IntechOpen Book Series will also publish a program of research-driven Thematic Edited Volumes that focus on specific areas and allow for a more in-depth overview of a particular subject.
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IntechOpen Book Series will be launching regularly to offer our authors and editors exciting opportunities to publish their research Open Access. We will begin by relaunching some of our existing Book Series in this innovative book format, and will expand in 2022 into rapidly growing research fields that are driving and advancing society.
With the desire to make book publishing more relevant for the digital age and offer innovative Open Access publishing options, we are thrilled to announce the launch of our new publishing format: IntechOpen Book Series.
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Designed to cover fast-moving research fields in rapidly expanding areas, our Book Series feature a Topic structure allowing us to present the most relevant sub-disciplines. Book Series are headed by Series Editors, and a team of Topic Editors supported by international Editorial Board members. Topics are always open for submissions, with an Annual Volume published each calendar year.
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After a robust peer-review process, accepted works are published quickly, thanks to Online First, ensuring research is made available to the scientific community without delay.
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Our innovative Book Series format brings you:
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Topic Focused Publications - Each topic showcases high impact subject areas
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Renowned Editorial Expertise - Series Editors, Topic Editors, and a team of international Board Members that permanently support each Book Series
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Fast Publishing - quick turnaround which is unique for book publishing
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The benefit of ISSN and ISBN for increased citation and indexing possibilities
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IntechOpen Book Series will also publish a program of research-driven Thematic Edited Volumes that focus on specific areas and allow for a more in-depth overview of a particular subject.
\n\n
IntechOpen Book Series will be launching regularly to offer our authors and editors exciting opportunities to publish their research Open Access. We will begin by relaunching some of our existing Book Series in this innovative book format, and will expand in 2022 into rapidly growing research fields that are driving and advancing society.
We invite you to explore our IntechOpen Book Series, find the right publishing program for you and reach your desired audience in record time.
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Note: Edited in October 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"10966",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Acoustic Emission - New Perspectives and Applications",title:"Acoustic Emission",subtitle:"New Perspectives and Applications",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Structural testing and assessment, process monitoring, and material characterization are three broad application areas of acoustic emission (AE) techniques. Quantitative and qualitative characteristics of AE waves have been studied widely in the literature. This book reviews major research developments in the application of AE in numerous engineering fields. It brings together important contributions from renowned international researchers to provide an excellent survey of new perspectives and paradigms of AE. In particular, this book presents applications of AE in cracking and damage assessment in metal beams, asphalt pavements, and composite materials as well as studying noise mitigation in wind turbines and cylindrical shells.",isbn:"978-1-80355-106-7",printIsbn:"978-1-80355-105-0",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80355-107-4",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95657",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"acoustic-emission-new-perspectives-and-applications",numberOfPages:108,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"e4cbf5fe77dcf581393247bd9ac4277a",bookSignature:"Mahmut Reyhanoglu",publishedDate:"March 30th 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10966.jpg",numberOfDownloads:364,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"July 1st 2021",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"September 17th 2021",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"November 16th 2021",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"February 4th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"April 5th 2022",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"15068",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmut",middleName:null,surname:"Reyhanoglu",slug:"mahmut-reyhanoglu",fullName:"Mahmut Reyhanoglu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/15068/images/system/15068.jpg",biography:"Mahmut Reyhanoglu is currently Director of Robotics Engineering, Columbus State University (CSU), Georgia, USA. Prior to joining CSU, he was the Glaxo Wellcome Distinguished Professor of Engineering, University of North Carolina at Asheville, USA. His extensive research makes use of advanced mathematical techniques and models that arise from fundamental physical principles. His major research interests are in the areas of nonlinear dynamical systems and control theory, with particular emphasis on applications to mechanical and aerospace systems, robotics, and mechatronics. He has edited five books and authored/co-authored five book chapters and more than 140 peer-reviewed journal/proceedings papers. He served on the Transactions on Automatic Control Editorial Board and the Control Systems Society Conference Editorial Board of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). He also served as a member of the International Program Committee for several conferences and as a member of the Guidance, Navigation, and Control Technical Committee of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA). He is currently an editor of the International Journal of Aerospace Engineering and Electronics.",institutionString:"Columbus State University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"4",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"5",institution:{name:"Columbus State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1214",title:"Acoustics",slug:"acoustics"}],chapters:[{id:"80312",title:"Introductory Chapter: Acoustic Emission",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102625",slug:"introductory-chapter-acoustic-emission",totalDownloads:26,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Mahmut Reyhanoglu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/80312",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/80312",authors:[{id:"15068",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmut",surname:"Reyhanoglu",slug:"mahmut-reyhanoglu",fullName:"Mahmut Reyhanoglu"}],corrections:null},{id:"80700",title:"Crack Classification in Steel-RC and GFRP-RC Beams with Varying Reinforcement Ratio Using AE Parameters",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101305",slug:"crack-classification-in-steel-rc-and-gfrp-rc-beams-with-varying-reinforcement-ratio-using-ae-paramet",totalDownloads:70,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The main aim of this chapter is to monitor the cracking and damage assessment in steel-reinforced concrete (steel-RC) and glass fibre polymer-reinforced concrete (GFRP-RC) beams along with varying percentages of tension reinforcement ratio. Beam specimens measuring (150 × 230 × 2100) mm were tested using a four-point bending flexural test using a universal testing machine together with an AE monitoring system. Acoustic emission (AE) has been applied for the early monitoring of steel-RC and GFRP-RC structures using AE parameters such as cumulative AE hits, average frequency, rise angle, amplitude, duration and AE XY plots to evaluate the micro and macro cracking in the steel-RC and GFRP-RC beams specimens. The most popular applications of AE signal in structural health monitoring are specified on crack monitoring, quantifying the degree of damage, and crack classification. In this research, the results indicated that the average frequency and rise angle parameter of AE signal are applied to classify the types of cracks (flexural or shear cracks) that occur in steel-RC and GFRP-RC beams along with varying percentages of tension reinforcement ratio subjected to flexural loading. As a result of these findings, the AE approach may be used to examine crack monitoring and crack classification in steel and GFRP-RC beams with different percentages of tension reinforcement ratios.",signatures:"Gaurav Sharma, Shruti Sharma and Sandeep Kumar Sharma",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/80700",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/80700",authors:[{id:"427716",title:"Dr.",name:"Gaurav",surname:"Sharma",slug:"gaurav-sharma",fullName:"Gaurav Sharma"},{id:"441610",title:"Prof.",name:"Shruti",surname:"Sharma",slug:"shruti-sharma",fullName:"Shruti Sharma"},{id:"441611",title:"Dr.",name:"Sandeep",surname:"Kumar Sharma",slug:"sandeep-kumar-sharma",fullName:"Sandeep Kumar Sharma"}],corrections:null},{id:"79729",title:"Application of Acoustic Emissions Technique in Assessment of Cracking Performance of Asphalt Pavement Materials",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101541",slug:"application-of-acoustic-emissions-technique-in-assessment-of-cracking-performance-of-asphalt-pavemen",totalDownloads:136,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter focuses on various applications of acoustic emissions (AE) technique in evaluation of cracking in asphalt pavements including (1) assessment of low-temperature cracking of asphalt binders and mixtures and (2) quantitative characterization of rejuvenators’ efficiency in restoring aged asphalt pavements to their crack-resistant state. The AE-based embrittlement temperature results of 24 different asphalt materials consisting of eight different binders, each at three oxidative aging levels are presented. Results show that embrittlement temperatures correlated well with corresponding bending beam rheometer (BBR-based) critical cracking temperatures with R2 = 0.85. This chapter also presents application of AE for evaluation of rejuvenators’ efficiency on asphalt materials at various oxidative aging levels. The Geiger’s iterative source location method was employed to accurately determine embrittlement temperatures throughout the thickness of rejuvenator-treated asphalt samples. Results showed that the low temperature cracking properties of oxidative aged materials after 2 weeks of dwell time of rejuvenator have been recuperated. Moreover, it was observed that cracking characteristics of aged asphalt 6–8 weeks after applying rejuvenator far exceeded that of the virgin materials. The promising results suggest that the AE technique can be considered as a viable approach for the assessment of low temperature behavior of asphalt pavements.",signatures:"Behzad Behnia",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/79729",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/79729",authors:[{id:"427000",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Behzad",surname:"Behnia",slug:"behzad-behnia",fullName:"Behzad Behnia"}],corrections:null},{id:"79283",title:"Defect Detection in Delaminated Glass-Fibre/Epoxy Composite Plates Using Local Defect Resonance Based Vibro-Thermography Technique",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101178",slug:"defect-detection-in-delaminated-glass-fibre-epoxy-composite-plates-using-local-defect-resonance-base",totalDownloads:23,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In the present scenario, composites are widely used for various applications in the field of aerospace, automobile, marine, sports, construction and electrical industries. The need of damage inspection for these composite structures has been of great importance. Complicated defects like delaminations present in the composite laminates can be detected effectively using nonlinear acoustic wave spectroscopy (NAWS). One of the NAWS techniques of detecting the delamination is based on intensification of vibration amplitudes at the delamination location, known as local defect resonance (LDR) technique. In this chapter, a numerical investigation for detecting delamination in glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) composite based on vibrothermography technique will be discussed. A single periodic LDR frequency excitation is used to excite the GFRP plate, resulting in a local temperature rise at delamination region due to frictional heating at the damage interface. An explicit dynamic temperature displacement analysis will be carried out for a specific time period of LDR excitation. Subsequently, a heat transfer analysis will be performed to observe the temperature difference at top surface of the delaminated GFRP plate. Thus a numerical investigation will be carried out based on LDR excitation for high contrast imaging of delamination in composite materials using vibro-thermography.",signatures:"Subhankar Roy and Tanmoy Bose",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/79283",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/79283",authors:[{id:"337685",title:"Dr.",name:"Tanmoy",surname:"Bose",slug:"tanmoy-bose",fullName:"Tanmoy Bose"},{id:"439884",title:"Mr.",name:"Subhankar",surname:"Roy",slug:"subhankar-roy",fullName:"Subhankar Roy"}],corrections:null},{id:"80134",title:"Periodic Acoustic Black Holes to Mitigate Sound Radiation from Cylindrical Structures",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101959",slug:"periodic-acoustic-black-holes-to-mitigate-sound-radiation-from-cylindrical-structures",totalDownloads:88,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Acoustic black holes (ABHs) achieved by progressively diminishing structural thickness have been proved a very efficient approach for wideband vibration reduction, sound suppression, energy harvesting, and wave manipulation. In this chapter, the focus is placed on mitigating the sound emitted from cylindrical shells with embedded ABHs. In the applications of aeronautics, astronautics, and underwater vehicles, cylindrical shells are very common yet the vibroacoustic problems in such structures are very challenging. Even the researches on ABHs for straight beams and flat plates are boosting in recent years, the ABH effect is unclear for curved structures thus it deserves further investigations to push forward their applications. Since cylindrical shells are usually long in, for example, airplanes and rockets, periodic ABHs are designed to alleviate the acoustic emission from them. The Gaussian expansion method (GEM) is employed to recover the vibration field on the cylinder and, based on that, the sound radiation model is developed to determine the emitted sound power level (SWL). The band gaps (BGs) are shown for infinite periodic ABH shells, followed by the vibroacoustic level for a finite periodic shell. Particularly, axial stiffeners are introduced and the influences of their quantity and width are carried out.",signatures:"Jie Deng and Nansha Gao",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/80134",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/80134",authors:[{id:"428272",title:"Dr.",name:"Jie",surname:"Deng",slug:"jie-deng",fullName:"Jie Deng"},{id:"448146",title:"Prof.",name:"Nansha",surname:"Gao",slug:"nansha-gao",fullName:"Nansha Gao"}],corrections:null},{id:"78477",title:"Trailing Edge Bluntness Noise Characterization for Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines [HAWT] Blades",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99880",slug:"trailing-edge-bluntness-noise-characterization-for-horizontal-axis-wind-turbines-hawt-blades",totalDownloads:21,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Wind turbine noise is becoming a critical issue for many offshore and land-based wind projects. In this work, we analyzed trailing edge bluntness vortex shedding noise source for a land-based turbine of size 2 MW and blade span of 38 m using original Brooks Pope and Marcolini (BPM)and modified BPM noise model. A regression-based curve fitting approach has been implemented to predict the shape function in terms of thickness to chord ratio of aerofoils used for blade. For trailing edge height of 0.1% chord, computations for sound power level were done at wind speed of 8 m/s, 17 RPM. The results showed that present approach for thickness correction predicts the noise peak of ∼78dBA at f ∼ 10 kHz which is ∼15dBA lower than that predicted from original BPM. The results were also validated using experiment data from GE 1.5sle, Siemens 2.3 MW turbines with blade lengths between 78 m and 101 m which agreed within 2% at high frequencies, f > 5 kHz. In addition, results from present approach for trailing edge bluntness noise agreed well with modified BPM by Wei et al. at high frequencies, f ∼ 10 kHz where it becomes dominant. The slope of noise curves from present approach, and modified BPM methods are lower when compared with original BPM.",signatures:"Satya Prasad Maddula, Vasishta Bhargava Nukala, Swamy Naidu Neigapula Venkata, Chinmaya Prasad Padhy and Rahul Samala",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78477",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78477",authors:[{id:"332392",title:"Mr.",name:"Vasishta",surname:"Bhargava Nukala",slug:"vasishta-bhargava-nukala",fullName:"Vasishta Bhargava Nukala"},{id:"427033",title:"Mr.",name:"Satya Prasad",surname:"Maddula",slug:"satya-prasad-maddula",fullName:"Satya Prasad Maddula"},{id:"427036",title:"Dr.",name:"Swamy Naidu",surname:"Venkata Neigapula",slug:"swamy-naidu-venkata-neigapula",fullName:"Swamy Naidu Venkata Neigapula"},{id:"427039",title:"Mr.",name:"Rahul",surname:"Samala",slug:"rahul-samala",fullName:"Rahul Samala"},{id:"428961",title:"Dr.",name:"Chinmaya Prasad",surname:"Padhy",slug:"chinmaya-prasad-padhy",fullName:"Chinmaya Prasad Padhy"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"5513",title:"Dynamical Systems",subtitle:"Analytical and Computational Techniques",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9ba4129f30ef1b92fd4b7ae193781183",slug:"dynamical-systems-analytical-and-computational-techniques",bookSignature:"Mahmut Reyhanoglu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5513.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"15068",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmut",surname:"Reyhanoglu",slug:"mahmut-reyhanoglu",fullName:"Mahmut Reyhanoglu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6651",title:"Nonlinear Systems",subtitle:"Modeling, Estimation, and Stability",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"085cfe19a4bd48a9e8034b2e5cc17172",slug:"nonlinear-systems-modeling-estimation-and-stability",bookSignature:"Mahmut Reyhanoglu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6651.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"15068",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmut",surname:"Reyhanoglu",slug:"mahmut-reyhanoglu",fullName:"Mahmut Reyhanoglu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5708",title:"Computational and Experimental Studies of Acoustic Waves",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"518d2ac3c49f5c4c48d4f3f3b0729232",slug:"computational-and-experimental-studies-of-acoustic-waves",bookSignature:"Mahmut Reyhanoglu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5708.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"15068",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmut",surname:"Reyhanoglu",slug:"mahmut-reyhanoglu",fullName:"Mahmut Reyhanoglu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7792",title:"Unmanned Robotic Systems and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"53805f091c3107536edd2579c9987649",slug:"unmanned-robotic-systems-and-applications",bookSignature:"Mahmut Reyhanoglu and Geert De Cubber",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7792.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"15068",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmut",surname:"Reyhanoglu",slug:"mahmut-reyhanoglu",fullName:"Mahmut Reyhanoglu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"521",title:"Acoustic Waves",subtitle:"From Microdevices to Helioseismology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"54432e5ff2c93e574f225da232e79c8c",slug:"acoustic-waves-from-microdevices-to-helioseismology",bookSignature:"Marco G. 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1. Introduction
The evolving of the concept of corporate governance started from the Greek term “kyberman” which denotes to guide, steer or govern; from which it transcends to a Latin concept “gubernare,” and “governer” from a French perspective. It generally portrays the decision-making processes and execution strategies; nonetheless it connotation could change with regards to the peculiarity of an organization [1].
Cadbury [2] defines corporate governance (CG) as a structure by which organizations are controlled and directed, Obodo [3] posits that CG involves the balance of power with which the organization is directed, managed, supervised and held accountable. CG, to an extent, is a tool through which outside investors secure themselves against expropriations by the insiders and management [4]. Another competing definition is that CG is an interplay of the relationship between company management, shareholders, board, and auditors, etc. [5]; hence, it is ultimately about regimes of accountability [6]. The basis of CG does not end at how organizations are directed and managed but includes how to ensure and promote accountability and responsibility to all stakeholders; therefore, CG will always be in existence as long as the corporate structure is undermined, and the managers and investors experience conflict [7].
Ngozi and Raymond [8] posit that CG is perceived as having significant implications for the growth prospects of an economy, because best CG practice reduces risks for investors, attracts investment capital and improves the performance of organizations [9]. Effective CG is critical to securing corporate accountability, advancing the reliability and validity of financial information, and ensuring the efficiency and integrity of capital markets, with a positive effect on investor confidence [10].
CG in Nigeria is influenced by both internal and external factors comprising of various institutions and individuals charged with the responsibility to ensure effective management, control and accountability of public organizations [11]. The evolution and principles of the CG system in Nigeria were covered by the Companies and Allied Matters Act (CAMA) and improved further in the various Codes of Corporate Governance, the CG situation in Nigeria does not represent a complete lack or absence of structures, legislations and regulations rather, the ineffectiveness of the legislations and structures to effectively ensure compliance and enforcement [3]. CG can be identified through acceptable principles which consist of guidelines for decision-makers to enable them competently manage the economic and human resources in an open, accountable, transparent and lawful manner [12].
In recent times, unpleasant realities in the business world have questioned the credibility of CG. These unpleasant realities, as evidenced by the collapse of the stock market, uncovering of flagrant abuse of regulations practices, and high incidence of corruption in the economy [13]. Oyebode [14] posits that the massive fraud “cooking” of books in organizations not to mention insider dealings and compromised boards in many organizations, as well as spineless shareholders’ associations’, committees for audit and ineffective Annual General Meetings, imply the collapse of CG, and the necessity for a viable CG. Theses unpleasant realities were addressed via CG decisions (i.e. consolidation, mergers and acquisition, etc.) [15], the efficacy of the CG system in limiting these realities [16], have heightened the interest in understanding CG, and this the study aims to accomplish.
The remaining section of this paper will be divided into the following heading; methodology, concept of CG, essence of CG, scope of CG, principles of CG, internal CG controls, external CG controls, merit of CG, stewardship theory perspective to CG, and conclusion and prospect of CG.
2. Methodology
The narrative literature review methodology was utilized for this study. Its rationale is anchored on the significant scientific role it plays; as it is a critical element of most theses, empirical articles, book chapters, and grant proposals. It engages concepts in a much broader and abstract manner, and is most ideal when aligning diverse author’s inputs, either for the objective of interconnection or reinterpretation [17]; it aids in understanding the body of knowledge on a specific concept, which offers valuable integration and overviews [18].
3. Concept of corporate governance
CG reveals the allotment of responsibilities and rights among diverse policymakers in an organization (i.e. shareholders, managers, board members, etc.) and outlines the values, operation modes, and norms for making and executing decisions on the affairs of the organization [5]. CG also connotes the structure of norms, processes, systems and relationship through which authority is activated and engaged to optimally achieve the goals and objectives while monitoring performance and compliance in the organization [5]. Cochran and Warwick [19] define CG as an encompassing term that addresses particular issues resulting from interactions among management, shareholders, board directors and other corporate stakeholders.
4. Essence of corporate governance
OECD [5] notes that CG functions as a structure that protects the confidence of investors, advance capital market access and acceptance, and enhance the economic development of an organization. By explicitly postulation the operational mode and compliance checks for approved activities, the CG system decreases the operational cost and advance economic interest. The above makes CG essential, advantageous and practical for all forms and sector of an organization (i.e. multinationals, state-owned enterprises, domestic organizations, family-owned firms, and small businesses).
Notwithstanding the disparity in nations operation of CG with regards to the institutional, regulatory and legal environment, they possess a common aim; to define the rights, responsibilities and behaviors that are required of an organization’s owners (the ‘principals’) and managers (the ‘agents’) for the business to operate successfully. Owners’ connotes any person(s) who possess equity (i.e. shares) in the organization. Manager encompasses any person mandated to oversee the affairs of an organization by the owners’ or board of directors of the organization.
When breaches in CG happen, they may be systemic, resulting from the negligence of duty or actual sabotage by employees. Nonetheless, the presence of a systemic failure (i.e. a global economic crisis) usually denotes a misalignment in the interest of the owners’ and management; and this, an effective CG structure should have addressed before escalation.
5. Scope of corporate governance
OECD [5] posits that CG characteristically addresses procedures to manage, control, and decrease non-financial, operational, and financial risks by structuring the accountability, integrity, and transparency of an organization’s management actors (i.e. board members, managers, employees and shareholders) at varying levels within an organization. Key scopes include:
Shareholders’ rights: securing and facilitating the right and participation of the owner’s in organization meetings, including voting on changes to the organization’s structure (i.e. articles of incorporation) and major decisions of governance (i.e. membership of the board and members remuneration).
Stakeholders’ rights: recognition of the organization’s impact on broader interest groups such as employees, customers and communities.
Financial transparency: disclosure of the organization’s operating and financial outcomes, the reward system for board members and senior management, and all associated information required to appraise organization and management performance.
Proper accounting: duty to record all business transactions accurately (to avoid fictitious entries and off-the-book accounts), ensure internal sound controls (including the safe custody over assets) and employ proper accounting principles and techniques (i.e. liabilities, valuing organization, and assets). Usually, external accreditation may assist to guarantee the financial information validity being presented; via the activity of an independent party (i.e. with renowned integrity) assessment of the results.
Information sharing: obligation to present accurate, timely, and reliable information to the stakeholders, concerning the activities of the organization.
Oversight: the creation of the board and organizational structures (e.g. committees and chairs) that ensure employees are responsible for and evaluate different dimensions of an organization’s accountability and operations.
Review: provision of evaluated output and reports on policy execution and effectiveness, the recommendation of changes where necessary.
While various institutional arrangements can be adopted for CG, an organization’s board of directors is viewed as the framework’s centerpiece; the board envisions leadership on tactical, strategic, and significant operational issues and is deemed as possessing a duty of care for an organization by setting the tone at the top and promoting a CG framework that covers all levels of the organization and risks.
6. Principles of corporate governance
OECD [5]; Ngozi and Raymond [8] posits that for CG to effectively function, the following principles must be present; transparency, accountability, and integrity of CG.
Transparency: ensuring that the benefits package of the board members and senior management team are made public; aligned to sustainable performance and decided by a non-executive independent director(s). Transparency International [20] supports government and institutional investors in their call for shareholder approval of the board members and senior management team reward packages (i.e. stock options, long-term incentives, and pensions). Organizations should publicly report on CG structures and anti-corruption systems, including their overall operations and performance.
Accountability: Shareholder and stakeholder rights should include holding boards, owners and senior management accountable for their actions and respect the rights of owners. Minority shareholders rights should be safe and their voice encouraged. Effective participation and enacted rights aids in help in opposing policy and decisions that favor only the interest of the board and senior management teams; hence, discouraging corrupt actions or masked abuses.
Integrity: the same CG standards should be applied across all units of an organization and in all countries where it operates. Good CG standards, rules and ethical principles should not be limited to the parent organization. Equally, organizations should be committed to improving CG standards in any alliance where they possess influence (e.g. consortia, joint ventures, suppliers, and agents). Exact board responsibilities must be apportioned to oversee CG as well as ethical and integrity issues. Transparency International [20] strongly advocates the establishment of independent remuneration and audit committees. Whistle-blowers should be secure, protected and encouraged, to avoid retaliation and victimization.
In supporting these principles of good CG, organizations should be willing to enact the key tools required to reduce risk, corruption, and enhance their zero tolerance for abusive actions. The optimal establishment, execution and restructuring of such a system will guarantee that corruption is neither a tolerable nor legitimate business coat.
7. Internal corporate governance controls
Sreeti [19] posits that internal CG monitors and controls activities; and executes corrective action to achieve organizational goals. This function includes:
Monitoring by the board of directors: directors’ board, has a legal mandate and authority to recruit, sack, and reward executive management, secure capital invested. A regular meeting of the board ensures that potential issues are identified, brain-stormed, and solutions are decided. While non-executive directors are believed to be much autonomous, it may not result in much effective CG practices and may not advance performance. Nonetheless, the capacity of the board to supervise the organization’s executives is anchored on its ability to access information. Executive directors have advanced knowledge of processes in the decision-making process and appraise top executive based on the value of their decisions that resulted in the statement of outcome for the organizations’ financial and non-financial performance.
Internal control processes and internal auditors: This encompasses policies executed by an organization’s directors’ board, the committee for audit, management, and employees to provide appropriate assurance of the organization accomplishing its goals. Internal auditors are employees in an organization who evaluate the design and execution of the organization’s internal control process and the reliability and consistency of its financial reporting.
Power balance: This implementation of power separation is encouraged in organizations; where distinct units check and balance one another’s activity. One unit may recommend an organization-wide administrative change, the other unit could review the recommendation, and another unit may veto the recommendation, and yet another may evaluate the securing of interest of other stakeholders (i.e. customers, employees, shareholders).
Remuneration: remuneration akin to performance-based is designed to correlate reward to employee performance. It could be in the cash form or non-cash form (i.e. shares, stock, etc.). These incentive schemes are mostly reactive with regards to the logic that it offers no avenue for preventing opportunistic conduct and mistakes, and may educe myopic behavior.
8. External corporate governance controls
Sreeti [21] posits that external CG controls involve the exercise of external stakeholders controls over the affairs of an organization. It includes:
Government regulations.
Managerial labour market.
Demand and evaluation of performance information (i.e. statements of finance).
Media pressure.
Takeovers.
Competition.
Debt covenants.
9. Merit of corporate governance
Palia and Lichtenberg [22]; Black et al. [23], note the followings as benefits inherent in the rightful application of CG;
Ensures corporate success and economic growth.
Maintains investors’ confidence.
Establishes a positive impact on the share price.
Effectively minimizes wastages, corruption, risks and mismanagement.
Gompers et al. [24] maintain that good CG increases valuations and boost the profitability of the organization. Claessen et al. [25] note that better organizations frameworks benefit organizations through greater access to financing, lower cost of capital, better performance and more favorable treatment of all stakeholders. Donaldson [26] posits that good CG is important for increasing investor confidence and market liquidity. Frost et al. [27] state that improvements in CG practices ensure better disclosures in business reporting.
10. Stewardship theory perspective to corporate governance
The etymology of the stewardship theory is anchored in the field of psychology and sociology and its connotation according to Davis et al. [28] posits the protection and maximization of shareholders wealth via organization performance; this optimizes the steward’s utility functions. In this analogy, stewards are organizations’ management working for the interest of the shareholders. They secure and enhance profits for shareholders. Unlike the agency theory, the stewardship theory does not emphasize the view of individualism [29], but instead on the function of top executives as stewards, amalgamating their interest and goals with the organization. The stewardship view advocates that stewards are motivated and satisfied when organizational goals are attained.
Agyris [30] posits that the agency theory looks at an employee or people as an economic being, which suppresses an individual’s ambitions. However, stewardship theory views the relevance of structures that equips the steward and offers optimal autonomy anchored on trust [29]. It emphasis the stature of employees or management to function autonomously, so that returns are maximized for the shareholders’. Hence, minimizing the costs focused on controlling and monitoring behaviors [28]. The stewardship concept suggests that a successful organization (not individual success) leads to happiness and hence motivate stewards [31].
Alternatively, Daly et al. [32] argue that to protect their reputations as decision-makers in organizations, management and directors need to optimally lead the organization to optimize non-financial and financial performance. Hence, Fama [33] posits that management and directors are likewise managing their jobs to be perceived as effective and result-oriented stewards of their organization, while, Shleifer and Vishny [34] insist that management return revenue to investors to foster a good reputation so they can re-enter the market for future finance. Peggy and Hugh [35] argue that unlike agency theory, stewardship theory helps in aligning the goals of managers and shareholders. When managers and shareholders’ goals are aligned, organization performance is expected to increase as there is no conflict of self-interest (Figure 1).
Figure 1.
The stewardship model. Source: [31].
11. Conclusion and prospect of corporate governance
An organizations’ operations has impact that transcends the physical boundaries of their functioning, with influence on diverse issues of their environment (i.e. political, economic, legal, socio-cultural, etc.) which makes the role of their governance structural practices much strategic, and reinforces the need for sustainability. Today’s CG structure and practice are constantly been scrutinized by diverse stakeholders as the easy resort to ethical, speedy, and sustainable enforcement of responsible corporate practices; this is necessitated by the negligence and slow pace of enacting legislative reform on such issues. Hence, CG when utilized as a tool possesses the capability to advance sustainable initiatives and engagement.
In prospecting it potency, the harnessing of this tool (i.e. corporate governance) demands a clear understanding of its potentials (i.e. concept of corporate governance, essence of corporate governance, scope of corporate governance, principles of corporate governance, internal corporate governance controls, external corporate governance controls, merit of corporate governance, and stewardship theory perspective to corporate governance, etc.). A key factor in this harnessing is the activity of stakeholders; corporation accountability must transcend beyond their shareholder to incorporate the stakeholders, and an effective framework should be streamlined to optimize the interactions of such engagement. Also, the GC actors of tomorrow must understand and have an experimental knowledge of their environment and the core of sustainability (i.e. today’s action in exploring opportunity must not hinder the future availability and exploration of opportunities).
CG impacts the optimality of performance at the organizational and national level. Having explored the labyrinth of CG with a focus on the concept of CG, the essence of CG, the scope of CG, principles of CG, internal CG controls, external CG controls, the merit of CG, and stewardship theory perspective to CG, it is the author’s opinion that CG plays a quintessential role in furthering the posterity and optimal sustainability of an organization’s objectives as well as a nations’ relevance at the global scene. Nonetheless, there is a need for optimizing the execution of CG practices via optimizing the flow of information, benchmarking best practices and standards, sustained commitment of all relevant stakeholders, and rewarding incentives to practitioners of CG practices.
The future of CG lies in their relevance today, and their ability to adapt to changing times as well as cover legal loopholes that undermine their potency. The practicality of that relevance for CG practices is strengthened in the involvement of relevant stakeholders in the formulation, enactment, and execution of such practices. Although the structuring, operating and controlling of an organization or nations’ interest is not possible without the involvement of CG practices, CG practices can not be viable without the participation of relevant key stakeholders. The value of CG practices in today’s organizations will continue to evolve as organizations are becoming agents of social re-engineers and not just economic transformers.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
\n',keywords:"corporate governance, stewardship theory, sustainability",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/77720.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/77720.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77720",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77720",totalDownloads:115,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,totalAltmetricsMentions:0,introChapter:null,impactScore:0,impactScorePercentile:48,impactScoreQuartile:2,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"April 23rd 2021",dateReviewed:"July 7th 2021",datePrePublished:"August 19th 2021",datePublished:"June 23rd 2022",dateFinished:"July 28th 2021",readingETA:"0",abstract:"In recent times, the concept of corporate governance has become a topical interest to both academia and industry, the focus of attraction has mostly been on the need to understand its potency in advancing a corporation’s ultimate interest, and hence the necessity for this study. This study aims to examine corporate governance. The study utilized a narrative literature review methodology to examine the concept of corporate governance, essence of corporate governance, scope of corporate governance, principles of corporate governance, internal corporate governance controls, external corporate governance controls, merit of corporate governance, and stewardship theory perspective to corporate governance. The study finally made postulations on the prospect of corporate governance.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/77720",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/77720",book:{id:"10755",slug:"corporate-governance-recent-advances-and-perspectives"},signatures:"Isaac Onyeyirichukwu Chukwuma, Fidelis Odinakachukwu Alaefule and Njideka Helen Jideofor",authors:[{id:"357122",title:null,name:"Isaac Onyeyirichukwu",middleName:null,surname:"Chukwuma",fullName:"Isaac Onyeyirichukwu Chukwuma",slug:"isaac-onyeyirichukwu-chukwuma",email:"chukwumaisaaco@gmail.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"415976",title:"Dr.",name:"Fidelis Odinakachukwu",middleName:null,surname:"Alaefule",fullName:"Fidelis Odinakachukwu Alaefule",slug:"fidelis-odinakachukwu-alaefule",email:"fidelisodinakachukwu@yahoo.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"University of Nigeria, Nsukka",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"415977",title:"Dr.",name:"Njideka Helen",middleName:null,surname:"Jideofor",fullName:"Njideka Helen Jideofor",slug:"njideka-helen-jideofor",email:"chukwumaisaaco@gmail.co",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Methodology",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3",title:"3. Concept of corporate governance",level:"1"},{id:"sec_4",title:"4. Essence of corporate governance",level:"1"},{id:"sec_5",title:"5. Scope of corporate governance",level:"1"},{id:"sec_6",title:"6. Principles of corporate governance",level:"1"},{id:"sec_7",title:"7. Internal corporate governance controls",level:"1"},{id:"sec_8",title:"8. External corporate governance controls",level:"1"},{id:"sec_9",title:"9. Merit of corporate governance",level:"1"},{id:"sec_10",title:"10. Stewardship theory perspective to corporate governance",level:"1"},{id:"sec_11",title:"11. Conclusion and prospect of corporate governance",level:"1"},{id:"sec_15",title:"Conflict of interest",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Abu-Tapanjeh MA. Corporate governance from Islamic perspective: A corporative analysis with OECD. Journal of General Management. 2008; 33(4), 24-57'},{id:"B2",body:'Cadbury A. 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1. Introduction
Glycosylation is a critical process to maturate the glycoproteins and glycolipids. Many factors were demonstrated to regulate this process, including 1) nucleotide sugar donors, 2) glycosyltransferase enzymes, and 3) glycosidase enzymes. The activated nucleotide sugars, synthesized through the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway, are served as sugar donors for the glycosylation process. More than 200 glycosyltransferase (GT) and glycosidase (GA) enzymes, residing in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) or Golgi apparatus, are responsible for the addition and removal of sugar onto the glycoconjugates [1]. There are two major types of protein core-glycosylation, including N-linked and O-linked glycosylation (Figure 1). Both N-linked and O-linked glycans are generally terminal-modified with sialic acid and fucose via sialylation and fucosylation, respectively. Glycosylation is a sensitive process that could be influenced by several stimulants and cellular stresses. Many studies showed that altered glycosylation is associated with the carcinogenesis and progression of cancers [2, 3]. Defects in glycosylation are possibly caused by the alteration of nucleotide sugar synthesis or the imbalanced expression of glycosyltransferases or glycosidases [4]. Aberrant glycosylation in cancer cells causes the glycan truncation or the expression of uncommon glycans. These aberrantly expressed glycans are possibly used as a biomarker or a target for the treatment of cancers. Many tumor-associated glycans were demonstrated to play essential roles in tumor development, progression, and therapeutic resistance [2, 5].
Figure 1.
Protein glycosylation. After transcription and translation, the proteins undergo N-linked glycosylation in endoplasmic reticulum or O-linked glycosylation in Golgi apparatus. Both N-linked glycans and O-linked glycans undergo peripheral modifications, fucosylation, and sialylation in the Golgi apparatus.
Recent evidence suggests the alteration of glycosylation in glioblastoma (GBM) [3, 4, 6, 7]. GBM-associated glycans and glycoconjugates, such as the cluster of differentiation 44 (CD44), CD133, and ephrin-A1, were discovered to play important roles in tumor progression, leading to the poor prognosis of patients [8, 9]. Defects of glycosylation in GBM tumors were found in glycoproteins, glycolipids, glycosaminoglycans, or proteoglycans. The alteration of protein glycosylation occurred in both N-linked and O-linked glycosylation. Besides, aberrant terminal glycan modification of sialylation or fucosylation was also observed in GBM [3]. Moreover, the glycans and glycosylation also exhibited the functional significance in glioma stem-like cells (GSC) by regulating the stem cell-related phenotypes [10, 11].
Not only in cancer cells, the tumor microenvironment (TME) was also presented with aberrant glycosylation [12, 13]. Glycosylation changes in TME were found to promote tumor progression, immunosuppression, and therapeutic resistance [14]. Therefore, it is proposed that glycosylation changes of TME might be an alternative target for the treatment of GBM.
This chapter collectively summarizes the recent information on glycan and glycosylation changes and their roles in GBM progression and therapeutic resistance. The information provided here may fulfill our understanding of the roles of glycosylation and its potential to be a target for the treatment of GBM.
2. N-linked glycosylation
The N-linked glycosylation transfers the oligosaccharide chain to the target polypeptide by forming the linkage between the N-acetyl glucosamine (GlcNAc) residue and the amide side chain of the asparagine residue. The process starts in ER; an oligosaccharide is firstly synthesized on the dolichol phosphate carrier and transferred to the protein acceptor by the oligosaccharyltransferase enzyme. The premature glycan chain of N-linked glycoprotein is subsequently modified by the sequential reactions of sugar addition or removal, controlled by several GTs and GAs. The final steps, sialylation and fucosylation, are accomplished in the Golgi apparatus. Many studies demonstrated the alteration of N-linked glycosylation and its related enzymes in GBM (Table 1).
An increase of bi-, tri-, and tetra-anternary N-linked glycans was found to be associated with the progression of GBM [15, 16, 17, 26]. The α1,6-mannosylglycoprotein-β-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase-5 (MGAT), an enzyme responsible for the synthesis of biantennary N-linked oligosaccharide, was found to promote the invasiveness of GSC [16]. N-linked glycosylation of the receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase type mu (RPTPmu) controlled by MGAT5 was demonstrated to suppress its function and consequently enhance the migration ability of GBM cells through phospholipase C (PLC)/protein kinase C (PKC) pathway [17]. In addition, the MGAT1 (a member of the N-linked associated N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase group) was highly detected in GBM and plays an essential role in promoting the proliferation and invasion of cancer cells [15, 17].
A new subclass of N-glycosylation called-Paucimannosylation, producing a truncated N-glycan (Man3GlcNAc2Fuc), was found to elevate in GBM compared with non-tumor tissues [27, 28]. The glycan was found to be involved in the proliferation, migration, and invasion of cancer cells [27].
Another N-link-associated enzyme, a β1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase-8 (B3GnT8), an enzyme that controls the formation of polylactosamine on β1–6 branched N-glycans, was found to regulate the proliferation and metastatic ability of cancer cells [22]. The β1,4-galactosyltransferase-5 (B4Gal-5) producing highly branched N-glycans was found to regulate the sensitivity of cancer cells to anticancer drugs-etoposide and arsenic trioxide. Suppression of B4GalT-5 could enhance the apoptosis induction effects of these drugs in cancer cells, suggesting its potential to improve the therapeutic efficiency for malignant glioma [19, 20]. Moreover, the B4GalT-5 was also found to regulate self-renewal and tumorigenicity of glioma stem-like cells [20].
Inhibition of N-glycan synthesis by the specific siRNA or inhibitors significantly suppresses tumor growth, metastasis, and radioresistance of GBM [15, 16, 17, 18, 29, 30, 31]. This information suggested the potential of N-glycosylation to be a target for the treatment of GBM.
3. O-linked glycosylation
Golgi-resident glycosyltransferases are responsible for the synthesis of O-glycans via O-linked glycosylation. A particular serine (Ser) and threonine (Thr) residues can be O-glycosidic linked with various kinds of oligosaccharides. This chapter focuses on the mucin-type O-glycosylation or O-GalNAcylation, an O-linked modification of Ser/Thr by N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc), followed by the formation of complex oligosaccharide structure. There are 20 isoforms of polypeptide GalNAc transferase (ppGalNAcT or GALNT) identified in humans; the enzymes catalyze the transferring of GalNAc from activated nucleotide sugar donor to initially modify the Ser or Thr residues of a specific glycoprotein [32]. Alteration of O-linked, especially O-GalNAc, glycosylation was observed in many types of cancer [1, 5, 32]. Truncated O-glycans and their associated mucin glycoproteins were applicable as a marker for diagnosis, monitoring, and prognostic prediction of cancer [1].
In GBM, the alteration of O-linked glycosylation played a significant role in the tumor progression and therapeutic resistance [23, 24]. The significance of GALNT enzymes in the progression of GBM has been revealed, suggesting their possibility of being a new target for GBM treatment (Table 1). GALNT-2 was demonstrated to promote the migration and invasion of cancer cells [23]. Expression of GALNT-12 was associated with poor prognosis of GBM patients as it promotes cancer cell proliferation, migration, and invasion via PI3K/Akt/mTOR cascade [24]. The tumor-associated truncated O-linked glycan and its receptor, macrophage galactose-type lectins, were found to modulate the function of tumor-associated macrophages and microglia in GBM [33]. Using lectin from Dolichos biflorus, the GalNAc-associated glycan was highly detected in GSC compared with its differentiated form, suggesting its potential to be a GSC marker (Table 2) [11]. This information suggested the possibility of using GALNTs as a biomarker and a therapeutic target for GBM.
The terminal glycan modification by fucose, called “Fucosylation,” is controlled by the fucosyltransferase (FUT) enzymes. In human, 13 FUTs are classified according to their activities into 1) α1,2-FUTs (FUT-1 and FUT-2), 2) α1,3-FUTs (FUT-3, FUT-4, FUT-5, FUT-6, FUT-7, FUT-9, FUT-10, and FUT-11), 3) α1,4-FUTs (FUT-3 and FUT-5), 4) α1,6-FUTs (FUT-8), and 5) O-FUTs (Pofut-1 and Pofut-2) [34]. Altered expression of FUTs and the fucosylated-glycans were found to associate with tumor development and progression [5, 35]. In GBM, the aggressiveness and malignant phenotypes GBM were associated with fucosylated Lewis antigens’ expression [36]. The enzyme FUT-8, responsible for α-1,6-fucosylation of N-glycans, was discovered to promote the growth, migration, and invasion of GBM cells [25]. Inhibition of fucosylation by the inhibitor-2F-peracetyl-fucose could sensitize the effect of temozolomide (TMZ), suggesting the potential of FUT-8 to be a target for GBM treatment [25].
5. Sialylation
Sialylation is a modification of glycoproteins and glycolipids by sialic acid (Sia). There are 20 sialyltransferase enzymes (STs) responsible for three types of sialylations: 1) α2,3-sialylation, 2) α2,6-sialylation, and 3) α2,8-sialylation (Table 2) [37, 38].
Sialylation was demonstrated to involve in the stemness maintenance of GSC and tumor progression, suggesting its possibility to be a promising target for the treatment of GBM [39, 40]. An α-2,3 sialylation was found to promote the progression, while α-2,6 sialylation suppresses the GBM. Inhibition of α-2,3 or enhancement of α-2,6 sialylation significantly suppresses the metastatic ability of GBM cells [41, 42, 43]. Using lectin from Maackia amurensis, α-2,3 sialylation was found to be enhanced in GSC and play an essential role in stemness maintenance [39]. Suppression of sialylation using ST inhibitor or sialidase leads to the apoptosis of GSC [39]. The mechanism by which α-2,3 sialylation regulates stemness of GSC is probably explained by its role in the stabilization of surface CD133, an important functional GSC marker [43]. Moreover, the lectin M. amurensis lectin-II (MAL-II) could significantly induce the apoptosis of GSC, suggesting its potential for GBM treatment [39]. In addition, suppression of sialylation by a specific inhibitor was found to enhance the sensitivity of GBM cells to the general chemo-drugs—cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil [39]. This collective evidence suggested the potential of α-2,3 sialylation as a target for the treatment of GBM.
In addition, sialidases or neuraminidases (NEU), the enzymes that remove terminal Sia from the oligosaccharide chain of glycoproteins and glycolipids, were also altered in GBM. The overexpression of NEU3 significantly suppresses cancer cells’ migration and invasion ability by promoting focal adhesions through calpain-dependent proteolysis [44]. NEU4 was found to be upregulated in GSC, and suppression of NEU4 significantly reduces cell survival and stemness properties of the cells [45].
6. Gangliosides, glycosaminoglycans, and proteoglycans
Altered syntheses of gangliosides, glycosaminoglycans, and proteoglycans were observed to play significant roles in GBM [46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52]. The GD3-gangliosides, heparan sulfate (HS) glycosaminoglycans, and their responsible enzymes were found to be altered in GBM and proposed as a potential GBM marker [46, 47, 48]. Glycosaminoglycans played essential roles in the communication between GBM cells and their TME. Alteration of HS synthesis by ablation of heparanase (HPSE) results in the significant reduction of tumor cell adhesion and invasion [48]. This information implied that HS is an important factor in promoting GBM invasion; it is therefore possibly proposed as a therapeutic target for GBM.
Alteration of proteoglycan synthesis was found to associate with the development and progression of GBM [49, 50, 51, 52]. Expression of tumor-associated proteoglycans and their related enzymes were found to facilitate the tyrosine kinase signaling pathway, which benefits the progression of GBM, suggesting their potential as a promising prognostic marker and target for GBM treatment [49]. The elevation of neuro-glial proteoglycan-NG2 was associated with the invasiveness of GBM [50]. NG2 was found to control the vascular morphology and functions, suggesting its role in facilitating metastasis via tumor vascularization of GBM [51]. Targeting NG2, in combination with GD3A (a GBM-associated ganglioside), could significantly reduce the viability of GBM cells [53]. This information suggested the significance of NG2 in the progression of GBM and its possibility of being a target for treatment. Moreover, chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) play important roles in organizing the tumor microenvironment to prevent tumor invasion. CSPGs were drastically decreased in a diffusely infiltrating tumor of GBM [52].
7. Conclusion and perspectives
Alteration of glycosylation was predominantly observed in either cancer cells or TME in GBM. Both core-glycosylation and peripheral glycan modifications were important factors in regulating the tumor development, progression, and therapeutic resistance. Several strategies have been proposed to target glycans and glycosylation for the treatment of GBM.
Suppression of glycosylation using specific interferences or inhibitors is a potential strategy to target glycosylation [54, 55]. However, there is a limitation to using the broad-spectrum glycosylation inhibitors for cancer treatment as they also affect the neighboring non-tumor cells. Targeting glycosylation of a particular glycoprotein or glycoconjugate is a possible strategy for cancer treatment. In GBM, interference of hyaluronic acid synthesis by methylumbelliferone (4-MU), an inhibitor of hyaluronic acid synthase capable of crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB), was found to significantly inhibit the proliferation of GBM [56].
The short peptide is recently applicable for targeting or suppressing the specific glycoform of a particular glycoprotein in cancer cells. The deglycosylated form of brevican (dg-Bcan), an ECM-associated glycoprotein upregulated in GBM, was explicitly bound by a small 8-amino acid dg-Bcan-Targeting Peptide (BTP). The radiolabeled-BTP could be internalized into the cancer cell, suggesting its potential to be used as an imaging agent to detect GBM [57]. Further studies to apply this peptide for the treatment of GBM by conjugating it with chemo-drugs or other substances are noteworthy.
Based on the sugar preferential of lectins, the plant lectins were widely used to determine the expression of GBM-associated glycans as well as the functional analyses either in vitro or in vivo model (Table 3) [11, 18, 19, 21, 26, 59, 60]. Using the lectin as a therapeutic agent for GBM is another approach, either combined with other chemo-drugs or as a single agent.
The Phaseolus vulgaris erythroagglutinin (PHA-E) was used to detect the β1,4-GlcNAc-containing N-glycans. It strongly inhibits the migration ability of GBM cells, suggesting its potential to be used for the treatment of GBM [18]. In addition, PHA-E was also found to inhibit the functions of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF-R) and a drug efflux pump-P-glycoprotein on GBM [59, 61]. This information suggested the involvement of β1,4-GlcNAc in cancer cells’ growth and drug resistance. Moreover, the potential of PHA-E as a chemosensitizing agent for GBM was also reported [61]. MAL-II is another lectin that can suppress the stemness maintenance and induce apoptosis of GSCs, suggesting its application as a therapeutic agent for GBM [39]. Lectin from Griffonia simplicifolia I (GSL-I) was used to identify the GBM-specific cell surface glycobiomarkers compared with the low-grade glioma. The identified markers may be applicable for diagnosis and possibly used as a target for the treatment of GBM [58]. With another type of brain tumor, the lectin from Canavalia brasiliensis seeds (ConBr) was found to suppress the ERK1/2 and Akt signaling pathways, consequently inhibiting the migration ability of rat neuroblastoma cells [62]. Besides the lectins, monoclonal antibodies against the specific glycans have been established and used to detect cancer-associated glycans. The antibodies can also suppress or activate the functions of glycans in cancer cells; this information suggests the possibility of using a glycan-specific antibody to treat the GBM patients [63, 64].
In conclusion, glycans and glycosylation have been identified to play significant roles in GBM progression and therapeutic resistance. Targeting glycans and glycosylation is possibly an alternative strategy for the treatment of GBM; however, further studies to target specific glycosylation of a particular glycoconjugate are still needed. In addition, the clinical studies or trials on the potential of using glycans and glycosylation as a target for GBM treatment are still a large gap that needs to be further evaluated.
Acknowledgments
The author would like to thank the supports from the National Research Council of Thailand and Khon Kaen University, Thailand.
Conflict of interest
The author declares no conflict of interest.
\n',keywords:"glioma, glioblastoma, glycosylation, glycan, lectin",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/82629.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/82629.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/82629",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/82629",totalDownloads:9,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,dateSubmitted:"June 4th 2022",dateReviewed:"June 23rd 2022",datePrePublished:"July 25th 2022",datePublished:null,dateFinished:"July 11th 2022",readingETA:"0",abstract:"Glycosylation is an important post-translational modification regulating many cellular processes. In cancer, aberrant glycosylation leads to the expression of tumor-associated glycans that are possibly used as therapeutic targets or biomarkers for diagnosis, monitoring, and prognostic prediction. The cumulative evidence suggested the significance of alteration of glycosylation in glioblastoma (GBM). Aberrant glycosylation presents truncated or uncommon glycans on glycoproteins, glycolipids, and other glycoconjugates. These aberrant glycans consequently promote the tumor development, metastasis, and therapeutic resistance. The glycosylation changes occurred in either cancer cells or the tumor microenvironment. GBM-associated glycans and their corresponding enzymes are proposed to be a target for GBM treatment. Several tools, such as lectin and inhibitors, are possibly applied to target the tumor-associated glycans and glycosylation for the treatment of GBM. This chapter provides information insight into glycosylation changes and their roles in the development and progression of GBM. The perspectives on targeting glycans and glycosylation for the treatment of GBM are enclosed.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/82629",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/82629",signatures:"Atit Silsirivanit",book:{id:"11597",type:"book",title:"Glioblastoma - Current Evidences",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Glioblastoma - Current Evidences",slug:null,publishedDate:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Amit Agrawal and Dr. Daulat Singh Kunwar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11597.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:null,isbn:"978-1-80356-129-5",printIsbn:"978-1-80356-128-8",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80356-130-1",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"100142",title:"Prof.",name:"Amit",middleName:null,surname:"Agrawal",slug:"amit-agrawal",fullName:"Amit Agrawal"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:null,sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. N-linked glycosylation",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3",title:"3. O-linked glycosylation",level:"1"},{id:"sec_4",title:"4. Fucosylation",level:"1"},{id:"sec_5",title:"5. Sialylation",level:"1"},{id:"sec_6",title:"6. Gangliosides, glycosaminoglycans, and proteoglycans",level:"1"},{id:"sec_7",title:"7. Conclusion and perspectives",level:"1"},{id:"sec_8",title:"Acknowledgments",level:"1"},{id:"sec_11",title:"Conflict of interest",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Silsirivanit A. Glycosylation markers in cancer. Advances in Clinical Chemistry. 2019;89:189-213'},{id:"B2",body:'Vajaria BN, Patel PS. Glycosylation: A hallmark of cancer? Glycoconjugate Journal. 2017;34(2):147-156'},{id:"B3",body:'Veillon L, Fakih C, Abou-El-Hassan H, Kobeissy F, Mechref Y. Glycosylation changes in brain cancer. ACS Chemical Neuroscience. 2018;9(1):51-72'},{id:"B4",body:'Ashkani J, Naidoo KJ. Glycosyltransferase gene expression profiles classify cancer types and propose prognostic subtypes. 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Control of mucin-type O-glycosylation: A classification of the polypeptide GalNAc-transferase gene family. Glycobiology. 2012;22(6):736-756'},{id:"B33",body:'Dusoswa SA, Verhoeff J, Abels E, Mendez-Huergo SP, Croci DO, Kuijper LH, et al. Glioblastomas exploit truncated O-linked glycans for local and distant immune modulation via the macrophage galactose-type lectin. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2020;117(7):3693-3703'},{id:"B34",body:'Shan M, Yang D, Dou H, Zhang L. Fucosylation in cancer biology and its clinical applications. Progress in Molecular Biology and Translational Science. 2019;162:93-119'},{id:"B35",body:'Indramanee S, Sawanyawisuth K, Silsirivanit A, Dana P, Phoomak C, Kariya R, et al. Terminal fucose mediates progression of human cholangiocarcinoma through EGF/EGFR activation and the Akt/Erk signaling pathway. 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Targeting glioblastoma using a novel peptide specific to a deglycosylated isoform of brevican. Advanced Therapeutics. 2021;4(4):2000244'},{id:"B58",body:'Park YE, Yeom J, Kim Y, Lee HJ, Han KC, Lee ST, et al. Identification of plasma membrane glycoproteins specific to human glioblastoma multiforme cells using lectin arrays and LC-MS/MS. Proteomics. 2018;18(1)'},{id:"B59",body:'Rebbaa A, Yamamoto H, Moskal JR, Bremer EG. Binding of erythroagglutinating phytohemagglutinin lectin from Phaseolus vulgaris to the epidermal growth factor receptor inhibits receptor function in the human glioma cell line, U373 MG. Journal of Neurochemistry. 1996;67(6):2265-2272'},{id:"B60",body:'Aoyanagi E, Sasai K, Nodagashira M, Wang L, Nishihara H, Ihara H, et al. Clinicopathologic application of lectin histochemistry: Bisecting GlcNAc in glioblastoma. Applied Immunohistochemistry & Molecular Morphology. 2010;18(6):518-525'},{id:"B61",body:'Rebbaa A, Chou PM, Vucic I, Mirkin BL, Tomita T, Bremer EG. Expression of bisecting GlcNAc in pediatric brain tumors and its association with tumor cell response to vinblastine. Clinical Cancer Research. 1999;5(11):3661-3668'},{id:"B62",body:'Wolin IAV, Heinrich IA, Nascimento APM, Welter PG, Sosa LDV, De Paul AL, et al. ConBr lectin modulates MAPKs and Akt pathways and triggers autophagic glioma cell death by a mechanism dependent upon caspase-8 activation. Biochimie. 2021;180:186-204'},{id:"B63",body:'Silsirivanit A, Araki N, Wongkham C, Vaeteewoottacharn K, Pairojkul C, Kuwahara K, et al. CA-S27: A novel Lewis a associated carbohydrate epitope is diagnostic and prognostic for cholangiocarcinoma. Cancer Science. 2013;104(10):1278-1284'},{id:"B64",body:'Kato Y, Kaneko MK. A cancer-specific monoclonal antibody recognizes the aberrantly glycosylated podoplanin. Scientific Reports. 2014;4:5924'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Atit Silsirivanit",address:"atitsil@kku.ac.th",affiliation:'
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This methodology is based on conventional vibration analysis techniques, however, it is, non-invasive, low cost, and easier to implement. Bearing fault detection and identification in induction machines is of utmost importance in order to avoid unexpected breakdowns and even a catastrophic event. Thus, bearing fault characteristic components are extracted combining summation of phase currents, prewhitening, spectral kurtosis and squared envelope spectrum analysis. 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The venous system is the most frequently attacked vessel system. The arterial system, when involved, increases the severity and morbidity of Behçet’s disease. Cardiac involvement, although rare, can be very subtle and in itself increases the mortality. Vasculitis is the hallmark pathology resulting in occlusion, aneurysms, or both. Vascular involvement may be very challenging in all phases of treatment beginning from diagnosis till recovery and remission.",book:{id:"5898",slug:"behcet-s-disease",title:"Behcet's Disease",fullTitle:"Behcet's Disease"},signatures:"Orhan Saim Demirtürk, Hüseyin Ali Tünel and Utku Alemdaroğlu",authors:[{id:"199021",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Orhan Saim",middleName:null,surname:"Demirtürk",slug:"orhan-saim-demirturk",fullName:"Orhan Saim Demirtürk"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"42989",title:"Treatment of ANCA-Negative Small Vessel Vasculitis",slug:"treatment-of-anca-negative-small-vessel-vasculitis",totalDownloads:2845,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:null,book:{id:"3319",slug:"updates-in-the-diagnosis-and-treatment-of-vasculitis",title:"Updates in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Vasculitis",fullTitle:"Updates in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Vasculitis"},signatures:"Christina G. Katsiari, Theodora Simopoulou and Lazaros I. 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In this chapter, we will introduce the current and progress of self-management in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.",book:{id:"8860",slug:"rheumatoid-arthritis-other-perspectives-towards-a-better-practice",title:"Rheumatoid Arthritis",fullTitle:"Rheumatoid Arthritis - Other Perspectives towards a Better Practice"},signatures:"Wen Luo, Xiuli Zhang and Kaijing Ren",authors:[{id:"313197",title:"B.A.",name:"Wen",middleName:null,surname:"Luo",slug:"wen-luo",fullName:"Wen Luo"},{id:"315667",title:"Dr.",name:"XiuLi",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"xiuli-zhang",fullName:"XiuLi Zhang"},{id:"315668",title:"Prof.",name:"Kaijing",middleName:null,surname:"Ren",slug:"kaijing-ren",fullName:"Kaijing Ren"}]},{id:"72458",title:"Introductory Chapter: Rheumatoid Arthritis - Overview of Current Facts and Strategies",slug:"introductory-chapter-rheumatoid-arthritis-overview-of-current-facts-and-strategies",totalDownloads:696,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:null,book:{id:"8860",slug:"rheumatoid-arthritis-other-perspectives-towards-a-better-practice",title:"Rheumatoid Arthritis",fullTitle:"Rheumatoid Arthritis - Other Perspectives towards a Better Practice"},signatures:"Reem H.A. Mohammed",authors:[{id:"36290",title:"Prof.",name:"Reem Hamdy A.",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammed",slug:"reem-hamdy-a.-mohammed",fullName:"Reem Hamdy A. Mohammed"}]},{id:"55531",title:"Ocular Manifestations of Behçet’s Disease",slug:"ocular-manifestations-of-beh-et-s-disease",totalDownloads:1831,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Behçet’s disease (BD) is a multisystemic autoimmune inflammatory disorder characterized by oral aphthous lesions, genital ulcerations, iridocyclitis with hypopyon, and skin lesions. While ocular manifestations occur in nearly 50% of the patients with Behçet’s disease, ocular involvement is the initial manifestation in only less than 20% of the patients. Ocular Behçet’s disease clinically presents iridocyclitis with or without hypopyon, vitritis, retinitis, occlusive retinal vasculitis, and cystoid macular edema. However, anterior uveitis is usually the only initial ocular manifestation; the most common form is panuveitis. The usual course of the disease is characterized by recurrent inflammatory periods. Recurrent inflammatory attacks may result in irreversible damage and significant visual loss. Early and effective treatment is required to prevent ocular morbidity. Recent developments in the treatment of ocular Behçet’s disease like biological agents are promising with a rapid effect and high remission rates.",book:{id:"5898",slug:"behcet-s-disease",title:"Behcet's Disease",fullTitle:"Behcet's Disease"},signatures:"Esra Sahli and Ozlem Gurbuz-Koz",authors:[{id:"204946",title:"Dr.",name:"Esra",middleName:null,surname:"Sahli",slug:"esra-sahli",fullName:"Esra Sahli"},{id:"207468",title:"Dr.",name:"Ozlem",middleName:null,surname:"Gurbuz-Koz",slug:"ozlem-gurbuz-koz",fullName:"Ozlem Gurbuz-Koz"},{id:"207469",title:"Dr.",name:"Yildiz",middleName:null,surname:"Ozdemir",slug:"yildiz-ozdemir",fullName:"Yildiz Ozdemir"}]},{id:"42990",title:"Infectious Causes of Vasculitis",slug:"infectious-causes-of-vasculitis",totalDownloads:4727,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:null,book:{id:"3319",slug:"updates-in-the-diagnosis-and-treatment-of-vasculitis",title:"Updates in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Vasculitis",fullTitle:"Updates in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Vasculitis"},signatures:"Jacques Choucair",authors:[{id:"162999",title:"M.D.",name:"Jacques",middleName:"Elias",surname:"Choucair",slug:"jacques-choucair",fullName:"Jacques Choucair"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"1042",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:122,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:21,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. 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\r\n\tTransforming our World: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development endorsed by United Nations and 193 Member States, came into effect on Jan 1, 2016, to guide decision making and actions to the year 2030 and beyond. Central to this Agenda are 17 Goals, 169 associated targets and over 230 indicators that are reviewed annually. The vision envisaged in the implementation of the SDGs is centered on the five Ps: People, Planet, Prosperity, Peace and Partnership. This call for renewed focused efforts ensure we have a safe and healthy planet for current and future generations.
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\r\n\t2. Health and Wellbeing focusing on SDG 3 on Good Health and Wellbeing and SDG 6 on Clean Water and Sanitation
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\r\n\t3. Inclusivity and Social Equality involving SDG 4 on Quality Education, SDG 5 on Gender Equality, and SDG 16 on Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions
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\r\n\t4. Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability comprising SDG 13 on Climate Action, SDG 14 on Life Below Water, and SDG 15 on Life on Land
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\r\n\t5. Urban Planning and Environmental Management embracing SDG 7 on Affordable Clean Energy, SDG 9 on Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure, and SDG 11 on Sustainable Cities and Communities.
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Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine Technology has always been my aspiration and my life. As years passed I accumulated a tremendous amount of skills and knowledge in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Conventional Radiology, Radiation Protection, Bioinformatics Technology, PACS, Image processing, clinically and lecturing that will enable me to provide a valuable service to the community as a Researcher and Consultant in this field. My method of translating this into day to day in clinical practice is non-exhaustible and my habit of exchanging knowledge and expertise with others in those fields is the code and secret of success.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",biography:"Bartłomiej Płaczek, MSc (2002), Ph.D. (2005), Habilitation (2016), is a professor at the University of Silesia, Institute of Computer Science, Poland, and an expert from the National Centre for Research and Development. His research interests include sensor networks, smart sensors, intelligent systems, and image processing with applications in healthcare and medicine. He is the author or co-author of more than seventy papers in peer-reviewed journals and conferences as well as the co-author of several books. He serves as a reviewer for many scientific journals, international conferences, and research foundations. Since 2010, Dr. Placzek has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in the field of information technologies.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"35000",title:"Prof.",name:"Ulrich H.P",middleName:"H.P.",surname:"Fischer",slug:"ulrich-h.p-fischer",fullName:"Ulrich H.P Fischer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35000/images/3052_n.jpg",biography:"Academic and Professional Background\nUlrich H. P. has Diploma and PhD degrees in Physics from the Free University Berlin, Germany. He has been working on research positions in the Heinrich-Hertz-Institute in Germany. Several international research projects has been performed with European partners from France, Netherlands, Norway and the UK. He is currently Professor of Communications Systems at the Harz University of Applied Sciences, Germany.\n\nPublications and Publishing\nHe has edited one book, a special interest book about ‘Optoelectronic Packaging’ (VDE, Berlin, Germany), and has published over 100 papers and is owner of several international patents for WDM over POF key elements.\n\nKey Research and Consulting Interests\nUlrich’s research activity has always been related to Spectroscopy and Optical Communications Technology. Specific current interests include the validation of complex instruments, and the application of VR technology to the development and testing of measurement systems. He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University. His research interests include computer graphics, computer vision, image processing, machine learning, pattern recognition, soft computing, data science, intelligent systems, information technology, and information systems. Prof. Sarfraz has been a keynote/invited speaker on various platforms around the globe. He has advised various students for their MSc and Ph.D. theses. He has published more than 400 publications as books, journal articles, and conference papers. He is a member of various professional societies and a chair and member of the International Advisory Committees and Organizing Committees of various international conferences. Prof. Sarfraz is also an editor-in-chief and editor of various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/267434/images/system/267434.jpg",biography:"Dr. Rohit Raja received Ph.D. in Computer Science and Engineering from Dr. CVRAMAN University in 2016. His main research interest includes Face recognition and Identification, Digital Image Processing, Signal Processing, and Networking. Presently he is working as Associate Professor in IT Department, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur (CG), India. He has authored several Journal and Conference Papers. He has good Academics & Research experience in various areas of CSE and IT. He has filed and successfully published 27 Patents. He has received many time invitations to be a Guest at IEEE Conferences. He has published 100 research papers in various International/National Journals (including IEEE, Springer, etc.) and Proceedings of the reputed International/ National Conferences (including Springer and IEEE). He has been nominated to the board of editors/reviewers of many peer-reviewed and refereed Journals (including IEEE, Springer).",institutionString:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",institution:{name:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Beijing University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"265335",title:"Mr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:"Radnev",surname:"Stefanov",slug:"stefan-stefanov",fullName:"Stefan Stefanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/265335/images/7562_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University Plovdiv",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Igor Victorovich Lakhno was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPh.D. – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSC – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nProfessor – 2021, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of VN Karazin Kharkiv National University\nHead of Department – 2021, Department of Perinatology, Obstetrics and gynecology of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education\nIgor Lakhno has been graduated from international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held at Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s been a professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department. He’s affiliated with Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education as a Head of Department from November 2021. Igor Lakhno has participated in several international projects on fetal non-invasive electrocardiography (with Dr. J. A. Behar (Technion), Prof. D. Hoyer (Jena University), and José Alejandro Díaz Méndez (National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics, and Electronics, Mexico). He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 31 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Igor Lakhno is a member of the Editorial Board of Reproductive Health of Woman, Emergency Medicine, and Technology Transfer Innovative Solutions in Medicine (Estonia). He is a medical Editor of “Z turbotoyu pro zhinku”. Igor Lakhno is a reviewer of the Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wiley), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for a DSc degree “Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention, and treatment”. Three years ago Igor Lakhno has participated in a training course on innovative technologies in medical education at Lublin Medical University (Poland). Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: are obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, and cardiovascular medicine. \nIgor Lakhno is a consultant at Kharkiv municipal perinatal center. He’s graduated from training courses on endoscopy in gynecology. He has 28 years of practical experience in the field.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. 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Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',annualVolume:11404,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"49517",title:"Prof.",name:"Hitoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Tsunashima",fullName:"Hitoshi Tsunashima",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTP4QAO/Profile_Picture_1625819726528",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nihon University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"425354",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcus",middleName:"Fraga",surname:"Vieira",fullName:"Marcus Vieira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003BJSgIQAX/Profile_Picture_1627904687309",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Goiás",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",middleName:null,surname:"Vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196746/images/system/196746.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institution:{name:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",annualVolume:11405,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"35539",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Cristea",fullName:"Cecilia Cristea",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYQ65QAG/Profile_Picture_1621007741527",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"40735",title:"Dr.",name:"Gil",middleName:"Alberto Batista",surname:"Gonçalves",fullName:"Gil Gonçalves",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYRLGQA4/Profile_Picture_1628492612759",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"211725",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Johann F.",middleName:null,surname:"Osma",fullName:"Johann F. 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