Frequency calculation for pick plucked guitar notes by octave method.
\r\n\tWith this goal in mind, together with the US Prof. John M. Ballato and the InechOpen publishing house since 2011 we have published in 2011, 2013, 2015 and 2017 4 books of our serial “Optoelectronics” and the book “Excitons”, edited in 2018 by Prof. Sergei L. Pyshkin. Publishing the new book “Luminescence” we are pleased to note the growing number of countries participating in this undertaking as well as for a long time fruitfully cooperating scientists from the United States and the Republic of Moldova.
\r\n\tSpecialists from all over the world have published in edited by us books their works in the field of research of the luminescent properties of various materials suitable for use in optoelectronic devices, the development of new structures and the results of their application in practice.
From the three “V’s,” traditionally used for description of big data (volume, variety, velocity) [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7], variety is the most difficult for theoretical modeling. The main reason of such difficulty is heterogeneity of sources of data, accumulated in the integrated storage space. By this, data items, passing to the aforementioned storage, have different structures and formats (more or less formalized texts, multimedia, hyperlinked trees of pages, etc.), which makes practically impossible application to such data of well-known relational-originated approaches to database (DB) description, manipulation, and knowledge extraction/application [8, 9, 10, 11, 12]. This obstacle makes hardly achieved the fourth “V” (veracity), which last time is often associated with big data [13, 14, 15, 16, 17], as well as with implementation of data mining over such data storages [18, 19, 20, 21].
\nSuch background makes necessary the alternative approach to data and knowledge modeling. This chapter contains compact consideration of the so-called “Set of Strings” Framework (SSF), developed in order to integrate on the unified theoretical basis capabilities, already used in the relational-like data representations and associated with them knowledge models, with big data immanent property—its variety.
\nSSF is a result of an attempt to design the aforementioned basis upon the most general representation of elementary data item, which may be stored, transported, received, processed, and visualized. Such representation is string (no matter, symbol, or bit), and SSF combines the best features of classical string-generating formal grammars, developed by Chomsky [22], with string-operating logical systems, proposed by Post [23].
\nThe second section of this chapter is dedicated to the description of string databases (SDB), while the third, - to their interconnections with relational and non-relational DB. In the fourth section, incomplete information modeling within SSF is considered. The main content of the fifth section are the so-called word equations on context-free languages (WECFL), being key element of the SSF algorithmics.
\nThe background of the SSF is representation of a database as a finite set of strings:
\nwhere \n
Couple
\nis named data storage (DS). Data storage is in the correct state, if \n
Access message to DS is triple:
\nwhere \n
A set of all possible access messages (3) is called data storage manipulation language (DSML).
\nSSF background is a sequential definition of four interconnected representations of DSML semantics.
\nSet-theoretical (S)-semantics of DSML is defined by equations on sets, which connect together input data, DB before and after access, and answer (reply) to the access.
\nMathematical (M)-semantics follows aforementioned equations but is defined by some well-known and understandable mathematical constructions, being background of DSML.
\nOperational (O)-semantics is adequate to M-semantics but is represented by algorithms, providing execution of operations on DB.
\nAt last, implementational (I)-semantics is also represented by algorithms, which, in general case, are much more efficient than the previous, in which the main purpose is recognition of algorithmic decidability of answer search (derivation), i.e., possibility of answer generation by finite number of steps.
\nLet us begin from
\n\n
\n\n
\n\n
\n\n
Basic equations, defining DML S-semantics, are as follows:
\nfor insertion (speaking more precisely, inclusion),
\nfor deletion (exclusion),
\nand for query (everywhere “\n
(due to free use of natural language in facts, it is unnecessary to comment DB content). Equation
\ndescribes insertion of data item, in which the source is device, mounted at the Green Valley, which was detected as smoked since 15.20. When at this moment \n
The answer to the query is
\nIn expression (12), names of all areas are strings in the alphabet \n
Note that definitions (4)–(9) are not unique. For example, in the inclusion definition, elements of \n
as well as the answer may be defined as
\nSo, according to Eq. (16), the answer to the access may be as follows:
\nAs may be seen, Eqs. (4)–(9) are based on the closed-world interpretation, which defines that the absence of the fact in the database is equivalent to its absence in the real world (problem area).
\nDML operations do not touch MDB; thus \n
Let us consider DML
The background of M-semantics of the simplest DML is the representation of the MDB \n
where
\nis the set of nonterminals (“nonterminal alphabet”) of \n
Database \n
i.e., facts, having place in the DB, are words of the CF language \n
where \n
Database
\nis correct to this MDB, unlike database
\n\n\n
Proposed application of CF grammars differs from the classical, in which the main sense is the description of a set of correct sentences of some language (most frequently, programming language). This description is created by its developers or researchers, is based on syntactic categories referred as nonterminals, and is constant through all life cycle of the language (minor changes may be done by reason of language modification or deeper understanding). In the SSF case, CF generating rules are used for description of the DB element (facts) structure, so nonterminals are more semantic than syntactic objects. From the other side, MDB is updated by DS administration and is a dynamic set, in which changes provide immediate changes of DB in order to keep it in the correct state. Such changes may be defined by the following equations, similar to Eqs. (4)–(9):
\nfor insertion (inclusion) of new CF rules to MDB,
\nfor deletion (exclusion) of CF rules, having place in MDB,
\nand for query to MDB. Here \n
and DB remains correct, because
\nIn Eqs. (25) and (26), where some part (subset) of MDB may be deleted,
\nso some facts \n
Let us note that the notion of SDB correctness to MDB is from the substantial point of view weaker than the notion of
i.e., set of databases in correct storage is the subset of Boolean of \n
i.e., every SDB, containing facts, being words of CF language \n
Let us consider now the application of the described segment of the SSF to the representation of the most frequently used data models. We shall call such application by the term “emulation.”
\nWe shall demonstrate how relational and non-relational databases may be represented on the described higher background. We shall consider relational data model as a full-scope example of databases with symmetric access (DBSA) [8, 9, 10, 11, 12] and a family of asymmetric access (or key-addressed) databases (KADB), which contains, among others, hypertext, page, and WWW- and Twitter-like DB [32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41].
\nLet us begin from the
Consider relational database (RDB), in which the scheme is \n
where \n
We shall define SDB \n
where “<” and “>” are the dividers (aforementioned metalinguistic brackets in the Backus-Naur notation) and \n
Along with Eq. (36), MDB will include rules such that
\ni.e., these rules provide generation of sets of words in terminal alphabet \n
By this, every tuple \n
Note that representation of facts in the form (37)–(39) is not unique. As seen from Examples 1 and 2, tuples, entering relations, may be represented as any natural language phrases, described by the corresponding rules.
\nLet us consider now
We shall represent KADB as set
\nwhere symbol “=” inside angle brackets is the divider, \n
i.e., set \n
Content of access to KADB must include key \n
and for inclusion \n
because postulation of fact \n
thus in the case of update reply contains deleted as well as included fact.
\nConcerning M-semantics of KADB, we may see, that every known class of such databases is identified by its own structure of keys and techniques of their extraction from the current processed fact.
\nThe simplest approach is implemented in Twitter network, where keys, necessary for access to the descendants of the current element of the hypertext, are bounded by two dividers—“#” from the left and blank from the right.
\nIn the Internet HTTP/WWW service, similar keys are represented as strings of symbols, visualized by other colors in comparison with the rest of the text of the current hypertext page. This is equivalent to splitting terminal alphabet \n
One of the simplest versions of KADB is the so-called page databases, in which elements are strings of equal length, the first string of the page being key [38, 39]. Thus
\nwhere \n
Until now we discussed only S-semantics and start point of M-semantics, being representation of metadabase as a set of rules of CF grammar. Second such point in the SSF is the representation of databases with incomplete information.
\nLet \n
where
\nis the set of all sentential forms of grammar \n
The first N-fact of the three, entering this DBI, does not contain nonterminals, so it is fact in the sense of S-semantics of DML. The second N-fact contains nonterminals <
Before consideration of equations, defining M-semantics of operations on DBI, we shall introduce interpretation of relation \n
Let \n
There is maximal element of the set \n
Algorithms of sup and inf generation are described in detail in [38, 39].
\nAt the same time,
\nSince now we shall use interpretation of \n
Graphical illustration of interconnections between \n
Graphical illustration of interconnection between
Let us consider DBI \n
Until the contrary is declared, we shall consider only NR DBI lower. By this, when defining M-semantics of update of NR DBI, understood as inclusion of N-fact \n
According to this definition, N-fact \n
It is reasonable to define reply to the inclusion of N-fact
because
\n\n\n
As to M-semantics of queries, there may by two different versions, which run out of the new DBI features in comparison with DB.
\nThe
where \n
As seen, by this we postulate query language to databases (or DB with complete information): it is the set of sentential forms of CF grammar \n
i.e., it is the set of facts, more informative than N-fact \n
i.e., the result of access is the subset of database \n
The background of the
so, while
Finite representation of the aforementioned intersection is, obviously, maximal lower bound of the set \n
and, as an alternative,
\n\n\n
Returning to DB, which DML S-semantics was defined by Eqs. (4)–(9), we may now write its M-semantics equations not only for query but also for insertion and deletion. Namely, if string \n
Similarly, if string \n
Data manipulation languages, described in this section, will be called sentential (SDML), because content of any access to DB/DBI, specified with the help of such DML, is a sentential form of CF grammar, which set of rules is current MDB.
\nConcerning KADB, capabilities of the sentential DML are compatible with the aforementioned NoSQL languages, which provide selection of DB elements, in which keys are specified in the queries.
\nOf course, it is not difficult to extend SDML by features, providing construction of more complicated selection criteria (including, e.g., number intervals) [38, 39]. But in comparison with SQL and similar relational languages, providing symmetric access to DB, SDML are rather poor. To achieve capabilities of the relationally complete query languages, it is necessary to extend SDML by features, providing comparison of values, having place in different facts. Such features are critically needed also for knowledge representation, extraction, and processing.
\nTo achieve the formulated purpose, we shall use another tool, differing from CF grammars, namely, Post systems (PS), which also operate strings but, due to variables in their basic constructions (productions), have basic capabilities for aforementioned functions. The result of integration of the described “set of strings” databases with PS are augmented Post systems. The intermediate layer between SDB and APS is formed by the so-called word equations on context-free languages, considered in the next section.
\nWord equation is a well-known object of discrete mathematics, defined as follows [51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56].
\nWord equation is written as
\nwhere \n
Set
\nwhere \n
Term \n
where \n
where
\nDefinitions (62) and (63) cover general case, when some of the variables, entering term \n
Substitution \n
i.e., result of its application to term is word in the alphabet \n
Terminal substitution to terms \n
i.e., result of application of \n
Returning to SDB and M-semantics of their DML, we may see that
is query to DB \n
and
\nso Eq. (69) is the definition of M-semantics of the term’s query language to SDB; as seen, \n
If query \n
and solution of word equations
\nand
\nare, respectively,
\nand
\n\n\n
However, the application of the term’s query language to databases with incomplete information, containing sentential forms of CF grammar with scheme \n
Let \n
where the first component \n
is the so-called suffix, which defines domains (sets of values) of variables \n
i.e., strings, being the result of application of substitution \n
WECFL (70) may be read “\n
(from here we shall use \n
Suffix \n
As it is easy to see, direct consequence of the sentential condition (72) and definition (74) is
\nfor every \n
If terminal substitution \n
it is called
Function V may be applied to every term, so
\nAs seen, this equation satisfies sentential condition, because
\nAccording to Eq. (73),
\n\n\n
Terminal substitution
\nis the solution of the presented WECFL. \n
As seen, in general case the set of solutions of WECFL may be infinite, and the problem is to find finite representation of this set.
\nLet us consider two sentential forms \n
And therefore SF \n
then there exists SF
Verbally, non-empty intersection of sets \n
is the finite representation of intersection \n
Thus SF
This finding is a basis for constructing the set of solutions \n
Obviously, if
\nthen WECFL (70) does not have a solution, i.e.,
\nand if \n
From this place it is clear, that finite representation of the set \n
such that
\nIt is easy to verify that \n
Set \n
where \n
As seen,
\nand thus
\n\n\n
Now we may return to DBI and introduce the so-called term data manipulation language (
Moreover, from now we may use augmented terms or even their sets as N-facts. Corresponding equations, which describe M-semantics of TDML, much more useful from the practical point of view, are as follows:
\nAs may be seen, the last definition provides the most informative reply, containing maximal unifiers of WECFL, each corresponding N-fact, entering BDI.
\nThe concerned reader may find the detailed consideration of WECFL, DBI algorithmics (including N-facts fusion), and key theoretical issues of SDB/DBI internal organization, providing associative access to the stored data as well as their compression, in [38, 39, 40].
\nAll the said about TDML is sufficient for consideration of already mentioned knowledge representation, called augmented Post systems, being core of the deductive capabilities of “Set of Strings” Framework. APS are described in the separate chapter of this book.
\nThe work starts with analysis of different ways of mathematical modeling of music instruments. The aim is to bridge the gap between the synthesized music note and the original note. Efforts have been taken to propose a model to preserve some of the oldest and ‘on the verge of obsolete’ music instruments. Past researchers developed various instruments’ models. One of the models included attack, decay, sustain and release (ADSR) parameter-based model. Figure 1 shows the ADSR graph. These parameters measure the time required for complete music note generation. The ADSR is also known as ‘timbre’ of the music note and is helpful for differentiating instrument families. Perception of the music note occurs with the timbre i.e. envelope and the fundamental frequency i.e. ‘pitch’ along with its harmonics. The fullness of the music notes is perceived by these harmonic frequencies. The Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) is the frequency domain representation of the any signal (here, the music notes). In the early days of modeling, the pitch and timbre set the foundation for the current development in the instrument modeling. ADSR synthesis has limitations of producing the required number of harmonics mathematically to reach that richness or fullness of the original music note.
ADSR parameters. Source:
The other method, digital waveguide (DWG), is also used for modeling the musical instruments. Figure 2 shows the schematic diagram of DWG technique. It is used to express the musical instruments in wave form guided between two fixed points. It puts forward the concept of music note as a wave traveling between two points. Bridge and Nut are the endpoints (rigid terminations) between which the music note wave is traveling. This DWG string modeling involves non-linear distortions and its post distortion gain needs to be adjusted to develop the model. DWG appears to be challenging due to more computational burden.
DWG for acoustic guitar. Source: Ee.Columbia.Edu.
Then researchers also experimented with impulse response of the musical instrument. There has been competitive research to find the impulse response of musical instrument. Researchers have used hammer method for estimating the impulse response. The experimentation to find impulse response, also involved breaking the string of guitar as we discussed earlier. Well, keeping the limitations in mind, the research started with cepstral domain approach, well-known technique for speech processing.
Every instrument is unique and this uniqueness can be demonstrated with impulse response. It’s as unique as the fingerprint of a person. The experiments involved breaking the string of the guitar to record the impulse response. Certainly, this made the author to think further to improve this uniqueness of the instrument, i.e. impulse response using cepstral domain representation. Being a guitar lover, the author chose the box shaped acoustic guitar music notes for the research work.
A simple convolution operation is involved in the generation of the music note. The excitation signal, x(t) is convolved with the impulse response of the instrument to generate the music note, y(t). Figure 3 shows the block diagram for this signal processing operation. When the music note is recorded and x(t) is known, the impulse response can be estimated and recorded. This research demonstrated the extraction of the impulse response of the music note, based on adaptive cepstral domain window (ACDW) method. Figure 4 shows the outline of the cepstral domain window approach. The impulse response based synthesis is carried out and the listening tests are conducted on the guitar players to measure the mean opinion score (MoS) of synthesized notes. Further, the machine learning algorithms are used to classify the synthesized notes for playing expression.
Block diagram for music note generation using convolution.
Block schematic of cepstrum computation.
The outline of the chapter is as follows: the Section 2 will discuss the work by other researchers, Section 3 will discuss the methodology for the impulse response modeling while Section 4 will discuss the results in detail. The Section 5 will summarize the work and conclude the modeling work for acoustic guitar.
This section reviews the modeling techniques of guitar as an instrument. The physical model of an acoustic guitar consists of three main parts: strings of guitar, the wooden sound box and the sound radiated by the soundboard. The review starts with the modeling techniques used for guitar strings, continues with the modeling techniques involving the sound box and finally the convolved signal i.e. radiated sound by the soundboard. It also covers the Neural Network (NN) and Deep Learning based classification techniques and verification of synthesized music instruments. The literature survey has been divided into: Physical or mathematical modeling and Impulse response methods.
The work by Gerald Schuller et al. in [1] has been used as reference for collection of acoustic guitar notes. They considered 5 plucking styles finger-style (FS), picked (PK), muted (MU), slap-thumb (ST), and slap-pluck (SP) and the 5 expression styles: normal (NO), vibrato (VI), bending (BE), harmonics (HA), and dead-note (DN) for feature extraction of plucking and expression styles of electric bass guitar. Anssi Klapuri et al. [2] have proposed a method for extracting the fingering configurations automatically from a recorded guitar performance. 330 different fingering configurations are considered, corresponding to different versions of the major, minor, major 7th, and minor 7th chords. Hidden Markov Model has been used.
Migneco et al. [3] proposed physical models for plucked string instruments that can produce high-quality tones using a computationally efficient implementation, but the estimation of model parameters through the analysis of audio remains challenging. Moreover, an accurate representation of the expressive aspects of a performance requires a separation of the performer’s articulation (source) from the instrument’s response (filter). This work explores a physically-inspired signal model for plucked guitar sounds. It facilitates the estimation of both string excitation and resonance parameters simultaneously. Julius O Smith [4] discussed the piano synthesis, focused on commuted synthesis. The instrument models can be treated as Linear Time Invariant systems and that’s why the commutation is possible. Commuted synthesis promotes implementation of enormous resonators inexpensively, three orders of magnitude less computation for other string instruments. The sound board and enclosure (i.e. guitar body) are commuted. It needs stored recording of their impulse responses. Otherwise it demands higher order digital filters.
Further, the work by Meng Koon Lee et al. in [5] talks about the physical modeling based on the interaction of the strings of the guitar with other parts of the guitar body. The researchers experimented with the sound generated by guitar with respect to soundboard and its relationship with the guitar body. The soundboard plays an increasingly important role compared to the sound hole, back plate, and the bridge at high frequencies. Design of bracings and their placements on the soundboard increase its structural stiffness as well as redistributing its deflection to non-braced regions and affecting its loudness as well as its response at low and high frequencies. The work is focused to increase the sound level with bracing designs and their placements. The analysis is being carried out for the archtop guitar.
The paper [6], written by Keith D Martin explains the classification technique based on physical properties. It is focused on the classification using pattern recognition. A statistical pattern-recognition technique is applied to instrument tones within a taxonomic hierarchy. The salient acoustic features related to physical properties of source excitation and resonance structure are measured from output of auditory model for 1,023 isolated tones over the full pitch ranges of 15 orchestral instruments. The data set included examples from the string (bowed and plucked), woodwind (single, double, and air reed), and brass families. Eric J. Henry et al. [7] proposed a model that can yield representations for the chords that require minimal prior knowledge to interpret. The model has been developed to address both challenges by modeling the physical constraints of a guitar to produce human-readable representations of music audio, i.e. guitar tablature via a deep convolutional network.
Jakob Abeßer et al. [8] worked on a feature-based approach for the classification of different playing techniques in bass guitar recordings. The applied audio features are chosen to capture typical instrument sounds induced by 10 different playing techniques. This work introduced a set of low-level features that allowed modeling the peculiarities of 10 different bass-related plucking and expression styles by capturing typical timbre related characteristics. The work further in [9] models the plectrum which is used for playing guitar notes. Here Francois Germain et al. proposed a model of the plectrum, a guitar pick, for use in physically inspired sound synthesis. The model is drawn from the mechanics of beams. The profile of the plectrum is computed in real time based on its interaction with the string, which depends on the movement impressed by the player and the equilibrium of dynamical forces. A condition for the release of the string is derived, which allows driving the digital waveguide simulating the string to the proper state at release time. The algorithm proposed by Henri Penttinen et al. [10] estimates the plucking point of guitar tones obtained with an under-saddle pickup. This problem is approached in the time domain by applying autocorrelation estimation. Onset detection has been improved in this proposed work. It enables a new way to control audio effect parameters in real time by simply changing the plucking point. The plucking position changes the timbre of the string’s tone, most notably the brightness. This effect is used as an expressive tool in music. By using the PPE (Plucking Point Estimation) algorithm to control an audio effect, change in the plucking position can affect the timbre even more dramatically than in the natural unprocessed case.
Gabriele Varieschi et al. [11] presented mathematical and physical models to be used in the analysis of the problem of intonation of musical instruments such as guitars, mandolins and similar instruments. The analysis is done by designing the fret’s placement on the fingerboard according to mathematical rules assuming an ideal string. The intonation of a string note gets affected when other string’s deformation and inharmonicity come into picture. To nullify the effects, the authors have designed some compensation procedures. V.E.Howle et al. [12] proposed a known tool of Eigenvalue to musical instruments. The work as its name “Eigenvalues and musical instruments” suggests is based on finding the eigenvalues of musical instruments. The instrument categories like strings, bars and drums fall under linear system’s class. It is focused on plotting the eigenvalues for different types of musical instrument giving pictorial view of change in the eigenvalues with change in different parameters like stiffness, friction or sound radiations.
Antoine Chaigne et al. [13] considered the end conditions of piano strings and proposed that it can be approximated by the input admittance at the bridge. A method of validation of admittance measurements on simple structures is proposed in this paper. High resolution signal analysis performed on string’s vibrations yields an estimate for the input admittance. This method is implemented on a simplified device composed of a piano string coupled to a thin steel beam.
A parametric modeling of string instruments is proposed by famous researchers, Matti Karjalainen et al. in [14]. Parametric modeling of musical instrument sounds again helps to re-synthesize the music sounds or morph them. This type of modeling can also be used to apply the parameters in physical and perceptual studies of acoustic instruments. It is typically based on pole-zero modeling technique applied to string instrument sounds. As proposed by Julius Smith the instruments are assumed to be linear time-invariant systems while using this parametric modeling. Our research work has been directed by the same principal as that of the work by Julius Smith.
The authors in work [15, 16] talk about sound separation. It is very important for developing the equalizers to balance the sounds of different musical instruments in music events. The method based on ‘anisotropic smoothness’ indicates that the harmonic instruments are smooth in the time domain whereas the percussive instruments are smooth in the frequency domain. The authors have worked on both the types of music notes. The spectrogram highlights this smoothness in time and the frequency domain and the method is implemented under some conditions. The work reduced the computational complexity for source separation as compared with the other methods as Monte-Carlo method and large-sized matrix multiplications. The results are discussed for the acoustic guitar and piano as the harmonic instruments and the drum as the percussive instruments. This paper again helped us to understand the spectrogram approach towards the source separation.
Further with reference to impulse response research, Nelson Lee et al. [17] proposed a method of decomposing a plucked string instrument into modular components. The model is based on parameter estimation of excitation signal, string vibration, body resonator and finally the radiated sound pressure. As the modeling progresses it becomes clear that for reaching close to body impulse responses, the order of the filter demands a hundred of poles and zeros. Inverse filtering is used to compensate for high orders of filters.
Friedrich Türckheim et al. [18] used the ‘Novel Approach of Impulse Response measurement’ as starting point for modeling approaches or to investigate the relationship between transfer functions and the instruments’ quality. This is done usually for the experimental determination of transfer function as the complete and reliable physical models are still to be developed. The impulse responses here have been compared with the commonly used impact hammer method. The work proposed in above two references have limitations of filter orders and determination of exact transfer functions. So the author thought of different approach for the calculation of impulse response of the guitar body.
Methodology adopted by the author is different than other researchers. So this section is the summary of the research work carried out for impulse response modeling of acoustic guitar. The sections 3.1 and 3.2 discuss the structure of acoustic guitar body and the collection of music notes for two different plucking styles and plucking expressions. Section 3.3 describes how the
Let us understand the structure of the box shaped acoustic guitar. It has a resonance cavity, shaped like a butterfly. The wings are short at nut side and are bigger at the saddle side. As shown in Figure 5, there are six strings on the acoustic guitar. The strings are tied between the saddle and the nut of guitar on the fingerboard. The fingerboard is also known as fretboard.
Structure of the box shaped acoustic guitar. Source: Gabriele Umberto Varieschi.
The fingerboard of guitar consists of 19 to 21 frets. The frets are the metal marks on the fretboard, arranged in logarithmic scale. They are shown with x1, x2, x3, …x19 here. The acoustic guitar model, FAW 802 is chosen for the research work. The music notes were recorded in an acoustic studio. The acoustic guitar chosen for this research work has twenty-one frets and six strings. Music notes on twenty frets are considered for the analysis and synthesis purpose.
The music note is recorded for each fret of each string (except the 21st fret). The guitar notes are collected based on: plucking style and the plucking expression. The plucking style indicates the object used for plucking the string of the acoustic Guitar. The plucking expression indicates whether the note is played by a naïve (beginner) person or the expert person. The two players, one naïve and the other, expert, are recorded for two plucking styles. The Figure 6 gives overview of the collection strategy of the Guitar notes.
Collection of acoustic guitar notes.
When the string is plucked by finger, it will generate a music note and it is named as ‘
The Figure 7 shows the frequency values for all strings and their frets. The frets are 1F to 20F. The first column gives the string numbers along with their names: string E, string B, string G, string D, string A, string E. The column, ‘OPEN’ gives the open string frequencies with 82 Hz as the lowest frequency value and 329 Hz as the highest open string frequency value. The frequency for fretted notes varies from 87 Hz for string 6 fret 1 to 1047 Hz for string 1 fret 20. This is the maximum frequency of the guitar note. All guitar notes are therefore recorded with 16 kHz sampling frequency in ‘.wav’ format. Software for sound analysis, named, ‘Audacity’ is used for noise removal of the guitar notes.
Standard frequency for guitar notes: Guitar frets and their notes versus frequency.
Figure 8 shows the scatter plot of the frequencies of all frets of all strings. The numbers 1 to 21 on the x-axis represent the fret numbers of the strings. The y-axis depicts the frequencies of guitar notes. This scatter plot helps to understand the mathematical relationship as well as the minimum and the maximum frequency values for these notes. The maximum frequency for the notes is 2 kHz so the sampling frequency of 16 kHz is selected for recording of the music notes in acoustic studio.
Frequency generation for music notes on all frets and strings.
The string E with 329 Hz frequency is string 1, string B with 247 Hz frequency is string 2, string G with 196 Hz frequency is string 3, string D with 147 Hz frequency is string 4, string A with 110 Hz frequency is string 5 and the string E with 82 Hz frequency is string 6. The strings are mentioned by the numbers (like string 1, string 2 …) in further discussion of research work. Total 504 sound notes are recorded including two plucking styles and plucking expressions. Another set of 504 notes is recorded for string modeling. The dataset generated has been published on Mendeley Repository, Elsevier.
Pythagoras fractions or Pythagorean tuning system is developed to study frequency ratios of all intervals which are based on the ratio of 3:2. It is the rule, given by Eq. (1), which indicates the mathematical relationship of all the music notes and is used for checking the frequency of generated notes. Here the ‘
This will create a table for 20 frets of each string. Table 1 shows the sample calculations of 6 frets for all the six strings from the open string frequencies. In this table, after knowing the open string frequency, all the other frequencies are calculated by using the second column which gives the octave multiplier factor. First column gives the fret number, ‘
Frequency calculation for pick plucked guitar notes by octave method.
Consider the sample values in cells which are highlighted in orange. The calculation for the frequency for string 1 fret 1 is done as:
e.g. 329 Hz * 1.059463 = 349.199 Hz
Thus the
The frequency analysis done in above sections helped to develop better understanding of the fullness of the music notes based on their number of harmonics. This is also helpful to get better understanding of the playing style and plucking expressions. The frequency analysis is now followed by the impulse response estimation. The next five subsections deal with the synthesis part of the research work and discusses the algorithmic approach towards the impulse response modeling.
The cepstral domain approach is frequently used for speech signal processing but it is not so far used for music signal processing. This method is used for separation of vocal tract response and the excitation signal in speech signal processing. Based on the same principle, this modeling work is focused on separation of: 1) impulse response or body response from 2) excitation signal of the acoustic guitar notes.
The next section discusses the algorithm for Cepstral Domain Windowing (CDW) and its application for modeling of acoustic guitar notes using the same CDW method.
Let us focus on theoretical aspects of cepstral domain. Figure 9 shows the block schematic of the cepstral domain method used for speech analysis. The input to the system is speech signal. The speech signal consists of excitation signal convolved with the impulse response of the vocal tract. On similar principle, the music note is given as input the system. It gives the representative picture of impulse response and the excitation signal, characteristically separated. The excitation signal is periodic in nature and the impulse response is the slowly varying function. The signal is passed through a smooth window function, a Hamming window function and the spectrum is plotted by calculating the FFT of the block. When the logarithm of the magnitude of FFT output is calculated, the periodic excitation signal is clearly seen as rapidly varying function and the vocal tract response appears as the slowly varying function. By using the cepstral domain window, isolation of excitation signal from body response is possible. Thus cepstral domain method can be used for modeling of music note of guitar.
Block schematic of the cepstral domain method.
The block schematic of cepstral domain windowing method for analysis of acoustic guitar music notes is given in Figure 10. The algorithm for CDW method discussed in Section 3.4.2 is used for calculation of body response or impulse response of the guitar box. The input to the system is the acoustic guitar note. The FFT block gives spectrum of the music signal and then the complex logarithm of magnitude of FFT output is taken. The periodic excitation is seen as a rapidly varying function and guitar body response appears as the envelope of the spectrum. The body response is a slowly varying function. After the IFFT of the signal is calculated it enters in the cepstral domain. The cepstral domain plot indicates a cluster near the origin that represents the body response and the periodic peaks after the cluster represent the periodic excitation generated due to plucking of the string by hand or by plectrum.
Cepstral domain approach to synthesize the music note.
The string1 fret 2 note is taken as sample input to the different blocks in Figure 10. Figure 11 shows the time domain representation of this acoustic guitar note used as input to the system for isolation of body response and the excitation signal for string 1 fret 2 with finger plucking style. The sampling rate for the recorded note is 16 kHz.
Time domain representation of input music note, string 1 fret 1 finger plucked note.
The body responses and the excitation signals are calculated for 252 guitar notes including the plucking style: finger and the plectrum plucked music notes. A note is then synthesized by convolving the estimated body response and the isolated excitation signal. The results are verified using the correlation coefficients and it is observed that the constant length window poses some limitations to give highly correlated synthesized guitar note. Figure 12 shows the plots for the original guitar note and the synthesized guitar note. But the results are not satisfactory because of the low correlation coefficient values. Table 2 presents the sample values of 6 frets of string 1 music notes.
Synthesized guitar note for string 1 fret 1 using CDW method.
String 1 | Correlation coefficient | MoS Score based on (0–1) scale |
---|---|---|
Fret 1 | 0.8564 | 0.85 |
Fret 2 | 0.8229 | 0.85 |
Fret 3 | 0.8486 | 0.85 |
Fret 4 | 0.6842 | 0.8 |
Fret 5 | 0.8061 | 0.8 |
Fret 6 | 0.8340 | 0.8 |
Correlation coefficient calculations for the string 1 with all frets with fixed sized window.
1 | Finger pluck | Open string | Fret 1 | Fret 2 | Fret 3 | Fret 4 | Fret 5 | Fret 6 |
2 | Number of samples in the window | 70 | 60 | 60 | 50 | 50 | 50 | 50 |
3 | Correlation coefficient | 0.9512 | 0.9596 | 0.9517 | 0.9489 | 0.8196 | 0.8856 | 0.9008 |
4 | MOS score on the scale of(0–1) | 0.95 | 0.95 | 0.95 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.9 |
5 | Pick pluck | Open string | Fret 1 | Fret 2 | Fret 3 | Fret 4 | Fret 5 | Fret 6 |
6 | Number of samples in the window | 50 | 190 | 100 | 170 | 300 | 60 | 60 |
7 | Correlation coefficient | 0.9498 | 0.9394 | 0.9452 | 0.9288 | 0.9238 | 0.9442 | 0.9476 |
8 | MOS score on the scale of (0–1) | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.9 |
Correlation coefficients for ACDW samples: Results for plucked & picked sound notes.
The synthesis results are improved by changing the length of the window. This ‘
This section covers the discussion of the ACDW method along with the results of impulse response estimation and the synthesis of guitar notes. The length of the window in cepstral domain is changed in the range of 50 samples to 300 samples. The estimation of the best impulse response is done based on correlation coefficient. The correlation coefficient is the statistical parameter to indicate the degree of similarity. A lot of experimentation is done by varying the number of samples of the cepstral domain window. It is observed that the correlation coefficient drops when the number of samples in cepstral domain window are increased further. The range is finalized after studying the impulse response and the synthesis results.
Figure 13 plots the correlation coefficients versus the number of samples in the cepstral domain for the string 1 fret 1 finger plucked Guitar note. From the figure, it’s clear that when number of samples in the chosen length of cepstral window is 70, ACDW synthesis gives highest correlation coefficient. The graph shows the decaying nature of the impulse response for the selected guitar note. So the improvement in the synthesis is achieved with the help of ACDW method. Once this is achieved, the extracted impulse responses are analyzed further to observe their relationship. The isolated impulse responses for all the frets of a single string are plotted and it’s observed that these impulses are also following the important
Comparison of correlation coefficients for different number of samples for string 1 fret 1 finger plucked guitar note.
This triggered the thought of using the impulse response of a single fret to generate the impulse responses for the other frets. The experimentation is carried out for string 1 with all its 20 frets for impulse generation. The generated impulses were convolved with the separated excitation signals to generate all the music notes along a single fret. This gives rise to generalized acoustic guitar model where a single impulse response can be stored and used to generate all other music notes of that guitar. Figure 14 shows the time domain graph of the impulse responses showcasing their octave relationship. It demonstrates the
Impulse responses of finger plucked guitar notes.
In summary, Figure 15 shows the model for the
Block schematic of the synthesized note using impulse response modeling.
The synthesis results for the fixed sized windows is poor, given in Table 2, as verified with MoS (Mean Opinion Score),
The separated excitation signal and the estimated impulse response are convolved together to synthesize the acoustic Guitar note. The ACDW approach provides good scope for better synthesis. The synthesis has been carried out for the two playing styles, namely, finger plucked, and pick plucked notes. The highest correlation coefficient value is 0.98 for finger plucked guitar note. The MoS (Mean Opinion Score) is also best indication for the synthesized guitar note giving highest value as 0.95.
The NN and machine learning algorithms are used to classify the plucking style and plucking expression for the original recorded notes. Once the model is trained it is further deployed for cross-validation of the synthesized music notes based on the ACDW method. The results are discussed subsection 4.1.
The contribution of this impulse response modeling work is to isolate the body response and the excitation signal of acoustic guitar notes. An
To summarize the work, impulse response modeling is implemented with good accuracy. Further, the neural network (NN) is used for classification of naïve and expert player considering the expression in the note played. The classification is also done for plucking style i.e. finger plucking and plectrum plucking. The results of the two methods of synthesis i.e. ACDW and Generalized model are cross verified by NN model. The trained model of the classification is used for verification of the synthesized notes.
The synthesis of the acoustic guitar notes is implemented using the ACDW method and a generalized model is developed using the body response of the single fret. The validation of the synthesized guitar notes is done by the subjective (listening) tests and the correlation coefficient values. NN model is used for the classification of guitar notes with respect to plucking style and plucking expression. Further this trained model is used for testing the synthesized guitar notes to identify plucking style and plucking expression. This is named as cross validation of the models.
Table 3 summarizes the validation of the synthesized guitar notes based on: 1) Mean opinion Score i.e. MOS as the subjective tests and 2) Correlation coefficients as the statistical parameter for finding the similarity between original and synthesized music notes using ACDW approach. The NN model is used for classification of the music notes based on: 1) plucking style and 2) plucking expressions.
Table 4 summarizes the cross-validation result for synthesized music notes, only of an expert player. The last two columns are highlighted to show the result of NN modeling to predict the class. The table values confirm the model validation as the classification results are greater than 80%. Only few sample results are shown in Table below.
Plucked Note | String1fret19 | 0.8 | 0.8477 | Expert | Expert |
String1fret18 | 0.8 | 0.8144 | Expert | Expert | |
String1fret13 | 0.7 | 0.79 | Expert | Expert | |
String1fret12 | 0.7 | 0.71 | Expert | Beginner | |
String1fret2 | 0.8 | 0.8909 | Expert | Expert | |
String1fret1 | 0.8 | 0.8120 | Expert | Expert | |
Picked Notes | String1fret19 | 0.85 | 0.8784 | Expert | Expert |
String1fret18 | 0.85 | 0.86 | Expert | Expert | |
String1fret13 | 0.75 | 0.81 | Expert | Expert | |
String1fret12 | 0.75 | 0.79 | Expert | Expert | |
String1fret2 | 0.75 | 0.78 | Expert | Beginner | |
String1fret1 | 0.8 | 0.71 | Expert | Expert |
Cross-validation result for the expert’s synthesized music notes.
Similarly, a cross-validation has been carried out for the plucking style where the acoustic guitar notes played by the Expert Player have been passed to the trained model and the plucking style is predicted. The results from the Impulse Response modeling method are considered for the identification of the plucking style. Table 5 summarizes the results of the trained model for identification of plucking style of synthesized notes using NN classifiers. The cells highlighted with yellow indicate the wrong classification of the plucking style. The second column gives the names of the music notes while the 3rd and the 4th columns indicate the correlation coefficients for the subjective tests and the impulse response method.
Expert | String1fret1 | 0.95 | 0.9283 | Finger | Finger |
String1fret2 | 0.95 | 0.9441 | Finger | Finger | |
String1fret3 | 0.9 | 0.9324 | Finger | Finger | |
String1fret4 | 0.8 | 0.7897 | Finger | Pick | |
String1fret5 | 0.85 | 0.8856 | Finger | Finger | |
String1fret6 | 0.9 | 0.9008 | Finger | Finger | |
Expert | String1fret1 | 0.95 | 0.9317 | Pick | Pick |
String1fret2 | 0.95 | 0.9452 | Pick | Pick | |
String1fret3 | 0.9 | 0.9146 | Pick | Finger | |
String1fret4 | 0.9 | 0.9238 | Pick | Pick | |
String1fret5 | 0.9 | 0.9127 | Pick | Pick | |
String1fret6 | 0.95 | 0.9434 | Pick | Pick |
Cross-validation result for the plucking style of the expert player.
The limitation of the impulse response method using the hammer method and string-breaking method are overcome with the help of cepstral domain window method. The challenges of isolation of impulse response from the excitation signal are overcome using ACDW approach and a model is developed using the body features. The main contribution of the present research work is: 1) Physical model for Guitar as an instrument using Adaptive Cepstral Domain Window (ACDW) approach, 2) Generalized Model for Impulse Response of Acoustic Guitar for All Frets using a Response of Single Fret, and 3) Classification of guitar notes based on plucking style and plucking expression. The validation of the synthesized notes is done by using subjective listening tests i.e. Mean Opinion Score (MOS) and the correlation coefficients. The classification of plucking style and plucking expression is done using NN modeling techniques. The trained model is used for testing the plucking expression of the synthesized model. This model can be used to certify if the player is becoming an expert. If the score for expert identification is greater than 95% then player can be certified as expert.
Edited by Jan Oxholm Gordeladze, ISBN 978-953-51-3020-8, Print ISBN 978-953-51-3019-2, 336 pages,
\nPublisher: IntechOpen
\nChapters published March 22, 2017 under CC BY 3.0 license
\nDOI: 10.5772/61430
\nEdited Volume
This book serves as a comprehensive survey of the impact of vitamin K2 on cellular functions and organ systems, indicating that vitamin K2 plays an important role in the differentiation/preservation of various cell phenotypes and as a stimulator and/or mediator of interorgan cross talk. Vitamin K2 binds to the transcription factor SXR/PXR, thus acting like a hormone (very much in the same manner as vitamin A and vitamin D). Therefore, vitamin K2 affects a multitude of organ systems, and it is reckoned to be one positive factor in bringing about "longevity" to the human body, e.g., supporting the functions/health of different organ systems, as well as correcting the functioning or even "curing" ailments striking several organs in our body.
\\n\\nChapter 1 Introductory Chapter: Vitamin K2 by Jan Oxholm Gordeladze
\\n\\nChapter 2 Vitamin K, SXR, and GGCX by Kotaro Azuma and Satoshi Inoue
\\n\\nChapter 3 Vitamin K2 Rich Food Products by Muhammad Yasin, Masood Sadiq Butt and Aurang Zeb
\\n\\nChapter 4 Menaquinones, Bacteria, and Foods: Vitamin K2 in the Diet by Barbara Walther and Magali Chollet
\\n\\nChapter 5 The Impact of Vitamin K2 on Energy Metabolism by Mona Møller, Serena Tonstad, Tone Bathen and Jan Oxholm Gordeladze
\\n\\nChapter 6 Vitamin K2 and Bone Health by Niels Erik Frandsen and Jan Oxholm Gordeladze
\\n\\nChapter 7 Vitamin K2 and its Impact on Tooth Epigenetics by Jan Oxholm Gordeladze, Maria A. Landin, Gaute Floer Johnsen, Håvard Jostein Haugen and Harald Osmundsen
\\n\\nChapter 8 Anti-Inflammatory Actions of Vitamin K by Stephen J. Hodges, Andrew A. Pitsillides, Lars M. Ytrebø and Robin Soper
\\n\\nChapter 9 Vitamin K2: Implications for Cardiovascular Health in the Context of Plant-Based Diets, with Applications for Prostate Health by Michael S. Donaldson
\\n\\nChapter 11 Vitamin K2 Facilitating Inter-Organ Cross-Talk by Jan O. Gordeladze, Håvard J. Haugen, Gaute Floer Johnsen and Mona Møller
\\n\\nChapter 13 Medicinal Chemistry of Vitamin K Derivatives and Metabolites by Shinya Fujii and Hiroyuki Kagechika
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'This book serves as a comprehensive survey of the impact of vitamin K2 on cellular functions and organ systems, indicating that vitamin K2 plays an important role in the differentiation/preservation of various cell phenotypes and as a stimulator and/or mediator of interorgan cross talk. Vitamin K2 binds to the transcription factor SXR/PXR, thus acting like a hormone (very much in the same manner as vitamin A and vitamin D). Therefore, vitamin K2 affects a multitude of organ systems, and it is reckoned to be one positive factor in bringing about "longevity" to the human body, e.g., supporting the functions/health of different organ systems, as well as correcting the functioning or even "curing" ailments striking several organs in our body.
\n\nChapter 1 Introductory Chapter: Vitamin K2 by Jan Oxholm Gordeladze
\n\nChapter 2 Vitamin K, SXR, and GGCX by Kotaro Azuma and Satoshi Inoue
\n\nChapter 3 Vitamin K2 Rich Food Products by Muhammad Yasin, Masood Sadiq Butt and Aurang Zeb
\n\nChapter 4 Menaquinones, Bacteria, and Foods: Vitamin K2 in the Diet by Barbara Walther and Magali Chollet
\n\nChapter 5 The Impact of Vitamin K2 on Energy Metabolism by Mona Møller, Serena Tonstad, Tone Bathen and Jan Oxholm Gordeladze
\n\nChapter 6 Vitamin K2 and Bone Health by Niels Erik Frandsen and Jan Oxholm Gordeladze
\n\nChapter 7 Vitamin K2 and its Impact on Tooth Epigenetics by Jan Oxholm Gordeladze, Maria A. Landin, Gaute Floer Johnsen, Håvard Jostein Haugen and Harald Osmundsen
\n\nChapter 8 Anti-Inflammatory Actions of Vitamin K by Stephen J. Hodges, Andrew A. Pitsillides, Lars M. Ytrebø and Robin Soper
\n\nChapter 9 Vitamin K2: Implications for Cardiovascular Health in the Context of Plant-Based Diets, with Applications for Prostate Health by Michael S. Donaldson
\n\nChapter 11 Vitamin K2 Facilitating Inter-Organ Cross-Talk by Jan O. Gordeladze, Håvard J. Haugen, Gaute Floer Johnsen and Mona Møller
\n\nChapter 13 Medicinal Chemistry of Vitamin K Derivatives and Metabolites by Shinya Fujii and Hiroyuki Kagechika
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As a reinforcement agent, calcium carbonate from avian eggshell waste was used, at 10 ph of micro particles, 125 μm. Admixtures were further processed in a single-screw extruder, using CO2 as physical blowing agent (PBA). Property investigations were performed by DSC, TGA, XRD, SEM, FTIR, and mechanical essays.",book:{id:"8352",slug:"use-of-gamma-radiation-techniques-in-peaceful-applications",title:"Use of Gamma Radiation Techniques in Peaceful Applications",fullTitle:"Use of Gamma Radiation Techniques in Peaceful Applications"},signatures:"Elizabeth C.L. Cardoso, Duclerc F. Parra, Sandra R. Scagliusi, Ricardo M. Sales, Fernando Caviquioli and Ademar B. 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Completed the Course Medical Mycology, the Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures (CBS), Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Netherlands (2006). International Union of Microbiological Societies (IUMS) Fellow, and International Emerging Infectious Diseases (IEID) Fellow, Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, USA. Diploma of Dermatological Scientist, Japanese Society for Investigative Dermatology. Ph.D. of Juntendo University, Japan. Bachelor’s and Master’s degree, Medicine, West China University of Medical Sciences. Chair of Sichuan Medical Association Dermatology Committee. General Secretary of The 19th Annual Meeting of Chinese Society of Dermatology and the Asia Pacific Society for Medical Mycology (2013). In charge of the Annual Medical Mycology Course over 20-years authorized by National Continue Medical Education Committee of China. Member of the board of directors of the Asia-Pacific Society for Medical Mycology (APSMM). Associate editor of Mycopathologia. Vice-chief of the editorial board of Chinses Journal of Mycology, China. Board Member and Chair of Mycology Group of Chinese Society of Dermatology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sichuan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/5.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"67907",title:"Dr.",name:"Amidou",middleName:null,surname:"Samie",slug:"amidou-samie",fullName:"Amidou Samie",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/67907/images/system/67907.jpg",biography:"Dr. Amidou Samie is an Associate Professor of Microbiology at the University of Venda, in South Africa, where he graduated for his PhD in May 2008. He joined the Department of Microbiology the same year and has been giving lectures on topics covering parasitology, immunology, molecular biology and industrial microbiology. He is currently a rated researcher by the National Research Foundation of South Africa at category C2. He has published widely in the field of infectious diseases and has overseen several MSc’s and PhDs. His research activities mostly cover topics on infectious diseases from epidemiology to control. His particular interest lies in the study of intestinal protozoan parasites and opportunistic infections among HIV patients as well as the potential impact of childhood diarrhoea on growth and child development. He also conducts research on water-borne diseases and water quality and is involved in the evaluation of point-of-use water treatment technologies using silver and copper nanoparticles in collaboration with the University of Virginia, USA. 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His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. 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Saxena",hash:"105e347b2d5dbbe6b593aceffa051efa",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Influenza - Therapeutics and Challenges",editors:[{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7064",title:"Current Perspectives in Human Papillomavirus",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7064.jpg",slug:"current-perspectives-in-human-papillomavirus",publishedDate:"May 2nd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Shailendra K. Saxena",hash:"d92a4085627bab25ddc7942fbf44cf05",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Current Perspectives in Human Papillomavirus",editors:[{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7123",title:"Current Topics in Neglected Tropical Diseases",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7123.jpg",slug:"current-topics-in-neglected-tropical-diseases",publishedDate:"December 4th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",hash:"61c627da05b2ace83056d11357bdf361",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Current Topics in Neglected Tropical Diseases",editors:[{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null}]},{type:"book",id:"7839",title:"Malaria",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7839.jpg",slug:"malaria",publishedDate:"December 11th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Fyson H. Kasenga",hash:"91cde4582ead884cb0f355a19b67cd56",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Malaria",editors:[{id:"86725",title:"Dr.",name:"Fyson",middleName:"Hanania",surname:"Kasenga",slug:"fyson-kasenga",fullName:"Fyson Kasenga",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/86725/images/system/86725.jpg",biography:"Dr. Kasenga is a graduate of Tumaini University, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical College, Moshi, Tanzania and Umeå University, Sweden. He obtained a Master’s degree in Public Health and PhD in Public Health and Epidemiology. He has a background in Clinical Medicine and has taken courses at higher diploma levels in public health from University of Transkei, Republic of South Africa, and African Medical and Research Foundation (AMREF) in Nairobi, Kenya. Dr. Kasenga worked in different places in and outside Malawi, and has held various positions, such as Licensed Medical Officer, HIV/AIDS Programme Officer, HIV/AIDS resource person in the International Department of Diakonhjemet College, Oslo, Norway. He also managed an Integrated HIV/AIDS Prevention programme for over 5 years. He is currently working as a Director for the Health Ministries Department of Malawi Union of the Seventh Day Adventist Church. Dr. Kasenga has published over 5 articles on HIV/AIDS issues focusing on Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission of HIV (PMTCT), including a book chapter on HIV testing counseling (currently in press). Dr. Kasenga is married to Grace and blessed with three children, a son and two daughters: Happy, Lettice and Sungani.",institutionString:"Malawi Adventist University",institution:{name:"Malawi Adventist University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malawi"}}}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:7,paginationItems:[{id:"11476",title:"Globalization and Sustainability - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Emerging Issues",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11476.jpg",hash:"8d41fa5f3a5da07469bbc121594bfd3e",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:4,submissionDeadline:"March 24th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"335401",title:"Prof.",name:"Margherita",surname:"Mori",slug:"margherita-mori",fullName:"Margherita Mori"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11460",title:"Pluralistic Approaches for Conservation and Sustainability in Biodiversity",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11460.jpg",hash:"ab014f8ed1669757335225786833e9a9",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"April 22nd 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"101105",title:"Dr.",name:"Gopal",surname:"Shukla",slug:"gopal-shukla",fullName:"Gopal Shukla"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11475",title:"Food Security Challenges and Approaches",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11475.jpg",hash:"090302a30e461cee643ec49675c811ec",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 5th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"292145",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",surname:"Haseeb Ahmad",slug:"muhammad-haseeb-ahmad",fullName:"Muhammad Haseeb Ahmad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11450",title:"Environmental Impacts of COVID-19 Pandemic on the World",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11450.jpg",hash:"a58c7b02d07903004be70f744f2e1835",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 10th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"63465",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed Nageeb",surname:"Rashed",slug:"mohamed-nageeb-rashed",fullName:"Mohamed Nageeb Rashed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11477",title:"Public Economics - 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Two Years After",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11573.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"80546",title:"Streptococcal Skin and Skin-Structure Infections",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102894",signatures:"Alwyn Rapose",slug:"streptococcal-skin-and-skin-structure-infections",totalDownloads:48,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Streptococcal Infections",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10828.jpg",subseries:{id:"3",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",value:5,count:1,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Viral Infectious Diseases",value:6,count:1,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",value:3,count:2,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:0,paginationItems:[]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[],publicationYearFilters:[],authors:{paginationCount:249,paginationItems:[{id:"274452",title:"Dr.",name:"Yousif",middleName:"Mohamed",surname:"Abdallah",slug:"yousif-abdallah",fullName:"Yousif Abdallah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/274452/images/8324_n.jpg",biography:"I certainly enjoyed my experience in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, particularly it has been in different institutions and hospitals with different Medical Cultures and allocated resources. Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine Technology has always been my aspiration and my life. As years passed I accumulated a tremendous amount of skills and knowledge in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Conventional Radiology, Radiation Protection, Bioinformatics Technology, PACS, Image processing, clinically and lecturing that will enable me to provide a valuable service to the community as a Researcher and Consultant in this field. My method of translating this into day to day in clinical practice is non-exhaustible and my habit of exchanging knowledge and expertise with others in those fields is the code and secret of success.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",biography:"Bartłomiej Płaczek, MSc (2002), Ph.D. (2005), Habilitation (2016), is a professor at the University of Silesia, Institute of Computer Science, Poland, and an expert from the National Centre for Research and Development. His research interests include sensor networks, smart sensors, intelligent systems, and image processing with applications in healthcare and medicine. He is the author or co-author of more than seventy papers in peer-reviewed journals and conferences as well as the co-author of several books. He serves as a reviewer for many scientific journals, international conferences, and research foundations. Since 2010, Dr. Placzek has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in the field of information technologies.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"35000",title:"Prof.",name:"Ulrich H.P",middleName:"H.P.",surname:"Fischer",slug:"ulrich-h.p-fischer",fullName:"Ulrich H.P Fischer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35000/images/3052_n.jpg",biography:"Academic and Professional Background\nUlrich H. P. has Diploma and PhD degrees in Physics from the Free University Berlin, Germany. He has been working on research positions in the Heinrich-Hertz-Institute in Germany. Several international research projects has been performed with European partners from France, Netherlands, Norway and the UK. He is currently Professor of Communications Systems at the Harz University of Applied Sciences, Germany.\n\nPublications and Publishing\nHe has edited one book, a special interest book about ‘Optoelectronic Packaging’ (VDE, Berlin, Germany), and has published over 100 papers and is owner of several international patents for WDM over POF key elements.\n\nKey Research and Consulting Interests\nUlrich’s research activity has always been related to Spectroscopy and Optical Communications Technology. Specific current interests include the validation of complex instruments, and the application of VR technology to the development and testing of measurement systems. He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University, Kuwait. His research interests include optimization, computer graphics, computer vision, image processing, machine learning, pattern recognition, soft computing, data science, and intelligent systems. Prof. Sarfraz has been a keynote/invited speaker at various platforms around the globe. He has advised/supervised more than 110 students for their MSc and Ph.D. theses. He has published more than 400 publications as books, journal articles, and conference papers. He has authored and/or edited around seventy books. Prof. Sarfraz is a member of various professional societies. He is a chair and member of international advisory committees and organizing committees of numerous international conferences. He is also an editor and editor in chief for various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:null},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:"Beijing University of Technology",institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Lakhno Igor Victorovich was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPhD – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSc – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nLakhno Igor has been graduated from an international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held in Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor of the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s a professor of the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education . He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 17 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Lakhno Igor is a rewiever of Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for DSc degree \\'Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention and treatment”. Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, cardiovascular medicine.",institutionString:"V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University",institution:{name:"Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education",country:{name:"Ukraine"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"243698",title:"M.D.",name:"Xiaogang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xiaogang-wang",fullName:"Xiaogang Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243698/images/system/243698.png",biography:"Dr. Xiaogang Wang, a faculty member of Shanxi Eye Hospital specializing in the treatment of cataract and retinal disease and a tutor for postgraduate students of Shanxi Medical University, worked in the COOL Lab as an international visiting scholar under the supervision of Dr. David Huang and Yali Jia from October 2012 through November 2013. Dr. Wang earned an MD from Shanxi Medical University and a Ph.D. from Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Dr. Wang was awarded two research project grants focused on multimodal optical coherence tomography imaging and deep learning in cataract and retinal disease, from the National Natural Science Foundation of China. He has published around 30 peer-reviewed journal papers and four book chapters and co-edited one book.",institutionString:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",institution:{name:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRZkkQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-05-09T12:55:18.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. 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