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These books synthesize perspectives of renowned scientists from the world’s most prestigious institutions - from Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute in Japan to Stanford University in the United States, including Columbia University (US), University of Sidney (AU), University of Miami (USA), Cardiff University (UK), and many others.
\\n\\nThis collaboration embodied the true essence of Open Access by simplifying the approach to OA publishing for Academic editors and authors who contributed their research and allowed the new research to be made available free and open to anyone anywhere in the world.
\\n\\nTo celebrate the 50 books published, we have gathered them at one location - just one click away, so that you can easily browse the subjects of your interest, download the content directly, share it or read online.
\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:null},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched formed a partnership to support researchers working in engineering sciences by enabling an easier approach to publishing Open Access content. Using the Knowledge Unlatched crowdfunding model to raise the publishing costs through libraries around the world, Open Access Publishing Fee (OAPF) was not required from the authors.
\n\nInitially, the partnership supported engineering research, but it soon grew to include physical and life sciences, attracting more researchers to the advantages of Open Access publishing.
\n\n\n\nThese books synthesize perspectives of renowned scientists from the world’s most prestigious institutions - from Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute in Japan to Stanford University in the United States, including Columbia University (US), University of Sidney (AU), University of Miami (USA), Cardiff University (UK), and many others.
\n\nThis collaboration embodied the true essence of Open Access by simplifying the approach to OA publishing for Academic editors and authors who contributed their research and allowed the new research to be made available free and open to anyone anywhere in the world.
\n\nTo celebrate the 50 books published, we have gathered them at one location - just one click away, so that you can easily browse the subjects of your interest, download the content directly, share it or read online.
\n\n\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"6422",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Recent Advances in Tomato Breeding and Production",title:"Recent Advances in Tomato Breeding and Production",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Tomato cultivation is a major economic activity in many countries of the world. Thus, strategic efforts should be directed towards mitigating production constraints that limit overall yields and quality. In addressing some of these constraints, researchers are developing and using varieties of modern and innovative techniques to improve local tomato germplasm, make rapid genetic gains, and breed for varieties with resistance to biotic and abiotic stress. This book focuses on recent advances in genomics and genetic improvement of the tomato crop, and production systems, and center around the following themes: (i) disease and pest management in tomato production, and (ii) breeding tools and improvement of the tomato.",isbn:"978-1-78985-034-5",printIsbn:"978-1-78985-033-8",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83881-466-3",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70226",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"recent-advances-in-tomato-breeding-and-production",numberOfPages:126,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"450cb677ac2da7c8d5a582417ada3745",bookSignature:"Seloame Tatu Nyaku and Agyemang Danquah",publishedDate:"January 23rd 2019",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6422.jpg",numberOfDownloads:11187,numberOfWosCitations:18,numberOfCrossrefCitations:8,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:2,numberOfDimensionsCitations:24,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:2,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:50,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"June 30th 2017",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"July 21st 2017",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"November 23rd 2017",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"January 23rd 2018",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"March 23rd 2018",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"182528",title:"Dr.",name:"Seloame Tatu",middleName:null,surname:"Nyaku",slug:"seloame-tatu-nyaku",fullName:"Seloame Tatu Nyaku",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/182528/images/5763_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Seloame Tatu Nyaku is a Lecturer with the Crop Science Department, University of Ghana and his research interests are in host-plant interactions, and application of integrated control measures for management of nematode and fungal pathogens on plants, including indigenous crop species. Other areas of expertise include: designing Real-Time PCR assays, and analyzing data from multiple sources including complex whole genome, transcriptome, and population genomics through the usage of bioinformatics tools available from numerous public and private sources. His current research focuses on the application of grafting techniques on tomato, utilizing nematode-resistant root-stocks, together with imploring useful rhizosphere microorganisms for nematode and fungal control.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"University of Ghana",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Ghana"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"204223",title:"Dr.",name:"Agyemang",middleName:null,surname:"Danquah",slug:"agyemang-danquah",fullName:"Agyemang Danquah",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204223/images/5765_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Agyemang Danquah is the Head of Tomato Research at the West Africa Centre for Crop Improvement (WACCI), University of Ghana, and Coordinator of Teaching Programmes and Postgraduate Curriculum Development. His research focus is primarily on using Demand-Led Plant Breeding approaches to develop and deliver improved varieties of tomatoes to Farmers in Ghana. His current works include developing resistance to tomato yellow leave curl virus, fusarium wilt, extended shelf-life and processing type tomatoes for the local industry.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"311",title:"Plant Genetics",slug:"agronomy-plant-genetics"}],chapters:[{id:"64965",title:"Grafting: An Effective Strategy for Nematode Management in Tomato Genotypes",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.82774",slug:"grafting-an-effective-strategy-for-nematode-management-in-tomato-genotypes",totalDownloads:1337,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Research focus currently relies on combinations of environmentally friendly approaches among which is grafting for pathogen management. Grafting has potential to provide resistance to multiple soilborne pathogens, for example, nematodes, after a susceptible plant (scion) is united with resistant rootstocks. Sources of resistant rootstocks include species from the same family or closely related species, hybrids, and weeds. This chapter focuses on the following themes: (1) grafting and cost implications, (2) rootstock selection and tomato grafting against root-knot nematodes, (3) grafting techniques and requirements and graft union formation, (4) fruit quality of grafted plants, and (5) screening of rootstocks against root-knot nematode and identification of markers linked to Mi gene in rootstocks. Tomato rootstock breeding efforts, if coordinated properly, can lead to production of rootstocks, which can be adapted to specific environments and abiotic stresses.",signatures:"Seloame Tatu Nyaku and Naalamle Amissah",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/64965",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/64965",authors:[{id:"182528",title:"Dr.",name:"Seloame Tatu",surname:"Nyaku",slug:"seloame-tatu-nyaku",fullName:"Seloame Tatu Nyaku"},{id:"271999",title:"Dr.",name:"Naalamle",surname:"Amissah",slug:"naalamle-amissah",fullName:"Naalamle Amissah"}],corrections:null},{id:"62135",title:"PGPR (Plant Growth Promoting Rizobacteria) Benefits in Spurring Germination, Growth and Increase the Yield of Tomato Plants",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.78776",slug:"pgpr-plant-growth-promoting-rizobacteria-benefits-in-spurring-germination-growth-and-increase-the-yi",totalDownloads:1228,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"There are microbes that are beneficial to plants. Among these, rhizobacteria, which functions as plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) such as Pseudomonas spp. and Bacillus sp., can serve as fertilizer. These organisms have proven to accelerate germination and improve the yield of tomato plants. Colonization of rhizosphere by PGPR results in acceleration of plant growth and protection against plant pathogens. Soaking tomato seeds with Pseudomonas spp. and Bacillus sp. suspension accelerated germination by 2–3 days than the control without immersion with both bacteria. Soaking tomato seeds for 10–30 min in the suspension of Pseudomonas spp. yielded the same effect in tomato germination. Soaking in Bacillus sp. tends to cause faster growth as compared to immersion in Pseudomonas spp. suspension. Mixing these two bacterial suspensions had no significant effect in accelerating the germination of tomato seeds. Soaking tomato seeds for 20 min with a suspension of Pseudomonas spp. and Bacillus sp. at densities of 4 × 105 CFU and 8 × 105 CFU showed significant differences (p < 0.05) in plant height, leaf number, root length, number, and weight of tomato fruits. The highest fruit weight using Pseudomonas spp. and Bacillus sp. at 8 × 105 CFU was 491.7 g tomato plant−1 while the control average fruits weight was 100.0 g tomato plant−1.",signatures:"I Ketut Widnyana",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/62135",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/62135",authors:[{id:"218145",title:"Dr.",name:"I Ketut",surname:"Widnyana",slug:"i-ketut-widnyana",fullName:"I Ketut Widnyana"}],corrections:null},{id:"60478",title:"Tomato Breeding for Insect-Pest Resistance",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.75978",slug:"tomato-breeding-for-insect-pest-resistance",totalDownloads:1522,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The tomato is susceptible to pest attacks that can lead to damages throughout the crop cycle. Pest control is carried out, mainly, by insecticide and chemical acaricide spraying. However, the use of chemical pest control can cause severe damage to the environment, biological imbalances and deleterious effects on farmers and consumer health, as well as increased production costs. An interesting alternative to minimizing the problems arising from the agrochemical application and maintaining pest populations below the economic damage level is the development of tomato plants displaying resistance to insect and arachnid pests. In this context, the main purpose of this chapter is to provide a review of the techniques applied in this regard, major progresses to date and future prospects for tomato pest-resistance breeding. This chapter is divided into five sections: (1) wild pest-resistant tomato species, (2) allelochemicals that confer pest resistance, (3) techniques used for the introgression of pest resistance genes (4) overview, challenges and prospects for pest-resistant tomato breeding and (5) final considerations.",signatures:"André Ricardo Zeist, Alex Antônio da Silva, Juliano Tadeu Vilela de\nResende, Wilson Roberto Maluf, André Gabriel, Daniel Suek Zanin\nand Edson Perez Guerra",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/60478",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/60478",authors:[{id:"217011",title:"Dr.",name:"André",surname:"Zeist",slug:"andre-zeist",fullName:"André Zeist"},{id:"218061",title:"Dr.",name:"Alex",surname:"Silva",slug:"alex-silva",fullName:"Alex Silva"},{id:"218062",title:"MSc.",name:"André",surname:"Gabriel",slug:"andre-gabriel",fullName:"André Gabriel"},{id:"218063",title:"Dr.",name:"Juliano",surname:"Resende",slug:"juliano-resende",fullName:"Juliano Resende"},{id:"218064",title:"Dr.",name:"Wilson",surname:"Maluf",slug:"wilson-maluf",fullName:"Wilson Maluf"},{id:"236477",title:"MSc.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Zanin",slug:"daniel-zanin",fullName:"Daniel Zanin"},{id:"236478",title:"Dr.",name:"Edson",surname:"Guerra",slug:"edson-guerra",fullName:"Edson Guerra"}],corrections:null},{id:"60526",title:"Review on Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum, L.) Improvement Programmes in Ghana",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.75843",slug:"review-on-tomato-solanum-lycopersicum-l-improvement-programmes-in-ghana",totalDownloads:2404,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Tomato is an important component of every Ghanaian meal, and its cultivation contributes significantly to livelihood improvement. The demand for tomato in Ghana outstrips supply, and therefore local production is augmented by imports from neighbouring countries. Despite the importance of tomato in Ghana, past tomato-breeding programmes have been unsystematic and had not led to the development of new varieties that meet the needs of consumers as well as environmental stresses. This review outlined tomato production trends, constraints and past tomato improvement programmes in Ghana, which mainly focused on germplasm collection, morphological and agronomic characterization, molecular evaluation, diversity study, as well as screening germplasm against biotic and abiotic stresses. The established variability and the outcomes of the evaluations against the various biotic and abiotic stresses have not been utilized in the development of new varieties. This work will serve as a reference for developing future tomato-breeding programmes.",signatures:"Leander D. Melomey, Agyemang Danquah, Samuel K. Offei,\nKwadwo Ofori, Eric Danquah and Michael Osei",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/60526",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/60526",authors:[{id:"217823",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Leander Dede",surname:"Melomey",slug:"leander-dede-melomey",fullName:"Leander Dede Melomey"},{id:"217851",title:"Dr.",name:"Agyemang",surname:"Danquah",slug:"agyemang-danquah",fullName:"Agyemang Danquah"},{id:"217853",title:"Prof.",name:"Kwadwo",surname:"Ofori",slug:"kwadwo-ofori",fullName:"Kwadwo Ofori"},{id:"217854",title:"Prof.",name:"Samuel Kwame",surname:"Offei",slug:"samuel-kwame-offei",fullName:"Samuel Kwame Offei"},{id:"247378",title:"Dr.",name:"Eric Y.",surname:"Danquah",slug:"eric-y.-danquah",fullName:"Eric Y. Danquah"},{id:"247379",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael Kwabena",surname:"Osei",slug:"michael-kwabena-osei",fullName:"Michael Kwabena Osei"}],corrections:null},{id:"62376",title:"Genotype × Environment Interaction: A Prerequisite for Tomato Variety Development",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76011",slug:"genotype-environment-interaction-a-prerequisite-for-tomato-variety-development",totalDownloads:2296,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:6,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is the second most important vegetable crop in the world due to its high level of nutrition particularly in vitamins and antioxidants. It is grown in several ecologies of the world due to its adaptability and ease of cultivation. Besides field conditions, tomatoes are grown in controlled environments which range from hydroponics and simple high tunnel structures to highly automated screen houses in advanced countries. However, the yield and quality of the fruits are highly influenced by the environment. This results in unpredictable performances in different growing environments in terms of quality, a phenomenon known as genotype by environment (G × E) interaction which confounds selection efficiency. Various approaches are employed by plant breeders to evaluate and address the challenges posed by genotype by environment interaction. This chapter discusses various field and controlled environments for growing tomatoes and the effect of these environments on the performance of the crop. The various types of genotype × environment interactions and their effect of the tomato plant are discussed. Finally, efforts are made to suggest ways and methods of mitigating the confounding effects of genotype × environment interaction including statistical approaches.",signatures:"Michael Kwabena Osei, Benjamin Annor, Joseph Adjebeng-\nDanquah, Agyemang Danquah, Eric Danquah, Essie Blay and Hans\nAdu-Dapaah",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/62376",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/62376",authors:[{id:"204223",title:"Dr.",name:"Agyemang",surname:"Danquah",slug:"agyemang-danquah",fullName:"Agyemang Danquah"},{id:"247378",title:"Dr.",name:"Eric Y.",surname:"Danquah",slug:"eric-y.-danquah",fullName:"Eric Y. Danquah"},{id:"217531",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Michael Kwabena",surname:"Osei",slug:"michael-kwabena-osei",fullName:"Michael Kwabena Osei"},{id:"217760",title:"Dr.",name:"Joseph",surname:"Adjebeng-Danquah",slug:"joseph-adjebeng-danquah",fullName:"Joseph Adjebeng-Danquah"},{id:"217768",title:"MSc.",name:"Benjamin",surname:"Annor",slug:"benjamin-annor",fullName:"Benjamin Annor"},{id:"248095",title:"Prof.",name:"Essie",surname:"Blay",slug:"essie-blay",fullName:"Essie Blay"},{id:"248096",title:"Prof.",name:"Hans",surname:"Adu-Dapaah",slug:"hans-adu-dapaah",fullName:"Hans Adu-Dapaah"}],corrections:null},{id:"62375",title:"Marker-Assisted Selection (MAS): A Fast-Track Tool in Tomato Breeding",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76007",slug:"marker-assisted-selection-mas-a-fast-track-tool-in-tomato-breeding",totalDownloads:2401,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Marker-assisted selection (MAS) is a complementary tool for conventional breeding where a molecular marker linked to a trait is indirectly selected. Many studies conducted have been able to identify and develop markers for traits such as disease and pest resistance and other abiotic stresses. Despite the availability of these markers, the technology has been extensively used in tomato breeding for the identification of some economic traits in particular disease resistance. In developed countries, MAS is utilized routinely in breeding programs, but this cannot be said for developing countries such as Africa. It is high time Africa as a continent looks at the importance of the technology and invests in it. In addition to MAS, other strategies such as marker-assisted backcrossing and recurrent selection have also been employed for breeding in tomato. The use of MAS in crop improvement will not only reduce the cost of developing new tomato varieties but will also increase the precision and efficiency of selection in the breeding program as well as lessen the number of years required to come up with a new crop variety.",signatures:"Michael K. Osei, Ruth Prempeh, Joseph Adjebeng-Danquah, Jacinta\nA. Opoku, Agyemang Danquah, Eric Danquah, Essie Blay and Hans\nAdu-Dapaah",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/62375",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/62375",authors:[{id:"204223",title:"Dr.",name:"Agyemang",surname:"Danquah",slug:"agyemang-danquah",fullName:"Agyemang Danquah"},{id:"247378",title:"Dr.",name:"Eric Y.",surname:"Danquah",slug:"eric-y.-danquah",fullName:"Eric Y. Danquah"},{id:"217531",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Michael Kwabena",surname:"Osei",slug:"michael-kwabena-osei",fullName:"Michael Kwabena Osei"},{id:"217760",title:"Dr.",name:"Joseph",surname:"Adjebeng-Danquah",slug:"joseph-adjebeng-danquah",fullName:"Joseph Adjebeng-Danquah"},{id:"248095",title:"Prof.",name:"Essie",surname:"Blay",slug:"essie-blay",fullName:"Essie Blay"},{id:"248096",title:"Prof.",name:"Hans",surname:"Adu-Dapaah",slug:"hans-adu-dapaah",fullName:"Hans Adu-Dapaah"},{id:"175861",title:"Dr.",name:"Ruth",surname:"Prempeh",slug:"ruth-prempeh",fullName:"Ruth Prempeh"},{id:"217762",title:"MSc.",name:"Jacinta",surname:"Adoma Opoku",slug:"jacinta-adoma-opoku",fullName:"Jacinta Adoma Opoku"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"3060",title:"Plant Breeding from Laboratories to Fields",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5b517f307caac739435f7fbaed5326ac",slug:"plant-breeding-from-laboratories-to-fields",bookSignature:"Sven Bode Andersen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3060.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"79388",title:"Prof.",name:"Sven Bode",surname:"Andersen",slug:"sven-bode-andersen",fullName:"Sven Bode Andersen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3554",title:"Rice",subtitle:"Germplasm, Genetics and Improvement",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4bd6a333920f0f208c44c2e9fbfdd215",slug:"rice-germplasm-genetics-and-improvement",bookSignature:"Wengui Yan and Jinsong Bao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3554.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"94348",title:"Dr.",name:"Wengui",surname:"Yan",slug:"wengui-yan",fullName:"Wengui Yan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1404",title:"Aflatoxins",subtitle:"Detection, Measurement and Control",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e3a2b9bd1c46dd47875d6a0f3d8b2a39",slug:"aflatoxins-detection-measurement-and-control",bookSignature:"Irineo Torres-Pacheco",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1404.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"62984",title:"Dr.",name:"Irineo",surname:"Torres-Pacheco",slug:"irineo-torres-pacheco",fullName:"Irineo Torres-Pacheco"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2079",title:"Problems, Perspectives and Challenges of Agricultural Water Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"183bb777195754e887da67131255661f",slug:"problems-perspectives-and-challenges-of-agricultural-water-management",bookSignature:"Manish Kumar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2079.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"102967",title:"Dr.",name:"Manish",surname:"Kumar",slug:"manish-kumar",fullName:"Manish Kumar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"597",title:"Crop Production Technologies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7f87c31dfd7e38f3e10cf7ec02df2201",slug:"crop-production-technologies",bookSignature:"Peeyush Sharma and Vikas Abrol",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/597.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"73200",title:"Dr.",name:"Peeyush",surname:"Sharma",slug:"peeyush-sharma",fullName:"Peeyush Sharma"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3800",title:"World Cotton Germplasm Resources",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c8454ec008f1d20ebe7387b1be02b2db",slug:"world-cotton-germplasm-resources",bookSignature:"Ibrokhim Y. 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\r\n\tThe objective of this book is to make the food professionals acquainted with recent directions of the research work in food science. The different sections of this book project will describe the utilization of digital transformation in the food industry using the available applications of digital tools such as the internet of things (IoT), artificial intelligence (AI), sensor technologies, and blockchain. The effect of climate changes on the agro-industry will be discussed through the issues of climate changes, climate adaptation, agro-ecosystems, and environmental aspects and impacts. Recently, the food industry is subjected to unexpected new risks such as pandemics, lack of specific food supply, financial situations, and information technology problems so this too should be taken into consideration in the food science research work. As the food industry is a consumer-driven industry the continual improvement is a cornerstone in this industry. Recent technologies such as nanotechnology, membrane technology, and high-pressure technology besides the advanced analytical methods such as applications of the electron microscope and PCR would be covered.
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It is an ischemic stroke caused by insanity caused by blood flow, and it is a bleeding that in two different forms causes hemorrhagic stroke. Both have helped to prevent the proper functioning of brain sections [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]. The World Health Organization has indicated that it is known as a neurological impairment by cerebral vascular factor as a stroke in the 1970s. One of the most common types of stroke is ischemia which causes a loss of brain functions because of severe lack of blood supply [8, 9, 10, 11]. Because there are treatments that can reduce the severity of stroke symptoms if given early enough, many people now prefer the more urgent wording “stroke” or “acute ischemic stroke (AIS)” over the less urgent “brain attack” and “acute ischemic stroke” [12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19]. The headaches caused by this disease can be severe and they may cause strokes. In a stroke, symptoms might include possible partially done strokes. Problems that can arise, if an e-cigarette is not used properly, include bladder sickness and bladder dysfunction. High blood pressure of the veins is the most important risk factor on stroke. The risk of the disease falls on other risk factors, such as smoking, obesity, elevated blood cholesterol, diabetes, and hypertension [20, 21, 22, 23, 24]. Diagnosis is usually based on the clinical investigation and is assisted by medical imaging, such as CT or MRI scans [25, 26, 27, 28, 29]. CT scans may rule out bleeding, but ischemia, which usually does not appear early in the CT scan, may not necessarily be excluded [30, 31, 32, 33]. Other tests are performed to identify risk factors and to rule out other possible causes, such as electrocardiogram (ECG) and blood tests [34, 35, 36, 37]. Aspirin may be used to prevent clots from forming on the inside of the blood vessel walls. Statins may be used to prevent clots from forming within your blood vessels. For small areas of injury, clot removal may be performed. Stroke reminiscence may also be performed to create a place where the brain can begin again with stroke recovery. If your brain is injured, a surgically placed clot of another substance may be used to stop bleeding in the parts of the brain that are injured [7, 38]. Personal computer with suitable software can use to modify and custom a digital image algorithm. A personal computer can produce your own customized digital image. Digital image processing, as opposed to analog signal processing, has many advantages. The new software has characteristics that allow one to be more flexible with visually, audio and text output features. Because digital image processing can be modeled in a multidimensional way, digital images can be defined as two (or more) dimensional. In 1972, EMI Hounsfield, (a gentleman engineer) calculated subtle methods to immerse a radiolucent X-ray tube into a potable medium which was used to take images within patients’ heads (computer tomography). In order to construct a cross-section of the entirety of an image, the CT scanner is established on the basis of the anatomy of the human body. In 1975, EMI demonstrated a full body scanner with a cross-sectional scan in order to identify body parts and other people in the body. The Nobel Prize is earned by this type of research in 1979. In the 1990s, medical image processing technologies were used to control heart rates during coronary artery bypass grafts [17, 24].
These two types of strokes, Ischemic and Hemorrhagic, have different properties. They are caused by a stroke, and the damage that stroke brings to brain. Besides, the infections that cause meningitis are caused when blood vessels burst or leaks out of the body. 87% of stroke pain is due to a reduced blood supply to the brain, and the rest is due to bleeding. Some people living in ischemic areas might feel some internal bleeding. This is a cause of poor blood flow in the walls of the heart [2, 39].
Strokes that are the result of ischemic damage to the brain can be caused. In order to answer this question, one will need to weigh four different points of view:
First, a blood clot could form (obstruction of a blood vessel by a blood clot forming locally)
Myocardial infarction [Which causes blockages to the blood vessels in the heart].
Local conditions with low levels of circulation affect other areas of the body, causing widespread blood pressure changes.
Acute Ischemic Strokes (IS) has a myriad of classifications. The most common one is Cryptogenic stroke. it comprises the usual cause for this type of stroke which makes up about 30–40 percent of all ischemic strokes. The number of IS strokes is about 1,500,000 per year. Depending on the level of symptoms, the Oxford Community stroke program (SCAP) consists of symptomatic or refractory (traumatic) strokes; these experiences are considered to be kind of those seen in severe stroke; the Mini–Mental state exam, or the McIntosh Edinburgh assessment; the total anterior circulation, or lacuna infarction; or secondary circulatory event is an integral part of the Oxford Community stroke program, therefore, the focal branch infarction, or focal ischemic attack or stroke; and the changes in mental, depending on the amount of signs and symptoms of the Oxford Community stroke program (SCAP), and the Oxford Community stroke program (SCAP); those mentioned are the “Oxford Community stroke program”, the “Oxford Community stroke program” attack! (POCI). The level of the stroke, the area of the brain affected, the symptoms and prognosis are defined by the following four groups; [24, 25] The TOAST classification (Orga Stroke Assay 10172 Acute Stroke Therapy) is dependent on clinical symptoms and the outcomes of further investigations [41, 42, 43]. Good thing is that a stroke is known to be partly caused by particular risk factors, such as thrombosis or embolism of arteriosclerosis or stroke [27, 44, 45, 46, 47].
There are two types of strokes that cause bleeding: hemorrhagic and ischemic.
It specifically affects the brain, as it has life-threatening consequences (when an artery in the brain bursts, flooding the surrounding tissue with blood).
Bleeding is typically seen on the outside of the brain tissue and between the arachnoid and the pia mater. Falling may cause a subarachnoid hemorrhage (the delicate innermost layer of the three layers of the meninges that surround the brain).
There are different types of bleeding, one of which is ablated. There are also two primary kinds of intracranial hemorrhages, which are also called “bleeding” or “bleeding.” Included under that are two forms of “bleeding” called “hematoma,” which is a type of subdural hematoma. The “whole” of this document is worded confusingly. It says “‘hematoma” is also included under” ‘bleeding.” It should read “Also, there are two different kinds of hemorrhagic strokes…” [48, 49, 50, 51].
On the contrary, stroke symptoms often arrive without prior warning. When you see these symptoms, it’s probably not going to be long before they become noticeable. In some cases, symptoms vary in different brain areas because of an infection. This disease has more effect in larger parts of the brain, meaning that the loss of neural features will likely be more costly. In addition, there are different signs that may lead to strokes. This part of the patient may compress in the location of the bleeding, such as in intracranial bleeding. For some people who have certain types of stroke, headaches are not always associated with their stroke. For example, subarachnoid hemorrhage and cerebral thrombosis are strokes that sometimes cause headaches [36, 52, 53].
If it uses the main central pathways that the brain is involved with, it will work. When we look at a specific test, we can find that its one of the three pathways we use can fail.
Parkinsonism and a very tenuous facial muscles are seen.
Target specificity of
Feelings of companionship, enhancement, and calmness.
Many of the symptoms of breast cancer include intense muscle spasms, increased reflectivity and a gradual weakening of muscles due to loss of control [54].
Most of the time, symptoms on one side of the body are involved (unilateral). Since the damage to the brain is always located in another hemisphere, it affects the non-damaged side of the brain instead of the damage side. Although some signs may be caused by bumps in the legs, such as leg pain, it is absolutely clear that any serious injury can affect all of these symptoms. Therefore, to approach whether or not there is also a symptom that is not definite is difficult. To man into. Therefore, the part of the brain that is damaged by the stroke can cause deficits in the following cranial nerve functions:
There are changes in the sense of smell, taste or sight in addition to the other senses (total or partial)
The “Paranoia” side effect can cause the eyes to twitch, or tremble, as well as causing wornness or weakness in the eye muscles.
Remove, try to resist from swallowing, reduce pupil size, like escape.
A reduction in facial cranes and movement, often leading to emotional swings.
Nystagmus and balance problems can occur.
Breathing or heart rate changes occur.
The weakness of the muscles is due to the incomplete development of the right side of the heart.
A decline in the oral health (inability to stick out the tongue or move it from side to side) [55, 56, 57, 58].
This is also called aphasia (difficulty with verbal expression, hearing comprehension, reading and writing; typically involved in the field of Broca or Wernicke)
An after effect of being mentally ill (motor speech disorder resulting from neurological injury)
Dyslexia is usually a problem (altered voluntary movements)
The visual field might be abnormal.
Memory impairments are common (involvement of temporal lobe)
He’s a very angry man. A madman (involvement of parietal lobe)
A naked brain, nervy, insecure, and sexually hyperactive is intense of a person (with involvement of frontal lobe)
The brain’s function may become compromised if it is dealt a moderate stroke.
If the cerebellum is busy and working well, a person will have ataxia.
When a child has a thrombosis, there is typically a plaque deposit around the blockage. Stroke may not be as serious as a heart attack, since the blood pressure may not necessarily drop like in a heart attack. It is an embolism in the heart (see below). This medication, applied to a vein, could lead to the development of a blood clot, as this may make the blood flow less freely. Both types of stroke can result in a pronounced stroke.
The internal carotid artery, like the rest of the arteries in the human body, has tighter associations with vascular disease, especially in the back and neck. Coronary artery disease, peripheral vascular disease (PVD) atherosclerosis, vasoconstriction, atherosclerotic disease of arteries of various kinds, and varying inflammatory diseases affecting the walls of vessels (Takayasu arteritis, g).
The small vascular thrombosis disorders consist of a few different diseases that may damage the internal workings of the body. These diseases include small, placental inside the blood flow: lipohyalinosis (a buildup of fatty hyaline in blood vessels), and a mutation [63, 64]
The reason why a stroke occurs is because a clot gets in the blood vessels. The doctor will give you some medication (a blockage of an artery). There were many blood clots found in the different vessels, with these being composed of the most of them being blood fat cells and bacterial accumulations. It is always important to be able to locate and stop the clot. Patients who have this disease may start to experience symptoms within just a couple of weeks after the symptoms appear. These symptoms can be just as intermittent as the embolus re-routes elsewhere or goes back empty. The nail used in this study may also be applicable to patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) and atrial fibrillation (AF) [44].
With stroke, the heart, brain, and blood vessels each need to be evaluated separately [65].
High risk candidates include patients with atrial fibrillation or paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, sick sinus syndrome, chronic myocardial infarction (heart attack), mitral or aortic valve disease and those with known atrial or ventricular thrombus.
Systolic impulses are completely blocked by a left ventricular aneurysm in coronary atherosclerotic heart disease history; aneurysm atrial septal. Athletes may be treated if they have: PFO and left atrial aneurysm; atrial aneurysm and/or patent aneurysm; patent foramen ovum and atrial aneurysm; left ventricular aneurysm and/or heart muscle aneurysm; left atrial aneurysm or triple atrial complex aneurysm.
If a stroke occurs on the same side of the body, it predicts that the risk of a stroke will be 1% a year. The cause of stroke in this kind of patients is past a particular form of the disease (ESUS). The subtypes of cryptogenic stroke. The first part is likely that one of the ischemic strokes will be [65, 66, 67].
When the brain is not given enough blood supply, it is called mild corto-cortical hypoperfusion. Sometimes, part of the brain is lost to various circumstances, such as a someone being concussed. Heart diseases, such as a recent heart attack, is a common health concern. This is the reason. For the purpose of. According to the studies, all areas of the brain has grown and is now much larger. However, at some point it might seem small, like compressed. Development and the brain It is a form of heart attack called water fall. When the brain is under a lot of strain, blood can cease from flowing at the pained area, and brain damage can be caused. When the brain is in a stress condition, brain activity will be reduced or stifled. The cerebral venous sinus is not only dangerous for forming clots in the brain, but also dangerous for how it raises blood pressure. This type of stroke is much more likely than any other type of stroke [22]. Strokes can occur to the brain or to the arteries because of a damage that can take place in either location. There are a number of potential causes to understand in this patient setup. The possibility of a medical condition present is the most likely to be possible cause (e.g., amphetamines or cocaine). The blood cells migrate to the ventricle in an unhealthy state. Preventing this can prevent tumor cells from becoming engorged. About a third of the ventricles are not being used by the brain. Within 30 days of an intracerebral hemorrhage, at least a 40% survival rate is possible and higher than that of other neurodegenerative diseases and subarachnoid hemorrhages (which technically may also be classified as a type of stroke [68, 69]). Heart attacks can also result from other conditions that occur, due to the heart attack itself. Most likely, cocaine is the reason behind an increase in crack use [49].
Apart from damage, this disease also has several silent strokes that can cause long-term brain damage. Tests have shown that silent strokes can sometimes lead to a disease in the future. All people who have experienced a major stroke are also susceptible to having a silent, milder stroke. The lifetime risk of having a stroke is slightly higher than the odds of getting killed during a car accident. Of the 770,000 strokes, about half of them were symptomatic strokes such as blood clots, and 11 million were strokes, hemorrhages, or MRI infarctions. Injury detection by such a system, which is so advanced, often is not noticed. Those strokes that are diagnosed as silent occur five times more often than those strokes that are fatal. When the body is working out, it is automatically producing the malodorous by-product of metabolism, the infamous lactic acid. Acidosis occurs when too much acid is produced, which can interfere with the normal functioning of the mind. Since this is an area in which the industry demonstrated great innovation, with fat in the form of ethersys which continued to cause companies to pull billions of dollars of income from emerging markets their findings were thereafter patented. They made patents filings which include the discovery of a variety of new compounds related to adenosine which leads them to prevent competitors from successfully copying the source of revenue (ATP). The part of town is referred to as simply “Mid” because it is inconveniently located. Glutamate binds to receptors to tear down the neurons. Neural ion homeostasis is usually maintained by a few rare plants. This stroke reduces the value, making it harder to chip off the paint, damaging the microscopic paint. In that case, high levels of glutamate are sequestered in the cytoplasm. The elevated levels of chemical glutamate cause calcium to enter cells. A series of chain reactions in mitochondria and lack of sufficient oxygen over time leads to a steady accumulation of free radicals and reactive oxygen species. When we have finished digesting and removing cellular and extracellular material. There are several potential problems with the interior of the ship. Antioxidants are only effective in the endothelium and do NOT work in the brain itself. Free radicals are involved in cell death, but so is life. The brain is particularly sensitive to lack of blood supply [70, 71, 72, 73, 74].
The plasma membrane of damaged cells can lose its blood supply and be unable to uptake oxygen and much needed nutrients. In addition, inflammation can cause damage the overlying brain. It is capable of other possible proteolytic actions. It is possible for severe brain or head injuries to occurs due to a loss of cerebral vascular integrity, or to a case of dangerous stroke. Diseases that cause hemorrhagic strokes have causes that are still being investigated. There are many possible causes of a stroke, such as high blood pressure, aneurysm, a vascular fistula, arterial disease of the carotid artery, and an allergic reaction. When using the e-cigarette, people can have minor damage in the brain due to a lack of blood flow to the brain [61, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78].
MRI and CT scans are used to determine the amount of brain damage caused when a stroke occurs. The imaging methods allowed the phenomenon of occultation to be located. Scanning techniques can help identify a stroke’s subtype and identify where its source is. Doctors may also be able to perform other blood tests that can help diagnose a stroke as well. Blood tests can reveal what something is really like to another person [62].
A medical examination involves cross-referencing a person’s past medical history to their current clinical history. If there is a normal level of stroke severity, it is recommended to assign a normal level.
The case study: “Ischemic stroke” [63].
An x-ray of the chest (without contrast enhancements)
Recovery Time: (less than 10 percent within first 3 hours of symptom onset)
Specificity of positive predictive value = 96%.
On the MRI scans.
Affectivity is, well, very strong.
Specificity of objects (98%).
When it comes to diagnosing head injury in the hospital, it’s important to use.
It’s a type of MRI scan for NMA (without contrast enhancements)
The sensitivity dropped by eleven percent.
Ultrasound scans are used.
the level of sensitivity is 83 percent.
Personalization is complete.
The MRI scan is sufficient to be evaluated for a chronic stroke. However, it may also be necessary for scanning with SPECT or PET. The metabolism of PET, brain blood movement isotopes, PET, and PET neurons are reported as PET and SPECT. In the blood supply, CT scans identify mild ischemic strokes with tender detection of blight. To estimate the underlying cause of a CT test, it is possible to use many other image enhancers. Determination of the quality of these medicines is very important, depending on the prescription. The selection of the stroke response will depend heavily on the cause of the stroke. The conventional way is the following:
Doppler Ultrasound Studies (for detection or pre-brain diagnosis of carotid stenosis);
The electrocardiogram or echocardiogram (ECG) (for identification of arrhythmias and after cardiac clots may spread to brain vessels throughout the bloodstream)
Survey for the detection of abnormal rhythms of the heart.
Cerebral vasculature angiography, in which bleeding is presumed to be due to aneurysm or arteriovenous malformation.
Blood tests to evaluate the presence of high blood cholesterol or whether it could be a rare process, including, etc. There are abnormal tests for blood.
If hemorrhagic stroke test deficiencies are present, the CT or MRI contrast scan can identify cerebral artery deformation or any other source of bleeding or structural MRI if this does not result (for example, aneurysms). Invasive cerebral angiography may also be performed if the underlying cause of bleeding is not identified but implies access to the blood stream with the intravascular catheter, which can cause additional strokes and complications at the place of insertion, and therefore this study is reserved for certain situations [65].
The diagnosis ranges from 2 to 27 per cent of ischemic stroke cases. A stroke that has other characters is the ‘Chameleon stroke.’ Failure to diagnose people without a stroke also has the potential. One to two percent of the total is typically one to two percent of the penile bleeder that produces intracerebral bleeding through thrombosis addiction (one to two percent, less in stroke). The cost of medical treatment is helped by this superfluous treatment. However, the AHA/ASA advice suggests that further studies should delay intravenous tPA treatment [67]. African Americans, Latin Americans, Asians, and Pacific Islanders are more likely to be misrepresented for a condition other than stroke when they have a stroke. Moreover, women younger than 44 are 7 times more likely than people older than 75 years of age to have a stroke. For younger trauma sufferers, this can be the case [66]. Experimental studies in other medical centers have shown that hyperacute RMI m is hyperacute [66].
Doctors have multiple strategies and methods for identifying medical images to diagnose diseases. Cell segmentation in diseases, with the help of MATLAB, can be the easiest way for doctors to examine illnesses of the immoral tissue. Image classification in sectors with structural units is the interpretation and analysis of an image that you plan to be mutually compatible. The MI brain imaging is one of the most competitive physiques in the organism, so explaining brain segmentation is a detailed assignment of which the assistant will not work because… Biomedical imagery represents the body that consists of the soft tissue, organ, and bone structure. In such circumstances, they cannot tell whether or not this raw biomedical view of adolescent health climaxes. This means that biomedical image analysis through image handling is so critical that it is essential for medics to be conscious of special problems and of their development related to disease and growth problems. There are numerous types of medical visual sectors in MATLAB application like threshold and morphology [5, 12]. Morphological and philological methods are forms of different pictures for some brain strokes. The simplest and the most frequently identified technique in the pixel is to decide that for all pixels measured below a given point above or below intensity it would form part of a pixel. Form processing requires a morphological work. This combines two different morphological procedures, expansion, and exhaustion. With a dilate, center activation, or for the active expansion of pixel, with erosion of their neighbors is the minimum and, at a minimum, the minimum required to accommodate its neighbors. The two activities are linear as well. They are not settings of rotatable transitions which usually result in an unusual image from each of them, one after another. It’s used to prevent background defects from deepension to dilation (Opening). However, by closing small gaps [5, 6], to compensate the shape of the object, erosion dilation will also be used to fill small gaps. It becomes the U.S.’s fourth major cause of death in the United States that kills people every four min. More then00,000 people who experienced a stroke arise from respiratory complications in the brain (a bloodstream blocks) or from the spotted blood vessel. The level of brain improvement, for example, increased owing to an increase in medical malpractice. This has in many ways culminated in an appropriate medical diagnosis. However, it is not simple to correctly detect an incident. In this document we seek to articulate a conceptual process to help physicians deal with illnesses on a social basis. Skin rash was detected through image purchase selectivity. In order to evaluate brain stroke images from magnetic resonance imaging, the examiner uses the MATLAB panel (MRI).
Many scientists such as [11, 12, 35, 56, 71, 72, 73, 74] described in this paper, Diagnostic Application of Brain Image Processing and the System of Stroke Analysis, that, particularly relative to standard MRI technologies are generally used for early examination and therapy of vaccines. This study aims at using the photographic editing that can effectively measure volume strength and provide 3D evidence of damage restructuring with a sound analysis system, assisted by software technicians. Add on that. Our system envisages increased accuracy in the design and interpretation of acute stroke damage, longer calculation time and volume, and a 3D repair plan that will make doctors simpler for dealing with and better evaluating patients, as well as to treat them better. The study findings have shown that this suggested system is better efficient than the existing technique, so this system is therefore also an efficiency. The case study also illustrated through a quantified ischemic stroke study in their picture analysis that the ischemic stroke keeps it producing. This will lead to the murder of blood bacteria on the cells of the brain. Imaging of magnetic resonance scans was widely used to identify brain magnetic strokes. An independent authority is in this study which may use the image processing techniques to diagnose stroke. There are six steps in this part. In the first step, MRI images retain knowledge. Pre-processing and filtrating should be carried out on raw information. In the third time period, the acquisition of a symmetrical image is traced by Midline. The image is bifurcated in the third step. In addition, neural networks are assigned to Phase 2 during the fifth phase of Imaging quality patterns in physical texture measurements, while normal and infected cerebral physiques have been set aside for the sixth. The downside is that in the early stages they can trace strokes. The approach of a project is simple and time consuming, as well as efficient [79].
In the chapter, a process was demonstrated for segmenting medical images of a stroke. Brain stroke segmentation, including pixels and morphology, consists of several segmentation steps and is a dynamic phase. The best way of exploring the MATLAB stroke with MRI images is to use clear images with more intellectual information provided by the MRI unit. Such approaches can discover different types of strokes at different levels of the brain. Researchers hope that, through this project, physicians will be able to understand MRI stroke photos.
This research was reinforced by the Applied Medical Science College of Majmaah University, Majmaah 11952, P.O box 1405, Saudi Arabia. We would like to express our gratitude toward RA (r.albaradie@mu.edu.sa) supervisor of the Stroke chair, Majmaah University and Dr. Khalid Bin Saad Al Murqrin, Rector, Majmaah University for providing the necessary support and assistance for completing this study This work was carried out under project number 38/130 Majmaah university.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
A country that is endowed with good road infrastructures can generate the basic elements of competitiveness and provide opportunities for better economic development and at the same time to promote its social and cultural development [1]. There are several factors by which access roads can be affected, and some examples are as follows: time, use, excessive weight, the quality of materials, ubication, natural disasters, etc. We can highlight the damage to the roads caused by earthquakes, which is due to the movement of the tectonic plates, it can cause fissures that are on the surface. Within the damages caused on the roads, deterioration can occur from small cracks too wide ruptures or separations in the road, and these types of incidents tend to occur mainly in the seismic areas of the country.
The Mexican Republic is in located one of the most seismically active regions in the world and is immersed within the area known as the Circumpacific Belt (or Pacific Ring of Fire), where the greatest seismic and volcanic activity on the planet is concentrated [2], Figure 1.
Circumpacific Belt Zone. Source: National Institute of Statistic and Geography.
The Global Seismic Hazard Assessment Program (GSHAP) was a project sponsored by the United Nations (UN) that assembled the first worldwide map of earthquake zones [3]. In Mexico, an earthquake hotspot follows the route through the Sierra Madre Occidental that reaches south of Puerto Vallarta to the Pacific coast on the border with Guatemala [3]. Figure 2 shows the seismic regionalization in the Mexican Republic, marking the zone A as the one with the lowest risk, followed by zones B, C, and D. These last three are the ones that generate the greatest concern to the scientific community and the inhabitants of these areas, due to the structural damage that occurs on the roads and in their localities.
Areas with the highest propensity to earthquakes in Mexico [
In Mexico, as in other countries, the road network is the most widely used transport infrastructure. The national network has 378,923 km, which is made up of avenues, streets, highways, and rural roads that allow connectivity between practically all the populations of the country. Figure 3 shows the main roads that interconnect the Mexican Republic [4].
Mexico’s major highways 2009 [
Seismic activity is recurrent in certain areas, causing damage to road infrastructure. These damages are identified as fissures, cracks in the asphalt, landslides, separation of road sections, subsidence, and other damages in different access roads that interconnect the country. The road must be inspected, and the damages detected must be reported and repaired. Figure 4 shows some examples of damage caused by seismicity in Mexican territory on different roads [5].
Damage to roads caused by earthquakes, left: Chiapas, 5.6°r earthquake, right: Oaxaca, 5.2°r. Source: Google.
In Mexico, most of the road inspections after an earthquake are carried out in person, which can generate more conflicts in some critical points. In these conflict points, semi-autonomous surveillance systems are required that implement mobile technology to detect damage to access roads. Therefore, it is proposed to develop a methodology that, through image processing techniques and neural networks, allows the identification of damage to roads, classifying two types of cracks: linear and zig-zag. This chapter is divided into six sections. Section 2 explains the related work, Section 3 explain methods and materials, Section 4 provides tests and results, Section 5 conclusion and finally Section 6 discussion.
There is research in the field of artificial intelligence related to techniques and practices used to automate the detection of road defects. Below are some related works that have been developed: In [6], an automatic system for identifying cracks in roads through a camera is developed. It scans the roads by zone and inspects the condition of cracks and fissures. The authors propose the following stages: i) smooth, adjust, and binarize the image using the threshold value method, ii) perform morphological operations such as dilation and erosion, iii) eliminate false cracks in the image with smoothing filters, iv) clean and perform the connection of cracks in the image, and finally v) estimate the shape of the crack, using geometric characteristics and shape description. In [7], using texture classifiers, the authors address the descriptors. Through these techniques, it is possible to detect color and texture changes in an image, and thus perform the identification of edges by extracting a set of characteristics, generated from these histograms. For each frame of a pavement video analyzed, the method extracts the characteristic and creates its binary version to classify each region.
In [8], the authors apply morphological operations to the images and segment the images using the K near-neighbor (Knn) method. The proposed algorithm highlights the information of the image texture, and the results are classified using the standard deviation; to define regions delimited by the intensity of gray, these techniques allow to detect patches on the roads through images processed on a Smartphone. Figure 5 shows the results presented by the authors.
Detection of the mobile damage system. a) Hole in the pavement, b) longitudinal crack, c) transverse crack, and d) horizontal crack [
In [9], a system for identifying cracks in buildings from an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) equipped with a camera is presented. Fly through the building to acquire images, which are transmitted remotely
Maeda et al. [9] developed a system for identifying cracks in the pavement, where images are captured from a Smartphone mounted on a cell phone holder on the dashboard of a car. It develops an application that analyzes images obtained from the Smartphone through a deep neural network that allows the identification of cracks in the road. In this work, they use deep neural networks such as Region-based Convolutional Neural Networks (R-CNN), You Only Look Ones (YOLO), and Single Shot MultiBox Detector (SSD), for the extraction of characteristics from the region of interest (cracks). In 2019, Zhang et al. [10] propose an intelligent monitoring system to evaluate the damage in the pavement, and this methodology proposes the use of a set of points of an image obtained from a UAV, making use of Harris performing the processing in the cloud for the identification of cracks in the pavement.
In Figure 6, the general architecture of the proposed methodology for the classification and identification of linear and zig-zag cracks is shown.
Proposed architecture for the identification and classification of cracks.
Figure 6 shows the methodology is composed of different stages of development which are image acquisition, pre-processing, descriptors, classification, and result. Each of these stages is detailed below.
In this step, the image is taken with the camera that the PARROT BEBOP 2 FPV Drone has, which has the following characteristics: 14-megapixel camera with wide-angle lens, unique digital image stabilization system, live video from a Smartphone or tablet with a viewing angle of 180°, photo format: RAW, JPEG, DNG, and image resolution of 3800 × 3188 pixels to automate the route of the drone, a function implemented to trace the flight path is used. In Figure 7, the programmed route map is shown.
Simulation of a programmed route at 15 mts.
In this section, the image scaling is performed by implementing the Discrete Wavelet Transform “Haar” (DWT-H). In Figure 8, three levels of decomposition are shown.
DWT-H decomposition.
To obtain the edge enhancement of the image obtained from point 3.2.1, the use of a Laplacian filter is proposed. The Laplacian of an image highlights the regions of rapid intensity change and is an example of a second-order or a second derivative method of enhancement. It is particularly good at finding the fine details of an image. Any feature with a sharp discontinuity will be enhanced by a Laplacian operator [11]. The Laplacian is a well-known linear differential operator approximating the second derivative given by Eq. (1).
where
Convolution of the 3 × 3 kernel at a point (x, y) in the image.
In Figure 10, the Laplacian filtering process is shown. This process consists of the following steps: From the image obtained by the DWT-H (Figure 10a), the convolution is performed with the proposed 3 × 3 kernel (Figure 10b). Finally, the sub-image of the crack is obtained with the edges highlighted as seen in Figure 10d.
The result obtained by the Laplacian Filter.
One of the main objectives of this work is to implement the methodology on a mobile device, which will perform the image processing offline, obtaining the result on the site. It is therefore essential to extract only the key points that provide information about features outstanding image and thus make their classification in a convolutional neural network LeNet efficient. To do this, it is proposed to perform the extraction of the characteristics through the scale-invariant feature transform (SIFT) and the pixel rearrangement of the points thrown from the Laplacian filter through statistical moments. The following is the extraction of the characteristics:
Central moments also referred to as moments of the mean has been calculated as [12], Eq. (2),
where ‘
The mean is the first-order moment followed by variance, skewness, and kurtosis as the second, third, and fourth moments. The mean at the first-order central moment is used to measure the average intensity value of the pixel distribution. Variance (μ2) was used to measure how wide the pixels spread over from the mean value, Eq. (4).
To know the dispersion of the values located as key points by SIFT, the second central moment is implemented to group the pixels of the image processed by the Laplacian Filter. The smoothness texture “R” is defined by Eq. (5),
where ‘μ2’ is the variance and ‘
According to the SIFT methodology [13], the first step is scale detection. For the particular case of the crack contour, this step is very useful for the identification of the crack, since the taking of the images can vary depending on the shooting distance. The formal description of this step is detailed below.
The scalar space L (x, y) of an image, is obtained from the convolution of an input image
where,
To obtain the different scale versions of the
The search for extreme values on the spatial scale produces multiple candidates of which the points that are not considered are the low contrast ones since they are not stable to changes in lighting and noise. Eq. (9) shows how the points of interest are located within the image and these locations are given by [13]:
Subsequently, the vectors are arranged according to the orientation of the points obtained from Eq. (9), and it is explained below.
This step assigns a constant orientation to the key points based on the properties of the image obtained in the previous steps. The key point descriptor can be represented with this orientation, achieving the invariance to rotation, which is important to highlight because the image can be taken at different shooting angles. The procedure to find the orientation of the points, is as follows [13]:
Using the scalar value of the points of interest selected in Eq. (4).
Calculation of the magnitude value, M.
Calculation of orientation, θ
Finally, the description of the characteristic points obtained in the previous steps must be identified the interesting points, Figure 11.
Results obtained from the proposed methodology: a) original image, b) image obtained with the DWT-H, c) image with the Laplacian filter, d) image obtained with the descriptors, and e) final image.
The neural network will allow, based on the characteristics obtained, to train and identify the cracks that appear in the image. The neural network used in this research is the convolutional neural network LeNet, which is made up of five layers of neurons in its architecture, and has an input of 1024 × 1024 × 3 values, and an output of two possible classes [14]. LeNet is a network that is optimized for mobile devices, which allows greater efficiency in the detection and performance of the processes on the mobile device. The network architecture is presented in below Figure 12 [14]:
LeNet neural network architecture [
For the training of the network, a collection of approximately 500 images were made in various areas of Tecámac, State of Mexico. Therefore, in this investigation, cracks with different intensities will be detected, so these will be identified and classified in the following categories [15]:
Erratic or zigzag cracks (ZZC): These types of cracks in the pavement with erratic longitudinal patterns. It is presented by extreme changes in temperature, defective base, and seismic movements.
Significant cracks (LC): These are cracks with a length greater than 30 centimeters.
Very significant cracks (VSC): Those that are shown in the pavement and have a length greater than 60 centimeters due to their size are a risk. These cracks are the most visible.
Non-significant cracks (NSC): These are cracks that appear in the pavement and that have a fine shape and a length of fewer than 30 centimeters. Figures 13 and 14 show images referring to the classifications that have been delimited for identification. These define the two classes to detector zig-zag crack (ZZC) and linear crack (LC), respectively.
Zig-zag cracks.
Linear cracks.
To perform the tests, they were divided into phases to estimate the time of each one of these and thus detect which of them generates a greater consumption of time compared to the others. The processing and results were developed on a Motorola X4 mobile device with a processor: 2.2 GHz and 3 GB RAM. To select the optimum distance for taking the images, tests were carried out between 10 and 30 meters above ground level. At each distance, it was ensured that the images were clear and that the crack would be visualized. Figure 15 shows the range in height and image visibility for the 500 sample images. From Figure 15, we can see that at a height of 10 meters the drone has a visibility range of 26 meters in radius. In a similar way we can observe that for heights of 15, 20, 25 and 30 meters, they correspond to 40, 53, 67 and 80 meters of visibility radius. For our case we consider a height between 15 and 20 meters.
Parrot Drone viewing distances in meters.
To validate the distances shown in Figure 15 and their visibility range, four consecutive objects are placed on the crack in the road. From Figure 16, only three elements can be observed which are enclosed in circles as can be seen. The dimensions of the objects placed on the crack are 10 × 10 cm, which were used to estimate the field of view of the drone camera. Based on these tests, a height of 15 meters is proposed for clear detection of the object by the drone, coupled with its stability in the air currents present in the tests.
Range of visibility of objects a) and b) no objects are present; c) 15 meters away, and d) 30 meters away.
Table 1 shows the average times calculated for the number of samples acquired, as the DWT-H decomposition increases, the average processing time increases. From Table 1, we observe the processing times for the feature extraction and classification stage for each decomposition scale of the DWT-H. The dimension of the initial image is 2048 × 2048, we observe that decomposition level 4 it gives a processing time of 14,445 ms for the two proposed stages.
Scale number (DWT-H) | Dimension (pixels) | Processing time average (ms) | Convolution time process average(ms) | Total processing time average (ms) |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2048 × 2048 | 14.487 | 0.0196 | 14.507 |
2 | 1024 × 1024 | 14.506 | 0.0094 | 14.516 |
3 | 512 × 512 | 14.561 | 0.0087 | 14.570 |
4 | 256 × 256 | 14.737 | 0.0083 | 14.574 |
Result of pre-processing stage time.
Table 2 shows the average results obtained for the 500 images in the feature extraction stage. From Table 1, it is concluded that the optimal wavelet decomposition size for this estimation is at the fourth wavelet decomposition level.
Image size (pixels) | Feature extraction (statistical moments) | Feature extraction (SIFT) | Total processing time average |
---|---|---|---|
1024 × 1024 | 0.0898 (ms) | 0.1826 (ms) | 0.2724 (ms) |
Descriptor stage processing time result.
The tests to validate the proposed methodology were carried out with 150 images acquired at a height of 15 meters. During the development of the test scenarios, four cases were considered: two correct classifications and two wrong classifications. The correct classifications are true positive (TP) and false positive (FP); and the misclassifications are false negative (FN) and true negative (TN). By using these metrics, we can obtain different performance measures like [13].
where specificity (Sp) is the ability to detect non-crack pixels, sensitivity (Se) reflects the ability of the algorithm to detect the edge of the crack, Accuracy (Acc) measures the proportion of the total number of pixels obtained correctly (sum of true positives and true negatives) by the total number of pixels that constitute the image of the cracks [13]; this is the probability that a pixel belonging to the crack image will be correctly identified. Table 3 shows the results obtained from 150 test images that were acquired in flight, obtaining a total of 140 images (TP), 1 (FN), 5 (FP), and 4 (TN).
Prediction | |||
---|---|---|---|
Positive | Negative | ||
150 images | True | (TP) = 140 | (FN) = 1 |
False | (FP) = 5 | (TN) = 4 |
Confusion matrix.
In Table 4, the results obtained from Acc, Sp, Se of the 150 acquired test images are shown. From Table 4, the results obtained show that 99.29% was obtained for Acc, which indicates that in this percentage the cracks were detected and classified positively. In addition, 96.55% of Sp represents that the result of no crack is true, as well as the value of Se with 80% to detect that it is not a crack.
Metric | Result |
---|---|
Acc | 0.9929 |
Sp | 0.9655 |
Se | 0.8000 |
The obtained results from the acquired images.
In Figure 17, some images obtained through the proposed methodology and the result obtained from the classification are shown.
Results obtained by the proposed methodology: a), c), and e) original image, b) and d) processed image (ZZC), finally f) processed image (LC).
Finally, the mobile application that serves as the development and user interface is shown in Figure 18.
Graphical user interface for interaction with the proposed methodology: a) LC detected and b) ZZC detected.
Based on the tests carried out in the monitoring of the roads using the Parrot drone, we observed that the height between 15 and 20 meters gives satisfactory results. Within the development of the proposal, the size reduction stage made it possible to speed up the processing of the extraction of the characteristics, as well as the proposal to reduce the key points obtained by the statistical descriptors and SIFT, through Eq. (6). These development stages are fundamental because all the crack detection and identification processing are carried out internally on a mid-range mobile device. The section of the LeNet neural network was streamlined through the preprocessing stage, observing that the precision results obtained were not affected, which are 99%, even limiting the data that are entered into the neural network.
In conclusion, it can be emphasized the fact that the objectives that were sought to be achieved with the identification of cracks in roads, streets, highways or avenues, were achieved. It had the specific characteristics that allowed using the proposed processes on a mobile device, and it was possible to demonstrate that the processing of the proposed methodology was developed on an Android platform that to date is one of the most commercial platforms worldwide between mobile devices. The pre-processing results show a clear trend in terms of the time required to adapt an image and perform the crack identification process, time that does not exceed 14.79 ms, thanks to the use of DWT-H instead of other processes that require greater computational complexity for image size reduction. On the other hand, the results show that the proposed operations are 99% accurate in finding cracks. It was also found that the times of certain stages of the process can be improved by changing some processes such as the scaling of the images, which reduces the time by up to 200 milliseconds, among other possible improvements that can be implemented.
The work team is grateful for the support provided to perform this research to the Secretaria de Educación, Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación de la Ciudad de México with the project SECITI/072/2016 and SECTEI/226/2019. We also thank the Instituto Politécnico Nacional for the research project SIP 20210178.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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He also obtained an MSc in Molecular and Genetic Medicine, and a Ph.D. in Clinical Immunology and Human Genetics from the University of Sheffield, UK. He also completed a short-term fellowship in Pediatric Clinical Immunology and Bone Marrow Transplantation at Newcastle General Hospital, England. Dr. Rezaei is a Full Professor of Immunology and Vice Dean of International Affairs and Research, at the School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, and the co-founder and head of the Research Center for Immunodeficiencies. He is also the founding president of the Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN). Dr. Rezaei has directed more than 100 research projects and has designed and participated in several international collaborative projects. He is an editor, editorial assistant, or editorial board member of more than forty international journals. He has edited more than 50 international books, presented more than 500 lectures/posters in congresses/meetings, and published more than 1,100 scientific papers in international journals.",institutionString:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institution:{name:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"180733",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean",middleName:null,surname:"Engohang-Ndong",slug:"jean-engohang-ndong",fullName:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180733/images/system/180733.png",biography:"Dr. Jean Engohang-Ndong was born and raised in Gabon. After obtaining his Associate Degree of Science at the University of Science and Technology of Masuku, Gabon, he continued his education in France where he obtained his BS, MS, and Ph.D. in Medical Microbiology. He worked as a post-doctoral fellow at the Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), Newark, NJ for four years before accepting a three-year faculty position at Brigham Young University-Hawaii. Dr. Engohang-Ndong is a tenured faculty member with the academic rank of Full Professor at Kent State University, Ohio, where he teaches a wide range of biological science courses and pursues his research in medical and environmental microbiology. Recently, he expanded his research interest to epidemiology and biostatistics of chronic diseases in Gabon.",institutionString:"Kent State University",institution:{name:"Kent State University",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"188773",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Drouet",slug:"emmanuel-drouet",fullName:"Emmanuel Drouet",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188773/images/system/188773.png",biography:"Emmanuel Drouet, PharmD, is a Professor of Virology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, the University Grenoble-Alpes, France. As a head scientist at the Institute of Structural Biology in Grenoble, Dr. Drouet’s research investigates persisting viruses in humans (RNA and DNA viruses) and the balance with our host immune system. He focuses on these viruses’ effects on humans (both their impact on pathology and their symbiotic relationships in humans). He has an excellent track record in the herpesvirus field, and his group is engaged in clinical research in the field of Epstein-Barr virus diseases. He is the editor of the online Encyclopedia of Environment and he coordinates the Universal Health Coverage education program for the BioHealth Computing Schools of the European Institute of Science.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},{id:"332819",title:"Dr.",name:"Chukwudi Michael",middleName:"Michael",surname:"Egbuche",slug:"chukwudi-michael-egbuche",fullName:"Chukwudi Michael Egbuche",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/332819/images/14624_n.jpg",biography:"I an Dr. Chukwudi Michael Egbuche. I am a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nnamdi Azikiwe University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"284232",title:"Mr.",name:"Nikunj",middleName:"U",surname:"Tandel",slug:"nikunj-tandel",fullName:"Nikunj Tandel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284232/images/8275_n.jpg",biography:'Mr. Nikunj Tandel has completed his Master\'s degree in Biotechnology from VIT University, India in the year of 2012. He is having 8 years of research experience especially in the field of malaria epidemiology, immunology, and nanoparticle-based drug delivery system against the infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders and cancer. He has worked for the NIH funded-International Center of Excellence in Malaria Research project "Center for the study of complex malaria in India (CSCMi)" in collaboration with New York University. The preliminary objectives of the study are to understand and develop the evidence-based tools and interventions for the control and prevention of malaria in different sites of the INDIA. Alongside, with the help of next-generation genomics study, the team has studied the antimalarial drug resistance in India. Further, he has extended his research in the development of Humanized mice for the study of liver-stage malaria and identification of molecular marker(s) for the Artemisinin resistance. At present, his research focuses on understanding the role of B cells in the activation of CD8+ T cells in malaria. Received the CSIR-SRF (Senior Research Fellow) award-2018, FIMSA (Federation of Immunological Societies of Asia-Oceania) Travel Bursary award to attend the IUIS-IIS-FIMSA Immunology course-2019',institutionString:"Nirma University",institution:{name:"Nirma University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334383",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Simone",middleName:"Ulrich",surname:"Ulrich Picoli",slug:"simone-ulrich-picoli",fullName:"Simone Ulrich Picoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334383/images/15919_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from Universidade Luterana do Brasil (1999), Master in Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology from Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (2002), Specialization in Clinical Microbiology from Universidade de São Paulo, USP (2007) and PhD in Sciences in Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2012). She is currently an Adjunct Professor at Feevale University in Medicine and Biomedicine courses and a permanent professor of the Academic Master\\'s Degree in Virology. She has experience in the field of Microbiology, with an emphasis on Bacteriology, working mainly on the following topics: bacteriophages, bacterial resistance, clinical microbiology and food microbiology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Feevale",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",biography:"Dr. Amjad Islam Aqib obtained a DVM and MSc (Hons) from University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF), Pakistan, and a PhD from the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Pakistan. Dr. Aqib joined the Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery at UAF for one year as an assistant professor where he developed a research laboratory designated for pathogenic bacteria. Since 2018, he has been Assistant Professor/Officer in-charge, Department of Medicine, Manager Research Operations and Development-ORIC, and President One Health Club at Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan. He has nearly 100 publications to his credit. His research interests include epidemiological patterns and molecular analysis of antimicrobial resistance and modulation and vaccine development against animal pathogens of public health concern.",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:null},{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",biography:"Professor Fethi Derbel was born in 1960 in Tunisia. He received his medical degree from the Sousse Faculty of Medicine at Sousse, University of Sousse, Tunisia. He completed his surgical residency in General Surgery at the University Hospital Farhat Hached of Sousse and was a member of the Unit of Liver Transplantation in the University of Rennes, France. He then worked in the Department of Surgery at the Sahloul University Hospital in Sousse. Professor Derbel is presently working at the Clinique les Oliviers, Sousse, Tunisia. His hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, colorectal, pancreatic, hepatobiliary, and gastric surgery. He is also very interested in hernia surgery and performs ventral hernia repairs and inguinal hernia repairs. He has been a member of the GREPA and Tunisian Hernia Society (THS). During his residency, he managed patients suffering from diabetic foot, and he was very interested in this pathology. For this reason, he decided to coordinate a book project dealing with the diabetic foot. Professor Derbel has published many articles in journals and collaborates intensively with IntechOpen Access Publisher as an editor.",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null},{id:"300144",title:"Dr.",name:"Meriem",middleName:null,surname:"Braiki",slug:"meriem-braiki",fullName:"Meriem Braiki",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300144/images/system/300144.jpg",biography:"Dr. Meriem Braiki is a specialist in pediatric surgeon from Tunisia. She was born in 1985. She received her medical degree from the University of Medicine at Sousse, Tunisia. She achieved her surgical residency training periods in Pediatric Surgery departments at University Hospitals in Monastir, Tunis and France.\r\nShe is currently working at the Pediatric surgery department, Sidi Bouzid Hospital, Tunisia. Her hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, parietal, urological and digestive surgery. She has published several articles in diffrent journals.",institutionString:"Sidi Bouzid Regional Hospital",institution:null},{id:"229481",title:"Dr.",name:"Erika M.",middleName:"Martins",surname:"de Carvalho",slug:"erika-m.-de-carvalho",fullName:"Erika M. de Carvalho",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229481/images/6397_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"186537",title:"Prof.",name:"Tonay",middleName:null,surname:"Inceboz",slug:"tonay-inceboz",fullName:"Tonay Inceboz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186537/images/system/186537.jfif",biography:"I was graduated from Ege University of Medical Faculty (Turkey) in 1988 and completed his Med. PhD degree in Medical Parasitology at the same university. I became an Associate Professor in 2008 and Professor in 2014. I am currently working as a Professor at the Department of Medical Parasitology at Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.\n\nI have given many lectures, presentations in different academic meetings. I have more than 60 articles in peer-reviewed journals, 18 book chapters, 1 book editorship.\n\nMy research interests are Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis (diagnosis, life cycle, in vitro and in vivo cultivation), and Trichomonas vaginalis (diagnosis, PCR, and in vitro cultivation).",institutionString:"Dokuz Eylül University",institution:{name:"Dokuz Eylül University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"71812",title:"Prof.",name:"Hanem Fathy",middleName:"Fathy",surname:"Khater",slug:"hanem-fathy-khater",fullName:"Hanem Fathy Khater",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71812/images/1167_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Khater is a Professor of Parasitology at Benha University, Egypt. She studied for her doctoral degree, at the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA. She has completed her Ph.D. degrees in Parasitology in Egypt, from where she got the award for “the best scientific Ph.D. dissertation”. She worked at the School of Biological Sciences, Bristol, England, the UK in controlling insects of medical and veterinary importance as a grant from Newton Mosharafa, the British Council. Her research is focused on searching of pesticides against mosquitoes, house flies, lice, green bottle fly, camel nasal botfly, soft and hard ticks, mites, and the diamondback moth as well as control of several parasites using safe and natural materials to avoid drug resistances and environmental contamination.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Banha University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"99780",title:"Prof.",name:"Omolade",middleName:"Olayinka",surname:"Okwa",slug:"omolade-okwa",fullName:"Omolade Okwa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99780/images/system/99780.jpg",biography:"Omolade Olayinka Okwa is presently a Professor of Parasitology at Lagos State University, Nigeria. She has a PhD in Parasitology (1997), an MSc in Cellular Parasitology (1992), and a BSc (Hons) Zoology (1990) all from the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. She teaches parasitology at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. She was a recipient of a Commonwealth fellowship supported by British Council tenable at the Centre for Entomology and Parasitology (CAEP), Keele University, United Kingdom between 2004 and 2005. She was awarded an Honorary Visiting Research Fellow at the same university from 2005 to 2007. \nShe has been an external examiner to the Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, MSc programme between 2010 and 2012. She is a member of the Nigerian Society of Experimental Biology (NISEB), Parasitology and Public Health Society of Nigeria (PPSN), Science Association of Nigeria (SAN), Zoological Society of Nigeria (ZSN), and is Vice Chairperson of the Organisation of Women in Science (OWSG), LASU chapter. She served as Head of Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Lagos State University from 2007 to 2010 and 2014 to 2016. She is a reviewer for several local and international journals such as Unilag Journal of Science, Libyan Journal of Medicine, Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, and Annual Research and Review in Science. \nShe has authored 45 scientific research publications in local and international journals, 8 scientific reviews, 4 books, and 3 book chapters, which includes the books “Malaria Parasites” and “Malaria” which are IntechOpen access publications.",institutionString:"Lagos State University",institution:{name:"Lagos State University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/273100/images/system/273100.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Vijay Bhaskar Reddy Gayam is currently practicing as an internist at Interfaith Medical Center in Brooklyn, New York, USA. He is also a Clinical Assistant Professor at the SUNY Downstate University Hospital and Adjunct Professor of Medicine at the American University of Antigua. He is a holder of an M.B.B.S. degree bestowed to him by Osmania Medical College and received his M.D. at Interfaith Medical Center. His career goals thus far have heavily focused on direct patient care, medical education, and clinical research. He currently serves in two leadership capacities; Assistant Program Director of Medicine at Interfaith Medical Center and as a Councilor for the American\r\nFederation for Medical Research. As a true academician and researcher, he has more than 50 papers indexed in international peer-reviewed journals. He has also presented numerous papers in multiple national and international scientific conferences. His areas of research interest include general internal medicine, gastroenterology and hepatology. He serves as an editor, editorial board member and reviewer for multiple international journals. His research on Hepatitis C has been very successful and has led to multiple research awards, including the 'Equity in Prevention and Treatment Award” from the New York Department of Health Viral Hepatitis Symposium (2018) and the 'Presidential Poster Award” awarded to him by the American College of Gastroenterology (2018). 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