\\n\\n
More than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\\n\\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\\n\\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\\n\\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\\n\\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"IntechOpen Maintains",originalUrl:"/media/original/113"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Simba Information has released its Open Access Book Publishing 2020 - 2024 report and has again identified IntechOpen as the world’s largest Open Access book publisher by title count.
\n\nSimba Information is a leading provider for market intelligence and forecasts in the media and publishing industry. The report, published every year, provides an overview and financial outlook for the global professional e-book publishing market.
\n\nIntechOpen, De Gruyter, and Frontiers are the largest OA book publishers by title count, with IntechOpen coming in at first place with 5,101 OA books published, a good 1,782 titles ahead of the nearest competitor.
\n\nSince the first Open Access Book Publishing report published in 2016, IntechOpen has held the top stop each year.
\n\n\n\nMore than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\n\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\n\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\n\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\n\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\n\n\n\n
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"7865",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Type 2 Diabetes - From Pathophysiology to Modern Management",title:"Type 2 Diabetes",subtitle:"From Pathophysiology to Modern Management",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"The emergence of type 2 diabetes as a global pandemic is one of the major challenges to health care in the 21st century. This book contains chapters covering the newest scientific concepts in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes, and the complications and approaches in diagnosis and glycemic control. Part of the book is dedicated to the effect of diabetes on the mental functions and treatment strategies to prevent cognitive decline. Glucose monitoring, using cutting-edge technologies, is outlined, as well as the role of health information technologies in diabetes management. Updates on glucose lowering therapy are presented, and the new emerging class of SGLT2 inhibitors is discussed in detail. The purpose of this book is to disseminate knowledge on type 2 diabetes and to contribute to the professional development of physicians, internists, endocrinologists, medical students, and research scientists in diabetes.",isbn:"978-1-78923-972-0",printIsbn:"978-1-78923-971-3",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83962-914-3",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.77683",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"type-2-diabetes-from-pathophysiology-to-modern-management",numberOfPages:164,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"f8b817f1959240ca2551ece7b8d03d75",bookSignature:"Mira Siderova",publishedDate:"November 27th 2019",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7865.jpg",numberOfDownloads:7581,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:6,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:11,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:17,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"September 6th 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"September 27th 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"November 26th 2018",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"February 14th 2019",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"April 15th 2019",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"242582",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Mira",middleName:null,surname:"Siderova",slug:"mira-siderova",fullName:"Mira Siderova",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242582/images/system/242582.jpg",biography:"Mira Siderova, MD, PhD is an endocrinologist in University Hospital 'St. Marina” and associate professor of Endocrinology and metabolic diseases in Medical University of Varna. Dr Siderova received her MD, endocrine training and her doctorate from the Medical University of Varna and was a post-doctoral research fellow in University of Bari, Italy. In 2015 she was awarded the prize of the Bulgarian endocrine society for best scientific development. She has been involved in teaching and training students, doctors and PhD candidates in diabetes and endocrinology for the last 9 years. She has authored above 70 publications – original papers and reviews, book chapters, a monograph and international conference reports. Her main interests are focused on diabetes, obesity, thyroid diseases and osteoporosis. Dr Siderova is currently an independent ethics expert at the European commission, DG Research and Innovation, as well as a member of the European Thyroid Association (ETA), International Osteoporosis Federation (IOF), Bulgarian Society of Endocrinology (BDE) and Union of scientists in Bulgaria.",institutionString:"Medical University of Varna",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Medical University of Varna",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"178",title:"Endocrinology",slug:"medicine-endocrinology"}],chapters:[{id:"66525",title:"Emerging Role of Pancreatic β-Cells during Insulin Resistance",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.83350",slug:"emerging-role-of-pancreatic-cells-during-insulin-resistance",totalDownloads:958,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In today’s world, type 2 diabetes has become a part of every household and leads to various complications including high blood sugar level, diabetic retinopathy, diabetic foot, diabetic nephropathy and diabetic neuropathy. Yet people lack awareness about this disease and its detrimental effects. For a better understanding of this disease we must know about the causes and preventive measures since the medications used in treating type 2 diabetes have moderate to severe side effects. Type 2 diabetes is characterized by loss of insulin receptor activity in skeletal muscle and adipocytes, compensatory insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells, β-cell dysfunction and death. The proper functioning of β-cells is a major criterion for preventing advent of type 2 diabetes. The different natural or physiological insulin secretagogues include glucose, amino acids and fatty acids, which stimulate insulin secretion under the influence of various hormones like incretins, leptin, growth hormone, melatonin and estrogen. However, excess of nutrients lead to β-cell dysfunction and dearth of insulin involving various signal molecules like SIRT1, PPARγ, TLR4, NF-ΚB, Wnt, mTOR, inflammasomes, MCP1, EGFR, and Nrf2. A deeper insight into the functioning of these signaling molecules will also create new avenues for therapeutic interventions of curing β-cell dysfunction and death.",signatures:"Alpana Mukhuty, Chandrani Fouzder, Snehasis Das and Dipanjan Chattopadhyay",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66525",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66525",authors:[{id:"278297",title:"MSc.",name:"Alpana",surname:"Mukhuty",slug:"alpana-mukhuty",fullName:"Alpana Mukhuty"},{id:"286872",title:"Ms.",name:"Chandrani",surname:"Fouzder",slug:"chandrani-fouzder",fullName:"Chandrani Fouzder"},{id:"286873",title:"Mr.",name:"Snehasis",surname:"Das",slug:"snehasis-das",fullName:"Snehasis Das"},{id:"286874",title:"Mrs.",name:"Dipanjan",surname:"Chattopadhyay",slug:"dipanjan-chattopadhyay",fullName:"Dipanjan Chattopadhyay"}],corrections:null},{id:"65448",title:"Pathogenesis of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.83692",slug:"pathogenesis-of-type-2-diabetes-mellitus-1",totalDownloads:1001,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) results from the interaction between genetic and environmental factors which cause insulin resistance (IR) and deficit in insulin secretion. Genes encoding insulin-related enzymes or protein factors are candidates for the disease, most probably the insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1), phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI-3 K), calpain 10, and transcription factor 7-like 2 genes. Environmental factors that favor DM2 are android obesity, aging, glucotoxicity, and lipotoxicity. IR is the result of less insulin receptor binding, of less phosphorylation of the receptor, of IRS-1, of PI-3 K, and of glucose uptake by glucose transporters. At the hepatic level, glucose is produced by gluconeogenesis: in the muscle there is less glycogen deposition, and in adipocytes there is greater release of free fatty acids (FFA). Insulin secretion is the main pathogenic factor; relative insulin hyposecretion is not capable of compensating for the IR. Reduced incretin effect, hyperglucagonemia, and increased renal glucose reabsorption favor hyperglycemia. Disturbance of the microbiota releases proinflammatory adipocytokines which contribute to IR. Reactive oxygen species generation, caused by hyperglycemia and FFA, results in a decrease in insulin synthesis and action and also endoplasmic reticulum stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. Knowledge about the pathogenesis of DM2 has allowed the development of drugs for its treatment.",signatures:"Pilar Durruty, María Sanzana and Lilian Sanhueza",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/65448",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/65448",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"66539",title:"Oxidative Stress, DNA Damage and Repair Pathways in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85438",slug:"oxidative-stress-dna-damage-and-repair-pathways-in-patients-with-type-2-diabetes-mellitus",totalDownloads:888,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) is characterized mainly by insulin resistance and/or deficiency, presenting risk factors related to aging, hypercaloric diet and sedentary lifestyle. Hyperglycemia, a hallmark of T2D, contributes significantly to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), inducing oxidative stress and various cellular and molecular changes in the body. As a consequence, several signaling pathways may be affected, mainly involving biological processes such as inflammation, DNA damage responses, antioxidant defense and metabolic changes. All these processes are relevant for the understanding of the pathogenesis of T2D, and also for the development of diabetic complications in chronic patients. Recently, common characteristics linking T2D to Alzheimer’s disease (AD) have been reported. The purpose of this chapter is to highlight the main processes associated with the disease, such as insulin signaling pathways, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, DNA damage and repair and antioxidant defense. In addition, the molecular impact of nutritional interventions in patients with T2D will also be addressed, as will the molecular keystones linking T2D and AD. Recently, there is accumulated evidence indicating that the two diseases may share common signaling pathways that may be relevant to the etiopathogenesis of each of them.",signatures:"Jessica E.B.F. Lima, Danilo J. Xavier and Elza T. Sakamoto-Hojo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66539",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66539",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"68743",title:"Cognitive Dysfunction in Diabetes Mellitus",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85940",slug:"cognitive-dysfunction-in-diabetes-mellitus",totalDownloads:959,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"People with diabetes mellitus type 2 will have higher rate of cognitive impairment than people that do not. Besides that, the effect of diabetes on the normal mental functions is often disregarded. This may be due to a lack of signs and standard assessment technique to measure the cognitive function of the diabetes patient. Hyperglycaemia which is common in people with diabetes has been associated with an increase in the possibility of developing Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia in the both general public and people with cognitive impairment. It has been estimated that an individual with diabetes mellitus is 1.5 times more likely to experience cognitive dysfunction and dementia than a normal healthy individual. Alleviation of microvascular complications and hypoglycaemia is the key in treatment of DM to prevent cognitive decline.",signatures:"Faiz Ahmed Shaikh, K.C. Bhuvan, Thet Thet Htar, Manish Gupta and Yatinesh Kumari",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68743",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68743",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"66033",title:"SGLT2 Inhibitors Therapy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.84152",slug:"sglt2-inhibitors-therapy-in-type-2-diabetes-mellitus",totalDownloads:934,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic progressive disease characterized by chronic hyperglycemia and increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). It results from multiple defects that lead to defective regulation of the blood glucose and requires continuous medical care with multifactorial risk-reduction strategies beyond glycemic control. Multiple groups of drugs have been approved in the past decades that work through different mechanisms. Apart from their limited efficacy in reducing cardiovascular outcome, most of them are neutral, and some may even increase mortality from CVDs such as rosiglitazone. The kidney has an important role in glucose regulation that was only recently targeted for drug development. Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2-I) are a new class of oral antihyperglycemic (OAH) agents that mainly act by preventing the reabsorption of filtered glucose by renal convoluted tubules. By their insulin-independent unique mechanism of action, SGLT2-I result in treating hyperglycemia while avoiding hypoglycemia, promote weight loss, reduce blood pressure, and, more importantly, decrease the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). Therefore, SGLT2-I address fundamental aspects of the unmet needs of T2DM management that most of the other OAH failed to resolve. The main side effects of SGLT2-I are slight increase in the incidence of genital mycotic infections (GMI) and euglycemic ketoacidosis (EKA) along with increased risk of lower limb amputations, which has been reported with some but not all agents of this class.",signatures:"Maswood M. Ahmad, Imad Addin Brema and Mussa H. Almalki",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66033",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66033",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"65634",title:"Newer Modalities in the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Focus on Technology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.84285",slug:"newer-modalities-in-the-treatment-of-type-2-diabetes-mellitus-focus-on-technology",totalDownloads:1170,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter will focus on the technological advances for individuals with Type 2 diabetes mellitus and their effect on treatment, control of blood glucoses and possible improvement in lifestyle and decreasing complications. This is a general overview of technological improvements and not an outline for specific patient care. Various technologies will be discussed and the outlook for future improvements outlined.",signatures:"Alan B. Schorr",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/65634",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/65634",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"65872",title:"Cyber-Physical System for Management and Self-Management of Cardiometabolic Health",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.84262",slug:"cyber-physical-system-for-management-and-self-management-of-cardiometabolic-health",totalDownloads:732,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"We want to demonstrate the feasibility of the concept of a cyber-physical system (CPS) by showing good correlation of insulin resistance by HOMA-IR with changes of state variables (SVs) such as R-ratio, Rw-ratio, calculated 24 h nonprotein respiratory quotient, and fat-burning fraction from serial measurements of weight and fat mass. We utilize principles of indirect calorimetry. We calculate SVs from published data of an energy perturbation study. We perform correlation analysis between changes of insulin resistance measured with HOMA-IR and selected SVs. The result of this correlation analysis confirms a highly significant correlation between HOMA-IR and the selected SVs. The implication of these results is that CPS is a suitable concept to indirectly measure and predict the otherwise very-difficult- or impossible-to-measure slow changes of SVs and capture them for the first time noninvasively. Serial fat and weight measurements and energy calculations can help unmask changes of insulin resistance in response to user’s diet and exercise habits, creating the necessary environment to measure metabolic flexibility. Further, CPS has the potential to estimate cardiorespiratory fitness by indirectly estimating maximum oxygen uptake from measuring heart rate reserve, heart rate variability, and pulse oximetry changes with exercise.",signatures:"Zsolt Peter Ori",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/65872",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/65872",authors:[{id:"273754",title:"M.D.",name:"Zsolt P.",surname:"Ori",slug:"zsolt-p.-ori",fullName:"Zsolt P. Ori"}],corrections:null},{id:"65332",title:"Health Information Technologies in Diabetes Management",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.83693",slug:"health-information-technologies-in-diabetes-management",totalDownloads:939,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"About 1 in 11 adults worldwide now have diabetes mellitus, 90% of whom have type 2 diabetes (T2D). Successful glycemic control helps to prevent and reduce complications of T2D, including cardiovascular disease, kidney disease, blindness, neuropathy, and limb amputation, and reduce death related to the disease. However, maintaining optimal glycemic control requires ongoing monitoring and treatment, which can be costly and challenging. To improve diabetes management, the development of innovative self-care strategies is warranted. Advances in health information technologies (HITs) have introduced approaches that support effective and affordable health-care delivery and patient education. Technologies in mobile, computer, e-mail, and Internet approaches have shown evidence in enhancing chronic disease management, suggesting great potential for diabetes management technologies. In this chapter, we provided an overview of the HITs in use for T2D management. We synthesized the latest findings on HITs’ effect in reducing HbA1c and managing complications, cardiovascular conditions, in particular. Further, we discussed limitations in the current research in this area and implications for future research. Last, we presented challenges of applying HITs in T2D management in the real-world context and suggested steps to move forward.",signatures:"Yilin Yoshida and Eduardo J. Simoes",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/65332",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/65332",authors:[null],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6581",title:"Adipose Tissue",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"85899eab2d8b01653e1297b168c470d7",slug:"adipose-tissue",bookSignature:"Leszek Szablewski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6581.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"49739",title:"Dr.",name:"Leszek",surname:"Szablewski",slug:"leszek-szablewski",fullName:"Leszek Szablewski"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8797",title:"Adipose Tissue",subtitle:"An Update",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"34880b7b450ef96fa5063c867c028b02",slug:"adipose-tissue-an-update",bookSignature:"Leszek Szablewski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8797.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"49739",title:"Dr.",name:"Leszek",surname:"Szablewski",slug:"leszek-szablewski",fullName:"Leszek Szablewski"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6246",title:"Salivary Glands",subtitle:"New Approaches in Diagnostics and Treatment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"de375ecbd9ac673d6464107a0c416763",slug:"salivary-glands-new-approaches-in-diagnostics-and-treatment",bookSignature:"Işıl Adadan Güvenç",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6246.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"36790",title:"M.D.",name:"Işıl",surname:"Adadan Güvenç",slug:"isil-adadan-guvenc",fullName:"Işıl Adadan Güvenç"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7848",title:"Selected Chapters from the Renin-Angiotensin System",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"38e89685aa86d8cbff0718f3813ae625",slug:"selected-chapters-from-the-renin-angiotensin-system",bookSignature:"Aleksandar Kibel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7848.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"183303",title:"Dr.",name:"Aleksandar",surname:"Kibel",slug:"aleksandar-kibel",fullName:"Aleksandar Kibel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7269",title:"Endocrine Disruptors",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"571f5c496c8b0e8db9043204fa58be2a",slug:"endocrine-disruptors",bookSignature:"Ahmed R. 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The researchers have been attempting to identify the influences or variables that influence foreign language acquisition. The researchers even wanted to know how to tell the difference between good and unsuccessful students. Since achievement is determined by a number of factors, researchers emphasized the importance of learning. Many researchers have identified learning strategies, and they all agree that active learners employ a variety of strategies and techniques to effectively solve problems they encounter when learning or acquiring a language. Investigations into the use of learning strategies by bi- or monolingual students have been conducted all over the world, especially in English-speaking countries.
The aim of this study is to look into the differences in learning strategies used by monolingual and bilingual foreign language learners when learning a language. It also aims to see whether factors like ethnicity and proficiency have an effect on the use of learning techniques.
In certain parts of the world, the number of people who can speak more than one language has grown in recent years. According to [1] about 70% of the world’s population is bilingual. This emphasizes the importance of researching the role of bilingualism in the teaching and learning of a foreign language. Bilingualism is a practice that exists in other countries around the world, including Iran. Furthermore, various parts of the world speak a mixture of languages and dialects. As a result, there could be gaps in acquiring a foreign language between monolingual and bilingual students. In Iran, English is a foreign language, and learning a foreign language in order to communicate with people from other countries is a must in a developing world.
The controversy about whether learning two languages benefits or hinders the production of either language has become one of the most fiercely pursued research questions by contemporary language scientists. During almost every waking minute of our lives, we are surrounded by words. We use language to express ourselves, interact with others, and associate with our history, as well as to comprehend the world around us For certain people, this diverse linguistic world includes not only one, but two or three languages. In reality, bilingual or multilingual people make up the vast majority of the world’s population. In a 2006 European Commission poll, 56 percent of respondents said they could communicate in a language other than their mother tongue. Millions of people in the United States speak a language other than English in their daily lives, whether at work or in school. Neither Europe nor the United States are isolated. According to the Associated Press [2], up to 66 percent of the world’s children are bilingual. 3 Researchers have been able to look further into the brain to explore how bilingualism communicates with and affects the neural and physiological processes thanks to scientific advancements in recent decades.
When a bilingual person uses one language, the other is almost always present at the same time, according to research. When a human hears a phrase, he or she does not hear the whole word at once; rather, the sounds are delivered in sequence. Long before the word is done, the language machine in the brain starts to infer what it is by triggering a large number of words that complement the signal. If you hear the word “may,” you are likely to think about words like “candy” and “candle,” at least in the early stages of word comprehension. This stimulation is not limited to a single language for bilingual people; auditory feedback triggers matching words regardless of the language they belong to. Dealing with this constant linguistic rivalry will lead to linguistic difficulties. Knowing many languages, for example, will allow speakers to name pictures more slowly7 and increase tip-of-the-tongue states.
As a consequence, the frequent balancing of two languages necessitates the need to limit how much time a person spends in - language. This is a valuable attribute from a communicative standpoint—it can be tough to interpret a message in one language if the other language is constantly interfering.
Similarly, if a bilingual person switches between languages constantly while speaking, the listener can become confused, particularly if the listener only knows one of the speaker’s languages. The bilingual brain depends on executive functions, a regulatory mechanism of general cognitive skills that involves mechanisms including concentration and inhibition, to maintain the relative equilibrium between two languages.
Since a bilingual person’s two language systems are both alive and competitive, she or he employs these control structures while she or he speaks or listens. Consistent activity enhances regulation systems and alters brain regions associated with them. When it comes to activities that include dispute resolution, bilingual people often outperform their monolingual counterparts. People are asked to name the color of the font of a word in the classic Stroop task. Where the color and the term complement each other. If the color and the word do not align, people are more likely to call the color wrong. To ignore the meaningless term and concentrate on the correct color, the neural system must use additional tools. Inhibitory regulation refers to the capacity to suppress conflicting visual stimuli and concentrate on the specific features of the input. When it comes to activities that need inhibitory regulation, bilinguals often outperform monolinguals. Bilinguals are also faster than monolinguals at switching between tasks; for example, when converting from categorizing objects by color (red or green) to categorizing them by form (circle or triangle), bilinguals transition more quickly than monolinguals. 13 When adjusting tactics on the move, this reflects greater cognitive function.
According to research, bilingual benefits of executive performance are not limited to the language networks of the brain. 9 Researchers have investigated which brain regions are involved as bilingual people undergo activities that require them to alternate between their two languages using brain imaging techniques such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).
When bilingual people have to transition between naming pictures in Spanish and English, the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), a brain area correlated with processing abilities including concentration and avoidance, shows increased activity. Language switching has been discovered to include mechanisms such as the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), bilateral supermarginal gyri, and left inferior frontal gyrus (left-IFG), both of which are involved in cognitive function. The left-IFG, which is also referred to as the brain’s language processing node, tends to be active in both linguistic15 and non-linguistic processes. The bilingual benefit has neural origins in subcortical brain regions that are typically concerned with sensory perception. Simple speech sounds are heard by monolingual and bilingual teenagers. They exhibit very close brain stem responses to sensory input when there is no external noise. When the same sound is played to both classes in the presence of external noise, the bilingual listeners’ neuronal response is even greater, indicating improved decoding of the sound’s fundamental pitch.
A sound quality that is closely linked to pitch perception To put it another way, when bilingual people hear a sound, blood pressure (a measure of neuronal activity) increases in the brain stem. Surprisingly, this increase in sound encoding seems to be linked to improved auditory attention.
The cognitive regulation taken to manipulate multiple languages tends to have a wide range of effects on neurological performance, fine-tuning both cognitive and sensory functions.
Being bilingual will have real-world benefits. Bilingual experience can enhance cognitive and sensory processing, allowing a bilingual person to better process information in the environment and provide a clearer signal for learning. This increased attention to detail could explain why bilingual adults learn a third language more quickly than monolingual adults learn a second. The desire to concentrate on knowledge about the new language while eliminating intrusion from the languages they already speak could be at the core of the bilingual language-learning benefit. Bilingual people will be able to navigate newly acquired words more quickly, resulting in greater vocabulary improvements than monolingual people who aren’t as skilled at inhibiting competitive knowledge.
Furthermore, the advantages of bilingualism seem to begin early—researchers have shown that bilingualism improves focus and conflict control in children as young as seven months.
To fully understand the benefits, it is important to understand what we are talking about when we say “bilingual”. The definition of bilingual is a person who speaks two or more languages fluently; therefore, bilingual people can be divided into two categories: simultaneous and sequential; Simultaneous bilinguals start learning two languages at birth or before age three, and sequential bilinguals learn a second language later. Both subsets suffer from the misunderstanding that knowing two languages makes it difficult to learn to read. But one of the main advantages of being bilingual is literacy, and the reason for this lies in metalinguistic. Language learners develop metalinguistic skills at a younger age than most other children. Linguists believe that they are better equipped to grasp the structure of words because of exposure to multiple languages at a young age. This can help bilingual students develop phonological awareness skills, an essential pre-reading skill, faster than their classmates.
A larger vocabulary is another benefit of bilingualism, which affects the development of reading and writing skills. Bilingual students tend to be exposed to more words in both languages than children who speak only their mother tongue, so they are more likely to learn the equivalent of any word they learn in the other language. With more words in your vocabulary, spelling words and learning the alphabet will be more natural. In addition, in later grades they will be predisposed to spell more complex vocabulary. The prevalence of these reading advantages depends on several factors, particularly how similar the languages of a bilingual student are. For example, a student who speaks Spanish and Portuguese will learn to read and write faster in both languages than a student who speaks Chinese and English. These benefits are also generally more pronounced if the student has strong, though not necessarily equal, knowledge of both languages. However, any level of bilingualism can strengthen a student
The ability to communicate in two languages is often regarded as a remarkable accomplishment, particularly in English-speaking countries. Given that 70 percent of the world’s population is estimated to be bilingual or multilingual [1] there is reason to think that bilingualism is the standard for the vast majority of citizens. Researchers in the region have shared differing viewpoints on the benefits and drawbacks of bilingualism or multilingualism.
The majority of previous research indicated that bilingualism has negative effects. Internalizing two languages instead of one can result in a more complicated, well-equipped theoretical calculus, allowing the infant to switch between two sets of laws while using symbols.
Bilingualism also has a positive impact on foreign language achievement, according to several studies. Childhood bilingualism, for example, was found to have a beneficial impact on adult ability to learn a foreign language. That is, people who learned a second language as a child have a better chance of understanding foreign languages as adults. Thomas [3] also looked into how English monolinguals and English–Spanish bilinguals learned college French. The bilinguals outperformed the monolinguals in her research, with the bilinguals outperforming the monolinguals. Since the findings of studies on the effects of bilingualism get mixed up, some researchers decided to perform tests using more controlled variables. Any of these studies’ results resulted in a neutral stance toward bilingualism. In a study comparing the development of an artificial grammar by monolingual, bilingual, and multilingual students, [4] found that while multilinguals performed better in some situations, there was “no convincing indication that they were superior in language learning ability.
Having the required material information in L1 seems to make learning the right vocabulary elements in L2 much easier.
The concept of competence conversion is backed by cognitive science studies, which looks for representational schemas for dynamic narratives in two languages. Given that skills do migrate through languages, it’s possible to think about transfer as happening on a componential, skill-by-skill basis, or as occurring more broadly, where the whole structure of skills in a domain moves [5].
For all of us, learning a foreign language has been a lifetime ambition. It’s a must for children whose parents have moved to a country where they cannot speak their native tongue. However, an increasing body of evidence suggests that bilingual schooling has many advantages beyond the potential to work in a different country and community. The tradition of teaching school subjects in two distinct languages is known as bilingual education. It can be used to assist students in transitioning from their original language to the languages spoken in the country where they currently reside, but it can also be used to teach academic material in two languages at once. It is important because it contributes to bilingualism, which is the practice of speaking and recognizing two languages: one’s native tongue (L1) and another’s native tongue (L2) (L2). Transitional Bilingual Education, Dual Language Immersion Bilingual Education, and English as a Second Language are also examples of bilingual education curriculum models. Transitional Bilingual Education was once the most common curriculum model, but it has steadily fallen out of favor as many educators contend that it does not adequately support diversity and bilingualism. Dual Language Immersion Bilingual Education, on the other hand, is gaining attention because it supports both native and non-native students. English as a Second Language (ESL) can be thought of as an alternative to other services for individuals who choose to develop their English skills through a combination of methods and approaches, such as school courses and self-directed learn at home programs [6].
People who speak two or more languages outperform monolinguals in some mental activities, such as retaining emphasis on essential facts, according to research. This advantage of bilingualism has been shown in both children and adults, dispelling the misconception that bilingualism hinders academic growth by “confusing “the brain. Bilinguals, on the other hand, find it easy to focus their attention when they are used to flipping between languages. Judith Kroll, Distinguished Professor of Psychology at Penn State, said, The bilingual is somehow able to compromise between the rivalry of the languages. This balancing in languages is thought to be the source of these cognitive abilities. Since the opportunity to pay attention to the environment around us and prioritize useful facts while avoiding irrelevant knowledge is crucial for learning, bilingual children are slightly more competitive than their monolingual peers in problem-solving and creativity activities.
Teaching academic material in two languages can be very costly, as shown by the costs of bilingual education systems all around the world. This is one of the reasons that, in its most intensive ways, this college curriculum concept is traditionally exclusive to private colleges, which are out of reach for the majority of students and families. Modern language learning applications like Encore!!! have been leveling the playing field of bilingual education in recent years, allowing language learners to immerse themselves in engaging language content on an equal footing. Rather than paying for pricey lessons, language learners can easily download a mobile app, choose a lesson plan depending on their level of proficiency, and follow along. Encore!!! is an excellent example of an app that all language learners should be aware of whether they want to learn how to become bilingual without costing a lot of money. There are 12 language pairs included in the free edition, as well as five free lesson plans. Vocabulary, greetings, and helpful phrases are included in both proposals, as are verb conjugations, sentences with similar vocabulary, and discussions led by native speakers.
While early linguists believed that learning a second language induced developmental delays, current evidence indicates that this is not the case. (8) Bilingual pupils have a number of distinct advantages in school and beyond. Bilingual pupils, for example, have better functioning memory and attention spans. These abilities can contribute to both academic and professional success. On activities requiring executive coordination, bilingual students outperform monolingual students. This includes self-discipline, perseverance, and other abilities that aid students in achieving their objectives. Bilingual students also have the intelligence and drive to take on challenging school tasks when paired with the higher abstract thinking skills they acquire. And the benefits do not end with academic success. Bilingual people are more creative than monolingual people, which can lead to satisfaction as well as success. They’re also better at multitasking and resolving conflicts, qualities that help both themselves and others. Best of all, bilingualism has been attributed to a lower risk of cognitive loss later in life. Bilingualism’s cognitive gains favor students throughout their lives, from birth to old age. Bilingual students can learn to read not just as well as monolingual students, but much better. You will help them learn pre-reading skills as an educator, particularly if you teach a primarily bilingual classroom.
There is no controversy when it comes to the value of a bilingual education. In my head, it does not happen. Bilingual schooling, in my opinion, should be not only considered helpful and useful, but also promoted and possibly implemented by society. Being literate in two languages has only positive consequences in life. I’d take that a little further and encourage students to study as many languages as they can! There is no risk in doing so, because the rewards are enormous. Bilingual (at least) schooling is common sense in a variety of contexts, from travel to job prospects to general interactivity with others there is no compelling explanation why capable individuals do not get at least a bilingual education.
Bilingual programs, Dynamic bilingualism, Enrichment bilingual programs, Heritage/indigenous programs, Immersion programs.
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Evidence-based maintenance consists of continuous monitoring of equipment performance, starting from evidence—the current state from the point of view of fault history—and improving its efficiency through the necessary modifications. This process is very important for optimizing the use and allocation of the resources available by the clinical engineering departments. Maintenance of medical equipment consists of two basic activities: scheduled maintenance and corrective maintenance. The purpose of this chapter is to present document-based methods to evaluate every aspect of the medical equipment maintenance process and to provide a correct, objective and standardized approach that supports clinical engineering activities. 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He completed a one-year Post-Doctoral Fellowship awarded by the DFAIT (Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada) at the Institute of Biomedical Engineering of the University of New Brunswick (Canada) in 2010. Currently, he is Professor in the Faculty of Electrical Engineering (UFU). He has authored and co-authored more than 200 peer-reviewed publications in Biomedical Engineering. He has been a researcher of The National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq-Brazil) since 2009. He has served as an ad-hoc consultant for CNPq, CAPES (Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel), FINEP (Brazilian Innovation Agency), and other funding bodies on several occasions. He was the Secretary of the Brazilian Society of Biomedical Engineering (SBEB) from 2015 to 2016, President of SBEB (2017-2018) and Vice-President of SBEB (2019-2020). 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His fields of interest are anterior segment disease, keratoconus, glaucoma, corneal dystrophies, and cataracts. His research topics include\nintraocular lens power calculation, eye modification induced by refractive surgery, glaucoma progression, and validation of new diagnostic devices in ophthalmology. \nHe has published more than 100 papers in international and Italian scientific journals, more than 60 in journals with impact factors, and chapters in international and Italian books. He has also edited two international books and authored more than 150 communications or posters for the most important international and Italian ophthalmology conferences.",institutionString:'University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"',institution:{name:'University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"',institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7560",title:"Non-Invasive Diagnostic Methods",subtitle:"Image Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7560.jpg",slug:"non-invasive-diagnostic-methods-image-processing",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mariusz Marzec and Robert Koprowski",hash:"d92fd8cf5a90a47f2b8a310837a5600e",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Non-Invasive Diagnostic Methods - Image Processing",editors:[{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. 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The preliminary objectives of the study are to understand and develop the evidence-based tools and interventions for the control and prevention of malaria in different sites of the INDIA. Alongside, with the help of next-generation genomics study, the team has studied the antimalarial drug resistance in India. Further, he has extended his research in the development of Humanized mice for the study of liver-stage malaria and identification of molecular marker(s) for the Artemisinin resistance. At present, his research focuses on understanding the role of B cells in the activation of CD8+ T cells in malaria. Received the CSIR-SRF (Senior Research Fellow) award-2018, FIMSA (Federation of Immunological Societies of Asia-Oceania) Travel Bursary award to attend the IUIS-IIS-FIMSA Immunology course-2019',institutionString:"Nirma University",institution:{name:"Nirma University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334383",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Simone",middleName:"Ulrich",surname:"Ulrich Picoli",slug:"simone-ulrich-picoli",fullName:"Simone Ulrich Picoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334383/images/15919_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from Universidade Luterana do Brasil (1999), Master in Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology from Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (2002), Specialization in Clinical Microbiology from Universidade de São Paulo, USP (2007) and PhD in Sciences in Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2012). She is currently an Adjunct Professor at Feevale University in Medicine and Biomedicine courses and a permanent professor of the Academic Master\\'s Degree in Virology. She has experience in the field of Microbiology, with an emphasis on Bacteriology, working mainly on the following topics: bacteriophages, bacterial resistance, clinical microbiology and food microbiology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Feevale",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",biography:"Dr. Amjad Islam Aqib obtained a DVM and MSc (Hons) from University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF), Pakistan, and a PhD from the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Pakistan. Dr. Aqib joined the Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery at UAF for one year as an assistant professor where he developed a research laboratory designated for pathogenic bacteria. Since 2018, he has been Assistant Professor/Officer in-charge, Department of Medicine, Manager Research Operations and Development-ORIC, and President One Health Club at Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan. He has nearly 100 publications to his credit. His research interests include epidemiological patterns and molecular analysis of antimicrobial resistance and modulation and vaccine development against animal pathogens of public health concern.",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"333753",title:"Dr.",name:"Rais",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed",slug:"rais-ahmed",fullName:"Rais Ahmed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333753/images/20168_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",biography:"Professor Fethi Derbel was born in 1960 in Tunisia. He received his medical degree from the Sousse Faculty of Medicine at Sousse, University of Sousse, Tunisia. He completed his surgical residency in General Surgery at the University Hospital Farhat Hached of Sousse and was a member of the Unit of Liver Transplantation in the University of Rennes, France. He then worked in the Department of Surgery at the Sahloul University Hospital in Sousse. Professor Derbel is presently working at the Clinique les Oliviers, Sousse, Tunisia. His hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, colorectal, pancreatic, hepatobiliary, and gastric surgery. He is also very interested in hernia surgery and performs ventral hernia repairs and inguinal hernia repairs. He has been a member of the GREPA and Tunisian Hernia Society (THS). During his residency, he managed patients suffering from diabetic foot, and he was very interested in this pathology. For this reason, he decided to coordinate a book project dealing with the diabetic foot. Professor Derbel has published many articles in journals and collaborates intensively with IntechOpen Access Publisher as an editor.",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null},{id:"300144",title:"Dr.",name:"Meriem",middleName:null,surname:"Braiki",slug:"meriem-braiki",fullName:"Meriem Braiki",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300144/images/system/300144.jpg",biography:"Dr. Meriem Braiki is a specialist in pediatric surgeon from Tunisia. She was born in 1985. She received her medical degree from the University of Medicine at Sousse, Tunisia. She achieved her surgical residency training periods in Pediatric Surgery departments at University Hospitals in Monastir, Tunis and France.\r\nShe is currently working at the Pediatric surgery department, Sidi Bouzid Hospital, Tunisia. Her hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, parietal, urological and digestive surgery. She has published several articles in diffrent journals.",institutionString:"Sidi Bouzid Regional Hospital",institution:null},{id:"229481",title:"Dr.",name:"Erika M.",middleName:"Martins",surname:"de Carvalho",slug:"erika-m.-de-carvalho",fullName:"Erika M. de Carvalho",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229481/images/6397_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"186537",title:"Prof.",name:"Tonay",middleName:null,surname:"Inceboz",slug:"tonay-inceboz",fullName:"Tonay Inceboz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186537/images/system/186537.jfif",biography:"I was graduated from Ege University of Medical Faculty (Turkey) in 1988 and completed his Med. PhD degree in Medical Parasitology at the same university. I became an Associate Professor in 2008 and Professor in 2014. I am currently working as a Professor at the Department of Medical Parasitology at Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.\n\nI have given many lectures, presentations in different academic meetings. I have more than 60 articles in peer-reviewed journals, 18 book chapters, 1 book editorship.\n\nMy research interests are Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis (diagnosis, life cycle, in vitro and in vivo cultivation), and Trichomonas vaginalis (diagnosis, PCR, and in vitro cultivation).",institutionString:"Dokuz Eylül University",institution:{name:"Dokuz Eylül University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"71812",title:"Prof.",name:"Hanem Fathy",middleName:"Fathy",surname:"Khater",slug:"hanem-fathy-khater",fullName:"Hanem Fathy Khater",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71812/images/1167_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Khater is a Professor of Parasitology at Benha University, Egypt. She studied for her doctoral degree, at the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA. She has completed her Ph.D. degrees in Parasitology in Egypt, from where she got the award for “the best scientific Ph.D. dissertation”. She worked at the School of Biological Sciences, Bristol, England, the UK in controlling insects of medical and veterinary importance as a grant from Newton Mosharafa, the British Council. Her research is focused on searching of pesticides against mosquitoes, house flies, lice, green bottle fly, camel nasal botfly, soft and hard ticks, mites, and the diamondback moth as well as control of several parasites using safe and natural materials to avoid drug resistances and environmental contamination.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Banha University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"99780",title:"Prof.",name:"Omolade",middleName:"Olayinka",surname:"Okwa",slug:"omolade-okwa",fullName:"Omolade Okwa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99780/images/system/99780.jpg",biography:"Omolade Olayinka Okwa is presently a Professor of Parasitology at Lagos State University, Nigeria. She has a PhD in Parasitology (1997), an MSc in Cellular Parasitology (1992), and a BSc (Hons) Zoology (1990) all from the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. She teaches parasitology at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. She was a recipient of a Commonwealth fellowship supported by British Council tenable at the Centre for Entomology and Parasitology (CAEP), Keele University, United Kingdom between 2004 and 2005. She was awarded an Honorary Visiting Research Fellow at the same university from 2005 to 2007. \nShe has been an external examiner to the Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, MSc programme between 2010 and 2012. She is a member of the Nigerian Society of Experimental Biology (NISEB), Parasitology and Public Health Society of Nigeria (PPSN), Science Association of Nigeria (SAN), Zoological Society of Nigeria (ZSN), and is Vice Chairperson of the Organisation of Women in Science (OWSG), LASU chapter. She served as Head of Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Lagos State University from 2007 to 2010 and 2014 to 2016. She is a reviewer for several local and international journals such as Unilag Journal of Science, Libyan Journal of Medicine, Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, and Annual Research and Review in Science. \nShe has authored 45 scientific research publications in local and international journals, 8 scientific reviews, 4 books, and 3 book chapters, which includes the books “Malaria Parasites” and “Malaria” which are IntechOpen access publications.",institutionString:"Lagos State University",institution:{name:"Lagos State University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/273100/images/system/273100.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Vijay Bhaskar Reddy Gayam is currently practicing as an internist at Interfaith Medical Center in Brooklyn, New York, USA. He is also a Clinical Assistant Professor at the SUNY Downstate University Hospital and Adjunct Professor of Medicine at the American University of Antigua. He is a holder of an M.B.B.S. degree bestowed to him by Osmania Medical College and received his M.D. at Interfaith Medical Center. His career goals thus far have heavily focused on direct patient care, medical education, and clinical research. He currently serves in two leadership capacities; Assistant Program Director of Medicine at Interfaith Medical Center and as a Councilor for the American\r\nFederation for Medical Research. As a true academician and researcher, he has more than 50 papers indexed in international peer-reviewed journals. He has also presented numerous papers in multiple national and international scientific conferences. His areas of research interest include general internal medicine, gastroenterology and hepatology. He serves as an editor, editorial board member and reviewer for multiple international journals. His research on Hepatitis C has been very successful and has led to multiple research awards, including the 'Equity in Prevention and Treatment Award” from the New York Department of Health Viral Hepatitis Symposium (2018) and the 'Presidential Poster Award” awarded to him by the American College of Gastroenterology (2018). He was also awarded 'Outstanding Clinician in General Medicine” by Venus International Foundation for his extensive research expertise and services, perform over and above the standard expected in the advancement of healthcare, patient safety and quality of care.",institutionString:"Interfaith Medical Center",institution:{name:"Interfaith Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"93517",title:"Dr.",name:"Clement",middleName:"Adebajo",surname:"Meseko",slug:"clement-meseko",fullName:"Clement Meseko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/93517/images/system/93517.jpg",biography:"Dr. Clement Meseko obtained DVM and PhD degree in Veterinary Medicine and Virology respectively. He has worked for over 20 years in both private and public sectors including the academia, contributing to knowledge and control of infectious disease. Through the application of epidemiological skill, classical and molecular virological skills, he investigates viruses of economic and public health importance for the mitigation of the negative impact on people, animal and the environment in the context of Onehealth. \r\nDr. Meseko’s field experience on animal and zoonotic diseases and pathogen dynamics at the human-animal interface over the years shaped his carrier in research and scientific inquiries. He has been part of the investigation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza incursions in sub Saharan Africa and monitors swine Influenza (Pandemic influenza Virus) agro-ecology and potential for interspecies transmission. He has authored and reviewed a number of journal articles and book chapters.",institutionString:"National Veterinary Research Institute",institution:{name:"National Veterinary Research Institute",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"94928",title:"Dr.",name:"Takuo",middleName:null,surname:"Mizukami",slug:"takuo-mizukami",fullName:"Takuo Mizukami",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94928/images/6402_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Institute of Infectious Diseases",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"233433",title:"Dr.",name:"Yulia",middleName:null,surname:"Desheva",slug:"yulia-desheva",fullName:"Yulia Desheva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/233433/images/system/233433.png",biography:"Dr. Yulia Desheva is a leading researcher at the Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia. She is a professor in the Stomatology Faculty, St. Petersburg State University. She has expertise in the development and evaluation of a wide range of live mucosal vaccines against influenza and bacterial complications. Her research interests include immunity against influenza and COVID-19 and the development of immunization schemes for high-risk individuals.",institutionString:'Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Institute of Experimental Medicine"',institution:null},{id:"238958",title:"Mr.",name:"Atamjit",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"atamjit-singh",fullName:"Atamjit Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/238958/images/6575_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"252058",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"Sulca",slug:"juan-sulca",fullName:"Juan Sulca",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252058/images/12834_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"191392",title:"Dr.",name:"Marimuthu",middleName:null,surname:"Govindarajan",slug:"marimuthu-govindarajan",fullName:"Marimuthu Govindarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/191392/images/5828_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. M. Govindarajan completed his BSc degree in Zoology at Government Arts College (Autonomous), Kumbakonam, and MSc, MPhil, and PhD degrees at Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India. He is serving as an assistant professor at the Department of Zoology, Annamalai University. His research interests include isolation, identification, and characterization of biologically active molecules from plants and microbes. He has identified more than 20 pure compounds with high mosquitocidal activity and also conducted high-quality research on photochemistry and nanosynthesis. He has published more than 150 studies in journals with impact factor and 2 books in Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany. He serves as an editorial board member in various national and international scientific journals.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"274660",title:"Dr.",name:"Damodar",middleName:null,surname:"Paudel",slug:"damodar-paudel",fullName:"Damodar Paudel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/274660/images/8176_n.jpg",biography:"I am DrDamodar Paudel,currently working as consultant Physician in Nepal police Hospital.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"241562",title:"Dr.",name:"Melvin",middleName:null,surname:"Sanicas",slug:"melvin-sanicas",fullName:"Melvin Sanicas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241562/images/6699_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"117248",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrew",middleName:null,surname:"Macnab",slug:"andrew-macnab",fullName:"Andrew Macnab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"322007",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Elizbeth",middleName:null,surname:"Alvarez-Sánchez",slug:"maria-elizbeth-alvarez-sanchez",fullName:"Maria Elizbeth Alvarez-Sánchez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"337443",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"A. 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Subjects will include an overview of oral diseases and infections, systemic diseases affecting the oral cavity, prevention, diagnosis, treatment, epidemiology, as well as current clinical recommendations for the management of oral, dental, and periodontal diseases.
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Her qualifications are: a specialist in Dental Imaging and Radiology, Master in Dentistry (Periodontics) from the University of São Paulo (FORP-USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP), and Doctor (Ph.D.) in Dentistry (Stomatology Clinic) from Hospital São Lucas of the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (HSL-PUCRS, Porto Alegre, RS). She held a postdoctoral internship at the Federal University from Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys (UFVJM, Diamantina, MG). She is currently a member of the Brazilian Society for Dental Research (SBPqO) and the Brazilian Society of Stomatology and Pathology (SOBEP). 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