Test and scale for the assessment of balance in stroke populations.
\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Milestone",originalUrl:"/media/original/124"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Barely three months into the new year and we are happy to announce a monumental milestone reached - 150 million downloads.
\n\nThis achievement solidifies IntechOpen’s place as a pioneer in Open Access publishing and the home to some of the most relevant scientific research available through Open Access.
\n\nWe are so proud to have worked with so many bright minds throughout the years who have helped us spread knowledge through the power of Open Access and we look forward to continuing to support some of the greatest thinkers of our day.
\n\nThank you for making IntechOpen your place of learning, sharing, and discovery, and here’s to 150 million more!
\n\n\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"972",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Male Infertility",title:"Male Infertility",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Male infertility is a multifaceted disease where genetic, epigenetic and environmental factors all contribute to the development of the phenotype. In recent years, there has been an increasing concern about a decline in reproductive health, paralleled by an increase in demand for infertility treatments. This calls for a detailed and thorough understanding of normal and aberrant testicular function and the environmental influences on the establishment and integrity of the male germ cell. This is crucial for understanding the complex pathophysiology of male infertility and eventual success of Assisted Reproductive Technologies.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-0562-6",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-6983-3",doi:"10.5772/1478",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"male-infertility",numberOfPages:206,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"92b68c49e083613bc65d3db92f6aca22",bookSignature:"Anu Bashamboo and Kenneth David McElreavey",publishedDate:"April 20th 2012",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/972.jpg",numberOfDownloads:26425,numberOfWosCitations:9,numberOfCrossrefCitations:7,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:19,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:35,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 30th 2011",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"April 27th 2011",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"September 1st 2011",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 1st 2011",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"January 29th 2012",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"87226",title:"Dr.",name:"Anu",middleName:null,surname:"Bashamboo",slug:"anu-bashamboo",fullName:"Anu Bashamboo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/87226/images/3654_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Anu Bashamboo is currently a staff scientist at the Institut Pasteur, Paris. She received her M.Sc. in Zoology (Genetics) from Aligarh Muslim University and her Ph.D. from the National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India. During her career she has authored and co-authored numerous articles and has served as an invited speaker in various international congresses and symposiums.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1161",title:"Andrology",slug:"andrology"}],chapters:[{id:"36143",title:"Obstructive and Non-Obstructive Azoospermia",doi:"10.5772/32283",slug:"obstructive-and-non-obstructive-azoospermia",totalDownloads:9275,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Antonio Luigi Pastore, Giovanni Palleschi, Luigi Silvestri, Antonino Leto and Antonio Carbone",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/36143",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/36143",authors:[{id:"90843",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio Luigi",surname:"Pastore",slug:"antonio-luigi-pastore",fullName:"Antonio Luigi Pastore"},{id:"98618",title:"Dr.",name:"Giovanni",surname:"Palleschi",slug:"giovanni-palleschi",fullName:"Giovanni Palleschi"},{id:"98620",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",surname:"Carbone",slug:"antonio-carbone",fullName:"Antonio Carbone"},{id:"127310",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonino",surname:"Leto",slug:"antonino-leto",fullName:"Antonino Leto"},{id:"149452",title:"Dr.",name:"Luigi",surname:"Silvestri",slug:"luigi-silvestri",fullName:"Luigi Silvestri"}],corrections:null},{id:"36144",title:"Gene Mutations Associated with Male Infertility",doi:"10.5772/31733",slug:"gene-mutations-associated-with-male-infertility",totalDownloads:3541,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Kamila Kusz-Zamelczyk, Barbara Ginter-Matuszewska, Marcin Sajek and Jadwiga Jaruzelska",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/36144",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/36144",authors:[{id:"88448",title:"Dr.",name:"Jadwiga",surname:"Jaruzelska",slug:"jadwiga-jaruzelska",fullName:"Jadwiga Jaruzelska"},{id:"127007",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamila",surname:"Kusz",slug:"kamila-kusz",fullName:"Kamila Kusz"},{id:"127008",title:"Dr.",name:"Barbara",surname:"Ginter-Matuszewska",slug:"barbara-ginter-matuszewska",fullName:"Barbara Ginter-Matuszewska"},{id:"127009",title:"MSc.",name:"Marcin",surname:"Sajek",slug:"marcin-sajek",fullName:"Marcin Sajek"}],corrections:null},{id:"36145",title:"Apoptosis, ROS and Calcium Signaling in Human Spermatozoa: Relationship to Infertility",doi:"10.5772/32617",slug:"apoptosis-ros-and-calcium-signaling-in-human-spermatozoa-relationship-to-infertility",totalDownloads:3016,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:11,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Ignacio Bejarano, Javier Espino, Sergio D. Paredes, Águeda Ortiz, Graciela Lozano, José Antonio Pariente, Ana B. Rodríguez",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/36145",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/36145",authors:[{id:"92130",title:"Dr.",name:"Ignacio",surname:"Bejarano",slug:"ignacio-bejarano",fullName:"Ignacio Bejarano"},{id:"98354",title:"MSc.",name:"Javier",surname:"Espino",slug:"javier-espino",fullName:"Javier Espino"},{id:"98356",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergio",surname:"Paredes",slug:"sergio-paredes",fullName:"Sergio Paredes"},{id:"98362",title:"MSc.",name:"Águeda",surname:"Ortiz",slug:"agueda-ortiz",fullName:"Águeda Ortiz"},{id:"98374",title:"Dr.",name:"Graciela",surname:"Lozano",slug:"graciela-lozano",fullName:"Graciela Lozano"},{id:"98375",title:"Prof.",name:"José Antonio",surname:"Pariente",slug:"jose-antonio-pariente",fullName:"José Antonio Pariente"},{id:"98376",title:"Prof.",name:"Ana Beatriz",surname:"Rodríguez",slug:"ana-beatriz-rodriguez",fullName:"Ana Beatriz Rodríguez"}],corrections:null},{id:"36146",title:"The Role of PDE5 Inhibitors in the Treatment of Testicular Dysfunction",doi:"10.5772/32501",slug:"the-role-of-pde5-inhibitors-in-the-treatment-of-testicular-dysfunction",totalDownloads:3237,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Fotios Dimitriadis, Dimitrios Baltogiannis, Sotirios Koukos, Dimitrios Giannakis, Panagiota Tsounapi, Georgios Seminis, Motoaki Saito, Atsushi Takenaka and Nikolaos Sofikitis",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/36146",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/36146",authors:[{id:"91744",title:"Prof.",name:"Nikolaos",surname:"Sofikitis",slug:"nikolaos-sofikitis",fullName:"Nikolaos Sofikitis"},{id:"99181",title:"BSc.",name:"Panagiota",surname:"Tsounapi",slug:"panagiota-tsounapi",fullName:"Panagiota Tsounapi"},{id:"99182",title:"Dr.",name:"Fotios",surname:"Dimitriadis",slug:"fotios-dimitriadis",fullName:"Fotios Dimitriadis"},{id:"99185",title:"Dr.",name:"Dimitrios",surname:"Baltogiannis",slug:"dimitrios-baltogiannis",fullName:"Dimitrios Baltogiannis"},{id:"99186",title:"Dr.",name:"Dimitrios",surname:"Giannakis",slug:"dimitrios-giannakis",fullName:"Dimitrios Giannakis"},{id:"99187",title:"Prof.",name:"Atsushi",surname:"Takenaka",slug:"atsushi-takenaka",fullName:"Atsushi Takenaka"},{id:"128615",title:"Dr.",name:"Motoaki",surname:"Saito",slug:"motoaki-saito",fullName:"Motoaki Saito"},{id:"147803",title:"Dr.",name:"Sotirios",surname:"Koukos",slug:"sotirios-koukos",fullName:"Sotirios Koukos"},{id:"147804",title:"Dr.",name:"Georgios",surname:"Seminis",slug:"georgios-seminis",fullName:"Georgios Seminis"}],corrections:null},{id:"36147",title:"Effectiveness of Assisted Reproduction Techniques as an Answer to Male Infertility",doi:"10.5772/32355",slug:"effectiveness-of-assisted-reproductive-techniques-as-an-answer-to-male-infertility",totalDownloads:2711,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Sandrine Chamayou and Antonino Guglielmino",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/36147",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/36147",authors:[{id:"91152",title:"Dr.",name:"Sandrine",surname:"Chamayou",slug:"sandrine-chamayou",fullName:"Sandrine Chamayou"},{id:"95761",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonino",surname:"Guglielmino",slug:"antonino-guglielmino",fullName:"Antonino Guglielmino"}],corrections:null},{id:"36148",title:"Makings of the Best Spermatozoa: Molecular Determinants of High Fertility",doi:"10.5772/31728",slug:"makings-of-the-best-spermatozoa-molecular-determinants-of-high-fertility",totalDownloads:2703,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Erdogan Memili, Sule Dogan, Nelida Rodriguez-Osorio, Xiaojun Wang, Rodrigo V. de Oliveira, Melissa C. Mason, Aruna Govindaraju, Kamilah E. Grant, Lauren E. Belser, Elizabeth Crate, Arlindo Moura and Abdullah Kaya",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/36148",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/36148",authors:[{id:"86002",title:"Dr.",name:"Arlindo",surname:"Moura",slug:"arlindo-moura",fullName:"Arlindo Moura"},{id:"88439",title:"Prof.",name:"Erdogan",surname:"Memili",slug:"erdogan-memili",fullName:"Erdogan Memili"},{id:"128282",title:"Ms.",name:"Sule",surname:"Dogan",slug:"sule-dogan",fullName:"Sule Dogan"},{id:"128283",title:"Prof.",name:"Nelida",surname:"Rodriguez-Osorio",slug:"nelida-rodriguez-osorio",fullName:"Nelida Rodriguez-Osorio"},{id:"143002",title:"Ms.",name:"Elizabeth",surname:"Crate",slug:"elizabeth-crate",fullName:"Elizabeth Crate"},{id:"143003",title:"Ms.",name:"Xiaojun",surname:"Wang",slug:"xiaojun-wang",fullName:"Xiaojun Wang"},{id:"143004",title:"Ms.",name:"Kamilah",surname:"Grant",slug:"kamilah-grant",fullName:"Kamilah Grant"},{id:"143005",title:"Dr.",name:"Rodrigo",surname:"Vasconcelos De Oliveira",slug:"rodrigo-vasconcelos-de-oliveira",fullName:"Rodrigo Vasconcelos De Oliveira"},{id:"143006",title:"Ms.",name:"Aruna",surname:"Govindaraju",slug:"aruna-govindaraju",fullName:"Aruna Govindaraju"},{id:"143007",title:"Ms.",name:"Lauren",surname:"Belser",slug:"lauren-belser",fullName:"Lauren Belser"},{id:"143008",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdullah",surname:"Kaya",slug:"abdullah-kaya",fullName:"Abdullah Kaya"},{id:"143009",title:"Ms.",name:"Melissa",surname:"Mason",slug:"melissa-mason",fullName:"Melissa Mason"}],corrections:null},{id:"36149",title:"A Systems Biology Approach to Understanding Male Infertility",doi:"10.5772/32107",slug:"a-systems-biology-approach-to-understanding-male-infertility",totalDownloads:1944,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Nicola Bernabò, Mauro Mattioli and Barbara Barboni",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/36149",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/36149",authors:[{id:"90197",title:"Dr.",name:"Nicola",surname:"Bernabò",slug:"nicola-bernabo",fullName:"Nicola Bernabò"},{id:"97782",title:"Prof.",name:"Mauro",surname:"Mattioli",slug:"mauro-mattioli",fullName:"Mauro Mattioli"},{id:"97783",title:"Prof.",name:"Barbara",surname:"Barboni",slug:"barbara-barboni",fullName:"Barbara Barboni"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"686",title:"Erectile Dysfunction",subtitle:"Disease-Associated Mechanisms and Novel Insights into Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c5caa41eb9d576f7765dfcb06a6df94c",slug:"erectile-dysfunction-disease-associated-mechanisms-and-novel-insights-into-therapy",bookSignature:"Kenia Pedrosa Nunes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/686.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"71405",title:"Dr.",name:"Kenia",surname:"Nunes",slug:"kenia-nunes",fullName:"Kenia Nunes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6079",title:"Spermatozoa",subtitle:"Facts and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2d4488814a6ea68efcd3544209c9e4d2",slug:"spermatozoa-facts-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Rosaria Meccariello and Rosanna Chianese",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6079.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"143980",title:"Prof.",name:"Rosaria",surname:"Meccariello",slug:"rosaria-meccariello",fullName:"Rosaria Meccariello"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10724",title:"Male Reproductive Anatomy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a3fdda3194735da4287e9ea193beb07e",slug:"male-reproductive-anatomy",bookSignature:"Wei Wu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10724.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"178661",title:"Dr.",name:"Wei",surname:"Wu",slug:"wei-wu",fullName:"Wei Wu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7985",title:"Circumcision and the Community",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"023cc135aeeae6d2ea8cfc01ab3f4dc7",slug:"circumcision-and-the-community",bookSignature:"Ahmad Zaghal and Nishat Rahman",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7985.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"240621",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmad",surname:"Zaghal",slug:"ahmad-zaghal",fullName:"Ahmad Zaghal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7931",title:"Male Reproductive Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5754baea5de6a634c66bae12a33d52d9",slug:"male-reproductive-health",bookSignature:"Wei Wu, Francesco Ziglioli and Umberto Maestroni",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7931.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"178661",title:"Dr.",name:"Wei",surname:"Wu",slug:"wei-wu",fullName:"Wei Wu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"79597",slug:"corrigendum-to-dry-hydrogen-peroxide-for-viral-inactivation",title:"Corrigendum to: Dry Hydrogen Peroxide for Viral Inactivation",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/79597.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/79597",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/79597",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/79597",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/79597",chapter:{id:"78994",slug:"dry-hydrogen-peroxide-for-viral-inactivation",signatures:"Chris Lee and John R. Henneman",dateSubmitted:"August 18th 2021",dateReviewed:"September 14th 2021",datePrePublished:"October 21st 2021",datePublished:"May 18th 2022",book:{id:"11006",title:"Disinfection of Viruses",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Disinfection of Viruses",slug:"disinfection-of-viruses",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",bookSignature:"Raymond W. Nims and M. Khalid Ijaz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11006.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"104702",title:"Dr.",name:"Raymond W.",middleName:null,surname:"Nims",slug:"raymond-w.-nims",fullName:"Raymond W. Nims"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"414666",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Chris",middleName:null,surname:"Lee",fullName:"Chris Lee",slug:"chris-lee",email:"chris96lee@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"415444",title:"MSc.",name:"John R.",middleName:null,surname:"Henneman",fullName:"John R. Henneman",slug:"john-r.-henneman",email:"jrh78@bri.ksu.edu",position:null,institution:{name:"Kansas State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]}},chapter:{id:"78994",slug:"dry-hydrogen-peroxide-for-viral-inactivation",signatures:"Chris Lee and John R. Henneman",dateSubmitted:"August 18th 2021",dateReviewed:"September 14th 2021",datePrePublished:"October 21st 2021",datePublished:"May 18th 2022",book:{id:"11006",title:"Disinfection of Viruses",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Disinfection of Viruses",slug:"disinfection-of-viruses",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",bookSignature:"Raymond W. Nims and M. Khalid Ijaz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11006.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"104702",title:"Dr.",name:"Raymond W.",middleName:null,surname:"Nims",slug:"raymond-w.-nims",fullName:"Raymond W. Nims"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"414666",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Chris",middleName:null,surname:"Lee",fullName:"Chris Lee",slug:"chris-lee",email:"chris96lee@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"415444",title:"MSc.",name:"John R.",middleName:null,surname:"Henneman",fullName:"John R. Henneman",slug:"john-r.-henneman",email:"jrh78@bri.ksu.edu",position:null,institution:{name:"Kansas State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},book:{id:"11006",title:"Disinfection of Viruses",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Disinfection of Viruses",slug:"disinfection-of-viruses",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",bookSignature:"Raymond W. Nims and M. Khalid Ijaz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11006.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"104702",title:"Dr.",name:"Raymond W.",middleName:null,surname:"Nims",slug:"raymond-w.-nims",fullName:"Raymond W. Nims"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"11779",leadTitle:null,title:"Non-government Organizations - New Perspectives",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"
\r\n\tEach of us can set up a non-governmental organization (NGO). NGOs operate independently of the state in all respects and have some fundamental characteristics. They are non-profit, primarily voluntary, and all must have some form of legal personality. These are mainly associations, institutions, and (private) institutes.
\r\n\r\n\tNGOs comprise the non-governmental sector, which some call the third sector or civil society. They perform (at least) two essential functions - advocacy and service. In addition to representing one of the forms of citizen participation in the management of the state and society, they are also an essential provider of public services in social, health, family, youth, culture, sports, environment, etc.
\r\n\r\n\tAlthough the state is obliged to take care of public services, this does not mean that it also fully implements them. The network of public service providers includes public institutions and private for-profit and non-governmental organizations. The latter provide public services based on concessions, as part of public service, or their programs have the status of public programs, in the field of culture, for example, the status of public cultural programs, and in the area of social protection public social programs.
\r\n\r\n\tRoughly speaking, programs and projects that fall within the scope of public services could include all those (co) financed by the state in one way or another, be they ministries and other government services or municipalities.
\r\n\r\n\tHow deeply NGOs are involved in public services is shown by a cursory glance at those NGOs known to almost every local environment, but we often forget that they are also part, and even the oldest part, of the NGO sector. Of course, these are associations such as firefighting, fishing, hunting, culture, sports, etc.
",isbn:"978-1-80356-546-0",printIsbn:"978-1-80356-545-3",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80356-547-7",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"c109a472a9e0ea8398ae95e2d21be039",bookSignature:"Prof. Vito Bobek and Dr. Tatjana Horvat",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11779.jpg",keywords:"Social Life, Health System, Effectiveness and Quality of NGOs' Activity, Composition, Geographical Location, Size and Organizational Structure, Interteam Coordination, Team Performance, Leadership, Communication and Engagement, Information Sharing, Educational and Information Services",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 10th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 13th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"July 12th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"September 30th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"November 29th 2022",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 months",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Full Professor of international political, economic, and business relations at the University of Applied Sciences FH Joanneum, Austria, Consultant, Member of the editorial boards of six international journals, and Member of the Strategic Council of the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Slovenia. Dr. Bobek has a long history in academia, consulting, and entrepreneurship.",coeditorOneBiosketch:"Dean of the Faculty of Management and professor at the University of Primorska, Slovenia, certified State Internal Auditor, Certified Internal Auditor for Business Sector, and certified Accountant. Dr. Horvat is a member of examination boards for court expert candidates and judicial appraisers in the following areas: economy/finance, valuation of companies, banking, and forensic investigation of economic operations/accounting.",coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"128342",title:"Prof.",name:"Vito",middleName:null,surname:"Bobek",slug:"vito-bobek",fullName:"Vito Bobek",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/128342/images/system/128342.jpg",biography:"Dr. Vito Bobek works as an international management professor at the University of Applied Sciences FH Joanneum, Graz, Austria. He has published more than 400 works in his academic career and visited twenty-two universities worldwide as a visiting professor. Dr. Bobek is a member of the editorial boards of six international journals and a member of the Strategic Council of the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Slovenia. He has a long history in academia, consulting, and entrepreneurship. His own consulting firm, Palemid, has managed twenty significant projects, such as Cooperation Program Interreg V-A (Slovenia-Austria) and Capacity Building for the Serbian Chamber of Enforcement Agents. He has also participated in many international projects in Italy, Germany, Great Britain, the United States, Spain, Turkey, France, Romania, Croatia, Montenegro, Malaysia, and China. Dr. Bobek is also a co-founder of the Academy of Regional Management in Slovenia.",institutionString:"Universities of Applied Sciences FH Joanneum, Austria",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"5",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"6",institution:null}],coeditorOne:{id:"293992",title:"Dr.",name:"Tatjana",middleName:null,surname:"Horvat",slug:"tatjana-horvat",fullName:"Tatjana Horvat",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002hXb0hQAC/Profile_Picture_1642419002203",biography:"Tatjana Horvat works as a professor for accountant and auditing at the University of Primorska, Slovenia. She is a Certified State Internal Auditor (licensed by Ministry of Finance RS) and Certified Internal Auditor for Business Sector and Certified accountant (licensed by Slovenian Institute of Auditors). At the Ministry of Justice of Slovenia, she is a member of examination boards for court expert candidates and judicial appraisers in the following areas: economy/finance, valuation of companies, banking, and forensic investigation of economic operations/accounting. At the leading business newspaper Finance in Slovenia (Swedish ownership), she is the editor and head of the area for business, finance, tax-related articles, and educational programs.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"University of Primorska",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"23",title:"Social Sciences",slug:"social-sciences"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"444315",firstName:"Karla",lastName:"Skuliber",middleName:null,title:"Mrs.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/444315/images/20013_n.jpg",email:"karla@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager, my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"2355",title:"International Trade from Economic and Policy Perspective",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8fe6804794ddc1a7f4202db20aed5985",slug:"international-trade-from-economic-and-policy-perspective",bookSignature:"Vito Bobek",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2355.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"128342",title:"Prof.",name:"Vito",surname:"Bobek",slug:"vito-bobek",fullName:"Vito Bobek"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4686",title:"Perspectives on Business and Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"39e4396dfbd84c6c0f014bc4b1263110",slug:"perspectives-on-business-and-management",bookSignature:"Vito Bobek",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4686.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"128342",title:"Prof.",name:"Vito",surname:"Bobek",slug:"vito-bobek",fullName:"Vito Bobek"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6487",title:"Trade and Global Market",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7f1afebc7552003672f0c62b354538be",slug:"trade-and-global-market",bookSignature:"Vito Bobek",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6487.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"128342",title:"Prof.",name:"Vito",surname:"Bobek",slug:"vito-bobek",fullName:"Vito Bobek"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7624",title:"Smart Urban Development",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"455e3fe68e90610076558c6db2a591e1",slug:"smart-urban-development",bookSignature:"Vito Bobek",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7624.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"128342",title:"Prof.",name:"Vito",surname:"Bobek",slug:"vito-bobek",fullName:"Vito Bobek"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6075",title:"Management of Cities and Regions",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d48181eeb151367a70ca227471933b0c",slug:"management-of-cities-and-regions",bookSignature:"Vito Bobek",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6075.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"128342",title:"Prof.",name:"Vito",surname:"Bobek",slug:"vito-bobek",fullName:"Vito Bobek"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9551",title:"Emerging Markets",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"321d2a2e57b30b6121e8fd330a298fc8",slug:"emerging-markets",bookSignature:"Vito Bobek and Chee-Heong Quah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9551.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"128342",title:"Prof.",name:"Vito",surname:"Bobek",slug:"vito-bobek",fullName:"Vito Bobek"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6926",title:"Biological Anthropology",subtitle:"Applications and Case Studies",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5bbb192dffd37a257febf4acfde73bb8",slug:"biological-anthropology-applications-and-case-studies",bookSignature:"Alessio Vovlas",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6926.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"313084",title:"Dr.",name:"Alessio",surname:"Vovlas",slug:"alessio-vovlas",fullName:"Alessio Vovlas"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6942",title:"Global Social Work",subtitle:"Cutting Edge Issues and Critical Reflections",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"222c8a66edfc7a4a6537af7565bcb3de",slug:"global-social-work-cutting-edge-issues-and-critical-reflections",bookSignature:"Bala Raju Nikku",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6942.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"263576",title:"Dr.",name:"Bala",surname:"Nikku",slug:"bala-nikku",fullName:"Bala Nikku"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"23849",title:"Causal or Causal Relationship Between Oral Diseases and Systemic Amyloidosis – From Inflammation to Amyloidosis – A Trouble Connection",doi:"10.5772/23166",slug:"causal-or-causal-relationship-between-oral-diseases-and-systemic-amyloidosis-from-inflammation-to-am",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/23849.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/23849",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/23849",totalDownloads:1919,totalViews:75,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,totalAltmetricsMentions:0,impactScore:0,impactScorePercentile:23,impactScoreQuartile:1,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"November 24th 2010",dateReviewed:"July 22nd 2011",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"November 16th 2011",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/23849",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/23849",book:{id:"1315",slug:"amyloidosis-an-insight-to-disease-of-systems-and-novel-therapies"},signatures:"Murat İnanç Cengiz and Kuddusi Cengiz",authors:[{id:"50888",title:"Dr.",name:"Murat",middleName:"İnanç",surname:"Cengiz",fullName:"Murat Cengiz",slug:"murat-cengiz",email:"dtinanc@mynet.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"121869",title:"Prof.",name:"Kuddusi",middleName:null,surname:"Cengiz",fullName:"Kuddusi Cengiz",slug:"kuddusi-cengiz",email:"kcengiz@omu.edu.tr",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null}],sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"1315",type:"book",title:"Amyloidosis",subtitle:"An Insight to Disease of Systems and Novel Therapies",fullTitle:"Amyloidosis - An Insight to Disease of Systems and Novel Therapies",slug:"amyloidosis-an-insight-to-disease-of-systems-and-novel-therapies",publishedDate:"November 16th 2011",bookSignature:"Işil Adadan Güvenç",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1315.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-307-795-6",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-6572-9",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",numberOfWosCitations:22,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"36790",title:"M.D.",name:"Işıl",middleName:null,surname:"Adadan Güvenç",slug:"isil-adadan-guvenc",fullName:"Işıl Adadan Güvenç"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1046"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"23844",type:"chapter",title:"Clinical Presentation of Amyloid A Amyloidosis",slug:"clinical-presentation-of-amyloid-a-amyloidosis",totalDownloads:1631,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Nurşen Düzgün",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"47953",title:"Dr.",name:"Nurşen",middleName:null,surname:"Düzgün",fullName:"Nurşen Düzgün",slug:"nursen-duzgun"}]},{id:"23845",type:"chapter",title:"An Overview of the Amyloidosis in Children with Rheumatic Disease",slug:"an-overview-of-the-amyloidosis-in-children-with-rheumatic-disease",totalDownloads:2650,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Betül Sözeri, Nida Dincel and Sevgi Mir",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"30358",title:"Dr.",name:"Betul",middleName:null,surname:"Sozeri",fullName:"Betul Sozeri",slug:"betul-sozeri"},{id:"48234",title:"Prof.",name:"Sevgi",middleName:null,surname:"Mir",fullName:"Sevgi Mir",slug:"sevgi-mir"},{id:"91088",title:"Dr.",name:"Nida",middleName:null,surname:"Dincel",fullName:"Nida Dincel",slug:"nida-dincel"}]},{id:"23846",type:"chapter",title:"Intracardiac Thrombosis, Embolism and Anticoagulation Therapy in Patients with Cardiac Amyloidosis – Inspiration from a Case Observation",slug:"intracardiac-thrombosis-embolism-and-anticoagulation-therapy-in-patients-with-cardiac-amyloidosis-in",totalDownloads:1754,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Dali Feng, Kyle Klarich and Jae K. Oh",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"32454",title:"Dr.",name:"Dali",middleName:null,surname:"Feng",fullName:"Dali Feng",slug:"dali-feng"},{id:"140323",title:"Dr.",name:"Kyle",middleName:null,surname:"Klarich",fullName:"Kyle Klarich",slug:"kyle-klarich"},{id:"140324",title:"Dr.",name:"Jae",middleName:null,surname:"Oh",fullName:"Jae Oh",slug:"jae-oh"}]},{id:"23847",type:"chapter",title:"Cardiovascular Complications in Patients with AL Amyloidosis",slug:"cardiovascular-complications-in-patients-with-al-amyloidosis",totalDownloads:1816,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Maurizio Zangari, Tamara Berno, Fenghuang Zhan, Guido Tricot and Louis Fink",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"35037",title:"Prof.",name:"Maurizio",middleName:null,surname:"Zangari",fullName:"Maurizio Zangari",slug:"maurizio-zangari"},{id:"49529",title:"Dr.",name:"Tamara",middleName:null,surname:"Berno",fullName:"Tamara Berno",slug:"tamara-berno"},{id:"49530",title:"Dr.",name:"Fenghuang",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",fullName:"Fenghuang Zhan",slug:"fenghuang-zhan"},{id:"49531",title:"Dr.",name:"Guido",middleName:null,surname:"Tricot",fullName:"Guido Tricot",slug:"guido-tricot"},{id:"49532",title:"Dr.",name:"Louis",middleName:null,surname:"Fink",fullName:"Louis Fink",slug:"louis-fink"}]},{id:"23848",type:"chapter",title:"Pulmonary Manifestations of Amyloidosis",slug:"pulmonary-manifestations-of-amyloidosis",totalDownloads:5453,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Mark E. Lund, Priya Bakaya and Jeffrey B. Hoag",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"53678",title:"Dr.",name:"Jeffrey",middleName:null,surname:"Hoag",fullName:"Jeffrey Hoag",slug:"jeffrey-hoag"},{id:"56316",title:"Dr.",name:"Mark",middleName:null,surname:"Lund",fullName:"Mark Lund",slug:"mark-lund"},{id:"56317",title:"Dr.",name:"Priya",middleName:null,surname:"Bakaya",fullName:"Priya Bakaya",slug:"priya-bakaya"}]},{id:"23849",type:"chapter",title:"Causal or Causal Relationship Between Oral Diseases and Systemic Amyloidosis – From Inflammation to Amyloidosis – A Trouble Connection",slug:"causal-or-causal-relationship-between-oral-diseases-and-systemic-amyloidosis-from-inflammation-to-am",totalDownloads:1919,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Murat İnanç Cengiz and Kuddusi Cengiz",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"50888",title:"Dr.",name:"Murat",middleName:"İnanç",surname:"Cengiz",fullName:"Murat Cengiz",slug:"murat-cengiz"},{id:"121869",title:"Prof.",name:"Kuddusi",middleName:null,surname:"Cengiz",fullName:"Kuddusi Cengiz",slug:"kuddusi-cengiz"}]},{id:"23850",type:"chapter",title:"Amyloidosis in the Skin",slug:"amyloidosis-in-the-skin",totalDownloads:10270,totalCrossrefCites:4,signatures:"Toshiyuki Yamamoto",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"31984",title:"Dr.",name:"Toshiyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Yamamoto",fullName:"Toshiyuki Yamamoto",slug:"toshiyuki-yamamoto"}]},{id:"23851",type:"chapter",title:"Localized Amyloidosis of the Head and Neck",slug:"localized-amyloidosis-of-the-head-and-neck",totalDownloads:2381,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Işil Adadan Güvenç",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"36790",title:"M.D.",name:"Işıl",middleName:null,surname:"Adadan Güvenç",fullName:"Işıl Adadan Güvenç",slug:"isil-adadan-guvenc"}]},{id:"23852",type:"chapter",title:"Localized ENT Amyloidosis – Literature Overview",slug:"localized-ent-amyloidosis-literature-overview",totalDownloads:3573,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Bouthaina Hammami, Malek Mnejja, Moncef Sellami, Hanene Hadj Taieb, Adel Chakroun, Ilhem Charfeddine and Abdelmonem Ghorbel",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"53122",title:"Dr.",name:"Bouthaina",middleName:null,surname:"Hammami",fullName:"Bouthaina Hammami",slug:"bouthaina-hammami"},{id:"53165",title:"Dr.",name:"Malek",middleName:null,surname:"Mnejja",fullName:"Malek Mnejja",slug:"malek-mnejja"},{id:"53167",title:"Ms.",name:"Hančne",middleName:null,surname:"Hadj Taieb",fullName:"Hančne Hadj Taieb",slug:"hancne-hadj-taieb"},{id:"53168",title:"Dr.",name:"Adel",middleName:null,surname:"Chakroun",fullName:"Adel Chakroun",slug:"adel-chakroun"},{id:"53169",title:"Prof.",name:"Ilhem",middleName:null,surname:"Charfeddine",fullName:"Ilhem Charfeddine",slug:"ilhem-charfeddine"},{id:"53170",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdelmonem",middleName:null,surname:"Ghorbel",fullName:"Abdelmonem Ghorbel",slug:"abdelmonem-ghorbel"},{id:"62929",title:"Mr",name:"Moncef",middleName:null,surname:"Sellami",fullName:"Moncef Sellami",slug:"moncef-sellami"}]},{id:"23853",type:"chapter",title:"Oral Localized Amyloidosis",slug:"oral-localized-amyloidosis",totalDownloads:4498,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Kenji Yamagata and Hiroki Bukawa",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"33995",title:"Dr.",name:"Kenji",middleName:null,surname:"Yamagata",fullName:"Kenji Yamagata",slug:"kenji-yamagata"},{id:"48999",title:"Prof.",name:"Hiroki",middleName:null,surname:"Bukawa",fullName:"Hiroki Bukawa",slug:"hiroki-bukawa"}]},{id:"23854",type:"chapter",title:"Tocilizumab for the Treatment of AA Amyloidosis",slug:"tocilizumab-for-the-treatment-of-aa-amyloidosis",totalDownloads:2062,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Toshio Tanaka, Keisuke Hagihara, Yoshihiro Hishitani and Atsushi Ogata",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"38021",title:"Dr.",name:"Toshio",middleName:null,surname:"Tanaka",fullName:"Toshio Tanaka",slug:"toshio-tanaka"},{id:"48147",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Keisuke",middleName:null,surname:"Hagihara",fullName:"Keisuke Hagihara",slug:"keisuke-hagihara"},{id:"48148",title:"Dr.",name:"Yoshihiro",middleName:null,surname:"Hishitani",fullName:"Yoshihiro Hishitani",slug:"yoshihiro-hishitani"},{id:"48149",title:"Dr.",name:"Atsushi",middleName:null,surname:"Ogata",fullName:"Atsushi Ogata",slug:"atsushi-ogata"}]},{id:"23855",type:"chapter",title:"Cardiac and Multi-Organ Transplantation in Patients with Amyloidosis",slug:"cardiac-and-multi-organ-transplantation-in-patients-with-amyloidosis",totalDownloads:1906,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Eugenia Raichlin and Sudhir S. Kushwaha",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"32878",title:"Prof.",name:"Eugenia",middleName:null,surname:"Raichlin",fullName:"Eugenia Raichlin",slug:"eugenia-raichlin"},{id:"48634",title:"Prof.",name:"Sudhir",middleName:null,surname:"Kushwaha",fullName:"Sudhir Kushwaha",slug:"sudhir-kushwaha"}]},{id:"23856",type:"chapter",title:"Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation in the Treatment of Amyloidosis – Can Manipulation of the Autograft Reduce Treatment-Related Toxicity?",slug:"autologous-stem-cell-transplantation-in-the-treatment-of-amyloidosis-can-manipulation-of-the-autogra",totalDownloads:1799,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Çiğdem Akalin Akkök and Øystein Bruserud",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"56313",title:"Dr.",name:"Çiğdem",middleName:"Akalın",surname:"Akkök",fullName:"Çiğdem Akkök",slug:"cigdem-akkok"},{id:"56856",title:"Prof.",name:"Øystein",middleName:null,surname:"Bruserud",fullName:"Øystein Bruserud",slug:"oystein-bruserud"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6246",title:"Salivary Glands",subtitle:"New Approaches in Diagnostics and Treatment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"de375ecbd9ac673d6464107a0c416763",slug:"salivary-glands-new-approaches-in-diagnostics-and-treatment",bookSignature:"Işıl Adadan Güvenç",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6246.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"36790",title:"M.D.",name:"Işıl",surname:"Adadan Güvenç",slug:"isil-adadan-guvenc",fullName:"Işıl Adadan Güvenç"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"61064",title:"Secretions of Human Salivary Gland",slug:"secretions-of-human-salivary-gland",signatures:"Anahita Punj",authors:[{id:"226076",title:"Dr.",name:"Anahita",middleName:null,surname:"Punj",fullName:"Anahita Punj",slug:"anahita-punj"}]},{id:"58591",title:"Xerostomia: An Update of Causes and Treatments",slug:"xerostomia-an-update-of-causes-and-treatments",signatures:"Alejandro Escobar and Juan P. Aitken-Saavedra",authors:[null]},{id:"64672",title:"Sialorrhea: A Guide to Etiology, Assessment, and Management",slug:"sialorrhea-a-guide-to-etiology-assessment-and-management",signatures:"Işıl Adadan Güvenç",authors:[{id:"36790",title:"M.D.",name:"Işıl",middleName:null,surname:"Adadan Güvenç",fullName:"Işıl Adadan Güvenç",slug:"isil-adadan-guvenc"}]},{id:"58689",title:"Salivary Diagnostics",slug:"salivary-diagnostics",signatures:"Karolina Elżbieta Kaczor-Urbanowicz",authors:[{id:"225608",title:"Dr.",name:"Karolina Elżbieta",middleName:null,surname:"Kaczor-Urbanowicz",fullName:"Karolina Elżbieta Kaczor-Urbanowicz",slug:"karolina-elzbieta-kaczor-urbanowicz"}]},{id:"58474",title:"Proteomics of the Salivary Fluid",slug:"proteomics-of-the-salivary-fluid",signatures:"Goran Mitulović",authors:[{id:"212804",title:"Dr.",name:"Goran",middleName:null,surname:"Mitulović",fullName:"Goran Mitulović",slug:"goran-mitulovic"}]},{id:"56894",title:"Approach to Diagnosis of Salivary Gland Disease from Nuclear Medicine Images",slug:"approach-to-diagnosis-of-salivary-gland-disease-from-nuclear-medicine-images",signatures:"Michihiro Nakayama, Atsutaka Okizaki, Kaori Nakajima and Koji\nTakahashi",authors:[null]},{id:"58692",title:"Salivary Effects of Facial Vibrotactile Stimulation in Patients with Sjogren’s Syndrome and Poor Salivation",slug:"salivary-effects-of-facial-vibrotactile-stimulation-in-patients-with-sjogren-s-syndrome-and-poor-sal",signatures:"Koichiro Ueda, Kanako Gora, Masaru Yamaoka, Takako Sato,\nKimiko Abe, Enri Nakayama, Mituyasu Sato, Yumiko Tunoda,\nSumiko Akatuka, Sayaka Fukui, Akinari Hayashi, Teruyuki Hirai,\nSayako Ohnishi, Mayumi Hayata and Hisao Hiraba",authors:[{id:"172255",title:"Dr.",name:"Hisao",middleName:null,surname:"Hiraba",fullName:"Hisao Hiraba",slug:"hisao-hiraba"}]},{id:"57978",title:"Combined Approaches in Sialolithiasis of Major Salivary Glands",slug:"combined-approaches-in-sialolithiasis-of-major-salivary-glands",signatures:"Iordanis Konstantinidis, Angelos Chatziavramidis and Ioannis\nIakovou",authors:[null]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"635",title:"Understanding HIV/AIDS Management and Care",subtitle:"Pandemic Approaches in the 21st Century",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"09a24e8fd4416ff246a69408ed07387a",slug:"understanding-hiv-aids-management-and-care-pandemic-approaches-in-the-21st-century",bookSignature:"Fyson Hanania Kasenga",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/635.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"86725",title:"Dr.",name:"Fyson",surname:"Kasenga",slug:"fyson-kasenga",fullName:"Fyson Kasenga"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1744",title:"Novel Insights on Chronic Kidney Disease, Acute Kidney Injury and Polycystic Kidney Disease",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"16c2a0eecf79502810b256152b4154bd",slug:"novel-insights-on-chronic-kidney-disease-acute-kidney-injury-and-polycystic-kidney-disease",bookSignature:"Soundarapandian Vijayakumar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1744.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"126855",title:"Dr.",name:"Soundarapandian",surname:"Vijayakumar",slug:"soundarapandian-vijayakumar",fullName:"Soundarapandian Vijayakumar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4567",title:"Tuberculosis",subtitle:"Expanding Knowledge",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6620343e9ad62f2984bc393701cee6ff",slug:"tuberculosis-expanding-knowledge",bookSignature:"Wellman Ribon",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4567.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"88491",title:"Dr.",name:"Wellman",surname:"Ribón",slug:"wellman-ribon",fullName:"Wellman Ribón"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6520",title:"Leishmaniases as Re-emerging Diseases",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"031e09b818ab5c32386616f72b05ee73",slug:"leishmaniases-as-re-emerging-diseases",bookSignature:"Farhat Afrin and Hassan Hemeg",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6520.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"186948",title:"Dr.",name:"Farhat",surname:"Afrin",slug:"farhat-afrin",fullName:"Farhat Afrin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8946",title:"Human Papillomavirus",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dcd959bb940ca13a13e234d6c569c06d",slug:"human-papillomavirus",bookSignature:"Rajamanickam Rajkumar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8946.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"120109",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajamanickam",surname:"Rajkumar",slug:"rajamanickam-rajkumar",fullName:"Rajamanickam Rajkumar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"80252",title:"Post-Stroke Balance Impairments Assessment: Clinical Scales and Current Technologies",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101984",slug:"post-stroke-balance-impairments-assessment-clinical-scales-and-current-technologies",body:'All functional activities performed by human beings require adequate postural control to carry them out successfully and efficiently. Postural control is the ability to maintain balance against gravitational forces by maintaining or returning the body mass center on its base support [1, 2]. This emerges from the interaction between subjects, tasks, and environment [2, 3]. Any task requires adequate postural control, but each task also requires an orientation and a stability component [2].
In clinical practices, there is no consensus about only conceptual definitions related to equilibrium, balance, or postural control, and their elements like posture, orientation, and stability. Therefore, it is interesting to at least define basic biomechanical concepts to better understand postural control and further definitions addressed in this chapter.
From a biomechanical point of view, posture refers to the alignment and orientation of the body with respect to its environment [3]. Postural orientation is the ability to maintain an adequate relation between body segments and environment due to performing a task, and postural stability is the ability to control the center of mass within the base support [2, 3].
Nowadays, postural control is no longer considered as only one system or reflex set for upright position and balance, it is considered a complex motor skill due to the interaction of multiple sensorimotor processes [4]. The two main goals of postural control are keeping postural orientation and postural equilibrium [2, 3, 4].
The human body in order to achieve stability and orientation requires a complex interaction between musculoskeletal components, neuromuscular synergies, individual sensory systems, sensory strategies, anticipatory and adaptive mechanisms, and internal representations [2]. The central nervous system (CNS) must organize the information coming from the different sensory receptors to determine the position of the body in space [2]. The sensory information coming from the different sensory systems (visual, somatosensory, and vestibular) allows to detect the position of the body and the movement in space in relation to the force of gravity and the environment [2, 3, 5]. Each sense provides specific information about the position and movement of the body, that is, each sense provides different references for postural control [2]. In the higher levels, the CNS sensory information is transformed into significative information, known as perception, and then it is selected the best sensorimotor strategies to achieve the goal of a specific task, to control external perturbance, and to adapt movement to the environmental requirements [2].
Also, postural orientation involves active control of alignment and tone of the body related to gravity, base support, visual information, and internal references [2, 3]. Spatial orientation requires the interpretation and integrated information of the visual, vestibular, and somatosensory systems. On the other hand, postural equilibrium involves the coordination of sensorimotor strategies to control the center of mass during internal and external disturbances [3, 4]. For a better explanation of the different sensory systems and sensory strategies to maintain postural control, see the diagram in Figure 1.
Postural control by sensory systems and strategies. Summary information collected from Shumway-Cook and Woollacott [
There are multiple causes and factors that could lead to dysfunctions in postural control and balance systems. In neurological populations, is commonly observed that this deficit affects the ability to stand and walk, increasing the risk of falling and injury [2].
Within neurological populations, we can find stroke patients. Stroke is a common disease [6] that generates great morbidity, mortality, and different degrees of disability, causing a great economic impact on families and society [1].
A stroke can lead to a wide range of impairments that predispose the subjects to falls. One of the principal impairments observed in this population is balance dysfunction [7, 8]. It has been reported that 83% of stroke patients present balance impairments, which lead to gait problems, such as low gait speed and alterations in different gait phases increasing the risk of falling [1]. The incidence of falls in this population within the first six months after a stroke is about 37 and 73%, and the rate of falls in chronic stroke patients is double than healthy subjects [8].
Falls and fear of falling contribute to a sedentary lifestyle with increased limitations in activities of daily living (ADL) and decreased quality of life. In addition, falls increase hospitalization time and generate a large emotional and economic impact for patients, families, and society [1, 9, 10].
The present chapter pretends to expose the principal deficiencies related to balance impairments, observed during the sit-to-stand transfer and gait after a stroke. Also, the main scales and tests for the assessments of balance used in clinical settings, as well as the technologies and new trends that allow for objective analysis of balance dysfunction in this population are reviewed.
As said before, postural control alterations contribute to a loss of stability with a high impact on the quality of life in neurological populations [1, 2]. Balance and postural control impairments cause a series of alterations and dysfunctions during daily life activities, mainly during sit-to-stand transfer and gait [11, 12].
In this section, the main alterations on the sit-to-stand transfer as well as in gait related to balance impairments in post-stroke populations are reviewed.
Sit-to-stand (STS) transfer is considered a fundamental prerequisite to achieve successfully daily life activities [11, 12, 13]. Also, it is considered a strong predictor factor of independence and is the main rehabilitation goal because it promotes independent locomotion, as well as upper limb and hand recovery [13]. In post-stroke populations, this transfer is commonly affected, and it is not easy to regain the ability to stand up from a chair safely [11].
The STS transfer has been widely analyzed [11, 14, 15], and has been described as the movement of the body mass center towards the vertical from a sitting position to an upright position without losing balance [11]. This transfer is a transition to the upright position, and it requires a movement of the mass center from a more stable position into a less one with both lower limbs extended [11, 15]. In order to simplify its analysis, the STS transfer has been divided into phases, depending on kinematics variables, ground action forces, and the movement of the mass center [11].
One of these classifications includes four phases for the analysis, considering trunk movement, seat-off, the achievement of an upright position, and the vertical stabilization at the end of the transfer [11]. Another classification considers two principal phases [11, 15], which basically includes three events, onset of STS, seat-off, and end of STS [15].
Associated with this transfer, there have been described different movement determinants in healthy subjects, such as angular displacements of lower limbs and trunk, as well as muscle activation pattern and weight-bearing distribution [16].
Indeed, there are differences in the performance of sit-to-stand transfer between healthy and post-stroke subjects [11, 13, 14, 15].
Normally, people with hemiparesis show a loss of coordinated movement between the trunk and knees. Therefore, it can be observed a completed knee extension at the end of the STS despite the hip it is still extending. Also, they show an increased center of pressure and move the trunks in a mediolateral direction towards the non-paretic side, as well as a decreased anterior pelvic tilt [11, 15, 16]. When observed lower limbs, it can be identified less muscle activity in the paretic limb, specifically of tibialis anterior, quadriceps, and soleus, showing problems in the correct activation muscle timing to achieve STS [11, 15].
To avoid the risk of falling, people with stroke adopt compensatory strategies, such as exaggeration of the anterior projection of the center of mass before standing up. This population also shows a decrease in knee moment on the paretic side and an increase in weight distribution asymmetry [11, 15, 16]. It has been suggested a correlation between asymmetry in weight-bearing with functional abilities in stroke. It states that those who carry less weight on their paretic limb obtain poor mobility scores in the functional independence scales. These same results have been demonstrated by Cheng et al. who consider the asymmetric distribution of weight-bearing during STS as a mediator of falls [11, 16].
All of these compensatory strategies are carried out to achieve the sit-to-stand transfer successfully and safely, but this population takes more time in the execution of this task, increasing the risk of falling. Because of the big amount of compensatory strategies used by the stroke population, this transfer is considered an indicator of the risk of falling [11, 16].
Similar to STS, independent walking or ambulation is also considered a prerequisite for the performance of activities of daily living [14]. Gait requires an adequate speed to be considered community ambulation, between 1.1 and 1.5 m/s [14]. Also, locomotion is a motor skill, in which control systems in every step must bear weight, give anterior and lateral stability, and keep the center of mass forward, as well as an antigravitatory postural control to provide support and balance to prevent falls [10, 11, 14].
Gait dysfunction represents a major problem in the stroke population and causes difficulties in daily life activities [12, 17]. Approximately 80% of stroke patients experience gait problems in the first 3 months after symptom onset. It has been reported that 18% of subjects are unable to walk, while 11% walk with assistance and the remaining 50% walk independently [12]. It is important to note that only 7% of users who walk independently achieve community walking, which means that they manage to walk 500 meters continuously at an adequate walking speed that allows them to cross the street safely [16].
On the other hand, 70% of stroke patients with community walking suffer falls in the first year, most of these falls are the result of loss in balance. Therefore, there is a high risk of falls in those subjects with stroke who walk independently [12].
Post-stroke gait disturbances and their treatment have been extensively researched [12, 18, 19, 20]. Mainly, we could find impairments associated with alterations in spatial-temporal characteristics and biomechanical alterations [12, 19].
Some of the characteristics of hemiparetic gait related to spatiotemporal variables include decreased cadence, prolonged swing duration on the paretic side, prolonged duration on the nonparetic side, and asymmetry in stride length [19]. As well as the increase of the double support phase and the decrease in gait speed [16, 19].
These characteristics contribute to an unsteady gait pattern, leading to restricted walking within the home and an increased risk of falls [21].
In general, due to a stroke, we can observe different impairments that may occur in the paretic lower extremity, such as abnormal recruitment of motor units, muscle weakness, abnormal activation of muscle synergies, spasticity, proprioceptive impairment, restriction in range of motion, which could enhance a poor gait pattern along with balance disturbances and increased risk of falls [13, 18, 22].
Figure 2 shows the main features in balance impairments related to sit-to-stand, standing balance, and gait after stroke. It is important to highlight that there are more features related to each transfer, but we aim to clarify the most common one in this population.
Balance and gait impairments after stroke. Summary information collected from Boukadida et al. [
Nowadays, it has become relevant to observe the quality of the movement patterns to discriminate between actual recovery and compensatory movement patterns in stroke rehabilitation [10]. Balance impairments are common in this population and they are determinants factor that influences independence and quality of life; therefore, balance became an important goal to be included in rehabilitation programs [21]. For this purpose, the use of accurate, reliable, and valid assessment tools to measure outcomes in stroke populations related to research and clinical practice is recommended [7].
Normally, rehabilitation professionals perform the evaluation by means of observation and the application of scales and instruments, which provide a certain level of objectivity [27]. Generally, the different methodology used for assessing balance can be divided into observational (e.g., the Romberg test), scales and tests, and testing instrumental equipment (e.g., posturography) [28].
The Berg balance scale (BBS) is a widely used tool in clinical settings and is considered the gold standard for assessing functional balance and fall risk in adults [2, 3, 21, 29]. It has been used extensively to measure outcomes in research involving older adults with a variety of conditions, for example, balance impairments, stroke, Parkinson’s disease, vestibular disorders, and in a variety of health care settings [30, 31, 32]. It contains 14 items related to the static and dynamic tasks of daily living [3]. The tasks on this scale progress in difficulty from sitting to bipedal, to bipedal with a narrow support base, to tandem gait and one leg support. The score is calculated on a 5-point ordinal scale for each item, where 0 refers to the inability to complete the test and 4 refers to being able to complete the test independently [3, 29]. The maximum score is 56 points that indicates adequate postural balance and no risk of falls, and a score equal to or less than 45 points indicates a risk of falls [3]. Specifically, values between 56 and 41 points indicate a low risk of falling, between 40 and 21 points a medium risk of falling, and between 20 and 0 points a high risk of falling. Its application lasts between 10 and 20 minutes [29, 30, 31, 32]. Another widely used test is the Timed up and Go (TU & Go) test, which measures dynamic balance and functional mobility in adults, as well as in the neurological population [33, 34, 35]. The TU & Go is a simple test that can be applied anywhere and consists of the subject standing up from a chair, walking three meters, turning around, walking back to the chair, and sitting down on the chair again. The controlled variable is the total time in seconds the subject takes to perform the test, which is then correlated with the risk of falling [34, 35, 36]. Score assumed to be normal if the time is ≤10 seconds, mild risk of falling between 11 and 20 seconds, and high risk >20 seconds [37]. This test has demonstrated excellent inter- and intra-rater reliability with values greater than 0.95, with adequate predictive value for falls in older adults and stroke patients [38, 39]. Some advantages of the TU & Go test are its simplicity and short duration of application. Additionally, it requires little equipment and allows subjects with functional impairment to perform the test [3]. However, one limitation is that although it provides information on the risk of falls, it is not able to determine the risk objectively in subjects with greater difficulties. Barry et al. mention that a limitation in the predictive value of the test could be explained by the fact that it is a single test that evaluates balance and equilibrium in a general way. Therefore, it could be improved by being combined with technological tools for motion analysis [40].
Commonly, in clinical practice, this test is combined with the application of other clinical tests such as the 10-meter walk test, and its results are compared with those obtained in the Berg balance scale [30]. These tests as a whole make it possible to assess the risk of falls, walking speed, and balance of the different patients, making it possible to objectively assess their functional level and to determine the relevant intervention strategies.
Gait speed has been shown to be a predictor for different clinical outcomes, such as response to rehabilitation, level of dependency, frailty, disability, falls, institutionalization, cognitive loss, hospitalization, cardiovascular events, and mortality. Its decrease has been associated with a lower quality of life, social participation, and the presence of depressive symptoms [41]. Middleton et al. define it as the sixth vital sign due to its broad predictive capacity. The 10-meter walk test has proven to be a robust, validated, reliable, and sensitive tool that can be applied in both clinical and research contexts, and in a wide range of pathologies, such as the elderly, chronic stroke, incomplete spinal cord injury, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease, among others [18, 38, 41, 42].
This test measures walking speed in meters per second (m/s) when walking a short distance of 10 meters. Then, the value obtained will be categorized into the four categories proposed by Perry et. Al, which are intra-domicile gait with speeds between 0 to 0.4 ms; dependent community gait with speeds from 0.4 to 0.8 m/s; community gait 0.8 to 1.2 m/s; and safe gait for crossing the street greater than 1.2 m/s [43].
On the other hand, there is the Functional Reach Scale. This scale was developed to assess the maximum limits of standing stability. Subjects are held in a standing position with feet shoulder-width apart and with one arm (hand grasped) elevated to 90 degrees of flexion. Without moving the feet, the patient is asked to reach as far as possible without losing balance. The distance reached is measured and compared with standardized references by age group as defined by Duncan et al. The functional reach test has satisfactory inter-rater reliability and has been reported as a predictor of falls in older adults [2, 3].
Table 1 summarizes some specific characteristics of the tests and scales listed before.
Test/scale | Aim | Area | Assessment | Description | Cost | Duration |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Berg balance scale [3, 44] | Static balance and risk of falling. | Balance, functional mobility. | Performance measurement (score). | Scale that considers 14 items that include static and dynamic activities of varying difficulty. Each activity is evaluated from 0 to 4 points, determined by the patient’s ability to perform the activity in question. Maximum score 56. | Free (Paper and pencil) | 10 to 20 min. |
Timed up and go [37, 44] | Risk of falling. | Balance, functional mobility, vestibular assessment. | Observer. | Subject begins seated with his back against the back of a chair. At the beginning of the test, the patient gets up from the chair and walks 3 meters, and then turns and returns to the starting point and sits down. The time taken to complete the circuit is recorded. | Free (paper and pencil) | ≤3 min. |
10-M walk test [43, 44] | Independence level. | Mobility, gait, vestibular assessment. | Performance measurement (gait speed). | Subject walks a predetermined distance (depending on the variation applied), in which time is measured. The distance walked in meters is divided by the measured time. | Free (paper and pencil) | ≤ 5 min. |
Tinetti [44] | Balance perception and stability during daily life activities. | Daily life activities, Balance, Functional Mobility, Gait, and Vestibular Assessment. | Patients perception. | 10-item questionnaire designed to assess patient confidence in performing 10 activities of daily living without risk of falling as an indicator of how fear of falling impacts physical performance. The higher the score (100 max) the lower the patient’s confidence. | Free (paper and pencil) | 10 to 15 min. |
BESTest [44, 45, 46] | Postural stability and balance. | Balance, functional mobility, vestibular assessment. | Performance measurement (score). | Orients and identifies the six balance control systems in order to design better approaches to balance rehabilitation from 35 items in six sections, evaluated from 0 to 108 points. | Free (paper and pencil) | 10 to 20 min. |
Activities of Balance confidence (ABC) scale [44] | Self-reporting of the balance confidence measure. | Balance, functional mobility. | Patients perception. | Subjective measure of confidence to perform various ambulatory activities without falling or experiencing feelings of instability out of 16 activities scored from 0 (no confidence) to 100 (confidence). | Free (paper and pencil) | 5 to 10 min. |
Test and scale for the assessment of balance in stroke populations.
One of the most recent scales to measure balance is the Balance Evaluation Systems Test (BESTest), which is a balance assessment scale that allows identifying specific problems in postural control, such as biomechanical alterations, stability limits, postural response, anticipatory postural adjustments, sensory orientation, dynamic balance during gait, and cognitive effects. Although it is a new multitask scale, it includes 36 items to be evaluated with an estimated application time of 30 to 35 minutes [2, 3, 45, 46]. Its short version, the Mini-Balance Evaluation Systems Test (Mini-BESTest), was created in 2010, which contemplates 14 items and takes a total of 10 minutes to complete the assessment, with good inter- and intra-rater reliability in a sample of people with mixed conditions. The mini-BESTest has been shown to be a reliable and validated tool for assessing balance in chronic stroke patients [47].
As can be seen in this section, there is a wide range of scales and clinical tests that allow not only to assess balance but also to observe how the different components behave during the performance of different tasks. Some of them are not only validated in populations with stroke. Therefore, the reader is suggested to review the specific psychometric properties of each of them and their validation in other neurological populations before using it.
There are different therapeutic interventions to improve balance after stroke. According to Stein et al. [21] these interventions could be categorized into five main areas, exercise programs, biofeedback training, sensory training, cognitive training, and external devices.
Each of these areas will address different aspects of the multiple problems that can be found associated with balance impairments [21, 22]. Exercise programs are varied in form, maybe individual or group-based, and include a variety of impairment-oriented elements. Some may include functional activities such as sit-to-stand and balance tasks due to daily life activities, for example, reaching and standing on unstable surfaces [21].
Also, there are different intervention models such as constraint-induced therapy, task-oriented approach, as well as neurophysiological intervention approach such as the Bobath concept, proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation, and other neurodevelopment models, which have been traditionally used in the treatment of post-stroke patients [5].
The incorporation of visual and sensory training has been shown to be effective in the treatment of balance, as well as the promotion of weight-bearing in seated and upright positions [21, 22, 23, 48]. On the other hand, the incorporation of therapeutic strategies that involve trunk work in the recovery of dynamic balance during sitting, sit-to-stand, and gait is relevant [49].
Since, trunk function has been associated with gait and balance ability in stroke patients and has been shown to be a useful predictor of recovery of gait, balance, and activities of daily living [49].
Recently, a meta-analysis by Hugues et al. concluded that physical therapy has various benefits on postural balance and stability after stroke. It suggests that functional task training, associated with musculoskeletal and/or cardiopulmonary interventions, as well as sensory interventions, appear to be effective in improving balance and postural stability. However, the authors ask for caution with this result, due to “the weak methodological quality of studies,” among other methodological elements [21, 42].
Even though there are several therapeutic approaches and categories of physical therapy, we believe it is important to highlight that each exercise program should be individualized according to the individual’s own capabilities and should be supervised by a therapist.
At a commercial level, a large number of technological systems allow to evaluate different aspects of gait, balance, and strength beyond the typical clinical methodologies, as seen in the previous section.
From the perspective of systems that are capable of evaluating movement and even mobility variables for clinical use, there are camera-based motion analysis laboratories whose measurement is carried out using software for motion analysis (Figure 3).
Optitrack system for human motion analysis using a camera-based system. Image obtained from Optitrack official website [
On the other hand, in the last 30 years, there has been an increase in the use of inertial sensors for motion analysis, whose reduction in size and consumption, in addition to the improvement in algorithms for motion tracking, have allowed them to be positioned as an attractive alternative for the study of movement objectively and quantitatively (Figure 4).
Inertial-based systems for a clinical movement analysis perspective. From left to right: APDM mobility lab, G-walk, and QMUV. Images obtained from the official website of G-walk [
Some other commercial alternatives are illustrated in Table 2.
System | Technology | Description | Area |
---|---|---|---|
Vicon [54] | Optic | Leading optical system in motion analysis used in both clinical and entertainment applications. It incorporates the ability to track reflective passive markers and, together with its tracking platform, it is possible to capture the movement made by people. Using its proprietary software, such as NEXUS, clinical biomechanical and sports motion analysis can be performed. It also offers the possibility of performing biomechanical analysis by incorporating other analysis software, such as Biomechanics of Bodies. | Clinical, sports, entertainment, academic |
Optitrack [50] | Optic | Optical system that incorporates a flexible system to perform biomechanical motion analysis, providing the possibility of natively incorporating other commonly used tools for motion analysis such as electromyography modules, force platforms, and analog sensors. Incorporates the ability to track passive reflective and active markers. It allows the use of other analysis software commonly used in the academic research area such as in Visual3D, The MotionMonitor, MATLAB, and Biomechanics of Bodies. | Clinical, sports, entertainment, academic |
MTw Awinda – X-SENS [55] | Inertial | System with inertial technology that incorporates the possibility of evaluating variables of acceleration, speed, and ranges of movement of some segments or the whole body including hands and phalanges. It offers the possibility of performing biomechanical analysis by incorporating other analysis software such as Biomechanics of Bodies. | Clinical, sports, entertainment, academic |
Perception Neuron – NOITOM [56] | Inertial | System with inertial technology that incorporates the possibility of evaluating variables of acceleration, speed, and ranges of movement of some segments or the whole body including hands and phalanges. It offers the possibility of performing biomechanical analysis by incorporating other analysis software such as Biomechanics of Bodies. | Entertainment, academic |
Ultium Motion – Noraxon [57] | Inertial | System with inertial technology that incorporates the possibility of evaluating variables of acceleration, speed, and ranges of movement of some segments or the whole body with a maximum of 16 sensors. | Clinical, sports, entertainment |
G-WALK [51] | Inertial | Sensorization of several clinical tests with a single inertial sensor to assess gait, balance, ranges of motion, and risk of falls. In addition to the incorporation of evaluation of aspects of sports performance such as jumping power and aerobic resistance. | Clinical, sports, academic |
MobilityLab – APDM [52] | Inertial | Matrix of six inertial sensors that measure different aspects of gait and risk of falls. | Clinical, academic |
QMUV [53] | Inertial | Sensorization of several clinical tests with a single inertial sensor to assess gait, balance, ranges of motion, and risk of falls. | Clinical, academic |
Commercial technological alternatives used to evaluate motor impairment conditions in post-stroke patients.
Another type of element is highly used in the clinical field for the evaluation of gait and static and dynamic balance correspond to systems that measure plantar pressures for the estimation of mobility variables. Technological alternatives range from highly accurate mats for gait and balance evaluation, to systems that embed pressure sensors within insoles to evaluate uncontrolled environments (Figure 5).
Pressure-based systems to analyze gait and posture. From left to right: GAITRite and Xsensor. Images obtained from the official website of Xsensor [
Some other examples are illustrated in Table 3.
System | Description | Area |
---|---|---|
Xsensor [58] | Insoles with plantar pressure points to measure gait variables in sports and clinical applications. | Clinical, sports |
Moticon [60] | Insole for gait analysis in rehabilitation and sports training. | Clinical, sports |
Feetme–Health [61] | Insole with inertial sensor analysis and plantar pressure point for clinical-grade measurement of spatiotemporal variables of gait. | Clinical |
GAITRite [59] | Gait analysis mat, leader in analysis for spatiotemporal variables of the gait cycle. | Clinical, academic |
P-Walk [62] | Mat that measures static balance variables through the acquisition of postures and control of the center of mass and spatiotemporal variables of the gait cycle. | Clinical, academic |
Technological systems to assess motor impairments using plantar pressures in post-stroke patients.
As mentioned at the beginning of this section, the technological tools for the treatment of post-stroke subjects seek to reduce the impact of the disabling condition to improve the quality of life of the patient through rehabilitation therapies to train or adapt the lost function.
From this perspective, the development of serious games for rehabilitation has taken on great importance in the treatment since, they make patients hooked on their treatment, avoiding problems associated with early abandonment from their therapies. Systems that use interactive platforms such as the famous Kinect (camera system) [63] and Nintendo Wii (multisensory system with inertial control and pressure platform) [64] started a massive adoption in the field of game development to support the rehabilitation. However, although they continue to be used in clinical settings for interactive treatment, these technologies are no longer commercially available and are obsolete.
Because of the great technological advance in animation and graphic processing systems, serious games for immersive or semi-immersive rehabilitation using virtual reality helmets (HTC-vive, Oculus, among others) have allowed to establish an environment that mimics in controlled conditions in the daily life of people in order to train typical activities such as brushing teeth, cooking and eating in a safe environment [65]. Also, semi-immersive elements have made it possible to instrumentalize the highly used mirror movement test to increase patients’ perception of movement. All these systems that support the mobility of the upper and lower extremities allow the development of augmented reality environments or interactive systems that enrich the experience of the patient and provide more information about the patient’s condition [66]. Some commercial rehabilitation options include Tyromotion’s PABLO (interactive upper extremity therapy), TYMO (interactive system for balance and coordination training), and DIEGO (interactive arm and shoulder rehabilitation) systems (Figure 6) [67].
Interactive rehabilitation systems developed from Tyromotion. From left to right: PABLO, TYMO, and DIEGO. Images obtained from the official website of Tyromotion [
Leaving aside the treatment systems and focusing on systems that have the potential to be used in everyday life, functional electrical stimulation tools (FES) appear, which correspond to systems that, through the injection of controlled electrical pulses, allow to recover the mobility of limbs, improving grip in upper limb cases and improving gait in case of foot drop stimulators. Although upper limb stimulators have not yet become widespread, in the literature, there is great evidence of efforts by researchers to generate alternatives to train or regain mobility of the arms and hands. Alternatively, and more commonly, there are electronic orthoses for droop foot, where by means of a system that allows the generation of controlled pulses from the detection of gait cycle events, the control of dorsiflexion can be recovered in post-stroke patients [68]. Commercial examples are SmartFES, XFT-2001, ODFS Pace, among others (Figure 7) [68, 69, 70].
Functional electrical stimulation systems commercially available. From left to right: ODFS pace, SmartFES, and XFT-2001. Images obtained from the official website of SmartFES [
On the other hand, health professionals and the scientific community have developed alternatives to treat post-stroke who, due to different factors such as economical, geographical, physical, and/or environmental, are unable to attend rehabilitation centers. The need for the above has increased as a result of the recent COVID-19 pandemic that incorporates post-stroke people as a population at risk [71]. Regarding this, different types of treatment that use technology to rehabilitate communication skills [72], upper limb rehabilitation, and/or remote activities of daily living have been evaluated, proving to be almost as effective as face-to-face treatments. Although there is a lack of information on the cost-effectiveness relationship with respect to traditional treatments, it is evident that the role of telerehabilitation is of vital importance in rural areas or in health emergencies where patients do not have access to opportune care or monitoring of their condition [73, 74].
In this section, some tools typically used for the evaluation and treatment of post-stroke patients are mentioned. However, the intention is to provide a general overview of the systems most used internationally, existing alternatives that improve their proposal in terms of accessibility and costs.
Stroke generates primary and secondary impairments that reduce the functional capacity of these patients, leading to less functional independence and quality of life. One of the main impairments associated with this population is impaired balance, both static and dynamic. This impairment in particular generates a great impact on the dysfunction of activities of daily living and main transfers such as bipedal sedentary transfer and gait. Moreover, in this pathology, 14–65% of individuals fall at least once in the hospital, and between 37 and 73% suffer falls in the next 6 months after discharge [75].
Specifically, people with stroke are at increased risk of fall-related fractures. Other adverse consequences may include fear of falling with subsequent reduction in activity, de-conditioning, and increased risk of falls. Bower et al. state that it has recently been shown that the identification of movement and balance variables, for example by measuring walking speed, application of the timed up and go test, and the Berg Balance Scale, have been shown to be strong predictors of fall risk following stroke [8].
However, as mentioned above, there are some deficiencies in the clinical tests and scales, since they fail to fully determine the variables and problems associated with balance impairment. The use of clinical scales and tests, associated with the use of technologies, could allow the adequate assessment of each of the limitations in static and dynamic balance during the different transfers performed by people with sequelae of stroke.
In this chapter, we have presented a list of alternatives to treat and evaluate the stroke patient in all phases of treatment, providing plenty of evidence of systems for movement analysis and treatment, especially useful for the treating professional, and of highly technological elements to improve adherence to rehabilitation therapies.
Finally, it is important to highlight that a specific assessment of the impairments that contribute to an unfavorable balance in subjects with stroke is necessary for each rehabilitation process, as well as the early incorporation of functional therapeutic activities aimed at their recovery and the prevention of the risk of falls.
This work was supported by the Vice-rectory for research and development (VRID) of the Universidad de Concepción: “Clinical validation of a human motion analysis system based on inertial measurement sensors in a Chilean population at risk of falls” [Cod.- 220.092.003-M].
Pablo Aqueveque, Britam Gómez and Francisco Saavedra were developers of SmartFES and QMUV devices. The remaining authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.
IntechOpen offers several publishing options to researchers and research groups looking for a professional partner with a wide, international reach. Our publishing options cover the breadth of scientific publications and ensure an appropriate outlet for your research.
",metaTitle:"Why publish with IntechOpen?",metaDescription:"IntechOpen offers publishing options to researchers and research groups looking for a professional partner with a wide, international reach. Our publishing options cover the breadth of scientific publications and ensure an appropriate outlet for your research.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/why-publish-with-intechopen",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"\r\n\tEducation and Human Development is an interdisciplinary research area that aims to shed light on topics related to both learning and development. This Series is intended for researchers, practitioners, and students who are interested in understanding more about these fields and their applications.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/23.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 25th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:0,editor:{id:"280770",title:"Dr.",name:"Katherine K.M.",middleName:null,surname:"Stavropoulos",slug:"katherine-k.m.-stavropoulos",fullName:"Katherine K.M. Stavropoulos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRdFuQAK/Profile_Picture_2022-05-24T09:03:48.jpg",biography:"Katherine Stavropoulos received her BA in Psychology from Trinity College, in Connecticut, USA. Dr. Stavropoulos received her Ph.D. in Experimental Psychology from the University of California, San Diego. She completed her postdoctoral work at the Yale Child Study Center with Dr. James McPartland. Dr. Stavropoulos’ doctoral dissertation explored neural correlates of reward anticipation to social versus nonsocial stimuli in children with and without autism spectrum disorders (ASD). She has been a faculty member at the University of California, Riverside in the School of Education since 2016. Her research focuses on translational studies to explore the reward system in ASD, as well as how anxiety contributes to social challenges in ASD. She also investigates how behavioral interventions affect neural activity, behavior, and school performance in children with ASD. She is also involved in the diagnosis of children with ASD and is a licensed clinical psychologist in California. She is the Assistant Director of the SEARCH Center at UCR and is a Faculty member in the Graduate Program in Neuroscience.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of California, Riverside",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:2,paginationItems:[{id:"89",title:"Education",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/89.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!1,editor:{id:"260066",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Michail",middleName:null,surname:"Kalogiannakis",slug:"michail-kalogiannakis",fullName:"Michail Kalogiannakis",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/260066/images/system/260066.jpg",biography:"Michail Kalogiannakis is an Associate Professor of the Department of Preschool Education, University of Crete, and an Associate Tutor at School of Humanities at the Hellenic Open University. He graduated from the Physics Department of the University of Crete and continued his post-graduate studies at the University Paris 7-Denis Diderot (D.E.A. in Didactic of Physics), University Paris 5-René Descartes-Sorbonne (D.E.A. in Science Education) and received his Ph.D. degree at the University Paris 5-René Descartes-Sorbonne (PhD in Science Education). His research interests include science education in early childhood, science teaching and learning, e-learning, the use of ICT in science education, games simulations, and mobile learning. He has published over 120 articles in international conferences and journals and has served on the program committees of numerous international conferences.",institutionString:"University of Crete",institution:{name:"University of Crete",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:{id:"422488",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Ampartzaki",slug:"maria-ampartzaki",fullName:"Maria Ampartzaki",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/422488/images/system/422488.jpg",biography:"Dr Maria Ampartzaki is an Assistant Professor in Early Childhood Education in the Department of Preschool Education at the University of Crete. Her research interests include ICT in education, science education in the early years, inquiry-based and art-based learning, teachers’ professional development, action research, and the Pedagogy of Multiliteracies, among others. She has run and participated in several funded and non-funded projects on the teaching of Science, Social Sciences, and ICT in education. She also has the experience of participating in five Erasmus+ projects.",institutionString:"University of Crete",institution:{name:"University of Crete",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"90",title:"Human Development",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/90.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"191040",title:"Dr.",name:"Tal",middleName:null,surname:"Dotan Ben-Soussan",slug:"tal-dotan-ben-soussan",fullName:"Tal Dotan Ben-Soussan",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBf1QAG/Profile_Picture_2022-03-18T07:56:11.jpg",biography:"Tal Dotan Ben-Soussan, Ph.D., is the director of the Research Institute for Neuroscience, Education and Didactics (RINED) – Paoletti Foundation. Ben-Soussan leads international studies on training and neuroplasticity from neurophysiological and psychobiological perspectives. As a neuroscientist and bio-psychologist, she has published numerous articles on neuroplasticity, movement and meditation. She acts as an editor and reviewer in several renowned journals and coordinates international conferences integrating theoretical, methodological and practical approaches on various topics, such as silence, logics and neuro-education. She lives in Assisi, Italy.",institutionString:"Research Institute for Neuroscience, Education and Didactics, Patrizio Paoletti Foundation",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:5,paginationItems:[{id:"82394",title:"Learning by Doing Active Social Learning",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105523",signatures:"Anat Raviv",slug:"learning-by-doing-active-social-learning",totalDownloads:2,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Active Learning - Research and Practice",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11481.jpg",subseries:{id:"89",title:"Education"}}},{id:"82310",title:"Knowledge of Intergenerational Contact to Combat Ageism towards Older People",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105592",signatures:"Alice Nga Lai Kwong",slug:"knowledge-of-intergenerational-contact-to-combat-ageism-towards-older-people",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Social Aspects of Ageing - Selected Challenges, Analyses, and Solutions",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11479.jpg",subseries:{id:"90",title:"Human Development"}}},{id:"81993",title:"Emergent Chemistry: Using Visualizations to Develop Abstract Thinking and a Sense of Scale Within the Preschool Setting",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105216",signatures:"Karina Adbo",slug:"emergent-chemistry-using-visualizations-to-develop-abstract-thinking-and-a-sense-of-scale-within-the",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Active Learning - Research and Practice",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11481.jpg",subseries:{id:"89",title:"Education"}}},{id:"82252",title:"Early Childhood: Enriched Environments and Roles of Caring Adults",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105157",signatures:"Analía Mignaton",slug:"early-childhood-enriched-environments-and-roles-of-caring-adults",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Active Learning - Research and Practice",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11481.jpg",subseries:{id:"89",title:"Education"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:0,paginationItems:[]},openForSubmissionBooks:{},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:5,paginationItems:[{id:"82394",title:"Learning by Doing Active Social Learning",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105523",signatures:"Anat Raviv",slug:"learning-by-doing-active-social-learning",totalDownloads:2,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Active Learning - Research and Practice",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11481.jpg",subseries:{id:"89",title:"Education"}}},{id:"82310",title:"Knowledge of Intergenerational Contact to Combat Ageism towards Older People",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105592",signatures:"Alice Nga Lai Kwong",slug:"knowledge-of-intergenerational-contact-to-combat-ageism-towards-older-people",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Social Aspects of Ageing - Selected Challenges, Analyses, and Solutions",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11479.jpg",subseries:{id:"90",title:"Human Development"}}},{id:"81993",title:"Emergent Chemistry: Using Visualizations to Develop Abstract Thinking and a Sense of Scale Within the Preschool Setting",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105216",signatures:"Karina Adbo",slug:"emergent-chemistry-using-visualizations-to-develop-abstract-thinking-and-a-sense-of-scale-within-the",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Active Learning - Research and Practice",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11481.jpg",subseries:{id:"89",title:"Education"}}},{id:"82252",title:"Early Childhood: Enriched Environments and Roles of Caring Adults",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105157",signatures:"Analía Mignaton",slug:"early-childhood-enriched-environments-and-roles-of-caring-adults",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Active Learning - Research and Practice",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11481.jpg",subseries:{id:"89",title:"Education"}}},{id:"81996",title:"Perspective Chapter: New Active Learning Models in Africa",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105217",signatures:"Fred Awaah, Cosmas Lambini Kombat and Emmanuel Okyere Ekwam",slug:"perspective-chapter-new-active-learning-models-in-africa",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Active Learning - Research and Practice",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11481.jpg",subseries:{id:"89",title:"Education"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Human Development",value:90,count:1,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Education",value:89,count:4,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"11392",title:"Leadership in a Changing World",subtitle:"A Multidimensional Perspective",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11392.jpg",slug:"leadership-in-a-changing-world-a-multidimensional-perspective",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Muhammad Mohiuddin, Bilal Khalid, Md. Samim Al Azad and Slimane Ed-dafali",hash:"86a6d33cf601587e591064ce92effc02",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Leadership in a Changing World - A Multidimensional Perspective",editors:[{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038UqSfQAK/Profile_Picture_2022-05-13T10:39:03.jpg",institutionString:"Université Laval",institution:{name:"Université Laval",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Canada"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Business and Management",value:86,count:1}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:25,paginationItems:[{id:"429683",title:"Dr.",name:"Bilal",middleName:null,surname:"Khalid",slug:"bilal-khalid",fullName:"Bilal Khalid",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/429683/images/system/429683.png",biography:"Dr. Bilal Khalid received a Ph.D. in Industrial Business Administration from KMITL Business School, Bangkok, in 2021, and a master’s in International Business Management from Stamford International University, Bangkok, in 2017. Dr. Khalid\\'s research interests include leadership and negotiations, digital transformations, gamification, eLearning, blockchain, Big Data, and management of information technology. Dr. Bilal Khalid also serves as an academic editor at Education Research International and a reviewer for international journals.",institutionString:"KMITL Business School",institution:{name:"King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038UqSfQAK/Profile_Picture_2022-05-13T10:39:03.jpg",biography:"Dr. Muhammad Mohiuddin is an Associate Professor of International Business at Laval University, Canada. He has taught at Thompson Rivers University, Canada; University of Paris-Est, France; Osnabruck University of Applied Science, Germany; and Shanghai Institute of Technology and Tianjin University of Technology, China. He has published research in Research Policy, Applied Economics, Review of Economic Philosophy, Strategic Change, International Journal of Logistics, Sustainability, Journal of Environmental Management, Journal of Global Information Management, Journal of Cleaner Production, M@N@GEMENT, and more. He is a member of CEDIMES Institut (France), Academy of International Business (AIB), Strategic Management Society (SMS), Academy of Management (AOM), Administrative Science Association of Canada (ASAC), and Canadian council of small business and entrepreneurship (CCSBE). He is currently the director of the Research Group on Contemporary Asia (GERAC) at Laval University. He is also co-managing editor of Transnational Corporations Review and a guest editor for Electronic Commerce Research and Journal of Internet Technology.",institutionString:"Université Laval",institution:{name:"Université Laval",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"189147",title:"Dr.",name:"Hailan",middleName:null,surname:"Salamun",slug:"hailan-salamun",fullName:"Hailan Salamun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/189147/images/19274_n.jpeg",biography:"Hailan Salamun, (Dr.) was born in Selangor, Malaysia and graduated from Tunku Ampuan Jamaah Religious High School at Shah Alam. Obtained a degree from the International Islamic University (UIA), Gombak in the field of Islamic Revealed Knowledge and Heritage. Next, I furthered my studies to the professional level to obtain a Diploma in Education at UIA. After serving for several years in school, I furthered my studies to the Master of Dakwah and Leadership at Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi. I graduated with a Doctor of Philosophy in Principalship Leadership from the University of Malaya (UM) in 2010. I am currently a senior lecturer in the Department of Nationalism and Civilization, Center for Basic and Continuing Education, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu. Prior to that, I had served in several educational institutions such as schools, the Institute of Teacher Education (IPG), and also the University of Malaya. I am also actively involved in paper presentation, writing and publishing. My research interests are focused on leadership, education, society and Islamic civilization. This area of research requires a detailed understanding of Islamic studies and research studies in leadership. Another research interest that I have explored recently is the politics of the Malay community and also the leadership of the mosque.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Malaysia Terengganu",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"442081",title:"Dr.",name:"Audrey",middleName:null,surname:"Addy",slug:"audrey-addy",fullName:"Audrey Addy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"437993",title:"Mr.",name:"Job",middleName:null,surname:"Jackson",slug:"job-jackson",fullName:"Job Jackson",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Management College of Southern Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"428495",title:"Prof.",name:"Asyraf",middleName:null,surname:"Ab Rahman",slug:"asyraf-ab-rahman",fullName:"Asyraf Ab Rahman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Malaysia Terengganu",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"429650",title:"Dr.",name:"Jacqueline",middleName:null,surname:"Kareem",slug:"jacqueline-kareem",fullName:"Jacqueline Kareem",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Christ University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"421041",title:"Dr.",name:"Sunil",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar Ramdas",slug:"sunil-kumar-ramdas",fullName:"Sunil Kumar Ramdas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Jain University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"421833",title:"Mr.",name:"Eugene",middleName:null,surname:"Owusu-Acheampong",slug:"eugene-owusu-acheampong",fullName:"Eugene Owusu-Acheampong",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ghana",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"239876",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Luciana",middleName:null,surname:"Mourão",slug:"luciana-mourao",fullName:"Luciana Mourão",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Salgado de Oliveira",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"421735",title:"Dr.",name:"elizabeth",middleName:null,surname:"addy",slug:"elizabeth-addy",fullName:"elizabeth addy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"442083",title:"Dr.",name:"James",middleName:null,surname:"Addy",slug:"james-addy",fullName:"James Addy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"437991",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Hoque",slug:"muhammad-hoque",fullName:"Muhammad Hoque",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421006",title:"Dr.",name:"Anna",middleName:null,surname:"Uster",slug:"anna-uster",fullName:"Anna Uster",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"470243",title:"Dr.",name:"Md Samim",middleName:null,surname:"Al Azad",slug:"md-samim-al-azad",fullName:"Md Samim Al Azad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"470244",title:"Dr.",name:"Slimane",middleName:null,surname:"Ed-dafali",slug:"slimane-ed-dafali",fullName:"Slimane Ed-dafali",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421011",title:"Dr.",name:"Afatakpa",middleName:null,surname:"Fortune",slug:"afatakpa-fortune",fullName:"Afatakpa Fortune",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"446057",title:"Mr.",name:"Okedare",middleName:null,surname:"David Olubukunmi",slug:"okedare-david-olubukunmi",fullName:"Okedare David Olubukunmi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421778",title:"Dr.",name:"Fatimah",middleName:"Saeed",surname:"AlAhmari",slug:"fatimah-alahmari",fullName:"Fatimah AlAhmari",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421024",title:"Prof.",name:"Harold Andrew",middleName:null,surname:"Patrick",slug:"harold-andrew-patrick",fullName:"Harold Andrew Patrick",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421065",title:"Ms.",name:"Euzália",middleName:null,surname:"do Rosário Botelho Tomé",slug:"euzalia-do-rosario-botelho-tome",fullName:"Euzália do Rosário Botelho Tomé",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421053",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Ken",middleName:null,surname:"Kalala Ndalamba",slug:"ken-kalala-ndalamba",fullName:"Ken Kalala Ndalamba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421826",title:"Dr.",name:"Inusah",middleName:null,surname:"Salifu",slug:"inusah-salifu",fullName:"Inusah Salifu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"420823",title:"Prof.",name:"Gardênia da Silva",middleName:null,surname:"Abbad",slug:"gardenia-da-silva-abbad",fullName:"Gardênia da Silva Abbad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"437613",title:"MSc.",name:"Juliana",middleName:null,surname:"Legentil",slug:"juliana-legentil",fullName:"Juliana Legentil",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"24",type:"subseries",title:"Computer Vision",keywords:"Image Analysis, Scene Understanding, Biometrics, Deep Learning, Software Implementation, Hardware Implementation, Natural Images, Medical Images, Robotics, VR/AR",scope:"The scope of this topic is to disseminate the recent advances in the rapidly growing field of computer vision from both the theoretical and practical points of view. Novel computational algorithms for image analysis, scene understanding, biometrics, deep learning and their software or hardware implementations for natural and medical images, robotics, VR/AR, applications are some research directions relevant to this topic.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/24.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!1,annualVolume:11420,editor:{id:"294154",title:"Prof.",name:"George",middleName:null,surname:"Papakostas",slug:"george-papakostas",fullName:"George Papakostas",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002hYaGbQAK/Profile_Picture_1624519712088",biography:"George A. Papakostas has received a diploma in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 1999 and the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 2002 and 2007, respectively, from the Democritus University of Thrace (DUTH), Greece. Dr. Papakostas serves as a Tenured Full Professor at the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University, Greece. Dr. Papakostas has 10 years of experience in large-scale systems design as a senior software engineer and technical manager, and 20 years of research experience in the field of Artificial Intelligence. Currently, he is the Head of the “Visual Computing” division of HUman-MAchines INteraction Laboratory (HUMAIN-Lab) and the Director of the MPhil program “Advanced Technologies in Informatics and Computers” hosted by the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University. He has (co)authored more than 150 publications in indexed journals, international conferences and book chapters, 1 book (in Greek), 3 edited books, and 5 journal special issues. His publications have more than 2100 citations with h-index 27 (GoogleScholar). His research interests include computer/machine vision, machine learning, pattern recognition, computational intelligence. \nDr. Papakostas served as a reviewer in numerous journals, as a program\ncommittee member in international conferences and he is a member of the IAENG, MIR Labs, EUCogIII, INSTICC and the Technical Chamber of Greece (TEE).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"International Hellenic University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403"},editorialBoard:[{id:"1177",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:"J. R.",surname:"Neves",slug:"antonio-neves",fullName:"Antonio Neves",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1177/images/system/1177.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"220565",title:"Dr.",name:"Jucheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"jucheng-yang",fullName:"Jucheng Yang",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/220565/images/5988_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Tianjin University of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"29299",title:"Prof.",name:"Serestina",middleName:null,surname:"Viriri",slug:"serestina-viriri",fullName:"Serestina Viriri",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYOalQAG/Profile_Picture_1620817405517",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of KwaZulu-Natal",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"315933",title:"Dr.",name:"Yalın",middleName:null,surname:"Baştanlar",slug:"yalin-bastanlar",fullName:"Yalın Baştanlar",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002qpr7hQAA/Profile_Picture_1621430127547",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:7,paginationItems:[{id:"82405",title:"Does Board Structure Matter in CSR Spending of Commercial Banks? Empirical Evidence from an Emerging Economy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105589",signatures:"Bishnu Kumar Adhikary and Ranjan Kumar Mitra",slug:"does-board-structure-matter-in-csr-spending-of-commercial-banks-empirical-evidence-from-an-emerging-",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}},{id:"82395",title:"Toward a Better Understanding of Green Human Resource Management’s Impact on Green Competitive Advantage: A Conceptual Model",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105528",signatures:"Hosna Hossari and Kaoutar Elfahli",slug:"toward-a-better-understanding-of-green-human-resource-management-s-impact-on-green-competitive-advan",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}},{id:"82269",title:"CSR Reporting and Blockchain Technology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105512",signatures:"Pattarake Sarajoti, Pattanaporn Chatjuthamard, Suwongrat Papangkorn and Piyachart Phiromswad",slug:"csr-reporting-and-blockchain-technology",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}},{id:"82270",title:"From Corporate Social Opportunity to Corporate Social Responsibility",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105445",signatures:"Brian Bolton",slug:"from-corporate-social-opportunity-to-corporate-social-responsibility",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}},{id:"82339",title:"Green Human Resource Management: An Exploratory Study from Moroccan ISO 14001 Certified Companies",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105565",signatures:"Hosna Hossari and Kaoutar Elfahli",slug:"green-human-resource-management-an-exploratory-study-from-moroccan-iso-14001-certified-companies",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}},{id:"82194",title:"CSR and Female Directors: A Review and Future Research Agenda",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105112",signatures:"Pattarake Sarajoti, Pattanaporn Chatjuthamard, Suwongrat Papangkorn and Sirimon Treepongkaruna",slug:"csr-and-female-directors-a-review-and-future-research-agenda",totalDownloads:11,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}},{id:"81831",title:"Deep Network Model and Regression Analysis using OLS Method for Predicting Lung Vital Capacity",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104737",signatures:"Harun Sümbül",slug:"deep-network-model-and-regression-analysis-using-ols-method-for-predicting-lung-vital-capacity",totalDownloads:12,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Decision Science - Recent Advances and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11604.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}}]},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:6,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"9493",title:"Periodontology",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Clinical Features",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9493.jpg",slug:"periodontology-fundamentals-and-clinical-features",publishedDate:"February 16th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Petra Surlin",hash:"dfe986c764d6c82ae820c2df5843a866",volumeInSeries:8,fullTitle:"Periodontology - Fundamentals and Clinical Features",editors:[{id:"171921",title:"Prof.",name:"Petra",middleName:null,surname:"Surlin",slug:"petra-surlin",fullName:"Petra Surlin",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:"University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova",institution:{name:"University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9588",title:"Clinical Concepts and Practical Management Techniques in Dentistry",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9588.jpg",slug:"clinical-concepts-and-practical-management-techniques-in-dentistry",publishedDate:"February 9th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Aneesa Moolla",hash:"42deab8d3bcf3edf64d1d9028d42efd1",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Clinical Concepts and Practical Management Techniques in Dentistry",editors:[{id:"318170",title:"Dr.",name:"Aneesa",middleName:null,surname:"Moolla",slug:"aneesa-moolla",fullName:"Aneesa Moolla",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/318170/images/system/318170.png",institutionString:"University of the Witwatersrand",institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8202",title:"Periodontal Disease",subtitle:"Diagnostic and Adjunctive Non-surgical Considerations",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8202.jpg",slug:"periodontal-disease-diagnostic-and-adjunctive-non-surgical-considerations",publishedDate:"February 5th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Nermin Mohammed Ahmed Yussif",hash:"0aee9799da7db2c732be44dd8fed16d8",volumeInSeries:6,fullTitle:"Periodontal Disease - Diagnostic and Adjunctive Non-surgical Considerations",editors:[{id:"210472",title:"Dr.",name:"Nermin",middleName:"Mohammed Ahmed",surname:"Yussif",slug:"nermin-yussif",fullName:"Nermin Yussif",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/210472/images/system/210472.jpg",institutionString:"MSA University",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8837",title:"Human Teeth",subtitle:"Key Skills and Clinical Illustrations",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8837.jpg",slug:"human-teeth-key-skills-and-clinical-illustrations",publishedDate:"January 22nd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Zühre Akarslan and Farid Bourzgui",hash:"ac055c5801032970123e0a196c2e1d32",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Human Teeth - Key Skills and Clinical Illustrations",editors:[{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:{id:"52177",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid",middleName:null,surname:"Bourzgui",slug:"farid-bourzgui",fullName:"Farid Bourzgui",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/52177/images/system/52177.png",biography:"Prof. Farid Bourzgui obtained his DMD and his DNSO option in Orthodontics at the School of Dental Medicine, Casablanca Hassan II University, Morocco, in 1995 and 2000, respectively. Currently, he is a professor of Orthodontics. He holds a Certificate of Advanced Study type A in Technology of Biomaterials used in Dentistry (1995); Certificate of Advanced Study type B in Dento-Facial Orthopaedics (1997) from the Faculty of Dental Surgery, University Denis Diderot-Paris VII, France; Diploma of Advanced Study (DESA) in Biocompatibility of Biomaterials from the Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Casablanca (2002); Certificate of Clinical Occlusodontics from the Faculty of Dentistry of Casablanca (2004); University Diploma of Biostatistics and Perceptual Health Measurement from the Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Casablanca (2011); and a University Diploma of Pedagogy of Odontological Sciences from the Faculty of Dentistry of Casablanca (2013). He is the author of several scientific articles, book chapters, and books.",institutionString:"University of Hassan II Casablanca",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"7",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"University of Hassan II Casablanca",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Morocco"}}},equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7060",title:"Gingival Disease",subtitle:"A Professional Approach for Treatment and Prevention",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7060.jpg",slug:"gingival-disease-a-professional-approach-for-treatment-and-prevention",publishedDate:"October 23rd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",hash:"b81d39988cba3a3cf746c1616912cf41",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Gingival Disease - A Professional Approach for Treatment and Prevention",editors:[{id:"240870",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Alaa Eddin Omar",middleName:null,surname:"Al Ostwani",slug:"alaa-eddin-omar-al-ostwani",fullName:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240870/images/system/240870.jpeg",institutionString:"International University for Science and Technology.",institution:{name:"Islamic University of Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"6668",title:"Dental Caries",subtitle:"Diagnosis, Prevention and Management",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6668.jpg",slug:"dental-caries-diagnosis-prevention-and-management",publishedDate:"September 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Zühre Akarslan",hash:"b0f7667770a391f772726c3013c1b9ba",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Dental Caries - Diagnosis, Prevention and Management",editors:[{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},testimonialsList:[{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.png",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}},{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}},{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[],lsSeriesList:[],hsSeriesList:[],sshSeriesList:[],subseriesList:[],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 29th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfPublishedChapters:318,numberOfPublishedBooks:32,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},subseries:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",keywords:"Omics (Transcriptomics; Proteomics; Metabolomics), Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, Signal Transduction and Regulation, Cell Growth and Differentiation, Apoptosis, Necroptosis, Ferroptosis, Autophagy, Cell Cycle, Macromolecules and Complexes, Gene Expression",scope:"The Cell and Molecular Biology topic within the IntechOpen Biochemistry Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of cell and molecular biology, including aspects related to biochemical and genetic research (not only in humans but all living beings). We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics include, but are not limited to: Advanced techniques of cellular and molecular biology (Molecular methodologies, imaging techniques, and bioinformatics); Biological activities at the molecular level; Biological processes of cell functions, cell division, senescence, maintenance, and cell death; Biomolecules interactions; Cancer; Cell biology; Chemical biology; Computational biology; Cytochemistry; Developmental biology; Disease mechanisms and therapeutics; DNA, and RNA metabolism; Gene functions, genetics, and genomics; Genetics; Immunology; Medical microbiology; Molecular biology; Molecular genetics; Molecular processes of cell and organelle dynamics; Neuroscience; Protein biosynthesis, degradation, and functions; Regulation of molecular interactions in a cell; Signalling networks and system biology; Structural biology; Virology and microbiology.",annualVolume:11410,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"79367",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"Flores",fullName:"Ana Isabel Flores",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRpIOQA0/Profile_Picture_1632418099564",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Hospital Universitario 12 De Octubre",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"328234",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Palavecino",fullName:"Christian Palavecino",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000030DhEhQAK/Profile_Picture_1628835318625",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Central University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"186585",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Martin-Romero",fullName:"Francisco Javier Martin-Romero",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSB3HQAW/Profile_Picture_1631258137641",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}]},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",keywords:"Phenolic Compounds, Essential Oils, Modification of Biomolecules, Glycobiology, Combinatorial Chemistry, Therapeutic peptides, Enzyme Inhibitors",scope:"Chemical biology spans the fields of chemistry and biology involving the application of biological and chemical molecules and techniques. In recent years, the application of chemistry to biological molecules has gained significant interest in medicinal and pharmacological studies. This topic will be devoted to understanding the interplay between biomolecules and chemical compounds, their structure and function, and their potential applications in related fields. Being a part of the biochemistry discipline, the ideas and concepts that have emerged from Chemical Biology have affected other related areas. This topic will closely deal with all emerging trends in this discipline.",annualVolume:11411,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"241413",title:"Dr.",name:"Azhar",middleName:null,surname:"Rasul",fullName:"Azhar Rasul",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRT1oQAG/Profile_Picture_1635251978933",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178316/images/system/178316.jfif",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Novosibirsk State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}}]},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",keywords:"Biomolecules Metabolism, Energy Metabolism, Metabolic Pathways, Key Metabolic Enzymes, Metabolic Adaptation",scope:"Metabolism is frequently defined in biochemistry textbooks as the overall process that allows living systems to acquire and use the free energy they need for their vital functions or the chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life. Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. Thus all studies on metabolism will be considered for publication.",annualVolume:11413,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"243049",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Pantea Stoian",fullName:"Anca Pantea Stoian",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243049/images/system/243049.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"203824",title:"Dr.",name:"Attilio",middleName:null,surname:"Rigotti",fullName:"Attilio Rigotti",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pontifical Catholic University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"300470",title:"Dr.",name:"Yanfei (Jacob)",middleName:null,surname:"Qi",fullName:"Yanfei (Jacob) Qi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300470/images/system/300470.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}]},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",keywords:"Mono- and Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis (1-and 2-DE), Liquid Chromatography (LC), Mass Spectrometry/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS; MS/MS), Proteins",scope:"With the recognition that the human genome cannot provide answers to the etiology of a disorder, changes in the proteins expressed by a genome became a focus in research. Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. The Proteomics topic aims to attract contributions on all aspects of MS-based proteomics that, by pushing the boundaries of MS capabilities, may address biological problems that have not been resolved yet.",annualVolume:11414,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"72288",title:"Dr.",name:"Arli Aditya",middleName:null,surname:"Parikesit",fullName:"Arli Aditya Parikesit",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/72288/images/system/72288.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"40928",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez-Camarillo",fullName:"Cesar Lopez-Camarillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40928/images/3884_n.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"81926",title:"Dr.",name:"Shymaa",middleName:null,surname:"Enany",fullName:"Shymaa Enany",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/81926/images/system/81926.png",institutionString:"Suez Canal University",institution:{name:"Suez Canal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/327424",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"327424"},fullPath:"/profiles/327424",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()