10656.jpg",numberOfDownloads:842,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"February 3rd 2021",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"March 3rd 2021",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"May 2nd 2021",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"July 21st 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"September 19th 2021",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"91590",title:"Dr.",name:"Sakthivel",middleName:null,surname:"Lakshmana Prabu",slug:"sakthivel-lakshmana-prabu",fullName:"Sakthivel Lakshmana Prabu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/91590/images/system/91590.jpg",biography:"Dr. Sakthivel Lakshman Prabu obtained a Ph.D. from Manipal University, India. 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Patents is a form of intellectual property (IP) that represent an invention, or it can be considered as one of the intangible assets which grants an exclusive right for exploitation of an invention for a limited period of time. There are few misconceptions existing around the patent terminology which is leading to a number of ineffective patents and more precisely, the importance of patents is less known even in academic and industry sectors. Patents are key to innovation which can lead in strategic management of economy. Big corporates are major players in the market who are reaping maximum benefits of the patent’s portfolio whereas, small scale entities even though they are striving to drive towards innovation, they are failing to protect their intellectual property in form of patents. Even if they are succeeding in protecting such ideas in form of inventions, still they are unable to benefit to maximum, due to lack of proper management of their IP portfolio.",signatures:"Ojeswini Bondalapati",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77141",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77141",authors:[{id:"347864",title:"Ms.",name:"Ojeswini",surname:"Bondalapati",slug:"ojeswini-bondalapati",fullName:"Ojeswini Bondalapati"}],corrections:null},{id:"78249",title:"Intellectual Property Rights: Bioprospecting, Biopiracy and Protection of Traditional Knowledge - An Indian Perspective",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99596",slug:"intellectual-property-rights-bioprospecting-biopiracy-and-protection-of-traditional-knowledge-an-ind",totalDownloads:310,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Patents are the form of IP most often used to seek protection of knowledge related to biological resources. The value of plants as medicinal sources is more widely recognized and the “intellectual property rights” (IPR) associated with their use and protection have been debated around the world. Indeed, being a land of indigenous cultural heritage and traditional knowledge, India is an open treasure box for whole world. IPR provisions under WIPO (World Intellectual Property Organization) and patent rights have attracted the appeal of many researchers, pharmaceutical companies and organizations to explore the potential of traditional knowledge. In this scenario, effective protection and management of Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) is essential, and India is fully committed to this. Similarly IPR and its policy framework equally contribute to development of any nation. This chapter attempts to provide information relevant to national and legal rules and policies regarding Intellectual property rights. Protection of traditional knowledge, Conservation of the rights of local and indigenous peoples to their knowledge and resources are equally important. In this regard, this chapter also discusses the concepts Biopiracy and Bioprospecting. 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Using two case studies, from the kaya elders (Mijikenda community) and Mbeere traditional potters, the study found that TK holders’ institutions are essential, and can play pivotal roles in attaining aspects of the said SDGs. As key drivers of, and essential governance frameworks for innovation, they contribute to the creation, diffusion and application of innovation (a component of SDG 9); while the innovation they generate continues to replenish and strengthen them. Additionally, their role in promoting peace and justice, and an inclusive and practical approach to gender means that they can be instrumental in strengthening formal institutions, especially the intellectual property (IP) institutions (a component of SDG 16). 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After identifying the most relevant variables, such as the Specific Areas of Expertise (ZAE) of the examiners, a mathematical model was developed, including: (a) application of the principal component analysis (PCA) method; (b) calculation of a General Complexity Ratio (IGC); (c) classification into five classes (very light, light, moderate, heavy and very heavy) according to IGC average ranges and standard deviations; (d) implementation of a logic of distribution, compensating very heavy applications with very light ones, and light applications with heavy ones; and (e) calculation of a Distribution Balancing Ratio (IBD), considering the differences between the samples’ medians. The model was validated using a sample of patent applications including, in addition to the identified variables, the time for substantive examination by the examiner. Then, a correlation analysis of the variables with time and a comparison of the classifications according to the time and the IGC generated by the model were carried out. The results obtained showed a high correlation of the IGC with time, above 80%, as well as correct IGC classes in more than 80% of applications. 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Echinococcosis is a zoonosis caused by adult or larval stage
Vaccine targets for echinococcosis are either intermediate or definitive hosts or both. EG95 was identified as a candidate vaccine antigen for intermediate hosts of
The gene product of
Development of a vaccine for the definitive host dog is important because such a vaccine might contribute to a considerable reduction of human CE and AE in endemic areas. However, no effective vaccine candidate has been identified despite various trials. Although some oral recombinant vaccines showed high levels of protection against
Since the 1970s, when albendazole became available for clinical use, no new drugs for echinococcosis have been identified, as mentioned above. As an efficient drug for AE is still not available, new chemotherapy targets are necessary [34, 35]. Our group has focused on the mitochondrial respiratory chain, namely the NADH‐fumarate reductase system, of parasites as a potential drug target. Parasitic helminthes possess an NADH‐fumarate reductase system that is highly adapted to anaerobic conditions [36, 37]. The parasitic nematode
A schematic representation of the NADH‐fumarate reductase system in adult
Complex II is a member of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and respiratory chain. SQR as complex II catalyzes the oxidation of succinate to fumarate in the TCA cycle and transfers the electron to ubiquinone in the respiratory chain. QFR as complex II catalyzes the reduction of fumarate to succinate, a reverse reaction of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), in the respiratory chain of mitochondria from anaerobic animals such as
Our group has focused on the biochemical properties of complex II and its potential as a drug target against helminth infections [40–42]. This concept could be expanded to
We cloned cDNA of complex II and assembly factors of
Since genome project data from Brehm and colleagues were released in advance on their website (Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute: http://www.sanger.ac.uk), we first identified complex II–related genes by BLAST search using human and other eukaryotic sequences as queries. A partial or full open reading frame (ORF) of four subunits composing mature complex II and two assembly factors were identified by TBLASTN search against expressed sequence tag (EST) or genomic contig and shotgun reads. Two isoforms were found for the Ip subunit, and the other subunits were encoded in a single gene each. Primers for the coding region of each gene were designed based on this information (Table 1). First, the coding region of the seven genes was amplified by gene‐specific PCR, and sequences were determined after insertion into a cloning vector. For rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) of 5′ and 3′ ends, new primers were designed from the confirmed coding regions. Finally, cDNA sequences of
Primer | Sequences | Experiment | |
---|---|---|---|
Fp‐1 | F | 5′‐AGGCTCCCAAGGCTGTTATC‐3′ | ORF |
Fp‐2 | R | 5′‐GCAGACGTTCTGATCTAAAG‐3′ | ORF & 5′RACE 1st |
Fp‐3 | F | 5′‐GCTTGCGCCCTCGATATT‐3′ | 3′RACE 1st |
Fp‐4 | F | 5′‐GTCTCATATGGAACTCGGAC‐3′ | 3′RACE 2nd |
Fp‐5 | R | 5′‐CGGAGTGAGCGACCGTATAGAG‐3′ | 5′RACE 2nd |
Fp‐6 | F | 5′‐CAGTTTTCGTGCACCTTCATGG‐3′ | ORF‐full |
Fp‐7 | R | 5′‐CCTTGAACGATTAGTAGGAACGG‐3′ | ORF‐full |
Ip1‐1 | F | 5′‐TCCGTTCTCTGCTTTTCGAC‐3′ | ORF & 3′RACE 1st |
Ip1‐2 | R | 5′‐TCAGCATCTTCTTGATCTCACC‐3′ | ORF |
Ip1‐3 | F | 5′‐TCTGCGCTATTCCCAAAGAT‐3′ | 3′RACE 2nd |
Ip1‐4 | R | 5′‐GGAATAGCGCAGAGACAGGCCAGAC‐3′ | 5′RACE 1st |
Ip1‐5 | R | 5′‐GAGCGTCAAGCATCATGGGAC‐3′ | 5′RACE 2nd |
Ip1‐6 | F | 5′‐TCGCCAGGAGAATGAATTCC‐3′ | ORF‐full |
Ip1‐7 | R | 5′‐GTCACTTCGAACCGGTTCAG‐3′ | ORF‐full |
Ip2‐1 | F | 5′‐GATAACTTGCAAGCGTGC‐3′ | 3′RACE 1st |
Ip2‐2 | F | 5′‐GTCCGGCTACATTGATACAC‐3′ | 3′RACE 2nd |
Ip2‐3 | R | 5′‐AATTTTGGTGACTTTATTGCTCCTC‐3′ | 5′RACE 1st |
Ip2‐4 | R | 5′‐AATGTGAGGGTTGGGTCGCAT‐3′ | 5′RACE 2nd |
Ip2‐5 | F | 5′‐GTGGTGGGAACATGAATTGTGTTTG‐3′ | ORF‐full |
Ip2‐6 | R | 5′‐GAATGCATCACAATGCCAGGA‐3′ | ORF‐full |
CybL‐1 | F | 5′‐TTTTTGCGAACGTTCTGTTG‐3′ | ORF & 3′RACE 1st |
CybL‐2 | R | 5′‐CTTCCACAGGTCCGAACAC‐3′ | ORF |
CybL‐3 | F | 5′‐AAGGGCAGCACAAGTGAGG‐3′ | 3′RACE 2nd |
CybL‐4 | R | 5′‐CCATGGCGACACCAGTAGCACGG‐3′ | 5′RACE 1st |
CybL‐5 | R | 5′‐AATATGTGAGGCGACCACGGG‐3′ | 5′RACE 2nd |
CybL‐6 | F | 5′‐GCGCGGTTAGACATGTCG‐3′ | ORF‐full |
CybL‐7 | R | 5′‐GGCTAGCAACATCTAGCTCCTG‐3′ | ORF‐full |
CybS‐1 | F | 5′‐ATGTCTTTCGCGCTTTTGG‐3′ | ORF |
CybS‐2 | R | 5′‐TTTTGACGCCCTTAATAACACC‐3′ | ORF, 5′RACE 1st & 2nd |
CybS‐3 | F | 5′‐GCGAAGTTGGGGACAGCT‐3′ | 3′RACE 2nd |
CybS‐4 | F | 5′‐GGCTTCATTGGCAGGATGTC‐3′ | ORF‐full |
CybS‐5 | R | 5′‐CACTGCGTGCTCAAAGAGACC‐3′ | ORF‐full |
AF1‐1 | F | 5′‐ATGTCTCGCCCATATAGTCAACTTC‐3′ | ORF & 3′RACE 1st |
AF1‐2 | R | 5′‐TTAATCTTGTTTATGGGGAGGAAAAG‐3′ | ORF & 5′RACE 1st |
AF1‐3 | F | 5′‐GACAGGTTCTGAAGCTCTATAAGGA‐3′ | 3′RACE 2nd |
AF1‐4 | F | 5′‐ATATGGGGTCGTTGGTTATG‐3′ | 3′RACE 1st |
AF1‐5 | F | 5′‐AGTAGAGACGCCAATCACCACGA‐3′ | 3′RACE2nd |
AF1‐6 | R | 5′‐GACCTGCCTCAAGGTCTTCC‐3′ | 5′RACE 2nd |
AF1‐7 | F | 5′‐TTGATTATTAGCGCAATATAAGGTG‐3′ | ORF‐full |
AF1‐8 | R | 5′‐TTTTCTAAATGTTTTATTCAGGCAAA‐3′ | ORF‐full |
AF2‐1 | F | 5′‐ATGGTGCTGTCTCTTAATCGTTTGAC‐3′ | ORF & 3′RACE 1st |
AF2‐2 | R | 5′‐CTACACAGTGTGGGGGTGAATATTG‐3′ | ORF & 5′RACE 1st |
AF2‐3 | F | 5′‐TCTGTTGCGACAATGAGGAG‐3′ | 3′RACE 2nd |
AF2‐4 | R | 5′‐TCTGTTGCGACAATGAGGAG‐3′ | 5′RACE 2nd |
AF2‐5 | F | 5′‐ACTATTAAACTTTCTGCTTGGTTGCAT‐3′ | ORF‐full |
AF2‐6 | R | 5′‐GTTGTATATAATGCTGTAATTAACTAATAGGACAAC‐3′ | ORF‐full |
Gene‐specific primers used in this chapter.
During 3′RACE of
The number of amino acids of all determined proteins and their sequence identities with corresponding proteins in
Identity of amino acid sequence (%) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Gene | Product | Amino acids | Human | |
(adult) | ||||
Fp | 647 | 68 | 72 | |
Ip1 | 282 | 58 | 62 | |
Ip2 | 282 | 57 | 62 | |
CybL | 194 | 23 | 31 | |
CybS | 153 | 27 | 30 | |
SDHAF1 | 95 | 27 | 39 | |
SDHAF2 | 140 | 31 | 41 |
Summary of cloning and translated amino acid sequence.
Gene | Product | Amino acid of premature protein (upper) |
---|---|---|
N‐terminal amino acid of mature protein ( positions*) | ||
Fp | MAFLVRASFASFAARLGCLPTFAGASRHVSTVGKDYTI | |
VSTVGKDYTI (29–38) | ||
Ip1 | MNSVLCFSTRYACVIGQTARYASTGPVMKKF | |
ASTGPVMKKF (22–31) | ||
Ip2 | MNCVCSLSLRFEFLLIQTARYASTGPVMKKF | |
ASTGPVMKKF (22–31) | ||
CybL | MSVFANVLLRAHAAPFRGVAARNLSMALQPLLLRTAPVLSATKHYKGSTSEEVRL | |
KGSTSEEVRL (46–55) | ||
CybS | MSFALLASKHLIRRAAVSSFVSANACRTLVCTPNNKAKLGTAPQPV | |
AKLGTAPQPV (37–46) |
N‐terminal amino acid.
Positions of the N‐terminal 10 amino acids from the first Met in cDNA.
As all the genes for mitochondrial complex II are chromosomally encoded and the N‐terminal of each peptide is processed during mitochondrial localization,
A SDH (succinate dehydrogenase) activity staining. Lane 1A: adult
We developed a method to separate
The 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of flutolanil, atpenin A5, and ascofuranone for
Inhibitor | IC50 (μM) | Selectivity index | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Porcine SQR | Porcin IC50/ | |||
Flutolanil | 15 ± 0.28 | 0.058* | 44 | 2.9 |
Atpenin A5 | 0.059 ± 0.0063 | 0.012** | 0.0036 | 0.061 |
Ascofuranone | 0.85 ± 0.070 | 10 | 300 | 350 |
The inhibitory effect of representative quinone‐binding site inhibitors.
Harada et al. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 2013;1827:658‐667.
Miyadera et al. Proceedings of the National Academy of the Sciences USA. 2003;21:473‐477.
In this chapter, the molecular characterization of
The FAD prosthetic group of Fp is localized in the FAD‐binding domain by a covalent bond to histidine (His) and hydrogen bonds with highly conserved residues across amino acid sequences of complex II from various species [44, 47]. Fp in
The Ip subunit generally contains three Fe‐S clusters coordinated by cysteine (Cys) residues [10]. The Ip subunit of
In our chapter, mitochondrial complex II of
Functional expression of eukaryotic complex II in other organisms is difficult because complex II is a multi‐subunit enzyme, and many prosthetic groups, such as FAD, are associated with this enzyme. In this condition, two important proteins, succinate dehydrogenase assembly factor 1 (
Although
An inhibitor of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, atovaquone, has been used as an antimalarial agent [52]. Thus, it is reasonable to identify potent and specific inhibitors for the respiratory chain of
A comparison of the amino acid sequence of cytochrome
Interestingly, ascofuranone, which is a specific quinone‐binding site inhibitor of cyanide‐insensitive trypanosome alternative oxidase in
The Nemuro strain of
Separation profile of complex II by hrCNE was analyzed and the condition for purification was optimized by isocratic acrylamide minigel. The mitochondrial membrane of
Prepforesis® (ATTO) was used for preparative hrCNE. Separation gel (8% acrylamide) was prepared in a 1.6‐cm diameter column at 2‐cm height, and sample gel (3% acrylamide) was layered at 1‐cm height. For solubilization, 2.6‐mg protein of
Complex II‐containing fractions from hrCNE were individually concentrated to approximately 70 μL by Amicon Ultra‐4 Centrifugal Filter Units (molecular weight cutoff is 50,000). After rough estimation of the concentration and purity of complex II on SDS‐PAGE with silver staining, protein was precipitated with trichloroacetic acid. Briefly, 30 μL of water and 10 μL of 100% (w/v) trichloroacetic acid solution were added to 60 μL of concentrated fraction and then the mixture was incubated on ice for 15 min and sedimented (14,000 ×
Frozen mature larval parasites were pulverized with a mortar and pestle in liquid nitrogen, and total RNA was prepared using TRIzol LS Reagent (Invitrogen), according to the manufacturer’s protocols, followed by further purification with RNeasy (Qiagen) and DNase I treatment. For 5′RACE, cDNA was synthesized with the SMART™ RACE cDNA Amplification Kit (Clontech) using ReverTra Ace (Toyobo) as a reverse transcriptase. For 3′RACE, the oligo(dT) primer 5′‐GACTCGAGTCGACATCGA(T)17‐3′ was used for cDNA synthesis.
Primer sets to amplify the partial coding region of each subunit (except
QFR and SQR assays were performed as described previously [36]. The final mitochondrial protein concentration was 50 μg/mL of the reaction mixture. QFR and SQR activities were assayed under anaerobic and aerobic conditions, respectively. QFR and SQR activities were determined by monitoring the absorbance change of decyl RQ (60 μM) at 340 nm and ubiquinone‐2 (60 μM) at 278 nm (using SHIMADZU spectrophotometer UV‐3000), respectively. We determined IC50 values of the quinone‐binding site inhibitors against QFR activity of the mitochondria of protoscoleces. Flutolanil (Wako), atpenin A5 (ENZO Life Sciences), and ascofuranone were used in the assays (Figure 4). Ascofuranone was obtained from Align Pharmaceutical.
The chemical structure of inhibitors of the quinone‐binding site. A. Flutolanil, a competitive inhibitor of the quinone‐binding site of
This work was supported in part by a grant‐in‐aid for Infectious Disease Control from the Science and Technology Research Partnership for Sustainable Development (no. 10000284 to KK), a grant‐in‐aid for the Bilateral Joint Research Project from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (no. 16035611‐000722 to KK), and a grant from the Program for the Promotion of Basic and Applied Research for Innovations in Bio‐Oriented Industries (to KK).
Accelerated aging of the population is leading to a situation in which older people will become the largest proportion of the total population in society. Ageism, which is defined as stereotyping, prejudice and discrimination based on chronological age [1], has become a pressing issue resulting in an increase in research attention across the globe. Existing literature has shown that a prejudicial attitude is a significantly strong predictor of perceived and actual discriminatory behavior directed towards older people [2, 3]. The World Health Organization Global Report on Ageism, World Health Organization (WHO), pointed out that one in two people perceive discrimination against older people in younger people have age discrimination than other age groups [4]. Intergenerational contact, which has expanded from familial to nonfamilial relationships between older and younger people, was seen as an effective way to combat ageism. Generally, intergenerational contact includes direct and indirect forms. Direct intergenerational contact is usually described as face-to-face intergenerational contact between older and younger people. Indirect intergenerational contact is defined as younger people’s contact exposure to older people that does not involve an actual interaction or a direct relationship [5, 6].
The trends of research into intergenerational contact and research on attitude and prosocial behavior towards older people were examined. Most of the studies investigated factors affecting attitude towards older people, and the findings consistently reported that face-to-face intergenerational contact was associated with positive outcomes for attitudes towards older people [2, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12]. These studies, however, neglected to examine factors contributing to positive, face-to-face intergenerational contact. In the research into indirect intergenerational contact, only a few studies were found to investigate the relationships between indirect contact, attitudes, and prosocial behavior in the intergenerational context [10, 13, 14]. Yet, the findings were generally inconsistent. There was also scant research examining the interactions of different types of intergenerational contact and their impacts on attitudes and prosocial behavior towards older people. As a result, the mechanisms by which direct and indirect intergenerational contact influenced attitude and prosocial behavior towards older people were not comprehensively described in the existing literature.
Our understanding of factors affecting the quality of intergenerational contact, the relative importance of different intergenerational contact, and how they inter-relate was hampered by the lack of a coherent approach to research in this area. To address this, this chapter discusses the roles of direct and indirect intergenerational contacts in reducing ageism. First, the author discusses theoretical approaches underlining intergenerational contact. Second, the author reports a recently completed study that investigated factors contributing to the quality of intergenerational contact, and the roles of direct and indirect intergenerational contacts in promoting young people’s attitudes and prosocial behavior towards older people. Lastly, the discussion includes recommendations for policies and intergenerational strategies to reduce ageism.
As applied to this study, intergenerational contact is defined as the intergroup contact between older and younger people. There are two primary types of intergenerational contact: direct and indirect intergenerational contact.
Direct intergenerational contact, also known as face-to-face intergenerational contact, occurs in various forms including contact within a family relationship, friendship or working relationship. It can also take place in intergenerational programmes supported by authorities [6, 15]. Allport’s Intergroup Contact Theory [16] explains the psychological process of contact between people from different social groups causing an in-group person to reduce prejudice against an out-group. It has been used extensively to study intergroup contact. According to Allport’s theory, four conditions are essential for positive, direct intergroup contact. When face-to-face intergroup contact demonstrates an equal status, shares a common goal, maintains a cooperative interaction and is supported by institutions or authorities, such contact results in reduced prejudice and discriminatory behavior against outgroup members.
Social Presence Theory [17] emphasizes the importance of an interpersonal dimension that plays in face-to-face intergroup contact. It predicates that communication media influences people’s impressions of and responses to others which is essential in developing or maintaining social interaction. According to the theory, the level of richness of communication media affects that of social presence. The medium that promotes communication, simultaneous feedback, and a rich exchange of ideas and information results in a higher level of social presence leading to a positive face-to-face contact [18]. In other words, intergenerational communication media, which includes face-to-face contact, telephone conversation and written and text-based media, is considered the antecedents of the face-to-face intergenerational contact quality.
In the existing literature, face-to-face intergenerational contact was often assessed, in terms of frequency or quality, by self-reports. For frequency of contact, young people were asked to indicate how often they had face-to-face contact with older people. Quality of contact was assessed by young people’s self-reported quality of face-to-face contact with an older person(s). Previous studies that measured both frequency and quality of contact consistently found that the quality rather than the frequency of face-to-face intergenerational contact was associated with significantly better attitudes among younger people towards older people [8, 9, 10].
There are two major forms of indirect intergenerational contact. Extended intergenerational contact forms when a younger person knows a friend who has a positive relationship with an older person [19, 20]. It suggests that a younger person does not necessarily meet an older individual to gain a positive perception of older people. Knowledge about a friend’s positive intergenerational contact with an older individual is enough for building a positive attitude or prosocial behavior towards older people. The rationale behind extended intergenerational contact can be explained by Balance Theory [19]. The theory assumes that people aim to maintain balanced human relationships and seek ways to resolve the imbalance when it happens. An imbalanced human relationship occurs when there is a positive relationship between the individual and the ingroup friend, and between the ingroup and the outgroup friend, but a negative relationship between the individual and the outgroup. As a result, to maintain harmonious human relationships, individuals try to improve their attitude towards the out-group. Applied to this paper, when a younger person receives extended intergenerational contact by learning about a positive relationship between his or her friend and an older individual, the younger person tends to gain a positive attitude towards older people. Previous studies assessed extended intergenerational contact by asking young people to indicate how many of their close friends had a positive relationship with older person(s). The more friends have a positive relationship with an older individual that a younger person recognized, the more extended intergenerational contact would be experienced by him or her.
Another form of indirect intergenerational contact is called vicarious intergenerational contact. It occurs when a younger person observes a younger person, a member of the same social group, having positive, intergroup contact with an older individual [6]. Theoretically, this contact involves a process of observational learning and abstract modeling. Through observational learning, a younger person observes others and receives information about social norms of an intergenerational contact between older and younger people. Further, a younger person is facilitated to behave similarly to those being observed. Abstract modeling takes place when an individual applies attitudes and behaviors learned from the observation of others to similar contexts involving older and younger people [20]. Vicarious intergenerational contact can be depicted in various forms of media containing a story about an intergenerational interaction that is described by words or images and takes forms such as books, newspapers, television, radio programmes and social media.
General Learning Model, developed by Buckley and Anderson [21], is the primary psychological theory of learning used to explain the effect of media on prosocial behavior. It shares a similar theoretical mechanism with that of vicarious intergenerational contact. Like the mechanism of General Learning Model that emphasizes the influence of observation that fosters a learning counter, vicarious intergroup contact creates a vicarious learning encounter through the observation of a successful intergroup interaction and thus observers model their thoughts or behaviors based on these observations [22]. In addition, both General Learning Model and vicarious intergenerational contact influence the individual’s behavior towards strangers, rather than towards family members or friends. In other words, older and younger people do not have a genuine relationship in vicarious intergenerational contact. When General Learning Model is applied to this paper, a younger person who observes a character, who positively interacts with an older individual in a media outlet such as television or printed material, the younger person will be more likely to develop similar thoughts and attitudes and to engage in similar behaviors towards older people in an authentic environment. To assess young people’s exposure to vicarious intergenerational contact depicted in the media, participants in previous studies were asked to indicate, in terms of frequency, how often they had seen any positive interaction between older and younger people via different occasions. A higher frequency meant more vicarious intergenerational contact received by younger people.
A recently completed study by the author provides new evidence about the effects of direct and indirect intergenerational contact on young people’s attitudes, prosocial intentions and prosocial behaviors towards older people. A cross-sectional study of 467 young Chinese people aged between 15 and 24 years was conducted in Hong Kong in 2020. Participants responded to an online questionnaire regarding their experiences of intergenerational contact with older people, as well as their perceived attitude, prosocial intention and prosocial behavior towards older people. In particular, the study addressed two research questions:
what were the factors contributing to the quality of intergenerational contact from the perspectives of younger people?
what were the respective roles of face-to-face, extended and vicarious intergenerational contact in influencing young people’s attitudes and prosocial behavior towards older people?
Several dependent variables were measured. Kogan’s Attitude towards older people scale [23] was used to assess participants’ perceived attitude towards older people. The potential total score ranged from 34 to 238, with a higher score indicating a more positive attitude towards older people. Perceived prosocial intention towards older people was assessed by the Hong Kong version of the Prosocial Tendencies Measure [24] and the total score was derived as the summation of all the item scores which ranged from 24 to 120. A higher score implied more prosocial behavioral intentions. In addition, a context-specific, five-statement prosocial intention scale that was originally developed by Bousfield and Hutchison [8] was used. The total prosocial intention score ranged from 5 to 25 with a higher score representing more prosocial intention towards older people. Modified from existing research [8, 25], the measurement for prosocial behavior included five situations involving older people. Young people were asked to indicate how often they exhibited prosocial behaviors towards older people on a five-point scale ranging from ‘never’ to ‘always’ in the five situations. The overall prosocial behavior score was derived as the summation of all the item scores that ranged from 4 to 20. A higher score implied more prosocial behavior towards older people.
Based on Allport’s Intergroup Contact Theory [16], the conditions for facilitating quality intergenerational contact should include equal status, intergroup cooperation, shared goals and institutional support. As existing literature that tested the associations between these conditions and the quality of intergenerational contact was limited, the study attempted to investigate these associations. Younger people in the study were asked to indicate their perceptions of equal intergenerational status, intergenerational cooperation and shared goals during their face-to-face contact with older people. The results showed that younger people who perceived higher levels of equal status in face-to-face intergenerational contact were more likely to report a higher quality of face-to-face contact with older people. The study also examined the types of intergenerational communication media that were associated with young people’s perception of the quality of face-to-face intergenerational contact. Younger people in the study estimated how often they had used each of three media categories of phone contact, social-networking platforms (e.g. WhatsApp), and paper-based media (e.g. letters) to communicate with older people. The results showed that phone contact was the most significant factor associated with better quality of face-to-face intergenerational contact while social-networking platforms and paper-based media were not. Younger people who had more phone contact with older people, they were more likely to report a higher quality of face-to-face contact with older people. The full results of the study have been reported in [26].
Before analyses were conducted to test whether face-to-face, extended and vicarious intergenerational contact significantly contributed independently to a positive attitude towards older people, the study tested the relationship between attitude, prosocial intention and prosocial behavior towards older people and the results confirmed that prosocial intention mediated the relationship between attitude and prosocial behavior towards older people. Therefore, when young people displayed a positive attitude towards older people, they were more likely to engage in prosocial intention and further, prosocial behavior towards older people.
Regarding the roles of different types of intergenerational contact, the present study showed that the quality of face-to-face intergenerational contact was the strongest contribution to attitude towards older people, followed by vicarious intergenerational contact in the complete sample. However, extended intergenerational contact was not significantly associated with attitude towards older people in the complete sample. Further, the results demonstrated that the strengths of direct and indirect contact relationships differed in people having high and low levels of face-to-face contact frequency. For young people having more face-to-face contact with older people, quality of face-to-face intergenerational contact and vicarious intergenerational contact were significantly associated with a better attitude towards older people, with quality of face-to-face contact being the strongest correlate. For young people having less or absent face-to-face contact with older people, vicarious intergenerational contact became the strongest contribution to a positive attitude towards older people, followed by face-to-face intergenerational contact and extended intergenerational contact. Details of the study results were published elsewhere [27].
Young Chinese people in this study had a strong desire for equal intergenerational status in face-to-face contact with older people, while they had relatively less concern about intergroup cooperation and shared goals. The findings affirm that cultural principles play an important role in intergenerational relationships. In Chinese societies, the traditional values of filial piety have empowered older people to engage in a hierarchically intergenerational relationship with younger people characterized as engaging in non-accommodative behaviors and communicating in an inappropriate manner, such as talking down to young people, providing unsolicited advice and negatively stereotyping young people. Therefore, young Chinese people may perceive an unequal status in face-to-face intergenerational contact and describe older people as non-listening, complaining, disapproving, over-parenting and bossy [28]. There is evidence of young people who perceived older people as unaccommodating and displaying a negative attitude towards older people [29]. Therefore, the typical expression of age-based norm of filial piety in Chinese culture may explain the results of the study in that young Hong Kong Chinese who recognized equal status in their face-to-face contact with older people perceived this contact as higher in quality.
Nowadays, social-networking platforms have become the most frequent communication medium which is regarded as a replacement for traditional communications among younger people. From the perspectives of older people, however, telephone remains the preferred medium to stay in contact with others. On the one hand, compared to younger people, older people are slow to accept and adapt to technology as they have relatively lower Internet self-efficacy in terms of perceived ease of use, perceived quality and accessibility of technology. They generally lack confidence and are less inclined towards new communication technologies. Thus, they have lower behavioral intentions towards technology [30, 31]. On the other hand, existing literature demonstrates that older people value deeper and more thoughtful communication via phone [32, 33]. Compared to social-networking platforms, phone contact produces a higher level of social presence which is essential for developing or maintaining social interaction. It is obvious that the use of communication media by young people to maintain relationships with older people is likely to manifest in different ways. The findings of the study suggested that young people who were willing to communicate via the medium preferred by older people (i.e. by phone) reported a better quality of face-to-face contact with older people compared to those who used other communication media.
Of all hypothesized factors, quality of face-to-face contact had the strongest association with a positive attitude towards older people. As in the present study, most intergenerational contacts stemmed from family relations, we could hypothesize that frequent face-to-face contact with an older family member was not positively linked to attitude towards older people from the perspective of young Hong Kong Chinese. The present findings reflect that the cultural norm of intergenerational solidarity, which is associated with intergenerational closeness and contact, is weakening in Hong Kong Chinese societies. Traditionally, intergenerational closeness and contact are not exclusive, but have interacting effects, in Chinese families [34, 35]. However, the actualization of intergenerational solidarity has been challenged in Chinese societies. Young Chinese people have become more influenced by the Western culture of individualism focusing on independence, self-reliance and self-fulfillment, which contradicted the traditional norm of authoritarian filial piety in Chinese culture [36]. From the perspective of young people, older people belong to a different generation and have quite different living circumstances, interests and beliefs. Consequently, contact experiences are not always positive in Chinese multigenerational families [37, 38]. It is therefore not surprising that the present study found no relationship between frequency of intergenerational contact and attitude towards older people in the Chinese context. These findings are in line with a recent study showing that intergenerational co-residence is not significantly linked to a higher quality of life for Chinese older people [39]. The transformation of family intergenerational contact suggests the need to look beyond traditional models to understand family intergenerational relationships in the changing contexts of Chinese societies.
The study proved that indirect intergenerational contact was a significant correlate of positive attitude towards older people, but it had a weaker effect than direct contact. While 91% of younger people in the study had face-to-face contact with older people, one plausible explanation was that young people having positive face-to-face contact already had a positive attitude towards older people. Hence, their attitude towards older people was not influenced further by indirect contact. Additionally, scholars suggested that people depended on direct, rather than indirect, contact to determine their attitude towards outgroup people [19]. As a result, when there was face-to-face intergenerational contact, indirect intergenerational contact produced little added effects on attitude towards older people.
This was the first study to prove that vicarious intergenerational contact was the strongest contribution to a positive attitude towards older people when young people’s face-to-face contact frequency with older people was low. In other words, vicarious intergenerational contact could positively promote young people’s perceived attitude and prosocial behavior towards older people. Findings shed light on linking media, depicting vicarious contact to attitude and prosocial behavior in the intergenerational context that has reinforced the power of communication media in reducing ageism. Yet, the existing literature consistently shows that older people remain negatively represented in the media. Since media portrayal reflects a society’s values and culture, negative media portrayal could be an indicator of the general negative perception of older people within a society. Younger people’s negative perception of older people and their relation of older people to physical limitations are partly due to the negative media portrayals of older people [40]. Particularly, Prieler et al. [41] assert that the public perception of older people is negative in east asian countries and communities, as evidenced in visual media. They analyzed television advertisements from Hong Kong, Japan, and South Korea to determine their representations of older people in terms of numerical representations, roles, social interactions, settings and product categories. The analyses showed that older people were underrepresented in television advertisements. Although the author’s study has confirmed that media-based vicarious intergenerational contact can positively influence younger people’s attitude and prosocial behavior towards older people, the overall results of those media-based vicarious intergenerational programmes are still unknown. It is important to explore the impact of those programmes on ageism reduction in future research.
The study confirmed that extended intergenerational contact was significant only in younger people reporting less or absent face-to-face contact. The plausible explanation of why extended contact did not produce a significant effect on attitude relates to the phenomenon of transitivity, which refers to participants’ ability to recognize the complex relationships embedded in extended contact. The definition of extended intergroup contact emphasizes the components of two relationships that involve a direct relationship between an individual and their in-group friend, and an existing extended relationship between an ingroup friend and an in-group friend’s out-group friend [42]. Hence, the report of extended contact involves a two-step thinking process. Younger people needed to identify the relationship with their in-group friends (known as the direct relationship), and then, determined whether these ingroup friends had positive contact with older people (known as the extended relationship) [19, 42]. Because of the complex thinking process, younger people might provide inaccurate information about their extended contact. They might have underestimated or overestimated their extended intergenerational contact. Future research should re-visit the operational definitions of extended intergenerational contact in a more systematic manner to ensure that the measurements of direct relationship quantity and extended relationship closeness are taken into consideration.
To combat ageism, scholars have consistently shared the same views on encouraging policies that foster intergenerational connections with different sectors working together to eliminate prejudice and discrimination against older people [43, 44]. While there is a lack of a research-based approach for policy design to address the complexity of intergenerational practices, serious effort needs to be put into understanding intergenerational needs and promoting quality intergenerational connections, that is intergenerational solidarity, between older and younger people at distinct levels in Hong Kong.
The present study showed that young people’s most frequent contact with older people was via a grandparent or parent. Therefore, the family remains the primary source of intergenerational contact in Hong Kong. In recent decades, the family has been remarkably changing in terms of its structure, functioning, living arrangements and intergenerational relationships. On the one hand, social phenomenon such as delayed childbearing, grandparent-parent-grandchildren bonding sandwich families and older people living longer have widened the age gap between generations. On the other hand, complex family relationships such as divorce and remarriage have weakened family support for younger and older members of a family. Due to these evolving family trends, new directions for the development and implementation of family policies should have been formulated accordingly [45]. However, there is still marked asymmetry in the family-friendly policies implemented in Hong Kong with more support and practices provided to families having young children. For example, many companies and industries allow flexible working hours for taking care of children, offer subsidies for childcare and provide access to child-care facilities in the workplace. While elder-family policies related to intergenerational solidarity focus more on caregiving for aging parents, there is a lack of policy support for building positive familial intergenerational relationships and promoting the quality of familial intergenerational contact. To promote familial relationships in families with older people, future family policies should consider unique features that shape the new familial intergenerational ties and integrate views and perspectives from younger and older generations into the family. Also, future research is critical to illuminate these issues.
Efforts to promote intergenerational contact have expanded from familial to nonfamilial relationships between older and younger people. While intergenerational programming is the instrument for policy enfolding intergenerational practice, effective intergenerational programmes, which are diverse and appear in various forms, can inform theoretical and evidence-based policies. The development of intergenerational programmes requires partnerships between government, non-government organizations, employers, and academia for promoting opportunities for quality intergenerational contact between older and younger generations [44].
To reduce ageism among younger generations, there are some things that key partners and relevant stakeholders might do to advance policy and practice in intergenerational programmes. First, face-to-face and vicarious intergenerational contact can be implemented together in intergenerational programmes to effectively reduce ageism. Vicarious intergenerational contact, which serves to be a facilitating component of an integrated intervention package, can be implemented before the actual face-to-face intergenerational contact occurs. Such intervention may reduce intergroup anxiety and produce lower stress responses when young people have face-to-face contact with older people. Further, an intergenerational programme should explicitly involve an equal intergenerational relationship that can be achieved by the exchange of knowledge, skills, values, and resources to promote reciprocal support and respectful collaboration between older and younger people [46]. Kessler and Staudinger [47] suggested that an intergenerational programme should activate generativity in older people and identity formation in young people in order to form an equal intergenerational status. For instance, an intergenerational programme includes two collaborative tasks involving work on a life problem that assigns the status of ‘expert’ to older people and work on a fictitious media problem that assigns the status of ‘expert’ to young people. As a result, such an approach facilitates the generativity in older people and identity formation in younger people in a way that older and younger people are given opportunities to equally receive and contribute to topics that they value leading to the development of equal intergenerational status in face-to-face contact.
Intergenerational programmes can transfer intergenerational solidarity from an institutional to a societal setting. On the one hand, the social ties formed between older and younger people in intergenerational programmes can be part of their informal social networks in the community [48]. On the other hand, equally exchanged knowledge, skills, values, traditions, resources, insights, reciprocal support and respectful collaboration gained from intergenerational programmes can facilitate a process of capital exchange in society [44, 46].
To ensure intergenerational solidarity is sustained in the wider community, intergenerational integration is the key, meaning that integration of the child/youth- and elder-oriented initiatives that involve community-wide and multi-sector efforts are required at the societal level. Through efficient and flexible uses of physical facilities, and through social mobilization of resources to simultaneously cater for the physical and social needs of older and younger generations, intergenerational integration helps to create social capital in an inclusive community [44, 49]. There is a wide range of innovative, practical examples of intergenerational integration. Schools, for example, can serve as community centres that offer programmes and meal services for older people during after-school hours. Similarly, senior centres can provide after-school activities for youths [46, 49]. Additionally, a multi-generational community centre that combines services for older and younger people can create natural opportunities for bringing older and younger generations together to promote spontaneous intergenerational interactions and bridge diverse intergenerational experiences.
The new evidence about the significant role of vicarious intergenerational contact in promoting a positive attitude towards older people among younger people provides insights into building mass media influence to combat ageism. Mass media, including news, television, radio and social media is one of the most powerful sources of influence on many public health issues, effectively sending information to a vast audience. A growing of initiatives has been observed on the impact of the media on increasing people’s awareness and knowledge, and on the media’s ability to change attitudes, social norms, and behaviors regarding public health issues. In the recent decade, social media has largely replaced the traditional mass media such as television or newspapers in the younger generation. Therefore, vicarious intergenerational contact should be recognized and publicized through social media to reduce ageism. The content of vicarious intergenerational contact should explicitly feature an equal status in the interaction between older and younger people.
There are a few strengths of the presently reported study. It examined potential variables contributing to the quality of face-to-face intergenerational contact that has been largely neglected in previous researches. These variables include aspects of intergenerational engagement and intergenerational communication media. Further, the present study has addressed the limitations of previous research regarding sampling. Previous studies on intergenerational contact adopted a homogenous sample, with participants being recruited from one study site only. Also, the study focused on the general, younger population, recruiting young people from different backgrounds. Thus, it offers a more heterogeneous and representative sample as compared to those of previous studies.
The present study has identified some limitations. First, the sample was predominantly female (66.6%), which may limit the generalizability of the findings. Second, the study relied on participant reports rather than observation of actual prosocial behavior. As self-reported data are susceptible to recall bias and social desirability bias, there may be discrepancies between self-reported and actual prosocial behavior. Finally, some variables were measured by single items. A single-item measure failed to examine how young people defined, ‘quality of face-to-face intergenerational contact.’ It might also have simplified the measurement of extended intergenerational contact since the self-reported extended contact involves a two-step thinking process.
This chapter has described theoretical approaches to study different types of intergenerational contact in the context of older and younger generations. The author’s recently completed study provided new evidence about the related processes, mechanisms and relationships involving the older individuals and young people. The study has contributed to filling the research gaps regarding intergenerational contact between older and younger people in Hong Kong. First, the study demonstrated that younger people maintaining frequent phone contact with older people and perceiving an equal intergenerational status during face-to-face contact with older people had higher quality of face-to-face intergenerational contact. Second, the study investigated the relative importance of direct and indirect intergenerational contact. Indirect intergenerational contact was related to a more positive attitude towards older people when younger people’s opportunity for face-to-face intergenerational contact with older people was low. Although the quality of face-to-face intergenerational contact was associated with a significantly better attitude towards older people, vicarious intergenerational contact was the strongest contribution to a better attitude when younger people’s level of face-to-face contact with older people was low. The new evidence has challenged the traditional assumptions embedded in current policies and practices to combat ageism. Based on the study findings, this chapter has provided political and practical suggestions highlighting the importance of synergistic efforts in that governments, schools, private and community groups, and the media all have the responsibility to address the pressing challenges of ageism reduction. Intergenerational integration is the key area in which policymakers and organizations of different sectors should take an intergenerational lens to develop innovative policies and practices at family, institutional and societal levels [4].
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, Dr. Elsie Yan, for her insightful guidance, constructive feedback and continued support at each stage of the study. Her enthusiasm and motivation inspired me a lot which drove me to the completion of the study.
The author declares that there is no conflict of interest as far as the study is concerned.
The Edited Volume, also known as the IntechOpen Book, is an IntechOpen pioneered publishing product. Edited Volumes make up the core of our business - and as pioneers and developers of this Open Access book publishing format, we have helped change the way scholars and scientists publish their scientific papers - as scientific chapters.
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Management Functions and Information System Components as an integration model are (1) to explain Management Functions, Information System Components, Goals and Benefit related to Information System and (2) to explain integration process of Management Functions with Information System Component to get goals and benefits as an integrated model. Research method using expert method has done an integration of management function, which includes the cycle of P, O, A, C, E and I, to run management process, must be step by step, and as a cycle. Information components include S, H, F, B, and T and must have minimum requirement. Management of Information System needs goals and benefits that can be calculated clearly and specifically. To get goals and benefits in excellence performance are needed the integrated process to coordinate management functions and information system components, as an Integrated Model with an example in applications of software in Nosocomial Infection Control for Hospital, as the figure below.",book:{id:"6259",slug:"management-of-information-systems",title:"Management of Information Systems",fullTitle:"Management of Information Systems"},signatures:"Boy Subirosa Sabarguna",authors:[{id:"200387",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Boy Subirosa",middleName:null,surname:"Sabarguna",slug:"boy-subirosa-sabarguna",fullName:"Boy Subirosa Sabarguna"}]},{id:"57870",title:"Information and Information Technologies in Conflict Management",slug:"information-and-information-technologies-in-conflict-management",totalDownloads:1259,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"This paper analyzes information and modern information technologies as applied in different organizational environment and considers the content and peculiarities of conflict management process based on implementation of communicative scenarios. Currently, the need for escalated organizational transformations has become imminent, taking into account the intensifying development of the differentiated information society, which requires properly interactive and transparent policy-making. Correct understanding of information and effective implementation of information technologies is a rational attempt to harmonize the modern organizational environment reducing the level of conflict and improving efficiency indexes.",book:{id:"6259",slug:"management-of-information-systems",title:"Management of Information Systems",fullTitle:"Management of Information Systems"},signatures:"Andrei Aleinikov, Daria Maltseva, Alexander Kurochkin and Tatiana\nKoulakova",authors:[{id:"212005",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrey",middleName:null,surname:"Aleynikov",slug:"andrey-aleynikov",fullName:"Andrey Aleynikov"},{id:"219746",title:"Dr.",name:"Tatiana",middleName:null,surname:"Koulakova",slug:"tatiana-koulakova",fullName:"Tatiana Koulakova"},{id:"219747",title:"Dr.",name:"Daria",middleName:null,surname:"Maltseva",slug:"daria-maltseva",fullName:"Daria Maltseva"},{id:"219748",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kurochkin",slug:"alexander-kurochkin",fullName:"Alexander Kurochkin"}]},{id:"59493",title:"Some Methods for Evaluating Performance of Management Information System",slug:"some-methods-for-evaluating-performance-of-management-information-system",totalDownloads:1356,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Recently, several kinds of information systems are developed for purposes and needs of business and play an important role in business organizations and management operations. 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Its performance relates to many other information systems, for instance, DSS or decision support system, SIS or strategic information system, etc. Methods of testing statistical hypotheses concerning the performance of MIS are absolutely essential to support management activities and decision-making.",book:{id:"6259",slug:"management-of-information-systems",title:"Management of Information Systems",fullTitle:"Management of Information Systems"},signatures:"Khu Phi Nguyen and Hong Tuyet Tu",authors:[{id:"150274",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Khu",middleName:"Phi",surname:"Nguyen",slug:"khu-nguyen",fullName:"Khu Nguyen"}]},{id:"63078",title:"Decision Support Systems",slug:"decision-support-systems",totalDownloads:2378,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:14,abstract:"The current decision-making problems is more complex than it was in the past, prompting the need for decision support. 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His research focuses on biochemistry, biophysics, genetics, molecular biology, and molecular medicine with specialization in the fields of drug design, protein structure-function, protein folding, prions, microRNA, pseudogenes, molecular cancer, epigenetics, metabolites, proteomics, genomics, protein expression, and characterization by spectroscopic and calorimetric methods.",institutionString:"University of Health Sciences",institution:null},{id:"180528",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Kagechika",slug:"hiroyuki-kagechika",fullName:"Hiroyuki Kagechika",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180528/images/system/180528.jpg",biography:"Hiroyuki Kagechika received his bachelor’s degree and Ph.D. in Pharmaceutical Sciences from the University of Tokyo, Japan, where he served as an associate professor until 2004. He is currently a professor at the Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering (IBB), Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU). From 2010 to 2012, he was the dean of the Graduate School of Biomedical Science. Since 2012, he has served as the vice dean of the Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences. He has been the director of the IBB since 2020. Dr. Kagechika’s major research interests are the medicinal chemistry of retinoids, vitamins D/K, and nuclear receptors. He has developed various compounds including a drug for acute promyelocytic leukemia.",institutionString:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institution:{name:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"94311",title:"Prof.",name:"Martins",middleName:"Ochubiojo",surname:"Ochubiojo Emeje",slug:"martins-ochubiojo-emeje",fullName:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94311/images/system/94311.jpeg",biography:"Martins Emeje obtained a BPharm with distinction from Ahmadu Bello University, Nigeria, and an MPharm and Ph.D. from the University of Nigeria (UNN), where he received the best Ph.D. award and was enlisted as UNN’s “Face of Research.” He established the first nanomedicine center in Nigeria and was the pioneer head of the intellectual property and technology transfer as well as the technology innovation and support center. Prof. Emeje’s several international fellowships include the prestigious Raman fellowship. He has published more than 150 articles and patents. He is also the head of R&D at NIPRD and holds a visiting professor position at Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nigeria. He has a postgraduate certificate in Project Management from Walden University, Minnesota, as well as a professional teaching certificate and a World Bank certification in Public Procurement. Prof. Emeje was a national chairman of academic pharmacists in Nigeria and the 2021 winner of the May & Baker Nigeria Plc–sponsored prize for professional service in research and innovation.",institutionString:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",institution:{name:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"436430",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Mesut",middleName:null,surname:"Işık",slug:"mesut-isik",fullName:"Mesut Işık",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/436430/images/19686_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Bilecik University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"268659",title:"Ms.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/268659/images/8143_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Zhan received his undergraduate and graduate training in the fields of preventive medicine and epidemiology and statistics at the West China University of Medical Sciences in China during 1989 to 1999. He received his post-doctoral training in oncology and cancer proteomics for two years at the Cancer Research Institute of Human Medical University in China. In 2001, he went to the University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC) in USA, where he was a post-doctoral researcher and focused on mass spectrometry and cancer proteomics. Then, he was appointed as an Assistant Professor of Neurology, UTHSC in 2005. He moved to the Cleveland Clinic in USA as a Project Scientist/Staff in 2006 where he focused on the studies of eye disease proteomics and biomarkers. He returned to UTHSC as an Assistant Professor of Neurology in the end of 2007, engaging in proteomics and biomarker studies of lung diseases and brain tumors, and initiating the studies of predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine (PPPM) in cancer. In 2010, he was promoted to Associate Professor of Neurology, UTHSC. Currently, he is a Professor at Xiangya Hospital of Central South University in China, Fellow of Royal Society of Medicine (FRSM), the European EPMA National Representative in China, Regular Member of American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), European Cooperation of Science and Technology (e-COST) grant evaluator, Associate Editors of BMC Genomics, BMC Medical Genomics, EPMA Journal, and Frontiers in Endocrinology, Executive Editor-in-Chief of Med One. He has\npublished 116 peer-reviewed research articles, 16 book chapters, 2 books, and 2 US patents. His current main research interest focuses on the studies of cancer proteomics and biomarkers, and the use of modern omics techniques and systems biology for PPPM in cancer, and on the development and use of 2DE-LC/MS for the large-scale study of human proteoforms.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Xiangya Hospital Central South University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40482/images/system/40482.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rizwan Ahmad is a University Professor and Coordinator, Quality and Development, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, Saudi Arabia. Previously, he was Associate Professor of Human Function, Oman Medical College, Oman, and SBS University, Dehradun. Dr. Ahmad completed his education at Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh. He has published several articles in peer-reviewed journals, chapters, and edited books. His area of specialization is free radical biochemistry and autoimmune diseases.",institutionString:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institution:{name:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",biography:"Farid A. Badria, Ph.D., is the recipient of several awards, including The World Academy of Sciences (TWAS) Prize for Public Understanding of Science; the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Gold Medal for best invention; Outstanding Arab Scholar, Kuwait; and the Khwarizmi International Award, Iran. He has 250 publications, 12 books, 20 patents, and several marketed pharmaceutical products to his credit. He continues to lead research projects on developing new therapies for liver, skin disorders, and cancer. Dr. Badria was listed among the world’s top 2% of scientists in medicinal and biomolecular chemistry in 2019 and 2020. He is a member of the Arab Development Fund, Kuwait; International Cell Research Organization–United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (ICRO–UNESCO), Chile; and UNESCO Biotechnology France",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"329385",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh K.",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Singh",slug:"rajesh-k.-singh",fullName:"Rajesh K. Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329385/images/system/329385.png",biography:"Dr. Singh received a BPharm (2003) and MPharm (2005) from Panjab University, Chandigarh, India, and a Ph.D. (2013) from Punjab Technical University (PTU), Jalandhar, India. He has more than sixteen years of teaching experience and has supervised numerous postgraduate and Ph.D. students. He has to his credit more than seventy papers in SCI- and SCOPUS-indexed journals, fifty-five conference proceedings, four books, six Best Paper Awards, and five projects from different government agencies. He is currently an editorial board member of eight international journals and a reviewer for more than fifty scientific journals. He received Top Reviewer and Excellent Peer Reviewer Awards from Publons in 2016 and 2017, respectively. He is also on the panel of The International Reviewer for reviewing research proposals for grants from the Royal Society. He also serves as a Publons Academy mentor and Bentham brand ambassador.",institutionString:"Punjab Technical University",institution:{name:"Punjab Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"142388",title:"Dr.",name:"Thiago",middleName:"Gomes",surname:"Gomes Heck",slug:"thiago-gomes-heck",fullName:"Thiago Gomes Heck",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/142388/images/7259_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Regional do Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"336273",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Janja",middleName:null,surname:"Zupan",slug:"janja-zupan",fullName:"Janja Zupan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/336273/images/14853_n.jpeg",biography:"Janja Zupan graduated in 2005 at the Department of Clinical Biochemistry (superviser prof. dr. Janja Marc) in the field of genetics of osteoporosis. Since November 2009 she is working as a Teaching Assistant at the Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Biochemistry. In 2011 she completed part of her research and PhD work at Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh. She finished her PhD entitled The influence of the proinflammatory cytokines on the RANK/RANKL/OPG in bone tissue of osteoporotic and osteoarthritic patients in 2012. From 2014-2016 she worked at the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Aberdeen as a postdoctoral research fellow on UK Arthritis research project where she gained knowledge in mesenchymal stem cells and regenerative medicine. She returned back to University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy in 2016. She is currently leading project entitled Mesenchymal stem cells-the keepers of tissue endogenous regenerative capacity facing up to aging of the musculoskeletal system funded by Slovenian Research Agency.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ljubljana",country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},{id:"357453",title:"Dr.",name:"Radheshyam",middleName:null,surname:"Maurya",slug:"radheshyam-maurya",fullName:"Radheshyam Maurya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/357453/images/16535_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Hyderabad",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"418340",title:"Dr.",name:"Jyotirmoi",middleName:null,surname:"Aich",slug:"jyotirmoi-aich",fullName:"Jyotirmoi Aich",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038Ugi5QAC/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:48:28.png",biography:"Biotechnologist with 15 years of research including 6 years of teaching experience. Demonstrated record of scientific achievements through consistent publication record (H index = 13, with 874 citations) in high impact journals such as Nature Communications, Oncotarget, Annals of Oncology, PNAS, and AJRCCM, etc. Strong research professional with a post-doctorate from ACTREC where I gained experimental oncology experience in clinical settings and a doctorate from IGIB where I gained expertise in asthma pathophysiology. A well-trained biotechnologist with diverse experience on the bench across different research themes ranging from asthma to cancer and other infectious diseases. An individual with a strong commitment and innovative mindset. Have the ability to work on diverse projects such as regenerative and molecular medicine with an overall mindset of improving healthcare.",institutionString:"DY Patil Deemed to Be University",institution:null},{id:"349288",title:"Prof.",name:"Soumya",middleName:null,surname:"Basu",slug:"soumya-basu",fullName:"Soumya Basu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035QxIDQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:47:01.jpg",biography:"Soumya Basu, Ph.D., is currently working as an Associate Professor at Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India. With 16+ years of trans-disciplinary research experience in Drug Design, development, and pre-clinical validation; 20+ research article publications in journals of repute, 9+ years of teaching experience, trained with cross-disciplinary education, Dr. Basu is a life-long learner and always thrives for new challenges.\r\nHer research area is the design and synthesis of small molecule partial agonists of PPAR-γ in lung cancer. She is also using artificial intelligence and deep learning methods to understand the exosomal miRNA’s role in cancer metastasis. Dr. Basu is the recipient of many awards including the Early Career Research Award from the Department of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. She is a reviewer of many journals like Molecular Biology Reports, Frontiers in Oncology, RSC Advances, PLOS ONE, Journal of Biomolecular Structure & Dynamics, Journal of Molecular Graphics and Modelling, etc. She has edited and authored/co-authored 21 journal papers, 3 book chapters, and 15 abstracts. She is a Board of Studies member at her university. She is a life member of 'The Cytometry Society”-in India and 'All India Cell Biology Society”- in India.",institutionString:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",institution:{name:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"354817",title:"Dr.",name:"Anubhab",middleName:null,surname:"Mukherjee",slug:"anubhab-mukherjee",fullName:"Anubhab Mukherjee",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y0000365PbRQAU/ProfilePicture%202022-04-15%2005%3A11%3A18.480",biography:"A former member of Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, USA, Dr. Anubhab Mukherjee is an ardent votary of science who strives to make an impact in the lives of those afflicted with cancer and other chronic/acute ailments. He completed his Ph.D. from CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India, having been skilled with RNAi, liposomal drug delivery, preclinical cell and animal studies. He pursued post-doctoral research at College of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Texas A & M University and was involved in another postdoctoral research at Department of Translational Neurosciences and Neurotherapeutics, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, California. In 2015, he worked in Harvard-MIT Health Sciences & Technology as a visiting scientist. He has substantial experience in nanotechnology-based formulation development and successfully served various Indian organizations to develop pharmaceuticals and nutraceutical products. He is an inventor in many US patents and an author in many peer-reviewed articles, book chapters and books published in various media of international repute. Dr. Mukherjee is currently serving as Principal Scientist, R&D at Esperer Onco Nutrition (EON) Pvt. Ltd. and heads the Hyderabad R&D center of the organization.",institutionString:"Esperer Onco Nutrition Pvt Ltd.",institution:null},{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/319365/images/system/319365.png",biography:"Manash K. Paul is a scientist and Principal Investigator at the University of California Los Angeles. He has contributed significantly to the fields of stem cell biology, regenerative medicine, and lung cancer. His research focuses on various signaling processes involved in maintaining stem cell homeostasis during the injury-repair process, deciphering the lung stem cell niche, pulmonary disease modeling, immuno-oncology, and drug discovery. He is currently investigating the role of extracellular vesicles in premalignant lung cell migration and detecting the metastatic phenotype of lung cancer via artificial intelligence-based analyses of exosomal Raman signatures. Dr. Paul also works on spatial multiplex immunofluorescence-based tissue mapping to understand the immune repertoire in lung cancer. Dr. Paul has published in more than sixty-five peer-reviewed international journals and is highly cited. He is the recipient of many awards, including the UCLA Vice Chancellor’s award and the 2022 AAISCR-R Vijayalaxmi Award for Innovative Cancer Research. He is a senior member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and an editorial board member for several international journals.",institutionString:"University of California Los Angeles",institution:{name:"University of California Los Angeles",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"311457",title:"Dr.",name:"Júlia",middleName:null,surname:"Scherer Santos",slug:"julia-scherer-santos",fullName:"Júlia Scherer Santos",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/311457/images/system/311457.jpg",biography:"Dr. Júlia Scherer Santos works in the areas of cosmetology, nanotechnology, pharmaceutical technology, beauty, and aesthetics. Dr. Santos also has experience as a professor of graduate courses. Graduated in Pharmacy, specialization in Cosmetology and Cosmeceuticals applied to aesthetics, specialization in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Health, and a doctorate in Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology. Teaching experience in Pharmacy and Aesthetics and Cosmetics courses. She works mainly on the following subjects: nanotechnology, cosmetology, pharmaceutical technology, aesthetics.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"219081",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulsamed",middleName:null,surname:"Kükürt",slug:"abdulsamed-kukurt",fullName:"Abdulsamed Kükürt",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/219081/images/system/219081.png",biography:"Dr. Kükürt graduated from Uludağ University in Turkey. He started his academic career as a Research Assistant in the Department of Biochemistry at Kafkas University. In 2019, he completed his Ph.D. program in the Department of Biochemistry at the Institute of Health Sciences. He is currently working at the Department of Biochemistry, Kafkas University. He has 27 published research articles in academic journals, 11 book chapters, and 37 papers. He took part in 10 academic projects. He served as a reviewer for many articles. He still serves as a member of the review board in many academic journals. He is currently working on the protective activity of phenolic compounds in disorders associated with oxidative stress and inflammation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178366",title:"Dr.",name:"Volkan",middleName:null,surname:"Gelen",slug:"volkan-gelen",fullName:"Volkan Gelen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178366/images/system/178366.jpg",biography:"Volkan Gelen is a Physiology specialist who received his veterinary degree from Kafkas University in 2011. Between 2011-2015, he worked as an assistant at Atatürk University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology. In 2016, he joined Kafkas University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology as an assistant professor. Dr. Gelen has been engaged in various academic activities at Kafkas University since 2016. There he completed 5 projects and has 3 ongoing projects. He has 60 articles published in scientific journals and 20 poster presentations in scientific congresses. His research interests include physiology, endocrine system, cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular system diseases, and isolated organ bath system studies.",institutionString:"Kafkas University",institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"418963",title:"Dr.",name:"Augustine Ododo",middleName:"Augustine",surname:"Osagie",slug:"augustine-ododo-osagie",fullName:"Augustine Ododo Osagie",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/418963/images/16900_n.jpg",biography:"Born into the family of Osagie, a prince of the Benin Kingdom. I am currently an academic in the Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Benin. Part of the duties are to teach undergraduate students and conduct academic research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Benin",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"192992",title:"Prof.",name:"Shagufta",middleName:null,surname:"Perveen",slug:"shagufta-perveen",fullName:"Shagufta Perveen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192992/images/system/192992.png",biography:"Prof. Shagufta Perveen is a Distinguish Professor in the Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Dr. Perveen has acted as the principal investigator of major research projects funded by the research unit of King Saud University. She has more than ninety original research papers in peer-reviewed journals of international repute to her credit. She is a fellow member of the Royal Society of Chemistry UK and the American Chemical Society of the United States.",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"49848",title:"Dr.",name:"Wen-Long",middleName:null,surname:"Hu",slug:"wen-long-hu",fullName:"Wen-Long Hu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49848/images/system/49848.jpg",biography:"Wen-Long Hu is Chief of the Division of Acupuncture, Department of Chinese Medicine at Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, as well as an adjunct associate professor at Fooyin University and Kaohsiung Medical University. Wen-Long is President of Taiwan Traditional Chinese Medicine Medical Association. He has 28 years of experience in clinical practice in laser acupuncture therapy and 34 years in acupuncture. He is an invited speaker for lectures and workshops in laser acupuncture at many symposiums held by medical associations. He owns the patent for herbal preparation and producing, and for the supercritical fluid-treated needle. Dr. Hu has published three books, 12 book chapters, and more than 30 papers in reputed journals, besides serving as an editorial board member of repute.",institutionString:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",institution:{name:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"298472",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrey V.",middleName:null,surname:"Grechko",slug:"andrey-v.-grechko",fullName:"Andrey V. Grechko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/298472/images/system/298472.png",biography:"Andrey Vyacheslavovich Grechko, Ph.D., Professor, is a Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. He graduated from the Semashko Moscow Medical Institute (Semashko National Research Institute of Public Health) with a degree in Medicine (1998), the Clinical Department of Dermatovenerology (2000), and received a second higher education in Psychology (2009). Professor A.V. Grechko held the position of Сhief Physician of the Central Clinical Hospital in Moscow. He worked as a professor at the faculty and was engaged in scientific research at the Medical University. Starting in 2013, he has been the initiator of the creation of the Federal Scientific and Clinical Center for Intensive Care and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation, where he also serves as Director since 2015. He has many years of experience in research and teaching in various fields of medicine, is an author/co-author of more than 200 scientific publications, 13 patents, 15 medical books/chapters, including Chapter in Book «Metabolomics», IntechOpen, 2020 «Metabolomic Discovery of Microbiota Dysfunction as the Cause of Pathology».",institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"199461",title:"Prof.",name:"Natalia V.",middleName:null,surname:"Beloborodova",slug:"natalia-v.-beloborodova",fullName:"Natalia V. Beloborodova",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/199461/images/system/199461.jpg",biography:'Natalia Vladimirovna Beloborodova was educated at the Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, with a degree in pediatrics in 1980, a Ph.D. in 1987, and a specialization in Clinical Microbiology from First Moscow State Medical University in 2004. She has been a Professor since 1996. Currently, she is the Head of the Laboratory of Metabolism, a division of the Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation. N.V. Beloborodova has many years of clinical experience in the field of intensive care and surgery. She studies infectious complications and sepsis. She initiated a series of interdisciplinary clinical and experimental studies based on the concept of integrating human metabolism and its microbiota. Her scientific achievements are widely known: she is the recipient of the Marie E. Coates Award \\"Best lecturer-scientist\\" Gustafsson Fund, Karolinska Institutes, Stockholm, Sweden, and the International Sepsis Forum Award, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France (2014), etc. Professor N.V. Beloborodova wrote 210 papers, five books, 10 chapters and has edited four books.',institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"354260",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Tércio Elyan",middleName:"Azevedo",surname:"Azevedo Martins",slug:"tercio-elyan-azevedo-martins",fullName:"Tércio Elyan Azevedo Martins",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/354260/images/16241_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from the Federal University of Ceará with the modality in Industrial Pharmacy, Specialist in Production and Control of Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP), Master in Pharmaceuticals and Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP) and Doctor of Science in the program of Pharmaceuticals and Medicines by the University of São Paulo. Professor at Universidade Paulista (UNIP) in the areas of chemistry, cosmetology and trichology. Assistant Coordinator of the Higher Course in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Technology at Universidade Paulista Campus Chácara Santo Antônio. Experience in the Pharmacy area, with emphasis on Pharmacotechnics, Pharmaceutical Technology, Research and Development of Cosmetics, acting mainly on topics such as cosmetology, antioxidant activity, aesthetics, photoprotection, cyclodextrin and thermal analysis.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"334285",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Sameer",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Jagirdar",slug:"sameer-jagirdar",fullName:"Sameer Jagirdar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334285/images/14691_n.jpg",biography:"I\\'m a graduate student at the center for biosystems science and engineering at the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India. I am interested in studying host-pathogen interactions at the biomaterial interface.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Science Bangalore",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"329248",title:"Dr.",name:"Md. Faheem",middleName:null,surname:"Haider",slug:"md.-faheem-haider",fullName:"Md. Faheem Haider",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329248/images/system/329248.jpg",biography:"Dr. Md. Faheem Haider completed his BPharm in 2012 at Integral University, Lucknow, India. In 2014, he completed his MPharm with specialization in Pharmaceutics at Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, India. He received his Ph.D. degree from Jamia Hamdard University, New Delhi, India, in 2018. He was selected for the GPAT six times and his best All India Rank was 34. Currently, he is an assistant professor at Integral University. Previously he was an assistant professor at IIMT University, Meerut, India. He has experience teaching DPharm, Pharm.D, BPharm, and MPharm students. He has more than five publications in reputed journals to his credit. Dr. Faheem’s research area is the development and characterization of nanoformulation for the delivery of drugs to various organs.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"329795",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohd Aftab",middleName:"Aftab",surname:"Siddiqui",slug:"mohd-aftab-siddiqui",fullName:"Mohd Aftab Siddiqui",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329795/images/system/329795.png",biography:"Dr. Mohd Aftab Siddiqui is an assistant professor in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow, India, where he obtained a Ph.D. in Pharmacology in 2020. He also obtained a BPharm and MPharm from the same university in 2013 and 2015, respectively. His area of research is the pharmacological screening of herbal drugs/natural products in liver cancer and cardiac diseases. He is a member of many professional bodies and has guided many MPharm and PharmD research projects. Dr. Siddiqui has many national and international publications and one German patent to his credit.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:null}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"1",type:"subseries",title:"Oral Health",keywords:"Oral Health, Dental Care, Diagnosis, Diagnostic Imaging, Early Diagnosis, Oral Cancer, Conservative Treatment, Epidemiology, Comprehensive Dental Care, Complementary Therapies, Holistic Health",scope:"\r\n\tThis topic aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the latest trends in Oral Health based on recent scientific evidence. Subjects will include an overview of oral diseases and infections, systemic diseases affecting the oral cavity, prevention, diagnosis, treatment, epidemiology, as well as current clinical recommendations for the management of oral, dental, and periodontal diseases.
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