Crop production and its determinants.
\\n\\n
IntechOpen Book Series will also publish a program of research-driven Thematic Edited Volumes that focus on specific areas and allow for a more in-depth overview of a particular subject.
\\n\\nIntechOpen Book Series will be launching regularly to offer our authors and editors exciting opportunities to publish their research Open Access. We will begin by relaunching some of our existing Book Series in this innovative book format, and will expand in 2022 into rapidly growing research fields that are driving and advancing society.
\\n\\nLaunching 2021
\\n\\nArtificial Intelligence, ISSN 2633-1403
\\n\\nVeterinary Medicine and Science, ISSN 2632-0517
\\n\\nBiochemistry, ISSN 2632-0983
\\n\\nBiomedical Engineering, ISSN 2631-5343
\\n\\nInfectious Diseases, ISSN 2631-6188
\\n\\nPhysiology (Coming Soon)
\\n\\nDentistry (Coming Soon)
\\n\\nWe invite you to explore our IntechOpen Book Series, find the right publishing program for you and reach your desired audience in record time.
\\n\\nNote: Edited in October 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/132"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'With the desire to make book publishing more relevant for the digital age and offer innovative Open Access publishing options, we are thrilled to announce the launch of our new publishing format: IntechOpen Book Series.
\n\nDesigned to cover fast-moving research fields in rapidly expanding areas, our Book Series feature a Topic structure allowing us to present the most relevant sub-disciplines. Book Series are headed by Series Editors, and a team of Topic Editors supported by international Editorial Board members. Topics are always open for submissions, with an Annual Volume published each calendar year.
\n\nAfter a robust peer-review process, accepted works are published quickly, thanks to Online First, ensuring research is made available to the scientific community without delay.
\n\nOur innovative Book Series format brings you:
\n\nIntechOpen Book Series will also publish a program of research-driven Thematic Edited Volumes that focus on specific areas and allow for a more in-depth overview of a particular subject.
\n\nIntechOpen Book Series will be launching regularly to offer our authors and editors exciting opportunities to publish their research Open Access. We will begin by relaunching some of our existing Book Series in this innovative book format, and will expand in 2022 into rapidly growing research fields that are driving and advancing society.
\n\nLaunching 2021
\n\nArtificial Intelligence, ISSN 2633-1403
\n\nVeterinary Medicine and Science, ISSN 2632-0517
\n\nBiochemistry, ISSN 2632-0983
\n\nBiomedical Engineering, ISSN 2631-5343
\n\nInfectious Diseases, ISSN 2631-6188
\n\nPhysiology (Coming Soon)
\n\nDentistry (Coming Soon)
\n\nWe invite you to explore our IntechOpen Book Series, find the right publishing program for you and reach your desired audience in record time.
\n\nNote: Edited in October 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"7983",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Psychosomatic Medicine",title:"Psychosomatic Medicine",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Modern psychosomatic medicine is a comprehensive framework for a holistic (biopsychosocial) perspective of illnesses and patient care. It highlights the influence of psychosocial factors on health, the interaction between psychosocial and biological factors in the course and outcome of diseases, and a whole perspective with respect to treatments. This book discusses holistic approaches to both organic and psychopathological diseases. Over three sections, authors address psychosomatic approaches to fibromyalgia, palliative care, anxiety and depression, obesity, and traumatic stress disorders.",isbn:"978-1-83968-233-9",printIsbn:"978-1-83968-232-2",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83968-234-6",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.77813",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"psychosomatic-medicine",numberOfPages:210,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"4eabb8ae6669b096f822a3ebd57ef59d",bookSignature:"Ignacio Jáuregui Lobera",publishedDate:"November 4th 2020",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7983.jpg",numberOfDownloads:5962,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:8,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:1,numberOfDimensionsCitations:10,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:1,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:18,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"November 18th 2019",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"February 19th 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"April 19th 2020",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"July 8th 2020",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"September 6th 2020",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"323887",title:"Prof.",name:"Ignacio",middleName:null,surname:"Jáuregui-Lobera",slug:"ignacio-jauregui-lobera",fullName:"Ignacio Jáuregui-Lobera",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/323887/images/system/323887.png",biography:null,institutionString:"Pablo de Olavide University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"7",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"4",institution:{name:"Pablo de Olavide University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1061",title:"Psychiatry",slug:"mental-and-behavioural-disorders-and-diseases-of-the-nervous-system-psychiatry"}],chapters:[{id:"72089",title:"The Network Paradigm: New Niches for Psychosomatic Medicine",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91885",slug:"the-network-paradigm-new-niches-for-psychosomatic-medicine",totalDownloads:664,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Psychosomatic medicine, as a philosophical frame and practical approach of the diagnostic and therapeutical agency, had been undergone several renewals and reframing in the past. We overview the history of psychosomatics and map its branches. Psychoanalytic and psychodynamic frameworks, the Engelian biopsychosocial concept, the paradigm of behavioral medicine, the clinical psychophysiological research background, the clinical fields of PNI, psychocardiology, biobehavioral oncology, the so-called mind-body medicine, and stress medicine frameworks reflect a converging pluralism. Psychoneuroimmunology offers a comprehensive framework to analyze key issues of psychosomatics in a social neuroscience framework and to demonstrate the significance of the network approach in bridging the gap between psychosomatics and biomedicine. Network medicine creates a shared denominator for analyzing socioeconomic, interpersonal, life event-based narrative factors together with psychophysiological features of the clinical and health psychological problems and promotes convergence of psychosomatics, biomedicine, and lifestyle medicine, too. On the other side, psychosomatic medicine as a particular professional medical specialization is not universal at all. In Europe, one can find such specialization only in Germany, while psychotherapy applied by somatic experts is practiced in wider circles. Finally, we explore the new niches for psychosomatic orientation offered by integrative frameworks like lifestyle medicine and network medicine.",signatures:"Imre Lázár",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72089",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72089",authors:[{id:"241863",title:"Prof.",name:"Imre",surname:"Lázár",slug:"imre-lazar",fullName:"Imre Lázár"}],corrections:null},{id:"73043",title:"Psychological and Societal Implications of Projecting the Shadow on the Feminine in Tibetan Buddhist Contexts",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93297",slug:"psychological-and-societal-implications-of-projecting-the-shadow-on-the-feminine-in-tibetan-buddhist",totalDownloads:575,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Idealizing and medicalizing of methods ascribed to Buddhism has led to individualizing their structural and societal challenges. Although the long-undervalued need for introspection may get addressed, people are now caught under the cloak of spirituality hoping for quick enlightenment or a panacea solving mental diseases. Thus, at this point, the impact of decontextualizing concepts, unreflectively copying feudal structures into Tibetan Buddhist seminar- and meditation-centers, as well as of lacking knowledge required for the gradual application-oriented learning processes taught in traditional Buddhist philosophy have become clear. This shows in recent testimony of economical, psychological, and physical abuse in international Tibetan Buddhist organizations. The violence against individuals and man-made trauma in such contexts need to get analyzed before the background of neologisms, that is concepts allowing for arbitrariness and violence in the name of spirituality, as well as of the sophisticated systems of rationalizing damage and silencing trauma and victims. Furthermore, though those in the ‘inner circles’ run the risk of traumatization and of being held accountable, it is women who are at higher risk, particularly those who engage in secret relationships. Thus, in terms of treatment, the collectively projecting the shadow on the feminine, leading to an attitude of exploitation and control against women, requires consideration.",signatures:"Anne Iris Miriam Anders",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73043",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73043",authors:[{id:"319312",title:"Dr.",name:"Anne Iris Miriam",surname:"Anders",slug:"anne-iris-miriam-anders",fullName:"Anne Iris Miriam Anders"}],corrections:null},{id:"71625",title:"Psychosomatic Approach to Fibromyalgia Syndrome: Medical, Psychological, and Social Aspects",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91768",slug:"psychosomatic-approach-to-fibromyalgia-syndrome-medical-psychological-and-social-aspects",totalDownloads:780,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Management of patients who describe chronic pain all over the body, associated with a range of symptoms as sleep disturbance, overwhelming fatigue, alteration in mood, or psychological distress that worsens the quality of life, is often complex and challenging. This syndrome has been named by terms such as “neurasthenia,” “fibrositis,” and “fibromyalgia”. At the present time, fibromyalgia is considered the most common central sensitivity syndrome, affecting over 5% of the population, being often observed in people with rheumatic conditions. While typically presenting in middle-aged women, fibromyalgia can affect both sexes at any age. The causes of fibromyalgia remain unknown. Significant research findings have focused on dysfunction of central pain processing, with defects in the ascending and descending pain pathways leading to increased pain perception. There are two methods used in the diagnosis of fibromyalgia: criteria-based diagnosis and clinical diagnosis. Although fibromyalgia defies definitively efficacious management, much evidence underlies the importance of treating the psychological factors that affect pain management process. The primary purpose of this paper is to provide a psychosomatic approach to fibromyalgia from three points of view of processing: the viewpoint of the medical profession, the position of the psychologist, and finally the way of thinking of people.",signatures:"José Vicente Martínez-Quiñones, Mar Martínez Gamarra and Ignacio Jáuregui-Lobera",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71625",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71625",authors:[{id:"323887",title:"Prof.",name:"Ignacio",surname:"Jáuregui-Lobera",slug:"ignacio-jauregui-lobera",fullName:"Ignacio Jáuregui-Lobera"},{id:"277976",title:"Ph.D.",name:"José Vicente",surname:"Martínez Quiñones",slug:"jose-vicente-martinez-quinones",fullName:"José Vicente Martínez Quiñones"},{id:"291065",title:"Dr.",name:"M",surname:"Martínez Gamarra",slug:"m-martinez-gamarra",fullName:"M Martínez Gamarra"}],corrections:null},{id:"72909",title:"Psychosomatic Medicine and Palliative Care",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93154",slug:"psychosomatic-medicine-and-palliative-care",totalDownloads:485,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Psychosomatic medicine (MP) and palliative care are disciplines with history and both are based in the scientific world. Although the psychosomatic diagnosis is exclusionary, it can help palliative care to be more effective. The influence of the psychosomatic in the palliative exists. According to all the bibliography available in the electronic databases, psychosomatic medicine is a biopsychosocial model related to both physical and psychosocial factors, which helps improve the care of patients with advanced cancer in palliative care (improved survival, quality of life, reduces the burden on caregivers). It helps analyze and address psychiatric disorders, as well as in the control of complex symptoms such as life-threatening anxiety, depression or delirium. Therefore, both medical disciplines are related from the beginning and help to the quality of life of terminally ill patients.",signatures:"Manuel Mejías-Estévez, Rocio Dominguez Álvarez and Ignacio Jauregi Lobera",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72909",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72909",authors:[{id:"323887",title:"Prof.",name:"Ignacio",surname:"Jáuregui-Lobera",slug:"ignacio-jauregui-lobera",fullName:"Ignacio Jáuregui-Lobera"},{id:"321713",title:"Dr.",name:"Manuel",surname:"Mejías-Estévez",slug:"manuel-mejias-estevez",fullName:"Manuel Mejías-Estévez"},{id:"323475",title:"Dr.",name:"Rocio",surname:"Dominguez",slug:"rocio-dominguez",fullName:"Rocio Dominguez"}],corrections:null},{id:"73456",title:"Assessing the Effectiveness of Brief and Low Intensity Psychological Interventions for Medically Unexplained Symptoms and Health Anxiety: A Systematic Review of the Literature",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93912",slug:"assessing-the-effectiveness-of-brief-and-low-intensity-psychological-interventions-for-medically-une",totalDownloads:592,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"This chapter presents a systematic review of the literature to assess the effectiveness of brief psychological interventions for medically unexplained symptoms (MUS)/somatic symptom disorder, non-cardiac chest pain, and illness anxiety disorder or health anxiety (HA). Google Scholar, PubMed, and Web of Science were searched as data sources. Reference lists were subsequently examined for other relevant articles. Studies were assessed according to specified inclusion criteria and extracted according to PRISMA guidelines. A total of 23 studies were included in the final synthesis. Significant effects for intervention groups relative to control groups were reported in 19 studies, whilst 4 studies did not determine any significant benefits of interventions compared with controls. All of the brief interventions (CBT, psychosocial, psychophysiological, psychosomatic, relaxation and group therapy), with the exception of metaphor therapy, showed significant effects relative to controls in at least one study. The evidence suggests that brief psychological interventions, more specifically time limited CBT based interventions may be effective in treating HA and MUS with psychological distress. Findings are comparable with other reviews. Future research may facilitate the piloting of an intervention, and there remains a need to provide more robust evidence of cost effectiveness.",signatures:"Orla McDevitt-Petrovic and Karen Kirby",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73456",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73456",authors:[{id:"325840",title:"Dr.",name:"Karen",surname:"Kirby",slug:"karen-kirby",fullName:"Karen Kirby"},{id:"325841",title:"Dr.",name:"Orla",surname:"McDevitt-Petrovic",slug:"orla-mcdevitt-petrovic",fullName:"Orla McDevitt-Petrovic"}],corrections:null},{id:"71570",title:"Psychosomatic Inpatient Rehabilitation for People with Depression in Germany",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91923",slug:"psychosomatic-inpatient-rehabilitation-for-people-with-depression-in-germany",totalDownloads:595,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In Germany, inpatient therapy for depression mainly takes place in either health insurance-financed psychiatric hospitals, or in pension insurance-financed, psychotherapy-focused, psychosomatic rehabilitation hospitals. In psychiatric hospitals, the diagnosis is made according to the International Classification of Diseases (ICD), and therapeutic attempts are made to achieve remission, whereas in rehabilitation hospitals, the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) plays an essential diagnostic role. Accordingly, the main German pension insurance, Deutsche Rentenversicherung, has developed a rehabilitation therapy standard for depressive disorders. In this chapter, we focus on the psychotherapeutic inpatient rehabilitation for patients with depression based on an example of a specialized psychotherapeutic hospital. This example illustrates how psychotherapeutic inpatient rehabilitation can be tailored to the individual’s needs and may include any of the following therapeutic modalities: Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT), Schema Therapy, Cognitive Behavioral Analysis System of Psychotherapy (CBASP), pharmacotherapy, group therapy for comorbid conditions, skills training, psychoeducation, occupational therapy (OT), movement therapy, physiotherapy, music therapy, social work, family work, and self-help groups. People with depression may benefit from this service model of psychosomatic inpatient rehabilitation beyond symptom remission, as it focuses on increasing people’s functional level as well as their quality of life.",signatures:"Ralf F. Tauber, Carola Nisch, Mutahira M. Qureshi, Olivia Patsalos and Hubertus Himmerich",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71570",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71570",authors:[{id:"231568",title:"Dr.",name:"Hubertus",surname:"Himmerich",slug:"hubertus-himmerich",fullName:"Hubertus Himmerich"},{id:"275055",title:"Dr.",name:"Mutahira Moqueet",surname:"Qureshi",slug:"mutahira-moqueet-qureshi",fullName:"Mutahira Moqueet Qureshi"},{id:"318584",title:"Dr.",name:"Ralf F.",surname:"Tauber",slug:"ralf-f.-tauber",fullName:"Ralf F. Tauber"},{id:"318585",title:"Dr.",name:"Carola",surname:"Nisch",slug:"carola-nisch",fullName:"Carola Nisch"},{id:"318586",title:"Ms.",name:"Olivia",surname:"Patsalos",slug:"olivia-patsalos",fullName:"Olivia Patsalos"}],corrections:null},{id:"71448",title:"Emotional Eating and Obesity",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91734",slug:"emotional-eating-and-obesity",totalDownloads:1017,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:8,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"The first time that terms such as food addiction and addictive eating were mentioned was in 1956, in an article by T.G. Randolph. Recently, from a psychosomatic point of view, some authors have linked obesity and food addiction. Along with the concept of food addiction (derived from the similarities between the consumption of certain foods and “substance addictions”), a couple of questions seem to arise: What if it’s not just the particular food (the substance) that we are addicted to? Could it be that we are addicted to something else that makes us eat it? Thus, the concept of eating addiction has its own set of particulars. It brings the attention back to the individual and not the external substance (the food or ingredient). The focus on confronting the obesity problem should be moved away from the food itself (the addictive substance) to the person’s act of eating (the addictive behavior). Undoubtedly, there are many links between emotions and overweight/obesity. This chapter aims to review the current state of this field of study which is the emotional basis of obesity (at least a particular case of obesity and weight-related disorders).",signatures:"Ignacio Jáuregui-Lobera and Marian Montes-Martínez",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71448",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71448",authors:[{id:"323887",title:"Prof.",name:"Ignacio",surname:"Jáuregui-Lobera",slug:"ignacio-jauregui-lobera",fullName:"Ignacio Jáuregui-Lobera"},{id:"316455",title:"Mrs.",name:"Marian",surname:"Montes-Martínez",slug:"marian-montes-martinez",fullName:"Marian Montes-Martínez"}],corrections:null},{id:"72157",title:"Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Children and Adolescents: Some Recent Research Findings",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92284",slug:"post-traumatic-stress-disorder-in-children-and-adolescents-some-recent-research-findings",totalDownloads:758,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Childhood trauma can have a profound effect on development, with a lifelong impact on physical growth, psychological development, and mental health. This chapter provides a framework for adolescent health professionals to understand the impacts of traumatic stress on children and adolescents. This chapter mainly takes the Wenchuan Earthquake studies in China as an example, and reviews recent research findings on epidemiological characteristics of PTSD and related mental disorders, as well as on possible influencing factors and mechanisms for post-traumatic adaptation in children and adolescents. Important intervention strategies for PTSD in children and adolescents are introduced. Prospects for future research are also discussed.",signatures:"Yuanyuan Li, Ya Zhou, Xiaoyan Chen, Fang Fan, George Musa and Christina Hoven",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72157",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72157",authors:[{id:"315838",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Yuanyuan",surname:"Li",slug:"yuanyuan-li",fullName:"Yuanyuan Li"},{id:"317902",title:"Prof.",name:"Christina",surname:"Hoven",slug:"christina-hoven",fullName:"Christina Hoven"},{id:"317903",title:"Prof.",name:"Fang",surname:"Fan",slug:"fang-fan",fullName:"Fang Fan"},{id:"317904",title:"Dr.",name:"Musa",surname:"George",slug:"musa-george",fullName:"Musa George"},{id:"317905",title:"Ms.",name:"Xiaoyan",surname:"Chen",slug:"xiaoyan-chen",fullName:"Xiaoyan Chen"},{id:"319851",title:"Dr.",name:"Ya",surname:"Zhou",slug:"ya-zhou",fullName:"Ya Zhou"}],corrections:null},{id:"72923",title:"Use of Falun Gong to Address Traumatic Stress among Marginalized Clients",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93301",slug:"use-of-falun-gong-to-address-traumatic-stress-among-marginalized-clients",totalDownloads:497,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Although mental health service providers have focused on the effects of trauma and related interventions for decades, little is known about pervasive and historic trauma, particularly for socially marginalized individuals. Thus, clinical issues associated with sociopolitical oppression have been under-investigated. Coupled with the lack of sufficient cultural competence when working with diverse clients, mainstream clinicians frequently lack adequate case conceptualization skills and culturally sensitive interventions to assist clients from diverse backgrounds. Using traumatic stress as a framework for exploring evidence-based interventions to address long-term, pervasive marginalization and its psychological effects, the authors propose that mindfulness techniques are particularly beneficial to this client population. The authors reviewed culture-centered interventions to address traumatic stress for marginalized client populations, focusing on the mindfulness practice of Falun Gong. Recommendations for practice include the inclusion of traumatic stress theory and techniques in pre-service training, professional development training for practitioners focusing on mindfulness techniques with clients assessed with historical trauma, and Web-based training for clinical faculty to enhance their knowledge about traumatic stress, historical trauma, and associated interventions for clients from marginalized communities. 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In some instances, heat is required to be removed from a system (like solar photovoltaic, electrical devices, turbine blades, etc.) in order to keep it at a certain operation temperature, while in other cases, it is required to be transferred to a certain region to keep it at high temperature. Some elements/metals such as copper and aluminium are found to be good conductors of heat as they transfer heat effectively from one region to another. Their ability to transfer heat effectively is due to their molecular arrangements and type of bonds between their molecules. Various systems such as aircraft, electronics, heat exchangers, solar collectors, etc. require effective means of heat transfer. One of the devices recognized as effective means of heat transfer is heat pipe, whose idea was introduced by Graugler in 1942, but its first unit was invented by Grover in 1962; then, its important properties were studied and identified, and its development started [1]. Hence, with the growing need for efficient heat transfer devices, interest in the use of heat pipes for various applications is increasing due to the roles they play in improving the thermal performance of solar collectors and heat exchangers particularly in energy savings and increasing efficiency of the systems.
\nHeat pipe is an efficient two-phase heat transfer device which uses latent heat of fluids to transfer energy from one place to another by means of simultaneous evaporation and condensation in a sealed container. It consists of evaporator and condenser sections with or without adiabatic section in between them. Depending on the type, heat pipe may have wick materials on its internal surface where the simultaneous evaporation and condensation take place in the wick structure. In such types of heat pipe, evaporator section can be placed at the top, since the wick structure can return the condensate from the condenser section against gravity. Hence, in a wick heat pipe, the condensed liquid is returned to the evaporator by capillary effects with the assistance of the wick materials as shown in Figure 1.
\nOperation of wick heat pipe [
However, many applications do not require inserting wick material on the inner surface of the pipe, because the condenser section can be placed at the top, so that the condensed liquid returns to the evaporator by gravity. This type of wickless heat pipe is called thermosyphon as shown in Figure 2 Hence, for thermosyphon, the condenser must be above the evaporator, while for the wick heat pipe, the capillary forces in the wick ensure the condensate returns to the evaporator regardless of its position.
\nOperation of thermosyphon [
Heat pipes consist of sealed vessel usually made from aluminium or copper with or without wick material lined on the inner surface and working fluid charged under a vacuum condition. It is made up of two main sections: evaporator, where the working fluid absorbs heat, and condenser, where the working fluid rejects heat (Figures 1 and 2). As heat is added to the working fluid in the evaporator section, it evaporates into vapour when it reaches its saturation temperature. It rises to the condenser with the assistance of buoyancy force and due to the vapour pressure difference between the two sections. The liquid condenses by giving out its enthalpy to the cooling water in the condenser section and returns back to the evaporator for another cycle.
\nHeat pipes offer advantages over other heat transfer devices used for various applications in engineering systems. The technology has undergone rapid development due to their operational advantages [3]. Some of these advantages include:
High thermal conductivity: In terms of heat transfer, heat pipes are better than the best conductor; hence, they are referred to as ‘superconductors’.
Light weight.
Efficient heat transfer.
Flexibility in design.
Isothermal operation.
Tolerance to freezing, shock and vibration.
Low cost.
There are different types of heat pipes, classified based on [4]:
Nature of fluid circulation, such as capillary driven, rotating heat pipes, flat plate, two-phase close thermosyphon, etc.
Control of heat transfer: They are ‘controlled heat pipes’, such as variable-conductive, thermal switch and thermal diode.
Electrostatics-driven heat pipes such as electro hydrodynamic heat pipe.
Osmosis-driven heat pipe such as osmotic heat pipe.
Others including inverse, micro, reciprocating, cryogenic, capillary pumped loop heat pipes, etc.
Due to the advantages of heat pipes, the technology found its applications in many fields of engineering such as:
Spacecraft thermal control [5]: the first test of heat pipe in space was in 1967 [6] and the first heat pipe used for satellite thermal control was on GEOS-B launched from Vanderburgh Air force Base in 1968 [7].
Component cooling, temperature control and radiator design in satellites. Other applications include moderator cooling, removal of heat from the reactor at emitter temperature and elimination of troublesome thermal gradients along the emitter and collector in spacecraft.
Heat pipes for dehumidification and air conditioning: The heat pipe is designed to have one section in the warm incoming stream and the other in the cold outgoing stream. By transferring heat from the warm return air to the cold supply air, the heat pipes create the double effect of pre-cooling the air before it goes to the evaporator and then re-heating it immediately.
Heat exchangers [8].
Developed thermosyphon heat pipe solar collector [
The wick and wickless (thermosyphon) heat pipes have many features in common in their construction, operation and applications. However, they differ in some aspects such as:
Wick material: unlike in thermosyphon, wick materials are lined on the inner parts of the wick heat pipe. This enables the return of the condensed liquid even against gravity.
Orientation of the pipes: the condenser section of the thermosyphon must be located at the top of the evaporator because the return of the condensate is basically by gravity, while in the case of the wick heat pipe, the evaporator can be placed at the top because the return of the condensate is based on the capillary effects due to the presence of the wick materials.
Need of adiabatic section: thermosyphon may or may not have adiabatic section whereas most of the wick heat pipes have it, as to separate the evaporation and condensing sections.
When working fluid is charged into the sealed container, it forms a liquid pool (in case of thermosyphon) while in case of wick heat pipe, it saturates the wick materials.
This is a natural fluid circulation heat pipe which has no wick material presence. It is a simple heat pipe consisting of a sealed vessel charged with working fluid under a vacuum condition. It is made up of evaporator and condenser sections, sometimes with adiabatic section in between them. The vessel is usually made from aluminium or copper to facilitate high conduction of heat. Unlike wick heat pipe, the condenser of thermosyphon must be at the top, for the condensed liquid to return to the evaporator under gravity. Furthermore, some applications of thermosyphon require that the pipe be tilted to an angle from the horizontal for it to have maximum exposure to solar radiation [9, 14, 15, 16].
\nThermosyphon is a vessel closed at both ends and attached with a small charging pipe placed at one of the ends. The air in the vessel is evacuated creating a vacuum, then charged with working fluid through the charging pipe. The pipe is usually divided into the following sections:
Evaporator, where heat is supplied to the working fluid.
Adiabatic section (optional): space between evaporator and condenser, where no heat or cooling is applied.
Condenser, where the vapour from the evaporator section of thermosyphon heat pipe is condensed usually by cooling water flowing through a water jacket.
Insulation: the evaporator section is insulated to minimize heat losses.
The materials for the manufacturing of thermosyphon are carefully selected to ensure its effective performance. Other considerations are the type and the quantity of working fluid to be charged into the pipe.
\nThe working principles of thermosyphon are similar to that of the wick heat pipe, but differ in the process of the return of the condensed liquid in the condenser due to the absence of wick structure. For proper operation of thermosyphon, the condenser is placed at the top of the evaporator so that the condensed liquid will return to the evaporator by gravity. Figures 4 and 5 show a schematic diagram and a model of a typical thermosyphon (constructed in the University of Birmingham, UK) with heat supplied by coil of wire and heat rejected to the flowing water in the water jacket provided on the condenser section [17]. However, in some operation set ups, the heat can be supplied by hot water surrounding the evaporator of the pipe.
\nDimensions of a typical thermosyphon with water manifold [
3D view of a typical thermosyphon pipe.
Heat pipe (with or without wick materials) operates within certain limits which are shown in Figure 6. For the heat pipe to operate, the maximum capillary pumping pressure must be greater than the total pressure drop; thus:
\nLimitation of heat pipe for heat transport.
The pressure drop is the sum of the following:
\n\n\n
\n\n
\n\n
If condition in Eq. (1) is not met (capillary limit), then the wick materials will dry out and the pipe will not operate. Detailed discussions on the heat pipe limits (shown in Figure 6) are available in heat pipe books, which can be referred.
\nApart from the general advantages of heat pipe, thermosyphon has other advantages over wick heat pipe, some of which are listed below:
Relative low-temperature difference between the heat source and heat sink
More compactness
High durability and reliability
Cost-effectiveness
Less weight due to the absence of wick materials
Simplicity in construction
The performance of thermosyphon under different conditions is evaluated based on the overall thermal resistance \n
where \n
However, the performance of the thermosyphon can also be calculated as the ratio of the heat transfer to the cooling water to the heat input as [18]:
\nThe rate of heat transfer to the cooling water, \n
where \n
Two approaches are usually employed in the performance characterization of thermosyphon, namely:
Experimental
Numerical
The thermosyphon heat pipe can be experimentally characterized and the effects of some parameters on its performance evaluated. Figures 7 and 8 show a schematic diagram and picture of a typical test rig for the performance characterization of thermosyphon constructed at the University of Birmingham, UK, for analyzing the performance of a two-phase closed thermosyphon. It consists of a 0.4-m-long two-phase closed thermosyphon heat pipe, heating coil, water jacket and other instrumentations.
\nSchematic diagram of the experimental test rig for thermosyphon characterization [
Picture of the heat transfer characterization of thermosyphon test rig [
The heat can be supplied by hot water circulating around the evaporator or by electric power supply. In Figures 6 and 7, the evaporator section is wrapped evenly with electric wire with electric energy supplied and controlled by TSx1820P Programmable DC PSU 18 V/20A power regulator to provide the heat required for boiling the working fluid inside the pipe. A multimeter is used for measuring the voltage input which is connected close to the pipe to account for the voltage drop while the current was read from the power regulator. The evaporator section is also insulated with 25-mm-thick pipe insulator to reduce the heat loss to the ambient environment (Figure 8). For measuring the temperature distribution along the pipe, 12 surface thermocouples were placed at different locations on the test pipe; 4 on the evaporator wall (at 0.02, 0.07, 0.12 and 0.17 m from the tip of the evaporator) and 2 on the condenser wall at 0.25 and 0.35 m as shown in the figures. The electric wires were wrapped in such way that they are not directly on the thermocouples so as to not affect their readings. Two probe thermocouples were installed at the inlet and outlet of the manifold to measure the temperatures of the cooling water. Three other thermocouples were used on the water jacket and one on the insulator to measure the effectiveness of the insulation and the jacket. All the readings were sent to Pico TC-08 data loggers connected to a PC.
\nThe test rig has to be provided with different measuring devices of temperature, water flow rate, heat (power) input and angular orientation to enable investigating the flow and heat transfer characteristics of the selected thermosyphon. The instruments include:
\n□ Thermocouples, both surface and probe types.
\n□ Flow meter.
\n□ Electric power regulator (or hot water supply in some cases).
\n□ Data logger.
\n□ Angular measurement instrument such as protractor
\nThe instruments are calibrated against standard devices and error analysis and uncertainties of their measurements are evaluated.
\nThe test facility was completed and ready for investigations when all the parts were connected and water circulation system was checked for possible leakages. The operating conditions are set based on the type of the investigation to be carried out. However, in all the cases, the system is allowed to run and stabilize before readings are taken. Preliminary tests are required to determine the time when the system reaches steady state. Certain number of readings are set to be taken for each boundary condition at a set interval of time (usually in seconds). The reading recorded includes the temperatures, flow rates, voltage and current. Various investigations can be carried out using the test rig such as the effects of heat inputs, cooling water flow rate, inclination effects of the pipe, fill ratio, etc. Detailed procedure for each case depends on the type of the investigation to be carried out.
\nTo enable several investigations on many parameters affecting the performance of thermosyphon with different boundary conditions, numerical approach is usually employed. This is because experimental approach requires more time, energy and huge investment, to investigate many cases under different boundary conditions. There are two numerical approaches that are employed in modelling multiphase flows, namely the Euler-Euler and Euler-Lagrange approaches. In the Euler-Euler approach, the several phases are considered as interpenetrating continua mathematically in which each phase a volume is occupied only without sharing with other phases, while Euler-Lagrange approach utilizes Navier-Stokes equations that are solved for the fluid phase with several numbers of particles tracked in order to solve the dispersed phase. It should be noted that this approach cannot be adopted for applications in which volume fraction is important, especially for the secondary phase. Hence, the Euler-Euler approach is usually used in modelling two-phase closed thermosyphon operations.
\nUsing Euler-Euler approach, three multiphase models are available in ANSYS Fluent:
The Eulerian model
The Mixture model
The Volume of Fluid (VOF) model
The mixture model deals with modelling of sedimentation, bubbly flows, particle-laden flows, etc. While applications such as fluidized beds, particle suspension, risers are modelled using Eulerian approach, on the other hand, liquid-gas tracking under steady or transient, free-surface flows, large bubble in liquid are modelled using the VOF approach.
\nNumerical modelling like computational fluid dynamic analysis (CFD) is an alternative to experimental approach, whereby several studies can be carried out with small investment. In CFD, a set of discretized equations are solved with the help of computer to get an approximate solution [20]. CFD analysis can be carried out on the flow and heat transfer characteristics of a thermosyphon heat pipe in both vertical and inclined orientations using a commercial ANSYS Fluent or any software that can model the simultaneous evaporation and condensation processes taking place in a thermosyphon heat pipe. However, some approaches like volume of fluid (VOF) in ANSYS Fluent require the user to add a user-defined function (UDF) to the modelling process.
\nThe first step in solving any multiphase problem is identifying the suitable multiphase regime which represents the flow needed to be modelled. In this chapter, emphases is put more on the VOF model.
\nFor building a model for simulating the flow and heat transfer characteristics of thermosyphon, a researcher is required to have a good knowledge of the theory (physics) behind the processes. The processes involved in the CFD modelling of the performance of thermosyphon using volume of fluid (VOF) approach in ANSYS Fluent can be summarized as follows:
Generation of the pipe geometry (model).
Meshing of the model: different meshes of different properties (number of cells, faces, quality, etc.) are required.
Carrying out a grid independence test: this is done to find out the situation whereby the result is independent of the mesh configuration and to select the configuration which will give less computational time.
Importing the selected meshed file for the investigations into the ANSYS Fluent.
Attaching the user-defined function (UDF); this depends on the modelling approach selected.
Modelling and simulation set up, which includes.
Defining the boundary conditions.
Setting the thermophysical properties of the materials involved such as thermal conductivity, material properties, density, specific heat capacity, viscosity, etc.
Defining of the solution method and convergence.
Running the simulation and processing of the results.
Validation of the model: to enable validation of the developed model, the boundary conditions and other definitions are made exactly as those set in the experiment.
Once the model is validated with the experimental results, then it can be used for further investigations.
Considerable experimental research works were published on the investigation of the effects of parameters like the geometry, working fluid, fill factor and inclination on the thermosyphon heat pipe performance [21, 22, 23, 24, 25]. Hence, apart from the material of the thermosyphon, other important parameters affect its performance, such as:
Type of working fluid charged: The common liquid used in thermosyphon is water due to its availability, low cost, safety, etc. Below are some of the prime requirements for a liquid to be used in heat pipe:
Compatibility with wick and wall materials
Good thermal stability
Wettability of wick and wall materials: it is necessary for the working fluid to wet the wick and the container material, that is contact angle should be zero or very small
High latent heat: a high latent heat of vaporisation is desirable in order to transfer large amounts of heat with minimum fluid flow, and hence to maintain low pressure drops within the heat pipe
High thermal conductivity: the thermal conductivity of the working fluid should preferably be high in order to minimize the radial temperature gradient and to reduce the possibility of nucleate boiling at the wick or wall surface
Low liquid and vapour viscosities: the resistance to fluid flow will be minimized by choosing fluids with low values of vapor and liquid viscosities
High surface tension: in heat pipe design, a high value of surface tension is desirable in order to enable the heat pipe to operate against gravity and to generate a high capillary driving force
Acceptable freezing or pour point
The selection of the working fluid must be based on thermodynamic considerations which are concerned with the various limitations to heat flow occurring within the heat pipe, like viscous, sonic, capillary, entrainment and nucleate boiling levels.
\nSome common liquids used in heat pipe include water, acetone, ethanol, ammonia, nitrogen and methanol. However, recent researches have shown potentials of using other liquids alone or mixed with water like nanofluids [26, 27, 28].
\nII.Quantity of the working fluid charged: the quantity of the liquid charged in relation to the volume of the evaporator, called fill ratio, FR or liquid ratio, plays a vital role in the performance of thermosyphon. Fill ratio is defined as the ratio of volume of the working fluid in an unheated pipe, \n
The quantity of the fluid to be charged has to be properly selected, which depends on the intended applications, as insufficient amount of fluid causes dry out while excessive amount reduces performance and increases the cost of the pipe. FR of a thermosyphon should be between 40 and 60% for vertical pipes and between 60 and 80% for inclined pipes [4, 29] . For example, Emami et al. [30] and Asgar [18] obtained 45 and 50% as best FR respectively.
\nIII.Heat input: The amount of heat supplied in the evaporator affects the performance of the thermosyphon depending on other factors such as size, fill ratio, its geometry and operating limits. Experimental results have shown that the performance of the thermosyphon increases with the increase in heat input up to their operating limits. It increases with increase between 350 and 500 W, but it decreases when the heat input is above 500 W [18] . But for Abdullahi et al. [19], the performance of the pipe increases as the heat input increases from 20 to 81.69 W, but it tends to decrease as more heat is supplied, showing the limit of this pipe has been reached under these operating conditions (Figure 9). Hence, the trend of the performance of the thermosyphon (based on the amount of the heat input in the evaporator section) depends on its operating limits. At low heat input, the vapour generated from the evaporator section is small, so there will be significant dry areas in the condenser section; hence, heat transfer is largely by free convection. As the heat is gradually increased, more vapour will rise to the condenser section, there will be high condensation rate on the condenser wall and the dominant heat transfer mechanism will be condensation. But at certain high heat input, thick layer of liquid can be formed on the wall of the pipe causing high thermal resistance and hence lower the heat transfer to the cooling water, hence reduction of performance.
\nPerformance of thermosyphon aligned vertically at different heat inputs [
IV.Inclination angle: since the condenser of thermosyphon must be at the top with the evaporator at the bottom for the condensate to return, this shows that the pipe can be inclined at any angle other than 90°. Regarding the effect of inclination angle on heat pipe performance, conflicting experimental results were reported like angles between 15 and 60° [24], between 40 and 45° [25] and 60° [30] gave the best performance. Others reported higher angles like 90° [31] and 83° [32] as the best performing angles while few reported that inclination angle has no effect [33]. The possible reasons for the contradicting results are the complex nature of the processes taking place in thermosyphon operations and various parameters affecting its performance. Furthermore, those researches are only experimental and considered a small range of inclination angles. With the contradictory experimental results in the literature and lack of, or limited, numerical studies on the effect of inclination, Abdullahi et al. [19] addressed these issues through the development of a CFD model that studied the effects of inclination angles (10–90°) and experimentally validated the model. Experimental and numerical results showed that increasing the inclination angle will improve the thermosyphon heat pipe performance to reach its maximum value at 90°, but this effect decreases as the heat input increases [19] (Figure 10).
\nVariation of the thermosyphon performance with inclination angle at different heat inputs [
V.Flow rate of cooling water: the rate at which cooling water is passing in the water jacket around the condenser of a thermosyphon affects its performance. As the rate of the heat removal from the vapour increases, more condensate returns to the evaporator for another cycle. The effect of cooling water flow rate at constant heat input was investigated on the performance of thermosyphon heat pipe [19]. The heat input was fixed at 101 W while five different flow rates ranging from 0.00156 to 0.00611 kg/s were investigated. Temperature and the flow rate readings were recorded for each run and the effects of the cooling water flow rate were evaluated based on the overall thermal resistance, rate of heat transfer to the cooling water, outlet temperature of cooling water, performance of the thermosyphon, etc. The results from such work have shown that the performance of the pipe in terms of heat transfer to the cooling water increases with the increase in the cooling water flow rate. This is due to the mass flow of the cooling water which results in the enhancement of the rate of heat transfer from the pipe wall to the cooling water and subsequent increase in the efficiency.
\nIn addition to the general advantages of heat pipes, thermosyphon type is found to be highly durable, reliable and cost-effective, which make them useful for various applications, such as:
Solar heating of building [16].
Liquid circulation: thermosyphon system is used for circulating liquids and volatile gases in heating and cooling systems such as water heaters, furnaces and boilers. It simplifies transfer of liquid or gas without using conventional pump which adds cost and complexity to the system.
Cooling applications: thermosyphon is used in cooling of turbine blades, transformers, electronics, internal combustion engines and nuclear reactors [34, 35]. This is due to their ability to dissipate and transfer large amount of energy from small area without any significant loss.
Aircraft cooling: due to their light weight, thermosyphon pipes are used in cooling of aircraft and spacecraft.
Receiver in solar collector (solar systems): thermosyphon is proved to be a good choice as a receiver for solar concentration systems due to its advantages stated [36, 37] as shown in Figures 3 and 11.
\nDeveloped compound parabolic collector with thermosyphon as receiver [
Several parameters affect the operation of thermosyphon such as fill ratio, working fluid, inclination, geometry, heat input, cooling water flow rate, etc. Experimental and numerical (CFD) studies are usually carried out to enable the investigation of the effects of some of these parameters on the performance of thermosyphon heat pipe for use in various engineering applications. Investigations on the effects of heat input, fill ratio, flow rate of cooling water on the temperature distributions on the wall of the pipe, overall thermal resistance and overall performance of the pipe at vertical orientation were shown to be possible both experimentally and using CFD. Also, the effect of inclination angle of thermosyphon on those parameters was successfully added in the Fluent. Hence, the chapter has shown that volume of fluid (VOF) model’s approach in ANSYS together with UDF and other software can fully simulate the complex evaporation and condensation processes taking place in thermosyphon for both vertical and inclined orientations.
\nFarmers experience various problems in the quest to produce enough crops in order to meet the demand of the ever-teaming population and still keep constant and without comprising the standard of the available resources for generations to come. Mechanisms are needed to enhance soil and plants nutrients in order to increase crop yields, and plant nutrients are one of the requirements to enhance crop production [1, 2].
Plants’ nutritional quality directly affects human nutrition in terms of productivity. It is therefore no gainsaying that the quality of food consumed in a country determines the quality of its populace. In many developing and developed countries, deficiency of micronutrients in pastures and crops has a negative effect on the health of both plants and animals [3]. In addition, the adequate provision of sunlight, air and water is a major prerequisite for optimum plant yield and improved crop management. In a bid to achieve these, various countries have devised means to reduce the negative effects of both abiotic and biotic factors in plants. After dedicating sufficient time and capital for farming, the goal of many Nigerian farmers is to produce sustainable crop yield [1].
However, certain factors come into play which might not augur well for agricultural yield in general and crop production in particular. Considering the rate of food insecurity in most developing countries, resulting from unfavourable weather condition owing to global climate change, the improved sustainable management of plant nutrition has been considered a precondition to reduce the challenge of prevailing hunger in the affected countries, Nigeria not excluded [1]. Owing to inadequate mechanisation and the small-scale nature of agricultural production, Nigeria has not been able to achieve self-sufficiency in food production.
According to Obasi et al. [4], which noted that the sub-Saharan Africa region is among the countries that have continued to experience significant food shortages, more than 40% of the region population is estimated to be suffering from hunger and poor nutrition. Just like many other developing countries, the Food and Agricultural Organisation identified that widespread poverty, poor economic conditions, institutional failure and constraints in logistics, among many other challenges, significantly affect crop production in Nigeria.
In a bid to tackle these challenges, the Nigerian government over the years has intensified efforts towards improving both plant nutrient and crop production mainly through better land use, human resource development in the agricultural sector, research in diversification of types of crops and seeds, fight against pests and diseases and increased use of fertilisers. However, despite the resources devoted to crop production in Nigeria, the productive efficiency of farmers for most crops still fall below 60% [4]. Globally, both socioeconomic and ecological factors interact to determine plant nutrients and sustainable crop production. Efforts to intensify agricultural production in Nigeria has been a continuous process which is taking place through several pathways; therefore, we examined how some of these factors affects plant nutrition and crop production in the case of Nigeria.
Crop production has continued to play a major role in sustaining economic growth in Nigeria. However, its sustainability has been threatened with major challenges overtime. These challenges range from deficiency in plant nutrient as a result of unfavourable biotic and abiotic factors which includes unfavourable climatic conditions, low level of technological development in the agricultural sector, misapplication of fertilisers, infrastructural decay and so on. Various policies have been recommended overtime to address the issue of low crop production in Nigeria. However, it is salient to know how some of these factors have affected plant nutrition and crop production in Nigeria; examined below are some of the factors as identified in the literature.
In an attempt to correct the deficiencies of nutritional elements in crops, a wide range of Nigerian farmers often apply organic and inorganic fertilisers as both play a prominent role in improving soil fertility. However, fertiliser application is a necessary condition for crop yield but not a sufficient condition for an improved crop yield. According to Awodun et al. [5] cited in Ayeni et al. [6], both organic manure and fertilisers play different roles in improving soil fertility, but they both cannot supply all the nutrients in plants that can solely feed a teeming Nigerian population. Nottidge [7] further identified that fertiliser application leads to nutrient imbalance and low infiltration rate, all of which hinders the uptake of nutrients by plants. Also, Ayeni et al. [6] identified that the constant use of inorganic fertilisers can increase the level of soil acidity thereby leading to soil damage.
It has been globally recognised that the most serious threat to agricultural productivity is environmental issue [8]. For countries with higher temperature, the consequences of climate change tend to be more severe. This is most especially true for many developing countries with little adaptive capacity [9]. In recent times, atmospheric emission has been on the increase due to the improper use of agro chemicals, low level of land and environmental management and inadequate manure management. According to Yobannes [9], one of the most important emissions that affects crop productivity and plant nutrient is nitrous oxide, which is determined by fertiliser application, irrigation methods and animal feeds.
Ufiobor [10] further identified that one of the major factors that determines crop yield in Nigeria is the climatic condition. From 1970 to 2018, temperature has increased from an average of 1.4–1.9°C [11] cited in Ufiobor [10]. The northwest, northeast and southwest of the country are especially being affected by extreme harsh weather conditions. The consequence of this is that higher temperature will decrease soil moisture which will have an attendant effect on plant nutrients and crop production.
In the developed economies, most especially Europe and North America, sustainable crop production has been increasing rapidly due to the developed nature of their farming system which has been made possible as a result of innovation and technological enhancement [10]. Farmers in these countries have accepted the evolving change and are now actively engaged in research and training for a sustainable cropping system [10]. In these countries, the government has also implemented programmes to support rigorous scientific investigation that will improve plant nutrition to produce healthy food for its populace. However, Nigeria has not yet witnessed the kind of agricultural evolution that has taken place in developed countries. One major constraint to agricultural development in Nigeria has been the slow response to technological adoption which in turn leads to low productivity and poor farming system, which affects plant nutrients. Nigeria majorly depends on traditional farming system which has an effect on the use of farmlands as the farming system is mainly carried out without the use of machines.
Just like other developing countries, the role of labour force in determining the level of output in all the sectors cannot be undermined. The agricultural system in Nigeria is highly labour intensive as labour force is a crucial part of its production system. According to Ufiobor [10], labour force accounts for over 90% of its total farm operations. Ufiobor [10] further envisaged that this could be as a result of the fact that many of its educated youth have shown little interest in the agricultural sector over the years, thus causing a shortage of skilled labour force in the agricultural sector that can also affect the nutritional value of plants and total crop production itself.
According to the Nations Encyclopedia [12], major crops cultivated in Nigeria include sesame, beans, nuts, cashew, beans, groundnut, cassava, cocoa, gum Arabic, millet, melon, rice, palm kernels, rubber sorghum, banana, plantain, beans and yams. However, the most widely produced crops are cassava and yams in the south and millet and sorghum in the north. Nigerian farmers also grow many fruits and vegetables. In recent years, the use of fertiliser in many countries has been increasing overtime. However, the use of organic wastes for pasture has been more feasible in the developed countries especially China, than in all other countries including Nigeria [13]. This is an indication of the fact that the Nigerian government has not really encouraged the use and development of organic fertiliser in Nigeria which might be responsible for the low level of manure generated for the purpose of farming.
The International Food Policy Research Institute [14] identified that there are signs of an increase use of fertilisers in countries where fertiliser subsidies are being granted to farmers by the government. Prominent among these countries are Malawi, Nigeria and Zambia. The use of fertiliser by Nigerian farmers is however quite common especially among the shareholder farmers. In some cases, these farmers also use some inorganic fertiliser which covers 70% of plots of lands [14]. Since the 1970s, efforts by the Nigerian government to stimulate the demand for fertiliser have been on the increase. This aim has been achieved by growing commercial fertiliser sector through price reduction, extension services to boost soil fertility, increased use of technology and increased access to credit facilities by farmers [15] (Figure 1).
Agricultural fertiliser use. Source: Authors’ computation using excel [
In the year 1980, fertiliser production (kilogrammes per hectare of arable land) in Nigeria was 9,220,000. Over the past 36 years, its highest value was 436,957,273 in the year 2013, while its lowest value was 70,115,000 in the year 2007. The upward and downward movement of this trend is an indication that the level of fertiliser production in Nigeria has not witnessed a stable movement.
According to the International Food Policy Research Institute [14], the types of fertiliser commonly produced and used in Nigeria include urea, nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium (NPK) and superphosphate (SSP). The most commonly used NPK blends are 15-15-15, 20-10-10, 12-12-17 + 2 MgO and 25-10-10. NPK fertilisers are further formulated to be site and crop specific. In a bid to further boost the effective procurement and distribution of fertiliser, the Nigerian government at various times has introduced several measures for its production, procurement and distribution.
In Nigeria, emphasis on increased agricultural productivity of farmers from the perspective of soil conditioning has been on chemical fertiliser, while there has been less emphasis on the impact of the bio-organic input [16]. Even as the quest to ensure the eradication of hunger and poverty has been on the increase, the Nigerian government has taken measures to ensure national self-sufficiency through local fertiliser production, supplemented by importation to ensure adequate and timely fertiliser supply to all farmers. The government also offers a subsidy on the market price of fertiliser so as to make fertiliser affordable to smallholder farmers. Given that the agenda of most successive government is to boost local food production and ensure national self-sufficiency, various efforts has to be intensified to synergise the use of both organic and inorganic medium of improving soil fertility for plant nutrition.
The method used in this study is the survey of literature and stylised facts approach. Relevant data was collected from Food and Agricultural Organization data (FA) data base and the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) of the Nigerian statistical bulletin for the indicators of crop production and other major agriculture commodities in Nigeria. Tables were used to describe the yields and prices of various agriculture commodities and determinants. Table 1 presents crop production index, employment in agriculture (male, female and total employment in the agricultural sector) and agricultural land.
Year | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Crop production | 80.5 | 79.4 | 83.3 | 87.8 | 93.7 | 99.5 | 106.9 | 97.5 | 104.3 | 90.1 | 104.5 | 96.3 | 107.5 | 104.3 | 117.8 | 120.1 | 118.9 | — |
Total agriculture employment | 57.3 | 57.6 | 60.7 | 58.2 | 51.9 | 51.2 | 49.6 | 48.6 | 44.0 | 40.4 | 30.6 | 33.1 | 35.9 | 38.3 | 36.8 | 36.4 | 36.3 | 36.5 |
Male agriculture employment | 51.1 | 51.7 | 55.8 | 52.7 | 45.3 | 44.4 | 42.7 | 41.7 | 35.8 | 30.9 | 19.4 | 22.0 | 25.3 | 28.2 | 26.7 | 26.3 | 26.1 | 26.2 |
Female agricultural employment | 61.9 | 61.9 | 64.2 | 62.3 | 57.0 | 56.3 | 54.9 | 54.0 | 50.5 | 48.0 | 39.5 | 42.2 | 44.7 | 46.7 | 45.2 | 44.8 | 44.9 | 45.3 |
Agriculture land area | 78.3 | 76.3 | 77.5 | 78.8 | 78.8 | 79.8 | 80.5 | 80.9 | 79.8 | 75.8 | 76.9 | 78.0 | 79.1 | 77.7 | 77.7 | 77.7 |
Crop production and its determinants.
Source: Authors’ compilation.
From Table 1, crop production in Nigeria shows an increase and decrease trend; it was observed among those that are employed in the agriculture; the number of women in agriculture is more than the number of men in agriculture. The price of various agricultural items across Nigeria in 2017 is presented in Table 2.
Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Item labels | 42736.0 | 42767.0 | 42795.0 | 42826.0 | 42856.0 | 42887.0 | 42917.0 | 42948.0 | 42979.0 | 43009.0 | 43040.0 | 43070.0 |
Agric eggs (medium size price of one) | 47.4 | 42.9 | 43.9 | 46.2 | 45.7 | 45.3 | 44.3 | 42.9 | 45.7 | 42.1 | 40.8 | 41.3 |
Beans: brown, sold loose | 353.6 | 337.1 | 353.3 | 357.2 | 365.9 | 374.3 | 382.3 | 370.3 | 404.8 | 382.6 | 369.8 | 362.0 |
Beans: white black eye, sold loose | 305.5 | 309.9 | 318.5 | 324.0 | 332.3 | 339.6 | 344.0 | 335.7 | 358.1 | 342.1 | 337.1 | 314.9 |
Beef bone in | 1001.2 | 995.6 | 1010.3 | 1035.4 | 1123.7 | 1129.0 | 1128.9 | 1151.4 | 1078.5 | 1081.3 | 1065.6 | 1067.7 |
Beef, boneless | 1249.5 | 1270.7 | 1281.7 | 1323.1 | 1378.9 | 1393.4 | 1376.9 | 1276.9 | 1324.9 | 1312.7 | 1286.9 | 1236.4 |
Bread sliced 500 g | 302.9 | 299.7 | 297.5 | 296.6 | 307.7 | 320.6 | 314.5 | 304.2 | 310.6 | 305.9 | 299.0 | 290.1 |
Bread unsliced 500 g | 270.3 | 264.9 | 262.3 | 277.7 | 282.3 | 286.8 | 285.6 | 258.7 | 286.3 | 280.3 | 274.3 | 268.2 |
Broken rice (Ofada) | 377.4 | 392.0 | 421.5 | 425.5 | 460.1 | 472.3 | 473.4 | 415.3 | 431.6 | 416.2 | 417.2 | 319.9 |
Catfish (obokun), fresh | 899.6 | 885.1 | 884.1 | 886.7 | 900.7 | 916.5 | 910.6 | 921.2 | 894.5 | 906.9 | 902.0 | 919.8 |
Catfish, dried | 2204.1 | 2150.2 | 2189.6 | 2189.1 | 2213.7 | 2255.2 | 2215.3 | 2176.8 | 2159.0 | 2083.7 | 2214.3 | 2146.6 |
Catfish, smoked | 817.1 | 825.3 | 834.3 | 837.1 | 845.9 | 848.4 | 853.2 | 852.9 | 839.5 | 845.1 | 847.7 | 1007.4 |
Chicken feet | 765.3 | 785.4 | 907.5 | 768.1 | 819.6 | 832.8 | 832.7 | 834.7 | 817.2 | 800.1 | 790.9 | 1156.0 |
Chicken wings | 919.1 | 963.5 | 980.9 | 886.6 | 925.6 | 952.2 | 958.0 | 946.9 | 979.3 | 960.7 | 953.6 | 950.6 |
Dried fish sardine | 959.1 | 935.5 | 958.7 | 972.7 | 991.6 | 989.5 | 968.8 | 972.6 | 947.6 | 967.0 | 968.8 | 1077.8 |
Evaporated tinned milk carnation, 170 g | 136.3 | 140.5 | 143.6 | 151.5 | 157.9 | 162.8 | 162.7 | 158.8 | 174.4 | 170.6 | 169.4 | 159.7 |
Evaporated tinned milk (peak), 170 g | 157.7 | 166.1 | 177.1 | 197.2 | 198.4 | 194.7 | 195.9 | 190.5 | 206.0 | 198.7 | 196.0 | 191.4 |
Frozen chicken | 1419.8 | 1429.0 | 1555.5 | 1606.6 | 1606.0 | 1645.3 | 1623.8 | 1529.3 | 1570.3 | 1580.1 | 1571.5 | 1708.6 |
Gari white, sold loose | 219.6 | 260.9 | 273.7 | 288.5 | 293.0 | 315.6 | 317.1 | 310.1 | 302.0 | 268.1 | 251.9 | 199.7 |
Gari yellow, sold loose | 255.8 | 250.5 | 302.0 | 320.9 | 326.8 | 354.6 | 350.5 | 345.8 | 335.9 | 305.0 | 289.2 | 219.8 |
Groundnut oil: 1 bottle, specify bottle | 477.9 | 482.9 | 494.1 | 494.2 | 500.2 | 503.3 | 505.1 | 508.3 | 478.0 | 504.0 | 503.8 | 660.4 |
Iced sardine | 1880.0 | 1915.7 | 1902.2 | 1928.0 | 1919.6 | 1916.2 | 1915.2 | 1904.7 | 1878.5 | 1914.5 | 1903.7 | 1545.3 |
Irish potato | 300.9 | 307.3 | 311.8 | 318.9 | 315.9 | 319.3 | 311.4 | 310.5 | 307.5 | 291.1 | 290.6 | 314.2 |
Mackerel: frozen | 759.0 | 764.6 | 774.9 | 778.2 | 785.4 | 794.6 | 795.8 | 797.8 | 785.6 | 828.9 | 844.6 | 1015.6 |
Maize grain: white, sold loose | 167.1 | 172.9 | 174.0 | 182.9 | 188.9 | 190.3 | 191.3 | 192.4 | 168.1 | 191.2 | 185.1 | 154.4 |
Maize grain: yellow, sold loose | 168.8 | 174.7 | 178.8 | 185.6 | 190.6 | 191.4 | 193.0 | 193.4 | 168.2 | 191.1 | 189.9 | 161.9 |
Mudfish (aro), fresh | 994.4 | 998.7 | 1079.2 | 1008.9 | 1047.3 | 1071.1 | 1080.3 | 998.6 | 1069.9 | 1074.7 | 1081.6 | 1060.0 |
Mudfish, dried | 1812.0 | 1955.1 | 2084.8 | 2319.9 | 2388.1 | 2416.3 | 2395.8 | 2161.7 | 2204.0 | 2190.2 | 2144.2 | 1621.4 |
Onion bulb | 258.9 | 241.4 | 246.9 | 205.6 | 203.6 | 214.8 | 213.1 | 236.7 | 238.3 | 217.6 | 228.5 | 311.1 |
Palm oil: 1 bottle, specify bottle | 420.6 | 434.8 | 442.0 | 452.4 | 458.2 | 471.3 | 478.8 | 492.9 | 439.9 | 473.6 | 475.5 | 551.8 |
Plantain (ripe) | 234.3 | 234.3 | 236.7 | 240.7 | 241.5 | 249.7 | 251.3 | 254.0 | 231.7 | 247.4 | 244.9 | 240.8 |
Plantain (unripe) | 212.5 | 214.4 | 215.8 | 221.8 | 224.7 | 228.5 | 223.5 | 226.3 | 216.0 | 229.9 | 233.3 | 253.1 |
Rice: agric, sold loose | 324.0 | 355.4 | 360.9 | 324.8 | 347.7 | 352.1 | 354.1 | 349.6 | 351.1 | 325.9 | 315.1 | 317.5 |
Rice: local, sold loose | 286.2 | 306.3 | 308.9 | 299.3 | 323.8 | 325.5 | 323.3 | 320.2 | 316.4 | 292.9 | 278.9 | 278.9 |
Rice: medium, grained | 312.1 | 352.7 | 378.0 | 332.8 | 350.4 | 348.2 | 344.4 | 313.5 | 339.5 | 320.6 | 309.9 | 304.9 |
Rice: imported, high-quality, sold loose | 402.0 | 410.6 | 418.7 | 388.5 | 410.5 | 415.8 | 409.2 | 384.3 | 398.0 | 368.9 | 360.8 | 371.2 |
Sweet potato | 129.4 | 127.2 | 132.9 | 132.4 | 130.3 | 135.8 | 138.0 | 138.6 | 139.0 | 115.7 | 111.4 | 120.2 |
Tilapia fish (epiya), fresh | 792.2 | 795.3 | 798.1 | 800.8 | 805.2 | 817.6 | 823.3 | 820.3 | 795.6 | 822.4 | 813.8 | 1158.8 |
Titus, frozen | 884.8 | 942.2 | 964.6 | 935.0 | 969.6 | 1012.2 | 1014.5 | 998.0 | 974.0 | 1050.4 | 1125.9 | 1109.2 |
Tomato | 247.5 | 236.6 | 268.6 | 285.7 | 339.7 | 375.0 | 394.1 | 431.3 | 322.4 | 291.5 | 286.4 | 276.2 |
Vegetable oil: 1 bottle, specify bottle | 495.3 | 507.4 | 513.4 | 525.7 | 524.8 | 546.3 | 552.9 | 559.0 | 505.5 | 547.1 | 540.2 | 565.0 |
Wheat flour: prepacked (golden penny 2 kg) | 626.5 | 621.4 | 623.1 | 627.3 | 646.2 | 632.1 | 630.5 | 647.3 | 627.0 | 641.4 | 649.2 | 639.2 |
Yam tuber | 210.6 | 215.6 | 255.9 | 250.3 | 279.2 | 292.1 | 294.1 | 343.4 | 259.5 | 223.6 | 212.3 | 211.6 |
Prices of items of various agricultural/food commodities in 2017 (January to December).
Source: Authors.
In Table 3, prices of agriculture commodities resulting from production are presented. Such commodities include eggs; beans: brown; beef; rice (Ofada); catfish (obokun), fresh; catfish, dried; catfish, smoked; chicken feet; chicken wings; dried fish sardine; evaporated tinned milk carnation 170 g; and evaporated tinned milk (peak) 170 g. Frozen chicken; gari, white, sold loose; gari, yellow; groundnut oil; iced sardine; Irish potato; mackerel; maize grain; mudfish (aro), fresh; mudfish, dried; onion bulb; palm oil; plantain (ripe); plantain (unripe); sweet potato; tilapia fish (epiya) fresh; titus (frozen); tomato; vegetable oil; wheat flour, prepacked (golden penny 2 kg); and yam tuber, among other commodities not included. The prices of those commodities vary from January to December in 2017. This is also similar in 2018 as presented in Table 3.
Item labels | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Agric eggs (medium size price of one) | 38.8 | 41.3 | 41.2 | 42.2 | 41.8 | 41.4 | 41.2 | 41.8 | 41.2 | 41.7 | 42.4 | 42.6 |
Beans: brown, sold loose | 385.5 | 387.5 | 395.3 | 395.2 | 407.7 | 418.8 | 411.0 | 410.2 | 416.1 | 411.0 | 396.7 | 386.8 |
Beans: white black eye, sold loose | 344.5 | 348.6 | 357.0 | 355.3 | 367.2 | 369.4 | 361.3 | 361.7 | 362.7 | 354.2 | 346.4 | 344.7 |
Beef bone in | 1045.6 | 1017.3 | 1024.6 | 980.3 | 1011.1 | 1034.6 | 1028.1 | 1061.8 | 1027.7 | 1003.3 | 998.7 | 997.7 |
Beef, boneless | 1298.7 | 1274.7 | 1262.5 | 1257.7 | 1275.8 | 1271.5 | 1262.7 | 1281.0 | 1281.6 | 1260.6 | 1251.4 | 1270.8 |
Bread: sliced, 500 g | 313.4 | 314.2 | 305.9 | 306.5 | 306.0 | 308.0 | 305.3 | 308.0 | 303.8 | 299.2 | 305.5 | 296.9 |
Bread: unsliced, 500 g | 282.1 | 284.4 | 278.6 | 278.6 | 278.1 | 275.6 | 272.7 | 278.3 | 278.6 | 272.9 | 277.9 | 271.1 |
Broken rice (Ofada) | 413.2 | 405.7 | 399.5 | 400.9 | 405.0 | 404.4 | 403.6 | 397.3 | 384.5 | 370.2 | 385.6 | 381.6 |
Catfish (obokun), fresh | 1014.6 | 1037.3 | 1008.3 | 993.5 | 1013.1 | 1062.4 | 1064.7 | 1088.9 | 1089.3 | 1080.4 | 1112.1 | 1060.8 |
Catfish, dried | 1852.9 | 1857.2 | 1793.6 | 1753.5 | 1779.7 | 1770.5 | 1792.1 | 1807.1 | 1766.5 | 2362.3 | 1815.0 | 1808.6 |
Catfish, smoked | 1540.8 | 1896.9 | 1524.7 | 1514.5 | 1520.9 | 1527.8 | 1504.4 | 1512.4 | 1499.6 | 1482.3 | 1490.8 | 1519.8 |
Chicken feet | 850.0 | 778.6 | 773.0 | 758.9 | 782.5 | 784.8 | 930.5 | 803.0 | 808.1 | 775.7 | 985.3 | 737.8 |
Chicken wings | 950.8 | 955.0 | 935.8 | 921.5 | 925.5 | 960.6 | 963.0 | 992.5 | 1012.5 | 982.5 | 981.5 | 944.0 |
Dried fish sardine | 1455.5 | 1405.7 | 1410.1 | 1371.8 | 1400.0 | 1378.6 | 1395.4 | 1382.9 | 1374.3 | 1365.7 | 1331.6 | 1343.0 |
Evaporated tinned milk carnation, 170 g | 172.2 | 166.5 | 158.5 | 160.2 | 165.3 | 166.2 | 165.7 | 163.0 | 166.3 | 163.3 | 162.4 | 163.3 |
Evaporated tinned milk (peak), 170 g | 196.7 | 191.1 | 187.6 | 188.1 | 192.9 | 189.9 | 187.8 | 184.2 | 189.3 | 187.2 | 187.6 | 190.0 |
Frozen chicken | 1547.5 | 1548.9 | 1544.9 | 1537.9 | 1536.5 | 1537.2 | 1541.4 | 1533.2 | 1534.2 | 1558.2 | 1551.2 | 1625.1 |
Gari: white, sold loose | 229.3 | 210.2 | 209.1 | 208.2 | 216.0 | 216.7 | 200.7 | 198.8 | 195.9 | 188.4 | 183.6 | 166.6 |
Gari: yellow, sold loose | 271.3 | 250.1 | 244.0 | 246.5 | 256.5 | 259.8 | 248.7 | 246.8 | 253.7 | 236.3 | 222.4 | 196.0 |
Groundnut oil: 1 bottle, specify bottle | 528.6 | 571.1 | 585.2 | 584.5 | 601.5 | 612.4 | 603.6 | 603.4 | 608.4 | 592.5 | 603.9 | 585.5 |
Iced sardine | 861.1 | 885.1 | 899.7 | 907.9 | 941.5 | 923.5 | 940.5 | 937.2 | 931.6 | 916.8 | 921.0 | 906.4 |
Irish potato | 232.9 | 250.9 | 261.8 | 282.1 | 300.6 | 297.1 | 296.6 | 309.5 | 291.9 | 300.1 | 330.1 | 298.6 |
Mackerel, frozen | 915.3 | 875.3 | 915.9 | 896.4 | 927.2 | 908.9 | 922.9 | 926.2 | 944.5 | 921.0 | 937.8 | 934.2 |
Maize grain: white, sold loose | 190.5 | 185.2 | 231.6 | 173.5 | 180.5 | 183.7 | 179.4 | 180.1 | 179.9 | 171.1 | 165.0 | 161.5 |
Maize grain: yellow, sold loose | 180.0 | 199.8 | 193.8 | 191.1 | 195.7 | 197.3 | 190.4 | 191.1 | 189.8 | 178.4 | 168.9 | 160.4 |
Mudfish (aro), fresh | 1099.8 | 1098.6 | 1069.9 | 1039.0 | 1062.7 | 1070.6 | 1065.6 | 1104.8 | 1072.1 | 1052.1 | 1067.1 | 1032.2 |
Mudfish, dried | 2134.7 | 2066.0 | 1945.3 | 1912.7 | 1928.2 | 1941.9 | 1907.2 | 1897.1 | 1908.0 | 1874.4 | 1894.3 | 1861.7 |
Onion bulb | 248.7 | 252.0 | 235.3 | 234.4 | 234.0 | 240.0 | 246.9 | 252.1 | 251.3 | 232.8 | 287.7 | 259.4 |
Palm oil: 1 bottle, specify bottle | 480.9 | 510.1 | 492.1 | 486.8 | 494.9 | 500.0 | 496.4 | 501.1 | 501.0 | 495.1 | 496.2 | 474.5 |
Plantain (ripe) | 273.7 | 257.6 | 259.8 | 262.3 | 273.5 | 276.6 | 270.8 | 275.8 | 272.6 | 245.6 | 254.1 | 227.3 |
Plantain (unripe) | 248.7 | 232.2 | 242.5 | 235.7 | 247.1 | 248.5 | 248.6 | 247.1 | 244.3 | 226.6 | 225.5 | 215.7 |
Rice: agric, sold loose | 322.8 | 322.8 | 326.6 | 322.5 | 327.8 | 331.1 | 325.1 | 327.0 | 328.4 | 323.3 | 329.1 | 321.6 |
Rice, local, sold loose | 274.7 | 276.3 | 283.6 | 281.5 | 286.2 | 280.8 | 276.3 | 280.3 | 277.8 | 277.9 | 278.5 | 280.8 |
Rice: medium grained | 308.5 | 314.8 | 317.2 | 323.6 | 325.4 | 323.1 | 319.4 | 322.5 | 319.5 | 314.9 | 318.9 | 318.0 |
Rice: imported, high-quality sold loose | 360.8 | 365.2 | 363.3 | 369.4 | 374.6 | 373.5 | 370.8 | 375.0 | 371.3 | 373.0 | 376.6 | 370.6 |
Sweet potato | 113.4 | 126.4 | 130.3 | 137.4 | 150.5 | 148.7 | 163.3 | 167.1 | 167.3 | 154.7 | 147.7 | 140.7 |
Tilapia fish (epiya), fresh | 864.0 | 885.7 | 890.1 | 889.5 | 924.1 | 939.4 | 935.2 | 947.8 | 979.2 | 923.1 | 934.1 | 887.5 |
Titus, frozen | 894.7 | 901.5 | 905.8 | 898.6 | 921.0 | 950.3 | 924.8 | 946.5 | 941.5 | 923.9 | 1105.2 | 926.4 |
Tomato | 272.0 | 267.1 | 267.1 | 289.5 | 307.1 | 317.7 | 336.3 | 336.7 | 328.3 | 306.6 | 294.4 | 271.5 |
Vegetable oil: 1 bottle, specify bottle | 540.3 | 549.0 | 533.5 | 548.0 | 553.2 | 552.1 | 547.9 | 540.4 | 546.8 | 536.1 | 536.5 | 507.8 |
Wheat flour, prepacked (golden penny 2 kg) | 655.1 | 646.0 | 657.6 | 649.9 | 659.5 | 660.1 | 657.6 | 661.1 | 651.9 | 656.8 | 659.6 | 662.9 |
Yam tuber | 226.5 | 230.9 | 254.5 | 279.6 | 291.3 | 285.8 | 280.8 | 293.0 | 280.3 | 252.2 | 239.2 | 212.7 |
Prices of items of various agricultural/food commodities in 2018.
Source: Authors.
Table 4 presents the area of crops harvested (ha), yield of crop production (hg/ha) and output level of various crops (tonnes) from 1980 to 2015.
Item | Element | Unit | 1980 | 1985 | 1986 | 1990 | 1991 | 1995 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 | 2015 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bast fibres, other | Area harvested | ha | 1000 | 1000 | 1107 | 1000 | 1000 | 1000 | 1000 | 1000 | 1008 | |
Bast fibres, other | Yield | hg/ha | 6000 | 7000 | 7859 | 8800 | 9712 | 10,992 | 12,193 | 13,310 | 14,388 | |
Bast fibres, other | Production | tonnes | 600 | 700 | 870 | 880 | 971 | 1099 | 1219 | 1331 | 1451 | |
Carrots and turnips | Area harvested | ha | 20,000 | 20,000 | 20,000 | 22,000 | 22,303 | 24,285 | 26,492 | 27,750 | 25,300 | 25,704 |
Carrots and turnips | Yield | hg/ha | 75,000 | 75,000 | 75,000 | 78,636 | 78,464 | 81,531 | 85,097 | 85,586 | 86,921 | 88,010 |
Carrots and turnips | Production | tonnes | 150,000 | 150,000 | 150,000 | 173,000 | 175,000 | 198,000 | 225,440 | 237,500 | 219,911 | 226,222 |
Cashew nuts, with shell | Area harvested | ha | 40,000 | 40,000 | 40,000 | 50,000 | 75,000 | 155,000 | 259,000 | 309,000 | 382,509 | 131,529 |
Cashew nuts, with shell | Yield | hg/ha | 6250 | 6250 | 6250 | 6000 | 6000 | 6129 | 17,992 | 19,223 | 20,698 | 7386 |
Cashew nuts, with shell | Production | tonnes | 25,000 | 25,000 | 25,000 | 30,000 | 45,000 | 95,000 | 466,000 | 594,000 | 791,726 | 97,149 |
Cassava | Area harvested | ha | 1,200,000 | 1,075,000 | 1,095,000 | 1,634,130 | 2,551,000 | 2,944,000 | 3,300,000 | 3,782,000 | 3,481,900 | 6,216,434 |
Cassava | Yield | hg/ha | 95,833 | 112,465 | 113,132 | 116,533 | 101,936 | 106,671 | 97,000 | 109,902 | 122,155 | 92,727 |
Cassava | Production | tonnes | 11,500,000 | 12,090,000 | 12,388,000 | 19,043,008 | 26,004,000 | 31,404,000 | 32,010,000 | 41,565,000 | 42,533,180 | 57,643,271 |
Chillies and peppers, dry | Area harvested | ha | 25,700 | 27,200 | 27,500 | 28,700 | 29,000 | 30,200 | 30,410 | 30,750 | 34,000 | 38,077 |
Chillies and peppers, dry | Yield | hg/ha | 15,370 | 15,441 | 15,455 | 15,505 | 15,517 | 15,563 | 15,624 | 15,610 | 16,765 | 17,077 |
Chillies and peppers, dry | Production | tonnes | 39,500 | 42,000 | 42,500 | 44,500 | 45,000 | 47,000 | 47,512 | 48,000 | 57,000 | 65,022 |
Chillies and peppers, green | Area harvested | ha | 69,000 | 80,000 | 80,000 | 89,048 | 75,000 | 72,766 | 88,706 | 91,500 | 94,808 | 96,625 |
Chillies and peppers, green | Yield | hg/ha | 91,304 | 87,500 | 90,000 | 84,224 | 86,667 | 84,105 | 80,677 | 78,798 | 77,381 | 76,941 |
Chillies and peppers, green | Production | tonnes | 630,000 | 700,000 | 720,000 | 750,000 | 650,000 | 612,000 | 715,657 | 721,000 | 733,631 | 743,442 |
Cocoa, beans | Area harvested | ha | 700,000 | 700,000 | 700,000 | 715,000 | 726,000 | 788,000 | 966,000 | 1,198,902 | 1,272,430 | 1,057,174 |
Cocoa, beans | Yield | hg/ha | 2186 | 2286 | 2114 | 3413 | 3691 | 2576 | 3499 | 3678 | 3137 | 2857 |
Cocoa, beans | Production | tonnes | 153,000 | 160,000 | 148,000 | 244,000 | 268,000 | 203,000 | 338,000 | 441,000 | 399,200 | 302,066 |
Coconuts | Area harvested | ha | 32,000 | 34,500 | 34,500 | 35,500 | 37,000 | 28,500 | 36,000 | 39,000 | 39,000 | 38,701 |
Coconuts | Yield | hg/ha | 28,125 | 29,565 | 30,145 | 33,239 | 34,865 | 52,281 | 44,444 | 53,590 | 67,645 | 69,744 |
Coconuts | Production | tonnes | 90,000 | 102,000 | 104,000 | 118,000 | 129,000 | 149,000 | 160,000 | 209,000 | 263,815 | 269,920 |
Coffee, green | Area harvested | ha | 7000 | 12,000 | 2400 | 3434 | 3500 | 3122 | 3190 | 3670 | 1990 | 1534 |
Coffee, green | Yield | hg/ha | 5000 | 5000 | 5000 | 8824 | 9143 | 9896 | 12,006 | 13,597 | 12,063 | 12,899 |
Coffee, green | Production | tonnes | 3500 | 6000 | 1200 | 3030 | 3200 | 3090 | 3830 | 4990 | 2400 | 1979 |
Cotton lint | Production | tonnes | 29,324 | 10,524 | 36,290 | 95,000 | 103,000 | 95,000 | 147,000 | 190,000 | 220,000 | |
Cottonseed | Production | tonnes | 55,075 | 24,000 | 63,000 | 180,000 | 195,000 | 153,000 | 247,000 | 323,000 | 370,000 | |
Cow peas, dry | Area harvested | ha | 1,463,000 | 1,405,000 | 1,405,000 | 1,805,000 | 1,885,740 | 3,585,000 | 3,583,000 | 4,140,000 | 2,859,760 | 3,635,700 |
Cow peas, dry | Yield | hg/ha | 3486 | 4349 | 4569 | 7490 | 7180 | 4884 | 6001 | 6800 | 11,778 | 6343 |
Cow peas, dry | Production | tonnes | 510,000 | 611,000 | 642,000 | 1,352,000 | 1,354,000 | 1,751,000 | 2,150,000 | 2,815,000 | 3,368,250 | 2,306,200 |
Fibre crops nes | Production | tonnes | 11 | 12 | ||||||||
Fonio | Area harvested | ha | 30,000 | 38,000 | 44,000 | 65,000 | 72,000 | 108,000 | 133,000 | 198,000 | 151,766 | 187,560 |
Fonio | Yield | hg/ha | 6000 | 6579 | 6136 | 6000 | 5972 | 5370 | 5714 | 4798 | 5211 | 4405 |
Fonio | Production | tonnes | 18,000 | 25,000 | 27,000 | 39,000 | 43,000 | 58,000 | 76,000 | 95,000 | 79,087 | 82,617 |
Fruit, citrus nes | Area harvested | ha | 550,000 | 570,000 | 570,000 | 580,000 | 630,000 | 643,589 | 727,596 | 731,000 | 790,000 | 821,533 |
Fruit, citrus nes | Yield | hg/ha | 32,727 | 35,088 | 35,088 | 35,914 | 39,683 | 42,263 | 44,668 | 45,179 | 48,101 | 48,757 |
Fruit, citrus nes | Production | tonnes | 1,800,000 | 2,000,000 | 2,000,000 | 2,083,000 | 2,500,000 | 2,720,000 | 3,250,000 | 3,302,611 | 3,800,000 | 4,005,520 |
Fruit, fresh nes | Area harvested | ha | 145,000 | 184,500 | 196,000 | 197,349 | 208,520 | 238,082 | 284,711 | 218,500 | 177,000 | 180,210 |
Fruit, fresh nes | Yield | hg/ha | 64,138 | 65,041 | 66,327 | 65,873 | 63,337 | 62,902 | 63,575 | 64,119 | 67,797 | 68,225 |
Fruit, fresh nes | Production | tonnes | 930,000 | 1,200,000 | 1,300,000 | 1,300,000 | 1,320,713 | 1,497,578 | 1,810,060 | 1,401,000 | 1,200,000 | 1,229,484 |
Garlic | Production | tonnes | 587 | 800 | ||||||||
Ginger | Area harvested | ha | 400 | 16,000 | 30,000 | 84,000 | 100,000 | 148,000 | 158,000 | 181,000 | 52,330 | 64,356 |
Ginger | Yield | hg/ha | 5000 | 5000 | 5000 | 5000 | 5000 | 5338 | 6203 | 6906 | 31,000 | 44,198 |
Ginger | Production | tonnes | 200 | 8000 | 15,000 | 42,000 | 50,000 | 79,000 | 98,000 | 125,000 | 162,223 | 284,440 |
Groundnuts, with shell | Area harvested | ha | 563,000 | 594,000 | 793,000 | 707,000 | 112,7000 | 1,767,000 | 1,934,000 | 2,187,000 | 2,789,180 | 2,801,756 |
Groundnuts, with shell | Yield | hg/ha | 8366 | 10,455 | 11,299 | 16,492 | 12,076 | 8936 | 15,000 | 15,903 | 13,621 | 12,376 |
Groundnuts, with shell | Production | tonnes | 471,000 | 621,000 | 896,000 | 1,166,000 | 1,361,000 | 1,579,000 | 2,901,000 | 3,478,000 | 3,799,240 | 3,467,446 |
Karite nuts (shea nuts) | Area harvested | ha | 100,000 | 94,000 | 87,000 | 184,000 | 204,000 | 235,000 | 232,000 | 257,239 | 342,750 | 409,963 |
Karite nuts (shea nuts) | Yield | hg/ha | 11,000 | 10,638 | 11,839 | 15,707 | 15,980 | 16,340 | 15,905 | 15,940 | 9500 | 8786 |
Karite nuts (shea nuts) | Production | tonnes | 110,000 | 100,000 | 103,000 | 289,000 | 326,000 | 384,000 | 369,000 | 410,029 | 325,610 | 360,177 |
Kola nuts | Area harvested | ha | 140,000 | 175,000 | 175,000 | 125,000 | 130,000 | 105,000 | 91,000 | 94,250 | 270,143 | 244,705 |
Kola nuts | Yield | hg/ha | 9643 | 9829 | 9943 | 10,800 | 12,692 | 9048 | 9011 | 9045 | 5366 | 6608 |
Kola nuts | Production | tonnes | 135,000 | 172,000 | 174,000 | 135,000 | 165,000 | 95,000 | 82,000 | 85,250 | 144,950 | 161,711 |
Maize | Area harvested | ha | 465,000 | 1,556,000 | 2,800,000 | 5,104,000 | 5,142,000 | 5,472,000 | 3,159,000 | 3,589,000 | 4,149,310 | 6,771,189 |
Maize | Yield | hg/ha | 13,161 | 11,735 | 12,679 | 11,301 | 11,299 | 12,666 | 13,001 | 16,598 | 18,502 | 15,599 |
Maize | Production | tonnes | 612,000 | 1,826,000 | 3,550,000 | 5,768,000 | 5,810,000 | 6,931,000 | 4,107,000 | 5,957,000 | 7,676,850 | 10,562,050 |
Maize, green | Area harvested | ha | 46,000 | 156,000 | 172,000 | 150,000 | 155,000 | 167,706 | 162,619 | 161,500 | 183,916 | 200,356 |
Maize, green | Yield | hg/ha | 35,000 | 29,231 | 25,233 | 30,533 | 30,645 | 33,704 | 34,662 | 35,697 | 36,774 | 37,699 |
Maize, green | Production | tonnes | 161,000 | 456,000 | 434,000 | 458,000 | 475,000 | 565,240 | 563,667 | 576,500 | 676,338 | 755,319 |
Mangoes, mangosteens, guavas | Area harvested | ha | 80,000 | 80,000 | 80,000 | 85,000 | 88,000 | 106,000 | 125,000 | 125,500 | 130,000 | 131,132 |
Mangoes, mangosteens, guavas | Yield | hg/ha | 50,000 | 50,000 | 50,000 | 59,294 | 59,091 | 59,528 | 58,400 | 58,247 | 65,385 | 68,239 |
Mangoes, mangosteens, guavas | Production | tonnes | 400,000 | 400,000 | 400,000 | 504,000 | 520,000 | 631,000 | 730,000 | 731,000 | 850,000 | 894,833 |
Melon seed | Area harvested | ha | 76,000 | 183,000 | 150,000 | 230,000 | 231,000 | 285,000 | 575,000 | 694,000 | 469,690 | 967,937 |
Melon seed | Yield | hg/ha | 12,368 | 8033 | 10,200 | 9043 | 9481 | 10,070 | 6000 | 6499 | 10,802 | 5758 |
Melon seed | Production | tonnes | 94,000 | 147,000 | 153,000 | 208,000 | 219,000 | 287,000 | 345,000 | 451,000 | 507,340 | 557,328 |
Millet | Area harvested | ha | 2,824,000 | 2,346,000 | 3,917,000 | 4,778,000 | 4,560,000 | 5,107,000 | 5,814,000 | 4,685,000 | 4,364,140 | 1,591,803 |
Millet | Yield | hg/ha | 8336 | 15,277 | 10,495 | 10,749 | 9011 | 10,893 | 10,501 | 15,300 | 11,848 | 9331 |
Millet | Production | tonnes | 2,354,000 | 3,584,000 | 4,111,000 | 5,136,000 | 4,109,000 | 5,563,000 | 6,105,000 | 7,168,000 | 5,170,430 | 1,485,387 |
Nuts, nes | Area harvested | ha | 100 | 300 | 2500 | 2500 | 5421 | 2965 | 2550 | 2800 | 2799 | |
Nuts, nes | Yield | hg/ha | 20,000 | 20,000 | 24,000 | 20,000 | 6118 | 17,416 | 20,196 | 25,000 | 25,915 | |
Nuts, nes | Production | tonnes | 200 | 600 | 6000 | 5000 | 3316 | 5163 | 5150 | 7000 | 7253 | |
Oil palm fruit | Area harvested | ha | 2,300,000 | 2,200,000 | 2,220,000 | 2,300,000 | 2,450,000 | 2,938,000 | 3,080,000 | 3,350,000 | 3,200,000 | 3,076,881 |
Oil palm fruit | Yield | hg/ha | 25,000 | 25,909 | 26,577 | 26,957 | 26,531 | 26,549 | 26,688 | 25,373 | 25,000 | 25,683 |
Oil palm fruit | Production | tonnes | 5,750,000 | 5,700,000 | 5,900,000 | 6,200,000 | 6,500,000 | 7,800,000 | 8,220,000 | 8,500,000 | 8,000,000 | 7,902,277 |
Oil, palm | Production | tonnes | 650,000 | 615,000 | 650,000 | 730,000 | 760,000 | 860,000 | 899,000 | 1,170,000 | 970,820 | |
Oilseeds nes | Production | tonnes | 548 | 759 | 820 | 596 | 700 | 814 | 600 | |||
Okra | Area harvested | ha | 200,000 | 230,000 | 250,000 | 260,000 | 231,278 | 259,393 | 292,135 | 350,000 | 397,290 | 1,859,900 |
Okra | Yield | hg/ha | 21,000 | 20,652 | 19,600 | 20,231 | 22,916 | 24,287 | 25,719 | 27,143 | 27,275 | 11,118 |
Okra | Production | tonnes | 420,000 | 475,000 | 490,000 | 526,000 | 530,000 | 630,000 | 751,342 | 950,000 | 1,083,620 | 2,067,900 |
Onions, dry | Area harvested | ha | 30,000 | 30,000 | 35,000 | 36,667 | 63,403 | 87,996 | 115,501 | 264,174 | 179,984 | 434,500 |
Onions, dry | Yield | hg/ha | 133,333 | 133,333 | 142,857 | 137,649 | 60,904 | 56,654 | 51,342 | 44,763 | 74,797 | 22,967 |
Onions, dry | Production | tonnes | 400,000 | 400,000 | 500,000 | 504,719 | 386,152 | 498,539 | 593,008 | 1,182,520 | 1,346,218 | 997,900 |
Onions, shallots, green | Area harvested | ha | 10,000 | 10,000 | 10,000 | 10,476 | 6046 | 10,128 | 10,794 | 11,250 | 13,232 | 14,366 |
Onions, shallots, green | Yield | hg/ha | 100,000 | 100,000 | 105,000 | 119,320 | 223,291 | 215,057 | 206,277 | 196,000 | 175,089 | 163,848 |
Onions, shallots, green | Production | tonnes | 100,000 | 100,000 | 105,000 | 125,000 | 135,000 | 217,815 | 222,656 | 220,500 | 231,684 | 235,383 |
Palm kernels | Area harvested | ha | 450,000 | |||||||||
Palm kernels | Production | tonnes | 279,000 | 360,000 | 355,000 | 356,000 | 369,000 | 543,000 | 577,000 | 465,000 | 233,000 | |
Papayas | Area harvested | ha | 55,000 | 55,000 | 55,000 | 65,000 | 66,000 | 80,000 | 89,315 | 91,500 | 92,865 | 93,445 |
Papayas | Yield | hg/ha | 72,727 | 72,727 | 72,727 | 79,538 | 80,303 | 81,000 | 83,371 | 82,568 | 80,763 | 93,680 |
Papayas | Production | tonnes | 400,000 | 400,000 | 400,000 | 517,000 | 530,000 | 648,000 | 744,626 | 755,500 | 750,000 | 875,401 |
Pineapples | Area harvested | ha | 95,000 | 95,000 | 95,000 | 100,000 | 105,505 | 105,802 | 117,005 | 116,500 | 180,000 | 184,551 |
Pineapples | Yield | hg/ha | 63,158 | 73,684 | 73,684 | 76,300 | 75,825 | 75,613 | 75,733 | 76,395 | 82,631 | 81,270 |
Pineapples | Production | tonnes | 600,000 | 700,000 | 700,000 | 763,000 | 800,000 | 800,000 | 886,110 | 890,000 | 1,487,350 | 1,499,840 |
Plantains and others | Area harvested | ha | 180,000 | 185,500 | 187,200 | 162,000 | 178,000 | 250,000 | 386,000 | 447,000 | 449,220 | 486,048 |
Plantains and others | Yield | hg/ha | 57,889 | 60,000 | 60,203 | 75,000 | 75,225 | 65,280 | 51,010 | 57,964 | 59,559 | 62,977 |
Plantains and others | Production | tonnes | 1,042,000 | 1,113,000 | 1,127,000 | 1,215,000 | 1,339,000 | 1,632,000 | 1,969,000 | 2,591,000 | 2,675,530 | 3,060,962 |
Potatoes | Area harvested | ha | 5500 | 7000 | 7600 | 7700 | 9400 | 13,600 | 212,000 | 260,000 | 265,992 | 328,009 |
Potatoes | Yield | hg/ha | 72,727 | 61,429 | 60,526 | 70,130 | 70,213 | 69,853 | 28,255 | 29,846 | 38,584 | 36,727 |
Potatoes | Production | tonnes | 40,000 | 43,000 | 46,000 | 54,000 | 66,000 | 95,000 | 599,000 | 776,000 | 102,6311 | 120,4676 |
Pulses, nes | Area harvested | ha | 115,000 | 120,000 | 120,000 | 131,832 | 74,309 | 87,216 | 102,492 | 119,432 | 130,000 | 140,095 |
Pulses, nes | Yield | hg/ha | 4609 | 4167 | 4167 | 4162 | 3870 | 3966 | 4087 | 4104 | 4308 | 4609 |
Pulses, nes | Production | tonnes | 53,000 | 50,000 | 50,000 | 54,870 | 28,756 | 34,592 | 41,887 | 49,018 | 56,000 | 64,570 |
Rice, paddy | Area harvested | ha | 550,000 | 670,000 | 700,000 | 1,208,000 | 1,652,000 | 1,796,000 | 2,199,000 | 2,494,000 | 2,432,630 | 3,121,562 |
Rice, paddy | Yield | hg/ha | 19,818 | 21,343 | 20,233 | 20,695 | 19,528 | 16,258 | 14,998 | 14,302 | 18,386 | 20,042 |
Rice, paddy | Production | tonnes | 1,090,000 | 1,430,000 | 1,416,322 | 2,500,000 | 3,226,000 | 2,920,000 | 3,298,000 | 3,567,000 | 4,472,520 | 6,256,228 |
Rubber, natural | Area harvested | ha | 73,000 | 73,000 | 73,000 | 22,5000 | 268,000 | 297,000 | 330,000 | 339,500 | 360,541 | 365,622 |
Rubber, natural | Yield | hg/ha | 6164 | 8219 | 8219 | 6533 | 5784 | 4209 | 3242 | 3998 | 4019 | 4228 |
Rubber, natural | Production | tonnes | 45,000 | 60,000 | 60,000 | 147,000 | 155,000 | 125,000 | 107,000 | 135,716 | 144,912 | 154,571 |
Seed cotton | Area harvested | ha | 476,000 | 220,000 | 285,000 | 575,000 | 643,000 | 431,000 | 538,000 | 659,000 | 398,570 | 401,441 |
Seed cotton | Yield | hg/ha | 1801 | 1591 | 3509 | 4800 | 4806 | 5824 | 7416 | 7906 | 15,115 | 6913 |
Seed cotton | Production | tonnes | 85,733 | 35,000 | 100,000 | 276,000 | 309,000 | 251,000 | 399,000 | 521,000 | 602,440 | 277,523 |
Sesame seed | Area harvested | ha | 135,000 | 116,700 | 104,700 | 110,000 | 115,000 | 133,000 | 151,000 | 196,000 | 324,570 | 329,460 |
Sesame seed | Yield | hg/ha | 3037 | 2999 | 3343 | 4000 | 4000 | 4511 | 4768 | 5102 | 4603 | 5218 |
Sesame seed | Production | tonnes | 41,000 | 35,000 | 35,000 | 44,000 | 46,000 | 60,000 | 72,000 | 100,000 | 149,410 | 171,900 |
Sorghum | Area harvested | ha | 3,286,000 | 4,862,000 | 5,147,000 | 4,185,000 | 5,538,000 | 6,095,000 | 6,885,000 | 7,284,000 | 4,960,130 | 5,899,134 |
Sorghum | Yield | hg/ha | 11,229 | 10,101 | 10,540 | 10,000 | 9691 | 11,480 | 11,200 | 12,600 | 14,397 | 11,875 |
Sorghum | Production | tonnes | 3,690,000 | 4,911,000 | 5,425,000 | 4,185,000 | 5,367,000 | 6,997,000 | 7,711,000 | 9,178,000 | 7,140,970 | 7,005,025 |
Soybeans | Area harvested | ha | 270,000 | 205,000 | 210,000 | 729,000 | 468,000 | 617,000 | 517,000 | 601,000 | 281,890 | 609,333 |
Soybeans | Yield | hg/ha | 2778 | 2927 | 3238 | 2990 | 3098 | 4652 | 8298 | 9401 | 12,951 | 9658 |
Soybeans | Production | tonnes | 75,000 | 60,000 | 68,000 | 218,000 | 145,000 | 287,000 | 429,000 | 565,000 | 365,080 | 588,523 |
Spices, nes | Area harvested | ha | 2900 | 3000 | 3000 | 3600 | 1428 | 1971 | 2634 | 3250 | 3600 | 4087 |
Spices, nes | Yield | hg/ha | 13,793 | 14,667 | 13,333 | 13,333 | 12,962 | 13,112 | 13,299 | 13,846 | 15,278 | 15,746 |
Spices, nes | Production | tonnes | 4000 | 4400 | 4000 | 4800 | 1851 | 2585 | 3503 | 4500 | 5500 | 6436 |
Sugar cane | Area harvested | ha | 22,000 | 21,400 | 22,400 | 22,400 | 22,200 | 19,270 | 24,000 | 44,000 | 45,680 | 88,135 |
Sugar cane | Yield | hg/ha | 395,455 | 402,804 | 400,446 | 410,714 | 400,000 | 305,656 | 289,583 | 207,727 | 186,055 | 164,516 |
Sugar cane | Production | tonnes | 870,000 | 862,000 | 897,000 | 920,000 | 888,000 | 589,000 | 695,000 | 914,000 | 849,898 | 1,449,963 |
Sweet potatoes | Area harvested | ha | 12,000 | 12,000 | 13,000 | 28,000 | 31,000 | 299,000 | 823,000 | 989,000 | 1,298,486 | 1,499,015 |
Sweet potatoes | Yield | hg/ha | 83,333 | 66,667 | 63,846 | 51,071 | 59,355 | 39,064 | 29,988 | 32,406 | 26,701 | 25,652 |
Sweet potatoes | Production | tonnes | 100,000 | 80,000 | 83,000 | 143,000 | 184,000 | 1,168,000 | 2,468,000 | 3,205,000 | 3,467,073 | 3,845,248 |
Taro (cocoyam) | Area harvested | ha | 65,000 | 70,000 | 91,000 | 141,000 | 166,000 | 229,000 | 587,000 | 667,000 | 520,130 | 826,800 |
Taro (cocoyam) | Yield | hg/ha | 32,000 | 33,143 | 40,989 | 51,844 | 49,940 | 51,616 | 66,201 | 75,982 | 56,853 | 39,631 |
Taro (cocoyam) | Production | tonnes | 208,000 | 232,000 | 373,000 | 731,000 | 829,000 | 1,182,000 | 3,886,000 | 5,068,000 | 2,957,090 | 3,276,700 |
Tobacco, unmanufactured | Area harvested | ha | 20,680 | 19,500 | 20,000 | 22,000 | 18,522 | 17,463 | 37,000 | 25,000 | 14,789 | 9500 |
Tobacco, unmanufactured | Yield | hg/ha | 6286 | 5385 | 4500 | 4091 | 4859 | 5268 | 5946 | 6000 | 6131 | 5263 |
Tobacco, unmanufactured | Production | tonnes | 13,000 | 10,500 | 9000 | 9000 | 9000 | 9200 | 22,000 | 15,000 | 9066 | 5000 |
Tomatoes | Area harvested | ha | 32,500 | 35,000 | 35,500 | 37,500 | 38,000 | 55,000 | 210,000 | 250,000 | 272,950 | 557,500 |
Tomatoes | Yield | hg/ha | 100,000 | 100,000 | 100,000 | 100,000 | 100,000 | 103,455 | 60,038 | 81,714 | 65,945 | 75,862 |
Tomatoes | Production | tonnes | 325,000 | 350,000 | 355,000 | 375,000 | 380,000 | 569,000 | 1,260,794 | 2,042,861 | 1,799,960 | 4,229,330 |
Vegetables, fresh nes | Area harvested | ha | 210,000 | 260,000 | 265,000 | 350,000 | 380,000 | 440,000 | 620,754 | 725,000 | 724,335 | 753,081 |
Vegetables, fresh nes | Yield | hg/ha | 46,286 | 48,231 | 48,792 | 50,314 | 53,289 | 59,273 | 63,552 | 71,517 | 82,818 | 91,171 |
Vegetables, fresh nes | Production | tonnes | 972,000 | 1,254,000 | 1,293,000 | 1,761,000 | 2,025,000 | 2,608,000 | 3,945,000 | 5,185,000 | 5,998,811 | 6,865,947 |
Wheat | Area harvested | ha | 10,000 | 55,000 | 67,000 | 60,000 | 50,000 | 20,000 | 52,000 | 60,000 | 74,399 | 60,000 |
Wheat | Yield | hg/ha | 24,000 | 20,545 | 19,701 | 8333 | 12,000 | 21,800 | 14,038 | 11,000 | 14,844 | 10,000 |
Wheat | Production | tonnes | 24,000 | 11,3000 | 13,2000 | 50,000 | 60,000 | 43,600 | 73,000 | 66,000 | 110,441 | 60,000 |
Yams | Area harvested | ha | 498,000 | 840,000 | 924,000 | 1,276,000 | 1,639,000 | 2,118,000 | 2,647,000 | 2,957,000 | 2,868,990 | 5,389,870 |
Yams | Yield | hg/ha | 105,382 | 56,405 | 56,374 | 106,771 | 103,453 | 107,734 | 98,984 | 114,981 | 13,0109 | 84,748 |
Yams | Production | tonnes | 5,248,000 | 4,738,000 | 5,209,000 | 13,624,000 | 16,956,000 | 22,818,000 | 26,201,000 | 34,000,000 | 37,328,180 | 45,677,939 |
Cereals (rice milled eqv) | Area harvested | ha | 7,165,000 | 9,527,000 | 12,675,000 | 15,400,000 | 17,014,000 | 18,598,000 | 18,242,000 | 18,310,000 | 16,132,376 | 17,631,248 |
Cereals (rice milled eqv) | Yield | hg/ha | 10,363 | 11,979 | 11,195 | 10,939 | 10,310 | 11,582 | 11,113 | 13,568 | 14,357 | 13,254 |
Cereals (rice milled eqv) | Production | tonnes | 7,425,030 | 11,412,810 | 14,189,687 | 16,845,500 | 17,540,742 | 21,540,240 | 20,271,766 | 24,843,189 | 23,160,948 | 23,367,984 |
Cereals, total | Area harvested | ha | 7,165,000 | 9,527,000 | 12,675,000 | 15,400,000 | 17,014,000 | 18,598,000 | 18,242,000 | 18,310,000 | 16,132,376 | 17,631,248 |
Cereals, total | Yield | hg/ha | 10,870 | 12,479 | 11,567 | 11,479 | 10,941 | 12,105 | 11,715 | 14,217 | 15,280 | 14,435 |
Cereals, total | Production | tonnes | 7,788,000 | 11,889,000 | 14,661,322 | 17,678,000 | 18,615,000 | 22,512,600 | 21,370,000 | 26,031,000 | 24,650,297 | 25,451,307 |
Citrus fruit, total | Area harvested | ha | 550,000 | 570,000 | 570,000 | 580,000 | 630,000 | 643,589 | 727,596 | 731,000 | 790,000 | 821,533 |
Citrus fruit, total | Yield | hg/ha | 32,727 | 35,088 | 35,088 | 35,914 | 39,683 | 42,263 | 44,668 | 45,179 | 48,101 | 48,757 |
Citrus fruit, total | Production | tonnes | 1,800,000 | 2,000,000 | 2,000,000 | 2,083,000 | 2,500,000 | 2,720,000 | 3,250,000 | 3,302,611 | 3,800,000 | 4,005,520 |
Coarse grain, total | Area harvested | ha | 6,605,000 | 8,802,000 | 11,908,000 | 14,132,000 | 15,312,000 | 16,782,000 | 15,991,000 | 15,756,000 | 13,625,346 | 14,449,686 |
Coarse grain, total | Yield | hg/ha | 10,104 | 11,754 | 11,012 | 10,705 | 10,011 | 11,649 | 11,256 | 142,16 | 14,728 | 13,243 |
Coarse grain, total | Production | tonnes | 6,674,000 | 10,346,000 | 13,113,000 | 15,128,000 | 15,329,000 | 19,549,000 | 17,999,000 | 22,398,000 | 20,067,337 | 19,135,079 |
Fibre crops primary | Area harvested | ha | 476,000 | 221,000 | 286,000 | 576,107 | 644,000 | 432,000 | 539,000 | 660,000 | 399,570 | |
Fibre crops primary | Yield | hg/ha | 616 | 503 | 1293 | 1664 | 1613 | 2222 | 2748 | 2897 | 5539 | |
Fibre crops primary | Production | tonnes | 29,324 | 11,124 | 36,990 | 95,881 | 103,892 | 95,971 | 148,099 | 191,219 | 221,331 | |
Fruit primary | Area harvested | ha | 1,105,000 | 1,170,000 | 1,183,200 | 1,189,349 | 1,276,025 | 1,423,473 | 1,729,627 | 1,730,000 | 1,819,085 | 1,896,920 |
Fruit primary | Yield | hg/ha | 46,805 | 49,684 | 50,093 | 53,660 | 54,934 | 55,699 | 54,288 | 55,902 | 59,166 | 60,973 |
Fruit primary | Production | tonnes | 5,172,000 | 5,813,000 | 5,927,000 | 6,382,000 | 7,009,713 | 7,928,578 | 9,389,796 | 9,671,111 | 10,762,880 | 11,566,040 |
Oil crops, cake equivalent | Area harvested | ha | 3,852,000 | 3,553,200 | 3,797,200 | 4,686,500 | 5,071,000 | 6,199,500 | 6,831,000 | 7,726,000 | 7,736,900 | |
Oil crops, cake equivalent | Yield | hg/ha | 1287 | 1680 | 1920 | 2239 | 2147 | 2262 | 3110 | 3253 | 3159 | |
Oil crops, cake equivalent | Production | tonnes | 495,908 | 597,030 | 728,900 | 1,049,229 | 1,088,695 | 1,402,352 | 2,124,177 | 2,513,260 | 2,444,181 | |
Oil crops, oil equivalent | Area harvested | ha | 3,952,000 | 3,647,200 | 3,884,200 | 4,870,500 | 5,275,000 | 6,434,500 | 7,063,000 | 7,983,239 | 8,052,650 | |
Oil crops, oil equivalent | Yield | hg/ha | 2599 | 2958 | 3101 | 3040 | 2994 | 2933 | 3397 | 3619 | 3322 | |
Oil crops, oil equivalent | Production | tonnes | 1,026,982 | 1,078,950 | 1,204,640 | 1,480,674 | 1,579,318 | 1,887,136 | 2,399,149 | 2,888,867 | 2,675,077 | |
Pulses, total | Area harvested | ha | 1,578,000 | 1,525,000 | 1,525,000 | 1,936,832 | 1,960,049 | 3,672,216 | 3,685,492 | 4,259,432 | 2,989,760 | 3,775,795 |
Pulses, total | Yield | hg/ha | 3568 | 4334 | 4538 | 7264 | 7055 | 4862 | 5947 | 6724 | 11,453 | 6279 |
Pulses, total | Production | tonnes | 563,000 | 661,000 | 692,000 | 1,406,870 | 1,382,756 | 1,785,592 | 2,191,887 | 2,864,018 | 3,424,250 | 2,370,770 |
Roots and tubers, total | Area harvested | ha | 1,780,500 | 2,004,000 | 2,130,600 | 3,086,830 | 4,396,400 | 5,603,600 | 7,569,000 | 8,655,000 | 8,435,498 | 14,260,128 |
Roots and tubers, total | Yield | hg/ha | 96,018 | 85,744 | 84,948 | 108,833 | 100,171 | 101,126 | 86,093 | 97,763 | 10,3505 | 78,294 |
Roots and tubers, total | Production | tonnes | 17,096,000 | 17,183,000 | 18,099,000 | 33,595,008 | 44,039,000 | 56,667,000 | 65,164,000 | 84,614,000 | 87,311,834 | 1.12E+08 |
Tree nuts, total | Area harvested | ha | 40,000 | 40,100 | 40,300 | 52,500 | 77,500 | 16,0421 | 26,1965 | 31,1550 | 38,5309 | 13,4328 |
Tree nuts, total | Yield | hg/ha | 6250 | 6284 | 6352 | 6857 | 6452 | 6129 | 17,986 | 19,231 | 20,730 | 7772 |
Tree nuts, total | Production | tonnes | 25,000 | 25,200 | 25,600 | 36,000 | 50,000 | 98,316 | 471,163 | 599,150 | 798,726 | 104,402 |
Vegetables primary | Area harvested | ha | 617,500 | 821,000 | 867,500 | 955,691 | 971,030 | 1,117,275 | 1,527,001 | 1,881,174 | 1,891,815 | 3,942,033 |
Vegetables primary | Yield | hg/ha | 51,142 | 47,320 | 46,651 | 48,894 | 48,980 | 52,794 | 54,208 | 59,090 | 63,911 | 40,898 |
Vegetables primary | Production | tonnes | 3,158,000 | 3,885,000 | 4,047,000 | 4,672,719 | 4,756,152 | 5,898,594 | 8,277,564 | 11,115,881 | 12,090,760 | 16,122,242 |
Crop production in Nigeria (1980–2015): harvest area, yield and production.
Source: Authors.
Various crops presented in Table 4 include bast fibres, carrots and turnips, cashew nuts (with shell), cassava, chillies and peppers (dry), chillies and peppers (green), cocoa, beans, coconuts, coffee (green), cotton (lint), cottonseed, cow peas (dry), fibre crops (nes), fruit, citrus (nes), garlic, groundnuts, karite nuts (shea nuts), kola nuts, maize, maize (green), mangoes, mangosteens, guavas, melon seed, millet, nuts (nes), nuts (nes), oil palm fruit, oilseeds (nes), okra, onions (dry), shallots (green), palm kernels, papayas, potatoes, pulses (nes), rice (paddy), rubber (natural), seed cotton, sesame seed, sorghum, soybeans, spices (nes), sugar cane, sweet potatoes, taro (cocoyam), tobacco, unmanufactured, tomatoes, vegetables (fresh nes), wheat, yams, cereals (rice milled eqv), cereals (total), citrus fruit (total), coarse grain (total), fibre crops primary, fruit primary, oil crops, cake equivalent, pulses (total), roots and tubers (total), tree nuts (total), vegetables primary, etc.
Therefore, to ensure sustainable crop production, the agricultural sector needs to be invested on through various means like credit facilities and incentives such as social protection for the mitigation of risk and shocks [1]. Also, the nutritional level of plants should be improved through fertiliser application among other means to enhance crop yields [17].
The study aims at examining factors that improve agricultural production, especially crop yields that can be made possible by plant nutrients. Increase in crop production (food and cash crops) will lead to food security in the long run. The study employed a review of literature and stylised fact approach using tables to know the level of crop production in Nigeria. From the stylised facts and the reviewed literature, authors noticed that there are fluctuations of prices of food items in Nigeria.
With respect to the factors contributing to crop and agricultural production, employment in agriculture was observed to be a major factor. Also, the proportion of women in agriculture is higher than the proportion of men in agriculture; this invariably implies that women actually contribute more to production level. In this regard, to further enhance productivity, there should be equal access to production resources such land, credit facilities, access to social protection incentives to mitigate risks and shocks and more innovation and technological advancement in the agricultural sector thereby improving the sustainability of crop production.
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Dr. Beydemir is also Rector of Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Turkey.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",slug:"deniz-ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",biography:"Dr. Deniz Ekinci obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 2004, MSc in Biochemistry in 2006, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2009 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He studied at Stetson University, USA, in 2007-2008 and at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Germany, in 2009-2010. Dr. Ekinci currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Agriculture and is the Head of the Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Division, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Turkey. He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. Dr. Ekinci serves as the Editor in Chief of four international books and is involved in the Editorial Board of several international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",slug:"yannis-karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",biography:"Yannis Karamanos, born in Greece in 1953, completed his pre-graduate studies at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, then his Masters and Doctoral degree at the Université de Lille (1983). He was associate professor at the University of Limoges (1987) before becoming full professor of biochemistry at the Université d’Artois (1996). He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. His teaching areas are energy metabolism and regulation, integration and organ specialization and metabolic adaptation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",slug:"paolo-iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",biography:"Paolo Iadarola graduated with a degree in Chemistry from the University of Pavia (Italy) in July 1972. He then worked as an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Science of the same University until 1984. In 1985, Prof. Iadarola became Associate Professor at the Department of Biology and Biotechnologies of the University of Pavia and retired in October 2017. Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. He is a Consultant Reviewer for several journals, including the Journal of Chromatography A, Journal of Chromatography B, Plos ONE, Proteomes, International Journal of Molecular Science, Biotech, Electrophoresis, and others. He is also Associate Editor of Biotech.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",slug:"simona-viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",biography:"Simona Viglio is an Associate Professor of Biochemistry at the Department of Molecular Medicine at the University of Pavia. She has been working since 1995 on the determination of proteolytic enzymes involved in the degradation process of connective tissue matrix and on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. She is an author of about 90 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; According to WOS: H-Index: 20) on peer-reviewed journals, a member of the “Società Italiana di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare,“ and a Consultant Reviewer for International Journal of Molecular Science, Journal of Chromatography A, COPD, Plos ONE and Nutritional Neuroscience.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:43,paginationItems:[{id:"82374",title:"The Potential of the Purinergic System as a Therapeutic Target of Natural Compounds in Cutaneous Melanoma",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105457",signatures:"Gilnei Bruno da Silva, Daiane Manica, Marcelo Moreno and Margarete Dulce Bagatini",slug:"the-potential-of-the-purinergic-system-as-a-therapeutic-target-of-natural-compounds-in-cutaneous-mel",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82103",title:"The Role of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Its Regulation in the Progression of Neurological and Infectious Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105543",signatures:"Mary Dover, Michael Kishek, Miranda Eddins, Naneeta Desar, Ketema Paul and Milan Fiala",slug:"the-role-of-endoplasmic-reticulum-stress-and-its-regulation-in-the-progression-of-neurological-and-i",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Endoplasmic Reticulum",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11674.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"82212",title:"Protein Prenylation and Their Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104700",signatures:"Khemchand R. 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Waisundara",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/194281/images/system/194281.jpg",biography:"Dr. Viduranga Waisundara obtained her Ph.D. in Food Science\nand Technology from the Department of Chemistry, National\nUniversity of Singapore, in 2010. She was a lecturer at Temasek Polytechnic, Singapore from July 2009 to March 2013.\nShe relocated to her motherland of Sri Lanka and spearheaded the Functional Food Product Development Project at the\nNational Institute of Fundamental Studies from April 2013 to\nOctober 2016. She was a senior lecturer on a temporary basis at the Department of\nFood Technology, Faculty of Technology, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka. She is\ncurrently Deputy Principal of the Australian College of Business and Technology –\nKandy Campus, Sri Lanka. She is also the Global Harmonization Initiative (GHI)",institutionString:"Australian College of Business & Technology",institution:null}]},{type:"book",id:"6820",title:"Keratin",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6820.jpg",slug:"keratin",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Miroslav Blumenberg",hash:"6def75cd4b6b5324a02b6dc0359896d0",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Keratin",editors:[{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. 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He is especially interested in the genetic differentiation pattern and speciation process that correlate to the flashing pattern and mating behavior of some fireflies in Japan. He then worked for Olympus Corporation, a Japanese manufacturer of optics and imaging products, where he was involved in the development of luminescence technology and produced a bioluminescence microscope that is currently being used for gene expression analysis in chronobiology, neurobiology, and developmental biology. 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Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",value:3,count:2},{group:"subseries",caption:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",value:5,count:4},{group:"subseries",caption:"Viral Infectious Diseases",value:6,count:7}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:2},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:4},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:250,paginationItems:[{id:"274452",title:"Dr.",name:"Yousif",middleName:"Mohamed",surname:"Abdallah",slug:"yousif-abdallah",fullName:"Yousif Abdallah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/274452/images/8324_n.jpg",biography:"I certainly enjoyed my experience in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, particularly it has been in different institutions and hospitals with different Medical Cultures and allocated resources. Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine Technology has always been my aspiration and my life. As years passed I accumulated a tremendous amount of skills and knowledge in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Conventional Radiology, Radiation Protection, Bioinformatics Technology, PACS, Image processing, clinically and lecturing that will enable me to provide a valuable service to the community as a Researcher and Consultant in this field. My method of translating this into day to day in clinical practice is non-exhaustible and my habit of exchanging knowledge and expertise with others in those fields is the code and secret of success.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",biography:"Bartłomiej Płaczek, MSc (2002), Ph.D. (2005), Habilitation (2016), is a professor at the University of Silesia, Institute of Computer Science, Poland, and an expert from the National Centre for Research and Development. His research interests include sensor networks, smart sensors, intelligent systems, and image processing with applications in healthcare and medicine. He is the author or co-author of more than seventy papers in peer-reviewed journals and conferences as well as the co-author of several books. He serves as a reviewer for many scientific journals, international conferences, and research foundations. Since 2010, Dr. Placzek has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in the field of information technologies.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"35000",title:"Prof.",name:"Ulrich H.P",middleName:"H.P.",surname:"Fischer",slug:"ulrich-h.p-fischer",fullName:"Ulrich H.P Fischer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35000/images/3052_n.jpg",biography:"Academic and Professional Background\nUlrich H. P. has Diploma and PhD degrees in Physics from the Free University Berlin, Germany. He has been working on research positions in the Heinrich-Hertz-Institute in Germany. Several international research projects has been performed with European partners from France, Netherlands, Norway and the UK. He is currently Professor of Communications Systems at the Harz University of Applied Sciences, Germany.\n\nPublications and Publishing\nHe has edited one book, a special interest book about ‘Optoelectronic Packaging’ (VDE, Berlin, Germany), and has published over 100 papers and is owner of several international patents for WDM over POF key elements.\n\nKey Research and Consulting Interests\nUlrich’s research activity has always been related to Spectroscopy and Optical Communications Technology. Specific current interests include the validation of complex instruments, and the application of VR technology to the development and testing of measurement systems. He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University. His research interests include computer graphics, computer vision, image processing, machine learning, pattern recognition, soft computing, data science, intelligent systems, information technology, and information systems. Prof. Sarfraz has been a keynote/invited speaker on various platforms around the globe. He has advised various students for their MSc and Ph.D. theses. He has published more than 400 publications as books, journal articles, and conference papers. He is a member of various professional societies and a chair and member of the International Advisory Committees and Organizing Committees of various international conferences. Prof. Sarfraz is also an editor-in-chief and editor of various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/267434/images/system/267434.jpg",biography:"Dr. Rohit Raja received Ph.D. in Computer Science and Engineering from Dr. CVRAMAN University in 2016. His main research interest includes Face recognition and Identification, Digital Image Processing, Signal Processing, and Networking. Presently he is working as Associate Professor in IT Department, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur (CG), India. He has authored several Journal and Conference Papers. He has good Academics & Research experience in various areas of CSE and IT. He has filed and successfully published 27 Patents. He has received many time invitations to be a Guest at IEEE Conferences. He has published 100 research papers in various International/National Journals (including IEEE, Springer, etc.) and Proceedings of the reputed International/ National Conferences (including Springer and IEEE). He has been nominated to the board of editors/reviewers of many peer-reviewed and refereed Journals (including IEEE, Springer).",institutionString:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",institution:{name:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:null},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Beijing University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"243698",title:"M.D.",name:"Xiaogang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xiaogang-wang",fullName:"Xiaogang Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243698/images/system/243698.png",biography:"Dr. Xiaogang Wang, a faculty member of Shanxi Eye Hospital specializing in the treatment of cataract and retinal disease and a tutor for postgraduate students of Shanxi Medical University, worked in the COOL Lab as an international visiting scholar under the supervision of Dr. David Huang and Yali Jia from October 2012 through November 2013. Dr. Wang earned an MD from Shanxi Medical University and a Ph.D. from Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Dr. Wang was awarded two research project grants focused on multimodal optical coherence tomography imaging and deep learning in cataract and retinal disease, from the National Natural Science Foundation of China. He has published around 30 peer-reviewed journal papers and four book chapters and co-edited one book.",institutionString:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",institution:{name:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Igor Victorovich Lakhno was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPh.D. – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSC – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nProfessor – 2021, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of VN Karazin Kharkiv National University\nHead of Department – 2021, Department of Perinatology, Obstetrics and gynecology of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education\nIgor Lakhno has been graduated from international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held at Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s been a professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department. He’s affiliated with Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education as a Head of Department from November 2021. Igor Lakhno has participated in several international projects on fetal non-invasive electrocardiography (with Dr. J. A. Behar (Technion), Prof. D. Hoyer (Jena University), and José Alejandro Díaz Méndez (National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics, and Electronics, Mexico). He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 31 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Igor Lakhno is a member of the Editorial Board of Reproductive Health of Woman, Emergency Medicine, and Technology Transfer Innovative Solutions in Medicine (Estonia). He is a medical Editor of “Z turbotoyu pro zhinku”. Igor Lakhno is a reviewer of the Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wiley), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for a DSc degree “Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention, and treatment”. Three years ago Igor Lakhno has participated in a training course on innovative technologies in medical education at Lublin Medical University (Poland). Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: are obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, and cardiovascular medicine. \nIgor Lakhno is a consultant at Kharkiv municipal perinatal center. He’s graduated from training courses on endoscopy in gynecology. He has 28 years of practical experience in the field.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. 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Recently, bioinspired systems have been successfully employing biomechanics to develop and improve assistive technology and rehabilitation devices. The research topic "Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics" welcomes studies reporting recent advances in bioinspired technologies that contribute to individuals\' health, inclusion, and rehabilitation. Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",keywords:"Bioinspired Systems, Biomechanics, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation"},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering"}],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 24th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfPublishedChapters:314,numberOfPublishedBooks:31,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},subseries:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",keywords:"Omics (Transcriptomics; Proteomics; Metabolomics), Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, Signal Transduction and Regulation, Cell Growth and Differentiation, Apoptosis, Necroptosis, Ferroptosis, Autophagy, Cell Cycle, Macromolecules and Complexes, Gene Expression",scope:"The Cell and Molecular Biology topic within the IntechOpen Biochemistry Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of cell and molecular biology, including aspects related to biochemical and genetic research (not only in humans but all living beings). We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics include, but are not limited to: Advanced techniques of cellular and molecular biology (Molecular methodologies, imaging techniques, and bioinformatics); Biological activities at the molecular level; Biological processes of cell functions, cell division, senescence, maintenance, and cell death; Biomolecules interactions; Cancer; Cell biology; Chemical biology; Computational biology; Cytochemistry; Developmental biology; Disease mechanisms and therapeutics; DNA, and RNA metabolism; Gene functions, genetics, and genomics; Genetics; Immunology; Medical microbiology; Molecular biology; Molecular genetics; Molecular processes of cell and organelle dynamics; Neuroscience; Protein biosynthesis, degradation, and functions; Regulation of molecular interactions in a cell; Signalling networks and system biology; Structural biology; Virology and microbiology.",annualVolume:11410,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"79367",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"Flores",fullName:"Ana Isabel Flores",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRpIOQA0/Profile_Picture_1632418099564",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Hospital Universitario 12 De Octubre",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"328234",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Palavecino",fullName:"Christian Palavecino",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000030DhEhQAK/Profile_Picture_1628835318625",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Central University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"186585",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Martin-Romero",fullName:"Francisco Javier Martin-Romero",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSB3HQAW/Profile_Picture_1631258137641",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}]},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",keywords:"Phenolic Compounds, Essential Oils, Modification of Biomolecules, Glycobiology, Combinatorial Chemistry, Therapeutic peptides, Enzyme Inhibitors",scope:"Chemical biology spans the fields of chemistry and biology involving the application of biological and chemical molecules and techniques. In recent years, the application of chemistry to biological molecules has gained significant interest in medicinal and pharmacological studies. This topic will be devoted to understanding the interplay between biomolecules and chemical compounds, their structure and function, and their potential applications in related fields. Being a part of the biochemistry discipline, the ideas and concepts that have emerged from Chemical Biology have affected other related areas. This topic will closely deal with all emerging trends in this discipline.",annualVolume:11411,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"241413",title:"Dr.",name:"Azhar",middleName:null,surname:"Rasul",fullName:"Azhar Rasul",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRT1oQAG/Profile_Picture_1635251978933",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178316/images/system/178316.jfif",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Novosibirsk State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}}]},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",keywords:"Biomolecules Metabolism, Energy Metabolism, Metabolic Pathways, Key Metabolic Enzymes, Metabolic Adaptation",scope:"Metabolism is frequently defined in biochemistry textbooks as the overall process that allows living systems to acquire and use the free energy they need for their vital functions or the chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life. Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. Thus all studies on metabolism will be considered for publication.",annualVolume:11413,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"243049",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Pantea Stoian",fullName:"Anca Pantea Stoian",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243049/images/system/243049.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"203824",title:"Dr.",name:"Attilio",middleName:null,surname:"Rigotti",fullName:"Attilio Rigotti",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pontifical Catholic University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"300470",title:"Dr.",name:"Yanfei (Jacob)",middleName:null,surname:"Qi",fullName:"Yanfei (Jacob) Qi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300470/images/system/300470.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}]},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",keywords:"Mono- and Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis (1-and 2-DE), Liquid Chromatography (LC), Mass Spectrometry/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS; MS/MS), Proteins",scope:"With the recognition that the human genome cannot provide answers to the etiology of a disorder, changes in the proteins expressed by a genome became a focus in research. Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. The Proteomics topic aims to attract contributions on all aspects of MS-based proteomics that, by pushing the boundaries of MS capabilities, may address biological problems that have not been resolved yet.",annualVolume:11414,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"72288",title:"Dr.",name:"Arli Aditya",middleName:null,surname:"Parikesit",fullName:"Arli Aditya Parikesit",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/72288/images/system/72288.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"40928",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez-Camarillo",fullName:"Cesar Lopez-Camarillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40928/images/3884_n.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"81926",title:"Dr.",name:"Shymaa",middleName:null,surname:"Enany",fullName:"Shymaa Enany",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/81926/images/system/81926.png",institutionString:"Suez Canal University",institution:{name:"Suez Canal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/197484",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"197484"},fullPath:"/profiles/197484",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()