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\n
1. Introduction
\n
\n
1.1 Empathy for pain
\n
Empathy is a crucial component of social interactions allowing not only understand and feel other’s emotions but also promoting prosocial behaviour which is vital for our social life [1, 2, 3]. Most definitions of empathy based on empathy are about a capacity of sense of knowing another person’s personal experience [4]. Empathy in the context of pain has been attracted since observing somebody in pain activates similar neurons as if the observer were feeling pain himself [5, 6]. The effect of experience and observing of pain bring an interpersonal interaction in observers.
\n
Facing the pain of others might result from ignoring to comfort or help. Having personal pain experiences facilitate to reveal empathic responses when observing someone in pain [6]. Also, sharing emotional experiences with friends may promote empathy [7]. Personal beliefs about pain may affect the level of empathy in that person [8].
\n
Additionally, personal identity was positively correlated with empathy in nurses, doctors, and teachers. Studies have shown successful teaching requires the link between cognitive and affective empathy [9]. Empathy promotes students’ academic achievement and teachers’ professional growth [10, 11]. Empathy was negatively correlated with a burnout in the nursing profession [12]. Furthermore, a 10-week empathy training experiment in nurses showed significantly improved professional identity [10].
\n
As summed above pain empathy is influenced by several factors, such as personal identity [13, 14], gender [15], attention [15, 16], prosocial characteristics, and attitude [17]. Besides these, some neuropsychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, psychopathy, and autism may lead to impaired empathic reactions. These individuals are less responsive to their pain and others [18, 19].
\n
Sex differences are another affecting factor in empathy for pain. Women reported more significant empathic concern and affective distress via Empathy for Pain Scale in pain compared with men [20].
\n
Regarding contextual influences in daily life, developing a sense of knowing another person’s experience in pain has been affected by several factors, such as observer’s learning experiences, shared knowledge, and observed person’s pain expressions, etc. All elements contribute to more or less person’s affective responses as well as behavioural responses. So, a person’s reaction to what they see is not identical. Although there are different mentions on the core components of empathy, there is a consensus in the literature that empathy takes a multiple and interacting process between cognition, distinction and affective state of the person.
\n
This pain empathy process occurs from observing the pain because of his/her sense of knowing of the other’s personal experience and his/her affective response to this. In this context, empathy has divided into the three-part: firstly, cognitive/evaluative part is similar to mentalising and theory of mind, ability to identify, and understand other people’s emotion [21]. Second, the distinction is distinguishing of self pain from someone else’s pain. The last part is pointing that sharing of the other person’s affective state (which refers to the catching and automatic mimicking of other people’s emotions) [22].
\n
Successful internal balancing of empathy parts provides increased intimacy and closeness to other’s emotions. So, a mother may sense a child’s pain, understand the child’s feelings and may kiss the wound. In an unsuccessful situation for differentiating cognitive and affective part in empathy may cause to observer’s distress and burnout [8]. Finally, it would be sensible to assume that successful regulating our own emotions provide reliably use them to assess the content and sense of others’ feelings correctly.
\n
\n
\n
\n
2. Evaluation of empathy for pain
\n
Pain is a subjective term, and individuals mostly use this term through their previous experience related to the injury. When a person receives cues that another person is in pain, neural pain networks within the brain are activated, and one observing another’s pain experience embodied empathic reactions such as distress. Several cues can communicate pain to another person: visualisation of the injury causing event, the injury itself, the injured’s behavioral efforts to avoid further harm, and displays of pain and distress such as facial expressions, crying, and screaming [23]. To standardise and measure the empathic responses “Empathy for Pain Scale (EPS)” has been developed [24]. In this questionnaire, four painful scenarios are using 12 identical items rated on a scale ranging from 1 to 5 points (1 = strongly disagree; 5 = strongly agree. The scenarios are: (1) a person undergoing a surgical procedure (e.g., on the television hospital drama); (2) a person who has a surgical procedure (e.g., with stitches or bandaged amputation stump); (3) a person who is accidentally injured (e.g., in a car accident); and (4) a person who is physically assaulted. The 12 response items are distress, discomfort, disgust, fear, restlessness, sense of compassion, sense of what it feels like, a need to get help, a desire to look away, non-painful sensations, painful sensations and visceral sensations (e.g., nausea). Interpersonal Reaction Index (IRI) is also used as a measurement tool for evaluating empathic reactions. The tool is self-report comprising 28-items answered on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from “Does not describe me well” to “Describes me very well” [25]. The four subscales are:
\nPerspective Taking – the tendency to spontaneously adopt the psychological point of view of others.
\nFantasy – taps respondents’ tendencies to transpose themselves imaginatively into the feelings and actions of fictitious characters in books, movies, and plays.
\nEmpathic concern – assesses “other-oriented” feelings of sympathy and concern for unfortunate others.
\nPersonal distress – measures “self-oriented” feelings of personal anxiety and unease intense interpersonal settings.
\n\n
\n
\n
3. Neural network for pain empathy
\n
With the improvements in functional brain neuroimaging, most studies have focused on activity patterns and neural networks of empathy for pain [6, 26, 27, 28]. Since early functional neuroimaging studies, the revealing of the same nervous system activation in the case of first-hand pain with responses to pain in others has prompted researchers to explore empathy for the pain core. In these studies, compared with experienced vs. observed pain, experiencing pain activates more extensive regions (with a posterior gradient) than observing pain [29]. Left mid-cingulate cortex (MMC) and left anterior insula (AI) were most impressed two regions in empathy for pain studies (Figure 1) [28, 29, 30], and pointed regions were also activated by the physical experience of pain [28, 31, 32]. A comprehensive study systematic search from 128 functional brain imaging studies has been confirmed neural correlates of empathy has a core network comprising AI, MCC, postcentral gyrus, inferior parietal lobe, thalamus, amygdala, and brainstem (Table 1) [26].
\n
Figure 1.
(A) Mid-cingulate cortex (MMC) and (B) anterior insula (AI) are most impressed areas in empathy for pain studies.
\n
\n
\n\n
\n
Anterior insula (AI)
\n
\n
\n
Mid-cingulate gyrus (MCC)
\n
\n
\n
Postcentral gyrus
\n
\n
\n
Inferior parietal lobe
\n
\n
\n
Thalamus
\n
\n
\n
Amygdala
\n
\n
\n
Brainstem
\n
\n\n
Table 1.
The neural correlates of empathy.
\n
Even though there was considerable overlap in networks for pain empathy and empathy for non-pain negative affective states, empathy for pain uniquely activated bilateral mid-insula and more extensive MCC [30]. Also, activated areas of empathy network showed differentiation with the type of stimuli in the brain. While the core empathy regions evoked with painful faces and pain inflictions, acute pain inflictions also activated additional regions, including medial frontal and parietal cortex [26]. A meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies on the role of visual information indicated that individuals have different activated area response to three factors: visual cues (body parts, facial expressions), visuospatial (first-person, third-person), and cognitive (self-, stimuli-, other-oriented tasks) perspectives [33]. Body-parts distinctly activated sensorimotor processing areas (superior and inferior parietal lobules, anterior insula) while facial expression distinctly involved the inferior frontal gyrus. They have concluded that pain empathy relies on a core network which is modulated by several secondary networks [33]. This second system may contribute to process depending on the visual cues available and the observer’s mental state. When we consider the pain for empathy has a quite complex mood, and network, the existing of undefined secondary structures would not be surprised.
\n
The differentiation of activated regions has also been observed in the types of empathy. Although perceptual/affective and cognitive/evaluative parts of empathy show similar neural circuitry, cognitive/evaluative paradigms activated more left MCC regions while perceptual/affective paradigms activated more right AI (Table 2) [34]. The studies with paracetamol show that it might decrease psychological reactivity and alter the pain empathy in healthy human subjects [35, 36]. Paracetamol was altering specifically the affective part while keeping the cognitive part of empathy largely intact in healthy subjects. These findings mean that paracetamol reduces the emotional response to other people’s negative pain experiences without affecting the pain’s mentalising and internalisation. Inconsistent with this, one study suggested that paracetamol increased state empathy scores with activation of paracingulate gyrus is responsible for the processing of cognitive empathy in headache group [37]. The researchers concluded this paradigm that pain experience related adaptive brain changes might be strongly linked to the cognitive part of empathy, and targeting pain-induced empathetic neuroplasticity pathways could be a novel treatment strategy for the development of novel painkillers [37].
The differences in regions are activated in cognitive–evaluative and affective–perceptual empathy [34].
Region that involved in both types of empathy.
Dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC), anterior mid-cingulate cortex (aMCC), dorsal medial thalamus (DMT), orbital frontal cortex (OFC), anterior insula (AI).
\n
As we mentioned in pain empathy part, balancing of emotions provides us respond effectively and adaptively to the environmental factors. Otherwise, empathy could be destructive and unhelpful for us. Usually, individuals use to regulate their emotions with cognitive reappraisal. For example, a recent study demonstrated the exaggerated individuals’ emotional pain empathy intensity, if the judgement of pain made after the participant’s pain experiences as a cognitive bias. But, that bias disappeared when participants used reappraisal to regulate their empathy [38]. The emotion regulation, and mainly reappraisal-based downward regulation, is associated with executive control and limbic networks, namely the prefrontal cortex and the amygdala [39, 40]. A study compared activated region with fMRI for empathising with painful vs non-painful scenarios as well as for reappraising painful vs non-painful scenarios. Empathising with painful scenarios was associated with increased connectivity with the mid-cingulate and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), as well as with the bilateral post-central cortex [41].
\n
Conversely, during reappraisal of painful vs non-painful scenarios, increased connectivity was found between the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) and the bilateral lateral occipital cortex, as well as with the left IFG, left posterior insula and left parahippocampal gyrus. Interestingly, different regulation strategies resulted in increased connectivity with other parts of the network. Empathic watch resulted in increased connectivity with regions involved in the processing of self-pain. In contrast, reappraisal resulted in increased connectivity with regions involved in the simulation of other pain, as well as self-pain processing [42]. Activation in the left supramarginal gyrus (SMG) and the right middle frontal gyrus (MFG) was found during empathic watch only, suggesting that these two regions play a critical role and are associated with the process of feeling empathy for the pain of others [41].
\n
\n
\n
4. Conclusion
\n
In line with getting raising numerous study, it could simplify the role of empathy for pain based on a matching of psychological states between the sufferer and the observer. This matching contributes to prosaically actions, affective sharing, emotion regulation, and provide to alleviating the pain and suffering of others. Under the light of empathy for pain studies, it should be indicated that the neural networks of empathy for pain have not still exactly clarified yet.
\n
Whether the underlying processing of empathy for pain/pain empathy is associated with other non-pain negative affective states still needs more investigation. This gap mentioned-above is particularly relevant for studying empathic responses in different contexts, with diverse populations (age, sex, culture, vocation, etc.) and other affective/sensory states. In the context of the crucial role of pain in the quality of life, empathy for pain deserves more experimental studies for effective pain management in people suffering intractable pain attacks. This chapter discusses not only the definition of empathy for pain, but also the importance of its brain -network correlates, and the ability to empathise with pain in others. Future studies are required for revealing the essential components of pain empathy by different pain stimuli and paradigms.
\n
\n\n',keywords:"pain empathy, functional magnetic resonance imaging, pain, empathy",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/74491.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/74491.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74491",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74491",totalDownloads:461,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,totalAltmetricsMentions:0,introChapter:null,impactScore:1,impactScorePercentile:70,impactScoreQuartile:3,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"June 25th 2020",dateReviewed:"November 28th 2020",datePrePublished:"January 4th 2021",datePublished:"March 24th 2021",dateFinished:"December 18th 2020",readingETA:"0",abstract:"Empathy is essential for being human for understanding and sharing other people’s affective and mood, including pain. Pain empathy is a mental ability that allows one person to understand another person’s pain and how to respond to that person effectively. The same neural structures as pain and empathy have recently been found to be involved in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies. When someone witnesses other’s pain, besides the visual cortex, various parts of the nervous system activate, including the neural network of empathy. Empathy includes not only pain but also other emotions, such as anger, sadness, fear, distress. These findings raised beg the question of whether empathy for pain is unique in its neural correlates. It is essential to know for revealing empathy is a specific context or in a state of chronic pain, depression or anxiety disorders. Because of this, pain empathy has been the central focus of empathy research in social neuroscience and other related fields, highlighting the importance of empathy for pain in daily life. Considering how pain plays a crucial role in the quality of life, determining its network and neurocognitive correlations in the empathy processing may provide a novel therapeutic approach for pain management. This area, which is still under investigation, can provide new information about pain. Under the recent studies and hypothesis, we have aimed to clarify the term of pain empathy, its components, and its neural correlates.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/74491",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/74491",book:{id:"9483",slug:"pain-management-practices-novel-therapies-and-bioactives"},signatures:"Ece Ozdemir Oktem and Seyda Cankaya",authors:[{id:"325492",title:"Dr.",name:"Ece",middleName:null,surname:"Ozdemir Oktem",fullName:"Ece Ozdemir Oktem",slug:"ece-ozdemir-oktem",email:"ece.oktem@alanya.edu.tr",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"341997",title:"Dr.",name:"Seyda",middleName:null,surname:"Cankaya",fullName:"Seyda Cankaya",slug:"seyda-cankaya",email:"cankayaseyda@hotmail.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_1_2",title:"1.1 Empathy for pain",level:"2"},{id:"sec_3",title:"2. Evaluation of empathy for pain",level:"1"},{id:"sec_4",title:"3. Neural network for pain empathy",level:"1"},{id:"sec_5",title:"4. Conclusion",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'\nEisenberg N, Strayer J: Empathy and its Development\n. CUP Archive; 1990.\n'},{id:"B2",body:'\nIckes WJ. Empathic Accuracy. Guilford Press; 1997\n'},{id:"B3",body:'\nRilling JK, Gutman DA, Zeh TR, Pagnoni G, Berns GS, Kilts CD. A neural basis for social cooperation. Neuron. 2002;35:395-405\n'},{id:"B4",body:'\nIckes W. Everyday Mind Reading: Understanding What Other People Think and Feel. Prometheus Books; 2010\n'},{id:"B5",body:'\nBotvinick M, Jha AP, Bylsma LM, Fabian SA, Solomon PE, Prkachin KM. Viewing facial expressions of pain engages cortical areas involved in the direct experience of pain. NeuroImage. 2005;25:312-319\n'},{id:"B6",body:'\nJackson PL, Meltzoff AN, Decety J. How do we perceive the pain of others? A window into the neural processes involved in empathy. NeuroImage. 2005;24:771-779\n'},{id:"B7",body:'\nRimé B, Herbette G, Corsini S: The Social Sharing of Emotion: Illusory and Real Benefits of Talking about Emotional Experiences. 2004.\n'},{id:"B8",body:'\nGoubert L, Craig KD, Vervoort T, Morley S, Sullivan MJ. de CAC W, Cano a, Crombez G: Facing others in pain: The effects of empathy. Pain. 2005;118:285-288\n'},{id:"B9",body:'\nGao J, Wang J, Zhao J. Decoupling of transportation energy consumption from transportation industry growth in China. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences. 2012;43:33-42\n'},{id:"B10",body:'\nWang XQ , Zhu J, He X, Hu Y-Y, Li F, Liu M-F, et al. Affective and cognitive empathy in pre-teachers with strong or weak professional identity: An ERP study. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. 2019;13:175\n'},{id:"B11",body:'\nPeck NF, Maude SP, Brotherson MJ. Understanding preschool teachers\' perspectives on empathy: A qualitative inquiry. Early Childhood Education Journal. 2015;43:169-179\n'},{id:"B12",body:'\nYuguero O, Ramon Marsal J, Esquerda M, Vivanco L, Soler-González J. Association between low empathy and high burnout among primary care physicians and nurses in Lleida, Spain. European Journal of General Practice. 2017;23:4-10\n'},{id:"B13",body:'\nSinger T, Lamm C: The social neuroscience of empathy. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 2009, 1156:81-96.\n'},{id:"B14",body:'\nSinger T, Seymour B. O\'doherty J, Kaube H, Dolan RJ, Frith CD: Empathy for pain involves the affective but not sensory components of pain. Science. 2004;303:1157-1162\n'},{id:"B15",body:'\nHan S, Fan Y, Mao L. Gender difference in empathy for pain: An electrophysiological investigation. Brain Research. 2008;1196:85-93\n'},{id:"B16",body:'\nGu X, Han S. Attention and reality constraints on the neural processes of empathy for pain. NeuroImage. 2007;36:256-267\n'},{id:"B17",body:'\nDecety J, Yang C-Y, Cheng Y. Physicians down-regulate their pain empathy response: An event-related brain potential study. NeuroImage. 2010;50:1676-1682\n'},{id:"B18",body:'\nWojakiewicz A, Januel D, Braha S, Prkachin K, Danziger N, Bouhassira D. Alteration of pain recognition in schizophrenia. European Journal of Pain. 2013;17:1385-1392\n'},{id:"B19",body:'\nDecety J, Chen C, Harenski C, Kiehl KA. An fMRI study of affective perspective taking in individuals with psychopathy: Imagining another in pain does not evoke empathy. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. 2013;7:489\n'},{id:"B20",body:'\nTracy LM, Giummarra MJ. Sex differences in empathy for pain: What is the role of autonomic regulation? Psychophysiology. 2017;54:1549-1558\n'},{id:"B21",body:'\nLeslie AM, Friedman O, German TP. Core mechanisms in \'theory of mind. Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 2004;8:528-533\n'},{id:"B22",body:'\nHatfield E, Cacioppo JT, Rapson RL. Emotional contagion. Current Directions in Psychological Science. 1993;2:96-100\n'},{id:"B23",body:'\nCacioppo JT, Norris CJ, Decety J, Monteleone G, Nusbaum H. In the eye of the beholder: Individual differences in perceived social isolation predict regional brain activation to social stimuli. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. 2009;21:83-92\n'},{id:"B24",body:'\nGiummarra MJ, Fitzgibbon B, Georgiou-Karistianis N, Beukelman M, Verdejo-Garcia A, Blumberg Z, et al. Affective, sensory and empathic sharing of another\'s pain: The E mpathy for P Ain S cale. European Journal of Pain. 2015;19:807-816\n'},{id:"B25",body:'\nDavis MH. Measuring individual differences in empathy: Evidence for a multidimensional approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1983;44:113\n'},{id:"B26",body:'\nTimmers I, Park AL, Fischer MD, Kronman CA, Heathcote LC, Hernandez JM, et al. Is empathy for pain unique in its neural correlates? A meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies of empathy. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience. 2018;12:289\n'},{id:"B27",body:'\nJackson PL, Rainville P, Decety J. To what extent do we share the pain of others? Insight from the neural bases of pain empathy. Pain. 2006;125:5-9\n'},{id:"B28",body:'\nZaki J, Wager TD, Singer T: The anatomy of suffering: Understanding the [15_TD $ DIFF] relationship between nociceptive and empathic pain. Pain 2016, 20:21.\n'},{id:"B29",body:'\nLamm C, Decety J, Singer T. Meta-analytic evidence for common and distinct neural networks associated with directly experienced pain and empathy for pain. NeuroImage. 2011;54:2492-2502\n'},{id:"B30",body:'\nCorradi-Dell\'Acqua C, Hofstetter C, Vuilleumier P. Felt and seen pain evoke the same local patterns of cortical activity in insular and cingulate cortex. Journal of Neuroscience. 2011;31:17996-18006\n'},{id:"B31",body:'\nPeyron R, Laurent B, Garcia-Larrea L. Functional imaging of brain responses to pain. A review and meta-analysis (2000). Neurophysiologie Clinique/Clinical Neurophysiology. 2000;30:263-288\n'},{id:"B32",body:'\nWager TD, Atlas LY, Lindquist MA, Roy M, Woo C-W, Kross E. An fMRI-based neurologic signature of physical pain. New England Journal of Medicine. 2013;368:1388-1397\n'},{id:"B33",body:'\nJauniaux J, Khatibi A, Rainville P, Jackson PL. A meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies on pain empathy: Investigating the role of visual information and observers\' perspective. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience. 2019;14:789-813\n'},{id:"B34",body:'\nFan Y, Duncan NW, de Greck M, Northoff G. Is there a core neural network in empathy? An fMRI based quantitative meta-analysis. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews. 2011;35:903-911\n'},{id:"B35",body:'\nMischkowski D, Crocker J, Way BM. From painkiller to empathy killer: Acetaminophen (paracetamol) reduces empathy for pain. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience. 2016;11:1345-1353\n'},{id:"B36",body:'\nDeWall CN, MacDonald G, Webster GD, Masten CL, Baumeister RF, Powell C, et al. Acetaminophen reduces social pain: Behavioral and neural evidence. Psychological Science. 2010;21:931-937\n'},{id:"B37",body:'\nCankaya S, Oktem EO, Saatci O, Velioglu HA, Uygur AB, Ozsimsek A, et al. Paracetamol alters empathy scores in healthy and headache subjects: Functional MRI correlates. Journal of Clinical Neuroscience. 2020\n'},{id:"B38",body:'\nNaor N, Shamay-Tsoory SG, Sheppes G, Okon-Singer H. The impact of empathy and reappraisal on emotional intensity recognition. Cognition and Emotion. 2018;32:972-987\n'},{id:"B39",body:'\nMenon V, Uddin LQ . Saliency, switching, attention and control: A network model of insula function. Brain Structure and Function. 2010;214:655-667\n'},{id:"B40",body:'\nSeeley WW, Allman JM, Carlin DA, Crawford RK, Macedo MN, Greicius MD, et al. Divergent social functioning in behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer disease: Reciprocal networks and neuronal evolution. Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders. 2007;21:S50-S57\n'},{id:"B41",body:'\nNaor N, Rohr C, Schaare LH, Limbachia C, Shamay-Tsoory S, Okon-Singer H. The neural networks underlying reappraisal of empathy for pain. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience. 2020;15:733-744\n'},{id:"B42",body:'\nShamay-Tsoory SG. The neural bases for empathy. The Neuroscientist. 2011;17:18-24\n'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Ece Ozdemir Oktem",address:"ece.oktem@alanya.edu.tr",affiliation:'
Department of Neurology, Alaaddin Keykubat University, Alanya, Turkey
Department of Neurology, Alaaddin Keykubat University, Alanya, Turkey
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1. Introduction
Over the ages, the world has been evolving in development and resources use, and this has led to enormous waste generation of different states (solid, liquid, and gas). The waste needs to be either treated or recycled, paving ways for different techniques for different wastes to be treated or recycled. One of the important resources on earth is water. It is used for everyday activities such as domestic, industrial, and commercial purposes. This has caused reduction in freshwater quantity globally and shortage in clean water supply because of pollution of the existing sources. Hence, different techniques and approaches are still being investigated that can provide adequate and sustainable freshwater. Distillation has been a promising process of separating components by heating/boiling, which causes evaporation, and cooling, which causes condensation. Distillation is a simple technique of converting liquid to vapor by heating and subsequently condensing it back to liquid after the vapor comes in contact with a cooler surface. Simple distillation may not be efficient for certain modes of treatment; therefore, some other advanced distillations were found like the fractional distillation for petroleum refining and multi-effect distillation (MED) for desalination. Generally, distillation is meant to separate a homogenous fluid mixture using the differences in the volatility or boiling point of the mixture’s components [1].
There are three definitions of distillation relevant to desalination. (a) Distillation is a process in which a liquid sample is volatilized into vapor that is later condensed into liquid with richer volatile components of the original sample. This can be achieved by heating, reducing pressure, or both. (b) Distillation is the process of separating a mixture of fluids using the differences in their boiling point or relative volatility. (c) Distillation is the application of heat to a liquid to cause its partial vaporization, and then, a separate vessel is used to collect the condensed vapor [2].
The cost for all distillation methods varies, but they have a similar process or working principle. The temperature difference allows water to evaporate even at 40°C leaving the dissolved solids behind, which require about 300°C to volatilize [3].
Distillation has various advantages such as (i) the capacity to take care of a wide range of feed flow rate range, meaning they can handle high and low flow rates contrary to some alternative techniques. For example, facultative, stabilization, oxidation, and maturation ponds all require a high flow rate of feed; (ii) it can remove various and lots of substances from feed concentrations. Numerous alternative treatments have different stages or include varied chemicals for a particular impurity removal. For example, alum is used mainly to reduce solids through coagulation and chlorine is used only for the elimination of pathogens; so, it cannot remove suspended solids or other impurities; (iii) it can produce water of very high quality (pure); this is contrary to other techniques that partially treat or only reduce the impurity level of the feed. Distillation is a very well-known technique for purification because of its robustness and versatility [1]. One of the major issues with distillation in desalination is the high energy demand for the process. Figure 1 shows a representation of the distillation process in desalination. After feedwater is transferred to the basin, the first step is the use of energy, mostly solar energy, to heat the basin water to cause it to evaporate to produce freshwater; the byproduct remains in the basin as brine solution, which can also be extracted.
Figure 1.
Distillation process in desalination.
The aim of this chapter is to elaborate the principles and modes of distillation in desalination and analyze their types, improvements, features, challenges, limitation, cost, gap, and future improvements needed.
2. History of distillation in desalination
Despite distillation being widely used in various disciplines lately, it was first used for desalination by the people of Babylonia in Mesopotamia, which was found on the Akkadian tablet dated c. 1200 BCE. Later, Aristotle (384–322 BC) established a hypothesis that when saltwater evaporates, it forms vapor, which becomes sweet, and the condensate is salt free. Pliny the elder (AD 23–70) explained on the purification of seawater, specifically the Red Seawater via pearl barley leaves, the leaves absorb the salt content in the seawater. The leaves are spread around the ship so that they can absorb seawater and this makes the leaves moist; then the clean water is extracted by squeezing. Alexandria the chemist in Roman Egypt during the first century narrated on how sailors used bronze vessels covered with sponges to boil seawater and how condensates are collected by the sponges [4].
Furthermore, evidence of baked clay retorts and receivers was found at old Indian subcontinent cities; cities such as Taxila, Charsadda, and Shaikan Dheri in modern Pakistan show evidence that during early centuries distillation was practiced there. The distillers were locally called Gandhara stills and they could only produce weak liquor because they lacked efficient means for vapor collection at low heat. However, the first distinct use of distillation specifically for water (distill water) was in 200 CE by Alexander of Aphrodisia. The process continued for other liquids in the early Byzantine Egyptian during the third century under Zosimus of Panopolis [5].
In the eighth and ninth centuries, wine distillation was attributed to Arabic work by Al-Kindi and Al-Farabi, and some were found in the 28th book of Al-Zahrawi commonly known as Abulcasis. During the centuries mentioned earlier, some Medieval chemists such as Jabir ibn Hayyan known as Geber and Abu Bakr al- Razi known as Rhazes did rigorous experiments on distillation using various substances. Later in the twelfth century, a popular recipe known as aqua ardens, which means burning water, which in turn means ethanol, was produced by distilling wine with salt and by the end of the thirteenth century, it became very common in the Western European chemists [5].
In China, distillation started during Eastern Han Dynasty between the first and the second centuries, then in Southern Song between the tenth and thirteenth centuries from archeological findings, and then later in Jin between the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, although the process was predominantly related to the distillation of beverages. In the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries in Qinglong, Hebei Province of China, distillation of beverages was common during the Yaun Dynasty [4, 5].
The trend continued and up to 1500 and a German alchemist Hieronymus Braunschweig published a book called “The book of the Art of Distillation.” This was the first book on distillation and in 1512, the scope was expanded. In 1651, a book titled “Art of Distillation” was published by John French even though most of the work was from Hieronmus [5].
Alchemy later evolved into the science of chemistry, and local equipment such as alembic and retorts now became vessels or glassware in general terms. Until recently, some of the equipment like pot still made of different materials are still used for domestic production or in the manufacture of essential oils [4, 5].
In the modern or middle civilization, that is, during 1822, Anthony Perrier developed continuous still, which was later improved by Robert Stein in 1826. Aeneas Coffey further improved the still in 1830. His unit is referred to as the archetype of modern petrochemical unit. Ernest Solvay was the first to develop a distillation unit that specifically targeted ammonia removal (ammonia distillation) [5].
Currently in the twenty-first century, from the knowledge of the predecessors, various modifications were made to enhance the yield of the distillate. This led to the development of different types of desalination systems and an increase in their usage, especially to meet the need of providing water for workers on the sea or mining regions [6].
2.1 Distillation desalination
Distillation in water desalination is a technique Or excess salts from saline water. Other minerals and impurities are from seawater or brackish water also removed during desalination and this treatment process can be extended to wastewater, industrial water, rivers, streams, lake, pond, and groundwater/wells. These salts and minerals occurred because of salts. Two products are obtained after desalination—freshwater and brine, which is the waste or byproduct [7].
Desalination can alleviate the pressure on water resources and has the capacity to provide adequate clean water especially to coastal regions and is increasingly becoming an alternative for domestic and industrial freshwater supply. Desalination requires a large amount of energy; however, various energy types can be used for desalination, which makes it a good alternative. Figure 2 shows the different energy sources that can be used for desalination. They are categorized into nonrenewable energy sources, which include nuclear, coal, petroleum, natural gas, and hydrocarbons, while the renewable energy sources include wind, geothermal, solar, and biomass. The nonrenewable sources are sometimes expensive or in some cases, not environmentally friendly. On the other hand, renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, and geothermal can replace the renewable energy and are abundant and cost efficient to harness, particularly, solar energy that can be used even in rural areas [7].
Figure 2.
Energy sources for desalination.
Globally, there are about 21,000 desalination plants, particularly in Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, and Israel [8]. In the desalination field, distillation can occur as membrane desalination and nonmembrane (thermal) desalination. The membrane desalination is the type that is not a complete thermal process; that is, a membrane is needed to complete the process unlike the thermal (nonmembrane) process, which does not require such medium but undergoes complete thermal process. The membrane is a porous material with a thin film, which allows water molecules to pass through, while at the same time preventing salts, larger molecule, pathogens, and metals to pass through. The most common type of distillation in desalination is the membrane distillation. Membrane distillation majorly targets seawater and brackish water [9].
The membrane desalination process includes electrodialysis (ED) and reverse osmosis (RO), which are two major desalinations used recently. They are reverse osmosis and thermal desalination systems, which account for 63.7% and 34.2% of total capacity produced, respectively. The thermal desalination includes multi-effect desalination, multi-stage flash (MSF) desalination, humidification-dehumidification, vapor compression desalination (VCD), and solar still [9].
2.2 Principles of distillation in desalination
Distillation is an ancient method of desalination. It is a phase change process where the liquid known as feedwater, which is mostly seawater or brackish water, is heated to the gaseous state known as vapor and then condensed back to liquid. The condensed water is separated leaving behind brine (byproduct) during the process of evaporation and condensation. There are different distillation types in desalination, namely, solar distillation, multi-effect distillation, multi-stage flash distillation, vapor compression distillation, and membrane distillation.
2.2.1 Solar distillation
Solar distillation imitates the natural hydrological cycle in which solar energy heats the water, causes it to evaporate, and the vapor upon encountering cool surface condenses (Figure 3). The condensate is mostly referred to as distillate, which is the freshwater produced, while the impurities left behind is called the brine, which is the byproduct [8]. The first solar distiller was built by Carlos Wilson in Las Salinas in Chile in the year 1872. The distillation principle in this method is that the sun heats the feedwater in the basin and the water molecule evaporates. When the evaporated water molecule (vapor) touches the still cover, which is usually cooler than the vapor, it then condenses to form droplets on the cover. The droplets keep increasing in size until they reach a size that they can slide down via the cover and through the channel for collection. The brine remains in the basin [3]. The parts of a solar distiller are a glass cover and a basin.
Figure 3.
Schematic diagram of solar distillation.
The major advantage of solar distillation is the free energy sources, which is the solar energy. There are other numerous advantages of this process such as design simplicity, low cost of fabrication, and maintenance. However, the major disadvantage of this process is the limitation of the sun at night and during cloudy or rainy times. The scale can easily corrode the basin as well. Sometimes, they do not adequately treat nutrient pollutants. In addition, the distillation rate is slow, and the yield is usually small in quantity compared to the other techniques. The average volume of water produced from conventional solar still is 0.8 liters per hour of sun per meter square [10]. In 2014, globally the cost of freshwater from solar distiller ranged between 0.019$/m3 and 0.02$/m3 depending on the shape of the still [11].
2.2.2 Multi-stage flash distillation
This process is like a continuous process for solar distillation. In this process, the feedwater is first pretreated; it then gets heated and evaporated in the first chamber or stage and the released energy from the condensation is used to heat the water in the second stage and continuously to the last stage after which post-treatment occurs and freshwater is obtained (Figure 4). This means that each flash process uses the energy from the previous vapor [8]. The process has several series of flash chambers. Unlike multi-effect distillation in multi-stage flash distillation, heating and boiling occur in the same vessel. The estimated unit cost of freshwater produced from MSF is 1.40$/m3 as of 2018 [12].
Figure 4.
Schematic diagram of multi-stage flash distillation.
The advantage of this system is that it minimizes the operating cost because the heat released from each stage is being reused (waste heat). The second advantage is that the strength of the feedwater does not really affect the overall freshwater quality produced because of multiple distillation process for each chamber. Finally, a large quantity of freshwater is produced. The disadvantage of this process is the scale formation during heating, although the scale remains in the brine rather than the heating surface which majorly increases the maintenance cost and frequency but do not damage the system [3]. Features of MSF include Stages (spaces), heat exchanger, distillate collector, and brine heater.
2.2.3 Multi-effect distillation
The multi-effect distillation process involves spraying the feedwater on the pipe to heat the feedwater and generate steam. The steam is utilized to heat the subsequent feedwater and evaporate it to produce freshwater and brine as byproduct (Figure 5). The energy is obtained through a solar collector. Flat plat collector and evacuated tube collector are energy sources for small-scale MED, while parabolic trough collector or any collector that concentrates solar energy is used for large scale. MED is a very ancient process, and only at the first stage, the first steam is independently generated. Subsequent stages use the vapor from the first and previous stage as energy source. There are about 8 to 16 effects for most MED. More number of effects means more efficiency [13]. The goal of MED is to use same heat to evaporate more feedwater. That is, the heat from the first stage helps in evaporation in the second stage and the heat from the second stage aids evaporation in the third. At the same time, each stage evaporator acts as a condenser for each previous stage. This way, large latent heat of vaporization is reused several times before dissipating to the surrounding, but it is significant that the temperature of the first effect is lower than the boiler heating steam [3]. These energy sources when tapped from the sun are converted to electrical energy to provide heat for the pump.
The advantages of MED include low consumption of energy in comparison with other thermal techniques; it works at low temperature and concentration to minimize scaling and corrosion. Pretreatment is not essential. It is very reliable and have low maintenance costs. The disadvantage of this distillation process is that there is heat and pressure losses at each stage because the process is not adiabatic and this can reduce the freshwater yield. There is corrosion and erosion at the contact surfaces between the brine and heat exchanging surface [13]. In 2003, it was found out that the average cost of freshwater worldwide that is produced from MED is 1.00$/m3 which is lower than MSF [12]. Features of MSF include heat source, heat sink, stage and distillate collector, and a membrane (Figure 5).
Figure 5.
Schematic diagram of MED in two stages.
2.2.4 Vapor compression distillation
This process requires a jet stream or mechanical compressor to compress the vapor above the liquid unlike MED and MSF that require energy sources such as crude oil, wind, natural gas, and so on. The compressed vapor supplies heat to the rest of the feedwater for evaporation. Even though the process is a complex type and is mostly used for small-scale distillation, it is far more effective than MED because one effect of VCD is almost as effective as 15 to 20 effects of MED. In Figure 6, the feedwater is preheated in the heat exchanger. Later, it is transferred to the tube of the evaporator where it is boiled, and the vapor goes to the mechanical compressor. The vapor is compressed by the mechanical compressor. The hot compressed water vapor is transferred back to the evaporator, which is condensed outside the tube at the same time supplying the heating energy required for boiling feedwater. The non-condensing gases are removed with the help of a vacuum pump or ejector [3].
Figure 6.
Schematic diagram of VCD.
The advantages of this method are low operating and maintenance cost; it has a vast temperature range for operation; it is very efficient and reliable because it has good water recovery ratio and moderate energy consumption; and it is easy to use and maintain. The huge initial cost is a major disadvantage for this process. Second, it requires pretreatment to minimize fouling and scaling, and internal scaling can occur as a result of crystals accumulation in the pore [14]. Finally, quality materials are needed to prevent corrosion [15]. The average cost of freshwater produced from vapor compression distillation is 0.93$/m3 as at 2009 findings [16].
2.2.5 Membrane distillation
This process uses differences in temperature across the membrane to evaporate the feedwater and condensed the freshwater leaving the impurities, salts, and other minerals in the form of brine solution. The concept of membrane distillation is microfiltration, which allows only water molecules to pass through porous hydrophobic membrane [17]. Membrane distillation can use different low-grade energy sources like the sun or wind. The water molecules move from the region of high to low vapor pressure through the membrane. There are four methods by which the vapor is recovered through the membrane. The first is through the direct contact of the liquid phase with both sides of the membrane to obtain distillate and the condensation process is controlled by the thickness of the membrane (Figure 7). Although the heat loss in this method is higher than that in other methods because of continuous contact between the membrane, the hot feed and cold permeate. This method is called the direct contact membrane distillation. The second method is vapor withdrawal by using a vacuum on the permeate region; in this method, the process is like the first but for the introduction of the condenser and the sweep gas that differentiate them (Figure 8). This is also known as the sweep gas membrane distillation. The third method is having an external condensation and in this case, the vapor is removed by using an inert gas stream (Figure 9). This method is called vacuum membrane distillation [18]. The fourth method is the addition of air gap interposed between the condensation surface and the membrane (Figure 10). This process is called the air gap membrane distillation [19].
Figure 7.
Schematic diagram of the direct contact membrane.
Figure 8.
Schematic diagram of the sweep gas membrane.
Figure 9.
Schematic diagram of the vacuum membrane.
Figure 10.
Schematic diagram of air gap membrane.
The advantages of membrane distillation include a high-rate removal of macromolecules and other substances, lower operating temperature and pressure, unadulterated interaction between the membrane and the process, and reduction in vapor spaces. The main disadvantage of membrane distillation is membrane wetting, which is caused as a result of fouling and excessive liquid entry pressure [18]. In 2004, the average cost of freshwater from membrane distillation was 0.705$/m3 [20].
2.3 Simple desalination system
This section will focus on the first concept of distillation in desalination, improvements made on them till date, the merits, and their demerits as well as the challenges and limitations of all the mentioned distillation desalination systems experienced so far. The first developed distillation system is known as the conventional desalination system. The first step is fabrication of a basin, which is usually made of metal material. Then, the fabrication of the cover that is mainly glass material was used. The cover generally is in a triangular shape. Afterward, the glass cover is placed on the basin to form a closed system that will allow distillation/desalination. In ancient times, they did not know how to seal the bottom edges between the glass cover and the basin because of which there were high heat losses and a low yield. Later, the system was sealed with mostly silicone gel to prevent or minimize heat loss and increase the yield. This is a simple way for conventional desalination that can be replicated anywhere in the world. Table 1 shows the different types of distillation systems, the improvisation made, current challenges, and limitations, with possible future improvements.
Geometry improvement such as cover angle, shape, thickness. The cover angle ranges from 2 mm to 7 mm. The angle ranges from 100 to 600. The shapes include triangular, tubular, hemispherical, trapezoidal, and circular. These improvements are to minimize heat loss.
Use of different heat absorbers which include paraffin wax, sand, black stone, sponge, and wick to increase heat retention.
Use of nanoparticle such as Al2O3 nanoparticle, and SiC nanofluids to fastened evaporation.
Use of different sealants such as sawdust, glass wool, ply wool hey, and silicone gel to minimize heat loss.
Use of photovoltaic to augment solar irradiance.
Low yield.
The conventional system cannot be used during rain, cloud, or at night because of the absence of sunlight.
Cost of solar photovoltaic can be overwhelming and limited energy storage capacity.
Some solar distillers cannot completely remove nutrient if it is in high concentration in the feedwater.
More heat-retaining substances that can be used for the basin.
More heat-absorbing substance that can be used for the cover.
Advance usage of other energy sources such as biomass, wind to augment solar radiation.
Increasing the number of brine heater to increase the evaporation rate.
Some materials such as aluminum, brass, or titanium tubing for evaporators, combination of Cu/Ni for the evaporator wall to enhance water production.
Use of certain energy sources such as super-critical carbon dioxide Brayton cycle, solar tower power, and parabolic trough solar-based power to increase energy harnessing.
Coproduction of electricity and water from steam turbines.
Use of solar steam as heat source for brine heater.
Scale formation and corrosion.
Hot distillate.
High capital as cannot be used for small scale.
The need to pretreat feedwater to overcome thermal desalination problem.
System failure because of complexity.
Use of alternative materials or locally made materials to reduce cost.
Reduction in scale formed through filtration membrane to increase plant efficiency.
Integrating MED and other desalination types such as membrane, adsorption cycle, and reverse osmosis to enhance freshwater recovery and reduce brine volume.
Use of sprays to reduce internal heat loss.
To reduce corrosion and increase system performance, special metal alloys, or polymers are used for the MED evaporator.
Use of equipment with high temperature.
Permeate reprocessing in different configuration.
Combination of MED with gas turbine plant.
More surface area may be needed for recirculation of energy.
Not suitable for small scale, because of high capital cost.
The special materials used for MED evaporator could be very costly and some have low thermal conductivity.
System complexity.
Improving hybrid systems (combining different system) for better performance.
Use of multiple energy sources.
Air cooled condensers specially made from nanoparticle with improved cooling effect.
Special nanoparticle materials may be used to fabricate evaporator.
Use of substances such as polymer heat transfer elements to enhance freshwater production.
Use of high-temperature heat pumps to increase energy efficiency for VC as well as choosing a better working fluid like ammonia, carbon dioxide, hydrocarbons, and synthetic working fluid or their combination.
Optimizing cycle configuration into different series to giver better system performance.
Making it a hybrid system like adding internal solution circuit.
Hybrid systems for multipurpose use by treating brine and recovering salts and minerals.
High energy demand and the need to investigate to use cheaper energy technology.
High initial/capital cost.
Contamination of the vapor water with some vapor compressions system material such as SO2, NO and even H2SO4.
New different working fluids can be experimented to check their suitability for VC.
Investigate materials suitable for VC with little or no contamination.
Use of carbon nanotube like polydimethylsiloxane in different format to increase system efficiency.
Use of thin film nanocomposite/nanomaterials like carbon to fabricate membrane systems to improve system efficiency.
Use of interfacial polymers to enable better heat recovery.
The use of different synthetic membranes.
The use of materials with anti-wetting properties like amphiphobic polyvinylidene fluoride co-hexaflouropropylene.
One of the major challenges of membrane desalination is the high osmotic pressure generated because of high ionic concentrations of saline water in addition to the fouling problem.
Not reliable because of limitation of sun unless solar energy is harvested.
More nanomaterials like Al2O3 can be investigated to check their suitability in improving membrane desalination.
Hybrid or integration of other approaches with membrane desalination can be experimented to find out their efficiency.
Table 1.
Challenges, present improvements, and future prospective of distillation desalination types.
2.4 Modes of distillation in desalination
Distillation in desalination can occur in three different modes, although the third mode is a combination of the two independent modes. The first is the utilization of the solar irradiance directly from the sun causing heating/evaporation to the feedwater and condensation when it meets a cold surface. The second mode is the storage of the solar irradiance or any other sources of energy such as wind and geothermal to produce electricity that is used to heat and evaporate the feedwater and later condensed to obtain the distillate [18]. The third is the utilization of the solar irradiance directly and supplementing it with other energy sources that produce electricity or other forms of heating source to cause distillation.
2.4.1 Passive distillation
Passive desalination or distillation is the cheapest and most used method even in rural regions. This is because of its simplicity and because it can work on its own. It uses only energy from the sun (solar irradiance) directly to heat the water leading to its evaporation, and the vapor condenses when it touches the cold surface. For this type of distillation to occur, an enclosed system is needed, which basically consists of a water basin and a transparent cover usually made of glass or plastic. It is then sealed to prevent vapor or heat loss [2].
The advantage of this process is that it has a cheap source of energy, as the energy comes directly from the sun. This energy is abundant in most regions and does not need conversion or storage. It is simple to fabricate, use, and maintain. It can produce very clean water for drinking and other purposes without the need for further treatment. However, the major disadvantage of this process is that it can operate only during the day when there is sunshine. At nighttime or rainy times, since there is no sun, it is not possible to carry out this process. Solar stills, solar chimneys, and humidification-dehumidification are examples of this process.
2.4.2 Active distillation
In active distillation, the same process is observed. In other words, there is heating, evaporation, and condensation of feedwater to obtain freshwater. It is just that in this case, the sources of energy are other sources such as wind, geothermal, or stored solar energy in photovoltaic cells, which are later converted to alternative current to supply the energy/heat for the distillation process.
Some of the advantages of this process include faster distillation, as the feedwater gets heated faster than it does in the passive method. The method can also be used either nighttime or daytime, especially during cloudy or rainy days when there is no solar radiation. Evident research carried out at Univerisiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Malaysia, shows that this method produces cleaner freshwater than passive and combined distillation. This method, however, has some challenges like more scale formation and higher and more expensive energy usage. It may require semi-skilled persons to operate some of these distillers.
Solar stills, solar chimneys, and humidification-dehumidification can also be used for this process. In addition, membrane desalination can also fall in this category, since some part of it involves phase change of the feed (distillation) with the aid of a membrane.
2.4.3 Combined
In the combined state, this is also operated during the daytime, where both solar irradiance and other energy sources such as photovoltaic, wind, and biomass are used simultaneously for distillation. This produces more freshwater than the first two mentioned methods because of the effect of combined efforts. This process increases the frequency of performing maintenance tasks, as corrosion and scale formation is high.
3. Conclusions
Historical evidence has shown that distillation has been an old technique for water purifications. Distillation in desalination has proven to be an effective technique for freshwater production. Various distillation types have a similar quality of distillate. However, they differ in distillate quantity. The mode of distillation can also have an impact on the quality of freshwater yield as evidently carried out in the laboratory where the active mode had cleaner water production. The distillation types in desalination have advantages and disadvantages over one another. Therefore, the quantity and quality of distillate needed determines the most appropriate distillation type to choose for the desalination process. Currently, there are numerous researches that are exploring on how to enhance the distillation process in desalination. There is still the need for technological advancement to enhance yield in the case of solar distillation and reduce cost, especially in the vapor compression desalination process. The carbon nanotube membrane has been a promising solution for membrane desalination and can be exploited further. Overall, desalination has been an effective and efficient solution to augment conventional clean water supply. If given proper attention, it can be a lasting solution for clean water supply.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgements
The author wishes to thank Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS Malaysia in collaboration with Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria for providing an enabling environment and support. The author also wishes to appreciate the YUTP-MPSS with cost centers 015LC0-215.
Notes/thanks/other declarations
Special thanks to Dr. Husna Takaijudin, APDR Balbir Singh Mahinder Singh, and APDR Kamaruzaman Wan Yusof for their mentorship and guidance.
Appendices and nomenclature
ED
Electrodialysis
RO
Reverse osmosis
MSF
Multi-Stage flash distillation
MED
Multi-effect distillation
VCD
Vapor-compression distillation
\n',keywords:"history of distillation, desalination, renewable and nonrenewable energy sources, modes of distillation, principles of distillation",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/79199.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/79199.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/79199",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/79199",totalDownloads:154,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,dateSubmitted:"September 8th 2021",dateReviewed:"September 29th 2021",datePrePublished:"January 5th 2022",datePublished:null,dateFinished:"October 30th 2021",readingETA:"0",abstract:"Distillation has been a very important separation technique used over many centuries. This technique is diverse and applicable in different fields and for different substances. Distillation is important in the desalination section. Various principles are used in desalting seawater and brackish water to fulfill the demands of freshwater. This work explains the modes and principles of distillation in desalination, their types, present improvement, challenges, and limitations as well as possible future improvements. The first and primary mode of distillation is the passive type. As times went by and the demand for freshwater kept increasing, other modes were introduced and these modes fall under the active distillation type. However, each mode has its own advantages, disadvantages, and limitations over each other. The principles and modes of distillation are as significant as understanding the energy sources needed for distillation. Hence, they are the basic knowledge needed for future innovation in the desalination industries.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/79199",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/79199",signatures:"Abubakar Sadiq Isah, Husna Takaijudin and Balbir Singh Mahinder Singh",book:{id:"10995",type:"book",title:"Distillation Processes - From Solar and Membrane Distillation to Reactive Distillation Modelling, Simulation and Optimization",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Distillation Processes - From Solar and Membrane Distillation to Reactive Distillation Modelling, Simulation and Optimization",slug:null,publishedDate:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Vilmar Steffen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10995.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:null,isbn:"978-1-83962-808-5",printIsbn:"978-1-83962-807-8",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83962-809-2",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"189035",title:"Dr.",name:"Vilmar",middleName:null,surname:"Steffen",slug:"vilmar-steffen",fullName:"Vilmar Steffen"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:null,sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. History of distillation in desalination",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2_2",title:"2.1 Distillation desalination",level:"2"},{id:"sec_3_2",title:"2.2 Principles of distillation in desalination",level:"2"},{id:"sec_3_3",title:"2.2.1 Solar distillation",level:"3"},{id:"sec_4_3",title:"2.2.2 Multi-stage flash distillation",level:"3"},{id:"sec_5_3",title:"2.2.3 Multi-effect distillation",level:"3"},{id:"sec_6_3",title:"2.2.4 Vapor compression distillation",level:"3"},{id:"sec_7_3",title:"2.2.5 Membrane distillation",level:"3"},{id:"sec_9_2",title:"2.3 Simple desalination system",level:"2"},{id:"sec_10_2",title:"2.4 Modes of distillation in desalination",level:"2"},{id:"sec_10_3",title:"2.4.1 Passive distillation",level:"3"},{id:"sec_11_3",title:"2.4.2 Active distillation",level:"3"},{id:"sec_12_3",title:"2.4.3 Combined",level:"3"},{id:"sec_15",title:"3. Conclusions",level:"1"},{id:"sec_20",title:"Conflict of interest",level:"1"},{id:"sec_16",title:"Acknowledgements",level:"1"},{id:"sec_17",title:"Notes/thanks/other declarations",level:"1"},{id:"sec_20",title:"Appendices and nomenclature",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'R. Smith and M. Jobson, “Distillation,” Principles and Practice Modern Chromatographics Methods. Elsevier, 9, 2019. Available: https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/chemistry/distillation'},{id:"B2",body:'Green JD. Distillation. Chemical Engineering Journal. Elsevier. 2017 Available: https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/distillation'},{id:"B3",body:'Saidur R, Elcevvadi ET, Mekhilef S, Safari A, Mohammed HA. An overview of different distillation methods for small scale applications. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2011;15(9):4756-4764. DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2011.07.077'},{id:"B4",body:'Birkett JD. The history of Desalination Before Large-Scale Use. 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An optimization model for a mechanical vapor compression desalination plant driven by a wind/PV hybrid system. Applied Energy. 2011;88(11):4042-4054. DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2011.04.031'},{id:"B47",body:'Panagopoulos A. Techno-economic evaluation of a solar multi-effect distillation/thermal vapor compression hybrid system for brine treatment and salt recovery. Chemical Engineering and Processing: Process Intensification. 2019, 2020;152:107934. DOI: 10.1016/j.cep.2020.107934'},{id:"B48",body:'Al-naser KM. Using mechanical vapor compression plant to reduce volume of salts in concentrated liquid. 2019;1(5):1-11'},{id:"B49",body:'Shakib SE, Amidpour M, Esmaieli A, Boghrati M, Ghafurian MM. Various approaches to thermodynamic optimization of a hybrid multi-effect evaporation with thermal vapour compression and reverse osmosis desalination system integrated to a gas turbine power plant. International Journal of Engineering, Transactions B: Applications. 2019;32(5):777-789. 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DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.348'},{id:"B57",body:'Huang J, Hu Y, Bai Y, He Y, Zhu J. Novel solar membrane distillation enabled by a PDMS/CNT/PVDF membrane with localized heating. Desalination. 2020;489:114529. DOI: 10.1016/j.desal.2020.114529'},{id:"B58",body:'Christie KSS, Yin Y, Lin S, Tong T. Distinct Behaviors between Gypsum and Silica Scaling in Membrane Distillation. Environmental Science & Technology. 2020. DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b06023'},{id:"B59",body:'An X, Liu Z, Hu Y. Amphiphobic surface modification of electrospun nanofibrous membranes for anti-wetting performance in membrane distillation. Desalination. 2017, 2018;432:23-31. DOI: 10.1016/j.desal.2017.12.063'},{id:"B60",body:'Afsari M, Shon HK, Tijing LD. Janus membranes for membrane distillation: Recent advances and challenges. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science. 2021;289:102362. DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2021.102362'},{id:"B61",body:'Lee WJ et al. Fouling mitigation in forward osmosis and membrane distillation for desalination. Desalination. 2020;480. DOI: 10.1016/j.desal.2020.114338'},{id:"B62",body:'Deshmukh A et al. Membrane distillation at the water-energy nexus: Limits, opportunities, and challenges. Energy & Environmental Science. 2018;11(5):1177-1196. DOI: 10.1039/c8ee00291f'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Abubakar Sadiq Isah",address:"sadiqisah191@gmail.com",affiliation:'
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This methodology is based on conventional vibration analysis techniques, however, it is, non-invasive, low cost, and easier to implement. Bearing fault detection and identification in induction machines is of utmost importance in order to avoid unexpected breakdowns and even a catastrophic event. Thus, bearing fault characteristic components are extracted combining summation of phase currents, prewhitening, spectral kurtosis and squared envelope spectrum analysis. Experimental results with a 0.37 W, 60 Hz, and three-phase induction machine demonstrated the methodology effectiveness.",signatures:"Valeria Cristina Maria Nascimento Leite, Jonas Guedes Borges da\nSilva, Germano Lambert Torres, Giscard Francimeire Cintra Veloso,\nLuiz Eduardo Borges da Silva, Erik Leandro Bonaldi and Levy Ely de\nLacerda de Oliveira",authors:[{id:"112971",title:"Prof.",name:"Germano",surname:"Lambert-Torres",fullName:"Germano Lambert-Torres",slug:"germano-lambert-torres",email:"germanoltorres@gmail.com"},{id:"112977",title:"Prof.",name:"Luiz Eduardo",surname:"Borges Da Silva",fullName:"Luiz Eduardo Borges Da Silva",slug:"luiz-eduardo-borges-da-silva",email:"leborges@unifei.edu.br"},{id:"117413",title:"Dr.",name:"Erik",surname:"Bonaldi",fullName:"Erik Bonaldi",slug:"erik-bonaldi",email:"erik@pssolucoes.com.br"},{id:"117672",title:"Dr.",name:"Levy Ely",surname:"Oliveira",fullName:"Levy Ely Oliveira",slug:"levy-ely-oliveira",email:"levy@pssolucoes.com.br"},{id:"192256",title:"Dr.",name:"Valéria",surname:"Leite",fullName:"Valéria Leite",slug:"valeria-leite",email:"valeria.nleite@gmail.com"},{id:"192864",title:"Dr.",name:"Jonas",surname:"Guedes Borges Da Silva",fullName:"Jonas Guedes Borges Da Silva",slug:"jonas-guedes-borges-da-silva",email:"jgborges@gmail.com"},{id:"192909",title:"Prof.",name:"Giscard",surname:"Giscard Francimeire Cintra Veloso",fullName:"Giscard Giscard Francimeire Cintra Veloso",slug:"giscard-giscard-francimeire-cintra-veloso",email:"giscard.veloso@gmail.com"}],book:{id:"5523",title:"Bearing Technology",slug:"bearing-technology",productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume"}}},{id:"69835",title:"Current Transducer for IoT Applications",slug:"current-transducer-for-iot-applications",abstract:"The evolution of communication technology and the reduction of its costs have driven several advances in measurement systems. Points that could not be measured before can now be monitored. Points with difficulty to reach or with major security restrictions can begin to have their quantities measured and informed to control centers. This chapter presents one of these evolutions showing a current transducer (CT), which can measure this magnitude, make an initial treatment of the signal, and transmit it to a panel or control center. Besides, this current transducer does not require an energy source to operate, being self-powered by the current it is measuring. Because it is inexpensive, it can be spread through the facilities, supplying the current at various points of the observed electrical network. With signal treatment, useful information can be inserted in this device so that it informs already preprocessed elements to reading devices, becoming part of the world of IoT. This article presents its use in motor condition monitoring at the Pimental hydroelectric power plant.",signatures:"Erik Leandro Bonaldi, Levy Ely de Lacerda de Oliveira, Germano Lambert-Torres, Luiz Eduardo Borges da Silva and Vitor Almeida Bernardes",authors:[{id:"112971",title:"Prof.",name:"Germano",surname:"Lambert-Torres",fullName:"Germano Lambert-Torres",slug:"germano-lambert-torres",email:"germanoltorres@gmail.com"},{id:"117413",title:"Dr.",name:"Erik",surname:"Bonaldi",fullName:"Erik Bonaldi",slug:"erik-bonaldi",email:"erik@pssolucoes.com.br"},{id:"117672",title:"Dr.",name:"Levy Ely",surname:"Oliveira",fullName:"Levy Ely Oliveira",slug:"levy-ely-oliveira",email:"levy@pssolucoes.com.br"},{id:"310798",title:"Dr.",name:"Vitor",surname:"Almeida Bernardes",fullName:"Vitor Almeida Bernardes",slug:"vitor-almeida-bernardes",email:"vitorbernardes@norteenergiasa.com.br"},{id:"312497",title:"Prof.",name:"Luiz Eduardo",surname:"Borges Da Silva",fullName:"Luiz Eduardo Borges Da Silva",slug:"luiz-eduardo-borges-da-silva",email:"leborgess@gmail.com"}],book:{id:"9428",title:"New Trends in the Use of Artificial Intelligence for the Industry 4.0",slug:"new-trends-in-the-use-of-artificial-intelligence-for-the-industry-4-0",productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume"}}}],collaborators:[{id:"112971",title:"Prof.",name:"Germano",surname:"Lambert-Torres",slug:"germano-lambert-torres",fullName:"Germano Lambert-Torres",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/112971/images/system/112971.jpg",biography:"Germano Lambert-Torres is a Professor at the Instituto Gnarus. He received his Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering from the Ecole Polytechnique de Montreal, Canada, in 1990. From 1983 to 2012, he was with the Electrical Engineering Department, Itajuba Federal University (UNIFEI), where he was also the Dean of the Research and Graduate Studies, from 2000 to 2004. Since 2010, he has been the Director of R&D, PS Solucoes, Itajuba. He also serves as a consultant for many utility companies in Brazil and South America and has taught numerous IEEE tutorials in the USA, Europe, and Asia. He has completed more than 90 M.Sc. and Ph.D. thesis supervisions and published more than 600 journal and technical conference papers. He is also the author/editor or coauthor of ten books, more than 50 book chapters, and 150 transactions articles on intelligent systems and nonclassical logic. Dr. Lambert-Torres is an IEEE Fellow.",institutionString:"PS Solutions Co.",institution:{name:"Instituto de Aeronáutica e Espaço",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"112977",title:"Prof.",name:"Luiz Eduardo",surname:"Borges Da Silva",slug:"luiz-eduardo-borges-da-silva",fullName:"Luiz Eduardo Borges Da Silva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Itajubá",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"114647",title:"Dr.",name:"Ouahid",surname:"Bouchhida",slug:"ouahid-bouchhida",fullName:"Ouahid Bouchhida",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University Dr Yahia Fares Medea",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Algeria"}}},{id:"115806",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcel",surname:"Janda",slug:"marcel-janda",fullName:"Marcel Janda",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Brno University of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Czech Republic"}}},{id:"118339",title:"Dr.",name:"Ebrahim",surname:"Amiri",slug:"ebrahim-amiri",fullName:"Ebrahim Amiri",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Louisiana State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"118340",title:"Prof.",name:"Ernest",surname:"Mendrela",slug:"ernest-mendrela",fullName:"Ernest Mendrela",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Louisiana State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"119374",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed Seghir",surname:"Boucherit",slug:"mohamed-seghir-boucherit",fullName:"Mohamed Seghir Boucherit",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"École Nationale Polytechnique d'Oran",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Algeria"}}},{id:"119375",title:"Prof.",name:"Abederrezzek",surname:"Cherifi",slug:"abederrezzek-cherifi",fullName:"Abederrezzek Cherifi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"119585",title:"Dr.",name:"Ondrej",surname:"Vitek",slug:"ondrej-vitek",fullName:"Ondrej Vitek",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Brno University of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Czech Republic"}}},{id:"119587",title:"Prof.",name:"Vitezslav",surname:"Hajek",slug:"vitezslav-hajek",fullName:"Vitezslav Hajek",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Brno University of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Czech Republic"}}}]},generic:{page:{slug:"open-access-funding-funders-list",title:"List of Funders by Country",intro:"
If your research is financed through any of the below-mentioned funders, please consult their Open Access policies or grant ‘terms and conditions’ to explore ways to cover your publication costs (also accessible by clicking on the link in their title).
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IMPORTANT: You must be a member or grantee of the listed funders in order to apply for their Open Access publication funds. Do not attempt to contact the funders if this is not the case.
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UK Research and Innovation (former Research Councils UK (RCUK) - including AHRC, BBSRC, ESRC, EPSRC, MRC, NERC, STFC.) Processing charges for books/book chapters can be covered through RCUK block grants which are allocated to most universities in the UK, which then handle the OA publication funding requests. It is at the discretion of the university whether it will approve the request.)
UK Research and Innovation (former Research Councils UK (RCUK) - including AHRC, BBSRC, ESRC, EPSRC, MRC, NERC, STFC.) Processing charges for books/book chapters can be covered through RCUK block grants which are allocated to most universities in the UK, which then handle the OA publication funding requests. It is at the discretion of the university whether it will approve the request.)
Wellcome Trust (Funding available only to Wellcome-funded researchers/grantees)
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His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rheinmetall (Germany)",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. 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There are numerous original papers, reviews, and monographs focused on the synthesis, properties, and applications of hydrogels. This chapter covers the fundamental aspects and several applications of hydrogels based on the old and the most recent publications in this field.",book:{id:"5251",slug:"emerging-concepts-in-analysis-and-applications-of-hydrogels",title:"Emerging Concepts in Analysis and Applications of Hydrogels",fullTitle:"Emerging Concepts in Analysis and Applications of Hydrogels"},signatures:"Morteza Bahram, Naimeh Mohseni and Mehdi Moghtader",authors:[{id:"179718",title:"Prof.",name:"Morteza",middleName:null,surname:"Bahram",slug:"morteza-bahram",fullName:"Morteza Bahram"},{id:"185713",title:"Dr.",name:"Naimeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohseni",slug:"naimeh-mohseni",fullName:"Naimeh Mohseni"},{id:"185714",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehdi",middleName:null,surname:"Moghtader",slug:"mehdi-moghtader",fullName:"Mehdi Moghtader"}]},{id:"70661",title:"Bioremediation Techniques for Polluted Environment: Concept, Advantages, Limitations, and Prospects",slug:"bioremediation-techniques-for-polluted-environment-concept-advantages-limitations-and-prospects",totalDownloads:2692,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:31,abstract:"Environmental pollution has been rising in the past few decades due to increased anthropogenic activities. Bioremediation is an attractive and successful cleaning technique to remove toxic waste from polluted environment. Bioremediation is highly involved in degradation, eradication, immobilization, or detoxification diverse chemical wastes and physical hazardous materials from the surrounding through the all-inclusive and action of microorganisms. The main principle is degrading and converting pollutants to less toxic forms. Bioremediation can be carried out ex-situ and in-situ, depending on several factors, which include but not limited to cost, site characteristics, type, and concentration of pollutants. Hence, appropriate bioremediation technique is selected. Additionally, the major methodologies to develop bioremediation are biostimulation, bioaugmentation, bioventing, biopiles, and bioattenuation provided the environmental factors that decide the completion of bioremediation. Bioremediation is the most effective, economical, eco-friendly management tool to manage the polluted environment. All bioremediation techniques have its own advantage and disadvantage because it has its own specific applications.",book:{id:"9343",slug:"trace-metals-in-the-environment-new-approaches-and-recent-advances",title:"Trace Metals in the Environment",fullTitle:"Trace Metals in the Environment - New Approaches and Recent Advances"},signatures:"Indu Sharma",authors:[{id:"301262",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Indu",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"indu-sharma",fullName:"Indu Sharma"}]},{id:"18275",title:"Modeling and Identification of Parameters the Piezoelectric Transducers in Ultrasonic Systems",slug:"modeling-and-identification-of-parameters-the-piezoelectric-transducers-in-ultrasonic-systems",totalDownloads:10230,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:null,book:{id:"201",slug:"advances-in-ceramics-electric-and-magnetic-ceramics-bioceramics-ceramics-and-environment",title:"Advances in Ceramics",fullTitle:"Advances in Ceramics - Electric and Magnetic Ceramics, Bioceramics, Ceramics and Environment"},signatures:"Pawel Fabijanski and Ryszard Lagoda",authors:[{id:"13086",title:"Dr.",name:"Pawel",middleName:null,surname:"Fabijański",slug:"pawel-fabijanski",fullName:"Pawel Fabijański"}]},{id:"60680",title:"Environmental Contamination by Heavy Metals",slug:"environmental-contamination-by-heavy-metals",totalDownloads:16265,totalCrossrefCites:189,totalDimensionsCites:409,abstract:"The environment and its compartments have been severely polluted by heavy metals. This has compromised the ability of the environment to foster life and render its intrinsic values. Heavy metals are known to be naturally occurring compounds, but anthropogenic activities introduce them in large quantities in different environmental compartments. This leads to the environment’s ability to foster life being reduced as human, animal, and plant health become threatened. This occurs due to bioaccumulation in the food chains as a result of the nondegradable state of the heavy metals. Remediation of heavy metals requires special attention to protect soil quality, air quality, water quality, human health, animal health, and all spheres as a collection. Developed physical and chemical heavy metal remediation technologies are demanding costs which are not feasible, time-consuming, and release additional waste to the environment. This chapter summarises the problems related to heavy metal pollution and various remediation technologies. A case study in South Africa mines were also used.",book:{id:"6534",slug:"heavy-metals",title:"Heavy Metals",fullTitle:"Heavy Metals"},signatures:"Vhahangwele Masindi and Khathutshelo L. Muedi",authors:[{id:"225304",title:"Dr.",name:"Vhahangwele",middleName:null,surname:"Masindi",slug:"vhahangwele-masindi",fullName:"Vhahangwele Masindi"},{id:"241403",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Khathutshelo",middleName:"Lilith",surname:"Muedi",slug:"khathutshelo-muedi",fullName:"Khathutshelo Muedi"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"14",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"83123",title:"Natural Fibers: The Sustainable Alternatives for Textile & Non-Textile Applications",slug:"natural-fibers-the-sustainable-alternatives-for-textile-non-textile-applications",totalDownloads:1,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106393",abstract:"The increasing environmental concerns and depletion of petroleum resources have increased the importance of natural fibers and have stimulated researchers and industries to use sustainable fibers instead of conventional synthetic fibers. Besides exceptionally brilliant mechanical and physical properties are also attractive aspects of natural fibers enabling the utilization of natural fibers in myriad of textile and non-textile applications such as clothing, and reinforced composite products in various industries such as automotive, building, and furniture. Natural fiber composites are composite materials comprising of reinforcing fibers derived from renewable and carbon dioxide neutral resources such as wood or plants. NFCs find application in molded articles that demand moderate strength for acceptable performance for various indoor and outdoor applications. A rapid drift from oil-derived polymers and mineral-reinforced materials to sustainable alternatives has fostered automotive and packaging industries to start utilizing natural fiber composites in their designs. Accordingly, natural fiber composites are serving as energy efficient and sustainable alternatives replacing traditional materials such as metals, polymeric resins, and reinforcement fibers. A worldwide clamor for green products and thus upsurge in sustainable alternatives have been witnessed as a result of diminishing petroleum reserves worldwide, exorbitant prices of petroleum, and high disposal costs of petroleum-based composites along with inability of decomposition of some petroleum-based composites. Contrastingly, natural materials outshine the petroleum-based products in being renewable, inexpensive, biodegradable, and eco-friendly.",book:{id:"11122",title:"Natural Fiber",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11122.jpg"},signatures:"Yamini Jhanji Dhir"},{id:"82948",title:"Study on Miniaturization of Antenna Using Metamaterials",slug:"study-on-miniaturization-of-antenna-using-metamaterials",totalDownloads:1,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106222",abstract:"Metamaterials (MTMs) are artificially built materials intended to give its properties from the internal structure, rather than the chemical composition found in natural materials. Electric permittivity (ε) and magnetic permeability (μ) are the two basic parameters which describe the electromagnetic property of a material or medium. Permittivity describes how a material is affected when it is placed in electric field. And permeability describes how a material is affected in presence of magnetic field. Metamaterials may have either negative permittivity or permeability or both may be negative simultaneously. The concept of metamaterials has additionally been utilized to design different kinds of patches with upgraded performance, such as improved gain and enhanced efficiency. Also, it has been utilized for the scaling down of patches. Two parameters are utilized in the collected works for antennas using metamaterials. We can adjust the refractive index of the metamaterial to positive, near-zero or negative values. Utilization of epsilon negative, MNG (μ - Mu negative) or DNG (double negative) are called metamaterial- based antennas and the use of metamaterial unit cell for example complementary split ring resonator, split ring resonator and so on are alluded as metamaterial inspired antennas. The design of complementary split ring resonator and its equivalent circuit will be discussed in this work. CSRR (complementary split ring resonator) provides both isolation enhancement and miniaturization for MIMO antenna.",book:{id:"11824",title:"Metamaterials - History, Current State, Applications, and Perspectives",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11824.jpg"},signatures:"Andrews Christina Josephine Malathi"},{id:"83080",title:"Boron Doping in Next-Generation Materials for Semiconductor Device",slug:"boron-doping-in-next-generation-materials-for-semiconductor-device",totalDownloads:11,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106450",abstract:"The article surveys the most recent achievements starting with the boron doping mechanism, mainly focused on doping in semiconductor materials such as Si, Ge, graphene, carbon nanotube, or other 2D materials. Frequently used doping methodologies are discussed, including ion implantation and solid-phase doping, mainly focused on recent developing techniques of monolayer doping. These doped materials’ structural, electronic, and chemical properties are addressed to understand the boron doping effect better. Theoretical and experimental information and data are used to support such atomic-level effects. Therefore, this review can provide valuable suggestions and guidelines for materials’ properties manipulation by boron doping for further research exploration.",book:{id:"11762",title:"Characteristics and Applications of Boron",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11762.jpg"},signatures:"Linh Chi T. Cao, Luqman Hakim and Shu-Han Hsu"},{id:"83055",title:"Boron Clusters in Biomedical Applications: A Theoretical Viewpoint",slug:"boron-clusters-in-biomedical-applications-a-theoretical-viewpoint",totalDownloads:12,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106215",abstract:"In this chapter, we presented an analysis of the recent advances in the applications of boron clusters in biomedical fields such as the development of biosensors and drug delivery systems on the basis of quantum chemical calculations. Biosensors play an essential role in many sectors, e.g., law enforcement agencies for sensing illicit drugs, medical communities for detecting overdosed medications from human and animal bodies, etc. The drug delivery systems have theoretically been proposed for many years and subsequently implemented by experiments to deliver the drug to the targeted sites by reducing the harmful side effects significantly. Boron clusters form a rich and colorful family of atomic clusters due to their unconventional structures and bonding phenomena. Boron clusters and their complexes have various biological activities such as the drug delivery, imaging for diagnosis, treatment of cancer, and probe of protein-biomolecular interactions. For all of these reactivities, the interaction mechanisms and the corresponding energetics between biomaterials and boron clusters are of essential importance as a basic step in the understanding, and thereby design of relevant materials. During the past few years, attempts have been made to probe the nature of these interactions using quantum chemical calculations mainly with density functional theory (DFT) methods. This chapter provides a summary of the theoretical viewpoint on this issue.",book:{id:"11762",title:"Characteristics and Applications of Boron",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11762.jpg"},signatures:"Ehsan Shakerzadeh, Elham Tahmasebi, Long Van Duong and Minh Tho Nguyen"},{id:"83048",title:"Structural, Magnetic, and Magnetodielectric Properties of Bi-Based Modified Ceramic Composites",slug:"structural-magnetic-and-magnetodielectric-properties-of-bi-based-modified-ceramic-composites",totalDownloads:4,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106569",abstract:"In this chapter, we introduce a promising composite material, which can be used as a potential candidate in the field of charge storage, sensors, and spintronic devices. The structural, magnetic, and magnetodielectric properties of the pure cum composite samples are investigated. The Rietveld refinement of the X-ray data confirmed the presence of a single (A21am) and mixed phases (A21am + R-3c + Pbam) in the pure and composite sample, correspondingly. The SEM microstructure suggests the contrasting nature of the homogeneous and heterogeneous distribution of grains in the corresponding pure and composite sample. The magnetic properties of the composite sample increase due to the enhanced exchange interaction between the different magnetic ions. The frequency-dependent dielectric subjected to a constant magnetic field indicates the signature of magnetodielectric (MD) coupling for both the samples. The field variation of the MD loop shows the symmetric hysteresis loop in the composite due to the addition of magnetostrictive La0.67Sr0.33MnO3 and the non-collinear antiferromagnetic Bi2Fe4O9 phase. The maximum value of MD% (~0.12%) is enhanced by ~13 times in the composite than in the pure sample. Therefore, the improved MD coupling and symmetric switching of the MD loop of the composite make it a suitable candidate for low power consumption storage devices.",book:{id:"11117",title:"Smart and Advanced Ceramic Materials and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11117.jpg"},signatures:"Rasmita Jena, Kouru Chandrakanta and Anil Kumar Singh"},{id:"83035",title:"Breaking the Property Trade-Offs by Using Entropic Conceptions",slug:"breaking-the-property-trade-offs-by-using-entropic-conceptions",totalDownloads:18,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106532",abstract:"Entropic conception has been used as an effective strategy for developing materials to break the property recordings of current materials, for example, breaking the trade-off between the high-strength and low-ductility structural alloys. The performance of materials usually under a complex circumstance, a balance of multiple properties, for example, combined the high-strength, high ductility, high conductivity, high corrosion resistance, high irradiation resistance, etc., the strategy of high-entropy-alloy (HEA) will provide a materials design and development technology to realize the goal. Magnetic materials usually exhibit excellent magnetic properties but weak mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. The reported unique behaviors of HEAs, for example, self-healing effects may be the mechanism for the high irradiation resistance of the HEAs, and self-sharpening behaviors of the tungsten-based HEAs main closely be related to the serration behaviors.",book:{id:"11468",title:"High Entropy Materials - Microstructures and Properties",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11468.jpg"},signatures:"Yong Zhang and Xuehui Yan"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:83},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:91,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:333,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:144,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:126,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:23,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:13,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 17th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:33,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",slug:"rosa-maria-martinez-espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",biography:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa is a Full Professor of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology at the University of Alicante, Spain, and has been the vice president of International Relations and Development Cooperation at this university since 2010. She created the research group in applied biochemistry in 2017 (https://web.ua.es/en/appbiochem/), and from 1999 to the present has made more than 200 contributions to Spanish and international conferences. Furthermore, she has around seventy-five scientific publications in indexed journals, eighty book chapters, and one patent to her credit. Her research work focuses on microbial metabolism (particularly on extremophile microorganisms), purification and characterization of enzymes with potential industrial and biotechnological applications, protocol optimization for genetically manipulating microorganisms, gene regulation characterization, carotenoid (pigment) production, and design and development of contaminated water and soil bioremediation processes by means of microorganisms. This research has received competitive public grants from the European Commission, the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, the Valencia Region Government, and the University of Alicante.",institutionString:"University of Alicante",institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. Dr. Beydemir is also Rector of Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Turkey.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",slug:"deniz-ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",biography:"Dr. Deniz Ekinci obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 2004, MSc in Biochemistry in 2006, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2009 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He studied at Stetson University, USA, in 2007-2008 and at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Germany, in 2009-2010. Dr. Ekinci currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Agriculture and is the Head of the Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Division, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Turkey. He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. Dr. Ekinci serves as the Editor in Chief of four international books and is involved in the Editorial Board of several international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",slug:"yannis-karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",biography:"Yannis Karamanos, born in Greece in 1953, completed his pre-graduate studies at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, then his Masters and Doctoral degree at the Université de Lille (1983). He was associate professor at the University of Limoges (1987) before becoming full professor of biochemistry at the Université d’Artois (1996). He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. His teaching areas are energy metabolism and regulation, integration and organ specialization and metabolic adaptation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",slug:"paolo-iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",biography:"Paolo Iadarola graduated with a degree in Chemistry from the University of Pavia (Italy) in July 1972. He then worked as an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Science of the same University until 1984. In 1985, Prof. Iadarola became Associate Professor at the Department of Biology and Biotechnologies of the University of Pavia and retired in October 2017. Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. 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She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. 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He was elected a Yangtze River Scholars Distinguished Professor in 2013, a member of the International Statistical Institute (ISI) in 2016, a member of the board of the International Chinese Statistical Association (ICSA) in 2018, and a fellow of the Institute of Mathematical Statistics (IMS) in 2021. He received the ICSA Outstanding Service Award in 2018 and the National Science Foundation for Distinguished Young Scholars of China in 2012. He serves as a member of the editorial board of Statistics and Its Interface and Journal of Systems Science and Complexity. He is also a field editor for Communications in Mathematics and Statistics. His research interests include biostatistics, empirical likelihood, missing data analysis, variable selection, high-dimensional data analysis, Bayesian statistics, and data science. He has published more than 190 research papers and authored five books.",institutionString:"Yunnan University",institution:{name:"Yunnan University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"1177",title:"Prof.",name:"António",middleName:"J. R.",surname:"José Ribeiro Neves",slug:"antonio-jose-ribeiro-neves",fullName:"António José Ribeiro Neves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1177/images/system/1177.jpg",biography:"Prof. António J. R. Neves received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from the University of Aveiro, Portugal, in 2007. Since 2002, he has been a researcher at the Institute of Electronics and Informatics Engineering of Aveiro. Since 2007, he has been an assistant professor in the Department of Electronics, Telecommunications, and Informatics, University of Aveiro. He is the director of the undergraduate course on Electrical and Computers Engineering and the vice-director of the master’s degree in Electronics and Telecommunications Engineering. He is an IEEE Senior Member and a member of several other research organizations worldwide. His main research interests are computer vision, intelligent systems, robotics, and image and video processing. He has participated in or coordinated several research projects and received more than thirty-five awards. He has 161 publications to his credit, including books, book chapters, journal articles, and conference papers. He has vast experience as a reviewer of several journals and conferences. As a professor, Dr. Neves has supervised several Ph.D. and master’s students and was involved in more than twenty-five different courses.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"11317",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Javier Gallegos-Funes",slug:"francisco-javier-gallegos-funes",fullName:"Francisco Javier Gallegos-Funes",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/11317/images/system/11317.png",biography:"Francisco J. Gallegos-Funes received his Ph.D. in Communications and Electronics from the Instituto Politécnico Nacional de México (National Polytechnic Institute of Mexico) in 2003. He is currently an associate professor in the Escuela Superior de Ingeniería Mecánica y Eléctrica (Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Higher School) at the same institute. His areas of scientific interest are signal and image processing, filtering, steganography, segmentation, pattern recognition, biomedical signal processing, sensors, and real-time applications.",institutionString:"Instituto Politécnico Nacional",institution:{name:"Instituto Politécnico Nacional",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"428449",title:"Dr.",name:"Ronaldo",middleName:null,surname:"Ferreira",slug:"ronaldo-ferreira",fullName:"Ronaldo Ferreira",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/428449/images/21449_n.png",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"165328",title:"Dr.",name:"Vahid",middleName:null,surname:"Asadpour",slug:"vahid-asadpour",fullName:"Vahid Asadpour",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165328/images/system/165328.jpg",biography:"Vahid Asadpour, MS, Ph.D., is currently with the Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California. He has both an MS and Ph.D. in Biomedical Engineering. He was previously a research scientist at the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) and visiting professor and researcher at the University of North Dakota. He is currently working in artificial intelligence and its applications in medical signal processing. In addition, he is using digital signal processing in medical imaging and speech processing. Dr. Asadpour has developed brain-computer interfacing algorithms and has published books, book chapters, and several journal and conference papers in this field and other areas of intelligent signal processing. He has also designed medical devices, including a laser Doppler monitoring system.",institutionString:"Kaiser Permanente Southern California",institution:null},{id:"169608",title:"Prof.",name:"Marian",middleName:null,surname:"Găiceanu",slug:"marian-gaiceanu",fullName:"Marian Găiceanu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/169608/images/system/169608.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Marian Gaiceanu graduated from the Naval and Electrical Engineering Faculty, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Romania, in 1997. He received a Ph.D. (Magna Cum Laude) in Electrical Engineering in 2002. Since 2017, Dr. Gaiceanu has been a Ph.D. supervisor for students in Electrical Engineering. He has been employed at Dunarea de Jos University of Galati since 1996, where he is currently a professor. Dr. Gaiceanu is a member of the National Council for Attesting Titles, Diplomas and Certificates, an expert of the Executive Agency for Higher Education, Research Funding, and a member of the Senate of the Dunarea de Jos University of Galati. He has been the head of the Integrated Energy Conversion Systems and Advanced Control of Complex Processes Research Center, Romania, since 2016. He has conducted several projects in power converter systems for electrical drives, power quality, PEM and SOFC fuel cell power converters for utilities, electric vehicles, and marine applications with the Department of Regulation and Control, SIEI S.pA. (2002–2004) and the Polytechnic University of Turin, Italy (2002–2004, 2006–2007). He is a member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and cofounder-member of the IEEE Power Electronics Romanian Chapter. He is a guest editor at Energies and an academic book editor for IntechOpen. He is also a member of the editorial boards of the Journal of Electrical Engineering, Electronics, Control and Computer Science and Sustainability. Dr. Gaiceanu has been General Chairman of the IEEE International Symposium on Electrical and Electronics Engineering in the last six editions.",institutionString:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',institution:{name:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"4519",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaydip",middleName:null,surname:"Sen",slug:"jaydip-sen",fullName:"Jaydip Sen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/4519/images/system/4519.jpeg",biography:"Jaydip Sen is associated with Praxis Business School, Kolkata, India, as a professor in the Department of Data Science. His research areas include security and privacy issues in computing and communication, intrusion detection systems, machine learning, deep learning, and artificial intelligence in the financial domain. He has more than 200 publications in reputed international journals, refereed conference proceedings, and 20 book chapters in books published by internationally renowned publishing houses, such as Springer, CRC press, IGI Global, etc. Currently, he is serving on the editorial board of the prestigious journal Frontiers in Communications and Networks and in the technical program committees of a number of high-ranked international conferences organized by the IEEE, USA, and the ACM, USA. He has been listed among the top 2% of scientists in the world for the last three consecutive years, 2019 to 2021 as per studies conducted by the Stanford University, USA.",institutionString:"Praxis Business School",institution:null},{id:"320071",title:"Dr.",name:"Sidra",middleName:null,surname:"Mehtab",slug:"sidra-mehtab",fullName:"Sidra Mehtab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002v6KHoQAM/Profile_Picture_1584512086360",biography:"Sidra Mehtab has completed her BS with honors in Physics from Calcutta University, India in 2018. She has done MS in Data Science and Analytics from Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology (MAKAUT), Kolkata, India in 2020. Her research areas include Econometrics, Time Series Analysis, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Artificial Intelligence, and Computer and Network Security with a particular focus on Cyber Security Analytics. Ms. Mehtab has published seven papers in international conferences and one of her papers has been accepted for publication in a reputable international journal. She has won the best paper awards in two prestigious international conferences – BAICONF 2019, and ICADCML 2021, organized in the Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore, India in December 2019, and SOA University, Bhubaneswar, India in January 2021. Besides, Ms. Mehtab has also published two book chapters in two books. Seven of her book chapters will be published in a volume shortly in 2021 by Cambridge Scholars’ Press, UK. Currently, she is working as the joint editor of two edited volumes on Time Series Analysis and Forecasting to be published in the first half of 2021 by an international house. Currently, she is working as a Data Scientist with an MNC in Delhi, India.",institutionString:"NSHM College of Management and Technology",institution:{name:"Association for Computing Machinery",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"226240",title:"Dr.",name:"Andri Irfan",middleName:null,surname:"Rifai",slug:"andri-irfan-rifai",fullName:"Andri Irfan Rifai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226240/images/7412_n.jpg",biography:"Andri IRFAN is a Senior Lecturer of Civil Engineering and Planning. He completed the PhD at the Universitas Indonesia & Universidade do Minho with Sandwich Program Scholarship from the Directorate General of Higher Education and LPDP scholarship. He has been teaching for more than 19 years and much active to applied his knowledge in the project construction in Indonesia. His research interest ranges from pavement management system to advanced data mining techniques for transportation engineering. He has published more than 50 papers in journals and 2 books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Internasional Batam",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"314576",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibai",middleName:null,surname:"Laña",slug:"ibai-lana",fullName:"Ibai Laña",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314576/images/system/314576.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ibai Laña works at TECNALIA as a data analyst. He received his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence from the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Spain, in 2018. He is currently a senior researcher at TECNALIA. His research interests fall within the intersection of intelligent transportation systems, machine learning, traffic data analysis, and data science. He has dealt with urban traffic forecasting problems, applying machine learning models and evolutionary algorithms. He has experience in origin-destination matrix estimation or point of interest and trajectory detection. Working with large volumes of data has given him a good command of big data processing tools and NoSQL databases. He has also been a visiting scholar at the Knowledge Engineering and Discovery Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"314575",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus",middleName:null,surname:"L. Lobo",slug:"jesus-l.-lobo",fullName:"Jesus L. Lobo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314575/images/system/314575.png",biography:"Dr. Jesús López is currently based in Bilbao (Spain) working at TECNALIA as Artificial Intelligence Research Scientist. In most cases, a project idea or a new research line needs to be investigated to see if it is good enough to take into production or to focus on it. That is exactly what he does, diving into Machine Learning algorithms and technologies to help TECNALIA to decide whether something is great in theory or will actually impact on the product or processes of its projects. So, he is expert at framing experiments, developing hypotheses, and proving whether they’re true or not, in order to investigate fundamental problems with a longer time horizon. He is also able to design and develop PoCs and system prototypes in simulation. He has participated in several national and internacional R&D projects.\n\nAs another relevant part of his everyday research work, he usually publishes his findings in reputed scientific refereed journals and international conferences, occasionally acting as reviewer and Programme Commitee member. Concretely, since 2018 he has published 9 JCR (8 Q1) journal papers, 9 conference papers (e.g. ECML PKDD 2021), and he has co-edited a book. He is also active in popular science writing data science stories for reputed blogs (KDNuggets, TowardsDataScience, Naukas). Besides, he has recently embarked on mentoring programmes as mentor, and has also worked as data science trainer.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",slug:"yalcin-isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",biography:"Yalcin Isler (1971 - Burdur / Turkey) received the B.Sc. degree in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey, in 1993, the M.Sc. degree from the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey, in 1996, the Ph.D. degree from the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey, in 2009, and the Competence of Associate Professorship from the Turkish Interuniversity Council in 2019.\n\nHe was Lecturer at Burdur Vocational School in Suleyman Demirel University (1993-2000, Burdur / Turkey), Software Engineer (2000-2002, Izmir / Turkey), Research Assistant in Bulent Ecevit University (2002-2003, Zonguldak / Turkey), Research Assistant in Dokuz Eylul University (2003-2010, Izmir / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering in Bulent Ecevit University (2010-2012, Zonguldak / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering in Izmir Katip Celebi University (2012-2019, Izmir / Turkey). He is an Associate Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir / Turkey, since 2019. In addition to academics, he has also founded Islerya Medical and Information Technologies Company, Izmir / Turkey, since 2017.\n\nHis main research interests cover biomedical signal processing, pattern recognition, medical device design, programming, and embedded systems. He has many scientific papers and participated in several projects in these study fields. He was an IEEE Student Member (2009-2011) and IEEE Member (2011-2014) and has been IEEE Senior Member since 2014.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"339677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mrinmoy",middleName:null,surname:"Roy",slug:"mrinmoy-roy",fullName:"Mrinmoy Roy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/339677/images/16768_n.jpg",biography:"An accomplished Sales & Marketing professional with 12 years of cross-functional experience in well-known organisations such as CIPLA, LUPIN, GLENMARK, ASTRAZENECA across different segment of Sales & Marketing, International Business, Institutional Business, Product Management, Strategic Marketing of HIV, Oncology, Derma, Respiratory, Anti-Diabetic, Nutraceutical & Stomatological Product Portfolio and Generic as well as Chronic Critical Care Portfolio. A First Class MBA in International Business & Strategic Marketing, B.Pharm, D.Pharm, Google Certified Digital Marketing Professional. Qualified PhD Candidate in Operations and Management with special focus on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning adoption, analysis and use in Healthcare, Hospital & Pharma Domain. Seasoned with diverse therapy area of Pharmaceutical Sales & Marketing ranging from generating revenue through generating prescriptions, launching new products, and making them big brands with continuous strategy execution at the Physician and Patients level. Moved from Sales to Marketing and Business Development for 3.5 years in South East Asian Market operating from Manila, Philippines. Came back to India and handled and developed Brands such as Gluconorm, Lupisulin, Supracal, Absolut Woman, Hemozink, Fabiflu (For COVID 19), and many more. In my previous assignment I used to develop and execute strategies on Sales & Marketing, Commercialization & Business Development for Institution and Corporate Hospital Business portfolio of Oncology Therapy Area for AstraZeneca Pharma India Ltd. Being a Research Scholar and Student of ‘Operations Research & Management: Artificial Intelligence’ I published several pioneer research papers and book chapters on the same in Internationally reputed journals and Books indexed in Scopus, Springer and Ei Compendex, Google Scholar etc. Currently, I am launching PGDM Pharmaceutical Management Program in IIHMR Bangalore and spearheading the course curriculum and structure of the same. I am interested in Collaboration for Healthcare Innovation, Pharma AI Innovation, Future trend in Marketing and Management with incubation on Healthcare, Healthcare IT startups, AI-ML Modelling and Healthcare Algorithm based training module development. I am also an affiliated member of the Institute of Management Consultant of India, looking forward to Healthcare, Healthcare IT and Innovation, Pharma and Hospital Management Consulting works.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lovely Professional University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:'"Politechnica" University Timişoara',institution:null},{id:"221364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneko",middleName:null,surname:"Osaba",slug:"eneko-osaba",fullName:"Eneko Osaba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221364/images/system/221364.jpg",biography:"Dr. Eneko Osaba works at TECNALIA as a senior researcher. He obtained his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence in 2015. He has participated in more than twenty-five local and European research projects, and in the publication of more than 130 papers. He has performed several stays at universities in the United Kingdom, Italy, and Malta. Dr. Osaba has served as a program committee member in more than forty international conferences and participated in organizing activities in more than ten international conferences. He is a member of the editorial board of the International Journal of Artificial Intelligence, Data in Brief, and Journal of Advanced Transportation. He is also a guest editor for the Journal of Computational Science, Neurocomputing, Swarm, and Evolutionary Computation and IEEE ITS Magazine.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"275829",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Villar-Rodriguez",slug:"esther-villar-rodriguez",fullName:"Esther Villar-Rodriguez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/275829/images/system/275829.jpg",biography:"Dr. Esther Villar obtained a Ph.D. in Information and Communication Technologies from the University of Alcalá, Spain, in 2015. She obtained a degree in Computer Science from the University of Deusto, Spain, in 2010, and an MSc in Computer Languages and Systems from the National University of Distance Education, Spain, in 2012. Her areas of interest and knowledge include natural language processing (NLP), detection of impersonation in social networks, semantic web, and machine learning. Dr. Esther Villar made several contributions at conferences and publishing in various journals in those fields. Currently, she is working within the OPTIMA (Optimization Modeling & Analytics) business of TECNALIA’s ICT Division as a data scientist in projects related to the prediction and optimization of management and industrial processes (resource planning, energy efficiency, etc).",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"278948",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"carlos-pedro-goncalves",fullName:"Carlos Pedro Gonçalves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRcmyQAC/Profile_Picture_1564224512145",biography:'Carlos Pedro Gonçalves (PhD) is an Associate Professor at Lusophone University of Humanities and Technologies and a researcher on Complexity Sciences, Quantum Technologies, Artificial Intelligence, Strategic Studies, Studies in Intelligence and Security, FinTech and Financial Risk Modeling. He is also a progammer with programming experience in:\n\nA) Quantum Computing using Qiskit Python module and IBM Quantum Experience Platform, with software developed on the simulation of Quantum Artificial Neural Networks and Quantum Cybersecurity;\n\nB) Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning programming in Python;\n\nC) Artificial Intelligence, Multiagent Systems Modeling and System Dynamics Modeling in Netlogo, with models developed in the areas of Chaos Theory, Econophysics, Artificial Intelligence, Classical and Quantum Complex Systems Science, with the Econophysics models having been cited worldwide and incorporated in PhD programs by different Universities.\n\nReceived an Arctic Code Vault Contributor status by GitHub, due to having developed open source software preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\" for future generations (https://archiveprogram.github.com/arctic-vault/), with the Strategy Analyzer A.I. module for decision making support (based on his PhD thesis, used in his Classes on Decision Making and in Strategic Intelligence Consulting Activities) and QNeural Python Quantum Neural Network simulator also preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\", for access to these software modules see: https://github.com/cpgoncalves. He is also a peer reviewer with outsanding review status from Elsevier journals, including Physica A, Neurocomputing and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence. Science CV available at: https://www.cienciavitae.pt//pt/8E1C-A8B3-78C5 and ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0298-3974',institutionString:"University of Lisbon",institution:{name:"Universidade Lusófona",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"310576",title:"Prof.",name:"Erick Giovani",middleName:null,surname:"Sperandio Nascimento",slug:"erick-giovani-sperandio-nascimento",fullName:"Erick Giovani Sperandio Nascimento",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y00002pDKxDQAW/ProfilePicture%202022-06-20%2019%3A57%3A24.788",biography:"Prof. Erick Sperandio is the Lead Researcher and professor of Artificial Intelligence (AI) at SENAI CIMATEC, Bahia, Brazil, also working with Computational Modeling (CM) and HPC. 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He also works as a researcher at the Supercomputing Center for Industrial Innovation (CS2i) and at the SENAI Institute of Innovation for Automation (ISI Automação), both from SENAI CIMATEC. He is a member and vice-coordinator of the Basic Board of Scientific-Technological Advice and Evaluation, in the area of Innovation, of the Foundation for Research Support of the State of Bahia (FAPESB). He serves as Technology Transfer Coordinator and one of the Principal Investigators at the National Applied Research Center in Artificial Intelligence (CPA-IA) of SENAI CIMATEC, focusing on Industry, being one of the six CPA-IA in Brazil approved by MCTI / FAPESP / CGI.br. He also participates as one of the representatives of Brazil in the BRICS Innovation Collaboration Working Group on HPC, ICT and AI. He is the coordinator of the Work Group of the Axis 5 - Workforce and Training - of the Brazilian Strategy for Artificial Intelligence (EBIA), and member of the MCTI/EMBRAPII AI Innovation Network Training Committee. He is the coordinator, by SENAI CIMATEC, of the Artificial Intelligence Reference Network of the State of Bahia (REDE BAH.IA). He leads the working group of experts representing Brazil in the Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI), on the theme \"AI and the Pandemic Response\".",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"241400",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Bsiss",slug:"mohammed-bsiss",fullName:"Mohammed Bsiss",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241400/images/8062_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"276128",title:"Dr.",name:"Hira",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",slug:"hira-fatima",fullName:"Hira Fatima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/276128/images/14420_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Hira Fatima\nAssistant Professor\nDepartment of Mathematics\nInstitute of Applied Science\nMangalayatan University, Aligarh\nMobile: no : 8532041179\nhirafatima2014@gmal.com\n\nDr. Hira Fatima has received his Ph.D. degree in pure Mathematics from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh India. Currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mathematics, Institute of Applied Science, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh. She taught so many courses of Mathematics of UG and PG level. Her research Area of Expertise is Functional Analysis & Sequence Spaces. She has been working on Ideal Convergence of double sequence. She has published 17 research papers in National and International Journals including Cogent Mathematics, Filomat, Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, Advances in Difference Equations, Journal of Mathematical Analysis, Journal of Mathematical & Computer Science etc. She has also reviewed few research papers for the and international journals. 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The area covers many techniques that offer solutions to emerging problems in robotics and enterprise-level software systems. Collaborative intelligence is highly and effectively achieved with multi-agent systems. Areas of application include swarms of robots, flocks of UAVs, collaborative software management. Given the level of technological enhancements, the popularity of machine learning in use has opened a new chapter in multi-agent studies alongside the practical challenges and long-lasting collaboration issues in the field. It has increased the urgency and the need for further studies in this field. We welcome chapters presenting research on the many applications of multi-agent studies including, but not limited to, the following key areas: machine learning for multi-agent systems; modeling swarms robots and flocks of UAVs with multi-agent systems; decision science and multi-agent systems; software engineering for and with multi-agent systems; tools and technologies of multi-agent systems.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/27.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!1,annualVolume:11423,editor:{id:"148497",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Emin",surname:"Aydin",slug:"mehmet-aydin",fullName:"Mehmet Aydin",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/148497/images/system/148497.jpg",biography:"Dr. Mehmet Emin Aydin is a Senior Lecturer with the Department of Computer Science and Creative Technology, the University of the West of England, Bristol, UK. His research interests include swarm intelligence, parallel and distributed metaheuristics, machine learning, intelligent agents and multi-agent systems, resource planning, scheduling and optimization, combinatorial optimization. Dr. Aydin is currently a Fellow of Higher Education Academy, UK, a member of EPSRC College, a senior member of IEEE and a senior member of ACM. In addition to being a member of advisory committees of many international conferences, he is an Editorial Board Member of various peer-reviewed international journals. 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