Meaning of Each Level of Recommendation Score
\\n\\n
IntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\\n\\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\\n\\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\\n\\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\\n\\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\\n\\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\\n\\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\\n\\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\\n\\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/237"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
After years of being acknowledged as the world's leading publisher of Open Access books, today, we are proud to announce we’ve successfully launched a portfolio of Open Science journals covering rapidly expanding areas of interdisciplinary research.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\n\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\n\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\n\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\n\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\n\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\n\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\n\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\n\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"6552",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Silver Nanoparticles - Fabrication, Characterization and Applications",title:"Silver Nanoparticles",subtitle:"Fabrication, Characterization and Applications",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Silver nanoparticles are the subject of immense interest because of their distinct chemical and physical properties that are different from their bulk counterpart. This makes these nanoparticles very important in many fields including antimicrobial applications, biosensor materials, composite fibers, cryogenic superconducting materials, cosmetic products, and electronic components. This book aims to provide in-depth study and analysis of various fabrication, characterization, and application techniques of silver nanoparticles that lead these nanoparticles very important in the recent technology. This book presents deep understanding of the new techniques from basic to the advanced level. This book addresses scientists, engineers, doctoral and postdoctoral fellows, and technical professionals working in specialized fields.",isbn:"978-1-78923-479-4",printIsbn:"978-1-78923-478-7",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83881-546-2",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71247",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"silver-nanoparticles-fabrication-characterization-and-applications",numberOfPages:288,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"fa35924b88365602189440c335634a77",bookSignature:"Khan Maaz",publishedDate:"July 18th 2018",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6552.jpg",numberOfDownloads:30238,numberOfWosCitations:106,numberOfCrossrefCitations:90,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:5,numberOfDimensionsCitations:167,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:9,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:363,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"October 4th 2017",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"October 25th 2017",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"December 20th 2017",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"March 14th 2018",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"May 13th 2018",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"107765",title:"Dr.",name:"Maaz",middleName:null,surname:"Khan",slug:"maaz-khan",fullName:"Maaz Khan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/107765/images/system/107765.png",biography:"Dr. Maaz Khan is working as Deputy Chief Scientist (Professor) at PINSTECH, Pakistan. He has done Ph.D. and post doctorate in the field of Material Science (Nanoscience). His research interests include fabrication of nanomaterials and their structural, optical, magnetic, and electrical characterizations. He has authored more than 100 research articles and published 10 books. Presently, he is the Editor-in-Chief of ‘Journal of Materials, Processing and Design\\' and \\'The Nucleus\\'. He is also the Executive Editor of \\'International Journal of Nano Studies and Technology\\'. Dr. Maaz also serves as the editorial board member of several journals of Material Science.",institutionString:"Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"9",institution:{name:"Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"946",title:"Nanotechnology",slug:"metals-and-nonmetals-nanotechnology"}],chapters:[{id:"59905",title:"Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.75363",slug:"synthesis-of-silver-nanoparticles",totalDownloads:6897,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:19,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Nanoparticles of noble metals, especially the silver nanoparticles, have been widely used in different fields of science. Their unique properties, which can be incorporated into biosensor materials, composite fibers, cosmetic products, antimicrobial applications, conducting materials and electronic components, make them a very important subject to be studied by chemistry, biology, healthcare, electronic and other related branches. These unique properties depend upon size and shape of the silver nanoparticles. Different preparation methods have been reported for the synthesis of the silver nanoparticles, such as electron irradiation, laser ablation, chemical reduction, biological artificial methods, photochemical methods and microwave processing. This chapter aims to inform the synthesis methods of the silver nanoparticles.",signatures:"Remziye Güzel and Gülbahar Erdal",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/59905",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/59905",authors:[{id:"226613",title:"Dr.",name:"Remziye",surname:"Güzel",slug:"remziye-guzel",fullName:"Remziye Güzel"},{id:"240772",title:"MSc.",name:"Gülbahar",surname:"Erdal",slug:"gulbahar-erdal",fullName:"Gülbahar Erdal"}],corrections:null},{id:"61218",title:"Silver Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Characterization and Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.75611",slug:"silver-nanoparticles-synthesis-characterization-and-applications",totalDownloads:5297,totalCrossrefCites:27,totalDimensionsCites:59,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Day by day augmenting importance of metal nanoparticles in the versatile fields like, catalyst, electronic, magnetic, mechanic, optical optoelectronic, materials for solar cell and fuel cell, medical, bioimaging, cosmetic, ultrafast data communication and optical data storage, etc, is increasing their value. Nanoparticles of alkali metals and noble metals (copper, silver, platinum, palladium, and gold, etc.) have a broad absorption band in the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum of light, because the solutions of these metal nanoparticles show the intense color, which is absent in their bulk counterparts as well as their atomic level. The main cause behind this phenomenon is attributed to the collective oscillations of the free conductive electrons that are induced by an interaction with electromagnetic field. The whole incidence is known as localized surface plasmonic resonance. Out of these, we have selected the silver nanoparticles for the studies. In this article, we will discuss the synthesis, characterization, and application of the silver nanoparticles. Future prospective and challenges in the field commercialization of the nanosilver is also discussed.",signatures:"Neelu Chouhan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/61218",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/61218",authors:[{id:"208475",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Neelu",surname:"Chouhan",slug:"neelu-chouhan",fullName:"Neelu Chouhan"}],corrections:null},{id:"61044",title:"Synthesis and Optical Properties of Highly Stabilized Peptide- Coated Silver Nanoparticles",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76829",slug:"synthesis-and-optical-properties-of-highly-stabilized-peptide-coated-silver-nanoparticles",totalDownloads:1279,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The interaction between the silver nanoparticle and peptide surfaces has been of increased interest for the applications of bionanotechnology and tissue engineering. In order to completely understand such interactions, we have examined the optical properties of peptide-coated silver nanoparticles. However, the effect of peptide binding motif upon the silver nanoparticles surface characteristics and physicochemical properties of these nanoparticles remains incompletely understood. Here, we have fabricated sodium citrate stabilized silver nanoparticles and coated with peptide IVD (ID3). The optical properties of these peptide-capped nanomaterials were characterized by UV-visible, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and z-potential measurement. The results indicate that the interface of silver nanoparticles (AgNP)-peptide is generated using ID3 peptide and suggested that the reactivity of peptide is governed by the conformation of the bound peptide on the silver nanoparticle surface. The interactions of peptide-nanoparticle would potentially be used to fabricate specific functionality into the various peptide-capped nanomaterials and antibacterial applications.",signatures:"Parvathalu Kalakonda and Sreenivas Banne",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/61044",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/61044",authors:[{id:"205966",title:"Dr.",name:"Parvathalu",surname:"Kalakonda",slug:"parvathalu-kalakonda",fullName:"Parvathalu Kalakonda"}],corrections:null},{id:"60180",title:"Synthesis, Characterization and Antimicrobial Properties of Silver Nanocomposites",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.74623",slug:"synthesis-characterization-and-antimicrobial-properties-of-silver-nanocomposites",totalDownloads:1929,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:8,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Nanoparticles and polymers in their respective fields have contributed greatly in the form of science and hence in daily life application products. But due to lack in emerging technologies for developing silver nanocomposites with polymers and other materials, the nanoparticle-based products have conquered little less attention. Hereby, an effort is made to put a light on already developed functional materials containing silver nanoparticles and also to look forward their scope in daily life applications. A little more insight into antimicrobial properties of such materials will also be elaborated. Finally, the optimal amounts of silver that cannot be health hazardous to living being especially human and overall environmental impacts of Nanocomposites are presented.",signatures:"Mudassar Abbas, Nida Naeem, Hina Iftikhar and Usman Latif",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/60180",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/60180",authors:[{id:"225082",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Mudassar",surname:"Abbas",slug:"mudassar-abbas",fullName:"Mudassar Abbas"},{id:"240184",title:"Ms.",name:"Nida",surname:"Naeem",slug:"nida-naeem",fullName:"Nida Naeem"},{id:"240185",title:"Ms.",name:"Hina",surname:"Iftikhar",slug:"hina-iftikhar",fullName:"Hina Iftikhar"},{id:"240186",title:"Dr.",name:"Usman",surname:"Latif",slug:"usman-latif",fullName:"Usman Latif"}],corrections:null},{id:"59848",title:"Application of Silver Nanoparticles for Water Treatment",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.74675",slug:"application-of-silver-nanoparticles-for-water-treatment",totalDownloads:2274,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:7,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In recent past development of silver nanoparticles and their application in the treatment of wastewaters is becoming a major area of research. It is mainly applicable to the removal of three major pollutants like pesticides, heavy metals, and microorganisms. Variety of synthesis techniques have been reported for preparation and characterization of silver nanoparticles. In our research, we synthesized Ag nanoparticles supported on ZrO2 and ZrO2-CeO2 by a “deposit-precipitation method” as the first step and later sequentially synthesized Ag-Au supported on ZrO2 and ZrO2-CeO2 by Redox method. Catalysts were evaluated in catalytic wet air oxidation (CWAO) of methyl tert-butyl ether and phenol. The CWAO is a liquid phase process for the treatment of organic pollutants operating at temperatures in the range of 100–325°C at 5–200 bar pressures. The selectivity and efficient of catalysts were evaluated by total organic carbon (TOC) and high-performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC). Ideally, the total mineralization of pollutants into CO2 and H2O is preferred.",signatures:"Zenaida Guerra Que, José Gilberto Torres Torres, Hermicenda Pérez\nVidal, María A. Lunagómez Rocha, Juan C. Arévalo Pérez, Ignacio\nCuauhtémoc López, Durvel De La Cruz Romero, Alejandra\nE. Espinosa De Los Monteros Reyna, José G. Pacheco Sosa, Adib A.\nSilahua Pavón and Jorge S. Ferráez Hernández",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/59848",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/59848",authors:[{id:"228497",title:"Dr.",name:"Hermicenda",surname:"Perez Vidal",slug:"hermicenda-perez-vidal",fullName:"Hermicenda Perez Vidal"},{id:"229146",title:"Dr.",name:"Zenaida",surname:"Guerra Que",slug:"zenaida-guerra-que",fullName:"Zenaida Guerra Que"},{id:"240565",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose Gilberto",surname:"Torres Torres",slug:"jose-gilberto-torres-torres",fullName:"Jose Gilberto Torres Torres"},{id:"240661",title:"Dr.",name:"María A.",surname:"Lunagómez Rocha",slug:"maria-a.-lunagomez-rocha",fullName:"María A. Lunagómez Rocha"},{id:"240662",title:"MSc.",name:"Juan C.",surname:"Arévalo Pérez",slug:"juan-c.-arevalo-perez",fullName:"Juan C. Arévalo Pérez"},{id:"240663",title:"Dr.",name:"Ignacio",surname:"Cuauhtémoc López",slug:"ignacio-cuauhtemoc-lopez",fullName:"Ignacio Cuauhtémoc López"},{id:"240664",title:"Dr.",name:"Alejandra E.",surname:"Espinosa De Los Monteros Reyna",slug:"alejandra-e.-espinosa-de-los-monteros-reyna",fullName:"Alejandra E. Espinosa De Los Monteros Reyna"},{id:"240665",title:"Dr.",name:"Durvel",surname:"De La Cruz Romero",slug:"durvel-de-la-cruz-romero",fullName:"Durvel De La Cruz Romero"},{id:"240666",title:"Dr.",name:"José G.",surname:"Pacheco Sosa",slug:"jose-g.-pacheco-sosa",fullName:"José G. Pacheco Sosa"},{id:"240667",title:"MSc.",name:"Adib A.",surname:"Silahua Pavón",slug:"adib-a.-silahua-pavon",fullName:"Adib A. Silahua Pavón"},{id:"240668",title:"MSc.",name:"Jorge S.",surname:"Ferráez Hernández",slug:"jorge-s.-ferraez-hernandez",fullName:"Jorge S. Ferráez Hernández"}],corrections:null},{id:"60717",title:"Antibacterial Effect of Silver Nanoparticles Versus Chlorhexidine Against Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus casei",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76183",slug:"antibacterial-effect-of-silver-nanoparticles-versus-chlorhexidine-against-streptococcus-mutans-and-l",totalDownloads:1195,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The porpoise of the study was to evaluate the antibacterial effect of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) versus chlorhexidine (CHX) against Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus casei. Three different reducing agents were used for the synthesis and characterization of Ag-NPs: sodium borohydride (NaBH4), a chemical method, and Heterotheca inuloides (Hi) and Camellia sinensis (Cs), two eco-friendly methods. The synthesized substance was deposited on deciduous teeth. Its behavior in dental tissues was evaluated through an energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis, using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The characterization of Ag-NPs in terms of shape, size, and polydispersity was performed through spectrophotometry of ultraviolet-visible light analysis (UV-vis), as well as by transmission electron microscopy. Isolation and culture of strains S. mutans and L. casei were done to perform the microbiological analysis.",signatures:"Raul Alberto Morales Luckie, Rafael Lopez Casatañares, Rogelio\nSchougall, Sarai Carmina Guadarrama Reyes and Víctor Sanchez\nMendieta",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/60717",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/60717",authors:[{id:"226386",title:"Dr.",name:"Raul Alberto",surname:"Morales Luckie",slug:"raul-alberto-morales-luckie",fullName:"Raul Alberto Morales Luckie"},{id:"228578",title:"Dr.",name:"Víctor",surname:"Sanchez Mendieta",slug:"victor-sanchez-mendieta",fullName:"Víctor Sanchez Mendieta"},{id:"228580",title:"MSc.",name:"Sarai Carmina",surname:"Guadarrama Reyes",slug:"sarai-carmina-guadarrama-reyes",fullName:"Sarai Carmina Guadarrama Reyes"},{id:"228581",title:"Dr.",name:"Rogelio",surname:"Schougall",slug:"rogelio-schougall",fullName:"Rogelio Schougall"},{id:"228584",title:"Dr.",name:"Rafael",surname:"Lopez Casatañares",slug:"rafael-lopez-casatanares",fullName:"Rafael Lopez Casatañares"}],corrections:null},{id:"61686",title:"Biological Activity of Silver Nanoparticles and Their Applications in Anticancer Therapy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.77075",slug:"biological-activity-of-silver-nanoparticles-and-their-applications-in-anticancer-therapy",totalDownloads:1746,totalCrossrefCites:14,totalDimensionsCites:22,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Nanotechnology delivers materials and nanoparticles (NPs) with high biological potential, useful in bioengineering, nanomedicine, and human health protection. Silver nanoparticles (NPs), because of their wide spectrum of activities and physical and chemical properties, are nowadays extensively researched. However, careful studies on living organism should be performed, with strong attention to biocompatibility. Multiple cellular effects, displayed after AgNP treatments, show interesting potential of metal-based NPs, not only in bio-nanotechnology but also in molecular medicine and anticancer therapy. AgNPs are promising anticancer agents, influencing the cell cycle, inhibiting cancer proliferation, and inducing oxidative stress and propagation of programmed cellular death (apoptosis). Additionally, they protect against bacterial, fungal, and viral infections. During chemo- and radio-therapies, such antimicrobial protection will be desirable because of the decreased immunological resistance of cancer patients. In conclusion, AgNPs often present in the human environment should be studied for novel findings and better characteristic. This article discusses advantages of AgNP’s “eco-friendly” production, followed by green synthesis, with particular consideration of antimicrobial and anticancer properties. Cellular processes, induced after AgNP treatments, are focused on antiproliferative, pro-oxidative, and pro-apoptotic activities of NPs.",signatures:"Magdalena Skonieczna and Dorota Hudy",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/61686",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/61686",authors:[{id:"243029",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Magdalena",surname:"Skonieczna",slug:"magdalena-skonieczna",fullName:"Magdalena Skonieczna"},{id:"249509",title:"MSc.",name:"Dorota",surname:"Hudy",slug:"dorota-hudy",fullName:"Dorota Hudy"}],corrections:null},{id:"59446",title:"Silver Nanoparticles and PDMS Hybrid Nanostructure for Medical Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.74372",slug:"silver-nanoparticles-and-pdms-hybrid-nanostructure-for-medical-applications",totalDownloads:1484,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"For many years, people have known about silver’s antibacterial qualities. Silver nanoparticles are widely used in consumer products, biomedical equipment, textile products and in other applications. Having a larger surface area to coat or spread over another surface, offers a greater contact area, therefore, increases antimicrobial properties. Also, these nanoparticles can be incorporated into polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) implants as immobilized or occluded particles to improve their performance in the body. PDMS is commonly used for biomedical applications, including components for microfluidics, catheters, implants, valves, punctual plugs, orthopedics and micro gaskets. It can be manufactured easily in different forms such as fibers, fabrics, films, blocks and porous surfaces. The use of silver nanoparticles for their antimicrobial qualities improves PDMS biocompatibility, because it inhibits microbial growth, thereby making it more attractive for biomedical applications. The presence of metal nanoparticles also helps to reduce the hydrophobic nature of PDMS. This property of PDMS does not encourage cell adhesion, which is a very critical requirement for medical implants. Silver nanoparticles improve the silicone’s wettability. The exceptional properties of silver nanoparticles combined with the PDMS have made this hybrid nanostructure applicable to different medical uses.",signatures:"Solano-Umaña Victor and Vega-Baudrit José Roberto",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/59446",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/59446",authors:[{id:"224271",title:"Prof.",name:"Jose",surname:"Vega Baudrit",slug:"jose-vega-baudrit",fullName:"Jose Vega Baudrit"}],corrections:null},{id:"61862",title:"Exploring the Effect of Operational Factors and Characterization Imperative to the Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76947",slug:"exploring-the-effect-of-operational-factors-and-characterization-imperative-to-the-synthesis-of-silv",totalDownloads:1568,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:10,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The synthesis and application of silver nanoparticles are increasingly becoming attractive. Hence, a critical examination of the various factors needed for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles as well as the characterization is imperative. In light of this, we addressed in this chapter, the nitty-gritty on the operational parameters (factors) and characterization relevant to synthesis of silver nanoparticle. The following characterization protocols were discussed in the context of silver nanoparticle synthesis. These protocols include spectroscopic techniques such as ultraviolet visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS).",signatures:"Adewumi O. Dada, Folahan A. Adekola, Oluyomi S. Adeyemi,\nOluwasesan M. Bello, Adetunji C. Oluwaseun, Oluwakemi J.\nAwakan and Femi-Adepoju A. Grace",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/61862",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/61862",authors:[{id:"34132",title:"Dr.",name:"Folahan",surname:"A. Adekola",slug:"folahan-a.-adekola",fullName:"Folahan A. Adekola"},{id:"65667",title:"Dr.",name:"Oluyomi",surname:"Adeyemi",slug:"oluyomi-adeyemi",fullName:"Oluyomi Adeyemi"},{id:"208501",title:"Dr.",name:"Adewumi",surname:"Dada",slug:"adewumi-dada",fullName:"Adewumi Dada"},{id:"222614",title:"Dr.",name:"Charles",surname:"Adetunji",slug:"charles-adetunji",fullName:"Charles Adetunji"},{id:"240641",title:"Dr.",name:"Oluwasesan Micheal",surname:"Bello",slug:"oluwasesan-micheal-bello",fullName:"Oluwasesan Micheal Bello"},{id:"241975",title:"Dr.",name:"Oluwakemi Josephine",surname:"Awakan",slug:"oluwakemi-josephine-awakan",fullName:"Oluwakemi Josephine Awakan"},{id:"246421",title:"Dr.",name:"Abiola Grace",surname:"Femi-Adepoju",slug:"abiola-grace-femi-adepoju",fullName:"Abiola Grace Femi-Adepoju"}],corrections:null},{id:"60486",title:"Assessment of Nano-toxicity and Safety Profiles of Silver Nanoparticles",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.75645",slug:"assessment-of-nano-toxicity-and-safety-profiles-of-silver-nanoparticles",totalDownloads:1830,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:18,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Nanotoxicology, which is related with toxic potentials of nanoparticles (NPs) and their adverse effects on living organisms and environment, is a sub-branch of toxicology discipline. Nano-toxicity of NPs depends on their doses, unique chemical, and physical properties. Nowadays, silver (Ag) NPs are used in many consumer and scientific applications such as antimicrobial and pharmaceutical applications, water purification systems, textile industry, and food packaging processes. However, the information that about their nano-toxic potentials is still not complete, and it is considered that several parameters of Ag NPs such as size, shape, surface, and stability affect the toxic potential in different ways. Nano-toxic potentials of Ag NPs were mentioned as in vivo, in vitro, and in silico the studies. In this chapter, it was evaluated the common unique properties of NPs are related with nanotoxicology such as size, surface area and modifications, shape, agglomeration status, and dose.",signatures:"Yasemin Budama-Kilinc, Rabia Cakir-Koc, Tolga Zorlu, Burak\nOzdemir, Zeynep Karavelioglu, Abdurrahim Can Egil and Serda\nKecel-Gunduz",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/60486",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/60486",authors:[{id:"146042",title:"MSc.",name:"Rabia",surname:"Cakir Koc",slug:"rabia-cakir-koc",fullName:"Rabia Cakir Koc"},{id:"182570",title:"Dr.",name:"Yasemin",surname:"Budama Kilinc",slug:"yasemin-budama-kilinc",fullName:"Yasemin Budama Kilinc"},{id:"239962",title:"MSc.",name:"Burak",surname:"Özdemir",slug:"burak-ozdemir",fullName:"Burak Özdemir"},{id:"241550",title:"Dr.",name:"Tolga",surname:"Zorlu",slug:"tolga-zorlu",fullName:"Tolga Zorlu"},{id:"241551",title:"MSc.",name:"Zeynep",surname:"Karavelioglu",slug:"zeynep-karavelioglu",fullName:"Zeynep Karavelioglu"},{id:"241552",title:"BSc.",name:"A. Can",surname:"Egil",slug:"a.-can-egil",fullName:"A. Can Egil"},{id:"241998",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Serda",surname:"Kecel-Gunduz",slug:"serda-kecel-gunduz",fullName:"Serda Kecel-Gunduz"}],corrections:null},{id:"61345",title:"Use of Silver Nanoparticles as Tougheners of Alumina Ceramics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76949",slug:"use-of-silver-nanoparticles-as-tougheners-of-alumina-ceramics",totalDownloads:898,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In this work, alumina/silver composites were produced through powder techniques, which involve the combination of high energy mechanical milling combined with sintering in the presence of a liquid phase and with the idea of having ceramics with good toughness values. From mechanical characterizations, it was found that increases of the silver content in the alumina origins decrease the elastic’s modulus and flexural strength of the final composite. The fracture toughness of alumina increases from 4.2 MPam−0.5 for monolithic alumina to 10 MPam−0.5 for alumina with 2 wt% silver additions. It was determined that the reinforcement mechanism of these materials is due to the deflection of cracks owing to metallic bridges formed by the silver used as toughener material.",signatures:"Enrique Rocha-Rangel, Azucena Pérez-de la Fuente, José A.\nRodríguez-García, Eddie N. Armendáriz-Mireles and Carlos A.\nCalles-Arriaga",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/61345",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/61345",authors:[{id:"30489",title:"Dr.",name:"Enrique",surname:"Rocha",slug:"enrique-rocha",fullName:"Enrique Rocha"}],corrections:null},{id:"60328",title:"Modification of Electrical Properties of Silver Nanoparticle",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.75682",slug:"modification-of-electrical-properties-of-silver-nanoparticle",totalDownloads:1528,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:16,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter focuses on the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), AgNP composites, and its role in the structure and electrical properties modification. The research and its various applications of nanoparticles are interesting among others. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are now becoming to take an essential role in the diverse field of application. Establishing the simple and inexpensive of AgNPs is greatly required, since it will also influence it used. Many different methods to obtain AgNPs have been reported. The inducing AgNPs on a various number of other materials has been investigating. We report a brief review of simple AgNP fabrication method at different MSA, PEG, and ultrasonic irradiations regarding its structure and conductivity. We also report the influence of AgNPs on the electrical conductivity of conducting polymers, i.e., PANI, flavonoids of Jatropha multifida L. (JML) and Pterocarpus indicus W. (PIW). It is found that in general, the increase of AgNP concentration gives rise to increase of its electrical conductivity. The conductivity of the AgNPs doped of polymers does not directly reflect by its crystallinity or crystal size. Some exciting aspect of crystal structure and its conductivity are discussed.",signatures:"Markus Diantoro, Thathit Suprayogi, Ulwiyatus Sa’adah, Nandang\nMufti, Abdulloh Fuad, Arif Hidayat and Hadi Nur",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/60328",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/60328",authors:[{id:"230167",title:"Dr.",name:"Markus",surname:"Diantoro",slug:"markus-diantoro",fullName:"Markus Diantoro"},{id:"240354",title:"MSc.",name:"Abdulloh",surname:"Fuad",slug:"abdulloh-fuad",fullName:"Abdulloh Fuad"},{id:"240355",title:"Dr.",name:"Nandang",surname:"Mufti",slug:"nandang-mufti",fullName:"Nandang Mufti"},{id:"240356",title:"Prof.",name:"Arif",surname:"Hidayat",slug:"arif-hidayat",fullName:"Arif Hidayat"},{id:"240357",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",surname:"Nur",slug:"hadi-nur",fullName:"Hadi Nur"}],corrections:null},{id:"59980",title:"Antimicrobial Effect of Silk and Catgut Suture Threads Coated with Biogenic Silver Nanoparticles",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.75074",slug:"antimicrobial-effect-of-silk-and-catgut-suture-threads-coated-with-biogenic-silver-nanoparticles",totalDownloads:1215,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Two bionanocomposites based on suture threads, silk-silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) and catgut-Ag NPs, were prepared through a green chemistry methodology using Chenopodium ambrosioides (Mexican Epazote) as reducing agent. UV-Vis spectrophotometry (UV-Vis), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), were used for their characterization. UV-Vis confirmed the synthesis of silver nanoparticles. Micrographs showed polydisperse, mostly spherical, Ag NPs attached to both suture threads. The bionanocomposites antimicrobial properties were evaluated through cultures and inhibition zones tests. The Chenopodium ambrosioides-assisted synthesized bionanocomposites have proved antibacterial effect against S. aureus and E. coli in both sutures (silk and catgut) and could be potentially useful for oral or periodontal surgery. There was no significant difference statistically in inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus versus Escherichia coli.",signatures:"Saraí C. Guadarrama-Reyes, Rogelio J. Scougall-Vilchis, Raúl A.\nMorales-Luckie, Víctor Sánchez-Mendieta and Rafael López-\nCastañares",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/59980",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/59980",authors:[{id:"226386",title:"Dr.",name:"Raul Alberto",surname:"Morales Luckie",slug:"raul-alberto-morales-luckie",fullName:"Raul Alberto Morales Luckie"},{id:"228578",title:"Dr.",name:"Víctor",surname:"Sanchez Mendieta",slug:"victor-sanchez-mendieta",fullName:"Víctor Sanchez Mendieta"},{id:"228584",title:"Dr.",name:"Rafael",surname:"Lopez Casatañares",slug:"rafael-lopez-casatanares",fullName:"Rafael Lopez Casatañares"},{id:"240222",title:"Mrs.",name:"Sarai C",surname:"Guadarrama-Reyes",slug:"sarai-c-guadarrama-reyes",fullName:"Sarai C Guadarrama-Reyes"},{id:"240223",title:"Dr.",name:"Rogelio J",surname:"Scougall-Vilchis",slug:"rogelio-j-scougall-vilchis",fullName:"Rogelio J Scougall-Vilchis"}],corrections:null},{id:"59355",title:"Electrochemical Formation of Silver Nanoparticles and Nanoclusters on Multiwall Carbon Nanotube Electrode Films",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.74056",slug:"electrochemical-formation-of-silver-nanoparticles-and-nanoclusters-on-multiwall-carbon-nanotube-elec",totalDownloads:1105,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The Ag nanoparticles and nanoclusters (AgNP, AgNC) have been widely used due to their multiple applications, for example, in catalysts for CO2 to CO electrochemical reduction, O2 reduction in fuel cells, interface design for plasmonic resonance experiments and H2O2 or glucose sensors. The chemical methods most used to obtain AgNP, reported in the literature are: borohydride reduction, the Tollens method or the sonication at high concentrations of AgNO3. One important disadvantage of these methods is the multiple steps required for electrode design, especially in carbon materials, and one of them is MWCNTs, used in some applications mentioned above. Electrodeposition has been reported in the preparation of metallic particles. In this chapter, we described the electropolishing method in the preparation of AgNP and AgNC supported on MWCNT film. An advantage of this proposed method is that it allows obtaining AgNP and AgNC in situ, supported on carbon matrices, ready to use as electrodes in different applications.",signatures:"Andrés Alberto Arrocha Arcos and Margarita Miranda-Hernández",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/59355",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/59355",authors:[{id:"229755",title:"Dr.",name:"Margarita",surname:"Miranda-Hernández",slug:"margarita-miranda-hernandez",fullName:"Margarita Miranda-Hernández"},{id:"229760",title:"MSc.",name:"Andres A.",surname:"Arocha Arcos",slug:"andres-a.-arocha-arcos",fullName:"Andres A. Arocha Arcos"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"5195",title:"Magnetic Materials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4f04cfbb54e455378de5fc7725e36a0c",slug:"magnetic-materials",bookSignature:"Khan Maaz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5195.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"107765",title:"Dr.",name:"Maaz",surname:"Khan",slug:"maaz-khan",fullName:"Maaz Khan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5404",title:"Raman Spectroscopy and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7d447d2811c5d3fc696761bb12fe3166",slug:"raman-spectroscopy-and-applications",bookSignature:"Khan Maaz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5404.jpg",editedByType:"Edited 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It creates routes for further innovation, collaboration amidst the Sciences (both Natural and Social), the Humanities, and the private and public sectors of society. The chapters speak across sociocultural concerns, education, welfare and artistic sectors under the common desire for direct responses in more effective ways by means of interaction across societal structures.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-0687-6",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-5117-3",doi:"10.5772/2273",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"theoretical-and-methodological-approaches-to-social-sciences-and-knowledge-management",numberOfPages:422,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"76ab953fe7ca1b6e89d7937d69842d5f",bookSignature:"Asunción López-Varela",publishedDate:"August 16th 2012",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1847.jpg",keywords:null,numberOfDownloads:57653,numberOfWosCitations:16,numberOfCrossrefCitations:5,numberOfDimensionsCitations:6,numberOfTotalCitations:27,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"May 30th 2011",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 27th 2011",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"November 1st 2011",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"December 1st 2011",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"March 30th 2012",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"11 years",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"302731",title:null,name:"Asun",middleName:null,surname:"López-Varela Azcárate",slug:"asun-lopez-varela-azcarate",fullName:"Asun López-Varela Azcárate",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/302731/images/system/302731.jpeg",biography:"Asun López-Varela Azcarate is an associate professor at Universidad Complutense de Madrid. Her research interests are cognitive and intermedial semiotics, inter-art studies, sustainability, and STEAM approaches. A proactive member of the profession, Dr. Azcarate established the research program “Studies on Intermediality and Intercultural Mediation” (SIIM) in 2007. She serves as an editor for various international journals. She was previously president of the European Society of Comparative Literature, deputy head of the Department of English Studies at her university, and an evaluator in various international research programs, including Vice-Chair at EU Unit REA.A2, Marie Skłodowska-Curie European Postdoctoral Fellowships, Social Sciences and Humanities (SOC).",institutionString:"Complutense University of Madrid",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"4",institution:{name:"Complutense University of Madrid",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"442",title:"Organizational Research",slug:"organizational-research"}],chapters:[{id:"38278",title:"Social Research Methods in Higher Education: A Critical Analysis of Methodological Issues and Emerging Trends at the Zimbabwe Open University",slug:"social-research-methods-in-higher-education-a-critical-analysis-of-methodological-issues-and-emergin",totalDownloads:6843,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"116563",title:"Mr.",name:"Caleb",surname:"Kangai",slug:"caleb-kangai",fullName:"Caleb Kangai"}]},{id:"38279",title:"Methodology Transfers Between Social Sciences and Humanities in Relation to Natural Sciences, Technology and Government Policy",slug:"methodology-transfers-between-social-sciences-and-humanities-in-relation-to-natural-sciences-technol",totalDownloads:3344,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"115410",title:"Prof.",name:"Hajime",surname:"Eto",slug:"hajime-eto",fullName:"Hajime Eto"}]},{id:"38280",title:"Causality in Social Studies Education",slug:"causality-in-social-studies-education",totalDownloads:1716,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"114537",title:"Dr.",name:"Bayram",surname:"Tay",slug:"bayram-tay",fullName:"Bayram Tay"}]},{id:"38281",title:"The Assumption of Non-Gaussianity in Natural and Social Sciences and Its Influence on Detection of Causal Relationships",slug:"the-assumption-of-non-gaussianity-in-natural-and-social-sciences-and-its-influence-on-detection-of-c",totalDownloads:1900,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"139164",title:"Dr.",name:"Katerina",surname:"Hlavackova-Schindler",slug:"katerina-hlavackova-schindler",fullName:"Katerina Hlavackova-Schindler"}]},{id:"38282",title:"Qualitative Research: The Toolkit of Theories in the Social Sciences",slug:"qualitative_research_toolkit_theories_social_sciences",totalDownloads:2573,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"118755",title:"Dr.",name:"Sylvain",surname:"Cibangu",slug:"sylvain-cibangu",fullName:"Sylvain Cibangu"}]},{id:"38283",title:"A Simulation Approach to Validate Models Derived from Observational Studies",slug:"a-simulation-approach-to-validate-models-derived-from-observational-studies",totalDownloads:1414,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"116407",title:"Prof.",name:"Pierre",surname:"Robillard",slug:"pierre-robillard",fullName:"Pierre Robillard"}]},{id:"38284",title:"Cartographic Generalization Applied to Social Networks Maps in the City of Curitiba in Brazil",slug:"cartographic-generalization-applied-to-social-networks-maps-in-the-city-of-curitiba-in-brazil",totalDownloads:1350,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"118639",title:"MSc.",name:"Renan Martins",surname:"Pombo",slug:"renan-martins-pombo",fullName:"Renan Martins Pombo"}]},{id:"38285",title:"Open-Source Tools for Data Mining in Social Science",slug:"open-source-tools-for-data-mining-in-social-science",totalDownloads:4153,totalCrossrefCites:3,authors:[{id:"119511",title:"Dr.",name:"Nikola",surname:"Štambuk",slug:"nikola-stambuk",fullName:"Nikola Štambuk"},{id:"119512",title:"Dr.",name:"Paško",surname:"Konjevoda",slug:"pasko-konjevoda",fullName:"Paško Konjevoda"}]},{id:"38286",title:"Applying Social Sciences Research for Public Benefit Using Knowledge Mobilization and Social Media",slug:"applying-social-sciences-research-for-public-benefit-using-knowledge-mobilization-and-social-media",totalDownloads:2721,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"113142",title:"Dr.",name:"David",surname:"Phipps",slug:"david-phipps",fullName:"David Phipps"},{id:"117588",title:"Ms.",name:"Krista",surname:"Jensen",slug:"krista-jensen",fullName:"Krista Jensen"},{id:"117589",title:"Mr.",name:"J. 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Net Promoter Score (NPS) is a popular metric used in a variety of industries for measuring customer advocacy. Introduced by Reichheld (2003), NPS measures the likelihood that an existing customer will recommend a company to another prospective customer. NPS is derived from a single question that may be included as part of a larger customer survey. The single question asks the customer to use a scale of 0 to 10 to rate their willingness and intention to recommend the company to another person. Ratings of 9 and 10 are used to characterize so-called ‘promoters,’ ratings of 0 through 6 characterize ‘detractors,’ and ratings of 7 and 8 characterize ‘passives.’ The NPS is calculated as the percentage of respondents that are promoters minus the percentage of respondents that are detractors.
\n\t\t\tThe idea behind the labels given to customers is as follows. Promoters are thought to be extremely satisfied customers that see little to no room for improvement, and consequently would offer persuasive recommendations that could lead to new revenue. The passive ratings, on the other hand, begin to hint at room for improvement and consequently the effectiveness of a recommendation from a Passive may be muted by explicit or implied caveats. Ratings at the low end are thought to be associated with negative experiences that might cloud a recommendation and likely scare off prospective new customers. Additional discussion on the long history of NPS can be found in Hayes (2008).
\n\t\t\tSome implementations of NPS methodology use reduced 5-point or 7-point scales that align with traditional Likert scales. However it is implemented, the hope is that movements in NPS are positively correlated with revenue growth for the company. While Reichheld’s research presented some evidence of that, other findings are not as corroborative (Kenningham et al., 2007). Regardless of whether there is a predictive relationship between NPS and revenue growth, implementing policies and programs within a company that improve NPS is an intuitively sensible thing to do [see, for example, Vavra (1997)]. A difficult and important question, however, is how to identify key drivers of NPS.
This chapter is an illustrative tutorial that demonstrates how a statistical classification model can be used to identify key drivers of NPS. Our premise is that the classification model, the data it operates on, and the analyses it provides could usefully form components of a Decision Support System that can not only provide both snapshot and longitudinal analyses of NPS performance, but also enable analyses that can help suggest company initiatives aimed toward lifting the NPS.
\n\t\t\tWe assume that the NPS question was asked as part of larger survey that also probed customer satisfaction levels with respect to various dimensions of the company’s services. We develop a predictive classification model for customer advocacy (promoter, passive or detractor) as a function of these service dimensions. A novelty associated with our classification model is the optional use of constraints on the parameter estimates to enforce a monotonic property. We provide a detailed explanation of how to fit the model using the SAS software package and show how the fitted model can be used to develop company policies that have promise for improving the NPS. Our primary objective is to teach an interested practitioner how to use customer survey data together with a statistical classifier to identify key drivers of NPS. We present a case study that is based on a real-life data collection and analysis project to illustrate the step-by-step process of building the linkage between customer satisfaction data and NPS.
\n\t\tIn this section we provide a brief review of logistic and multinomial regression. Allen and Rao (2000) is a good reference that contains more detail than we provide, and additionally has example applications pertaining to customer satisfaction modeling.
\n\t\t\tThe binomial logistic regression model assumes that the response variable is binary (0/1). This could be the case, for example, if a customer is simply asked the question “Would you recommend us to a friend?” Let \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
The binomial logistic regression model posits that \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Model fitting for the binomial logistic regression model entails estimating the parameters \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
and the maximum likelihood estimate (MLE) of \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Suppose now that the outcome variable has more than two categories. For example, suppose the responses \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
where \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
and the MLE of \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Carestream Health, Inc. (CSH) was formed in 2007 when Onex Corporation of Toronto, Canada purchased Eastman Kodak Company’s Health Group and renamed the business as Carestream Health. They are an annual $2.5B company and a world leader in medical imaging (digital and film), healthcare information systems, dental imaging and dental practice management software, molecular imaging and non-destructive testing. Their customers include medical and dental doctors and staff and healthcare IT professionals in small offices and clinics to large hospitals and regional and national healthcare programs. A major company initiative is to create a sustainable competitive advantage by delivering the absolute best customer experience in the industry. Customer recommendations are key to growth in the digital medical space and no one has been able to do it consistently well. The foundation for taking advantage of this opportunity is to understand what\'s important to customers, measure their satisfaction and likelihood to recommend based on their experiences, and drive improvement.
\n\t\t\tWhile descriptive statistics such as trend charts, bar charts, averages and listings of customer verbatim comments are helpful in identifying improvement opportunities to improve the Net Promoter Score (NPS), they are limited in their power. First, they lack quantitative measurements of correlation between elements of event satisfaction and NPS. As a consequence, it is not clear what impact a given process improvement will have on a customer’s likelihood to recommend. Second, they lack the ability to view multi-dimensional relationships – they are limited to single factor inferences which may not sufficiently describe the complex relationships between elements of a customer’s experience and their likelihood to recommend.
\n\t\t\tThis section summarizes the use of multinomial logistic regression analyses that were applied to 5056 independent customer experience surveys from Jan 2009 – Jan 2010. Each survey included a question that measured (on a 5-point Likert scale) how likely it would be for the customer to recommend colleagues to purchase imaging solutions from CSH. Five other questions measured the satisfaction level (on a 7-point Likert scale) of the customer with CSH services obtained in response to an equipment or software problem. Key NPS drivers are revealed through the multinomial logistic regression analyses, and improvement scenarios for specific geographic and business combinations are mapped out. The ability to develop a quantitative model to measure the impact on NPS of potential process improvements significantly enhances the value of the survey data.
\n\t\t\tThe 5-point Likert response to the question about willingness to recommend is summarized in Table 1 below. CSH calculates a unique net promoter score from responses on this variable using the formula\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Recommendation | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tInterpretation | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
1 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWithout being asked, I will advise others NOT to purchase from you | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
2 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tOnly if asked, I will advise others NOT to purchase from you | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
3 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tI am neutral | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
4 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tOnly if asked, I will recommend others TO purchase from you | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
5 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWithout being asked, I will recommend others TO purchase from you | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Meaning of Each Level of Recommendation Score
Let \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
The demographic covariates include the (global) region code, country code, business code and the customer job title. The demographic covariates are coded using the standard dummy variable coding technique. For example, region code utilizes 7 binary variables \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Country code utilizes similar dummy variables, but because countries are nested within regions we use the notation\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
In the data set we have\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Finally, job title utilizes 10 dummy variables \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
The customer satisfaction covariates are also coded using the dummy variable scheme. The data on these covariates are the responses to the survey questions identified as q79, q82a, q82b, q82d and q82f. These questions survey the customer satisfaction on ‘Overall satisfaction with the service event,’ ‘Satisfaction with CSH knowledge of customer business and operations,’ ‘Satisfaction with meeting customer service response time requirements,’ ‘Satisfaction with overall service communications,’ and ‘Satisfaction with skills of CSH employees,’ respectively.
\n\t\t\t\tSurvey questions q82c and q82e, which survey satisfaction with ‘Time it took to resolve the problem once work was started,’ and ‘Attitude of CSH employees’ were also considered as covariates, but they did not show themselves to be statistically significant in the model. Their absence from the model does not necessarily imply they are not important drivers of their overall satisfaction with CSH, but more likely that their influence is correlated with the other dimensions of overall satisfaction that are in the model. Each customer satisfaction covariate is scored by customers using a 7-point Likert scale (where ‘1’ indicates the customer is “extremely dissatisfied” and ‘7’ indicates “extremely satisfied”), and thus each utilizes 7 dummy variables in the coding scheme. We denote these dummy variables as\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Assembling all of the covariates together, we then have a total of 77 covariates in\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
The SAS code for obtaining maximum likelihood estimates (MLEs) for the model parameters \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Parm. | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tEst. | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tParm. | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tEst. | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tParm. | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tEst. | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tParm. | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tEst. | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-7.80 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-.41 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-.15 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t.53 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-5.69 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-.28 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t.14 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-2.34 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-.11 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-.62 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t.23 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-.045 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t.092 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t.11 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-1.63 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t1.92 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t1.27 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t.59 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t.11 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t2.09 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t.92 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t1.23 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t1.43 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t.67 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-.13 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-.13 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t.84 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t.77 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t.59 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t.34 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t.58 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t.44 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t.40 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-.23 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t.19 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t.19 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-.45 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t.42 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t2.68 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t.85 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-.60 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t.71 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t1.69 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-.21 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t1.05 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t1.08 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t.89 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t.69 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-.097 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t.31 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t.59 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t.78 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-.25 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t.14 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t.16 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-.53 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-.20 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t.83 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-.48 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t1.31 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t |
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-.050 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t.11 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t.81 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t |
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t.24 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t-.47 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t.75 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t |
Maximum Likelihood Estimates of\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
The section of the PROC LOGISTIC output entitled ‘Type-3 Analysis of Effects’ characterizes the statistical significance of the covariates through p-values obtained by referencing a Wald chi-square test statistic to a corresponding null chi-square distribution. Table 3 shows the chi-square tests and the corresponding p-values, and it is seen that all covariate groups are highly significant contributors in the model.
\n\t\t\t\tOne way to assess model adequacy for multinomial logistic regression is to use the model to predict Y and then examine how well the predicted values match the true values of Y. Since the output of the model for each customer is an estimated probability distribution for Y, a natural predictor of Y is the mode of this distribution. We note that this predictor considers equal cost for all forms of prediction errors. More elaborate predictors could be derived by assuming a more complex cost model where, for example, the cost of predicting 5 when the actual value is 1 is higher than the cost of predicting 5 when the actual value is 4. Table 4, the so-called confusion matrix of the predictions, displays the cross classification of all 5056 customers based on their actual value of Y and the model-predicted value of Y.
\n\t\t\t\tCovariate Group | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDegrees of Freedom | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWald Statistic | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tp-value | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
RC | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t6 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t41.2 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t< .0001 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
CC | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t16 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t40.9 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t< .01 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
BC | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t1 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t7.9 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t< .01 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
JT | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t9 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t43.7 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t< .0001 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
q79 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t6 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t84.8 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t< .0001 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
q82a | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t6 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t56.5 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t< .0001 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
q82b | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t6 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t34.4 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t< .0001 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
q82d | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t6 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t34.8 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t< .0001 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
q82f | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t6 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t39.9 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t< .0001 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Statistical Significance of Covariate Groups
Actual Y | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPredicted Y | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTotal | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t||||
1 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t2 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t3 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t4 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t5 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t||
1 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t3 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t2 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t7 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t4 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t4 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t20 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
2 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t3 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t8 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t48 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t22 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t7 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t88 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
3 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t2 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t3 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t342 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t486 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t133 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t966 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
4 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t126 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t1233 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t723 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t2082 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
5 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t0 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t39 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t705 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t1156 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t1900 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Total | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t8 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t13 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t562 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t2450 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t2023 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t5056 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Confusion Matrix of Multinomial Logistic Regression Model
A perfect model would have a confusion matrix that is diagonal indicating the predicted value for each customer coincided identically with the true value. Consider the rows of Table 4 corresponding to Y=4 and Y=5. These two rows account for almost 80% of the customers in the sample. It can be seen that in both cases, the predicted value coincides with the actual value about 60% of the time. Neither of these two cases predicts Y=1 or Y=2, and only 4% of the time is Y=3 predicted. The mean values of the predicted Y when Y=4 and Y=5 are 4.28 and 4.59, respectively. The 7% positive bias for the case Y=4 is roughly offset by the 11.8% negative bias for the case Y=5.
\n\t\t\t\tLooking at the row of Table 4 corresponding to Y=3, we see that 86% of the time the predicted Y is within 1 of the actual Y. The mean value of the predicted Y is 3.77, indicating a 26% positive bias. Considering the rows corresponding to Y=1 and Y=2, where only about 2% of the customers reside, we see the model struggles to make accurate predictions, often over-estimating the actual value of Y. A hint as to the explanation for the noticeable over-estimation associated with the Y=1, Y=2 and Y=3 customers is revealed by examining their responses to the covariate questions. As just one example, the respective mean scores on question q79 (“Overall satisfaction with the service event”) are 3.8, 4.1 and 5.2. It seems a relatively large number of customers that give a low response to Y are inclined to simultaneously give favorable responses to the covariate questions on the survey. Although this might be unexpected, it can possibly be explained by the fact that the covariate questions are relevant to the most recent service event whereas Y is based on a customer’s cumulative experience.
\n\t\t\t\tOverall, Table 4 reflects significant lift afforded by the multinomial logistic regression model for predicting Y. For example, a model that utilized no covariate information would have a confusion matrix whose rows were constant, summing to the row total. In sum, we feel the accuracy of the model is sufficient to learn something about what drives customers to give high responses to Y, though perhaps not sufficient to learn as much about what drives customers to give low responses to Y.
\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tFigure 1 is a graphical display of the slopes for each of the customer satisfaction covariates. The larger the coefficient value, the more detrimental the response level is to NPS. The y-axis is therefore labeled as ‘demerits.’
\n\t\t\t\tMLEs of Slopes for 7-Point Likert Scale Customer Satisfaction Covariates
In view of the ordinal nature of the customer satisfaction covariates, the slopes, which represent the effect of the Likert scale levels, should decrease monotonically. That is, the penalty for a ‘satisfied’ covariate value should be less than or equal to that of a ‘dissatisfied’ covariate value. As such, it would be logical to have the estimated values of the slopes display the monotone decreasing trend as the response level of the covariates ascends. Figure 1 shows that the unconstrained MLEs for the slopes associated with the customer satisfaction covariates nearly satisfy the desired monotone property, but not exactly. The aberrations are due to data deficiencies or minor model inadequacies and can be resolved by using a constrained logistic regression model introduced in the next section.
\n\t\t\tConsider the situation where the
In order to simplify our use of PROC NLP, it is convenient to work with a full-rank parameterization of the logistic regression model. Because countries are nested within regions, a linear dependency exists between the dummy variables corresponding to regions and countries within regions. We can eliminate the linear dependency by removing region from the model and specifying country to be non-nested factor. The result of this model reparameterization is that instead of 6 degrees of freedom in the model for regions and 16 degrees of freedom for countries nested within regions, we equivalently have 22 degrees of freedom for countries. For the same purpose, we also redefine the dummy variable coding used for other categorical and ordinal covariates by using a full rank parameterization scheme. In particular, we use
Constrained MLEs of Slopes for 7-Point Likert Scale Customer Satisfaction Covariates
Beginning with line 12 in the SAS code, PROC NLP is used to derive the MLEs of the parameters under the constrained parameter space. The ‘max’ statement (line 13) indicates the objective function is the log-likelihood function of the model and that it is to be maximized. The maximization is carried out using a Newton-Raphson algorithm, and the ‘parms’ statement (line 14) specifies initial values for the intercept and slope parameters. The SAS variables bq
Covariate | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMLE of Slope | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCovariate | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMLE of Slope | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t||
Unconstrained | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tConstrained | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tUnconstrained | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tConstrained | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t||
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t1.92 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t2.01 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t1.27 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t1.27 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t2.09 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t2.01 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t.92 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t.96 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t1.43 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t1.43 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t.67 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t.73 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t.84 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t.82 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t.77 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t.73 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t.58 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t.57 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t.44 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t.42 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t.19 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t.19 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t.19 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t.19 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tStructural 0 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tImplied 0 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tStructural 0 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tImplied 0 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t2.68 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t2.56 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t.85 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t1.28 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t.71 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t.98 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t1.69 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t1.28 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t1.05 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t.98 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t1.08 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t1.07 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t.89 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t.88 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t.69 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t.69 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t.31 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t.30 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t.59 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t.58 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t.14 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t.14 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t.16 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t.16 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tStructural 0 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tImplied 0 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tStructural 0 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tImplied 0 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t1.31 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t1.28 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t |
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t.81 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t.85 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t |
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t.75 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t.77 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t |
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t.53 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t.56 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t |
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t.14 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t.21 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t |
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t.23 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t.21 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t |
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tStructural 0 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tImplied 0 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t |
Unconstrained and Constrained Slope MLEs of Customer Satisfaction Covariates
\n\t\t\t\t\tTable 5 provides a side-by-side comparison of the constrained and unconstrained MLEs for the slopes of the customer satisfaction covariates, and Figure 2 is a plot that shows the monotone behavior of the constrained estimates. There is very little difference between the unconstrained and constrained MLEs for the demographic covariates. Recall that for the unconstrained MLEs, the zero for the slope of the last level of each covariate is a structural zero resulting from the non-full rank dummy variable coding used when fitting the model. In the case of the constrained MLEs, the slopes of the last levels of the covariates are implied zeros resulting from the full-rank dummy variable coding used when fitting the model. Table 5 shows that incorporating the constraints do not lead to a substantial change in the estimated slopes. In an indirect way, this provides a sanity check of the proposed model. We will use the constrained estimates for the remainder of the case study.
\n\t\t\tA purely empirical way to compute NPS is to use the observed distribution (based on all 5,056 survey responses) of
We illustrated potential pathways to improve the overall NPS score, but this can also be done with specific sub-populations in mind. For example, if the first region was under study, then one could simply adjust the demographic covariates as illustrated in section 3.4.2 before implementing scenarios adjustments.
\n\t\t\t\tPredicted NPS for Different Scenarios
Scenario | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBrief Description | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
1 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFor each of q79, q82a, q82b, q82d and q82f, alter the distributions of their responses by reassigning the probability of a neutral response (4) equally to the probability of responses (5), (6) and (7) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
2 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tReplace the response distribution for sub-elements q82a, q82b, and q82d with what was observed for q82f (which was the sub-element that had the most favorable response distribution) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
3 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMake the response distribution for each of q82a, q82b, q82d and q82f perfect by placing all the probability on response (7) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
4 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tImprove the response distribution for each of q82a, q82b, q82d and q82f by placing all the probability equally on responses (6) and (7) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
5 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tImprove the response distribution for q79 by placing all the probability on response (7) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
6 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tImprove the response distribution for q82a by placing all the probability on response (7) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
7 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tImprove the response distribution for q82b by placing all the probability on response (7) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
8 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tImprove the response distribution for q82d by placing all the probability on response (7) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
9 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tImprove the response distribution for q82f by placing all the probability on response (7) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
10 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tImprove the response distribution for each of q79, q82a, q82b, q82d and q82f by distributing the probability of response (1) equally on responses (2)-(7) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
11 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tImprove the response distribution for each of q79, q82a, q82b, q82d and q82f by distributing the sum of the probability of responses (1) and (2) equally on responses (3)-(7) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
12 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tImprove the response distribution for each of q79, q82a, q82b, q82d and q82f by distributing the sum of the probability of responses (1), (2) and (3) equally on responses (4)-(7) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
13 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSimulate making Business Code 2 as good as Business Code 1 by setting | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
14 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tImprove the response distributions of q79, q82a, q82b, q82d, and q82f by replacing them by the average across the different Region Codes, excluding the worst Region Code | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
15 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tImprove the response distributions of q79, q82a, q82b, q82d, and q82f by replacing them by the average across the different Region Codes, excluding the two worst Region Codes | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
16 | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tImprove the response distributions of q79, q82a, q82b, q82d, and q82f by replacing them all by the observed, respective, distributions for Region Code 2 (which was the region that had the most favorable response distribution) | \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
Implementation Detail for Each Scenario
Alternative measures to NPS of customer advocacy include customer satisfaction (CSAT) and Customer Effort Score (CES) (Dixon et al., 2010). CES is measured on a 5-point scale and is intended to capture the effort required by a customer to resolve an issue through a contact-center or self-service channel. (Dixon et al., 2010) compared the predictive power of CSAT, NPS and CES on service customers\' intention to do repeat business, increase their spending, and speak positively about the company. They concluded that CSAT was a relatively poor predictor, while CES was the strongest. NPS ranked in the middle.
\n\t\t\tThe choice of which customer advocacy measure to use depends on many factors such as the type of company-to-customer relationship, the degree to which recommendations (for or against a company) influence a purchase decision, and whether the measures will be complemented by other customer feedback. To gain an in-depth understanding of customers\' experiences and how to improve them may require multiple indicators. In the end, it is the action taken to drive improvements that customers value that is most critical.
\n\t\t\tOur case study validates the feasibility for using a multinomial logistic regression model as a means to identify key drivers of NPS, though it is clear that the same methodology could be employed with alternative measures of customer advocacy. Improvement teams at CSH have used this model to prioritize projects relative to their expected impacts on NPS. A novel aspect of our model development was the implementation of monotone constraints on the slope parameters of the ordinal covariates. Our illustrative SAS code showing how to impose the constraints on the maximum likelihood estimates should be of significant help to practitioners interested in doing the same thing.
\n\t\tdata indata;
infile \'C:\\CarestreamHealth\\indata.txt\';
input RC CC BC JT Y q79 q82a q82b q82d q82f;
proc logistic data=indata;
class RC CC BC JT
q79 q82a q82b q82d q82f/param=glm;
model Y = RC CC(RC) BC JT
q70 q79 q82a q82b q82d q82f;
data indata;
set indata;
array cc{23} cc1-cc23; do i=1 to 23; if CC=i then cc{i}=1; else cc{i}=0;end;
if BC=1 then bc1=1;else bc1=0;
array jt{9} jt1-jt9; do i=1 to 9; if JT=i then jt{i}=1; else jt{i}=0;end;
array q{6} q1-q6; do i=1 to 6; if q79=i then q{i}=1; else q{i}=0;end;
array a{6} a1-a6; do i=1 to 6; if q82a=i then a{i}=1; else a{i}=0;end;
array b{6} b1-b6; do i=1 to 6; if q82b=i then b{i}=1; else b{i}=0;end;
array d{6} d1-d6; do i=1 to 6; if q82d=i then d{i}=1; else d{i}=0;end;
array f{6} f1-f6; do i=1 to 6; if q82f=i then f{i}=1; else f{i}=0;end;
run;
proc nlp data=indata;
max loglik;
parms alp1=-7, alp2=-5, alp3=-2, alp4=-1, bcc1-bcc10=0, bcc12-bcc23=0, bbc1=0, bj1-bj9=0, bq1-bq6=0, ba1-ba6=0, bb1-bb6=0,bd1-bd6=0, bf1-bf6=0;
bounds 0 <= bq6,0 <= ba6,0 <= bb6,0 <= bd6,0 <= bf6;
lincon 0<=alp4-alp3, 0<=alp3-alp2, 0<=alp2-alp1;
lincon 0<= bq5-bq6, 0<= bq4-bq5, 0<= bq3-bq4, 0<= bq2-bq3, 0<= bq1-bq2;
lincon 0<= ba5-ba6, 0<= ba4-ba5, 0<= ba3-ba4, 0<= ba2-ba3, 0<= ba1-ba2;
lincon 0<= bb5-bb6, 0<= bb4-bb5, 0<= bb3-bb4, 0<= bb2-bb3, 0<= bb1-bb2;
lincon 0<= bd5-bd6, 0<= bd4-bd5, 0<= bd3-bd4, 0<= bd2-bd3, 0<= bd1-bd2;
lincon 0<= bf5-bf6, 0<= bf4-bf5, 0<= bf3-bf4, 0<= bf2-bf3, 0<= bf1-bf2;
tp=cc1*bcc1+cc2*bcc2+cc3*bcc3+cc4*bcc4+cc5*bcc5+cc6*bcc6+cc7*bcc7+cc8*bcc8+cc9*bcc9+cc10*bcc10+cc12*bcc12+cc13*bcc13+cc14*bcc14+cc15*bcc15+cc16*bcc16+cc17*bcc17+cc18*bcc18+cc19*bcc19+cc20*bcc20+cc21*bcc21+cc22*bcc22+cc23*bcc23+bc1*bbc1+jt1*bj1+jt2*bj2+jt3*bj3+jt4*bj4+jt5*bj5+jt6*bj6+jt7*bj7+jt8*bj8+jt9*bj9+q1*bq1+q2*bq2+q3*bq3+q4*bq4+q5*bq5+q6*bq6+a1*ba1+a2*ba2+a3*ba3+a4*ba4+a5*ba5+a6*ba6+b1*bb1+b2*bb2+b3*bb3+b4*bb4+b5*bb5+b6*bb6+d1*bd1+d2*bd2+d3*bd3+d4*bd4+d5*bd5+d6*bd6+f1*bf1++f2*bf2+f3*bf3+f4*bf4+f5*bf5+f6*bf6;
pi1=exp(alp1+tp)/(1+exp(alp1+tp));pi2=exp(alp2+tp)/(1+exp(alp2+tp));
pi3=exp(alp3+tp)/(1+exp(alp3+tp));pi4=exp(alp4+tp)/(1+exp(alp4+tp));
if Y=1 then loglik=log(pi1);
if Y=2 then loglik=log(pi2-pi1);
if Y=3 then loglik=log(pi3-pi2);
if Y=4 then loglik=log(pi4-pi3);
if Y=5 then loglik=log(1-pi4);
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His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rheinmetall (Germany)",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. 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David Walter, Justin W. Fischer, Sharon Baruch-Mordo and Kurt C. VerCauteren",authors:[{id:"58766",title:"Dr.",name:"Kurt",middleName:null,surname:"VerCauteren",slug:"kurt-vercauteren",fullName:"Kurt VerCauteren"},{id:"61440",title:"Dr.",name:"W. David",middleName:null,surname:"Walter",slug:"w.-david-walter",fullName:"W. David Walter"},{id:"61441",title:"MSc.",name:"Justin",middleName:null,surname:"Fischer",slug:"justin-fischer",fullName:"Justin Fischer"},{id:"98569",title:"MSc.",name:"Sharon",middleName:null,surname:"Baruch-Mordo",slug:"sharon-baruch-mordo",fullName:"Sharon Baruch-Mordo"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"65877",title:"Smart Home Systems Based on Internet of Things",slug:"smart-home-systems-based-on-internet-of-things",totalDownloads:5901,totalCrossrefCites:22,totalDimensionsCites:30,abstract:"Smart home systems achieved great popularity in the last decades as they increase the comfort and quality of life. Most smart home systems are controlled by smartphones and microcontrollers. A smartphone application is used to control and monitor home functions using wireless communication techniques. We explore the concept of smart home with the integration of IoT services and cloud computing to it, by embedding intelligence into sensors and actuators, networking of smart things using the corresponding technology, facilitating interactions with smart things using cloud computing for easy access in different locations, increasing computation power, storage space and improving data exchange efficiency. In this chapter we present a composition of three components to build a robust approach of an advanced smart home concept and implementation.",book:{id:"7602",slug:"internet-of-things-iot-for-automated-and-smart-applications",title:"Internet of Things (IoT) for Automated and Smart Applications",fullTitle:"Internet of Things (IoT) for Automated and Smart Applications"},signatures:"Menachem Domb",authors:[{id:"222778",title:"Prof.",name:"Menachem",middleName:null,surname:"Domb",slug:"menachem-domb",fullName:"Menachem Domb"}]},{id:"62481",title:"Blockchain and Digital Currency in the World of Finance",slug:"blockchain-and-digital-currency-in-the-world-of-finance",totalDownloads:2052,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"High-tech enables payment evolution and global competition. The ambiguities surrounding of the digital currency still leave enough space for the analysis of its unreserved acceptance, trust and anticipation, which are the main driver for the spread of the network. Banks should carefully consider the technology underlying these cryptocurrencies as a potential generic new way of transferring ownership of the value over the long term. The chapter provides an analysis of the use of cryptocurrencies in general, especially Bitcoin as the technology adoption in the presence of network externalities. The objective attitude is the future of the digital currency in the moment is still unsolved issue due to the existence of “critical mass”. Further, the chapter explores financial privacy which is very sensitive issue in using digital currency (or cryptocurrency) and discuss about private choices versus political rules. The research has shown that the future of cryptocurrencies can be bright if some institutional-formal conditions are met due to the fact that success evolution of e-money requires building safety payments through three criteria–standardization, compatibility and innovation.",book:{id:"7228",slug:"blockchain-and-cryptocurrencies",title:"Blockchain and Cryptocurrencies",fullTitle:"Blockchain and Cryptocurrencies"},signatures:"Tatjana Boshkov",authors:[{id:"246137",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Tatjana",middleName:null,surname:"Boshkov",slug:"tatjana-boshkov",fullName:"Tatjana Boshkov"}]},{id:"38793",title:"Overview of Wireless Sensor Network",slug:"overview-of-wireless-sensor-network",totalDownloads:12499,totalCrossrefCites:63,totalDimensionsCites:86,abstract:null,book:{id:"2211",slug:"wireless-sensor-networks-technology-and-protocols",title:"Wireless Sensor Networks",fullTitle:"Wireless Sensor Networks - Technology and Protocols"},signatures:"M.A. Matin and M.M. Islam",authors:[{id:"12623",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammad Abdul",middleName:"A",surname:"Matin",slug:"mohammad-abdul-matin",fullName:"Mohammad Abdul Matin"}]},{id:"66938",title:"An Overview of Wireless Mesh Networks",slug:"an-overview-of-wireless-mesh-networks",totalDownloads:1693,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"Wireless mesh networks (WMNs) are communication networks which comprise radio nodes in which nodes are arranged in a mesh topology. Mesh topology is an interconnection of all nodes connected with all other nodes in the network. The network includes devices like nodes, clients, routers, gateways, etc. As the nodes are fully connected, mesh networks are usually less mobile as rerouting is less difficult in predicting the reroute results in delay in data transmission. Mesh clients can be of any wireless devices like cell phones, laptops, etc. The gateways which act as forwarding nodes may not be connected with the Internet. As different devices come under a single network, it is also referred as mesh cloud. WMN is self-healable. It works better with various different networks which include cellular networks and IEEE 802.11, 802.15, and 802.16 as well. WMN is flexible to work with more than one protocol. This chapter gives architecture, layer functionalities, and applications.",book:{id:"7322",slug:"wireless-mesh-networks-security-architectures-and-protocols",title:"Wireless Mesh Networks",fullTitle:"Wireless Mesh Networks - Security, Architectures and Protocols"},signatures:"J. Rejina Parvin",authors:null},{id:"63090",title:"Cryptocurrency Returns",slug:"cryptocurrency-returns",totalDownloads:1471,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"One of the most significant innovations in the world of finance has been the creation and evolvement of cryptocurrencies. These digital means of exchange have been the focus of extensive news coverage, especially the Bitcoin, with a primary focus on the tremendous potential return and the high level of accompanying risk. In this chapter, we examine the risk-return pattern for an array of cryptocurrencies, contrasting the pattern with those of conventional currency and equity investments. We find the measures of cryptocurrency returns and risk to be a very high multiple of those of conventional investments, and the pattern is determined to be robust relative to the time frame. Consequently, cryptocurrencies are determined to provide an alternative to investors that involves tremendously high risk and return.",book:{id:"7228",slug:"blockchain-and-cryptocurrencies",title:"Blockchain and Cryptocurrencies",fullTitle:"Blockchain and Cryptocurrencies"},signatures:"Mike Cudd, Kristen Ritterbush, Marcelo Eduardo and Chris Smith",authors:[{id:"254939",title:"Dr.",name:"Mike",middleName:null,surname:"Cudd",slug:"mike-cudd",fullName:"Mike Cudd"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"88",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:122,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:21,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. 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Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. 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Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",slug:"rosa-maria-martinez-espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa has been a Spanish Full Professor since 2020 (Biochemistry and Molecular Biology) and is currently Vice-President of International Relations and Cooperation development and leader of the research group 'Applied Biochemistry” (University of Alicante, Spain). Other positions she has held at the university include Vice-Dean of Master Programs, Vice-Dean of the Degree in Biology and Vice-Dean for Mobility and Enterprise and Engagement at the Faculty of Science (University of Alicante). She received her Bachelor in Biology in 1998 (University of Alicante) and her PhD in 2003 (Biochemistry, University of Alicante). She undertook post-doctoral research at the University of East Anglia (Norwich, U.K. 2004-2005; 2007-2008).\nHer multidisciplinary research focuses on investigating archaea and their potential applications in biotechnology. She has an H-index of 21. She has authored one patent and has published more than 70 indexed papers and around 60 book chapters.\nShe has contributed to more than 150 national and international meetings during the last 15 years. Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. Dr. Beydemir is also Rector of Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Turkey.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",slug:"deniz-ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",biography:"Dr. Deniz Ekinci obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 2004, MSc in Biochemistry in 2006, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2009 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He studied at Stetson University, USA, in 2007-2008 and at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Germany, in 2009-2010. Dr. Ekinci currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Agriculture and is the Head of the Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Division, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Turkey. He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. Dr. Ekinci serves as the Editor in Chief of four international books and is involved in the Editorial Board of several international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",slug:"yannis-karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",biography:"Yannis Karamanos, born in Greece in 1953, completed his pre-graduate studies at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, then his Masters and Doctoral degree at the Université de Lille (1983). He was associate professor at the University of Limoges (1987) before becoming full professor of biochemistry at the Université d’Artois (1996). He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. His teaching areas are energy metabolism and regulation, integration and organ specialization and metabolic adaptation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",slug:"paolo-iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",biography:"Paolo Iadarola graduated with a degree in Chemistry from the University of Pavia (Italy) in July 1972. He then worked as an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Science of the same University until 1984. In 1985, Prof. Iadarola became Associate Professor at the Department of Biology and Biotechnologies of the University of Pavia and retired in October 2017. Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. He is a Consultant Reviewer for several journals, including the Journal of Chromatography A, Journal of Chromatography B, Plos ONE, Proteomes, International Journal of Molecular Science, Biotech, Electrophoresis, and others. He is also Associate Editor of Biotech.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",slug:"simona-viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",biography:"Simona Viglio is an Associate Professor of Biochemistry at the Department of Molecular Medicine at the University of Pavia. She has been working since 1995 on the determination of proteolytic enzymes involved in the degradation process of connective tissue matrix and on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. 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Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",value:3,count:2},{group:"subseries",caption:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",value:5,count:4},{group:"subseries",caption:"Viral Infectious Diseases",value:6,count:7}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:2},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:4},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:302,paginationItems:[{id:"280338",title:"Dr.",name:"Yutaka",middleName:null,surname:"Tsutsumi",slug:"yutaka-tsutsumi",fullName:"Yutaka Tsutsumi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/280338/images/7961_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Fujita Health University",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"116250",title:"Dr.",name:"Nima",middleName:null,surname:"Rezaei",slug:"nima-rezaei",fullName:"Nima Rezaei",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/116250/images/system/116250.jpg",biography:"Professor Nima Rezaei obtained an MD from Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran. He also obtained an MSc in Molecular and Genetic Medicine, and a Ph.D. in Clinical Immunology and Human Genetics from the University of Sheffield, UK. He also completed a short-term fellowship in Pediatric Clinical Immunology and Bone Marrow Transplantation at Newcastle General Hospital, England. Dr. Rezaei is a Full Professor of Immunology and Vice Dean of International Affairs and Research, at the School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, and the co-founder and head of the Research Center for Immunodeficiencies. He is also the founding president of the Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN). Dr. Rezaei has directed more than 100 research projects and has designed and participated in several international collaborative projects. He is an editor, editorial assistant, or editorial board member of more than forty international journals. He has edited more than 50 international books, presented more than 500 lectures/posters in congresses/meetings, and published more than 1,100 scientific papers in international journals.",institutionString:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institution:{name:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"180733",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean",middleName:null,surname:"Engohang-Ndong",slug:"jean-engohang-ndong",fullName:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180733/images/system/180733.png",biography:"Dr. Jean Engohang-Ndong was born and raised in Gabon. After obtaining his Associate Degree of Science at the University of Science and Technology of Masuku, Gabon, he continued his education in France where he obtained his BS, MS, and Ph.D. in Medical Microbiology. He worked as a post-doctoral fellow at the Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), Newark, NJ for four years before accepting a three-year faculty position at Brigham Young University-Hawaii. Dr. Engohang-Ndong is a tenured faculty member with the academic rank of Full Professor at Kent State University, Ohio, where he teaches a wide range of biological science courses and pursues his research in medical and environmental microbiology. Recently, he expanded his research interest to epidemiology and biostatistics of chronic diseases in Gabon.",institutionString:"Kent State University",institution:{name:"Kent State University",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"188773",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Drouet",slug:"emmanuel-drouet",fullName:"Emmanuel Drouet",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188773/images/system/188773.png",biography:"Emmanuel Drouet, PharmD, is a Professor of Virology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, the University Grenoble-Alpes, France. As a head scientist at the Institute of Structural Biology in Grenoble, Dr. Drouet’s research investigates persisting viruses in humans (RNA and DNA viruses) and the balance with our host immune system. He focuses on these viruses’ effects on humans (both their impact on pathology and their symbiotic relationships in humans). He has an excellent track record in the herpesvirus field, and his group is engaged in clinical research in the field of Epstein-Barr virus diseases. He is the editor of the online Encyclopedia of Environment and he coordinates the Universal Health Coverage education program for the BioHealth Computing Schools of the European Institute of Science.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},{id:"332819",title:"Dr.",name:"Chukwudi Michael",middleName:"Michael",surname:"Egbuche",slug:"chukwudi-michael-egbuche",fullName:"Chukwudi Michael Egbuche",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/332819/images/14624_n.jpg",biography:"I an Dr. Chukwudi Michael Egbuche. I am a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nnamdi Azikiwe University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"284232",title:"Mr.",name:"Nikunj",middleName:"U",surname:"Tandel",slug:"nikunj-tandel",fullName:"Nikunj Tandel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284232/images/8275_n.jpg",biography:'Mr. Nikunj Tandel has completed his Master\'s degree in Biotechnology from VIT University, India in the year of 2012. He is having 8 years of research experience especially in the field of malaria epidemiology, immunology, and nanoparticle-based drug delivery system against the infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders and cancer. He has worked for the NIH funded-International Center of Excellence in Malaria Research project "Center for the study of complex malaria in India (CSCMi)" in collaboration with New York University. The preliminary objectives of the study are to understand and develop the evidence-based tools and interventions for the control and prevention of malaria in different sites of the INDIA. Alongside, with the help of next-generation genomics study, the team has studied the antimalarial drug resistance in India. Further, he has extended his research in the development of Humanized mice for the study of liver-stage malaria and identification of molecular marker(s) for the Artemisinin resistance. At present, his research focuses on understanding the role of B cells in the activation of CD8+ T cells in malaria. Received the CSIR-SRF (Senior Research Fellow) award-2018, FIMSA (Federation of Immunological Societies of Asia-Oceania) Travel Bursary award to attend the IUIS-IIS-FIMSA Immunology course-2019',institutionString:"Nirma University",institution:{name:"Nirma University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334383",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Simone",middleName:"Ulrich",surname:"Ulrich Picoli",slug:"simone-ulrich-picoli",fullName:"Simone Ulrich Picoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334383/images/15919_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from Universidade Luterana do Brasil (1999), Master in Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology from Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (2002), Specialization in Clinical Microbiology from Universidade de São Paulo, USP (2007) and PhD in Sciences in Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2012). She is currently an Adjunct Professor at Feevale University in Medicine and Biomedicine courses and a permanent professor of the Academic Master\\'s Degree in Virology. She has experience in the field of Microbiology, with an emphasis on Bacteriology, working mainly on the following topics: bacteriophages, bacterial resistance, clinical microbiology and food microbiology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Feevale",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",biography:"Dr. Amjad Islam Aqib obtained a DVM and MSc (Hons) from University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF), Pakistan, and a PhD from the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Pakistan. Dr. Aqib joined the Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery at UAF for one year as an assistant professor where he developed a research laboratory designated for pathogenic bacteria. Since 2018, he has been Assistant Professor/Officer in-charge, Department of Medicine, Manager Research Operations and Development-ORIC, and President One Health Club at Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan. He has nearly 100 publications to his credit. His research interests include epidemiological patterns and molecular analysis of antimicrobial resistance and modulation and vaccine development against animal pathogens of public health concern.",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"333753",title:"Dr.",name:"Rais",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed",slug:"rais-ahmed",fullName:"Rais Ahmed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333753/images/20168_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",biography:"Professor Fethi Derbel was born in 1960 in Tunisia. He received his medical degree from the Sousse Faculty of Medicine at Sousse, University of Sousse, Tunisia. He completed his surgical residency in General Surgery at the University Hospital Farhat Hached of Sousse and was a member of the Unit of Liver Transplantation in the University of Rennes, France. He then worked in the Department of Surgery at the Sahloul University Hospital in Sousse. Professor Derbel is presently working at the Clinique les Oliviers, Sousse, Tunisia. His hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, colorectal, pancreatic, hepatobiliary, and gastric surgery. He is also very interested in hernia surgery and performs ventral hernia repairs and inguinal hernia repairs. He has been a member of the GREPA and Tunisian Hernia Society (THS). During his residency, he managed patients suffering from diabetic foot, and he was very interested in this pathology. For this reason, he decided to coordinate a book project dealing with the diabetic foot. Professor Derbel has published many articles in journals and collaborates intensively with IntechOpen Access Publisher as an editor.",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null},{id:"300144",title:"Dr.",name:"Meriem",middleName:null,surname:"Braiki",slug:"meriem-braiki",fullName:"Meriem Braiki",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300144/images/system/300144.jpg",biography:"Dr. Meriem Braiki is a specialist in pediatric surgeon from Tunisia. She was born in 1985. She received her medical degree from the University of Medicine at Sousse, Tunisia. She achieved her surgical residency training periods in Pediatric Surgery departments at University Hospitals in Monastir, Tunis and France.\r\nShe is currently working at the Pediatric surgery department, Sidi Bouzid Hospital, Tunisia. Her hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, parietal, urological and digestive surgery. She has published several articles in diffrent journals.",institutionString:"Sidi Bouzid Regional Hospital",institution:null},{id:"229481",title:"Dr.",name:"Erika M.",middleName:"Martins",surname:"de Carvalho",slug:"erika-m.-de-carvalho",fullName:"Erika M. de Carvalho",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229481/images/6397_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"186537",title:"Prof.",name:"Tonay",middleName:null,surname:"Inceboz",slug:"tonay-inceboz",fullName:"Tonay Inceboz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186537/images/system/186537.jfif",biography:"I was graduated from Ege University of Medical Faculty (Turkey) in 1988 and completed his Med. PhD degree in Medical Parasitology at the same university. I became an Associate Professor in 2008 and Professor in 2014. I am currently working as a Professor at the Department of Medical Parasitology at Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.\n\nI have given many lectures, presentations in different academic meetings. I have more than 60 articles in peer-reviewed journals, 18 book chapters, 1 book editorship.\n\nMy research interests are Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis (diagnosis, life cycle, in vitro and in vivo cultivation), and Trichomonas vaginalis (diagnosis, PCR, and in vitro cultivation).",institutionString:"Dokuz Eylül University",institution:{name:"Dokuz Eylül University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"71812",title:"Prof.",name:"Hanem Fathy",middleName:"Fathy",surname:"Khater",slug:"hanem-fathy-khater",fullName:"Hanem Fathy Khater",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71812/images/1167_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Khater is a Professor of Parasitology at Benha University, Egypt. She studied for her doctoral degree, at the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA. She has completed her Ph.D. degrees in Parasitology in Egypt, from where she got the award for “the best scientific Ph.D. dissertation”. She worked at the School of Biological Sciences, Bristol, England, the UK in controlling insects of medical and veterinary importance as a grant from Newton Mosharafa, the British Council. Her research is focused on searching of pesticides against mosquitoes, house flies, lice, green bottle fly, camel nasal botfly, soft and hard ticks, mites, and the diamondback moth as well as control of several parasites using safe and natural materials to avoid drug resistances and environmental contamination.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Banha University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"99780",title:"Prof.",name:"Omolade",middleName:"Olayinka",surname:"Okwa",slug:"omolade-okwa",fullName:"Omolade Okwa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99780/images/system/99780.jpg",biography:"Omolade Olayinka Okwa is presently a Professor of Parasitology at Lagos State University, Nigeria. She has a PhD in Parasitology (1997), an MSc in Cellular Parasitology (1992), and a BSc (Hons) Zoology (1990) all from the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. She teaches parasitology at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. She was a recipient of a Commonwealth fellowship supported by British Council tenable at the Centre for Entomology and Parasitology (CAEP), Keele University, United Kingdom between 2004 and 2005. She was awarded an Honorary Visiting Research Fellow at the same university from 2005 to 2007. \nShe has been an external examiner to the Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, MSc programme between 2010 and 2012. She is a member of the Nigerian Society of Experimental Biology (NISEB), Parasitology and Public Health Society of Nigeria (PPSN), Science Association of Nigeria (SAN), Zoological Society of Nigeria (ZSN), and is Vice Chairperson of the Organisation of Women in Science (OWSG), LASU chapter. She served as Head of Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Lagos State University from 2007 to 2010 and 2014 to 2016. She is a reviewer for several local and international journals such as Unilag Journal of Science, Libyan Journal of Medicine, Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, and Annual Research and Review in Science. \nShe has authored 45 scientific research publications in local and international journals, 8 scientific reviews, 4 books, and 3 book chapters, which includes the books “Malaria Parasites” and “Malaria” which are IntechOpen access publications.",institutionString:"Lagos State University",institution:{name:"Lagos State University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/273100/images/system/273100.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Vijay Bhaskar Reddy Gayam is currently practicing as an internist at Interfaith Medical Center in Brooklyn, New York, USA. He is also a Clinical Assistant Professor at the SUNY Downstate University Hospital and Adjunct Professor of Medicine at the American University of Antigua. He is a holder of an M.B.B.S. degree bestowed to him by Osmania Medical College and received his M.D. at Interfaith Medical Center. His career goals thus far have heavily focused on direct patient care, medical education, and clinical research. He currently serves in two leadership capacities; Assistant Program Director of Medicine at Interfaith Medical Center and as a Councilor for the American\r\nFederation for Medical Research. As a true academician and researcher, he has more than 50 papers indexed in international peer-reviewed journals. He has also presented numerous papers in multiple national and international scientific conferences. His areas of research interest include general internal medicine, gastroenterology and hepatology. He serves as an editor, editorial board member and reviewer for multiple international journals. His research on Hepatitis C has been very successful and has led to multiple research awards, including the 'Equity in Prevention and Treatment Award” from the New York Department of Health Viral Hepatitis Symposium (2018) and the 'Presidential Poster Award” awarded to him by the American College of Gastroenterology (2018). He was also awarded 'Outstanding Clinician in General Medicine” by Venus International Foundation for his extensive research expertise and services, perform over and above the standard expected in the advancement of healthcare, patient safety and quality of care.",institutionString:"Interfaith Medical Center",institution:{name:"Interfaith Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"93517",title:"Dr.",name:"Clement",middleName:"Adebajo",surname:"Meseko",slug:"clement-meseko",fullName:"Clement Meseko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/93517/images/system/93517.jpg",biography:"Dr. Clement Meseko obtained DVM and PhD degree in Veterinary Medicine and Virology respectively. He has worked for over 20 years in both private and public sectors including the academia, contributing to knowledge and control of infectious disease. Through the application of epidemiological skill, classical and molecular virological skills, he investigates viruses of economic and public health importance for the mitigation of the negative impact on people, animal and the environment in the context of Onehealth. \r\nDr. Meseko’s field experience on animal and zoonotic diseases and pathogen dynamics at the human-animal interface over the years shaped his carrier in research and scientific inquiries. He has been part of the investigation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza incursions in sub Saharan Africa and monitors swine Influenza (Pandemic influenza Virus) agro-ecology and potential for interspecies transmission. He has authored and reviewed a number of journal articles and book chapters.",institutionString:"National Veterinary Research Institute",institution:{name:"National Veterinary Research Institute",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"94928",title:"Dr.",name:"Takuo",middleName:null,surname:"Mizukami",slug:"takuo-mizukami",fullName:"Takuo Mizukami",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94928/images/6402_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Institute of Infectious Diseases",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"233433",title:"Dr.",name:"Yulia",middleName:null,surname:"Desheva",slug:"yulia-desheva",fullName:"Yulia Desheva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/233433/images/system/233433.png",biography:"Dr. Yulia Desheva is a leading researcher at the Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia. She is a professor in the Stomatology Faculty, St. Petersburg State University. She has expertise in the development and evaluation of a wide range of live mucosal vaccines against influenza and bacterial complications. Her research interests include immunity against influenza and COVID-19 and the development of immunization schemes for high-risk individuals.",institutionString:'Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Institute of Experimental Medicine"',institution:null},{id:"238958",title:"Mr.",name:"Atamjit",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"atamjit-singh",fullName:"Atamjit Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/238958/images/6575_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"252058",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"Sulca",slug:"juan-sulca",fullName:"Juan Sulca",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252058/images/12834_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"191392",title:"Dr.",name:"Marimuthu",middleName:null,surname:"Govindarajan",slug:"marimuthu-govindarajan",fullName:"Marimuthu Govindarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/191392/images/5828_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. M. Govindarajan completed his BSc degree in Zoology at Government Arts College (Autonomous), Kumbakonam, and MSc, MPhil, and PhD degrees at Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India. He is serving as an assistant professor at the Department of Zoology, Annamalai University. His research interests include isolation, identification, and characterization of biologically active molecules from plants and microbes. He has identified more than 20 pure compounds with high mosquitocidal activity and also conducted high-quality research on photochemistry and nanosynthesis. He has published more than 150 studies in journals with impact factor and 2 books in Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany. He serves as an editorial board member in various national and international scientific journals.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"274660",title:"Dr.",name:"Damodar",middleName:null,surname:"Paudel",slug:"damodar-paudel",fullName:"Damodar Paudel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/274660/images/8176_n.jpg",biography:"I am DrDamodar Paudel,currently working as consultant Physician in Nepal police Hospital.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"241562",title:"Dr.",name:"Melvin",middleName:null,surname:"Sanicas",slug:"melvin-sanicas",fullName:"Melvin Sanicas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241562/images/6699_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"322007",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Elizbeth",middleName:null,surname:"Alvarez-Sánchez",slug:"maria-elizbeth-alvarez-sanchez",fullName:"Maria Elizbeth Alvarez-Sánchez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"337443",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"A. Gonzalez-Sanchez",slug:"juan-a.-gonzalez-sanchez",fullName:"Juan A. Gonzalez-Sanchez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Puerto Rico System",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"337446",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Zavala-Colon",slug:"maria-zavala-colon",fullName:"Maria Zavala-Colon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"338856",title:"Mrs.",name:"Nur Alvira",middleName:null,surname:"Pascawati",slug:"nur-alvira-pascawati",fullName:"Nur Alvira Pascawati",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Respati Yogyakarta",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"3",type:"subseries",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",keywords:"Antibiotics, Biofilm, Antibiotic Resistance, Host-microbiota Relationship, Treatment, Diagnostic Tools",scope:"