\r\n\tBook, “Mites, Ticks and Humans", is written by keeping in vision non-availability of any standard text dealing in different aspects of acarology at one place. Separate chapters in this book are devoted to medical importance of mites and ticks; ectoparasites, endoparasites and disease transmitting mites; classification, biology and epidemiology of dust mites; manifestations, diagnostics and preventions of dust mites allergy; ticks transmission of disease causing pathogens; and measures to mitigate mites and ticks. Book will stimulate interest in the readers for more information about different mites and ticks affecting publics. The knowledge contained in the book may prove as best material for graduate and post-graduate level courses, teachers and researchers in entomology, pestss control advisors, professional entomologists, pesticide industry managers, policy planners, and other experts having interest in mites and ticks.
",isbn:null,printIsbn:"979-953-307-X-X",pdfIsbn:null,doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1ab684433f948520e8e90a2e74e2801a",bookSignature:"Dr. Muhammad Sarwar",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8964.jpg",keywords:"Basic biology, Diversity of lifestyles, Scabies, Mange, Ecosystem, Soil mite, Dust mites allergy, Asthma, Vectors, Dispersal or spreading modes, Pest management, Detection and survey",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 28th 2019",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"September 16th 2019",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"November 15th 2019",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"February 3rd 2020",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"April 3rd 2020",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"a year",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"272992",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarwar",slug:"muhammad-sarwar",fullName:"Muhammad Sarwar",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/272992/images/system/272992.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Muhammad Sarwar, Principal Scientist, is in his thirtieth year of service with the Department of Agriculture, Government of Punjab. He is also currently working for the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission. He completed his post doctorate in 2008, funded by the Higher Education Commission of Pakistan from the Institute of Plant Protection in the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China. He has several hundred published papers to his credit and is recipient of the Shield award, letters of appreciation, and certificates of performance from faculty members of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China. In 2010, the Zoological Society of Pakistan presented him with the Prof. Dr. Mirza Azhar Beg Gold Medal. In 2011, the Pakistan Council for Science and Technology awarded him a Research Productivity Award.\n\nHis research activities focus on integrated pest management for rice, cotton, chickpea, and Brassica crops; predatory mites, ladybird beetles, Chrysoperla, Trichogramma, and parasitoids of fruit flies culturing as bio-control agents; integrated management of fruit flies and mosquitos; and other arthropod pest control methodologies. He has also researched vertebrate pest control, especially controls of rodents in field crops and storage. He was the first to explore thirty-six new species of stored grain mites belonging to eight genera, including Forcellinia, Lackerbaueria, Acotyledon, Caloglyphus, and Troupeauia in the Acaridae family; and Capronomoia, Histiostoma, and Glyphanoetus in the Histiostomatidae family. He also planned and designed research trials on the integrated management of cotton leaf curl virus (CLCV), pest scouting, pest monitoring, and forecasting. He conducted training of progressive farmers and field staff, and provided advisory services to the farmers regarding plant protection practices. He also trained pesticide dealers on the proper handling, distribution, and storing of pesticides.\n\nUnder a coordinated research program, Dr. Sarwar collaborated with other institutes to trace resistance sources for cotton, rice, gram, rapeseed, mustard plants, and stored cereals and pulses. He has supervised post-graduate research and is an external examiner for post-graduate studies. He has also organized various workshops, served as a reviewer for scientific journals, and is a member of various working committees. He is responsible for opening up a new avenue on rearing of predatory mites as bio-control agents of insects and mites pests in greenhouse and field crops.\n\t\nDr. Sarwar is an approved supervisor with the Higher Education Commission (HEC) of Pakistan. He completed a course in Basic Management organized by the Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Islamabad, in 2011. He has also completed trainings in Beijing, Bangkok, Havana, and Vienna. His is a lifetime member of the Zoological Society of Pakistan.",institutionString:"National Institute for Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:null}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"5",title:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",slug:"agricultural-and-biological-sciences"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"297737",firstName:"Mateo",lastName:"Pulko",middleName:null,title:"Mr.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/297737/images/8492_n.png",email:"mateo.p@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8191",title:"Life Cycle and Development of Diptera",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3610997886df57ea1ec1cf71b0ff8ce2",slug:"life-cycle-and-development-of-diptera",bookSignature:"Muhammad Sarwar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8191.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"272992",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",surname:"Sarwar",slug:"muhammad-sarwar",fullName:"Muhammad Sarwar"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6418",title:"Hyperspectral Imaging in Agriculture, Food and Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9005c36534a5dc065577a011aea13d4d",slug:"hyperspectral-imaging-in-agriculture-food-and-environment",bookSignature:"Alejandro Isabel Luna Maldonado, Humberto Rodríguez Fuentes and Juan Antonio Vidales Contreras",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6418.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"105774",title:"Prof.",name:"Alejandro Isabel",surname:"Luna Maldonado",slug:"alejandro-isabel-luna-maldonado",fullName:"Alejandro Isabel Luna Maldonado"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"314",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",subtitle:"Cells and Biomaterials",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb67e80e480c86bb8315458012d65686",slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"17117",title:"The Dynamic Process Mesozoic-cenozoic Igneous in Tibetan Plateau, China",doi:"10.5772/25236",slug:"the-dynamic-process-mesozoic-cenozoic-igneous-in-tibetan-plateau-china",body:'
1. Introduction
Tibetan Plateau, China has intensive magmatic activity with widely magmatic rocks distribution, in the exposed area of about 300,000 km2. Isotopic dating method has been the most important means in the determination of rock formation age, the inversion of history and mechanism of Tibetan Plateau and the establishment of patterns of magma there. Whereas the most outstanding natural laboratory on the Earth for studying continental collision orogensis (Allegrè et al.,1984; Molnar et al.,1993), investigations on Tibetan plateau have been conducting. The Chinese and foreign geologists had long-term research on geochronology of igneous rocks in Tibet since 1964 when the first K-Ar isotopic age data on Tibet has been published by Prof. Li, who worked in a scientific expedition of Tibet Academy Sciences. Study areas have spanned the various district of the plateau and the means of geochronology are constantly updated with the progress of isotopic dating techniques. However, owing to over 4500 m altitude and poor traffic system, a few areas have are studed, remaining 1,520,000 km2 to do geological servey before 1999. After 2005, China Geological Survey has conducted the one hundred and one 1/250,000 scale region mapping on the western and the northern Tibet. Consequently, numerous radiometric age data of its magmatisms have been accumulated, including the most acive long half-life period radioisotope dating method, such as the K-Ar, fast neutron activation of 40Ar-39Ar, Rb-Sr, zircon and monazite U-Pb and SHRIMP. It is both important scientific and practical significance to make full use of these valuable data collested from nature condition scurviness areas, clean up and dig out some useful information among them.
It has been shown that the climax and valley of magmatic activity just corresponds to that of tectonic activity and vice versa. Furthermore, the tectonic - magmatic process is often accompanied by relevant metamorphism, mineralization and uplift cooling of geological body or belt. Therefore, the statistical isotopic age data of igneous rocks is the concentrated expression of the geological process, which reflects the regional characteristics of major geological events recorde better than the application of a single age of geological body in some way (Bi et al.,, 1999). The increased isotope age data about its magmatism enable us to identifie the formation and distribution of the main magmatism in Tibetan Plateau and fine a new approach to trace the geology process of Tibetan Plateau.
To this end, the chapter collects the Mesozoic and Cenozoic isotopic age of all kinds of igneous rocks in the Tibetan Plateau from the literature and the latest region geological survey reports, including 1875 radiometric age data, filtrats them by geological facts and geochronological characteristics, collated and summarized statistically them in regional and by lithofacies. Synthesis the distribution and the frequency of their radiometric age data enable much useful information to be obtained about time and space frames of Tibetan Plateau magmatism, enriching and improving the regional geodynamic process of Tibetan plateau. Therefore, it, conjuncting with some results we got leads us to identify the characteristics of the region distribution of igneous rock of Cenozoic- Mesozoic, and a migration order of Cenozioc volcanic rocks and a sequence of mgmatic-tectonic events in Mesozoic –Cenozoic of Gangese in statistical perspective.
2. Clustering and screening of the previous radioactive ages
Acquisition and application of a large number of Isotope geochronology data provide an important foundation for the division of Tibetan Plateau magmatic stages and comparisons, playing a positive role for broaden the study of Tibetan Plateau from the local to the region associated with global change and even. However, the data obtained from different testing times and researchers, and in different laboratories, by various dating methods are most of the scattered in various Chinese and foreign literature, to serve the limited purpose of the study and areas, and sometimes there are a few contradictions in the data itself. In order to access reliably the Mesozoic and Cenozoic radioactive ages of Tibetan Plateau, we conduct such work as following.
To begin with collection of data from now to previous, we trace the original isotope data as far as possible to determine the characteristics, location, original number of rocks samples and the method used. We eliminate duplication of reporting data, and then review and sort them by these following criteria.
Firstly, we screen the data by geological methods. For example, Luma bridge intrusion at the western part of Gangdise, the existing isotopic age are: K-Ar age of 159 Ma and 72 Ma and U-Pb age of 67 Ma for granodiorite, while 60 Ma K-Ar ages for biotite granite. We don’t credit the age of 159 Ma since it intruded into the Lower Cretaceous rocks of limestone and sandstone. We remove 307.5 Ma of zircon U - Pb of tonalite rocks 76-110 from eastern Shiquanhe mass and 289.6 Ma of zircon U-Pb age of Jiangpa granodiorite complex body when statistics since these dating and the surrounding geological age discrepancies.
Secondly, the locations of sampling show that there is a big imbalance in the Tibetan Plateau geochronological study. In the overall point of view, there are more geological dating data along the highway, others are less; and there are more data in middle and eastern Tibetan Plateau, while in western and northern Plateau less, except for some focal research ares, which have significantly more data, such as in the north Hoh Xil, the Ulugh Muztagh, Jingyu lake, the western Ritu pluton and so on. To some extent, it limits the representativeness of the data and the reasonableness of their weight in the statistical calculation. In order to obtain relatively objective results, for the same rock mass, we take any one or two results, if it has the same lithology with multiple measurements and the similar ages. For the large mass, such as the Quxu pluton and so on, five data will be taken. However, a bulky database is still likely to be retained for some large mass since intrusive, especially batholith at Tibetan Plateau general has numerous lithology and are multi-stage intrusion (Regional Geology of Tibet Autonomous Region, 1993).
Thirdly, we generally prefer more recent data that measured to older one in the same geological body regarding the considerable progress in testing technology of isotopic age. On the same geological bodies with different isotopic age data obtained the screening methods are: U-Pb method of credibility, followed by 40Ar-39Ar method, Sm-Nd method and, finally, Rb-Sr method and K -Ar method. For the K-Ar analys, the dilution method is more accuracy than the volume; and, the results of mineral separates are more reasonable than whole-rock in the same test methods determine. On the other hand, some abnormal data in preliminary study are not optional if the same author does not mention in his later literature.
Fourthly, all data are reserved if there is no reasonableness cause to remove them, such as we reserve the two data of Nyingchi granodiorite rock, which are of 17.7 Ma by K-Ar age and of 154 Ma by U-Pb method. Some of the data are much early-stage work, involving many types of rock, scattered data points (such as the Long County rock), can not take care, so that we keep majority.
Figure 1.
A comparison of the data of isotopic ages of Quxu granites between pre-and post-discrimination
Figure 2.
A comparison of the existing data of isotopic ages of intrusive rocks in the Tibetan Plateau between pre-and post-discrimination
Fifthly, we screening dataset as same volcanic rocks as intrusive rocks. However, since their severe natural environment at Tibetan Plateau, most volcanic cycle and intermittent of the volcanic eruption here are generally unclear. Therefore, the exact location of samples and horizon are difficult to determine at patch distribution volcanic rocks area, resulting in hard to determine more fully the reasons for taking care of data. In general, we retain any of the similar results at the same region; and reserved all of them if they are in different stage of volcanism, such as: results in Zhonglugu sites at the Southeast Coqing, rhyolites and basaltic volcanic rocks of the determination results were 39.97 Ma and 56.25 Ma, the two are reserved (Xie, et al, 2002).
Consequently, more intrusive rocks data have been removed, but the overall distribution of the data have not formed a big change (Figure 1, 2); when most data of the volcanic rocks and mafic, ultramafic rocks are reserved owing to the absent of adequate causes, leaving no major change in the number of samples (Figure 3).
Figure 3.
A comparison of the existing data of isotopic ages of volcanic rocks in the Tibetan Plateau between pre-and post-discrimination
3. Analyses on statistics results
3.1. Overview
Adopted the above criteria, we collected 1916 isotopic age data, inclding the K-Ar method, fast neutron activation 40Ar-39Ar method, Rb-Sr method, zircon and monazite U-Pb method, Zircon ion microprobe mass spectrometry, among which K-Ar method of accounting for 65%, 40Ar-39Ar method of accounting for 17%, U-Pb method of accounting for 11%, Rb-Sr method of accounting for 7%, plus a small amount of Sm-Nd, Neutron activation, fission track law and the data does not indicate the method used in literature (Figure 4a). Among them, the the K-Ar and 40Ar-39Ar dating method are most used (93% for volcanic rocks and 74% for intrusive rocks respectively, Figure 4b, c). However, the results using U-Pb zircon dating method in intrusive rocks significantly increased compared with the results using in volcanic rocks (Figure 4c), which is compatible with the dating methods in different application field. Furthermoer, some of the early determination of the isotopic age data quality is reliable, and the recently completed test results can be compared the age (Figure 5). So that we think previous method of dating is the right choice, which can be used for statistical analysis.
Figure 4.
A sketch map showing various methods of isotopic dating used for igneous rocks in the Tibetan Plateau. a. General drawing; b. volcanic rocks; c. intrusive rock
Figure 5.
Results of isotopic dating of the Neogene volcanic rocks in Majiang area, Tibet
3.2. The frequency histogram of intrusion and volcanic rocks
The frequency histogram of the isotopic age after filtering shows that magmatism in Tibet Plateau occures all stage duing Cenozoic and Mesozoic; and it is uneven in different geological periods and various rock types. Overall, however, their value of the intermediate-acidic intrusion and intermediate-acidic volcanic rocks decrease with age, infering the trend of magmatism abviousely intensified from Mesozoic to Cenozoic (Figure 6); Specifically, the frequency value of the isotopic age of the intermediate-acidic intrusive and extrusive volcanic rocks can be divided into two phases, that is 250 - 140 Ma and 140 - 10 Ma; and the former is serrated, without any outstanding peaks and troughs; the latter has a frequency distribution upward oscillation curve towards present and much higher values of total average frequency and maximum. Compare to volcanic rocks, intrusive rocks has longer active period, from 260 - 10 Ma, and can be divided into three stages: 260 - 140 Ma, 140 - 50 Ma, 50 - 0 Ma, with the progressiving frequency value, segment by segment. At 240 Ma, 140 Ma, 60 Ma, and 20 Ma, the frequency of isotopic age of intrusive rock were sudden jump in, with the maximum frequency of the peak ages of intrusive rocks in 50-30 Ma and then, after 10 Ma, the intrusion greatly reduced, turning to silence.
Figure 6.
Histogram of isotopic ages of igneous rocks in the Tibetan Plateau
Regarding volcanic activity, it began later than intrusion one, with a small amount of intermittent appeared since 230 Ma. Ever since 130 Ma, the curve of frequency distribution of isotopic ages of volcanic rocks is slowly rising, and acceleratedly increasing at 70 Ma, forming a summit at 40 - 30 Ma, which the value of frequency of isotopic age is higher than that of intrusive rocks. After that, the value of frequency of isotopic age of volcanic rocks sudden drops into a valley in the 30-20 Ma, and increase again after from 20 Ma to 10Ma, and then slightly decreased and continued to the present. The distribution pattern in statistics diagram that the volcanic activity began later than the intrusive rocks and has so far remained well above the value of the frequency distribution of intrusive rocks may show volcanic lag in response to tectonic events. The frequency of isotopic age of volcanic and intrusive rocks occurred cogradient peak in 50-40 Ma and 20-10 Ma, indicating two strong magmatic activities at the time in the Tibetan Plateau. Mearnwhile there is a significant trough between 30 Ma to 20 Ma in the frequency values of isotopic age of both intrusive rocks and volcanic, reflecting the tendency to ebb and flow synchronously of the strength of both volcanic and intrusive activities Tibetan after 70 Ma-60 Ma at the Tibetan Plateau.
3.3. The frequency histogram of basic-ultrabasic rocks
The change of the frequency distribution of isotopic age of basic-ultrabasic rock is not significant in Figure 6, owing to the total number of samples considerably less than the intermediate-acidic intrusive and volcanic rocks on the total number of samples. We map them separately (Figure 7), and can learn that frequency of the isotopic age of basic - ultrabasic rock of Tibetan plateau distributs generally in two groups, that is 260 Ma - 40Ma and 10 Ma - 0 Ma. In the diagrame, basalt aged from 10 Ma –0 Ma are all restricted to Tengchong, eastern Tibetan and the ages between 50 Ma and 40 Ma of them confined in south of Yarlung Zangpo and North of Longmuco-Shuanggou-Lancangjiang suture while other ages of basic-ultrabasic rock distributes in diversity regions of Tibetan plateau. In 220 Ma, 180 Ma, 140 Ma and 90 Ma, respectively, the values of the frequency distribution of isotopic age in the second sector of basic-ultrabasic rock activities appear comparatively high, demonstrating that the periods of basic-ultrabasic upsurge. On the whole, they wear off with time and reach to zero, infering that the collage of terranes developed and has ceased since 60Ma.
Figure 7.
Histogram of isotopic ages of basic-ultrabasic rocks in the Tibetan Plateau
4. Analyses on statistics results
4.1. Regional geological
Figure 8.
Outline map to show the main crustal blocks, suture zones and faults in the area of the Tibetan Plateau simpled from the 1:250,000 scale geologic map (Pan et al., 2004)
Despite the appearance of the plateau as a single geological entity now, the Tibetan plateau represents a collage of terranes, each reflecting its own distinct geological history (Wang and Mo, 1995). There is a close relationship between the formation of igneous rocks and the tectonic events caused by plate movement, such as the multi-period ocean crust subduction, continent – island arc and continent – continent collision and the intra – continental convergence (Figure 8). Therafore, We review and analyze our collected isotope dating data by intermediate-acidic intrusive rocks, intermediate-acidic volcanic rocks and basic - ultrabasic rocks from north to south of Tibetan Plateau, that is the west Kunlun, Northern Tibetan, Gangdise and Himalayan belt (including the Transhimalayan and highe Himalayan), and eastern Tibetan Plateau in order to find a possible link between the formation time of igneous rocks in different regions and these tectonic feature and ophiolite zone.
4.2. Intrusive rocks
The frequency distribution in the isotopic values of Mesozoic-Cenozoic intrusive rocks in the Tibetan Plateau is shown in Figure 9. It demonstrates that the intrusive activities of entirely plateau have two period with an apparent lull between 150 -140 Ma. The frequency values of 260 – 150 Ma are lower than that of 140 – 10 Ma. Among of them, the intrusive activitise of eastern Platean and west Kunlun was more intensive than other areas during Jurassic-Triassic period while the most activity area changed to Gangdese during Cretaceous and Cenozoic. The highest values of frequency of isotopic ages appear in Triassic instrusive rocks of eastern Platean and in Cenozoic instrusive rocks of Gangdese, reflecting the diversity central related geologic associations. Regard as Cenozoic intrusive rocks in the eastern Tibetan Plateau, isotopic age frequency is higher than Mesozoic ones and has a isolated peak of 40 Ma-30 Ma. Soon afterwards, the intrusion of magma of eastern Tibetan Plateau tumble rapidly down and almost complete ceases after 10 Ma, infering a shor-lived and large-scale intrusive activity.
Figure 9.
Histogram of isotopic ages of intermediate-acidic intrusive rocks in the Tibetan Plateau
During the 240-150 Ma, in Gangdise belt, the frequency of isotopic age values of intrusive rocks are distributed and low in value, without too much significant change except for slighly rising tendency; Since then, the frequency of intrusion ages of Gangdese upsurges and evolves toward a “climactic” caldera-forming atage until 10 Ma. Then, it drops as low as the value as 130 Ma ago; During this section, the frequency of isotopic age of intrusive rocks at Gangdese apperas four peak periods of 20 - 10 Ma, 60 - 40 Ma, 80 - 70 Ma, 130 - 90 Ma, with gradully growing numbers and summist at interval 60 - 40 Ma and 20 –10 Ma, corresponding to the subduction of India plate and the collision of India-Asia (about 65 Ma).
Figure 10.
Histogram of the frequency of over 65 Ma intermediate-acidic intrusive rocks in the Tibetan Plateau
Figure 11.
Histogram of the frequency of less 65 Ma intermediate-acidic intrusive rocks in the Tibetan Plateau
Mesozoic-Cenozoic intrusive rocks wildly spread in the notthern Tibetan and west Kunlun with totally lower frequency of isotopic age, inferring smaller intensity. However, contract to the notthern Tibetan, the frequency of isotopic age in the west Kunlun attenuates from Mesozoic to Cenozoic. We conjecture that an influence of the India-Asia collision weaken from south to north. Apart from a data of Kangmar gneissic dome, the isotopic ages of Himalayan intrusive rocks appear only after 50 Ma, concertrated between 20 Ma and 10 Ma, which imply a post-collsion tectonic activity.
We rescale the frequency of isotope dating of intrusive rocks and get two histograms in order to facilitate a comparison in diverse pool. It shows that the active area of intrusive activities turning from the west Kunlun and eastern Tibetan Plateau to Gangdese since 135 Ma. During Crateous, the numbers of eastern Tibetan remains higher while the one of west Kunlun becomes smaller (Figure 10). The frequency histogram of isotope dating of Cenozoic intrusive rocks reveals that there are three distinguished intrusive activities during, there are 40 - 30 Ma for eastern Tibetan, 20 -10 Ma for Gangdese and Himalaya (Figure 11). Therefore, we infer that Cenozoic intrusive activities of Tibetan Plateau migrated from Gangdese to northern and eastern Tibetan, and then returned to Gangdese and to Himalaya. The transition period appears between 30 – 25 Ma, revealling another turning time of the statues of Tibetan lithosphere.
4.3. Volcanic rocks
The hisgram of frequency of isotopic age of Mesozoic-Cenozoic volcanic rocks (Figure 12) seems clearly distribut of small number 150 Ma ago, indicating an inferior volcanism at Plateau then. However, volcanic activity increased since 130 Ma in Gangdese, and started a steadily upward stage, with a large peak at 60-30 Ma iinterval; After 60 Ma, the frequency of isotopic age of volcanic rocks in Northern Tibetan elevated and went up to a higher numbers, with the curve being asymmetric Normal distribution and the peak at 20-10 Ma.Additional, The frequency distribution of isotopic ages of volcanic rocks in the eastern Tibetan Plateau and in west Kunlun also forrm a big independent summit in 40 –30 Ma and 10 Ma to presant respectively. In general, Cenozoic volcanic activity has much more intensty than Mesozoic one. Consequently, we depict divide the data in two kinds of scales in order to review them separately.
Figure 12.
Histogram of isotopic ages of intermediate-acidic eruptive rocks from various regions in the Tibetan Plateau
Volcanic activies occurs in differ part of Tibetan except for Gangdese and Himalaya during Triassic, with higer numbers of isotope age in west Kunlun and northern Tibetan. Meanwhile, the frequency of isotopic ages of volcanic rocks of west Kunlun between 230 – 220 Ma forms the highest peak of Mensozoic volcanism in the Plateau. Besides Himalaya, Jurassic volcanic rocks scatter intermittently in Tibetan Plateau in low numbers of isotope age with summit of 150 – 140 Ma in northern Tibetan. Since Cratecous, the frequency of isotopic ages of volcanic rocks of Gangdese has much high numbers than others, implying the consequence of subduction of Indan plate. Meanwhile, the frequency of isotopic ages records the widespread presence of volcanic activites in East Tibetau, and separated in west Kunlun and Northen Tibetan; both are in low low numbers (Figure 13).
Figure 13.
Histogram of the frequency of over 65 Ma intermediate-acidic extrusive rocks in the Tibetan Plateau
Figure 14.
Histogram of the frequency of less 65 Ma intermediate-acidic extrusive rocks in the Tibetan Plateau
Tibeatn Plateau has fairly violent volcanism in Cenozoic period, with diversity centers in the process of time. Since 65 Ma, volcanic activity in Gangdise proceeded with higher intensity until 30 Ma. The frequency of isotopic ages of volcanic rocks in Northern gradual enhances and attains a higher numbers. At the moment of 45 Ma, frequency far outnumbers the one of Gangdese, indecting that a transfer of the center of volcanic activity. Volcanism of eastern Tibetan oncentrated between 40 Ma and 30 Ma, while was very feeble in other times with only intermittent and a small number of frequency, demonstrating volcanicbeing short-lived and high intensity characteristics there. Analogous pattern appears in the frequency of isotope dating in west Kunlun. Its large-scale, short-lived and high-intensity volcanic activity emerged in 5 - 0 Ma with intermittent distribution at any other time of Cenozoic. The histogram of the frequency of isotope ages reveals that the upsurge of volcanism of eastern Tibetan correspondece to the trough of Gangdese and Northern Tibetan, while the upsurge of volcanism of West Kunlun steps at the period of the trough of another regions. It is seems there is a complement intensity.Turning point in the two stages of volcanic activities is between 35 - 30 Ma and 5 – 0 Ma (Figure 14).
4.4. Migration sequence of the Cenozoic volcanism in the Tibetan Plateau
We suppose that Cenozoic volcanic activities of Tibetan Plateau migrated from different regions according to the frequency distribution of isotopic ages. Therefore, we divided northern Tibetan into Qiangtang and Hoh Xil and add the data of Lixian, Gansu province to show the overall volcanical perspective of Plateau. Isotopic ages of volcanic rocks in the Himalayan belt were collected to six, and five of the six are young than 50 Ma, mostly are 20-10 Ma, accordancing with the pattern of intrusive rocks. The isotopic ages of four samples from Lixan, Gansu province are between 20-10 Ma. The histogram of the statistical data of Cenozoic isotopic age data from Tibetan plateau shows that volcanic activity among the Tibetan plateau has progressively intensified since 70Ma and reached the climax in the interval 40-35Ma, after which it continued with reduced intensity from 35Ma and reached the lower level during 25-20Ma. Since then, the volcanism reactivitied and came to the sub-peak during 10-15Ma. From then, the intensity of volcanism declined and maintained at a mild level. It seems that there are two peak stages on Cenozoic volcanism of Tibetan plateau which may infer the transformation of dynamics of Tibeatan plateau.
The diagram shows a migrating order in Cenozoic volcanic activity of Tibetan Plateau is Gangdese → Qiangtang→Eastern Tibet →Himalaya, Hoh Xil and Lixian, Gansu province and Gangdese → West Kunlun (Figure 15). Therefore, the Cenozoic volcanic activity in Tibetan plateau is of the characteristics from the center (that is Gangdise) relocating to the edge of the plateau; after 10 Ma, it has completely transferred from the center of the Tibetan Plateau; and the migration of the volcanic activity occurred in 30-20 Ma and the reduction of volcanism in Gangdese may suggest the existence of some stress, resulting the areas with intensed volcanism changing in the plateau.
In early paleogene Cenozoic volcanic activity in Gangdese of Tibetan Plateau continused and increased, forming suumit of 50 -45 Ma. Then, the center of volcanism transferred to Qiangtang. 35 Ma, it changed to east Tibetan with two big frequency of isotope dating. Lately, volcanical activity returned to Qiangtang and migrated toward north at Hoh Xil and Lixan, Gansu province 10 Ma later. Meanwhile, volcanical activity migrated toward south at Gangdese and Himalaya. Volcanism remained in 5 – 0 Ma in the margin of Tibetan, there are the west Kunlun, Hoh Xil and eastern Tibetan, while volcanic activity in other parts of Tibetan Plateau significant reducted or turned to quiet.
Figure 15.
Migration sequence of the Cenozoic volcanism in the Tibetan Plateau
4.5. Ophiolite and basic – ultrabasic rocks
Ophiolite belts are complexity and research limitation (Qiu et al., 2005); among them, Bangong-Nujiang and Yarlung Zangpo with large-scale are the most important borderlines for the tectonic units divided in Tibetan (Figure 8). Qiangtang and Gangdese terras are comparted from by the former. The collision suture between the Indian plate and Asia continent is well shown by the latter. There is always a small-scale ophiolite belt exposed on the southern side of each belt respectively. Most of the data points of isotope dating of ultramafic rock in the Tibetan Plateau distribute along the Yarlungzangbu ophiolite and Bangong- Nujiang ophiolite belt. Yet a few data of have been accumulated, forming a limited database with unconspicuous statistical laws. To facilitate the analysis, statistical data is divided into the southern and northern Gangdise largely on Coqen - Xainza fault, corresponding respectively to the formation and activities of Yarlungzangbu and Bangong- Nujiang suture (Figure16).
Figure 16.
Histogram of isotopic ages of basic-ultrabasic rocks from various regions in the Tibetan Plateau
The figure shows that the frequency of isotopic age of the southern Gangdese peak in 220 - 210 Ma, 130 - 120 Ma and 90 - 80 Ma, with gradually descend number, inferring various intensity of the basic-ultrabasic activities in Mesozoic and Cesozic. It is very interisting the the isotopic age of older than 200 Ma confined in eastern Yarlung Zangpo ophiolite belt so that we take 130 - 120 Ma as the peak time of it since it is more than 1500 km long. Constract to the northern Gangdese, the data of isotopic age of basic-ultrabasic rocks distribut continuously and maintain in higher frequency between the ages of 180-120 Ma, indicating that this period is the active for the basic - ultramafic magma of the Yarlung Zangpo ophiolite belt.
The highest frequency value of isotopic age in northern Gangdese is in 170-160 Ma, maybe representing a stronger period of mantle activity. Howeve, the frequency value of isotopic age is also high between 200 Ma and 160 Ma, infering that the activities of mafic – ultramafic commence earlier than south. There is a few mafic – ultramafic rocks in southen Gangdise after 70 Ma, which may relate to its location of southern margin of India-Asia colision. Since 40 Ma, basic and ultrabasic magmatic activity stopped completely. We synthesize the subducting of oceanic crust commenced about 180Ma in Bangong-Nujiang suture towards south and about 130Ma in Yarlung Zangpo suture towards North by the frequency and distribution of the magmatism of North Gangdese and South Gangdese.
5. Process of the Tethy in Tibetan Plateau
Figure 17.
Diagram showing the dynamic process of the Evolution of the Tethy in Tibetanan Plateau
Tibetanan Tethyan Oceans were developed in Mesozoic period, which represented by Bangong-Nujiang and Yarlung Zangpo: (1) gabbro age of 191—195Ma in Bangong-Nujiang suture, and violent gabbro magmatism about 180Ma in Yarlung Zangpo, and Jurassic Radiolarian fossils found in the abysmal cherts indicate both oceans might be opened at the same times in early Jurassic. (2) boninite and boninite series recognized in the volcanic rocks of 140—170Ma in Bangong-Nujiang suture and 110—170Ma in Yarlung Zangpo suture, indicate the initial subduction episode happening, and the O-type adakite recognized in intrusive rocks of ≥95—139Ma in Bangong-Nujiang suture and ≥65—110Ma in Yarlung Zangpo suture indicate the subduction continuing. (3) Bangong-Nujiang oceanic basin closed by the end K1, and Yarlung Zangpo oceanic basin closed in K2/E (≈65Ma). (4) after the collision of India-Asia plates at about 65Ma, large-scale magmatic activities of 65—40Ma was caused on the south Gangdeze. (5) With the continuous subduction of India plate toward North, the occurrence of C-type akakite of 45—35Ma in Qiangtang and 25—8Ma indicate the orogenic lithosphere de-rooting episode happening in Qiangtang first, then in Gangdese.
We depict a dynamic process of the Evolution of the Tethy in Tibetanan Plateau based on the the statistical and analytical data (Figure 17).
Acknowledgments
This research is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (40572048, 40830317 and 40873023 ) and the National key Project for Basic Research on Tibetan Plateau (Projects 2011CB403100 and 2009CB421000). and Ministry of Science and Technology of the People´s Republic of China(No.2003009).
\n',keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/17117.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/17117.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/17117",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/17117",totalDownloads:2562,totalViews:174,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"January 5th 2011",dateReviewed:"April 13th 2011",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"July 27th 2011",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/17117",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/17117",book:{slug:"new-frontiers-in-tectonic-research-general-problems-sedimentary-basins-and-island-arcs"},signatures:"Su Zhou, Ruizhao Qiu, Sun Kai and Zhang Linlin",authors:[{id:"62586",title:"Dr.",name:"Su",middleName:null,surname:"Zhou",fullName:"Su Zhou",slug:"su-zhou",email:"zhousu@cugb.edu.cn",position:null,institution:null},{id:"81753",title:"Dr.",name:"Ruizhao",middleName:null,surname:"Qiu",fullName:"Ruizhao Qiu",slug:"ruizhao-qiu",email:"qiurrzz@yahoo.com.cn",position:null,institution:null},{id:"115407",title:"Dr.",name:"Sun",middleName:null,surname:"Kai",fullName:"Sun Kai",slug:"sun-kai",email:"tongzhuangsk@163.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"115408",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhang",middleName:null,surname:"Linlin",fullName:"Zhang Linlin",slug:"zhang-linlin",email:"zllandyou@163.com",position:null,institution:null}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Clustering and screening of the previous radioactive ages",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3",title:"3. Analyses on statistics results",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3_2",title:"3.1. Overview ",level:"2"},{id:"sec_4_2",title:"3.2. The frequency histogram of intrusion and volcanic rocks",level:"2"},{id:"sec_5_2",title:"3.3. The frequency histogram of basic-ultrabasic rocks",level:"2"},{id:"sec_7",title:"4. Analyses on statistics results",level:"1"},{id:"sec_7_2",title:"4.1. Regional geological ",level:"2"},{id:"sec_8_2",title:"4.2. Intrusive rocks",level:"2"},{id:"sec_9_2",title:"4.3. Volcanic rocks",level:"2"},{id:"sec_10_2",title:"4.4. Migration sequence of the Cenozoic volcanism in the Tibetan Plateau",level:"2"},{id:"sec_11_2",title:"4.5. Ophiolite and basic – ultrabasic rocks",level:"2"},{id:"sec_13",title:"5. Process of the Tethy in Tibetan Plateau",level:"1"},{id:"sec_14",title:"Acknowledgments",level:"1"},{id:"sec_14",title:"Acknowledgments",level:"2"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'ArnaudN. O.VidalPh.TapponnierP.et al.\n\t\t\t\t\t1992 The high K2O volcanism of northwestern Tibet: geochemistry and tectonic implications[J], Earth Planet Sci. Lett., 1992, 111:351-67'},{id:"B2",body:'BaiZ. D.XuD. B.ChenM. J.SunL. X.\n\t\t\t\t\t2009 Characteristics and zircon SHRIMP U-Pb dating of the Amduo trachyte, Tibet, China. Geological Bulletin of China. 2009, 28(9): 1229-1235. (in Chinese with English abstract)'},{id:"B3",body:'BiH.WanZ. G.WangY. L.et al.\n\t\t\t\t\t1999 History of tectono-magmatic evolution in the Western Kunlun Orogen,1999, Science in China,1999,42(6):604-619'},{id:"B4",body:'BirdP.\n\t\t\t\t\t1978 Initiation of intracontinental subduction in the Hi Malaya[J], J.Geophys, 1978, 83:4975-4987'},{id:"B5",body:'BlisniukP. M.HackerB. R.GlodnyJ.et al.\n\t\t\t\t\t2001 Nor Mal faulting in central Tibet since at least 13.5 Myr ago[J], Nature, 2001, 412:628-32'},{id:"B6",body:'BouchezJ. L.PecgerA.\n\t\t\t\t\t1981 The Hi Malayan Main Central Nepal[J], Tectonophysics, 1981, 78: 23-50'},{id:"B7",body:'Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources of Xizang Autonomous Region, People’s Republic of China, Ministry of Geology and Mineral Resources Geological Memoirs: Regional Geology of Xi-zang (Tibet) (in Chinese with English abstract), Beijing: Geological Publishing House, 1993\n\t\t\t\t\t1993\n\t\t\t\t\t237463 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B8",body:'CaiZ. Y.QiuR. Z.XiongX. L.\n\t\t\t\t\t2004 Geochemical characteristics and geological significance of the adakites from west Tibet, 19HKT workshop special issue, Himalayan Journal of Science, 2(4), 291.'},{id:"B9",body:'ChangC.F.ZhengS.L.\n\t\t\t\t\t1973 Tectonic featureres pf the Mount Jolmo Lungma Region in southern Tibet,China. Scientia Geologica Sinica. 1:1-12, (in Chinese, with English abstract)'},{id:"B10",body:'ChenJ. L.XuJ. F.KangZ. Q.WangB. D.\n\t\t\t\t\t2006 Origin of the Miocene Bugasi Group volcanic rocks in the Cuoqin County, Weatern Tibetan Plateau. Acta Petrologica Sinica. 2006, 22(3): 585-594. (in Chinese, with English abstract)'},{id:"B11",body:'C. H. E. N. W.MAC.Q.B. I. A. N. Q.J.H. U. Y.Q.L. O. N. G. T.C.Y. U. S.L.C. H. E. N. D.M.T. U. J.H.\n\t\t\t\t\t2009 Evidences from Geochemistry and Zircon U-Pb Gechronology of Volcanic Rocks of Yeba Formation in Demingding Area, the East of Middle Gangdise, Tibet. Geological Science and Technology Information. 2009, 28(03): 31-40. (in Chinese, with English abstract)'},{id:"B12",body:'ChungS.L.ChuM.F.ZhangY.XieY.LoC.H.LeeT.Y.LanC.Y.LiX.ZhangY. Q.WangY.\n\t\t\t\t\t2005 Tibetan tectonic evolution inferred from spatial and temporal variations in post-collisional magmatism. Earth Science Reviews 68\n\t\t\t\t\t173196 .'},{id:"B13",body:'ChungS.-L.LoC.-H.LeeT.-Y.ZhangY.XieY.LiX.WangK.-L.WangP.-L.\n\t\t\t\t\t1998\n\t\t\t\t\tDiachronous uplift of the Tibetan Plateau starting 40 Myr ago. Nature\n\t\t\t\t\t394\n\t\t\t\t\t769773 .'},{id:"B14",body:'ColemanM. E.HodgesK.\n\t\t\t\t\t1995 Evidence for Tibet plateau uplift before 14 Myr ago from a new minimum age for east-west extension[J], Nature, 1995, 374:49-52'},{id:"B15",body:'ColemanM. E.\n\t\t\t\t\t1998 U-Pb Constraints on Oligocene-Miocene defor Mation and anatexis within the central Hi Malaya, Marsyandi Valley, Nepal[J], American Journal of Science, 1998, Summer:553571\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B16",body:'CopelandP.HarrisonT. M.\n\t\t\t\t\t1990 Episodic rapid uplift of Higher Hi Malayas by 40Ar/39Ar analysis of detrital K-feldspar and muscovite, begal fan[J], Geology,1990,18:354-357'},{id:"B17",body:'CopelandP.HarrisonT. M.PanY.et al.\n\t\t\t\t\t1995 Ther Mal evolution of the Gangdese batholith, southern Tibet: A history of episodic unroofing[J], Tectonics, 1995, 14(2):223-236'},{id:"B18",body:'CostaS.CabyR.\n\t\t\t\t\t2001 Evolution of the Ligurian Tethys in the Western Alps: Sm/ Nd and U/ Pb geochronology and rare-earth element geochemistry of the Montgenevre Ophiolite (France) [J], Chemical Geology, 2001, 175 (3-4) :449-466.\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B19",body:'CoulonC.MaluskiH.BollingerC.et al.\n\t\t\t\t\t1986 ,Mesozoic and Cenozoic volcanics rocks from central and southern Tibet 39Ar-40Ar dating, petrogical characteristics and geodynamical significance[J], Earth and Planetary Science Letter, 1986, 79:281-302'},{id:"B20",body:'DebonF.SonetJ.LiuG. H.et al.\n\t\t\t\t\t1982 Caracteres Chimico-mineral logiques et Datations Par Rb-Sr des Trois Ceintures Plutoniques du Tibet Meridonal[J], C. R. Acad. Sci.Paris. 1982,295\n\t\t\t\t\t213218\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B21",body:'DengW.\n\t\t\t\t\t1989 Cenozoic volcanic rocks in the northern Ngari district of the Tibet: a discussion on the intracontinental subduction. Acta Petrologica Sinica 3, 1-11 (in Chinese with English abstract).'},{id:"B22",body:'DengW.\n\t\t\t\t\t1991 Geology, geochemistry and ages of the shoshonitic lavas in the central Kunlun orogenic belt. Scientia Geologica Sinica 3, 201-213 (in Chinese with English abstract).'},{id:"B23",body:'DingL.kappP.ZhongD. L.et al.\n\t\t\t\t\t2003 Cenozoic Volcanism in Tibet: Evidence for a Transition from Oceanic to Continental Subduction[J], Journal of Petrology, 2003,44:1833-1865'},{id:"B24",body:'DingL.YueY.CaiF.XuX.ZhangQ.LaiQ.\n\t\t\t\t\t2006 40Ar/39Ar geochronology, geochemical and Sr-Nd-O isotopic characteristics of the high-Mg ultrapotassic rocks in Lhasa block of Tibet: implications in the onset time and depth of NSstriking rift system. Acta Geologica Sinica 80, 1252-1261 (in Chinese, with English abstract).'},{id:"B25",body:'DongY. H.WangQ.XuJ. F.ZiF. Dongyue Lake adakitic volcanic rocks with high Mg# in north Qiangtang block: Petrogenesis and its tectonic implication. Acta Petrologica Sinica.\n\t\t\t\t\t2008 24(2): 292-302.'},{id:"B26",body:'DongY. H.XuJ. F.ZengQ. G.WangQ.MaoG. Z.LiJ. Is There a Neo-Tethys’ Subduction Record Earlier than arc volcanic rocks in the Sangri Group? Acta Petrologica Sinica. 2006 22(3): 661-668. (in Chinese, with English abstract)'},{id:"B27",body:'EnglandP.HouseMan. G.\n\t\t\t\t\t1989 Extension during continental convergence, with application to the Tibetan Plateau[J], J. Geophys Res., 1989, 175:61~69'},{id:"B28",body:'FuX. G.WangJ.TanF. W.ChenM.WangJ. J.DuB. W.ChenW. B.\n\t\t\t\t\t2009 Zircon SHRIMP U-Pb age of volcanic rocks in E’erlongba Formation, eastern part of the Qiangtang basin, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China and its geological significance. Geological Bulletin of China. 2009, 28(5): 561-567. (in Chinese, with English abstract)'},{id:"B29",body:'FuX.WangJ.WangZ.ChenW.\n\t\t\t\t\t2008 U-Pb Zircon Age and Geochemical Characteristics of Volcanic Rocks from the Juhua Mountain Area in the northern Qiangtang Basin, northern Xizang(Tibet). GEOLOGICAL REVIEW. 2008, 54(2): 232-242. (in Chinese, with English abstract)'},{id:"B30",body:'GariepyC.AllegreC. J.XuR. H.\n\t\t\t\t\t1985 The Pb-isotope geochemistry of granitoids from the Hi Malaya-Tibet collision zone: implication for crustal evolution[J], Earth and Planetary Sci. Letters, 1985,74:220214\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B31",body:'GarzioneC. N.DettMan. D. L.QuadeJ.et al.\n\t\t\t\t\t2000 High times on the Tibetan Plateau: Paleoelevation of the Thakkola graben, Nepal[J], Geology,2000, 28: 339~42'},{id:"B32",body:'GengQ.PanG.ZhengL.\n\t\t\t\t\t2001 Gangdese island-arc granite belt in Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Gorge. Sedimentary and Tethyan Geology, 21\n\t\t\t\t\t2\n\t\t\t\t\t1622 . (in Chinese with English abstract).'},{id:"B33",body:'G. E. N. G. Q.R.P. A. N. G.T.W. A. N. G. L.Q.Z. H. U. D.C.L. I. A. O. Z.L.\n\t\t\t\t\t2006 Isotopic geochronology of the volcanic rocks from the Yeba Formation in the Gangdise zone, Xizang. Sedimentary Geology and Tethyan Geology. 2006, 26(1): 1-7. (in Chinese, with English abstract)'},{id:"B34",body:'Geologic Map of the Lhasa Region at a Scale of 1:200000, Xizang Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources, Beijing: Geological Publishing House, 1990\n\t\t\t\t\t1990\n\t\t\t\t\t22148\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B35",body:'Geologic Map of the Qushui Region at a Scale of 1:200000, Xizang Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources (in Chinese), Beijing: Geological Publishing House, 1993\n\t\t\t\t\t1993\n\t\t\t\t\t1960 .\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B36",body:'GirardeauJ.MarcousJ.FourcadeE.et al.\n\t\t\t\t\t1985 Xainxa ultra Mafic rocks, central Tibet, China: tectonic environment and geodynamic significance[J], Geology, 1985, 13:330~333.'},{id:"B37",body:'GöpelC.AllegreC. J.XuR. H.\n\t\t\t\t\t1984 Lead isotope study of the Xigaze ophiolits(Tibet): the problem of the relationship between Mag Matites(gabbros, dolerites, lavas and tectonites (harzbergites) [J], Earth Planet Sci. lett., 1984, 69: 301-310'},{id:"B38",body:'G.DongX.MoZ.Zhaoet al.\n\t\t\t\t\t2005 Geochronologic Constraints by SHRIMP II Zircon U-Pb Dating on Magma Underplating in the Gangdise Belt Following India-Eurasia Collision, Acta geologica Sinica 2005, 79\n\t\t\t\t\t6\n\t\t\t\t\t787794 . (in Chinese, with English abstract)'},{id:"B39",body:'GuiXuntang.ChengZhongli.WangJunwen.\n\t\t\t\t\t1982 Studies on Rb-Sr isotope of intermediate- acidic rocks in The Gangdese magmatic belt, Tibet. Geochimia, 3: 217-225 (in Chinese with'},{id:"B40",body:'HarrisonT. M.CopelandP.KiddW. S. F.et al.\n\t\t\t\t\t1995 activation of the Nyainqentanghla Shear Zone: Implications for uplift of the southern Tibetan Plateau [J], Tectonics, 1995,14:658-76'},{id:"B41",body:'HeZ. H.YangD. M.WangT. W.\n\t\t\t\t\t2006 Age, geochemistry and its tectonic significance of Kaimeng ophiolites in Jiali fault belt, Tibet. Acta Petrologica Sinica. 2006, 22(2): 653-660.'},{id:"B42",body:'HonegerK.DietrichV.FrankW.et al. Mag Matism and metamorphism in the Ladakh Hi Malaya(The Indus-Tsangpo suture zone) [J], Earth Planet. Sci. Letters, 1982 60:178-194'},{id:"B43",body:'HouZ. Q.GaoY. F.QuX. M.et al.\n\t\t\t\t\t2004 Origin of adakitic intrusives generated during mid-Miocene east-west extension in southern Tibet, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 220\n\t\t\t\t\t139155 .'},{id:"B44",body:'HouZ. Q.ZhaoZ. D.GaoY. F.YangZ. M.JiangW.\n\t\t\t\t\t2006 Tearing and diachronous subduction of the Indian continental slab: evidence from Cenozoic Gangdese volcano-magmatic rocks in southern Tibet. Acta Geologica Sinica 22, 761-774 (in Chinese, with English Abstract).'},{id:"B45",body:'Ying-congH. U. A. N. G.De-mingY. A. N. G.Chang-qingZ. H. E. N. G.Zhong-huaH. E.Lin-naD. A. I.Jian-guoL. I.Yao-yuZ. H. A. N. G.\n\t\t\t\t\t2005 The Geochemical Characteristics of the Pana Volcanic Rock of the Linzizong Group in the Zhaxue Area, Linzhou County, Tibet and Its Geological Implication. Journal of Jilin University (Earth Science Edition). 2005, 35(5): 576-580. (in Chinese, with English abstract)'},{id:"B46",body:'JiW. H.ChenS. J.ZhaoZ. M.LiR. S.HeS. P.WangC. Discovery of the Cambiran volcanic rocks in the Xainza area, Gangdese orogenic belt, Tibet, China and its significance. Geological Bulletin of China. 2009 28(9): 1350-1354. (in Chinese, with English abstract)'},{id:"B47",body:'JianPing.LiuDunyi.SunXiaomeng.\n\t\t\t\t\t2003 SHRIMP dating for the Carboniferous ophiolite in Jinshajiang belt, western geochronology on the evolution of paleo-tethyan oceanic crust. Acta Geologica Sinica (Chinese edtion), 77(2):1-13 (in Chinese with English abstract).'},{id:"B48",body:'JiangWan.\n\t\t\t\t\t1996 On the Intermediate-Acidic Plutonic Magmatism in Middle Gangdese Belt and Uplifting Mechanism of Qinghai-Xizang(Tibet) Plateau. Ph. D. Dissertation, China University of Geosciences, Beijing,\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B49",body:'JinChengwei.XuRonghua.\n\t\t\t\t\t1982 Granitoids in Himalayas and middle Gangdese. Petrological Research, 1: 81-95 (in Chinese with English abstract).'},{id:"B50",body:'JinChengwei.ZhouYunsheng.\n\t\t\t\t\t1978 Magmatic belt in the Himalaya and Gangdese arc range and its genetic model. Scientia Geologica Sinica, 4: 297-312 (in Chinese with English abstract).'},{id:"B51",body:'JinChengwei.\n\t\t\t\t\t1986 Enclaves in Qüxü granite batholith, Lhasa, Tibet. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 2 (2): 23-32 (in Chinese with English abstract).'},{id:"B52",body:'Zhi-qiangK. A. N. G.Ji-fengX. U.Bao-diW. A. N. G.Yan-huiD. O. N. G.Shu-qingW. A. N. G.Jian-linC. H. E. N.\n\t\t\t\t\t2009 Geochemistry of Cretaceous Volcanic Rocks of Duoni Formation in Northern Lhasa Block: Discussion of Tectonic Setting. Earth Science-Journal of China University of Geosciences. 2009, 34(1): 89-104. (in Chinese, with English abstract)'},{id:"B53",body:'KangZ. Q.XuJ. F.DongY. H.WangB. Q. Cretaceous volcanic rocks of Zenong Group in north-middle Lhasa block: products of southward subducting of the Slainajap ocean? Acta Petrologica Sinica. 2008 24(2): 303-314. (in Chinese, with English abstract)'},{id:"B54",body:'Kohn, M.J., Parkinson C.D., Petrologic case for Eocene slab breakoff during the Indo-Asian collision[J], Geology,\n\t\t\t\t\t2002 30: 591~94'},{id:"B55",body:'LaiS. C.\n\t\t\t\t\t2003 Identification of the Cenozoic adakitic rock association from Tibetan plateau and its tectonic significance. Earth Science Frontiers, 10(4), 407-415. (in Chinese with English abstract).'},{id:"B56",body:'LeeH. Y.ChungS. L.WangY. B.ZhuD. C.YangJ. H.SongB.LiuD. Y.WuF. Y.\n\t\t\t\t\t2007 Age, petrogenesis and geological significance of the Linzizong volcanic succession in the Linzhou basin, southern Tibet: Evidence from zircon U-Pb dates and Hf isotopes. Acta Petrologica Sinica. 2007, 23(2): 493-500. (in Chinese, with English abstract)'},{id:"B57",body:'LengChengbiao.ZhangXingchun.ZhouWeide.\n\t\t\t\t\t2010 A primary study of the geological characteristics and the zircon U-Pb age of the Gangjiang porphy copper-molybdenum deposit in Nimu, Tibet. Earth Science Frontiers. 2010, 17(2): 185-197. (in Chinese, with English abstract)'},{id:"B58",body:'Bao-huaL. I.Hai-shengY. I. N.Jin-huiL. I. N.Ji-junH. U. A. N. G.BingZ. H. A. O.\n\t\t\t\t\t2004 A Preliminary Study of Ar-Ar Ages for Volcanic Rocks from the Mt. Zurhen Ul, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Acta Geologica Sichuan. 2004, 24(02): 73-76. (in Chinese, with English abstract)'},{id:"B59",body:'LiC.DongY. S.ZhaiQ. G.WangL. Q.YanQ. R.WuY. W.HeT. T. Discovery of Eopaleozoic ophiolite in the Qiangtang of Tibet Plateau: Evidence from SHRIMP U-Pb dating and its tectonic implications. Acta Petrologica Sinica. 2008 24(1): 31-36.'},{id:"B60",body:'LiC.HuangX. P.MouS. Y.ChiX. G. Age dating of the Zougouyouchacuo volcanic rocks and age determination of the Kangtog Formation in southern Qiangtang, northern Tibet, China. Geological Bulletin of China. 2006 25(1-2): 226-228. (in Chinese, with English abstract)'},{id:"B61",body:'CaiL. I.Zhong-huaH. E.Hui-minL. I.\n\t\t\t\t\t2004 U-Pb and Sm-Nd dating of mafic dike swarms in southren Qiangtang, Qinghai-Tibet Pleatau and its tectonic significance. GEOLOGY IN CHINA. 2004, 31(04): 384-389. (in Chinese with English abstract)'},{id:"B62",body:'LiD. P.ZhaoY.HuJ. M.LiH. K.LiX. L.ZhouX. K.DuS. X. Characteristics of late Miocene A-type granite on the northwestern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and its significance. Geological Bulletin of China. 2007 26(12): 1671-1677. (in Chinese with English abstract)'},{id:"B63",body:'LiJ. F.XiaB.LiuL. W.XuL. F.HeG. S.WangH.ZhangY. Q.YangZ. Q.-PbS. H. R. I. M. P. U.zircondating.ofdiabase.inthe.La’ngaCo.ophioliteBurang.TibetChina.itsgeological.significance Geological Bulletin of China. 2008 27(10): 1739-1743. (in Chinese with English abstract)'},{id:"B64",body:'JianfengL. I.BinX. I. A.LiwenL. I. U.LifengX. U.GuanshengH. E.HongW. A. N. G.YuquanZ. H. A. N. G.ZhiqingY. A. N. G.\n\t\t\t\t\t2009 SHRIMP U-Pb dating for the Gabbro in Qunrang Ophiolite, Tibet: The Geochronology Constraint for the Development of Eastern Tethys Basin. Geotectonica et Metallogenia. 2009, 33(2): 294-298. (in Chinese with English abstract)'},{id:"B65",body:'JindongL. I.DaoyuanB. A. I.XianhuiW. A. N. G.\n\t\t\t\t\t2004 Ages of volcanic rocks and planation surface in the Canmei Mountain area, northern Tibet. GEOLOGICAL BULLETIN OF CHINA. 2004, 23(7): 670-675. (in Chinese with English abstract)'},{id:"B66",body:'LiJ. X.LiG. M.QinK. Z.XiaoB. Geochemistry of porphyries and volcanic rocks and ore-forming geochronology of Duobuza gold-rich porphyry copper deposit in Bangonghu belt, Tibet: Constraints on metallogenic tectonic settings. Acta Petrologica Sinica.\n\t\t\t\t\t2008 24(3):531-543. (in Chinese with English abstract)'},{id:"B67",body:'LiJ. X.QinK. Z.LiG. M.YangL. K.\n\t\t\t\t\t2007 K-Ar and 40Ar/39Ar age dating of Nimu porphyry copper orefield in Central Gangdese: Constrains on magmatic-hydrothermal evolution and metallogenetic tectonic setting. Acta Petrologica Sinica. 2007,23(5): 953-966. (in Chinese with English abstract)'},{id:"B68",body:'Zai-huiL. I.Lai-linZ. H. E. N. G.Jun-minL. I.Xiang-biaoX. I. A.\n\t\t\t\t\t2009 40Ar-39Ar Dating of Linzizong Volcanic rocks in the Central Gangdise Area and Its Geological Implication. Bulletin of Mineralogy, Petrology and Geochemistry. 2009, 28(3): 223-227. (in Chinese, with English abstract)'},{id:"B69",body:'Zhong-xiongL. I.Zhi-liangC. H. E. N.Xiu-zhongL. I.C.GizbertB. C.Burchfiel\n\t\t\t\t\t2004 K-Ar Ages of Cenozoic Volcanic Rocks from Gongjue Basin in Eastern Tibet. Earth Science-Journal of China University of Geosciences. 2004, 29(3): 278-282. (in Chinese, with English abstract)'},{id:"B70",body:'LiJ. Z.ZhangY. Y.LuoH. Y.\n\t\t\t\t\t1992 A research on petrological characters and genesis of the Cenozoic volcanic rocks in the Yangying village Geothermal field, Dangxiong, Tibet, China. Geoscience 6 (1), 96-109 (in Chinese with English abstract).'},{id:"B71",body:'LiegeoisJ. P.\n\t\t\t\t\t1998 Some words on the post-collisional Mag Matism[J], Lithos., 1998, 45 xv- xvii'},{id:"B72",body:'Jin-huiL. I. N.Hai-shengY. I.BinZ. H. A. O.Bao-huaL. I.Zhi-qiangS. H. I.Ju-junH. U. A. N. G.\n\t\t\t\t\t2003 40Ar-39Ar ISOTOPIC DATING AND ITS IMPLICATION OF CENOZOIC VOLCANIC ROCKS FROM ZUERKENGWULA MOUNTAIN AREA, NORTHERN TIBETAN. JMINERAL PETROL. 2003, 23(3): 31-34. (in Chinese, with English abstract)'},{id:"B73",body:'Hong-yingL. I. U.BinX. I. A.Wan-mingD. E. N. G.Yu-quanZ. H. A. N. G.\n\t\t\t\t\t2004 STUDY OF 40Ar-39Ar AND K-Ar DATING ON THE HIGH-K VOLCANIC ROCK FROM BAMAOQIONGZONG TO QIANGBAQIAN IN THE NORTHERN TIBET. JMINERAL PETROL. 2004, 24(1): 71-75. (in Chinese with English abstract)'},{id:"B74",body:'LiuW.LiF. Q.YuanS. H.ZhouJ. W.ZhangW. P.LiangT.\n\t\t\t\t\t2010 Zircon LA-ICP-MS U-Pb age of ignimbrite from Zenong Group in Coqen area of the central Gangdese belt, Tibet, China. Geological Bulletin of China. 2010, 29(7): 1009-1016. (in Chinese with English abstract).'},{id:"B75",body:'Wen-canL. I. U.YuW. A. N. G.Xiang-xinZ. H. A. N. G.Hui-minL. I.Zhi-guangZ. H. O. U.Xing-guoZ. H. A. O.\n\t\t\t\t\t2004 The rock types and isotope dating of the Kangmar gneissic dome in southern Tibet. Earth Science Frontiers (China University of Geoscineces, Beijing). 2004, 11(4):491-501. (in Chinese with English abstract)'},{id:"B76",body:'LiuD. Z.MaR. Z.TaoX. F.HuX. W.ShiH.ZhuL. D.HuX. W.\n\t\t\t\t\t2004 New results and major progress in regional geology survey of the Coqen County sheet. Geological bulletin of China 23 (5-6), 506-511 (in Chinese with English abstract).'},{id:"B77",body:'LiuJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t1989 Comment on ‘ages and distributions of the volcanic rocks in Pulu, Xinjing, China’. Acta Petrologica Sinica 2, 95-97 (in Chinese with English abstract).'},{id:"B78",body:'LiuJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t1999 Volcanoes in China. Science Press, Beijing (219 in Chinese with English abstract).'},{id:"B79",body:'LuoZ. H.MoX. X.WanY. S.LiL.WeiY. Geological implications of the youngest SHRIMP U-Pb age of the alkaline basalt in the Tibetan Plateau. Acta Petrologica Sinica. 2006 22(3): 578-584. (in Chinese, with English abstract)'},{id:"B80",body:'MahéoG.GuillotS.Blichert-ToftJ.et al.\n\t\t\t\t\t2002 A slab breakoff model for the Neogene ther Mal evolution of south Karakorum and south Tibet[J], Earth Planet Sci. Lett., 2002, 195: 45~58'},{id:"B81",body:'MaluskiH.ProustF.XiaoX. C.\n\t\t\t\t\t1982 39Ar/40Ar dating of the trans-Himalayan calc-alkaline Mag Matism of southern Tibet[J], Nature, 1982, 298: 152-156'},{id:"B82",body:'Mc CafferyR.NabelekJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t1998 Role of oblique convergence in the active defor Mation of the Hi Malaya and southern Tibet plateau[J], Geology, 1998, 26: 691~94'},{id:"B83",body:'MillerC.SchusterR.KlotzliU.et al. Post-collisional potassic and ultrapotassic Mag Matism in SW Tibet: Geochemical and Sr-Nd-Pb-O isotopic constraints for Mantle source characteristics and petrogenesis[J], J. Petrol, 1999 40(9): 1399~1424\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B84",body:'JihaiM. O.HuayingL. I. A. N. G.HengxiangY. U.YingwenX. I. E.YuquanZ. H. A. N. G.\n\t\t\t\t\t2006 COMPARISON OF LA-ICP-MS AND SHRIMP U-PB ZIRCON AGES OF THE CHONGJIANG AND QULONG ORE-BEATING PORPHYRIES IN THE GANGDESE PORPHYRY COPPER BELT. Geotectonica et Metallogenia. 2006, 30(4):504-509.'},{id:"B85",body:'MoXuanxue.ZhaoZhidan.DengJinfu.DongGuochen.ZhouSu.GuoTieying.ZhangShuangquan.WangLiangliang.\n\t\t\t\t\t2003 Response of volcanism to the India-Asia collision. Earth Science Frontiers, 10:135-148 (in Chinese with English abstract).'},{id:"B86",body:'MoX.DongG.ZhaoZ.GuoT.WangL.ChenT.\n\t\t\t\t\t2005 Timing of magma mixing in the Gangdise magmatic belt during the India-Asia collision: zircon SHRIMP U-Pb dating. Acta Geologica Sinica\n\t\t\t\t\t79\n\t\t\t\t\t6676 .'},{id:"B87",body:'MoX.ZhaoZ.DengJ.FlowerM.YuX.LuoZ.LiY.ZhouS.DongG.ZhuD.WangL.\n\t\t\t\t\t2006a Petrology and geochemistry of postcollisional volcanic rocks from the Tibetan plateau: implications for lithosphere heterogeneity and collision-induced asthenospheric mantle flow. In: Dilek, Y., Pavlides, S. (Eds.), Postcollisional Tectonics and Magmatism in the Mediterranean Region and Asia. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 409\n\t\t\t\t\t507530 . doi:10.1130/2006.2409(24).'},{id:"B88",body:'MolnarP.TapponnierP.\n\t\t\t\t\t1978 Active tectonics of Tibet[J], J. Geophys Res, 1978, 85: 5361~5375'},{id:"B89",body:'NomadeS.RenneP. R.MoX.et al.\n\t\t\t\t\t2004 Miocene potassic and ultrapotassic volcanism in the Lhasa block: spatial trends and geodynamic implications [J], Earth Planet Sci. Lett., 2004, 221:227-243'},{id:"B90",body:'PanG. T.DingJ.YaoD. S.\n\t\t\t\t\t2004 Geological Map of Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) Plateau and djacent Areas (with a Guidebook) (1:2500,000), Chengdu, Chengdu Cartographic (in Chinese with English abstract).'},{id:"B91",body:'QiX. X.ZengL. S.MengX. J.XuZ. Q.LiT. F.\n\t\t\t\t\t2008 Zircon SHRIMP U-Pb dating of Dala granite in the Tethyan Himalaya and its geological implication. Acta Petrologica Sinica. 2008, 24(7): 1501-1508.'},{id:"B92",body:'QiangbaZ. X.XieY. W.WuY. W.XieC. M.LiQ. L.QiuJ. Q.\n\t\t\t\t\t2009 Zircon SIMS U-Pb dating and its significance of cumulate gabbro from Dengqen ophiolite, eastern Tibet, China. Geological Bulletin of China. 2009, 28(9): 1253-1258. (in Chinese with English abstract)'},{id:"B93",body:'QiuR. Z.CaiZ. Y.LiJ. F.\n\t\t\t\t\t2004 Boninite of Ophiolite Belts in Western Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and its Geological Implication, Geoscience, 18(3), 305-308. (in Chinese with English abstract)'},{id:"B94",body:'Rui-zhaoQ. I. U.SuZ. H. O. U.Jin-fuD. E. N. G.Jin-faL. I.Qing-huiX. I. A. O.Zhi-yongC. A. I.\n\t\t\t\t\t2004 Dating of garbbro in the Shemalagou ophiolite in the western segment of the Bangong Co-Nujiang ophiolite belt, Tibet-with a discussion of the age of the Bangong Co-Nujiang ophiolite belt. GEOLOGY IN CHINA. 2004, 31(3): 262-268. (in Chinese with English abstract)'},{id:"B95",body:'Xiao-mingQ. U.Rui-jiangW. A. N. G.Hong-boX. I. N.Yuan-yiZ. H. A. O.Xing-taoF. A. N.\n\t\t\t\t\t2009 Geochronology and geochemistry of igneous rocks related to the subduction of the Tethys oceanic plate along the Bangong Lake arc zone, the western Tibetan Plateau. GEOCHIMICA. 2009, 38(6): 523-535. (in Chinese with English abstract)'},{id:"B96",body:'QuXiaoming.XinHongbo.ZhaoYuanyi.WangRuijiang.FanXingtao.\n\t\t\t\t\t2010 Opening time of Bangong Lake Middle Tethys oceanic basin of the Tibet Plateau: Constraints from petro-geochemistry and zircon U-Pb LAICPMS dating of mafic ophiolites. Earth Science Frontier. 2010, 17(3): 053-063. (in Chinese with English abstract)'},{id:"B97",body:'Scharer. U.XuR. H.AllegereC. J.\n\t\t\t\t\t1984 U-Pb geochronology of Gangdese (Transhi Malaya) Plutonism in the Lhasa-Xigaze region, Tibet[J], Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 1984, 69:311~320'},{id:"B98",body:'HongS. H. E.QuanJinL. I.WenMADongFang.GuangL. I.MingDe QuanZ. H. A. N. G.ChengF. E. N. G.YouWenQ. U.JunGuiP. A. N.Tang\n\t\t\t\t\t2009 Molybdenite Re-Os and SHRIMP zircon U-Pb dating of Duobuza porphyry copper deposit in Tibet and its geological implications. MINERAL DEPOSITS. 2009, 28(6): 737-746. (in Chinese with English abstract)'},{id:"B99",body:'RenS. H. I.Deng\n\t\t\t\t\t2007 SHRIMP dating of the Bangong Lake SSZ-type ophiolite: Constraints on the closure time of ocean in the Bangong Lake-Nujiang River, northwestern Tibet. Chinese Science Bulletin. 2007, 52(7): 936-941.'},{id:"B100",body:'SongQuanyou.QinYong.\n\t\t\t\t\t2002 Petro-geochemical characteristics and petrogenetic analysis for intrusions in Coqin Basin in Gangdese tectonic belt. Northwest Geology, 35 (3):99-105 (in Chinese with English abstract).'},{id:"B101",body:'SpicerR. A.HarrisN. B. W.WiddowsonM.et al.\n\t\t\t\t\t2003 Constant elevation of southern Tibet over the past 15 million years[J], Nature, 2003, 421: 622~624'},{id:"B102",body:'SunC. G.ZhaoZ. D.MoX. X.ZhuD. C.DongG. C.ZhouS.ChenH. H.XieL. W.YangY. H.SunJ. F.YuF. Enriched mantle source and petrogenesis of Sailipu ultrapotassic rocks in southwestern Tibetan Plateau: constraints from zircon U-Pb geochronology and Hf isotopic compositions. Acta Petrologica Sinica. 2008 24(2): 249-264. (in Chinese, with English abstract)'},{id:"B103",body:'SunC. G.ZhaoZ. D.MoX. X.ZhuD. C.DongG. C.ZhouS.ChenH. H.XieL. W.YangTan.FuwenLiuChaoji.\n\t\t\t\t\t1992 Preliminary study on enclaves in Gangdese batholith. Journal of Mineralogy and Petgrology, 12 (2):21-27 (in Chinese with English abstract).'},{id:"B104",body:'JuT. A. N. G.XingFengL. I.JiZhiL. I.JunLiZ. H. A. N. G.XiaoT. A. N. G.QianQiD. E. N. G.XingL. A. N. G.HaiYongH. U. A. N. G.XiaoY. A. O.FengYouW. A. N. G.\n\t\t\t\t\t2010 Time limit for formation of main geological bodies in Xiongcun copper-gold deposit, Xietongmen County, Tibet: Evidence from zircon U-Pb ages and Re-Os age of molybdenite. MINERAL DEPOSITS. 2010, 29(3): 461-475. (in Chinese, with English abstract)'},{id:"B105",body:'TapponnierP.XuZ.RogersF.et al.\n\t\t\t\t\t2001 Oblique stepwise rise and growth of the Tibet plateau[J], Science, 2001, 294:1671~1677'},{id:"B106",body:'TongJ. S.LiuJ.ZhongH. M.XiaJ.LuR. K.LiY. H. Zircon U-Pb dating and geochemistry of mafic dike swarms in the Lhozag area, southern Tibet, China, and their tectonic implications. Geological Bulletin of China. 2007 26(12): 1654-1664. (in Chinese with English abstract)'},{id:"B107",body:'TurnerS.ArnaudN.LiuJ.et al.\n\t\t\t\t\t1996 Post-collision, Shoshonitic Volcanism on the Tibetan Plateau: Implications for Convective Thinning of the Lithosphere and the Source of Ocean Island Basalts[J], Journal of petrology, 1996,37:45~71'},{id:"B108",body:'TurnerS.HawksworthC. J.LinJ. Q.et al.\n\t\t\t\t\t1993 Timing of Tibetan uplift constrained by analysis volcanic rocks[J], Nature, 1993, 364:50~53\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B109",body:'WangH.MoX.\n\t\t\t\t\t1995 An outline of tectonic evolution of China: Episodes, 18\n\t\t\t\t\t1-2 , 616 .'},{id:"B110",body:'Yu-shengW. A. N.Zhao-huaL. U. O.LiL. I.\n\t\t\t\t\t2004 3.8 Ma: SHRIMP U-Pb zircon dating of the younger alkali basalt in the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau. GEOCHIMICA. 2004, 33(5): 442-446. (in Chinese, with English abstract)'},{id:"B111",body:'WangB. D.XuJ. F.ZhangX. G.ChenJ. L.KangZ. Q.DongY. H.\n\t\t\t\t\t2008 Petrogenesis of Miocene volcanic rocks in the Sailipu area, Western Tibetan Plateau: Geochemical and Sr-Nd isotopic constraints. Acta Petrologica Sinica. 2008, 24(2): 265-278. (in Chinese, with English abstract)'},{id:"B112",body:'WangJ.WangZ. J.ChenW. X.FuX. G.ChenM. New evidences for the age assignment of the Nadi Kangri Formation in the North Qiangtang basin, northern Tibet, China. Geological Bulletin of China. 2007 26(4): 404-409. (in Chinese, with English abstract)'},{id:"B113",body:'WangL. Q.PanG. T.LiC.DongY. S.ZhuD. C.YuanS. H.ZhuT. X.\n\t\t\t\t\t2008 SHRIMP U-Pb zircon dating of Eopaleozoic cumulate in Guoganjianian Mt. from central Qiangtang area of northern Tibet-Considering the evolvement of Proto-and Paleo-Tethys. Geological Bulletion of China. 2008, 27(12): 2045-2056. (in Chinese with English abstract)'},{id:"B114",body:'Li-quanW. A. N. G.Gui-tangP. A. N.Di-chengZ. H. U.Tong-xingZ. H. U.Shi-liangL. I. N.Zong-liangL. I.\n\t\t\t\t\t2006 40Ar/39Ar ages of the metamorphic rocks and basalts in E’rou area of Shuanghu, northern Xizang and their significance. Earth Science Frontiers. 2006, 13(4): 221-232. (in Chinese, with English abstract)'},{id:"B115",body:'YingchaoW. A. N. G.BinX. I. A.YuquanZ. H. A. N. G.YanbinW. A. N. G.\n\t\t\t\t\t2005 U-PB SHRIMP ZIRCON AGES OF THE CUOGUONONGBA TOURMALINE TWO-MICA GRANITE IN PULAN, SOUTHWEST TIBET. Geotectonica et Metallogenia. 2005, 29(4): 517-521.'},{id:"B116",body:'DongliangW. E. I.BinX. I. A.GuoqingZ. H. O. U.RanW. A. N. G.LifengZ. H. O. N. G.ShaokaiW. A. N.\n\t\t\t\t\t2006 Sm-Nd Isochron Age of Zedang Ophiolite in Tibet and Its Significance. ACTA GEOSCIENTICA SINICA. 2006, 27(1): 31-34. (in Chinese, with English abstract)'},{id:"B117",body:'DongliangW. E. I.BinX. I. A.GuoqingZ. H. O. U.RanW. A. N. G.LifengZ. H. O. N. G.ShaokaiW. A. N.\n\t\t\t\t\t2006 Sm-Nd Isochron Age of Zedang Ophiolite in Tibet and Its Signigicance. ACTA GEOSCIENTICA SINICA. 2006, 27(1): 31-34.'},{id:"B118",body:'Qi-rongW. E. I.De-weiL. I.Guo-canW. A. N. G.Jian-pingZ. H. E. N. G.\n\t\t\t\t\t2007 ZIRCON SHRIMP U-Pb CHRONOLOGY AND GEOCHEMISTRY OF CENOZOIC ORTHOCLASE PORPHYRY IN GONGMAORIMA AREA, NORTHERM TIBET PLATEAU. JMINERAL PETROL. 2007, 27(4): 45-52. (in Chinese, with English abstract)'},{id:"B119",body:'WeiQ. R.LiD. W.WangG. C.ZhengJ. P.\n\t\t\t\t\t2007 Zircon SHRIMP U-Pb dating and geochemical characteristics of Chabaoma Formation volcanic rocks in northern Tibetan plateau and its petrogenesis. Acta Petrologica Sinica. 2007, 23(11): 2727-2736.'},{id:"B120",body:'ZhenquanW. E. I.BinX. I. A.YuquanZ. H. A. N. G.RanW. A. N. G.ZhiqingY. A. N. G.DongliangW. E. I.\n\t\t\t\t\t2006 SHRIMP ZIRCON DATING OF DIABASE IN THE XIUGUGABU OPHIOLITE IN TIBET AND ITS GEOLOGICAL MPLICATIONS. Geotectonica et Metallogenia. 2006, 30(1): 93-97. (in Chinese with English abstract)'},{id:"B121",body:'WeinbergR. F.DunlapW. J.WhitehouseM.\n\t\t\t\t\t2000 New field, structural and geochronological data from the Shyok and Nubra valleys, northern Ladakh; linking Kohistan to Tibet[J], Geological Society Special Publications, 2000,170:253~275'},{id:"B122",body:'Chun-qiW. E. N.JiD. O. U.QuanW. E. N.Sheng-xiangZ. H. A. N. G.Xiao-pingF. A. N.LinX. U.YanH. U. O.Xiao-junL. U. O.\n\t\t\t\t\t2004 40Ar-39Ar DATING OF BIOTITE IN ANDERNITE FROM MAYOUMU GOLD ORE AREA IN TIBET, CHINA. JMINERAL PETROL. 2004, 24(2): 53-56. (in Chinese, with English abstract)'},{id:"B123",body:'WhiteheadJ.DunningG. R.SprayJ. G.\n\t\t\t\t\t2000 U-Pb geochronology and origin of granitoid rocks in the Thetford Mines ophiolite, Canadian Appalachians[J], Geological Society of America Bulletin,2000,112(6):915~928'},{id:"B124",body:'WilliamsH.TurnerS.KelleyS.et al. Age and composition of dikes in Southern Tibet: New constraints on timing of east-west extension and its relationship to postcollisional volcanism[J], Geology, 2001 29(4):339-342'},{id:"B125",body:'Zhen-hanW. U.Pei-shengY. E.Dao-gongH. U.WeiZ. H. A. N. G.Chun-jingZ. H. O. U.\n\t\t\t\t\t2007 U-Pb Isotopic Dating of Zircons from Porphyry Granite of the Fenghuoshan Mts, Northern Tibetan Plateau and Its Geological Significance. GEOSCIENCE. 2007, 21(3): 435-442. (in Chinese, with English abstract)'},{id:"B126",body:'Zhen-hanW. U.Pei-shengY. E.Dao-gongH. U.WeiZ. H. A. N. G.Chun-jingZ. H. O. U.\n\t\t\t\t\t2007 U-Pb Isotopic Dating of Zircons from Porphyry Granite of the Fenghuoshan Mts, Northern Tibetan Plateau and Its Geological Significance. GEOSCIENCE. 2007, 21(3): 435-442. (in Chinese with English abstract)'},{id:"B127",body:'BinX. I. A.Jian-fengL. I.Li-wenL. I. U.Li-fengX. U.Guan-shengH. E.HongW. A. N. G.Yu-quanZ. H. A. N. G.Zhi-qingY. A. N. G.\n\t\t\t\t\t2008 SHRIMP U-Pb dating for diabase in Sangsang ophiolite, Xizang, China: Geochronological constraint for development of eastern Tethys basin. GEOCHIMICA. 2008, 37(4): 399-403. (in Chinese with English abstract)'},{id:"B128",body:'BinX. I. A.QingchaL. I. N.YuquanZ. H. A. N. G.WanmingD. E. N. G.\n\t\t\t\t\t2006 The Type of Volcanic Rocks for the Bamaoqiongzong, Yongbocuo and Qiangbaqian in the Northern Tibet, the Dating of 40Ar-39Ar and Its Geological Implications. ACTA GEOLOGICA SINICA. 2006, 80(11): 1676-1682. (in Chinese, with English abstract)'},{id:"B129",body:'BinX. I. A.QingchaL. I. N.YuquanZ. H. A. N. G.WanmingD. E. N. G.\n\t\t\t\t\t2006 The Type of Volcanic Rocks for the Bamaoqiongzong, Yongbocuo and Qiangbaqian in the Northern Tibet, the Dating of 40Ar-39Ar and Its Geological Implications. ACTA GEOLOGICA SINICA. 2006, 80(11): 1676-1682.'},{id:"B130",body:'BinX. I. A.LifengX. U.ZhenquanW. E. I.YuquanZ. H. A. N. G.RanW. A. N. G.JianfengL. I.YanbinW. A. N. G.\n\t\t\t\t\t2008 SHRIMP Zircon Dating of Gabbro from the Donqiao Ophiolite in Tibet and Its Geological Implications. ACTA GEOLOGICA SINICA. 2008, 82(04): 528-531.'},{id:"B131",body:'XieY. W.LiL. Q.QiangbaZ. X.WangM.JiangG. W.\n\t\t\t\t\t2009 Geochemical, geochronological features and tectonic significance of volcanic rocks of Zhucun Formation in Baxoi area, eastern Tibet, China. Geological Bulletin of China. 2009, 28(9): 1244-1252. (in Chinese with English abstract)'},{id:"B132",body:'De-mingX. U.Gui-chengH. U. A. N. G.Yi-junL. I.\n\t\t\t\t\t2008 Sm-Nd ages and Nd-Sr-Pb isotope signatures of the Xuigugabu ophiolite, southwestern Tibet. GEOLOGY IN CHINA. 2008, 35(3): 429-435. (in Chinese with English abstract)'},{id:"B133",body:'XuR. H.ScharerU.AllegeC. J.\n\t\t\t\t\t1985 Mag Matism and metamorphism in the Lhasa block(Tibet): an U-Pb geochronological study[J], J. Geol., 1985, 93:41-57'},{id:"B134",body:'XuRonghua.\n\t\t\t\t\t1998 Abnormal 39Ar/40Ar age of granitoids from collisional orogenic belts in Tibet, Chinese Science Bulletin, 1998, 43 Supp.: 150.'},{id:"B135",body:'XZBGMR (Xizang Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources),\n\t\t\t\t\t1979 Regional geological survey reports of Lhasa (scale 1:1,000,000) (in Chinese with English abstract).'},{id:"B136",body:'XZBGMR (Xizang Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources),\n\t\t\t\t\t1996 Regional geological survey reports of Xietongmen and Namling (scale 1: 200,000) (inChinese with English abstract).'},{id:"B137",body:'Y. H.SunJ. F.YuF.\n\t\t\t\t\t2008 Enriched mantle source and petrogenesis of Sailipu ultrapotassic rocks in southwestern Tibetan Plateau: constraints from zircon U-Pb geochronology and Hf isotopic compositions. Acta Petrologica Sinica 24, 249-264 (in Chinese, with English abstract).'},{id:"B138",body:'YangD. M.HuangY. C.DaiL. N.ZhaoL.\n\t\t\t\t\t2005 SHRIMP zircon U-Pb age of garnet-bearing two-mica granite at Comai Township, Lhari County, Tibet, and its significance. Geological Bulletin of China. 2005, 24(3): 235-238. (in Chinese with English abstract)'},{id:"B139",body:'YangJ. S.WuC. L.ShiR. D.LiH. B.XuZ. Q.MengF. C.\n\t\t\t\t\t2002 Miocene and Pleistocene shoshonitic volcanic rocks in the Jingyuhu area, northern part of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Acta Petrologica Sinica\n\t\t\t\t\t18\n\t\t\t\t\t161176 .'},{id:"B140",body:'YinA.HarrisonT. M.\n\t\t\t\t\t2000 Geologic Evolution of the Hi Malayan-Tibet Orogen[J], Annu.Rev. Earth Planet Sci., 2000, 28:211-280\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B141",body:'YinA.KappP. A.MurphyM. A.et al.\n\t\t\t\t\t1999 Significant late Neogene east-west extension in northern Tibet[J], Geology, 1999, 27: 787~90'},{id:"B142",body:'YuX.\n\t\t\t\t\t1994 Titanphlogopites from Cenozoic alkaline volcanic rock in western Qinling, Gansu province. Acta Petrologica et Mineralogica 13, 319-327 (in Chinese, with English abstract).'},{id:"B143",body:'YueY. H.DingL.\n\t\t\t\t\t2006 40Ar/39Ar Geochronolgy, geochemical characteristics and genesis of the Linzhou basic dikes, Tibet. Acta Petrologica Sinica. 2006, 22(4): 855-866. (in Chinese, with English abstract)'},{id:"B144",body:'ZhaiQ. G.LiC.WangJ.ChenW.\n\t\t\t\t\t2009 40Ar/39Ar dating for Cenozoic potassic volcanic rocks in northern Gemucuo from Qiangtang, northern Tibet, China. Geological Bulletin of China. 2009, 28(9): 1221-1228. (in Chinese, with English abstract)'},{id:"B145",body:'ZhaiQ. G.WangJ.LiC.SuL.\n\t\t\t\t\t2010 SHRIMP U-Pb dating and Hf isotopic analyses of Middle Ordovician meta-cumulate gabbro in central Qiangtang, northern Tibetan Plateau. Sci China Earth Sci. 2010, 40(05): 565-573.'},{id:"B146",body:'ZhangChuanlin.ZhaoYu.GuoKunyi.DongYongguan.WangAiguo.\n\t\t\t\t\t2003 GRENVILLE OROGENY IN NORTH OF THE QINGHAI-TIBET PLATEAU: FIRST EVIDENCE FROM ISOTOPIC DATING. CHINESE JOURNAL OF GEOLOGY. 2003, 38(4): 535-538. (in Chinese, with English abstract)'},{id:"B147",body:'ZhangH. F.Xuw.c.GuoJ. Q.ZongK. Q.CaiH. M.YuanH. L.\n\t\t\t\t\t2007 Zircon U-Pb and Hf isotopic composition of deformed granite in the southern margin of the Gangdese belt, Tibet: Evidence for early Jurassic subduction of Neo-Tehtyan oceanic slab. Acta Petrologica Sinica. 2007,23(6): 1347-1353.'},{id:"B148",body:'ZhangQ.YangR. Y.\n\t\t\t\t\t1985 The plutonite of High-Mg-andesite types in Dingqing ophiolite and its geological significance, Chinese Science Bulletin, 30(16), 1243-1245. (in Chinese with English abstract)'},{id:"B149",body:'Wan-pingZ. H. A. N. G.Xuan-xueM. O.Di-chengZ. H. U.Si-huaY. U. A. N.Li-quanW. A. N. G.\n\t\t\t\t\t2009 The genesis of the Xiongcun copper-gold deposit in southern Gangdise, Tibet: evidence from zircon U-Pb SHRIMP ages. ACTA PETROLOGICA ET MINERALOGICA. 2009, 28(3): 235-242. (in Chinese, with English abstract)'},{id:"B150",body:'ZhangQ.\n\t\t\t\t\t2003 Adakite from continental collision zones: melting of thickened lower crust beneath southern Tibet. Geology 31\n\t\t\t\t\t10211024 .'},{id:"B151",body:'ZhaoZ.ChiX. G.LiuJ. F.LiG. R.ZhaoY. D. Geochemical feature and its tectonic significance of Gemucuo Oligocene potassic volcanic rocks in the Qiangtang area, Tibet, China. Geological Bulletin of China. 2009 28(4): 463-473. (in Chinese, with English abstract)'},{id:"B152",body:'ZhaoZ. D.M. O. X. X.Z. H. A. N. G. S. Q.et al.\n\t\t\t\t\t2001 Post-collision Mag Matism in Wuyu basin, central hTibet: evidence for recycling of subducted Tethyan oceanic crust[J], Science in China (Series D),2001,44(supp.):2734\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B153",body:'ZhaoZ. D.MoX. X.NomadeS.RenneP. R.ZhouS.DongG. C.WangL. L.ZhuD. C.LiaoZ. L. Post-colisional ultrapotassic rocks in Lhasa Block, Tibetan Plateau: Spatial and temporal distribution and its’ implications. Acta Petrologica Sinica. 2006 22(4): 787-794. (in Chinese, with English abstract)'},{id:"B154",body:'ZhengY. Y.XuR. K.MaGaoG. T.ZhangS. B.MaG. Y. X. M.CiQ. Age of generation and subduction of Shiquan river ophiolite: Restriction from SHRIMP zircon dating. Acta Petrologica Sinica. 2006 22(4): 895-904.'},{id:"B155",body:'ZhongHua.MingLiuJun.Jin-SongTongJun.XiaRu-kuiL. U.\n\t\t\t\t\t2008 AGE AND SIGNIFICANCE FOR THE VOLCANIC ROCKS OF CANTOR FORMATION SONGXI REGION IN NORTHWEST OF QIANGTANG. Geology of Anhui. 2008, 18(2): 92-94. (in Chinese, with English abstract)'},{id:"B156",body:'LifengZ. H. O. N. G.BinX. I. A.YuquanZ. H. A. N. G.RanW. A. N. G.DongliangW. E. I.ZhiqingY. A. N. G.\n\t\t\t\t\t2006 SHRIMP Age Determination of the Diabase in Luobusa Ophiolite, Southern Xizang (Tibet). GEOLOGICAL REVIEW. 2006, 52(2): 224-229.'},{id:"B157",body:'Z. H. O. U. S.M. O. X. X.MahoneyJ. J.et al.\n\t\t\t\t\t2002 Geochronology and Nd and Pb isotope characteristics of gabbro dikes in the Luobusha ophiolite, Tibet[J],Chinese Bulletin, 2002,47(2):143-145'},{id:"B158",body:'ZhouS.MoX. X.DongG. C.et al.\n\t\t\t\t\t2004 40Ar-39Ar geochronology of Cenozoic Linzizong volcanic rocks from Linzhou Basin, Tibet, China, and their geological implications, Chinese Science Bulletin, 49(18), 1970-1979.'},{id:"B159",body:'Z. H. O. U. S.QiuR. Z.M. O. X. X.\n\t\t\t\t\t2010 40Ar/39Ar geochronology of post-collisional volcanism in the middle Gangdese Belt, southern Tibet. Journal of Asian Earth Science, 37\n\t\t\t\t\t3\n\t\t\t\t\t246258\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B160",body:'ZhouS.\n\t\t\t\t\t2002 Study on the geochronology of several key regions of Gangdese magmatic and Yarlung Zangpo ophiolite belts, Tibet. Ph.D. Dissertation, China University of Geosciences, Beijing (in Chinese with English abstract).'},{id:"B161",body:'DichengZ. H. U.GuitangP. A. N.XuanxueM. O.LiquanW. A. N. G.ZhidanZ. H. A. O.ZhongliL. I. A. O.QuanruG. E. N. G.GuochenD. O. N. G.\n\t\t\t\t\t2006 Identification for the Mesozoic OIB-type Basalts in Central Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau: Geochronology, Geochemistry and Their Tectonic Setting. ACTA GEOLOGICA SINICA. 2006, 80(9): 1312-1328. (in Chinese, with English abstract)'},{id:"B162",body:'ZhuDicheng.PanGuitang.MoXuanxue.WangLiquan.ZhaoZhidan.LiaoZhongli.GengQuanru.DongGuochen.\n\t\t\t\t\t2006 Identification for the Mesozoic OIB-type Basalts in Central Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau: Geochronology, Geochemistry and Their Tectonic Setting. ACTA GEOLOGICA SINICA. 2006, 80(9): 1312-1328.'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Zhou Su",address:null,affiliation:'
China University of Geosciences, Beijing, P. R. China
China University of Geosciences, Beijing, P. R. China
'}],corrections:null},book:{id:"230",title:"New Frontiers in Tectonic Research",subtitle:"General Problems, Sedimentary Basins and Island Arcs",fullTitle:"New Frontiers in Tectonic Research - General Problems, Sedimentary Basins and Island Arcs",slug:"new-frontiers-in-tectonic-research-general-problems-sedimentary-basins-and-island-arcs",publishedDate:"July 27th 2011",bookSignature:"Evgenii V. Sharkov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/230.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY-NC-SA 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"32743",title:"Prof.",name:"Evgenii",middleName:null,surname:"Sharkov",slug:"evgenii-sharkov",fullName:"Evgenii Sharkov"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"17103",title:"Does the Tethys Begin to Open Again? Late Cenozoic Tectonomagmatic Activization of the Eurasia from Petrological and Geomechanical Points of View",slug:"does-the-tethys-begin-to-open-again-late-cenozoic-tectonomagmatic-activization-of-the-eurasia-from-p",totalDownloads:1820,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Evgenii Sharkov",authors:[{id:"32743",title:"Prof.",name:"Evgenii",middleName:null,surname:"Sharkov",fullName:"Evgenii Sharkov",slug:"evgenii-sharkov"}]},{id:"17104",title:"Geological-Geomechanical Simulation of the Late Cenozoic Geodynamics in the Alpine-Mediterranean Mobile Belt",slug:"geological-geomechanical-simulation-of-the-late-cenozoic-geodynamics-in-the-alpine-mediterranean-mob",totalDownloads:2150,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Evgenii Sharkov and Valentina Svalova",authors:[{id:"32743",title:"Prof.",name:"Evgenii",middleName:null,surname:"Sharkov",fullName:"Evgenii Sharkov",slug:"evgenii-sharkov"},{id:"62677",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Svalova",fullName:"Valentina Svalova",slug:"valentina-svalova"}]},{id:"17105",title:"Evolution of Rotation Structures in the Earth’s Geological History",slug:"evolution-of-rotation-structures-in-the-earth-s-geological-history",totalDownloads:2574,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Victor Zemtsov",authors:[{id:"42645",title:"Dr",name:"Victor",middleName:null,surname:"Zemtsov",fullName:"Victor Zemtsov",slug:"victor-zemtsov"}]},{id:"17106",title:"Geotectonic Position and Metallogeny of the Greater Altai Geological Structures in the System of the Central-Asian Mobile Belt",slug:"geotectonic-position-and-metallogeny-of-the-greater-altai-geological-structures-in-the-system-of-the",totalDownloads:2468,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"B.A. Dyachkov, M.A. Mizernaya, Nina Maiorova, Zinaida Chernenko, Victor Maiorov and O.N. Kuzmina",authors:[{id:"43939",title:"Prof.",name:"Boris",middleName:"Alexandrovich",surname:"Dyachkov",fullName:"Boris Dyachkov",slug:"boris-dyachkov"},{id:"51951",title:"Dr.",name:"Marina",middleName:null,surname:"Mizernaya",fullName:"Marina Mizernaya",slug:"marina-mizernaya"},{id:"51952",title:"Mrs.",name:"Oksana",middleName:null,surname:"Kuzmina",fullName:"Oksana Kuzmina",slug:"oksana-kuzmina"}]},{id:"17401",title:"Kelyphite and symplectite: textural and mineralogical diversities and universality, and a new dynamic view of their structural formation",slug:"kelyphite-and-symplectite-textural-and-mineralogical-diversities-and-universality-and-a-new-dynamic1",totalDownloads:3581,totalCrossrefCites:12,signatures:"Masaaki Obata",authors:[{id:"38163",title:"Prof.",name:"Masaaki",middleName:null,surname:"Obata",fullName:"Masaaki Obata",slug:"masaaki-obata"}]},{id:"17108",title:"Geophysical Modeling of the Surroundings of La Popa Basin, NE Mexico, with Gravity and Magnetic Data",slug:"geophysical-modeling-of-the-surroundings-of-la-popa-basin-ne-mexico-with-gravity-and-magnetic-data",totalDownloads:4166,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Vsevolod Yutsis, Antonio Tamez-Ponce and Konstantin Krivosheya",authors:[{id:"32477",title:"Prof.",name:"Vsevolod",middleName:null,surname:"Yutsis",fullName:"Vsevolod Yutsis",slug:"vsevolod-yutsis"},{id:"46376",title:"Dr.",name:"Konstantin",middleName:null,surname:"Krivosheya",fullName:"Konstantin Krivosheya",slug:"konstantin-krivosheya"},{id:"46466",title:"BSc",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Tamez-Ponce",fullName:"Antonio Tamez-Ponce",slug:"antonio-tamez-ponce"}]},{id:"17109",title:"Cenozoic Tectonic Characteristics, Evolution and Geodynamics of Dongpu Sag, Bohai Bay Basin, China",slug:"cenozoic-tectonic-characteristics-evolution-and-geodynamics-of-dongpu-sag-bohai-bay-basin-china",totalDownloads:2298,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Shuping Chen, Yuming Tan, Jiafu Qi, Deren Wang, Xiaoshui Mu and Xueling Liu",authors:[{id:"35440",title:"Dr.",name:"Shuping",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",fullName:"Shuping Chen",slug:"shuping-chen"},{id:"37890",title:"Prof.",name:"Yuming",middleName:null,surname:"Tan",fullName:"Yuming Tan",slug:"yuming-tan"},{id:"37891",title:"Prof.",name:"Jiafu",middleName:null,surname:"Qi",fullName:"Jiafu Qi",slug:"jiafu-qi"},{id:"37892",title:"Prof.",name:"Deren",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Deren Wang",slug:"deren-wang"},{id:"37893",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiaoshui",middleName:null,surname:"Mu",fullName:"Xiaoshui Mu",slug:"xiaoshui-mu"},{id:"37894",title:"MSc",name:"Xueling",middleName:null,surname:"Liu",fullName:"Xueling Liu",slug:"xueling-liu"}]},{id:"17110",title:"Geomorphic Landforms and Tectonism Along the Eastern Margin of the Okavango Rift Zone, North Western Botswana as Deduced from Geophysical Data in the Area",slug:"geomorphic-landforms-and-tectonism-along-the-eastern-margin-of-the-okavango-rift-zone-north-western-",totalDownloads:3332,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Elisha Shemang and Loago Molwalefhe",authors:[{id:"32827",title:"Prof.",name:"Elisha",middleName:"M",surname:"Shemang",fullName:"Elisha Shemang",slug:"elisha-shemang"},{id:"54997",title:"Dr.",name:"Loago",middleName:null,surname:"Molwalefhe",fullName:"Loago Molwalefhe",slug:"loago-molwalefhe"}]},{id:"17111",title:"Synsedimentary Deformational Structures Caused by Tectonics and Seismic Events – Examples from the Cambrian of Sweden, Permian and Cenozoic of Germany",slug:"synsedimentary-deformational-structures-caused-by-tectonics-and-seismic-events-examples-from-the-cam",totalDownloads:3909,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Herbert Scholz, Dorothea Frieling and Michaela Aehnelt",authors:[{id:"35045",title:"Prof.",name:"Herbert",middleName:null,surname:"Scholz",fullName:"Herbert Scholz",slug:"herbert-scholz"}]},{id:"17112",title:"The Caribbean Plate Evolution: Trying to Resolve a Very Complicated Tectonic Puzzle",slug:"the-caribbean-plate-evolution-trying-to-resolve-a-very-complicated-tectonic-puzzle",totalDownloads:6078,totalCrossrefCites:4,signatures:"Giuseppe Giunta and Silvia Orioli",authors:[{id:"32372",title:"Prof.",name:"Giuseppe",middleName:null,surname:"Giunta",fullName:"Giuseppe Giunta",slug:"giuseppe-giunta"},{id:"51608",title:"Dr.",name:"Silvia",middleName:null,surname:"Orioli",fullName:"Silvia Orioli",slug:"silvia-orioli"}]},{id:"17113",title:"Structure and Tectonics of the Andaman Subduction Zone from Modeling of Seismological and Gravity Data",slug:"structure-and-tectonics-of-the-andaman-subduction-zone-from-modeling-of-seismological-and-gravity-da",totalDownloads:5541,totalCrossrefCites:4,signatures:"Purnachandra Rao, Nagabhushana Rao, Pinki Hazarika, Virendra Tiwari, Ravi Kumar and Arun Singh",authors:[{id:"33559",title:"Dr.",name:"Purnachandra",middleName:null,surname:"Rao",fullName:"Purnachandra Rao",slug:"purnachandra-rao"},{id:"47459",title:"Mr",name:"Nagabhushana",middleName:null,surname:"Rao",fullName:"Nagabhushana Rao",slug:"nagabhushana-rao"},{id:"47460",title:"Dr.",name:"Virendra",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",fullName:"Virendra Tiwari",slug:"virendra-tiwari"},{id:"47461",title:"Dr.",name:"Ravi",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar",fullName:"Ravi Kumar",slug:"ravi-kumar"},{id:"47462",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",fullName:"Arun Singh",slug:"arun-singh"},{id:"97022",title:"Ms.",name:"Pinki",middleName:null,surname:"Hazarika",fullName:"Pinki Hazarika",slug:"pinki-hazarika"}]},{id:"17114",title:"Subducted and Exhumed Crust beneath Taiwan Imaged by Magnetotelluric Data",slug:"subducted-and-exhumed-crust-beneath-taiwan-imaged-by-magnetotelluric-data",totalDownloads:2002,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Chow-Son Chen, Martyn J. Unsworth, Chih-Wen Chiang, Edward Bertrand and Francis. T. Wu",authors:[{id:"36600",title:"Prof.",name:"Chow-Son",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",fullName:"Chow-Son Chen",slug:"chow-son-chen"}]},{id:"17115",title:"Short- / Long-Term Deformation of Upper Crust: Integrated and Quantitative Approach for Neotectonics",slug:"short-long-term-deformation-of-upper-crust-integrated-and-quantitative-approach-for-neotectonics",totalDownloads:1928,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Yasuto Itoh, Shigekazu Kusumoto, Kazunori Miyamoto and Yoshiyuki Inui",authors:[{id:"46893",title:"Dr.",name:"Yasuto",middleName:null,surname:"Itoh",fullName:"Yasuto Itoh",slug:"yasuto-itoh"},{id:"51974",title:"Dr.",name:"Shigekazu",middleName:null,surname:"Kusumoto",fullName:"Shigekazu Kusumoto",slug:"shigekazu-kusumoto"},{id:"51975",title:"Mr.",name:"Kazunori",middleName:null,surname:"Miyamoto",fullName:"Kazunori Miyamoto",slug:"kazunori-miyamoto"},{id:"51976",title:"Mr.",name:"Yoshiyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Inui",fullName:"Yoshiyuki Inui",slug:"yoshiyuki-inui"}]},{id:"17116",title:"Spatio-temporal Changes in Stress Field and Occurrence of the 2003 Tokachi Oki Earthquake in Hokkaido, Northern Japan",slug:"spatio-temporal-changes-in-stress-field-and-occurrence-of-the-2003-tokachi-oki-earthquake-in-hokkaid",totalDownloads:1603,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Tanioka Yuichiro and Subesh Ghimire",authors:[{id:"57647",title:"Dr.",name:"Subesh",middleName:null,surname:"Ghimire",fullName:"Subesh Ghimire",slug:"subesh-ghimire"},{id:"61154",title:"Prof.",name:"Tanioka",middleName:null,surname:"Yuichiro",fullName:"Tanioka Yuichiro",slug:"tanioka-yuichiro"}]},{id:"17117",title:"The Dynamic Process Mesozoic-cenozoic Igneous in Tibetan Plateau, China",slug:"the-dynamic-process-mesozoic-cenozoic-igneous-in-tibetan-plateau-china",totalDownloads:2562,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Su Zhou, Ruizhao Qiu, Sun Kai and Zhang Linlin",authors:[{id:"62586",title:"Dr.",name:"Su",middleName:null,surname:"Zhou",fullName:"Su Zhou",slug:"su-zhou"},{id:"81753",title:"Dr.",name:"Ruizhao",middleName:null,surname:"Qiu",fullName:"Ruizhao Qiu",slug:"ruizhao-qiu"},{id:"115407",title:"Dr.",name:"Sun",middleName:null,surname:"Kai",fullName:"Sun Kai",slug:"sun-kai"},{id:"115408",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhang",middleName:null,surname:"Linlin",fullName:"Zhang Linlin",slug:"zhang-linlin"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"2227",title:"Tectonics",subtitle:"Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3b4c2f80af61284334fb3655852de9f7",slug:"tectonics-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Evgenii Sharkov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2227.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"32743",title:"Prof.",name:"Evgenii",surname:"Sharkov",slug:"evgenii-sharkov",fullName:"Evgenii Sharkov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"37847",title:"Cyclic Development of Axial Parts of Slow-Spreading Ridges: Evidence from Sierra Leone Area, the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 5-7°N",slug:"cyclic-development-of-axial-parts-of-slow-spreading-ridges-evidence-from-sierra-leone-area-the-mid-a",signatures:"E.V. Sharkov",authors:[{id:"32743",title:"Prof.",name:"Evgenii",middleName:null,surname:"Sharkov",fullName:"Evgenii Sharkov",slug:"evgenii-sharkov"}]},{id:"37861",title:"Features of Caucasian Segment of the Alpine-Himalayan Convergence Zone: Geological, Volcanological, Neotectonical, and Geophysical Data",slug:"features-of-caucasian-segment-of-the-alpine-himalayan-convergence-zone-geological-volcanological-neo",signatures:"E.V. Sharkov, V.A. Lebedev, A.G. Rodnikov, A.V. Chugaev, N.A. Sergeeva and L.P. Zabarinskaya",authors:[{id:"32743",title:"Prof.",name:"Evgenii",middleName:null,surname:"Sharkov",fullName:"Evgenii Sharkov",slug:"evgenii-sharkov"}]},{id:"37849",title:"3D Modelling and Basement Tectonics of the Niger Delta Basin from Aeromagnetic Data",slug:"3d-modelling-and-basement-tectonics-of-the-niger-delta-basin-from-aeromagnetic-data",signatures:"A.A. Okiwelu and I.A. Ude",authors:[{id:"139812",title:"Prof.",name:"Anthony",middleName:"Afam",surname:"Okiwelu",fullName:"Anthony Okiwelu",slug:"anthony-okiwelu"},{id:"141872",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Ikechi",middleName:null,surname:"Ude",fullName:"Ikechi Ude",slug:"ikechi-ude"}]},{id:"37852",title:"Seismic Paleo-Geomorphic System of the Extensional Province of the Niger Delta: An Example of the Okari Field",slug:"seismic-paleo-geomorphic-system-of-the-extensional-province-of-the-niger-delta-an-example-of-the-oka",signatures:"Muslim B. Aminu and Moses O. Olorunniwo",authors:[{id:"140283",title:"Dr.",name:"Muslim",middleName:"B",surname:"Aminu",fullName:"Muslim Aminu",slug:"muslim-aminu"},{id:"143802",title:"Prof.",name:"Moses",middleName:null,surname:"Olorunniwo",fullName:"Moses Olorunniwo",slug:"moses-olorunniwo"}]},{id:"37858",title:"Geodynamic and Tectonostratigrafic Study of a Continental Rift: The Triassic Cuyana Basin, Argentina",slug:"geodynamic-and-tectonostratigrafic-study-of-a-continental-rift-the-triassic-cuyana-basin-argentina",signatures:"Silvia Patricia Barredo",authors:[{id:"147305",title:"Dr.",name:"Silvia",middleName:null,surname:"Barredo",fullName:"Silvia Barredo",slug:"silvia-barredo"}]},{id:"37864",title:"Role of the NE-SW Hercynian Master Fault Systems and Associated Lineaments on the Structuring and Evolution of the Mesozoic and Cenozoic Basins of the Alpine Margin, Northern Tunisia",slug:"role-of-the-ne-sw-hercynian-master-fault-systems-and-associated-lineaments-on-the-structuring-and-ev",signatures:"Fetheddine Melki, Taher Zouaghi, Mohamed Ben Chelbi, Mourad Bédir and Fouad Zargouni",authors:[{id:"39860",title:"Dr.",name:"Taher",middleName:null,surname:"Zouaghi",fullName:"Taher Zouaghi",slug:"taher-zouaghi"},{id:"147368",title:"Dr.",name:"Fetheddine",middleName:null,surname:"Melki",fullName:"Fetheddine Melki",slug:"fetheddine-melki"}]},{id:"37848",title:"An Assessment of the Earthquakes of Ancient Troy, NW Anatolia, Turkey",slug:"an-assessment-of-the-earthquakes-of-ancient-troy-nw-anatolia-turkey",signatures:"Akın Kürçer, Alexandros Chatzipetros, Salih Zeki Tutkun, Spyros Pavlides, Süha Özden, George Syrides, Kostas Vouvalidis, Emin Ulugergerli, Özkan Ateş and Yunus Levent Ekinci",authors:[{id:"140276",title:"Dr.",name:"Akın",middleName:null,surname:"Kürçer",fullName:"Akın Kürçer",slug:"akin-kurcer"},{id:"144565",title:"Prof.",name:"Salih Zeki",middleName:null,surname:"Tutkun",fullName:"Salih Zeki Tutkun",slug:"salih-zeki-tutkun"},{id:"144567",title:"Prof.",name:"Spyros",middleName:null,surname:"Pavlides",fullName:"Spyros Pavlides",slug:"spyros-pavlides"},{id:"145253",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandros",middleName:null,surname:"CHATZIPETROS",fullName:"Alexandros CHATZIPETROS",slug:"alexandros-chatzipetros"},{id:"145254",title:"Dr.",name:"Süha",middleName:null,surname:"ÖZDEN",fullName:"Süha ÖZDEN",slug:"suha-ozden"},{id:"145255",title:"Dr.",name:"George",middleName:null,surname:"SYRIDES",fullName:"George SYRIDES",slug:"george-syrides"},{id:"145256",title:"Dr.",name:"Kostas",middleName:null,surname:"VOUVALIDES",fullName:"Kostas VOUVALIDES",slug:"kostas-vouvalides"},{id:"145257",title:"Dr.",name:"Emin",middleName:null,surname:"ULUGERGERLİ",fullName:"Emin ULUGERGERLİ",slug:"emin-ulugergerli"},{id:"145258",title:"Dr.",name:"Özkan",middleName:null,surname:"ATEŞ",fullName:"Özkan ATEŞ",slug:"ozkan-ates"},{id:"155472",title:"MSc.",name:"Yunus Levent",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",fullName:"Yunus Levent Ekinci",slug:"yunus-levent-ekinci"}]},{id:"37850",title:"Paleoseismological Three Dimensional Virtual Photography Method; A Case Study: Bağlarkayası-2010 Trench, Tuz Gölü Fault Zone, Central Anatolia, Turkey",slug:"paleoseismological-three-dimensional-virtual-photography-method-a-case-study-ba-larkayas-2010-trench",signatures:"Akın Kürçer and Yaşar Ergun Gökten",authors:[{id:"140276",title:"Dr.",name:"Akın",middleName:null,surname:"Kürçer",fullName:"Akın Kürçer",slug:"akin-kurcer"},{id:"144563",title:"Prof.",name:"Yaşar Ergun",middleName:null,surname:"Gökten",fullName:"Yaşar Ergun Gökten",slug:"yasar-ergun-gokten"}]},{id:"37860",title:"Structural Geological Analysis of the High Atlas (Morocco): Evidences of a Transpressional Fold-Thrust Belt",slug:"structural-geological-analysis-of-the-high-atlas-morocco-evidences-of-a-transpressional-fold-thrust-",signatures:"Alessandro Ellero, Giuseppe Ottria, Marco G. Malusà and Hassan Ouanaimi",authors:[{id:"144013",title:"Dr.",name:"Giuseppe",middleName:null,surname:"Ottria",fullName:"Giuseppe Ottria",slug:"giuseppe-ottria"},{id:"144580",title:"Dr.",name:"Alessandro",middleName:null,surname:"Ellero",fullName:"Alessandro Ellero",slug:"alessandro-ellero"},{id:"158054",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco G.",middleName:null,surname:"Malusà",fullName:"Marco G. Malusà",slug:"marco-g.-malusa"},{id:"158056",title:"Prof.",name:"Hassan",middleName:null,surname:"Ouanaimi",fullName:"Hassan Ouanaimi",slug:"hassan-ouanaimi"}]},{id:"37859",title:"Plate Tectonic Evolution of the Southern Margin of Laurussia in the Paleozoic",slug:"plate-tectonic-evolution-of-the-southern-margin-of-laurussia-in-the-paleozoic",signatures:"Jan Golonka and Aleksandra Gawęda",authors:[{id:"16567",title:"Dr.",name:"Jan",middleName:null,surname:"Golonka",fullName:"Jan Golonka",slug:"jan-golonka"}]},{id:"37856",title:'Was the Precambrian Basement of Western Troms and Lofoten-Vesterålen in Northern Norway Linked to the Lewisian of Scotland? A Comparison of Crustal Components, Tectonic Evolution and Amalgamation History"',slug:"was-the-precambrian-basement-of-western-troms-and-lofoten-vester-len-in-northern-norway-linked-to-th",signatures:"Steffen G. Bergh, Fernando Corfu, Per Inge Myhre, Kåre Kullerud, Paul E.B. Armitage, Klaas B. Zwaan, Erling K. Ravna, Robert E. Holdsworth and Anupam Chattopadhya",authors:[{id:"141234",title:"Dr.",name:"Steffen",middleName:null,surname:"Bergh",fullName:"Steffen Bergh",slug:"steffen-bergh"}]}]}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"68538",title:"Commercial Mosquito Repellents and Their Safety Concerns",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.87436",slug:"commercial-mosquito-repellents-and-their-safety-concerns",body:'
1. Introduction
Parasites since antiquity [1] are a serious threat for millions of humans and animals worldwide which bring about chronic debilitating, periodically disabling disease and are responsible for the overwhelming financial loss [2, 3, 4, 5, 6]. Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) [7, 8] are among them as they can act as vectors for serious parasites and pathogens, including malaria, filariasis, and important arboviruses, such as dengue, yellow fever, chikungunya, West Nile virus, and Zika viruses [9, 10]. Mosquito control and personal protection from mosquito bites are the most meaningful measures for controlling several life-threatening diseases transmitted exclusively by bites from bloodsucking mosquitoes. Repellents evolved, dates back to antiquity; the Pharaoh Sneferu, reigned from around 2613–2589 BCE and the founder of the fourth dynasty of Egypt, and Cleopatra VII, the last pharaoh of ancient Egypt, used bed nets as protection against mosquitoes; the ancient Egyptians used essential oils (EOs) for repelling insects, medicinal benefits, beauty care, and spiritual enhancement and in literally all aspects of their daily life [1]. Insect-repellent plants have been applied traditionally for thousands of years through different civilizations [11]. Such plants were used in various forms such as hanged bruised plants in houses, crude fumigants where plants were burnt to drive away mosquitoes, and oil formulations applied to the skin or clothes [12]. Smoke is undoubtedly the most extensively exploited means of repelling mosquitoes, typically by burning plants in rural tropics and by utilizing spiral-shaped incenses like Katori Senk—an archetypal icon of the humid Japanese summers [13].
Mosquitoes have been considered as a major obstacle to the tourism industry and socioeconomic development of developing countries particularly in the tropical and endemic regions [14]. Mosquito problems are ancient as old as the pyramids, and the presence of malaria in Egypt from circa 800 BCE onward has been confirmed using DNA-based methods, and antigens produced by Plasmodium falciparum leading to tertian fever in mummies from all periods were detected, and all mummies were suffering from malaria at the time of their death [1]. Herodotus noted down that the builders of the Egyptian pyramids (circa 2700–1700 BCE) were given large amounts of garlic almost certainly to protect them against malaria [1]. Despite recent considerable efforts to control vector-borne diseases, malaria alone produces 250 million cases per year and 800,000 deaths including 85% of children under 5 years [15]. Global warming has moved the mosquitoes on the way to some temperate and higher altitudes, affecting people who are vulnerable to such diseases [16]. Recently, malaria is a great problem in Africa, but it was well controlled in Egypt [1]. Ahead of the development and commercial success of synthetic insecticides in the mid-1930–1950s, botanical insecticides were the leading weapons for insect control. Synthetic insecticides are distinguished by their efficacy, speed of action, ease of use, and low cost. Therefore, they drove many natural control methods as botanicals, predators, and parasitoids to shadows [8, 17, 18]. Insecticidal treatment of house walls, in particular, could provide a very helpful reduction of mosquito incidence, but such measures need financial and organizational demand, but poor rural areas in endemic regions do not have sufficient resources for such costly protective measures. Because of health and environmental concerns [8, 17], there is an urgent need to identify new nonhazardous vector management strategies that replace harmful chemical insecticides and repellents. There are no vaccines or other specific treatments for arboviruses transmitted by mosquitoes; therefore, avoidance of mosquito bites remains the first line of defense [9, 18]. Hence, the use of the mosquito repellents (MRs) on exposed skin area is highly recommended.
Insect repellents usually work by providing a vapor barrier deterring mosquitoes from meeting the skin surface. Insect repellents had been used for thousands of years against biting arthropods. Several species of primates were observed anointing their pelage via rubbing millipedes and plants as Citrus spp., Piper marginatum, and Clematis dioica. Wedge-capped capuchins (Cebus olivaceus) were observed rubbing the millipede Orthoporus dorsovittatus onto their coat during the period of maximum mosquito activity [19]. Such millipede contains benzoquinones and insect-repellent chemicals, and it was hypothesized that the anointing behavior was intended to deter biting insects. Laboratory studies revealed a significant repellent effect of benzoquinones against Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti (the yellow fever mosquito) and Amblyomma americanum (the lone star tick). Such anointing behavior to deter blood-feeding arthropods is also common among birds, and it could be genetically expressed as an “extended phenotype” as it has an obvious adaptive advantage. Evidence for this lies in the fact that benzoquinones applied to filter paper elicited anointing activity among captive-born capuchins [12]. The World Health Organization (WHO) also recommends repellents for protection against malaria as the resistance of Plasmodium falciparum to anti-malarial drugs such as chloroquine is increased. Most of the commercial MRs are prepared using non-biodegradable, synthetic chemicals like N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (DEET), dimethylphthalate (DMP), and allethrin which may lead to the environment and, hence, the unacceptable health risks in the case of their higher exposure. With an increasing concern for public safety, a renewed interest in the use of natural products of plant origin is desired because natural products are effective, environmentally friendly, biodegradable, inexpensive, and readily available [7, 8, 13, 17, 20]. Repellent application is a reliable mean of personal protection against annoyance and pathogenic infections not only for local people but also for travelers in disease risk areas, particularly in tropical countries; therefore, this chapter focused on assets and liabilities, safety, and future perspective of synthetic and natural MRs that could potentially prevent mosquito-host interactions, thereby playing an important role in reducing mosquito-borne diseases when used correctly and consistently.
2. Synthetic repellents
The history of synthetic repellents had been reviewed [12]; before World War II, MRs were primarily plant-based with the oil of citronella being the most widely used compound and the standard against which others were evaluated. At that time, the emergence of synthetic chemical repellents starts. There were only three principal repellents: dimethylphthalate discovered in 1929, Indalone® (butyl-3,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-4-oxo-2H-pyran-6-carboxylate) patented in 1937, and Rutgers 612 (ethyl hexanediol), which became available in 1939. Later on and for military use, 6-2-2 of M-250 (a mixture of six parts DMP and two parts each Indalone® and Rutgers 612) was used [13]. The event of World War II was the primary switch on in the development of new repellent technologies because the Pacific and North African theaters posed significant disease threats to allied military personnel. Over 6000 chemicals had been tested from 1942 to 1947 in a variety of research institutions led to the identification of multiple successful repellent chemistries. Such great aim established several independent research projects that inevitably identified one of the most effective and widely used insect repellents to date, DEET. From then on, several compounds have been synthesized relying on previous research, which identified amide and imide compounds as highly successful contact repellents. Among these are picaridin, a piperidine carboxylate ester, and IR3535, which are currently considered DEET competitors in some repellency bioassays [21]. The chemical structures of some synthetic repellents are shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1.
Chemical structures of some synthetic repellents.
2.1 DEET
DEET (N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide) is the standard and most effective broad-spectrum insect-repellent component with a long-lasting effect on mosquitoes, ticks, as well as biting flies, chiggers, and fleas. DEET was discovered as a mosquito repellent by the US Department of Agriculture and patented by the US Army in 1946. It was allowed for public use in 1957, and since then it has been a standard repellent for several insects and arthropods [14]. DEET is the most studied insect repellent and mainly used as a positive control to compare the efficacy of many repellent substances. DEET has a dose-dependent response: the higher the concentration, the longer the protection. DEET, 20–25%, is the conventional concentration used in commercial products. The shorter protection time depended on the mixture as well [14]. In fact, DEET plays a limited role on disease control in endemic regions because of its high cost, unpleasant odor, and inconvenience of the continuous application on the exposed skin at high concentrations [22, 23].
2.2 Permethrin
Permethrin is a pyrethroid insecticide derived from the plant Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium. It was registered in the US in 1979 as both repellent and insecticide. Recently, it is the most common insecticide available for use on fabrics such as clothing, bed nets, etc. for its exclusive role as a contact insecticide via neural toxicity and equally as an insect repellent [7, 8, 13, 17]. The protection offered against a broad range of bloodsucking arthropods with negligible safety concerns ranked permethrin-treated clothing an important arthropod protection technique especially when used in combination with other protection strategies as applying topical repellents [13].
2.3 Picaridin
Picaridin (1-piperidinecarboxylic acid 2-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-methylpropylester) is a colorless, nearly odorless piperidine analog that was developed by Bayer in the 1980s through molecular modeling [12]. It is also known as KBR 3023, icaridin, hydroxyethyl isobutyl piperidine carboxylate, and sec-butyl-2-(2-hydroxyethyl)-piperidine-1-carboxylate. Its trade names include Bayrepel and Saltidin, among others. Picaridin was first marketed in Europe in the 1990s and later in the US in 2005 [24, 25]. The efficacy of picaridin is as good as DEET, and notably, 20% picaridin spray was found to protect against three main mosquito vectors, Aedes, Anopheles, and Culex for about 5 h with better efficacy than that of DEET. Therefore, repeated application is required every after 4–6 h [13]. In Australia, a formulation containing 19.2% picaridin provided similar protection as 20% DEET against Verrallina lineata [26]. The same formulation provided >95% protection against Culex annulirostris for 5 h but only 1-hour protection against Anopheles spp. [26]. Picaridin at concentrations of 2–13% v/v in 90% ethanol showed better protection against anophelines in Africa than comparable formulations containing DEET [27]. Field studies against mosquitoes in two locations in Australia indicated that a 9.3% formulation only provided 2-hour protection against V. lineata [26, 28]. It had been concluded that studies showed little significant difference between DEET and picaridin when applied at the same dosage, with a superior persistence for picaridin [29]. To maintain effectiveness than with the higher concentrations (>20%) of picaridin used in the field.
2.4 DEPA
N,N-diethyl-2-phenyl-acetamide (DEPA) is a repellent developed around the same time as DEET and repels a wide range of insects, but DEPA did not get its reputation. The repellency of DEPA has demonstrated almost similar to DEET against mosquito vectors as Ae. aegypti, Ae. albopictus, An. stephensi, and C. quinquefasciatus [13]. It has regained interest recently and could prove to be an important competitor to DEET especially in developing countries due to its low cost, $25.40 per kg compared to $48.40 per kg for DEET [30].
2.5 Insect repellent 3535
Learning from nature offered a molecule with an impressive performance in comparison to a natural and pure synthetic repellent solution called insect repellent 3535 (IR3535). Scientists got inspirations from nature for the development of the topical IR 3535 with the intention to create a molecule with optimized protection times and low toxicity. The naturally occurring amino acid β-alanine was used as a basic module, and the selected end groups were chosen to avoid toxicity and increase efficacy. IR 3535 was developed by Merck in 1970 and thus named as Merck IR3535; it has been available in Europe, but it was not available in the USA until 1999 [12]. IR3535 is used for humans and animals, as it is effective against mosquitoes, ticks, flies, fleas, and lice. Its chemical formula is C11H21NO3, and its other names are ethyl-N-acetyl-N-butyl-β-alaninate, ethyl butylacetylaminopropionate (EBAAP), β-alanine, and N-acetyl-N-butyl-ethyl ester. The protection of IR 3535 may be comparable to DEET, but it requires frequent reapplication in every 6–8 h. IR3535 is found in products including Skin So Soft Bug Guard Plus Expedition (Avon, New York, NY) [31]. Although 20% IR 3535 provides complete protection against Aedes and Culex mosquitoes (up to 7–10 h), it offers lesser protection against Anopheles (about 3.8 h), which affects its application in malaria-endemic areas [13].Several field studies were identified and indicated that IR 3535 is as effective as similarly, DEET in repelling mosquitoes of the Aedes and Culex genera but may be less effective than DEET in repelling anopheline mosquitoes; an uncontrolled field study of a controlled release formulation of IR 3535 reported that these formulations may provide complete protection against mosquito biting for 7.1–10.3 h [32].
2.6 Ethyl anthranilate
Ethyl anthranilate (EA) is a new member in the scope of entomology which drew a significant attention in repellent research in the recent years and is being considered as an improved alternative to DEET [13, 33]. It is a nontoxic, the US FDA approved volatile food additive. EA is novel and repellent against Ae. aegypti, An. stephensi, and Cx. quinquefasciatus as its ED50 values of EA were 0.96, 5.4, and 3.6% w/v, respectively, and CPTs of EA, 10% w/v, throughout the arm-in-cage method were 60, 60, and 30 min, respectively. Moreover, its spatial repellency was found to be extremely effective in repelling all the three tested species of mosquitoes. EA provided comparable results to standard repellent DEPA. As a result, the repellent activity of EA is promising for developing effective, safe, and eco-friendly alternative to the existing harmful repellents for personal protection against different mosquito species [34].
2.7 Comparative efficacy of synthetic repellents
The comparative efficacy of synthetic repellents had been summarized [14] as follows: Aedes species demonstrated an aggressive biting behavior and Ae. Aegypti, above all, proved to be tolerant to many repellent products. Ae. albopictus was easier to be repelled than Ae. aegypti. DEET is the most studied insect repellent; at higher concentrations, it presented superior efficacy against Aedes species, providing up to 10 h of protection. Although IR3535 and picaridin showed good repellency against this mosquito genus, their efficacy was on average inferior to that provided by DEET. Fewer studies have been conducted on the mosquito species Anopheles and Culex. The repellency profile against Anopheles species was similar for the four principal repellents of interest: DEET provided on average 5–11 h, IR 3535 4–10 h, picaridin 6–8 h, and Citriodora 1–12 h of protection, depending on study conditions and repellent concentration. Culex mosquitoes are easier to repel, and each repellent provided good protection against this species. DEET showed 5–14 h of protection and IR 3535 2–15 h, depending on product concentration, while the test proving the efficacy of picaridin and commercial products containing PMD was discontinued after 8 h of protection. To go over the main points, DEET remains probably the most efficient insect repellent against mosquitoes, effective against sensitive species as Culex as well as more repellent-tolerant species such as Aedes and Anopheles. Even though fewer studies have been conducted on these non-DEET compounds, picaridin and to some extent IR 3535 represent valid alternatives. Consequently, the choice of repellents could be adjusted somehow according to the profile of biting vectors at the travelers’ destination.
3. Botanicals
Nature is an old unlimited source of inspiration for people [1, 11, 18, 35] as well as for scientific and technological innovations. Recently, global attention has been paid toward exploring the medicinal benefits of plant extracts [4, 11, 36, 37]. Repellents of natural origin are derived from members of the families as Asteraceae, Cupressaceae, Labiatae, Lamiaceae, Lauraceae, Meliaceae, Myrtaceae, Piperaceae, Poaceae, Rutaceae, Umbelliferae, and Zingiberaceae. They have been evaluated for repellency against various mosquito vectors, but few compounds have been found commercially. Increased curiosity in plant-based arthropod repellents was generated after the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) added a rule to the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) in 1986 exempting compounds considered to be minimum hazardous pesticides [30]. Increased interest has also been driven by the rapid registration process of plant-based repellents by US EPA, which are often registered in less than a year, while the conventional pesticides are registered in an average of 3 years [30]. The public considers botanicals as safer and suitable alternative repellents; most of them are produced and distributed locally and appear on the market for only a short time. Even though many studies have shown that almost all registered commercial products based on botanical active ingredients offer limited protection and require frequent reapplication than even a low concentration of DEET-based repellents, the growing demand for natural alternative repellents in the community illustrates further need to evaluate new botanical repellents critically for personal protection against mosquitoes and mosquito-borne illnesses [7, 8, 13, 17]. The repellent activity of EOs includes some metabolites, such as the monoterpenes α-pinene, cineole, eugenol, limonene, terpinolene, citronellol, citronellal, camphor, and thymol that are repellents against mosquitoes; the sesquiterpene, β-caryophyllene, is repellent against A. aegypti, and phytol, a linear diterpene alcohol, is repellent against Anopheles gambia. Most of the arthropod-repellent compounds are oxygenated, having the hydroxyl group linked to a primary, secondary, or aromatic carbon. In some metabolites having a hydroxyl group linked to a tertiary carbon, as linalool, α-terpineol, and limonene, the repellent activity is suppressed against A. gambiae, suggesting the likelihood that the type of carbon where the hydroxyl substitution is there modulates repellency. Most insect repellents are volatile terpenoids such as terpinen-4-ol. Other terpenoids can act as attractants. More information is widely discussed [7, 38], and chemical structures of some natural repellent compounds are shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2.
Chemical structures of some natural repellent compounds found in botanical species.
3.1 PMD and lemon-scented eucalyptus
Compound p-menthane-3,8-diol (PMD is derived from lemon-scented eucalyptus (Eucalyptus citriodora, Myrtaceae) leaves, and its importance as a repelling agent is increasing due to its good efficacy profile as well as its natural basis. PMD is a potent and commercially available repellent discovered in the 1960s via mass screening of plants for repellent activity, for instance, lemon eucalyptus and Corymbia citriodora (Myrtaceae) formerly known as Eucalyptus maculata citriodora. Lemon eucalyptus EO contains 85% citronellal and is already used in cosmetic industries due to its fresh smell. It was discovered when the waste distillate remaining after hydro-distillation of the EO was far more effective at repelling mosquitoes than the EO itself, and it provides very high protection from a broad range of insect vectors for several hours as well [7, 39]. The EO from C. citriodora also contains active constituents like citronella, citronellol, geraniol, isopulegol, and δ-pinene which play important roles in repelling both mosquitoes and ticks. Such compounds provide short-term repellency against mosquitoes, but PMD has a longer protection time than other plant-derived compounds because it is a monoterpene with low volatility than volatile monoterpenes found in most EOs and does not tend to evaporate rapidly after skin application [7, 8, 14].
There have been attempts to commercialize and market the insecticides/repellent products containing eucalyptus oil as such or based upon them. Crude eucalyptus oil was primarily registered as an insecticide and miticide in the USA in 1948, and 29 of such compounds have been registered in the USA until the year 2007 for use as natural insecticide/insect repellent/germicide. Only four products of them have been active, whereas 25 have been canceled. These include Citriodiol, Repel essential insect repellent lotion (two variants), Repel essential insect repellent pump spray, and Repel insect repellent 30 by the United Industrial Corp., USA. Some eucalyptus-based products include the following: Quwenling is successfully marketed as an insect repellent in China and provides protection against anopheles mosquitoes parallel to DEET and has exchanged the widely used synthetic repellent dimethylphthalate; Quwenling contains a mixture of PMD, citronellol, and isopulegone. Mosiguard Natural contains 50% eucalyptus oil, Buzz Away is a commercially available product in China based on citronellal, and MyggA1 Natural is based on PMD from lemon eucalyptus and is shown to repel ticks. More details are widely discussed [40].
3.2 Citronella
The name “Citronella” is derived from the French word “citronelle” around 1858. It was extracted to be used in perfumery and used by the Indian Army to repel mosquitoes at the beginning of the twentieth century and was then registered for commercial use in the USA in 1948. Today, citronella (5–10%) is one of the most widely used natural repellents on the market; such concentrations are lower than most other commercial repellents, whereas higher concentrations can cause skin sensitivity. Among plant-derived substances, products containing Citriodiol showed the most effective repellent profile against mosquitoes. EOs and extracts belonging to plants in the Citronella genus (Poaceae) are commonly used as ingredients of plant-based mosquito repellents, mostly Cymbopogon nardus that is sold in Europe and North America in commercial preparations [39]. Citronella contains citronellal, citronellol, geraniol, citral, α-pinene, and limonene giving an effect similar to that of DEET, but the oils rapidly evaporate causing loss of efficacy and leaving the user unprotected. Among plant-derived substances, products containing Citriodiol showed the most effective repellent profile against mosquitoes. For travelers heading to disease-endemic areas, citronella-based repellents should not be recommended, but if efficacious alternatives are prohibitively expensive or not available, the use of citronella to prevent mosquito bites may provide important protection from disease vectors. Even though citronella-based repellents only give protection from host-seeking mosquitoes for a short time (2 h), formulations could prolong such time (please see the formulation section).
3.3 Neem and methyl jasmonate
The aromatic plants of the Meliaceae family which include neem, Azadirachta indica, Carapa procera, Melia azedarach, Khaya senegalensis, and Trichilia emetica contain substances of the limonoid group and insecticidal and repellent effects on insects [18]. Neem provided a protection of 98.2% for 8 h against An. darlingi. Regardless of being not approved by US EPA for use as a topical insect repellent, neem is widely advertised as a natural alternative to DEET, and it has been tested for repellency against a wide range of arthropods of medical and veterinary importance. MiteStop®, based on a neem seed extract, had a considerable repellent effect on bloodsucking mosquitoes, tabanids, ceratopogonids, simuliids, as well as licking flies [41]. Several field studies from India have shown the very high efficacy of neem-based preparations, contrasting with findings of intermediate repellency by other researchers. However, these contrasting results may be due to differing methodologies and the solvents used to carry the repellents.
Methyl jasmonate (MJ) is derived from the nonvolatile jasmonic acid and has the ultimate vapor pressure for a repellent (0.001 mmHg at 25°C) which is quite higher than DEET. It repels only Cx. quinquefasciatus but does not repel Ae. aegypti, An. gambiae, Phlebotomus flies, and Glossina morsitans, which restricts the application of MJ to C. quinquefasciatus mosquitoes only. On the other hand, MJ has been found to cause aversion in a number of ticks such as nymphal I. ricinis and Hyalomma marginatum rufipes Koch, etc. [30].
3.4 Essential oils
EOs are used against insects [20, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50] throughout the globe. EOs are distilled from members of the Lamiaceae (mint family), Poaceae (aromatic grasses), and Pinaceae (pine and cedar family). EOs could be used for farm animal protection against nuisance flies and lice [47]. Almost all of the botanical repellents are also used for food flavoring or in the perfume industry, indicating that they are safer than DEET. The most effective oils include thyme, geraniol, peppermint, cedar, patchouli, and clove that have been found to repel malaria, filarial, and yellow fever vectors for a period of 60–180 mins. Most of these EOs are highly volatile, and this contributes to their poor longevity as mosquito repellents. As a result, repellents containing only EOs in the absence of an active ingredient such as DEET should not be recommended as repellents for use in disease-endemic areas, whereas those containing high levels of EOs could cause skin irritation, especially in the presence of sunlight [39]. Although EOs effectively repel mosquitoes as irritants, repellents, antifeedants, or maskants, unfortunately, relatively few have been commercialized, despite being widely used in candles and as topical insect repellents. Botanical, herbal, or natural-based repellents include one or several plant EOs. These oils are considered safe by the EPA at low concentrations but provide a limited duration of protection against mosquitoes (<3 h). Citronella (discussed previously) is the principal and sometimes only active ingredient in many plant-based insect repellents [7]. Eucalyptus oil is used as an antifeedant mainly against biting insects as eucalyptus-based products used on humans as insect repellent can give protection from biting insects up to 8 h depending upon the concentration of the essential oil. Such repellent activity could be extended up to 8 days when eucalyptus EOs are applied on the clothes. Eucalyptus oil (30%) can prevent mosquito bite for 2 h; however, the oil must have at least 70% cineole content [40]. On the other hand, E. citriodora EO alone showed an insufficient protection against the three main mosquito species [14].
4. Safety of repellents
4.1 Safety of synthetic repellents
Insect repellents containing DEET are broadly used among populations. DEET should be used with caution as it may damage spandex, rayon, acetate, and pigmented leather and it could dissolve plastic and vinyl (e.g., eyeglass frames). Moreover, DEET damages synthetic fabrics and painted and varnished surfaces, precluding its use in bed nets and in many urban settings [51]. Being the gold standard of repellents, the safety profile of DEET is largely studied. There is an estimated 15 million people in the UK, 78 million people in the USA, and 200 million people globally that use DEET each year safely when it is applied to the skin at the correct dose indicated at the commercial preparation (in the case of it not being swallowed or rubbed into the mucous membranes). DEET has been used since 1946 with a tiny number of reported adverse effects, many of which had a history of excessive or inappropriate use of repellent. Its toxicology has been more closely scrutinized than any other repellent, and it has been deemed safe for human use, including its use on children, pregnant women, and lactating women [39]. Even though insect repellents containing DEET are safe, some side effects have been described, mainly after inappropriate use such as dermatitis, allergic reactions, neurologic and cardiovascular side effects, as well as encephalopathy in children. In addition, there are a small number of reports of systemic toxicity in adults following dermal application. The safety profile in the second and third trimester of pregnancy has been well known through inspection of very low placental cord concentrations after maternal application of DEET, but animal models do not indicate any teratogenic effects. DEET also blocks mammalian sodium and potassium ion channels contributing to the numbness of lip following the application of DEET [13]. Approval for use in young children is a controversial issue between countries, with some recommending lower concentrations, whereas others suggesting that higher strengths can be used. However, the causation between the few reported cases of encephalopathy in children and the topical use of DEET cannot be supported by a good evidence base [14, 39].
When permethrin is impregnated appropriately in cloths and nets, toxicity fearfulness is minimal [52]. Although synthetic pyrethroids are utilized worldwide as active ingredients in MRs [15] due to their relatively low toxicity to mammals [53], inappropriate application at high doses initiates neurotoxic effects such as tremors, loss of coordination, hyperactivity, paralysis, and an increase in body temperature. Other side effects include skin and eye irritation, reproductive effects, mutagenicity, alterations in the immune system, etc. [13]. Recent studies also showed that some pyrethroids are listed as endocrine disruptors and possible carcinogens [53] and pyrethroids might cause behavioral and developmental neurotoxicity, with special concern revolving around infants and children, due to their potential exposure during a sensitive neurodevelopmental stage [54]. More evidence in the recent years indicates that pyrethroid insecticides can reduce sperm count and motility, cause deformity of the sperm head, increase the count of abnormal sperm, damage sperm DNA, induce its aneuploidy rate, affect sex hormone levels, and produce reproductive toxicity [55]. Moreover, an elevated concentration of transfluthrin in the gaseous phase during the indoor application of an electric vaporizer was detected, but they found inhalation risk of airborne transfluthrin was low. The exposure levels and potential risk of pyrethroids during the applications of other types of commonly used MRs remain unknown [53]. On the other hand, long-term exposure to pyrethroid-based MRs in indoor environments causes chronic neurotoxicity, for example, dysfunction of blood-brain barrier permeability, oxidative damage to the brain, [56] and cholinergic dysfunction which cause learning and memory deficiencies [57]. Even though ventilation through natural air exchange and conditioner dissipate of airborne pollutants, residues persisting in the air and/or on indoor surfaces could potentially cause continuous exposure to the residents.
US EPA-OPP’s Biochemical Classification Committee classified IR 3535 as a biochemical in 1997, because it is functionally identical to naturally occurring beta-alanine in that both repel insects, the basic molecular structure is identical, the end groups are not likely to contribute to toxicity, and it acts to control the target pest via a nontoxic mode of action [58]. No reported toxicity has been made so far against IR 3535, and it induces less irritation to mucous membranes and exhibits safer oral and dermal toxicity than DEET which makes it an attractive alternative to DEET in disease-inflicted endemic regions [13]. The ester structure of the propionate grants essential advantages because of a short metabolic degradation and quick excretion as a simple water-soluble acid [58]. Picaridin has the advantage of being odorless and non-sticky or greasy. Moreover, unlike DEET, picaridin does not damage plastics and synthetics. In some studies, picaridin induces no adverse toxic reactions in animal studies but exhibits low toxicity and less dermatologic and olfactory irritant in other studies. Consequently, picaridin’s comparable efficacy to DEET and its suitability of application and favorable toxicity profile ranked it as an attractive option and unquestionably an acceptable alternative for protection against mosquitoes and other hematophagous arthropods to control the menace of vector-borne diseases in endemic areas [13]. DEPA does not show cytotoxicity or mutagenicity [59], thereby increasing its suitability in direct skin application. It also exhibits moderate oral toxicity (mouse oral LD50 900 mg/kg) and low to moderate dermal toxicity (rabbit and female mouse LD50 of 3500 and 2200 mg/kg, respectively) [60]. Acute and subacute inhalation toxicity studies of DEPA have also been reported [61] which indicate its applicability as aerosol formulations. Indalone was an early synthetic repellent effective against both mosquitoes and ticks. It was even more effective than DEET; however, its chronic exposure induced kidney and liver damage in rodents which restricted its application [13]. EA is approved by the US FDA, WHO and European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) [62, 63]. Furthermore, EA has been listed in the “generally recognized as safe” [64] list by the Flavour and Extract Manufacturers Association (FEMA) [65]. EA does not damage synthetic fabrics, plastics, and painted and varnished surfaces which further widen the utility of EA in bed nets, cloths, and different surfaces in the endemic settings [14, 66].
4.2 Safety of plant-based repellents
Because many conventional pesticide products fall into disfavor with the public, botanical-based pesticides should become an increasingly popular choice as repellents. There is a perception that natural products are safer for skin application and for the environment, just because they are natural and used for a long time compared to synthetic non-biodegradable products [14]. In contrast to DEET, some natural repellents are safer than others, and plant-based repellents do not have this strictly tested safety evidence, and many botanical repellents have compounds that need to be used with caution [39]. PMD has no or very little toxicity to the environment and poses no risks to humans and animals. PMD has been developed and registered for use against public health pests and is available as a spray and lotion. Not much is known about the toxicity of eucalyptus oils; however, they have been categorized as GRAS by the US EPA. Further, the oral and acute LD50 of eucalyptus oil and cineole to rat is 4440 mg/kg body weight (BW) and 2480 mg/kg BW, respectively, making it much less toxic than pyrethrins (LD50 values 350–500 mg/kg BW; US EPA, 1993) and even technical grade pyrethrum (LD50 value 1500 mg/kg BW) [40]. PMD is an important component of commercial repellents in the US and registered by US EPA and Canadian Pest Management Regulatory Agency in 2000 and 2002, respectively [13]. In contrary, lemon eucalyptus EO does not have US EPA registration for use as an insect repellent. PMD is the only plant-based repellent that has been advocated for use in disease-endemic areas by the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), due to its proven clinical efficacy to prevent malaria, and is considered to pose no risk to human health [39]. In 2005, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention made use of its influence by endorsing products containing “oil of lemon eucalyptus” (PMD), along with picaridin and DEET as the most effective repellents of mosquito vectors carrying the West Nile virus [67]. PMD provides excellent safety profile with minimal toxicity. In studies using laboratory animals, PMD demonstrated no adverse effects apart from eye irritation. It is safe for both children and adults as the toxicity of PMD is very low. However, the label indicates it should not be used on children under the age of 3 [7].
The safety of neem is extensively reviewed; azadirachtin is nontoxic to mammals and did not show chronic toxicity. Even at high concentrations, neem products were neither mutagenic nor carcinogenic, and they did not produce any skin irritations or organic alterations in mice and rats. On the other hand, reversible reproduction disturbances could occur due to the daily feeding of aqueous leaf extract for 6 and 9 weeks led to infertility of rats at 66.7 and 100%, respectively. Using unprocessed and aqueous neem-based products should be encouraged if applied with care. The pure compound azadirachtin, the unprocessed materials, the aqueous extracts, and the seed oil are safe to use even as insecticides to protect stored food for human consumption, whereas nonaqueous extracts turn out to be relatively toxic [8]. From the ecological and environmental standpoint, azadirachtin is safe and nontoxic to fish, natural enemies, pollinators, birds, and other wildlife. Azadirachtin is classified by the US EPA as class IV (practically nontoxic) [7, 8, 17] as azadirachtin breaks down within 50–100 h in water and is degraded by sunlight as the half-life of azadirachtin is only 1 day, leaving no residues. Safety and advantages of EOs are widely discussed [7, 8, 17, 39]. There is a popular belief that EOs are benign and harmless to the user. Honestly, increasing the concentration of plant EOs as repellents could increase efficacy, but high concentrations may also cause contact dermatitis. Some of the purified terpenoid ingredients of EOs are moderately toxic to mammals. Because of their volatility, EOs have limited persistence under field conditions. With few exceptions, the oils themselves or products based on them are mostly nontoxic to mammals, birds, and fish. Many of the commercial products that include EOs (EOs) are on the “generally recognized as safe” [64] list fully approved by the US FDA and EPA for food and beverage consumption. Moreover, EOs are usually devoid of long-term genotoxic risks, and some of them show a very clear antimutagenic capacity which could be linked to an anticarcinogenic activity. The prooxidant activity of EOs or some of their constituents, like that of some polyphenols, is capable of reducing local tumor volume or tumor cell proliferation by apoptotic and/or necrotic effects. Due to the capacity of EOs to interfere with mitochondrial functions, they may add prooxidant effects and thus become genuine antitumor agents. The cytotoxic capacity of the essential oils, based on a prooxidant activity, can make them outstanding antiseptic and antimicrobial agents for personal uses, that is, for purifying air, personal hygiene, or even internal use via oral consumption and for insecticidal use for the preservation of crops or food stocks. Some EOs acquired through diet are actually beneficial to human health [68, 69]. Eugenol is an eye and skin irritant and has been shown to be mutagenic and tumorigenic. Citronellol and 2-phenylethanol are skin irritants, and 2-phenylethanol is an eye irritant, mutagen, and tumorigenic; they also affect the reproductive and central nervous systems [30]. Hence, it is advised that EOs with toxic profile should be used for treating clothing rather than direct application to individual’s skin [13]. Although EOs are exempt from registration through the US EPA, they can be irritating to the skin, and their repellent effect is variable, dependent on formulation and concentration. The previously mentioned safety and advantages designate that EOs could find their way from the traditional into the modern medical, insecticidal, and repellent domain.
5. Conclusions and challenges for future research
Several diseases transmitted by mosquitoes cause high losses of human and animal lives every year. DEET is considered as a “gold standard” to which other candidate repellents are compared; therefore, DEET is the most ever-present active ingredient used in commercially available repellents, with noteworthy protection against mosquitoes and other biting insects. Unfortunately, the widespread use and effectiveness of commercial formulations containing DEET and other synthetic substances could lead to resistance [70, 71]. Some health and environmental concerns lead to the search for natural alternative repellents. The use of repellent plants has been used since antiquity [1], and it is the only effective protection available for the poor people against vectors and their associated diseases [71]. Ethnobotanical experience is passed on orally from one generation to another, but it needs to be preserved in a written form and utilized as a rich source of botanicals in repellent bioassays. Then again, the growing demand for natural repellents points up the further necessity to evaluate new plant-based products critically for personal protection against mosquitoes and mosquito-borne diseases [7, 8, 17, 18]. Regarding environmental and health concerns, plant-based repellents are better than synthetic molecules. Even though many promising plant repellents are available, their use is still limited; therefore, advance understanding of the chemical ecology of pests and the mode of repellency would be helpful for identifying competitor semiochemicals that could be incorporated into attractant or repellent formulations. There are numerous commercially available formulations enhancing the longevity of repellent, by controlling the rate of delivery and the rate of evaporation. Such formulations are very useful to people living in the endemic areas in the form of sprays, creams, lotions, aerosols, oils, evaporators, patch, canister, protective clothing, insecticide-treated clothing, and insecticide-treated bed nets [7, 8, 17]. The potential uses and benefits of microencapsulation and nanotechnology are enormous including enhancement involving nanocapsules for pest management and nanosensors for pest detection [7, 8]. Nanoparticles are effectively used to control larvae [72, 73, 74, 75, 76] and to repel adults of mosquitoes [77, 78].
Polymer-based formulations allow entrapping active ingredients and provide release control. Encapsulation into polymeric micro/nanocapsules, cyclodextrins, polymeric micelles, or hydrogels constitutes an approach to modify physicochemical properties of encapsulated molecules. Such techniques, applied in topical formulations, fabric modification for personal protection, or food packaging, have been proven to be more effective in increasing repellency time and also in reducing drug dermal absorption, improving safety profiles of these products. In this work, the main synthetic and natural insect repellents are described as well as their polymeric carrier systems and their potential applications [79]. Encapsulated EO nanoemulsion is prepared to create stable droplets to increase the retention of the oil and slow down release. The release rate correlates well to the protection time so that a decrease in release rate can prolong mosquito protection time. Microencapsulation is another way to slowly release the active ingredients of repellents. In laboratory conditions, the microencapsulated formulations of the EOs showed no significant difference with regard to the duration of repellent effect compared to the microencapsulated DEET used at the highest concentration (20%). It exhibited >98% repellent effect for the duration of 4 h, whereas, in the field conditions, these formulations demonstrated the comparable repellent effect (100% for a duration of 3 h) to Citriodiol®-based repellent (Mosiguard®). In both test conditions, the microencapsulated formulations of the EOs presented longer duration of 100% repellent effect (between 1 and 2 h) than non-encapsulated formulations [80]. Microencapsulation reduces membrane permeation of CO while maintaining a constant supply of the citronella oil [81]. Moreover, using gelatin Arabic gum microcapsules also prolonged the effect of natural repellents. In addition, the functionalization of titanium dioxide nanoparticles on the surface of polymeric microcapsules was investigated as a mean to control the release of encapsulated citronella through solar radiation. The results showed that functionalizing the microcapsules with nanoparticles on their surface and then exposing them to ultraviolet radiation effectively increased the output of citronella into the air for repelling the mosquitoes without human intervention, as the sunlight works as a release activator [82].
It is recommended to use US EPA-registered insect repellents including one of the active ingredients: DEET, Picaridin, IR3535, Oil of lemon eucalyptus (OLE), Para-menthane-diol (PMD), and 2-undecanone. Synthetic MRs are applied for years but induced some safety and environmental concerns; as a result, the advancement in the development of repellents from the botanical origin is encouraged. But some obstacles are hindering botanical repellents which as the source availability, standardization, commercialization, and analyses in order to certify the efficacy and safety [7]. Commercially available repellents are provided in Table 1. For saving time and efforts, a high-throughput chemical informatics screen via a structure-activity approach, molecular-based chemical prospecting [83], as well as computer-aided molecular modeling [84] would accelerate the exploration of new environmentally safe and cost-effective novel repellents which activated the same chemosensory pathways as DEET at a fairly shorter time and lower costs [13]. The selection of various repellents could be tailored along with the profile of safety concerns and biting vectors at the travelers’ and military destinations by reducing annoyance and the incidence of illness. The use of these technologies to enhance the performance of natural repellents may revolutionize the repellent market and make EOs a more viable option for use in long-lasting repellents. Green technologies and cash cropping of repellent plants afford a vital source of income for small-scale farmers and producers in developing countries and raise the national economy. Moreover, in some developing countries where tourism is a chief source of national income, the use of repellents would increase the pleasure and comfort of tourists. Finally, much faster work needs to be done to discover new and safe repellents for personal protection from mosquitoes.
Repellent composition
Dose
Study variety
Mosquito spp.
Mean CPT
Protection
Reference
%
Time interval
Bio Skincare®
Natural oil of jojoba, rapeseed, coconut, and vit. E
\n',keywords:"repellent plants, synthetic repellents, treated clothes, nanoparticles, microencapsulation",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/68538.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/68538.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68538",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68538",totalDownloads:911,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:1,dateSubmitted:"October 13th 2017",dateReviewed:"June 5th 2019",datePrePublished:"August 8th 2019",datePublished:"December 11th 2019",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:"Mosquitoes are serious vectors of diseases threading millions of humans and animals worldwide, as malaria, filariasis, and important arboviruses like dengue, yellow fever, chikungunya, West Nile virus, and Zika viruses. The swift spread of arboviruses, parasites, and bacteria in conjunction with the development of resistance in the pathogens, parasites, and vectors represents a great challenge in modern parasitology and tropical medicine. Unfortunately, synthetic insecticides had led to some serious health and risk concerns. There are no vaccines or other specific treatments for arboviruses transmitted by mosquitoes. Accordingly, avoidance of mosquito bites remains the first line of defense. Insect repellents usually work by providing a vapor barrier deterring mosquitoes from coming into contact with the skin surface, and this chapter focused on assets and liabilities, mechanism of action, improving efficacy, safety, and future perspective of synthetic and natural repellents that could potentially prevent mosquito-host interactions, thereby playing an important role in reducing mosquito-borne diseases when used correctly and consistently.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/68538",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/68538",signatures:"Hanem Fathy Khater, Abdelfattah M. Selim, Galal A. Abouelella, Nour A. Abouelella, Kadarkarai Murugan, Nelissa P. Vaz and Marimuthu Govindarajan",book:{id:"7839",title:"Malaria",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Malaria",slug:"malaria",publishedDate:"December 11th 2019",bookSignature:"Fyson H. Kasenga",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7839.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"86725",title:"Dr.",name:"Fyson",middleName:"Hanania",surname:"Kasenga",slug:"fyson-kasenga",fullName:"Fyson Kasenga"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"71812",title:"Prof.",name:"Hanem Fathy",middleName:"Fathy",surname:"Khater",fullName:"Hanem Fathy Khater",slug:"hanem-fathy-khater",email:"hanemkhater@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Banha University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"191392",title:"Dr.",name:"Marimuthu",middleName:null,surname:"Govindarajan",fullName:"Marimuthu Govindarajan",slug:"marimuthu-govindarajan",email:"drgovind1979@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"192870",title:"Dr.",name:"Nelissa",middleName:null,surname:"P. Vaz",fullName:"Nelissa P. Vaz",slug:"nelissa-p.-vaz",email:"nelissavaz@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Paraná",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"229581",title:"Prof.",name:"Kadarkarai",middleName:null,surname:"Murugan",fullName:"Kadarkarai Murugan",slug:"kadarkarai-murugan",email:"kmvvkg@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"310230",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdelfattah M.",middleName:null,surname:"Selim",fullName:"Abdelfattah M. Selim",slug:"abdelfattah-m.-selim",email:"abdelfattah.selim@fvtm.bu.edu.eg",position:null,institution:null},{id:"310231",title:"Dr.",name:"Galal A.",middleName:null,surname:"Abouelella",fullName:"Galal A. Abouelella",slug:"galal-a.-abouelella",email:"galal_ahmed_bue@yahoo.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"310232",title:"Dr.",name:"Nour A.",middleName:null,surname:"Abouelella",fullName:"Nour A. Abouelella",slug:"nour-a.-abouelella",email:"nour131733@bue.edu.eg",position:null,institution:null}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Synthetic repellents",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2_2",title:"2.1 DEET",level:"2"},{id:"sec_3_2",title:"2.2 Permethrin",level:"2"},{id:"sec_4_2",title:"2.3 Picaridin",level:"2"},{id:"sec_5_2",title:"2.4 DEPA",level:"2"},{id:"sec_6_2",title:"2.5 Insect repellent 3535",level:"2"},{id:"sec_7_2",title:"2.6 Ethyl anthranilate",level:"2"},{id:"sec_8_2",title:"2.7 Comparative efficacy of synthetic repellents",level:"2"},{id:"sec_10",title:"3. Botanicals",level:"1"},{id:"sec_10_2",title:"3.1 PMD and lemon-scented eucalyptus",level:"2"},{id:"sec_11_2",title:"3.2 Citronella",level:"2"},{id:"sec_12_2",title:"3.3 Neem and methyl jasmonate",level:"2"},{id:"sec_13_2",title:"3.4 Essential oils",level:"2"},{id:"sec_15",title:"4. Safety of repellents",level:"1"},{id:"sec_15_2",title:"4.1 Safety of synthetic repellents",level:"2"},{id:"sec_16_2",title:"4.2 Safety of plant-based repellents",level:"2"},{id:"sec_18",title:"5. Conclusions and challenges for future research",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Khater HF. Introductory chapter: Back to the future-solutions for parasitic problems as old as the pyramids. In: Natural Remedies in the Fight Against Parasites. Rijeka, Croatia: InTech; 2017'},{id:"B2",body:'Khalifa NO, Khater HF, Nassief MZ. Genetic fingerprint of unilocular hydatidosis in Egyptian camels and humans using nested PCR. Pakistan Veterinary Journal. 2014;34(4):522-526'},{id:"B3",body:'Ali A, Seddiek SA, Khater H. Effect of butyrate, clopidol and their combination on the performance of broilers infected with Eimeria maxima. British Poultry Science. 2014;55(4):474-482'},{id:"B4",body:'Seddiek SA et al. The antitrichomonal efficacy of garlic and metronidazole against Trichomonas gallinae infecting domestic pigeons. Parasitology Research. 2014;113(4):1319-1329'},{id:"B5",body:'Khater H, Khalifa N, Barakat A. Serological and molecular studies of ovine and human toxoplasmosis with a trial of treatment of infected ewe. Scientific Journal of Veterinary Advances. 2013;2:157-168'},{id:"B6",body:'El-Madawy R, Khalifa N, Khater H. Detection of cryptosporidial infection among Egyptian stray dogs by using Cryptosporidium parvum outer wall protein gene. Bulgarian Journal of Veterinary Medicine. 2010;13:104-110'},{id:"B7",body:'Khater H. Bioactivity of essential oils as green biopesticides: Recent global scenario. In: Essentials Oils. II. Recent Progress in Medicinal Plants. Vol. 37. USA: Studium Press LLC; 2013. pp. 151-218'},{id:"B8",body:'Khater HF. Prospects of botanical biopesticides in insect pest management. Pharmacologia. 2012;3(12):641-656'},{id:"B9",body:'Benelli G, Mehlhorn H. Declining malaria, rising of dengue and Zika virus: Insights for mosquito vector control. Parasitology Research. 2016;115(5):1747-1754'},{id:"B10",body:'Benelli G. Research in mosquito control: Current challenges for a brighter future. Parasitology Research. 2015;114(8):2801-2805'},{id:"B11",body:'Khater H. Spice up your Life and Garden: Precious Treasures in your Kitchen. Washington: Kindle Direct Publisher; 2017. p. 135'},{id:"B12",body:'Moore SJ, Debboun M. History of insect repellents. In: Insect Repellents: Principles, Methods and Uses. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, Taylor & Francis group; 2007. pp. 3-29. Available from: https://books.google.com.eg/books?hl=ar&lr=&id=l2DLBQAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA3&dq=Moore+SJ,+Debboun+M.+History+of+58+insect+repellents.+In:+Insect+Repellents:+59+Principles,+Methods+and+Uses.+2007.+60+pp.+3-29&ots=FCV6oMhPld&sig=qm12c7HUgu2uDMNS6ygQ6SXnHfY&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false'},{id:"B13",body:'Islam J et al. Mosquito repellents: An insight into the chronological perspectives and novel discoveries. Acta Tropica. 2017;167(Suppl. C):216-230'},{id:"B14",body:'Lupi E, Hatz C, Schlagenhauf P. The efficacy of repellents against Aedes, Anopheles, Culex and Ixodes spp.—A literature review. Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease. 2013;11(6):374-411'},{id:"B15",body:'Yadav NP et al. A novel approach for development and characterization of effective mosquito repellent cream formulation containing citronella oil. BioMed Research International. 2014;2014:1-11. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/6475624'},{id:"B16",body:'Reiter P. Global warming and malaria: Knowing the horse before hitching the cart. Malaria Journal. 2008;7(1):S3'},{id:"B17",body:'Khater HF. Ecosmart biorational insecticides: Alternative insect control strategies. In: Insecticides—Advances in Integrated Pest Management. Rijeka, Croatia: InTech; 2012'},{id:"B18",body:'Pavela R, Benelli G. Ethnobotanical knowledge on botanical repellents employed in the African region against mosquito vectors—A review. Experimental Parasitology. 2016;167(Suppl. C):103-108'},{id:"B19",body:'Weldon PJ et al. Benzoquinones from millipedes deter mosquitoes and elicit self-anointing in capuchin monkeys (Cebus spp.). Naturwissenschaften. 2003;90(7):301-304'},{id:"B20",body:'Pavela R, Benelli G. Essential oils as ecofriendly biopesticides? Challenges and constraints. Trends in Plant Science. 2016;21(12):1000-1007'},{id:"B21",body:'Norris EJ, Coats JR. Current and future repellent technologies: The potential of spatial repellents and their place in mosquito-borne disease control. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2017;14(2):124'},{id:"B22",body:'Leal WS. The enigmatic reception of DEET—The gold standard of insect repellents. Current Opinion in Insect Science. 2014;6:93-98'},{id:"B23",body:'Deletre E et al. Prospects for repellent in pest control: Current developments and future challenges. Chemoecology. 2016;26(4):127-142'},{id:"B24",body:'Boeckh J et al. Acylated 1,3-aminopropanols as repellents against bloodsucking arthropods. Pest Management Science. 1996;48(4):359-373'},{id:"B25",body:'Pages F et al. Tick repellents for human use: Prevention of tick bites and tick-borne diseases. Vector Borne and Zoonotic Diseases. 2014;14(2):85-93'},{id:"B26",body:'Frances S et al. Field evaluation of repellent formulations containing deet and picaridin against mosquitoes in Northern Territory, Australia. Journal of Medical Entomology. 2004;41(3):414-417'},{id:"B27",body:'Costantini C, Badolo A, Ilboudo-Sanogo E. Field evaluation of the efficacy and persistence of insect repellents DEET, IR3535, and KBR 3023 against Anopheles gambiae complex and other Afrotropical vector mosquitoes. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2004;98(11):644-652'},{id:"B28",body:'Frances S et al. Field evaluation of commercial repellent formulations against mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in Northern Territory, Australia. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association. 2005;21(4):480-482'},{id:"B29",body:'Goodyer L, Schofield S. Mosquito repellents for the traveller: Does picaridin provide longer protection than DEET?. Journal of Travel Medicine. 2018;25(Suppl_1):S10-S15'},{id:"B30",body:'Bissinger BW, Roe RM. Tick repellents: Past, present, and future. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology. 2010;96(2):63-79'},{id:"B31",body:'Nasci RS, Wirtz RA, Brogdon WG. Protection against mosquitoes, ticks, and other arthropods. In: CDC Health Information for International Travel. New York: Oxford University Press; 2016. pp. 94-99. Available from: https://books.google.com.eg/books?hl=ar&lr=&id=HshsCAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA94&dq=NASCI,+Roger+S.%3B+WIRTZ,+Robert+A.%3B+BROGDON,+William+G.+Protection+against+mosquitoes,+ticks,+and+other+arthropods.+CDC+health+information+for+international+travel,+2016,+94-9.%E2%80%8F&ots=rH6BQaUTl-&sig=v5Ybtw5KXSO_D90cAxtN0hO23PI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false'},{id:"B32",body:'Carroll SP. Prolonged efficacy of IR3535 repellents against mosquitoes and blacklegged ticks in North America. Journal of Medical Entomology. 2008;45(4):706-714'},{id:"B33",body:'Kain P et al. Odour receptors and neurons for DEET and new insect repellents. Nature. 2013;502(7472):507'},{id:"B34",body:'Islam J et al. Protection against mosquito vectors Aedes aegypti, Anopheles stephensi and Culex quinquefasciatus using a novel insect repellent, ethyl anthranilate. Acta Tropica. 2017;174:56-63'},{id:"B35",body:'Isman MB et al. Essential Oil-Based Pesticides: New Insights from Old Chemistry. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH; 2007'},{id:"B36",body:'Vaz NP, De Oliveira DR, Abouelella GA, Khater H. In: Govil J, editor. The Black Seed, Nigella sativa (Ranunculaceae), For Prevention and Treatment of Hypertension. USA: Studium Press LLC.; 2018'},{id:"B37",body:'Seddiek SA et al. Anthelmintic activity of the white wormwood, Artemisia herba-alba against Heterakis gallinarum infecting Turkey poults. Journal of Medicinal Plant Research. 2011;5(16):3946-3957'},{id:"B38",body:'Nerio LS, Olivero-Verbel J, Stashenko E. Repellent activity of essential oils: A review. Bioresource Technology. 2010;101(1):372-378'},{id:"B39",body:'Maia MF, Moore SJ. Plant-based insect repellents: A review of their efficacy, development and testing. Malaria Journal. 2011;10(1):S11'},{id:"B40",body:'Batish DR et al. Eucalyptus essential oil as a natural pesticide. Forest Ecology and Management. 2008;256(12):2166-2174'},{id:"B41",body:'Al-Quraishy S et al. Observations on effects of a neem seed extract (MiteStop®) on biting lice (mallophages) and bloodsucking insects parasitizing horses. Parasitology Research. 2012;110(1):335-339'},{id:"B42",body:'Khater HF, El-Shorbagy MM, Seddiek SA. Lousicidal efficacy of camphor oil, d-phenothrin, and deltamethrin against the slender pigeon louse, Columbicola columbae. International Journal of Veterinary Science and Medicine. 2014;2(1):7-13'},{id:"B43",body:'Khater HF. Bioactivities of some essential oils against the camel nasal botfly, Cephalopina titillator. Parasitology Research. 2014;113(2):593-605'},{id:"B44",body:'Shalaby A, Khater H. Toxicity of certain solvent extracts of Rosmarinus officinalis against Culex pipiens larvae. Journal of Egyptian-German Society of Zoology E. 2005;48:69-80'},{id:"B45",body:'Khater HF, Shalaby AA-S. Potential of biologically active plant oils to control mosquito larvae (Culex pipiens, Diptera: Culicidae) from an Egyptian locality. Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo. 2008;50(2):107-112'},{id:"B46",body:'Khater HF, Ramadan MY, Mageid ADA. In vitro control of the camel nasal botfly, Cephalopina titillator, with doramectin, lavender, camphor, and onion oils. Parasitology Research. 2013;112(7):2503-2510'},{id:"B47",body:'Khater HF, Ramadan MY, El-Madawy RS. Lousicidal, ovicidal and repellent efficacy of some essential oils against lice and flies infesting water buffaloes in Egypt. Veterinary Parasitology. 2009;164(2-4):257-266'},{id:"B48",body:'Khater HF, Khater D. The insecticidal activity of four medicinal plants against the blowfly Lucilia sericata (Diptera: Calliphoridae). International Journal of Dermatology. 2009;48(5):492-497'},{id:"B49",body:'Khater HF et al. Control of the myiasis-producing fly, Lucilia sericata, with Egyptian essential oils. International Journal of Dermatology. 2011;50(2):187-194'},{id:"B50",body:'Khater HF et al. Toxicity and growth inhibition potential of vetiver, cinnamon, and lavender essential oils and their blends against larvae of the sheep blowfly, Lucilia sericata. International Journal of Dermatology. 2018;57(4):449-457'},{id:"B51",body:'Krajick K. Keeping the bugs at bay. Science. 2006;313(5783):36-38. DOI: 10.1126/science.313.5783.36. Available from: https://science.sciencemag.org/content/313/5783/36?ijkey=2e16a3949e13d8253c2419859114f8dc92c569c2&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha'},{id:"B52",body:'Moore SJ, Mordue AJ, Logan JG. Insect bite prevention. Infectious Disease Clinics. 2012;26(3):655-673'},{id:"B53",body:'Vesin A et al. Transfluthrin indoor air concentration and inhalation exposure during application of electric vaporizers. Environment International. 2013;60:1-6'},{id:"B54",body:'Li H, Lydy MJ, You J. Pyrethroids in indoor air during application of various mosquito repellents: Occurrence, dissipation and potential exposure risk. Chemosphere. 2016;144:2427-2435'},{id:"B55",body:'Sengupta P, Banerjee R. Environmental toxins: Alarming impacts of pesticides on male fertility. Human & Experimental Toxicology. 2014;33(10):1017-1039'},{id:"B56",body:'Sinha C et al. Mosquito repellent (pyrethroid-based) induced dysfunction of blood-brain barrier permeability in developing brain. International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience. 2004;22(1):31-37'},{id:"B57",body:'Sinha C et al. Behavioral and neurochemical effects induced by pyrethroid-based mosquito repellent exposure in rat offsprings during prenatal and early postnatal period. Neurotoxicology and Teratology. 2006;28(4):472-481'},{id:"B58",body:'Bohlmann AM, Broschard T, Heider L. In: International Conference on Biopesticides VI; Chiang Mai, Thailand; 2011'},{id:"B59",body:'Meshram G, Rao K. N,N-diethylphenylacetamide, an insect repellent: Absence of mutagenic response in the in vitro Ames test and in vivo mouse micronucleus test. Food and Chemical Toxicology: An International Journal Published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association. 1988;26(9):791-796'},{id:"B60",body:'Rao S, Kaveeshwar U, Purkayastha S. Acute oral toxicity of insect repellent N,N-diethylphenylacetamide in mice, rats and rabbits and protective effect of sodium pentobarbital. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology. 1993;31(9):755-760'},{id:"B61",body:'Rao S et al. Gas chromatographic identification of urinary metabolites of insect repellent N,N-diethylphenylacetamide on inhalation exposure in rats. Journal of Chromatography B: Biomedical Sciences and Applications. 1989;493:210-216'},{id:"B62",body:'Kline DL et al. Olfactometric evaluation of spatial repellents for Aedes aegypti. Journal of Medical Entomology. 2003;40(4):463-467'},{id:"B63",body:'Api A et al. RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, ethyl anthranilate, CAS registry number 87-25-2. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 2015;82:S97-S104'},{id:"B64",body:'Manigrasso M et al. Temporal evolution of ultrafine particles and of alveolar deposited surface area from main indoor combustion and non-combustion sources in a model room. Science of the Total Environment. 2017;598:1015-1026'},{id:"B65",body:'Opdyke DLJ. Monographs on Fragrance Raw Materials. New York: First Pregamon Press; 1979'},{id:"B66",body:'Islam J et al. Exploration of ethyl anthranilate-loaded monolithic matrix-type prophylactic polymeric patch. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis. 2017;25(4):968-975'},{id:"B67",body:'Alpern JD et al. Personal protection measures against mosquitoes, ticks, and other arthropods. Medical Clinics. 2016;100(2):303-316'},{id:"B68",body:'Belščak-Cvitanović A, Durgo K, Huđek A, Bačun-Družina V, Komes D. Overview of polyphenols and their properties. In: Polyphenols: Properties, Recovery, and Applications. Woodhead Publishing; 2018. pp. 3-44. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128135723000014'},{id:"B69",body:'Mileo AM, Miccadei S. Polyphenols as modulator of oxidative stress in cancer disease: New therapeutic strategies. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. 2016;2016:1-17. Article ID: 6475624. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/6475624'},{id:"B70",body:'Stanczyk NM et al. Behavioral insensitivity to DEET in Aedes aegypti is a genetically determined trait residing in changes in sensillum function. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2010;107(19):8575-8580'},{id:"B71",body:'Klun JA et al. Comparative resistance of Anopheles albimanus and Aedes aegypti to N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (Deet) and 2-methylpiperidinyl-3-cyclohexen-1-carboxamide (AI3-37220) in laboratory human-volunteer repellent assays. Journal of Medical Entomology. 2004;41(3):418-422'},{id:"B72",body:'Murugan K et al. Predation by Asian bullfrog tadpoles, Hoplobatrachus tigerinus, against the dengue vector, Aedes aegypti, in an aquatic environment treated with mosquitocidal nanoparticles. Parasitology Research. 2015;114(10):3601-3610'},{id:"B73",body:'Roni M et al. Characterization and biotoxicity of Hypnea musciformis-synthesized silver nanoparticles as potential eco-friendly control tool against Aedes aegypti and Plutella xylostella. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 2015;121:31-38'},{id:"B74",body:'Govindarajan M et al. One-pot fabrication of silver nanocrystals using Nicandra physalodes: A novel route for mosquito vector control with moderate toxicity on non-target water bugs. Research in Veterinary Science. 2016;107:95-101'},{id:"B75",body:'Govindarajan M et al. Single-step biosynthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles using Zornia diphylla leaves: A potent eco-friendly tool against malaria and arbovirus vectors. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology. 2016;161:482-489'},{id:"B76",body:'Benelli G et al. Mosquito control with green nanopesticides: Towards the one health approach? A review of non-target effects. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2018;25(11):10184-10206'},{id:"B77",body:'Balaji APB et al. Polymeric nanoencapsulation of insect repellent: Evaluation of its bioefficacy on Culex quinquefasciatus mosquito population and effective impregnation onto cotton fabrics for insect repellent clothing. Journal of King Saud University—Science. 2017;29(4):517-527'},{id:"B78",body:'Karr JI, Speaker TJ, Kasting GB. A novel encapsulation of N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (DEET) favorably modifies skin absorption while maintaining effective evaporation rates. Journal of Controlled Release. 2012;160(3):502-508'},{id:"B79",body:'Nogueira Barradas T et al. Polymer-based drug delivery systems applied to insects repellents devices: A review. Current Drug Delivery. 2016;13(2):221-235'},{id:"B80",body:'Misni N, Nor ZM, Ahmad R. Repellent effect of microencapsulated essential oil in lotion formulation against mosquito bites. Journal of Vector Borne Diseases. 2017;54(1):44'},{id:"B81",body:'Solomon B et al. Microencapsulation of citronella oil for mosquito-repellent application: Formulation and in vitro permeation studies. European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics. 2012;80(1):61-66'},{id:"B82",body:'Ribeiro AD et al. Microencapsulation of citronella oil for solar-activated controlled release as an insect repellent. Applied Materials Today. 2016;5:90-97'},{id:"B83",body:'Leal WS. Molecular-based chemical prospecting of mosquito attractants and repellents. In: Insect Repellents: Principles, Methods, and Uses. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 2007. pp. 229-242'},{id:"B84",body:'Tauxe GM et al. Targeting a dual detector of skin and CO2 to modify mosquito host seeking. Cell. 2013;155(6):1365-1379'},{id:"B85",body:'Govere J et al. Efficacy of three insect repellents against the malaria vector Anopheles arabiensis. Medical and Veterinary Entomology. 2000;14(4):441-444'},{id:"B86",body:'Witting-Bissinger B et al. Novel arthropod repellent, BioUD, is an efficacious alternative to deet. Journal of Medical Entomology. 2008;45(5):891-898'},{id:"B87",body:'Barnard DR, Xue R-D. Laboratory evaluation of mosquito repellents against Aedes albopictus, Culex nigripalpus, and Ochlerotatus triseriatus (Diptera: Culicidae). Journal of Medical Entomology. 2004;41(4):726-730'},{id:"B88",body:'Webb CE, Russell RC. Is the extract from the plant catmint (Nepeta cataria) repellent to mosquitoes in Australia? Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association. 2007;23(3):351-354'},{id:"B89",body:'Lindsay LR et al. Evaluation of the efficacy of 3Vo citronella candles and 5Vo citronella incense for protection against field populations of Aedes mosquitoes. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association. 1996;12:293-294'},{id:"B90",body:'Fradin MS, Day JF. Comparative efficacy of insect repellents against mosquito bites. New England Journal of Medicine. 2002;347(1):13-18'},{id:"B91",body:'Tuetun B et al. Repellent properties of celery, Apium graveolens L., compared with commercial repellents, against mosquitoes under laboratory and field conditions. Tropical Medicine & International Health. 2005;10(11):1190-1198'},{id:"B92",body:'Tuetun B et al. Celery-based topical repellents as a potential natural alternative for personal protection against mosquitoes. Parasitology Research. 2008;104(1):107-115'},{id:"B93",body:'Chang KS et al. Repellency of cinnamomum cassia bark compounds and cream containing cassia oil to Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) under laboratory and indoor conditions. Pest Management Science. 2006;62(11):1032-1038'},{id:"B94",body:'Kim SI et al. Repellency of aerosol and cream products containing fennel oil to mosquitoes under laboratory and field conditions. Pest Management Science. 2004;60(11):1125-1130'},{id:"B95",body:'Trongtokit Y, Curtis CF, Rongsriyam Y. Efficacy of repellent products against caged and free flying Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health. 2005;36(6):1423'},{id:"B96",body:'Mittal P et al. Efficacy of advanced odomos repellent cream (N,N-diethyl-benzamide) against mosquito vectors. The Indian Journal of Medical Research. 2011;133(4):426'},{id:"B97",body:'McPhatter LP, Mischler PD, Webb MZ, Chauhan K, Lindroth EJ, Richardson AG, et al. Laboratory and semi-field evaluations of two (Transfluthrin) spatial repellent devices against Aedes aeģypti (L.)(Diptera: Culicidae). US Army Medical Department Journal. January-June 2017, pp.13-22. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Lee_Mcphatter/publication/323016579_Laboratory_and_semi-field_evaluations_of_two_transfluthrin_spatial_repellent_devices_against_Aedes_aegypti_L_Diptera_Culicidae/links/5b7ef0f74585151fd12e6481/Laboratory-and-semi-field-evaluations-of-two-transfluthrin-spatial-repellent-devices-against-Aedes-aegypti-L-Diptera-Culicidae.pdf#page=15'},{id:"B98",body:'Lucas J et al. US Laboratory and field trials of metofluthrin (SumiOne®) emanators for reducing mosquito biting outdoors. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association. 2007;23(1):47-54'},{id:"B99",body:'Xue R-D et al. Field evaluation of the off! Clip-on mosquito repellent (metofluthrin) against Aedes albopictus and Aedes taeniorhynchus (Diptera: Culicidae) in northeastern Florida. Journal of Medical Entomology. 2012;49(3):652-655'},{id:"B100",body:'Dame DA et al. Field evaluation of four spatial repellent devices against Arkansas rice-land mosquitoes. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association. 2014;30(1):31-36'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Hanem Fathy Khater",address:"hanemkhater@gmail.com;, hanem.salem@fvtm.bu.edu.eg",affiliation:'
Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Egypt
'},{corresp:null,contributorFullName:"Abdelfattah M. Selim",address:null,affiliation:'
Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Toukh, Egypt
'},{corresp:null,contributorFullName:"Galal A. Abouelella",address:null,affiliation:'
Faculty of Pharmacy, British University of Egypt, Egypt
'},{corresp:null,contributorFullName:"Nour A. Abouelella",address:null,affiliation:'
Faculty of Pharmacy, British University of Egypt, Egypt
Unit of Vector Control, Phytochemistry and Nanotechnology, Department of Zoology, Annamalai University, India
'}],corrections:null},book:{id:"7839",title:"Malaria",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Malaria",slug:"malaria",publishedDate:"December 11th 2019",bookSignature:"Fyson H. Kasenga",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7839.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"86725",title:"Dr.",name:"Fyson",middleName:"Hanania",surname:"Kasenga",slug:"fyson-kasenga",fullName:"Fyson Kasenga"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},profile:{item:{id:"110571",title:"Dr.",name:"Emanuele",middleName:null,surname:"Tassi",email:"tassi@cpt.univ-mrs.fr",fullName:"Emanuele Tassi",slug:"emanuele-tassi",position:null,biography:null,institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",totalCites:0,totalChapterViews:"0",outsideEditionCount:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalEditedBooks:"0",personalWebsiteURL:null,twitterURL:null,linkedinURL:null,institution:{name:"Centre national de la recherche scientifique",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Morocco"}}},booksEdited:[],chaptersAuthored:[{title:"Sub-Fluid Models in Dissipative Magneto-Hydrodynamics",slug:"sub-fluid-models-in-dissipative-magneto-hydrodynamics",abstract:null,signatures:"Massimo Materassi, Giuseppe Consolini and Emanuele Tassi",authors:[{id:"110570",title:"Dr.",name:"Giuseppe",surname:"Consolini",fullName:"Giuseppe Consolini",slug:"giuseppe-consolini",email:"giuseppe.consolini@ifsi-roma.inaf.it"},{id:"110571",title:"Dr.",name:"Emanuele",surname:"Tassi",fullName:"Emanuele Tassi",slug:"emanuele-tassi",email:"tassi@cpt.univ-mrs.fr"},{id:"173629",title:"Dr.",name:"Massimo",surname:"Materassi",fullName:"Massimo Materassi",slug:"massimo-materassi",email:"massimomaterassi27@gmail.com"}],book:{title:"Topics in Magnetohydrodynamics",slug:"topics-in-magnetohydrodynamics",productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume"}}}],collaborators:[{id:"102649",title:"Prof.",name:"Ravi",surname:"Samtaney",slug:"ravi-samtaney",fullName:"Ravi Samtaney",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"103870",title:"Dr.",name:"Linjin",surname:"Zheng",slug:"linjin-zheng",fullName:"Linjin Zheng",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/103870/images/3593_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Linjin Zheng specializes in both analytic theory and large-scale numerical computation of magnetically confined plasmas. He received his M. S. degree from The University of Science and Technology of China and Ph. D. from Institute of Physics – Beijing, Chinese Academy of Sciences. He is currently working at Institute for Fusion Studies, The University of Texas at Austin. He published more than hundred scientific papers for examples in Phys. Rev. Letts, Phys. Letts, Nucl. Fusion, Phys. of Plasmas, and major conferences. His researches cover both ideal/resistive MHD and kinetic theories for MHD modes and drift waves, etc. His major contributions with his colleagues include the discovery of 2nd toroidal Alfven egenmodes, reformulation of gyrokinetic theory, development of physical interpretation of so-called edge localized modes, etc. He also developed the AEGIS and AEGIS-K codes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"The University of Texas at Austin",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"104203",title:"Dr.",name:"Gou",surname:"Nishida",slug:"gou-nishida",fullName:"Gou Nishida",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"RIKEN",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"104855",title:"Dr.",name:"Pablo",surname:"García-Martínez",slug:"pablo-garcia-martinez",fullName:"Pablo García-Martínez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Laboratoire de Physique des Plasmas",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"105645",title:"Prof.",name:"Ivan",surname:"Zhelyazkov",slug:"ivan-zhelyazkov",fullName:"Ivan Zhelyazkov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sofia University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"110570",title:"Dr.",name:"Giuseppe",surname:"Consolini",slug:"giuseppe-consolini",fullName:"Giuseppe Consolini",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"111487",title:"Prof.",name:"Noboru",surname:"Sakamoto",slug:"noboru-sakamoto",fullName:"Noboru Sakamoto",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nagoya University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"112456",title:"Prof.",name:"Tomohiko",surname:"Asai",slug:"tomohiko-asai",fullName:"Tomohiko Asai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nihon University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"113922",title:"Prof.",name:"Tsutomu",surname:"Takahashi",slug:"tsutomu-takahashi",fullName:"Tsutomu Takahashi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nihon University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"173629",title:"Dr.",name:"Massimo",surname:"Materassi",slug:"massimo-materassi",fullName:"Massimo Materassi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/173629/images/4159_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Research Council",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}}]},generic:{page:{slug:"partnerships",title:"Partnerships",intro:"
IntechOpen has always supported new and evolving ideas in scholarly publishing. We understand the community we serve, but to provide an even better service for our IntechOpen Authors and Academic Editors, we have partnered with leading companies and associations in the scientific field and beyond.
",metaTitle:"Partnerships",metaDescription:"IntechOpen was built by scientists, for scientists. We understand the community we serve, but to bring an even better service to the table for IntechOpen Authors and Academic Editors, we partnered with the leading companies and associations in the industry and beyond.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/partnerships",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"
ALPSP
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
The Association of Learned and Professional Society Publishers (ALPSP) is the largest association of scholarly and professional publishers in the world. Its mission is to connect, inform, develop and represent the international scholarly and professional publishing community. IntechOpen has been a member of ALPSP since 2016 and has consequently stayed informed about industry trends through connecting with peers and developing jointly.
\\n
\\n\\n
OASPA
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
The Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA) was established in 2008 to represent the interests of Open Access (OA) publishers globally in all scientific, technical and scholarly disciplines. Its mission is carried out through exchange of information, the setting of standards, advancing models, advocacy, education, and the promotion of innovation.
\\n
\\n\\n
STM
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
The International Association of Scientific, Technical and Medical Publishers (STM) is the leading global trade association for academic and professional publishers. As a member, IntechOpen has not only made a commitment to STM's Ethical Principles.
\\n
\\n\\n
COPE
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
The Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) provides advice to editors and publishers on all aspects of publication ethics and, in particular, how to handle cases of misconduct in research and publication. IntechOpen has been a member of COPE since 2013 and adheres to the COPE Code of Conduct and Best Practice Guidelines, ensuring that we maintain the highest ethical standards.
\\n
\\n\\n
Creative Commons
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Creative Commons (CC) is a nonprofit organization that enables the sharing and use of creativity and knowledge through free legal tools. IntechOpen uses the CC BY 3.0 license for chapters, meaning Authors retain copyright and their work can be reused and adapted as long as the source is properly cited and Authors are acknowledged.
\\n
\\n\\n
Crossref
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Crossref is the official Digital Object Identifier (DOI) Registration Agency for scholarly and professional publications with a goal of making scholarly communications more effective. IntechOpen deposits metadata and registers DOIs for all content using the Crossref System. IntechOpen also deposits its references and uses the Crossref Cited-by service that enables researchers to track citation statistics.
\\n
\\n\\n
Altmetric and Dimensions from Digital Science
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Digital Science is a technology company serving the needs of scientific and research communities at key points along the full cycle of research. They support innovative businesses and technologies that make all parts of the research process more open, efficient and effective. IntechOpen integrates tools such as Altmetric to enable our researchers to track and measure the activity around their academic research and Dimensions, to ease access to the most relevant information and better understand and analyze the global research landscape.
\\n
\\n\\n
CLOCKSS
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
CLOCKSS preserves scholarly publications in original formats, ensuring that they always remain available and openly accessible to everyone.
\\n
\\n\\n
Counter
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
COUNTER provides the Code of Practice that enables publishers and vendors to report usage of their electronic resources in a consistent way. This enables libraries to compare data received from different publishers and vendors.
\\n
\\n\\n
DORA
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
DORA is a worldwide initiative covering all scholarly disciplines which recognizes the need to improve the ways in which the outputs of scholarly research are evaluated and seeks to develop and promote best practice. To date it has been signed by over 1500 organizations and around 14,700 individuals.
\\n
\\n\\n
iThenticate
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
iThenticate is the leading provider of professional plagiarism detection and prevention technology and is used worldwide by scholarly publishers and research institutions to ensure the originality of written work before publication. IntechOpen uses the iThenticate plagiarism software to ensure content originality and the research integrity of our published work.
\\n
\\n\\n
Enago
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
IntechOpen collaborates with Enago, through its sister brand, Ulatus, one of the world’s leading providers of book translation services. Their services are designed to convey the essence of your work to readers from across the globe in the language they understand.
\\n\\t
IntechOpen Authors that wish to use this service will receive a 20% discount on all translation services. To find out more information or obtain a quote, please visit https://www.enago.com/intech
\\n
\\n\\n
SPi Global
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
SPi Global is the market leader in technology-driven solutions for the extraction, enrichment and transformation of content assets. IntechOpen publishing services are designed to meet the unique needs of Authors. As part of our commitment to that objective, we have an ongoing partnership agreement for production solutions.
\\n
\\n\\n
Amazon
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Amazon is the world’s largest online retailer and cloud services provider. IntechOpen books have been available on Amazon since 2017, guaranteeing more visibility for our Authors and Academic Editors.
\\n
\\n\\n
DHL
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
IntechOpen has partnered with DHL since 2011 to ensure the fastest delivery of Print on Demand books.
The Association of Learned and Professional Society Publishers (ALPSP) is the largest association of scholarly and professional publishers in the world. Its mission is to connect, inform, develop and represent the international scholarly and professional publishing community. IntechOpen has been a member of ALPSP since 2016 and has consequently stayed informed about industry trends through connecting with peers and developing jointly.
\n
\n\n
OASPA
\n\n
\n\t
The Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA) was established in 2008 to represent the interests of Open Access (OA) publishers globally in all scientific, technical and scholarly disciplines. Its mission is carried out through exchange of information, the setting of standards, advancing models, advocacy, education, and the promotion of innovation.
\n
\n\n
STM
\n\n
\n\t
The International Association of Scientific, Technical and Medical Publishers (STM) is the leading global trade association for academic and professional publishers. As a member, IntechOpen has not only made a commitment to STM's Ethical Principles.
\n
\n\n
COPE
\n\n
\n\t
The Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) provides advice to editors and publishers on all aspects of publication ethics and, in particular, how to handle cases of misconduct in research and publication. IntechOpen has been a member of COPE since 2013 and adheres to the COPE Code of Conduct and Best Practice Guidelines, ensuring that we maintain the highest ethical standards.
\n
\n\n
Creative Commons
\n\n
\n\t
Creative Commons (CC) is a nonprofit organization that enables the sharing and use of creativity and knowledge through free legal tools. IntechOpen uses the CC BY 3.0 license for chapters, meaning Authors retain copyright and their work can be reused and adapted as long as the source is properly cited and Authors are acknowledged.
\n
\n\n
Crossref
\n\n
\n\t
Crossref is the official Digital Object Identifier (DOI) Registration Agency for scholarly and professional publications with a goal of making scholarly communications more effective. IntechOpen deposits metadata and registers DOIs for all content using the Crossref System. IntechOpen also deposits its references and uses the Crossref Cited-by service that enables researchers to track citation statistics.
\n
\n\n
Altmetric and Dimensions from Digital Science
\n\n
\n\t
Digital Science is a technology company serving the needs of scientific and research communities at key points along the full cycle of research. They support innovative businesses and technologies that make all parts of the research process more open, efficient and effective. IntechOpen integrates tools such as Altmetric to enable our researchers to track and measure the activity around their academic research and Dimensions, to ease access to the most relevant information and better understand and analyze the global research landscape.
\n
\n\n
CLOCKSS
\n\n
\n\t
CLOCKSS preserves scholarly publications in original formats, ensuring that they always remain available and openly accessible to everyone.
\n
\n\n
Counter
\n\n
\n\t
COUNTER provides the Code of Practice that enables publishers and vendors to report usage of their electronic resources in a consistent way. This enables libraries to compare data received from different publishers and vendors.
\n
\n\n
DORA
\n\n
\n\t
DORA is a worldwide initiative covering all scholarly disciplines which recognizes the need to improve the ways in which the outputs of scholarly research are evaluated and seeks to develop and promote best practice. To date it has been signed by over 1500 organizations and around 14,700 individuals.
\n
\n\n
iThenticate
\n\n
\n\t
iThenticate is the leading provider of professional plagiarism detection and prevention technology and is used worldwide by scholarly publishers and research institutions to ensure the originality of written work before publication. IntechOpen uses the iThenticate plagiarism software to ensure content originality and the research integrity of our published work.
\n
\n\n
Enago
\n\n
\n\t
IntechOpen collaborates with Enago, through its sister brand, Ulatus, one of the world’s leading providers of book translation services. Their services are designed to convey the essence of your work to readers from across the globe in the language they understand.
\n\t
IntechOpen Authors that wish to use this service will receive a 20% discount on all translation services. To find out more information or obtain a quote, please visit https://www.enago.com/intech
\n
\n\n
SPi Global
\n\n
\n\t
SPi Global is the market leader in technology-driven solutions for the extraction, enrichment and transformation of content assets. IntechOpen publishing services are designed to meet the unique needs of Authors. As part of our commitment to that objective, we have an ongoing partnership agreement for production solutions.
\n
\n\n
Amazon
\n\n
\n\t
Amazon is the world’s largest online retailer and cloud services provider. IntechOpen books have been available on Amazon since 2017, guaranteeing more visibility for our Authors and Academic Editors.
\n
\n\n
DHL
\n\n
\n\t
IntechOpen has partnered with DHL since 2011 to ensure the fastest delivery of Print on Demand books.
\n
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/55578/images/4574_n.png",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5775},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5239},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1721},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:10411},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:897},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:15810}],offset:12,limit:12,total:118378},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{hasNoEditors:"0",sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish",topicId:"16"},books:[{type:"book",id:"10789",title:"Cervical Cancer - A Global Public Health Treatise",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"3f7a79875d0d0ae71479de8c60276913",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Rajamanickam Rajkumar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10789.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"120109",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajamanickam",surname:"Rajkumar",slug:"rajamanickam-rajkumar",fullName:"Rajamanickam Rajkumar"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9816",title:"Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"365bb9762ba33db2d07e677690af1772",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Salim Surani and Dr. Venkat Rajasurya",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9816.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"15654",title:"Dr.",name:"Salim",surname:"Surani",slug:"salim-surani",fullName:"Salim Surani"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10343",title:"Ocular Hypertension",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"0ff71cc7e0d9f394f41162c0c825588a",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Michele Lanza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10343.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"240088",title:"Prof.",name:"Michele",surname:"Lanza",slug:"michele-lanza",fullName:"Michele Lanza"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10706",title:"Fighting the COVID-19 Pandemic",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"1a5246f0b6ba4f0e9ad1fbfa4134c598",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Manal Mohammad Baddour",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10706.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"174598",title:"Dr.",name:"Manal Mohammad",surname:"Baddour",slug:"manal-mohammad-baddour",fullName:"Manal Mohammad Baddour"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10720",title:"Food Allergies and Intolerances",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c4a50ae219acafa923eaa078defe843c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10720.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10710",title:"Recent Advances in the Treatment of Orofacial Clefts",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"ec438b5e4be44dc63870c1ace6a56ed2",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Marcos Roberto Tovani Palone",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10710.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"221178",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcos Roberto",surname:"Tovani Palone",slug:"marcos-roberto-tovani-palone",fullName:"Marcos Roberto Tovani Palone"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10727",title:"Thalassemia Updates and Novel Developments",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"23abb2fecebc48a2df8a954eb8378930",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Akshat Jain",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10727.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"344600",title:"Dr.",name:"Akshat",surname:"Jain",slug:"akshat-jain",fullName:"Akshat Jain"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10724",title:"Male Reproductive Anatomy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"a3fdda3194735da4287e9ea193beb07e",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Wei Wu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10724.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"178661",title:"Dr.",name:"Wei",surname:"Wu",slug:"wei-wu",fullName:"Wei Wu"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10732",title:"Dry Eye",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"44a1939cac17b7cfebbef5e156af0b2a",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Felicia M. Ferreri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10732.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"32442",title:"Prof.",name:"Felicia M.",surname:"Ferreri",slug:"felicia-m.-ferreri",fullName:"Felicia M. Ferreri"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11065",title:"Brain Neuromodulation - Basic Research and Clinical Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"417d0cce917dedde5fef6b634bff7330",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. T. Dorina Papageorgiou, Dr. Christos Constantinidis and Dr. Emmanouil Froudarakis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11065.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"92641",title:"Dr.",name:"T. Dorina",surname:"Papageorgiou",slug:"t.-dorina-papageorgiou",fullName:"T. Dorina Papageorgiou"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10729",title:"Infectious Diseases and Sepsis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"de8b1d035f242a8038f99d48b9069edf",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Vincenzo Neri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10729.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"170938",title:"Prof.",name:"Vincenzo",surname:"Neri",slug:"vincenzo-neri",fullName:"Vincenzo Neri"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10734",title:"Neonatal Intensive Care Unit",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"a6e1a11c05ff8853c529750ddfac6c11",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. René Mauricio Barría",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10734.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"88861",title:"Dr.",name:"R. Mauricio",surname:"Barría",slug:"r.-mauricio-barria",fullName:"R. Mauricio Barría"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:18},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:20},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:25},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:1}],offset:12,limit:12,total:25},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9521",title:"Antimicrobial Resistance",subtitle:"A One Health Perspective",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"30949e78832e1afba5606634b52056ab",slug:"antimicrobial-resistance-a-one-health-perspective",bookSignature:"Mihai Mareș, Swee Hua Erin Lim, Kok-Song Lai and Romeo-Teodor Cristina",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9521.jpg",editors:[{id:"88785",title:"Prof.",name:"Mihai",middleName:null,surname:"Mares",slug:"mihai-mares",fullName:"Mihai Mares"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"190224",title:"Dr.",name:"Swee Hua Erin",middleName:null,surname:"Lim",slug:"swee-hua-erin-lim",fullName:"Swee Hua Erin Lim",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/190224/images/system/190224.png",biography:"Dr. Erin Lim is presently working as an Assistant Professor in the Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women\\'s College, Higher Colleges of Technology in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates and is affiliated as an Associate Professor to Perdana University-Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Selangor, Malaysia. She obtained her Ph.D. from Universiti Putra Malaysia in 2010 with a National Science Fellowship awarded from the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation Malaysia and has been actively involved in research ever since. Her main research interests include analysis of carriage and transmission of multidrug resistant bacteria in non-conventional settings, besides an interest in natural products for antimicrobial testing. She is heavily involved in the elucidation of mechanisms of reversal of resistance in bacteria in addition to investigating the immunological analyses of diseases, development of vaccination and treatment models in animals. She hopes her work will support the discovery of therapeutics in the clinical setting and assist in the combat against the burden of antibiotic resistance.",institutionString:"Abu Dhabi Women’s College",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Perdana University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"221544",title:"Dr.",name:"Kok-Song",middleName:null,surname:"Lai",slug:"kok-song-lai",fullName:"Kok-Song Lai",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221544/images/system/221544.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Lai Kok Song is an Assistant Professor in the Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women\\'s College, Higher Colleges of Technology in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. He obtained his Ph.D. in Biological Sciences from Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Japan in 2012. Prior to his academic appointment, Dr. Lai worked as a Senior Scientist at the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, Malaysia. His current research areas include antimicrobial resistance and plant-pathogen interaction. His particular interest lies in the study of the antimicrobial mechanism via membrane disruption of essential oils against multi-drug resistance bacteria through various biochemical, molecular and proteomic approaches. Ultimately, he hopes to uncover and determine novel biomarkers related to antibiotic resistance that can be developed into new therapeutic strategies.",institutionString:"Higher Colleges of Technology",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"8",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Higher Colleges of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Arab Emirates"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10020",title:"Operations Management",subtitle:"Emerging Trend in the Digital Era",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"526f0dbdc7e4d85b82ce8383ab894b4c",slug:"operations-management-emerging-trend-in-the-digital-era",bookSignature:"Antonella Petrillo, Fabio De Felice, Germano Lambert-Torres and Erik Bonaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10020.jpg",editors:[{id:"181603",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",middleName:null,surname:"Petrillo",slug:"antonella-petrillo",fullName:"Antonella Petrillo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9560",title:"Creativity",subtitle:"A Force to Innovation",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"58f740bc17807d5d88d647c525857b11",slug:"creativity-a-force-to-innovation",bookSignature:"Pooja Jain",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9560.jpg",editors:[{id:"316765",title:"Dr.",name:"Pooja",middleName:null,surname:"Jain",slug:"pooja-jain",fullName:"Pooja Jain"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10192",title:"Background and Management of Muscular Atrophy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eca24028d89912b5efea56e179dff089",slug:"background-and-management-of-muscular-atrophy",bookSignature:"Julianna Cseri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10192.jpg",editors:[{id:"135579",title:"Dr.",name:"Julianna",middleName:null,surname:"Cseri",slug:"julianna-cseri",fullName:"Julianna Cseri"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9243",title:"Coastal Environments",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8e05e5f631e935eef366980f2e28295d",slug:"coastal-environments",bookSignature:"Yuanzhi Zhang and X. San Liang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9243.jpg",editors:[{id:"77597",title:"Prof.",name:"Yuanzhi",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"yuanzhi-zhang",fullName:"Yuanzhi Zhang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8985",title:"Natural Resources Management and Biological Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5c2e219a6c021a40b5a20c041dea88c4",slug:"natural-resources-management-and-biological-sciences",bookSignature:"Edward R. Rhodes and Humood Naser",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8985.jpg",editors:[{id:"280886",title:"Prof.",name:"Edward R",middleName:null,surname:"Rhodes",slug:"edward-r-rhodes",fullName:"Edward R Rhodes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10065",title:"Wavelet Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8868e332169597ba2182d9b004d60de",slug:"wavelet-theory",bookSignature:"Somayeh Mohammady",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10065.jpg",editors:[{id:"109280",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammady",slug:"somayeh-mohammady",fullName:"Somayeh Mohammady"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9644",title:"Glaciers and the Polar Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e8cfdc161794e3753ced54e6ff30873b",slug:"glaciers-and-the-polar-environment",bookSignature:"Masaki Kanao, Danilo Godone and Niccolò Dematteis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9644.jpg",editors:[{id:"51959",title:"Dr.",name:"Masaki",middleName:null,surname:"Kanao",slug:"masaki-kanao",fullName:"Masaki Kanao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9550",title:"Entrepreneurship",subtitle:"Contemporary Issues",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9b4ac1ee5b743abf6f88495452b1e5e7",slug:"entrepreneurship-contemporary-issues",bookSignature:"Mladen Turuk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9550.jpg",editors:[{id:"319755",title:"Prof.",name:"Mladen",middleName:null,surname:"Turuk",slug:"mladen-turuk",fullName:"Mladen Turuk"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9027",title:"Human Blood Group Systems and Haemoglobinopathies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d00d8e40b11cfb2547d1122866531c7e",slug:"human-blood-group-systems-and-haemoglobinopathies",bookSignature:"Osaro Erhabor and Anjana Munshi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9027.jpg",editors:[{id:"35140",title:null,name:"Osaro",middleName:null,surname:"Erhabor",slug:"osaro-erhabor",fullName:"Osaro Erhabor"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8558",title:"Aerodynamics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"db7263fc198dfb539073ba0260a7f1aa",slug:"aerodynamics",bookSignature:"Mofid Gorji-Bandpy and Aly-Mousaad Aly",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8558.jpg",editors:[{id:"35542",title:"Prof.",name:"Mofid",middleName:null,surname:"Gorji-Bandpy",slug:"mofid-gorji-bandpy",fullName:"Mofid Gorji-Bandpy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:5249},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9521",title:"Antimicrobial Resistance",subtitle:"A One Health Perspective",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"30949e78832e1afba5606634b52056ab",slug:"antimicrobial-resistance-a-one-health-perspective",bookSignature:"Mihai Mareș, Swee Hua Erin Lim, Kok-Song Lai and Romeo-Teodor Cristina",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9521.jpg",editors:[{id:"88785",title:"Prof.",name:"Mihai",middleName:null,surname:"Mares",slug:"mihai-mares",fullName:"Mihai Mares"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"190224",title:"Dr.",name:"Swee Hua Erin",middleName:null,surname:"Lim",slug:"swee-hua-erin-lim",fullName:"Swee Hua Erin Lim",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/190224/images/system/190224.png",biography:"Dr. Erin Lim is presently working as an Assistant Professor in the Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women\\'s College, Higher Colleges of Technology in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates and is affiliated as an Associate Professor to Perdana University-Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Selangor, Malaysia. She obtained her Ph.D. from Universiti Putra Malaysia in 2010 with a National Science Fellowship awarded from the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation Malaysia and has been actively involved in research ever since. Her main research interests include analysis of carriage and transmission of multidrug resistant bacteria in non-conventional settings, besides an interest in natural products for antimicrobial testing. She is heavily involved in the elucidation of mechanisms of reversal of resistance in bacteria in addition to investigating the immunological analyses of diseases, development of vaccination and treatment models in animals. She hopes her work will support the discovery of therapeutics in the clinical setting and assist in the combat against the burden of antibiotic resistance.",institutionString:"Abu Dhabi Women’s College",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Perdana University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"221544",title:"Dr.",name:"Kok-Song",middleName:null,surname:"Lai",slug:"kok-song-lai",fullName:"Kok-Song Lai",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221544/images/system/221544.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Lai Kok Song is an Assistant Professor in the Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women\\'s College, Higher Colleges of Technology in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. He obtained his Ph.D. in Biological Sciences from Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Japan in 2012. Prior to his academic appointment, Dr. Lai worked as a Senior Scientist at the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, Malaysia. His current research areas include antimicrobial resistance and plant-pathogen interaction. His particular interest lies in the study of the antimicrobial mechanism via membrane disruption of essential oils against multi-drug resistance bacteria through various biochemical, molecular and proteomic approaches. Ultimately, he hopes to uncover and determine novel biomarkers related to antibiotic resistance that can be developed into new therapeutic strategies.",institutionString:"Higher Colleges of Technology",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"8",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Higher Colleges of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Arab Emirates"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10020",title:"Operations Management",subtitle:"Emerging Trend in the Digital Era",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"526f0dbdc7e4d85b82ce8383ab894b4c",slug:"operations-management-emerging-trend-in-the-digital-era",bookSignature:"Antonella Petrillo, Fabio De Felice, Germano Lambert-Torres and Erik Bonaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10020.jpg",editors:[{id:"181603",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",middleName:null,surname:"Petrillo",slug:"antonella-petrillo",fullName:"Antonella Petrillo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9560",title:"Creativity",subtitle:"A Force to Innovation",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"58f740bc17807d5d88d647c525857b11",slug:"creativity-a-force-to-innovation",bookSignature:"Pooja Jain",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9560.jpg",editors:[{id:"316765",title:"Dr.",name:"Pooja",middleName:null,surname:"Jain",slug:"pooja-jain",fullName:"Pooja Jain"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10192",title:"Background and Management of Muscular Atrophy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eca24028d89912b5efea56e179dff089",slug:"background-and-management-of-muscular-atrophy",bookSignature:"Julianna Cseri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10192.jpg",editors:[{id:"135579",title:"Dr.",name:"Julianna",middleName:null,surname:"Cseri",slug:"julianna-cseri",fullName:"Julianna Cseri"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9243",title:"Coastal Environments",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8e05e5f631e935eef366980f2e28295d",slug:"coastal-environments",bookSignature:"Yuanzhi Zhang and X. San Liang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9243.jpg",editors:[{id:"77597",title:"Prof.",name:"Yuanzhi",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"yuanzhi-zhang",fullName:"Yuanzhi Zhang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8985",title:"Natural Resources Management and Biological Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5c2e219a6c021a40b5a20c041dea88c4",slug:"natural-resources-management-and-biological-sciences",bookSignature:"Edward R. Rhodes and Humood Naser",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8985.jpg",editors:[{id:"280886",title:"Prof.",name:"Edward R",middleName:null,surname:"Rhodes",slug:"edward-r-rhodes",fullName:"Edward R Rhodes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10065",title:"Wavelet Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8868e332169597ba2182d9b004d60de",slug:"wavelet-theory",bookSignature:"Somayeh Mohammady",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10065.jpg",editors:[{id:"109280",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammady",slug:"somayeh-mohammady",fullName:"Somayeh Mohammady"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9644",title:"Glaciers and the Polar Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e8cfdc161794e3753ced54e6ff30873b",slug:"glaciers-and-the-polar-environment",bookSignature:"Masaki Kanao, Danilo Godone and Niccolò Dematteis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9644.jpg",editors:[{id:"51959",title:"Dr.",name:"Masaki",middleName:null,surname:"Kanao",slug:"masaki-kanao",fullName:"Masaki Kanao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9550",title:"Entrepreneurship",subtitle:"Contemporary Issues",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9b4ac1ee5b743abf6f88495452b1e5e7",slug:"entrepreneurship-contemporary-issues",bookSignature:"Mladen Turuk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9550.jpg",editors:[{id:"319755",title:"Prof.",name:"Mladen",middleName:null,surname:"Turuk",slug:"mladen-turuk",fullName:"Mladen Turuk"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9243",title:"Coastal Environments",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8e05e5f631e935eef366980f2e28295d",slug:"coastal-environments",bookSignature:"Yuanzhi Zhang and X. San Liang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9243.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"77597",title:"Prof.",name:"Yuanzhi",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"yuanzhi-zhang",fullName:"Yuanzhi Zhang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10020",title:"Operations Management",subtitle:"Emerging Trend in the Digital Era",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"526f0dbdc7e4d85b82ce8383ab894b4c",slug:"operations-management-emerging-trend-in-the-digital-era",bookSignature:"Antonella Petrillo, Fabio De Felice, Germano Lambert-Torres and Erik Bonaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10020.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"181603",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",middleName:null,surname:"Petrillo",slug:"antonella-petrillo",fullName:"Antonella Petrillo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9521",title:"Antimicrobial Resistance",subtitle:"A One Health Perspective",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"30949e78832e1afba5606634b52056ab",slug:"antimicrobial-resistance-a-one-health-perspective",bookSignature:"Mihai Mareș, Swee Hua Erin Lim, Kok-Song Lai and Romeo-Teodor Cristina",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9521.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"88785",title:"Prof.",name:"Mihai",middleName:null,surname:"Mares",slug:"mihai-mares",fullName:"Mihai Mares"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"190224",title:"Dr.",name:"Swee Hua Erin",middleName:null,surname:"Lim",slug:"swee-hua-erin-lim",fullName:"Swee Hua Erin Lim",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/190224/images/system/190224.png",biography:"Dr. Erin Lim is presently working as an Assistant Professor in the Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women\\'s College, Higher Colleges of Technology in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates and is affiliated as an Associate Professor to Perdana University-Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Selangor, Malaysia. She obtained her Ph.D. from Universiti Putra Malaysia in 2010 with a National Science Fellowship awarded from the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation Malaysia and has been actively involved in research ever since. Her main research interests include analysis of carriage and transmission of multidrug resistant bacteria in non-conventional settings, besides an interest in natural products for antimicrobial testing. She is heavily involved in the elucidation of mechanisms of reversal of resistance in bacteria in addition to investigating the immunological analyses of diseases, development of vaccination and treatment models in animals. She hopes her work will support the discovery of therapeutics in the clinical setting and assist in the combat against the burden of antibiotic resistance.",institutionString:"Abu Dhabi Women’s College",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Perdana University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"221544",title:"Dr.",name:"Kok-Song",middleName:null,surname:"Lai",slug:"kok-song-lai",fullName:"Kok-Song Lai",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221544/images/system/221544.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Lai Kok Song is an Assistant Professor in the Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women\\'s College, Higher Colleges of Technology in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. He obtained his Ph.D. in Biological Sciences from Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Japan in 2012. Prior to his academic appointment, Dr. Lai worked as a Senior Scientist at the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, Malaysia. His current research areas include antimicrobial resistance and plant-pathogen interaction. His particular interest lies in the study of the antimicrobial mechanism via membrane disruption of essential oils against multi-drug resistance bacteria through various biochemical, molecular and proteomic approaches. Ultimately, he hopes to uncover and determine novel biomarkers related to antibiotic resistance that can be developed into new therapeutic strategies.",institutionString:"Higher Colleges of Technology",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"8",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Higher Colleges of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Arab Emirates"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9560",title:"Creativity",subtitle:"A Force to Innovation",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"58f740bc17807d5d88d647c525857b11",slug:"creativity-a-force-to-innovation",bookSignature:"Pooja Jain",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9560.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"316765",title:"Dr.",name:"Pooja",middleName:null,surname:"Jain",slug:"pooja-jain",fullName:"Pooja Jain"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9669",title:"Recent Advances in Rice Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"12b06cc73e89af1e104399321cc16a75",slug:"recent-advances-in-rice-research",bookSignature:"Mahmood-ur- Rahman Ansari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9669.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"185476",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmood-Ur-",middleName:null,surname:"Rahman Ansari",slug:"mahmood-ur-rahman-ansari",fullName:"Mahmood-Ur- Rahman Ansari"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10192",title:"Background and Management of Muscular Atrophy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eca24028d89912b5efea56e179dff089",slug:"background-and-management-of-muscular-atrophy",bookSignature:"Julianna Cseri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10192.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"135579",title:"Dr.",name:"Julianna",middleName:null,surname:"Cseri",slug:"julianna-cseri",fullName:"Julianna Cseri"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9550",title:"Entrepreneurship",subtitle:"Contemporary Issues",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9b4ac1ee5b743abf6f88495452b1e5e7",slug:"entrepreneurship-contemporary-issues",bookSignature:"Mladen Turuk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9550.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"319755",title:"Prof.",name:"Mladen",middleName:null,surname:"Turuk",slug:"mladen-turuk",fullName:"Mladen Turuk"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10065",title:"Wavelet Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8868e332169597ba2182d9b004d60de",slug:"wavelet-theory",bookSignature:"Somayeh Mohammady",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10065.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"109280",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammady",slug:"somayeh-mohammady",fullName:"Somayeh Mohammady"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9313",title:"Clay Science and Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6fa7e70396ff10620e032bb6cfa6fb72",slug:"clay-science-and-technology",bookSignature:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9313.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"7153",title:"Prof.",name:"Gustavo",middleName:null,surname:"Morari Do Nascimento",slug:"gustavo-morari-do-nascimento",fullName:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9888",title:"Nuclear Power Plants",subtitle:"The Processes from the Cradle to the Grave",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c2c8773e586f62155ab8221ebb72a849",slug:"nuclear-power-plants-the-processes-from-the-cradle-to-the-grave",bookSignature:"Nasser Awwad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9888.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"145209",title:"Prof.",name:"Nasser",middleName:"S",surname:"Awwad",slug:"nasser-awwad",fullName:"Nasser Awwad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"994",title:"Traumatology",slug:"traumatology",parent:{title:"Critical Care Medicine",slug:"critical-care-medicine"},numberOfBooks:5,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:132,numberOfWosCitations:55,numberOfCrossrefCitations:44,numberOfDimensionsCitations:101,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"traumatology",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"9066",title:"Wound Healing",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a293ecd8c2655a402321dc30e0ffbf9a",slug:"wound-healing",bookSignature:"Muhammad Ahmad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9066.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"204257",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"muhammad-ahmad",fullName:"Muhammad Ahmad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7046",title:"Wound Healing",subtitle:"Current Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fa7b870ad29ce1dfcf6faeafdc060309",slug:"wound-healing-current-perspectives",bookSignature:"Kamil Hakan Dogan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7046.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"30612",title:"Prof.",name:"Kamil Hakan",middleName:null,surname:"Dogan",slug:"kamil-hakan-dogan",fullName:"Kamil Hakan Dogan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6662",title:"Trauma Surgery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9721b9ac98bf237058cafd0a0303bdbc",slug:"trauma-surgery",bookSignature:"Ozgur Karcioglu and Hakan Topacoglu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6662.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"221195",title:"Dr.",name:"Ozgur",middleName:null,surname:"Karcioglu",slug:"ozgur-karcioglu",fullName:"Ozgur Karcioglu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6069",title:"Essentials of Spinal Cord Injury Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f0a49e24ebfbb9ed7d02f7daab9b30f6",slug:"essentials-of-spinal-cord-injury-medicine",bookSignature:"Yannis Dionyssiotis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6069.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"76883",title:"PhD.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Dionyssiotis",slug:"yannis-dionyssiotis",fullName:"Yannis Dionyssiotis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5290",title:"Wound Healing",subtitle:"New insights into Ancient Challenges",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6c479ab3fea0a9b7051d2a8478c91c3",slug:"wound-healing-new-insights-into-ancient-challenges",bookSignature:"Vlad Adrian Alexandrescu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5290.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"66358",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Vlad",middleName:"Adrian",surname:"Alexandrescu",slug:"vlad-alexandrescu",fullName:"Vlad Alexandrescu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:5,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"50983",doi:"10.5772/63961",title:"Antimicrobial Dressings for Improving Wound Healing",slug:"antimicrobial-dressings-for-improving-wound-healing",totalDownloads:3705,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:21,book:{slug:"wound-healing-new-insights-into-ancient-challenges",title:"Wound Healing",fullTitle:"Wound Healing - New insights into Ancient Challenges"},signatures:"Omar Sarheed, Asif Ahmed, Douha Shouqair and Joshua Boateng",authors:[{id:"183108",title:"Dr.",name:"Joshua",middleName:null,surname:"Boateng",slug:"joshua-boateng",fullName:"Joshua Boateng"},{id:"183399",title:"Dr.",name:"Omar",middleName:null,surname:"Sarheed",slug:"omar-sarheed",fullName:"Omar Sarheed"},{id:"188082",title:"Mr.",name:"Asif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed",slug:"asif-ahmed",fullName:"Asif Ahmed"},{id:"188083",title:"Ms.",name:"Douha",middleName:null,surname:"Shouqair",slug:"douha-shouqair",fullName:"Douha Shouqair"}]},{id:"51825",doi:"10.5772/64611",title:"Roles of Matrix Metalloproteinases in Cutaneous Wound Healing",slug:"roles-of-matrix-metalloproteinases-in-cutaneous-wound-healing",totalDownloads:2740,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:14,book:{slug:"wound-healing-new-insights-into-ancient-challenges",title:"Wound Healing",fullTitle:"Wound Healing - New insights into Ancient Challenges"},signatures:"Trung T. Nguyen, Shahriar Mobashery and Mayland Chang",authors:[{id:"183405",title:"Prof.",name:"Mayland",middleName:null,surname:"Chang",slug:"mayland-chang",fullName:"Mayland Chang"},{id:"191152",title:"Mr.",name:"Trung",middleName:null,surname:"Nguyen",slug:"trung-nguyen",fullName:"Trung Nguyen"},{id:"191153",title:"Prof.",name:"Shahriar",middleName:null,surname:"Mobashery",slug:"shahriar-mobashery",fullName:"Shahriar Mobashery"}]},{id:"63675",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81208",title:"Wound Healing: Contributions from Plant Secondary Metabolite Antioxidants",slug:"wound-healing-contributions-from-plant-secondary-metabolite-antioxidants",totalDownloads:685,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:6,book:{slug:"wound-healing-current-perspectives",title:"Wound Healing",fullTitle:"Wound Healing - Current Perspectives"},signatures:"Victor Y.A. Barku",authors:[{id:"261027",title:"Prof.",name:"Victor Y. A.",middleName:null,surname:"Barku",slug:"victor-y.-a.-barku",fullName:"Victor Y. A. Barku"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"60520",title:"Maxillofacial Fractures: From Diagnosis to Treatment",slug:"maxillofacial-fractures-from-diagnosis-to-treatment",totalDownloads:1791,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"trauma-surgery",title:"Trauma Surgery",fullTitle:"Trauma Surgery"},signatures:"Mohammad Esmaeelinejad",authors:[{id:"172188",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammad",middleName:null,surname:"Esmaeelinejad",slug:"mohammad-esmaeelinejad",fullName:"Mohammad Esmaeelinejad"}]},{id:"51825",title:"Roles of Matrix Metalloproteinases in Cutaneous Wound Healing",slug:"roles-of-matrix-metalloproteinases-in-cutaneous-wound-healing",totalDownloads:2743,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:15,book:{slug:"wound-healing-new-insights-into-ancient-challenges",title:"Wound Healing",fullTitle:"Wound Healing - New insights into Ancient Challenges"},signatures:"Trung T. Nguyen, Shahriar Mobashery and Mayland Chang",authors:[{id:"183405",title:"Prof.",name:"Mayland",middleName:null,surname:"Chang",slug:"mayland-chang",fullName:"Mayland Chang"},{id:"191152",title:"Mr.",name:"Trung",middleName:null,surname:"Nguyen",slug:"trung-nguyen",fullName:"Trung Nguyen"},{id:"191153",title:"Prof.",name:"Shahriar",middleName:null,surname:"Mobashery",slug:"shahriar-mobashery",fullName:"Shahriar Mobashery"}]},{id:"51223",title:"Medicinal Plants and Natural Products with Demonstrated Wound Healing Properties",slug:"medicinal-plants-and-natural-products-with-demonstrated-wound-healing-properties",totalDownloads:2807,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,book:{slug:"wound-healing-new-insights-into-ancient-challenges",title:"Wound Healing",fullTitle:"Wound Healing - New insights into Ancient Challenges"},signatures:"Christian Agyare, Emelia Oppong Bekoe, Yaw Duah Boakye,\nSusanna Oteng Dapaah, Theresa Appiah and Samuel Oppong\nBekoe",authors:[{id:"182058",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Agyare",slug:"christian-agyare",fullName:"Christian Agyare"},{id:"186987",title:"Dr.",name:"Yaw Duah",middleName:null,surname:"Boakye",slug:"yaw-duah-boakye",fullName:"Yaw Duah Boakye"},{id:"186988",title:"Ms.",name:"Susanna Oteng",middleName:null,surname:"Dapaah",slug:"susanna-oteng-dapaah",fullName:"Susanna Oteng Dapaah"},{id:"186989",title:"MSc.",name:"Theresa",middleName:null,surname:"Appiah",slug:"theresa-appiah",fullName:"Theresa Appiah"},{id:"186990",title:"Dr.",name:"Samuel Oppong",middleName:null,surname:"Bekoe",slug:"samuel-oppong-bekoe",fullName:"Samuel Oppong Bekoe"},{id:"186992",title:"Dr.",name:"Emelia Oppong",middleName:null,surname:"Bekoe",slug:"emelia-oppong-bekoe",fullName:"Emelia Oppong Bekoe"}]},{id:"63086",title:"Medicinal Plants in Wound Healing",slug:"medicinal-plants-in-wound-healing",totalDownloads:1701,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"wound-healing-current-perspectives",title:"Wound Healing",fullTitle:"Wound Healing - Current Perspectives"},signatures:"Mohammad Reza Farahpour",authors:[{id:"253340",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammadreza",middleName:null,surname:"Farahpour",slug:"mohammadreza-farahpour",fullName:"Mohammadreza Farahpour"}]},{id:"62998",title:"Biomarkers of Wound Healing",slug:"biomarkers-of-wound-healing",totalDownloads:890,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"wound-healing-current-perspectives",title:"Wound Healing",fullTitle:"Wound Healing - Current Perspectives"},signatures:"Christian Agyare, Newman Osafo and Yaw Duah Boakye",authors:[{id:"182058",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Agyare",slug:"christian-agyare",fullName:"Christian Agyare"},{id:"196452",title:"Dr.",name:"Newman",middleName:null,surname:"Osafo",slug:"newman-osafo",fullName:"Newman Osafo"},{id:"252789",title:"Dr.",name:"Yaw Duah",middleName:null,surname:"Boakye",slug:"yaw-duah-boakye",fullName:"Yaw Duah Boakye"}]},{id:"63082",title:"Abdominal Trauma",slug:"abdominal-trauma",totalDownloads:631,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"trauma-surgery",title:"Trauma Surgery",fullTitle:"Trauma Surgery"},signatures:"Göksu Afacan",authors:[{id:"236854",title:"M.D.",name:"Göksu",middleName:null,surname:"Afacan",slug:"goksu-afacan",fullName:"Göksu Afacan"}]},{id:"63308",title:"Autologous Platelet-Rich Plasma and Mesenchymal Stem Cells for the Treatment of Chronic Wounds",slug:"autologous-platelet-rich-plasma-and-mesenchymal-stem-cells-for-the-treatment-of-chronic-wounds",totalDownloads:1153,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,book:{slug:"wound-healing-current-perspectives",title:"Wound Healing",fullTitle:"Wound Healing - Current Perspectives"},signatures:"Peter A. Everts",authors:[{id:"256306",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Peter A.",middleName:null,surname:"Everts",slug:"peter-a.-everts",fullName:"Peter A. Everts"}]},{id:"66286",title:"From Tissue Repair to Tissue Regeneration",slug:"from-tissue-repair-to-tissue-regeneration",totalDownloads:1052,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"wound-healing-current-perspectives",title:"Wound Healing",fullTitle:"Wound Healing - Current Perspectives"},signatures:"Aragona Salvatore Emanuele, Mereghetti Giada, Ferrari Alessio and\nGiorgio Ciprandi",authors:[{id:"247667",title:"Prof.",name:"Emanuele Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Aragona",slug:"emanuele-salvatore-aragona",fullName:"Emanuele Salvatore Aragona"}]},{id:"71904",title:"Modulation of Inflammatory Dynamics by Insulin to Promote Wound Recovery of Diabetic Ulcers",slug:"modulation-of-inflammatory-dynamics-by-insulin-to-promote-wound-recovery-of-diabetic-ulcers",totalDownloads:274,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"wound-healing",title:"Wound Healing",fullTitle:"Wound Healing"},signatures:"Pawandeep Kaur and Diptiman Choudhury",authors:null},{id:"51068",title:"A Potential Mechanism for Diabetic Wound Healing: Cutaneous Environmental Disorders",slug:"a-potential-mechanism-for-diabetic-wound-healing-cutaneous-environmental-disorders",totalDownloads:1432,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"wound-healing-new-insights-into-ancient-challenges",title:"Wound Healing",fullTitle:"Wound Healing - New insights into Ancient Challenges"},signatures:"Junna Ye, Ting Xie, Yiwen Niu, Liang Qiao, Ming Tian, Chun Qing\nand Shuliang Lu",authors:[{id:"182332",title:"Dr.",name:"Junna",middleName:null,surname:"Ye",slug:"junna-ye",fullName:"Junna Ye"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"traumatology",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10176",title:"Microgrids and Local Energy Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c32b4a5351a88f263074b0d0ca813a9c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Nick Jenkins",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10176.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"55219",title:"Prof.",name:"Nick",middleName:null,surname:"Jenkins",slug:"nick-jenkins",fullName:"Nick Jenkins"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:8,limit:8,total:1},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/110571/emanuele-tassi",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"110571",slug:"emanuele-tassi"},fullPath:"/profiles/110571/emanuele-tassi",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()