Enlisted a few genes associated with heat tolerance in goats.
\\n\\n
These books synthesize perspectives of renowned scientists from the world’s most prestigious institutions - from Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute in Japan to Stanford University in the United States, including Columbia University (US), University of Sidney (AU), University of Miami (USA), Cardiff University (UK), and many others.
\\n\\nThis collaboration embodied the true essence of Open Access by simplifying the approach to OA publishing for Academic editors and authors who contributed their research and allowed the new research to be made available free and open to anyone anywhere in the world.
\\n\\nTo celebrate the 50 books published, we have gathered them at one location - just one click away, so that you can easily browse the subjects of your interest, download the content directly, share it or read online.
\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:null},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched formed a partnership to support researchers working in engineering sciences by enabling an easier approach to publishing Open Access content. Using the Knowledge Unlatched crowdfunding model to raise the publishing costs through libraries around the world, Open Access Publishing Fee (OAPF) was not required from the authors.
\n\nInitially, the partnership supported engineering research, but it soon grew to include physical and life sciences, attracting more researchers to the advantages of Open Access publishing.
\n\n\n\nThese books synthesize perspectives of renowned scientists from the world’s most prestigious institutions - from Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute in Japan to Stanford University in the United States, including Columbia University (US), University of Sidney (AU), University of Miami (USA), Cardiff University (UK), and many others.
\n\nThis collaboration embodied the true essence of Open Access by simplifying the approach to OA publishing for Academic editors and authors who contributed their research and allowed the new research to be made available free and open to anyone anywhere in the world.
\n\nTo celebrate the 50 books published, we have gathered them at one location - just one click away, so that you can easily browse the subjects of your interest, download the content directly, share it or read online.
\n\n\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"5149",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Empirical Modeling and Its Applications",title:"Empirical Modeling and Its Applications",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Empirical modeling has been a useful approach for the analysis of different problems across numerous areas/fields of knowledge. As it is known, this type of modeling is particularly helpful when parametric models, due to various reasons, cannot be constructed. Based on different methodologies and approaches, empirical modeling allows the analyst to obtain an initial understanding of the relationships that exist among the different variables that belong to a particular system or process. In some cases, the results from empirical models can be used in order to make decisions about those variables, with the intent of resolving a given problem in the real-life applications. This book entitled Empirical Modeling and Its Applications consists of six (6) chapters.",isbn:"978-953-51-2494-8",printIsbn:"978-953-51-2493-1",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-5779-3",doi:"10.5772/61406",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"empirical-modeling-and-its-applications",numberOfPages:148,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"e644de90262c3f61a092a0bd4a8b683a",bookSignature:"Mamun Habib",publishedDate:"July 20th 2016",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5149.jpg",numberOfDownloads:9588,numberOfWosCitations:12,numberOfCrossrefCitations:5,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:1,numberOfDimensionsCitations:13,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:2,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:30,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"September 30th 2015",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"December 31st 2015",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"January 25th 2016",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"April 24th 2016",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"July 5th 2016",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"12501",title:"Prof.",name:"Dr. Md. Mamun",middleName:null,surname:"Habib",slug:"dr.-md.-mamun-habib",fullName:"Dr. Md. Mamun Habib",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12501/images/59_n.jpg",biography:"Assoc. Prof. Dr. Md. Mamun Habib is a Visiting Scholar at the Dept. of Operations Research/Decision Sciences at the School of Quantitative Sciences, Universiti Utara Malaysia (UUM), Malaysia. Prior to that, he was working as Associate Professor at the Dept. of Operations Management, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB). He is the Editor-in-Chief in International Journal of Supply Chain Management (IJSCM), London, UK which is accepted for SCOPUS Indexing. He accomplished his Ph.D. and M.S. with outstanding performance in Computer & Engineering Management (CEM) under the Graduate School of Business (GSB) from Assumption University, Thailand. His Ph.D. research was in the field of Supply Chain Management. \nHe has 13-year experience in the field of teaching for graduate and postgraduate students, as well as in training, consultancy and research. At present, he is supervising some Ph.D. students at UUM, Malaysia. He is GSB (Graduate School of Business) Ph.D. Dissertation Committee member of Assumption University, Thailand, Ph.D. Advisor at Institute for Technology and Management (ITM) – University, India and University of the Assumption, Philippines, External examiner of Birla Institute of Technology (BIT) – Deemed University, India and National Institute of Technology (NIT), India. He also involved with online learning programme at University of Roehampton (UoR), London, UK and Asia e University (AeU), Malaysia as International Ph.D. Reader.\n\nAs a researcher, Dr. Habib published about 70+ research papers, including Conference Proceedings, Journal articles, and book chapters/books. Books have been published from USA, UK, Germany, Croatia, and India. Also, he serves as the Editor-in-Chief/Lead Guest Editor/Editor/Editorial Board Member/Reviewer of more than 20 journals, particularly Scopus and ISI Indexed Journals. \nHe delivers lecture as Keynote Speaker at various international conferences, namely BPSCM Conference 2012, India; 3rd LSCM Conference 2013, Bali, Indonesia; 2nd ICIE Conference 2013, India; 7th ICIEM Conference 2013, China; 1st ICIDSC Conference 2014, Malaysia; 8th MASS Conference 2014, China; 2014-15 COES&RJ Conferences, Singapore; 2015 IRED Conferences, Thailand and Malaysia; 2nd ICAEM 2015, China; IRP Conference 2015, Malaysia; ASCA 2015, Thailand.\nHe also serves as General Chair, Program Chair, Technical Chair, Organizing Committee Member, Technical Committee Member, Track Chair, Session Chair as well as Reviewer of numerous international conferences, particularly IEEE ICMIT’2010 (Singapore), 2012 (Indonesia), 2014 (Singapore); IEEE ITMC’2011 (San Jose, CA, USA), 2012 (Dallas, TX, USA); IEEE IEEM’2011 (Singapore), 2012 (Hong Kong), 2013 (Thailand), 2014 (Malaysia), 2015 (Singapore); INFORMS IEOM’2012 (Istanbul, Turkey), 2014 (Indonesia), 2016 (Malaysia); IEEE 2013 IIE Conference (Turkey); APMS 2013 (Pennsylvania, USA); MASS 2015 (China); 2015 IRED Conference (Thailand, Malaysia); 2015 ASCA Conference (Thailand), etc. He received Best Track Chair Award at IEOM’2012 Conference.\nHis core research areas are supply chain management, production & operations management, operations research, research methodology, engineering management, technology management, and educational management. Finally, Dr. Habib is an active member of different professional organizations, including IEEE (Senior Member), IEOM (President, SCM Technical Division), IETI (Senior Member), IRED, IEB, AIMS, INFOMS, just to name a few.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"3",institution:{name:"Northern University of Malaysia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"607",title:"Mathematical Modeling",slug:"numerical-analysis-and-scientific-computing-mathematical-modeling"}],chapters:[{id:"50592",title:"Empirical Modeling of the Total Electron Content of the Ionosphere",doi:"10.5772/62837",slug:"empirical-modeling-of-the-total-electron-content-of-the-ionosphere",totalDownloads:1351,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"With the appearance of such satellite systems as GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, and others, the total electron content TEC measured by means of navigational satellites became a key parameter characterizing a state of the ionized space. In turn, functioning of navigational and telecommunication systems needs models of TEC for an estimation of accuracy of positioning, for the short-term and long-term prediction of this parameter. In this Chapter, empirical models of the total electron content are presented. The new result is their comparison. It is shown that the majority of them provide an adequate accuracy and reliability. As the basic application of TEC measurements, the problem of determination of maximum concentration NmF2 of the ionosphere with use of its equivalent slab thickness τ is considered. It is shown that existing models of τ are not global and do not provide sufficient accuracy in determining NmF2. An approach for new global model is offered.",signatures:"Olga Maltseva and Natalia Mozhaeva",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50592",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50592",authors:[{id:"179064",title:"Dr.",name:"Olga",surname:"Maltseva",slug:"olga-maltseva",fullName:"Olga Maltseva"}],corrections:null},{id:"50806",title:"The Empirical Models to Correct Water Column Effects for Optically Shallow Water",doi:"10.5772/63149",slug:"the-empirical-models-to-correct-water-column-effects-for-optically-shallow-water",totalDownloads:1411,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Seagrass as one of the blue carbon sinks plays an important role in environment, and it can be tracked remotely in the optically shallow water. Usually the signals of seagrass are weak which can be confused with the water column. The chapter will offer a model to simulate the propagation of light. The model can be used to improve the accuracy of seagrass mapping. Based on the in situ data, we found that the appropriate wavebands for seagrass mapping generally lie between 500–630 nm and 680–710 nm as well. In addition, a strong relationship between the reflectance value at 715 nm and LAI was found with a correlation coefficient of 0.99. The chapter provided an improved algorithm to retrieve bottom reflectance and map the bottom types. That would be meaningful for management and preservation of coastal marine resources.",signatures:"Chaoyu Yang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50806",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50806",authors:[{id:"83514",title:"Dr.",name:"Chaoyu",surname:"Yang",slug:"chaoyu-yang",fullName:"Chaoyu Yang"}],corrections:null},{id:"50524",title:"Least Squares Method and Empirical Modeling: A Case Study in a Mexican Manufacturing Firm",doi:"10.5772/63151",slug:"least-squares-method-and-empirical-modeling-a-case-study-in-a-mexican-manufacturing-firm",totalDownloads:1632,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Empirical modeling (EM) has been a useful approach for the analysis of different problems across a number of areas/fields of knowledge. As is known, this type of modeling is particularly helpful when parametric models due to a number of reasons cannot be constructed. Based on different methodologies and approaches (e.g., Least Squares Method, LSM), EM allows the analyst to obtain an initial understanding of the relationships that exists among the different variables that belong to a particular system or a process.",signatures:"Raúl Hernández-Molinar, Roberto Sarmiento-Rebeles and César F.\nMéndez-Barrios",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50524",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50524",authors:[{id:"180787",title:"Dr.",name:"Roberto",surname:"Sarmiento",slug:"roberto-sarmiento",fullName:"Roberto Sarmiento"},{id:"180874",title:"Dr.",name:"Raul Ignacio",surname:"Hernandez",slug:"raul-ignacio-hernandez",fullName:"Raul Ignacio Hernandez"},{id:"185991",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesar",surname:"Mendez-Barrios",slug:"cesar-mendez-barrios",fullName:"Cesar Mendez-Barrios"}],corrections:null},{id:"50422",title:"Applied Hydrological Modeling with the Use of Geoinformatics: Theory and Practice",doi:"10.5772/62824",slug:"applied-hydrological-modeling-with-the-use-of-geoinformatics-theory-and-practice",totalDownloads:2373,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:6,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Water resource management and catchment analysis are crucial aspects of the twenty-first century in hydrological and environmental sciences. Linked directly with studies and research about climate change effects in global resources (e.g., diminution of rainfall dynamic), as well as continuously growing extreme natural phenomena with catastrophic results (e.g., floods and erosion), hydrological modeling has become a key priority in modern academic research goals. On a national or lower administrative level, the need for coping with natural disasters—affecting mainly human life, property, local economy, infrastructure, etc.—and the need to design management plans and projects for sustainable exploitation of natural resources set hydrological modeling in high demand by government organizations and local authorities. Thus, hazard assessment and risk evaluation modeling have become a strategic aim and an extremely useful tool for stakeholders, decision-makers, and scientific community.",signatures:"Christos Chalkias, Nikolaos Stathopoulos, Kleomenis\nKalogeropoulos and Efthimios Karymbalis",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50422",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50422",authors:[{id:"16474",title:"Dr.",name:"Efthimios",surname:"Karymbalis",slug:"efthimios-karymbalis",fullName:"Efthimios Karymbalis"},{id:"27223",title:"Prof.",name:"Christos",surname:"Chalkias",slug:"christos-chalkias",fullName:"Christos Chalkias"},{id:"179269",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Kleomenis",surname:"Kalogeropoulos",slug:"kleomenis-kalogeropoulos",fullName:"Kleomenis Kalogeropoulos"},{id:"179648",title:"MSc.",name:"Nikos",surname:"Stathopoulos",slug:"nikos-stathopoulos",fullName:"Nikos Stathopoulos"}],corrections:null},{id:"50672",title:"Critical Loss Analyses in Korean Liquor Mergers",doi:"10.5772/63225",slug:"critical-loss-analyses-in-korean-liquor-mergers",totalDownloads:1353,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"The SSNIP(Small but Significant Nontransitory Increase in Price) test is a well-known conceptual framework of market definition for competition policies in most countries. Critical loss analysis is a practical method that implements the principle of SSNIP test in a quantitative way to determine whether the relevant market for an antitrust case should be enlarged or not. The method and empirical results have been successfully adopted in defining markets relevant to Korean merger cases in soju and beer industries (Moohak-Daesun in 2002 and Hite-Jinro in 2005), providing useful references for the Korean Court and Fair Trade Commission. This paper introduces the actual applications of critical loss analyses in these cases and remarks on several issues brought in the course of applications.",signatures:"Jeon Seonghoon",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50672",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50672",authors:[{id:"178482",title:"Prof.",name:"Seonghoon",surname:"Jeon",slug:"seonghoon-jeon",fullName:"Seonghoon Jeon"}],corrections:null},{id:"50567",title:"A Comparison between the Presence and Absence of Regulation in the Spanish Electricity Market",doi:"10.5772/62953",slug:"a-comparison-between-the-presence-and-absence-of-regulation-in-the-spanish-electricity-market",totalDownloads:1472,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"There is an important gap in the literature on the promotion of competition in electricity markets in what pertains to the analysis of two different streams: the absence and presence of regulation. Accordingly, the main objective of this study is to analyze the interactions among market power indexes, marginal costs, and bidding strategies in the two mentioned scenarios, for comparative purposes. The methodology used is based on panel cointegration methods. The results point to the significant inclusion of different bidding strategies in the retail market: (i) fuel prices exercise a differential impact on the power plants’ marginal costs, (ii) the marginal costs have a significantly positive effect on quantity sold and on net quantity, and (iii) the market power measures under regulation have a significantly positive long-term impact on the quantity sold and a negative impact on net quantity supplied in wholesale market. Although there is some literature on this issue, the main novelty of this article is the discussion of the regulatory implications that could have been adopted in order to control and mitigate the market power, to encourage new investments in new technologies, and to recover sunk costs with the transition to a competitive market.",signatures:"Victor M. F. Moutinho, António C. Moreira and Jorge H. Mota",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/50567",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/50567",authors:[{id:"109428",title:"Dr.",name:"António Carrizo",surname:"Moreira",slug:"antonio-carrizo-moreira",fullName:"António Carrizo Moreira"},{id:"179589",title:"Dr.",name:"Victor",surname:"Moutinho",slug:"victor-moutinho",fullName:"Victor Moutinho"},{id:"179590",title:"Dr.",name:"Jorge",surname:"Mota",slug:"jorge-mota",fullName:"Jorge Mota"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"232",title:"Supply Chain Management",subtitle:"Applications and Simulations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b691bc5f6d9e959c3472eb2610e9d98f",slug:"supply-chain-management-applications-and-simulations",bookSignature:"Mamun Habib",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/232.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"12501",title:"Prof.",name:"Dr. Md. 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It is well established that environment stressor either hot or cold negatively affect the productive and reproductive performance of goat via reducing growth [2], milk yield [3], reproductive performance [4] and meat production [5], as well as immunity, making the goats more susceptible to various diseases and extreme cases even death [6, 7]. Therefore, the focus should be on adaptive capacity of goats for selection of breed which are best suited and reproduce, perform better under extreme environment [8, 9]. Hence, there is a growing demand for selection of goats that are best suited to a wide range of geographical and harsh environment. Like every animal, goats possess several unique morphological and physiological adaptive mechanisms [6]. It is important to understand the adaptive mechanisms of goat to heat stressor, to evolve fast-growing new breed of goat, identification of bio-markers at the gene level to produce heat-tolerant transgenic goat having high growth rate and adaptability. This chapter is therefore, an attempt to provide the underlying various adaptive mechanisms of goat to heat stressor.
Adaptation is the capacity and the process of adjustment of an animal to itself, to other living material and to external physical environment. In term of biology, adaptation (biology) is defined as the morphological, anatomical, physiological, biochemical and behavioural characteristics of the animals, which promotes welfare and favour the survival in a specific environment. According to genetic, adaptation (genetic) is defined as the heritable animal characteristics which favour survival of a population in a particular environment. Further, in term of physiology, adaptation (Physiology) is defined the capacity and process of adjustment of the animals to itself to other living materials and its external physical environment. These adaptive changes either genetic or phenotypic (physiological) occur in animals in response to internal and external stimuli [10], which allows normal activity of the animals in an altered but tolerable climatologically range. There are series of behavioral, physiological, biochemical, hormonal, and molecular changes at the gene level to cope with heat stressor which may or may not lead to permanent genetic changes. Therefore, the adoptive capacity of animals to a stressful condition is a function of both its genetic and the intensity & duration of the stressor.
Adaptive mechanisms of goat to heat stress either hot or cold were evaluated on the basis of behavioral, morphological, physiological, biochemical, hormonal and molecular changes at the gene level. This adaptive response to heat stress experiments were conducted either in climatic chamber under control climatic conditions or under natural environmental conditions especially seasonal variations such as extreme hot (summer) and cold season (winter). Many experiments were conducted in terms of comparative assessment between indigenous native goat breeds in their own home tract with that of exotic, crossbred as well as goat breed originated in different environmental condition under similar managemental condition, sufficient feed and clean adlibitum water.
A temperature humidity index (THI) was the most preferred method to detect goat under heat stress and co-relation to access adaptive capacity of goats to different environments/heat stressor. It was calculated from dry and wet bulb temperature using following formula.
where Dbt = dry bulb temperature in °C and Wbt = wet bulb temperature in °C.
Body length, body height, body heart girth, horn length, ear length, tail length, coat colour, pigmentation and body weight are the mostly studied morphological variables to determine the adaptive capacity of goat to heat stressor. Body weight of the goats were weighed in fasting condition at early morning on settled platform after the setting of weighing balance at zero [9].
Behavioral responses like standing time, lying time, drinking frequency, defecation frequency, and urination frequency were recorded during the study period [11].
Physiological variable such as respiration rate (RR) was recorded by counting flank movements per minute, from adistance of 4–5 meters without disturbing the experimental goats. The unit of measurement of RR was in breaths per minute. Rectaltemperature (RT) was recorded using a clinical thermometer by gently restraining the goats. The unit of measurement of RTwas in degrees centigrade. Skin temperature ST) o f goats varies based on the quantum of sun rays to which the different body parts were exposed. Generally, in male goats, the skin temperature was recorded on the head, scrotum, and flank region. Skin temperatures were recorded using a infrared thermometer (B.S.K. Technologies, Hyderabad, India) by maintaining a distance of 5 to 15 cm [11].
Heart rate (HR) was measured by auscultation method with the aid of a flexible stethoscope by counting the number of heart sounds and beats for 20 s; the results were multiplied by 3 to express the values on a minute-time scale.
Sweat glands number was analyzed by the histological method [12]. Approximately 1–2 cm of skin sampled from the neck, flank and hindquarters were collected. These samples were processed by paraffin embedding and prepared skin smear and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. The stained skin smear was conducted on a photomicroscope under 20 × magnifications. A total of 20 fields were examined for each skin smear and images were captured to count the number of sweat gland appeared by the ImageJ® software program. The numbers of sweat glands in these images were counted on the basis of the number of hair follicles that were observed.
Blood samples were collected from experimental goats from jugular vein in vacutainer tubes with anticoagulant under aseptic conditions at fortnightly intervals for estimation of hematological, biochemical and hormonal variables. Plasma was immediately separated aftercentrifugation at 3500 g for 8 min and aliquated the plasma samples were stored at−80 °C until analysis.
Haematological variables were measured in fresh blood samples. These variables were measured using an automated blood analyzer. It was also measured as per conventional methods. Total erythrocyte and total leucocytes was measured by haemocytometer method. Packed cell volume was determined using capillary tubes inmicrohaematocrit centrifuge based on the technique described by Wintrobe method. Haemoglobin concentration was estimated by cyanmethemoglobin method. Fresh blood was used for preparing smears for differential leukocytes count (DLC). The bloodfilm was dried by waving the slide in the air and stained with field stain, and counting was done under microscope. The biochemical variables such as AST, ALT, glucose, total protein, albumin, globulin, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) were analysed using a biochemical analysis apparatus (Thermo Scientific Genesys 10S Vis, Centreville, VA, USA) as well as few experiments quantified by using commercial diagnostic kits as per manufactures protocols. Non-Ester fatty acids (NEFA), betahydroxybutyrate (β-HBA), cortisol, aldosterone, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) were quantified by using commercial diagnostic kits as per manufactures protocols.
Blood samples were collected from experimental goats from the jugular vein in a heparinized vials and centrifugation was done at 3500 rpm for 25 min at 4 °C for collection of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) pellet. Total RNA was extracted from the PMBC pellet using RNA extraction kit as per manufacturer’s protocol. The total RNA was reverse transcribed into complementary DNA (c-DNA) using cDNA synthesis kit for real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction as per manufacturer’s protocol. Relative expression of mRNA transcripts of Heat Shock Protein (HSP) and other stress associated genes by quantitativereal-time PCR using SYBR Greenas per manufacturer’s protocol. Each sample was run in triplicate and in all cases, samples of total RNA were used as negative control.
The data were analyzed by two way ANOVA using SPSS 16.0 statistical software. Results were expressed as the mean ± SEM. A difference with value p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Behaviour is the first and foremost one of the most effective adaptive mechanism, at least for the short term period. This mechanism allows goat to reduce the heat load by avoiding/reducing direct exposure to solar radiation. Behavioral changes include seeking shelter [11], changing posture (eg: standing or altering orientation to the shade or wind breaks [13, 14], reducing feed intake (When exposed to hot) or increasing feed intake (When exposed to cold) [15], standing time, lying time, drinking frequency, defecation frequency, urination frequency [11] etc. Goat tends to spend more time on standing in hot humid environment to avoid direct solar radiation as well as radiation heat from the ground. For example; Fawn goats have different eating behaviors in comparison with Saanen x hair goats, when they were exposed to heat stress and poor nutritional condition [16]. These behavioral responses are to prevent additional heat load from the ground as well as to facilitate effective heat dissemination from the body of the animals to the surrounding environment [17]. Hence, the understandings of normal behaviors goats are paramount for assessing the impact of heat stress and adaptive capabilities.
Goats can cope with a variety of geography that include deserts, alpine regions, high altitude mountain hilly area, wet and dry tropics, arctic and temperate zone. Morphological or phenotypic variations are part of adaptive changes to a wide range of geography and environment. These variations are depending upon their ecological niche where they are originated. The most common morphological changes are
Size and shape.
Coat colors and pigmentation.
Morphological adaptive changes due to heat stressor in animals are the most pronounced and efficient response to cope with the heat stressor. Bergmann [18] stated that the smaller sized breed of a given species are found in the warmer regions of ecological range and the larger sized breeds in the cooler localities. Further, the extremities (eg. ear, tail, bills) are smaller in the species inhabiting the cooler part of ecological range than those in warmer parts [19]. All these morphological characteristics are very crucial from the adaption point of view as it directly influence the heat exchange mechanisms via convection, radiation and evaporation between goats and surrounding environment [13]. For example Sudanese and Egyptian desert goats have relatively medium to large body size, which help in evaporative heat loss and it is a part of morphological adaptive response [20]. Similarly, non-dwarfed breeds of goats in the desert and savannah areas of Africa are much smaller than typical European breed of goats [21].
Coat colors and skin pigmentation are directly attributed towards heat loss from the body via conduction and convection in goats. The sensible heat loss via conduction and convection from the body of the animal are affected by the surface area per unit body weight, coat color, the magnitude of the temperature gradient between the goats the skin to the surrounding air [22]. Light coats colour and sleek and shiny hair coats are reflected a greater proportion of incident solar radiation than hair coats that are dark in colour or more dense and woolly [23]. For example, West African dwarf goats have smooth, short, and straight hair, which helps them to adapt in hot and humid environment [22]. Similarly, Black coat colour goats are dominant in hot deserts area and they have advantages to cope with direct exposure of solar radiation over white goats. Although, the black coat absorbs much more incident of direct solar radiation, these goats can drink an amount of water that equal to about 35% of their body weight, thus help in efficiently adjust to hot and humid environment by evaporation mechanism [24]. In addition, pigmented skin protects the deep tissues from direct short wave UV radiation by blocking its penetration in hot tropical regions. Thus, it prevents extra heat gain by the goats through direct solar radiation.
The physiological adaptations are most often caused by acute stressors. These changes are manifested as respiration rate, sweating rate, body temperature, skin temperature, heart rate etc.
Respiratory rate is the first foremost physiological response to heat stressors in goats [8, 25]. Respiration is the process of inhalation of oxygen (O2), followed by elimination of carbon dioxide (CO2), produced as a result of cellular metabolisms by the cells which lead to evaporative moisture loss from the respiratory tract to maintain thermal balance of the animals. This mechanism is very crucial for preventing the hypothermia which otherwise occur under thermal/heat stress [26]. As temperature increased above the thermal comfort zone of the goats, a marked increase in the respiratory rate from the normal level indicated that the goats are trying to maintain homeostasis by dissipating heat load from the body through evaporative cooling mechanism by vaporizing more moisture to the surrounding environment [27, 28]. Normally, respiration rate increased during summer due to increase in ambient temperature and decreased during winter due to decline in ambient temperature. Respiration rate increased during summer to increase heat loss through sweating and respiration. When this physiological adaptive response is failed to alleviate the effect of heat load by evaporation cooling mechanism, the body temperature may increase to a point at which goat’s well-being and productive performances are compromised mainly due to reduce feed intake and extra energy loss in the process heat loss from the body. Respiratory rate increased during the summer season which indicated that goats are under stressed [29]. So, rapid increase in the respiratory rate in response to heat stress indicates the greater susceptibility of goats to heat stress. This physiological response has been found to be different from breed to breed. This adaptive response may be attributed to breed difference and adaptation to different heat stress [1, 29, 30]. For example, a higher respiratory rate was recorded in cold-adapted goats (Gaddi and Chegu) compared to that of heat adapted goats (Sirohi and Barbari) during summer [30].
Rectal temperature represents the resultant of all heat gain (both metabolic and radiation heat) and heat loss of the body. It is used to measure the core body temperature of animals. Also, it acts as a natural passage way for dissipation of extra heat to maintain physiological homeostasis and body temperature [1]. Hence, it is an indicator of heat stress and may be used to assess the heat stress and adaptive capacity of goats. Normal rectal temperature of goats ranges between 38.3 to 40 °C. An elevation of the rectal temperature occurs only when the sweating and respiratory evaporation mechanisms failed to maintain homeothermy in goats [29, 30, 31]. This physiological response is varied from breed to breed and climatic conditions. For example, a higher rectal temperature was recorded in cold-adapted goats (Gaddi and Chegu) compared to that of heat adapted goats (Sirohi and Barbari) during summer and might be attributed to different heat stress [30].
Skin is an important passageway for heat exchange between the animal’s body and the surrounding environment. Skin temperature is a result of blood flow to the skin, which ends with regulation of heat exchange between body core and the skin [32]. Skin temperature increased under stressful condition for redistribution of blood flow to the skin surfaces so as to form a gradient between ambient temperature and skin surface temperature for heat dissipation from the body of the animals to the surrounding environment. So, when an ambient temperature is greater than skin temperature, the temperature gradient between the body surface and the environment decreases, impeding heat dissipation in this case by an evaporative mechanism [25]. But, it depends on heat stressor including nutritional stress. For example, highest skin temperature of the head, flank, and scrotum was recorded during the afternoon of a day in Osmanabadi goats subjected to combined (heat and nutritional) stressors [11]. This increased in skin temperature for vasodilatation of the skin capillary bed and consequently increases the blood flow to the skin surface to facilitate heat dissipation.
Heart rate reflects primarily the homeostasis of circulation along with the general metabolic status of animals. Heart rate of animals increased under stressful condition to increases blood flow from the core to the surface of the body to give a chance for more heat to be lost by sensible (conduction, convention and radiation) and insensible (diffusion water from the skin) means [33]. A marked acceleration of the heart rate occurs during the hottest part of the day to decrease heat production [34].
Heat stress leads to activation sweating to maintain physiological homeostasis and body temperature. Specially, when respiratory mechanism is failed to maintain physiological homeostasis, it activate the evaporative heat loss mechanisms by involving an increase in sweating rate and respiratory minute volume about 70–85% [35]. The goats have greater sweating rate and lower body weight: surface ratio, which allows efficient way to heat dissipation from the body to the surrounding environment [36]. For example Black Bedouin goats can able to store large volumes of body water, and have considerable sweating capacity which allows them to cope in hot environment [37].
The hematology profile is an attributing adaptive response to cope with heat stress either hot or cold in animals. Heat stress effects on hematological parameters such as packed cell volume (PCV), hemoglobin (Hb), total erythrocytes count (TEC), total leukocytes count (TLC), lymphocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes, granulocytes, and pH [38]. Hb, PCV, TEC and TLC levels increased during winter season in cold climate climatic condition whereas these variables levels decreased during summer in goats [30, 39]. Similarly, Upadhyay and Rao [40] and Abdelatif et al. [41] observed decreased levels of mean TLC, TEC, Hb and PCV during summer months and increased during winter months in goat. Increased in PCV and Hb levels could be availability of adequate nutrients for synthesis of Hb as the goat consumes more feed during winter season [42]. Further, hematological response to the heat stressor is varied from breed to breed [30]. They reported a decreased in mean Hb, PCV, TEC and TLC levels during summer in Sirohi and Barbari goats as they were well adapted to hot climate and less susceptible to heat stress. But the decline in Hb, PCV, TEC and TLC was more in Gaddi and Chegu goats as they were less adapted to hot climate more susceptible to heat stress during summer.
Biochemical composition is directly proportional to the metabolic status of animals and can be used as an index for assessing the adaptation capacity to heat stressors. Heat stress causes alteration in blood biochemical parameters such as glucose, NEFA and β-HBA, total protein, albumin, globulin, to maintain physiological homeostasis especially energy balance through basal metabolic heat production. These responses may be due to a direct effect of high temperature on metabolic function or may be a result of heat impacting gene expression.
A decreased level of blood glucose, cholesterol and free fatty acid levels were recorded in goats in response to heat stress [38]. This low level of blood glucose level could be related to reduce feed intake due to heat stress especially during summer [30, 43]. Further, increased blood glucose level in cold-adapted goat breeds such as Gaddi and Chegu was higher during summer in compared to Sirohi and Barbari goats as they are well adapted to hot climate [29]. The high blood glucose level during summer may be due to increased glucocorticoids especially cortisol due to increase level of stress related to ambient temperature. Further, NEFA and β-HBA are used for energy status of the animals [28]. Heat-stressed goat showed a decreased level of NEFA and β-HBA [36]. This may be related to the adaptive capability of the goats to maintain constant energy requirements.
Heat stress affects the protein metabolism of goats [44]. Metabolism is a part of adaptive response to the heat stress. Helal et al., [45] reported decreased in total plasma protein, albumin and globulin levels in goats subject to heat stress [45]. This might be due to an increase in plasma volume as a result of heat stress. In contrast, heat stress increased total protein and albumin levels due to increase respiration rate in goats for enhancing evaporating cooling [46]. This variation is might be due to adaptive capacity of goods. Indigenous breeds of goats are relatively better adapted to heat stress in their own native place.
Neuro-endocrine responses to heat stress play an integral role in the adaptive mechanisms in animals. It is a crucial stress axis to accomplish physiological homeostasis by releasing several hormones for regulation of energy mobilization, cardiovascular and respiratory functions [47]. The hypothalamus serves as the main integrative control unit for neuro-endocrine responses. It receives information from peripheral as well as central nervous system and triggers an appropriate hormonal signal to maintain the internal milieu of the animals. The activation of the hypothalamo–pituitary–adrenal axis leads to enhance synthesis and release of cortisol and aldosterone levels into circulation under stressful conditions in goats [48]. These hormones are regulated the metabolism, also behavioral response to heat stressor in goats by favoring glycogenolysis, lipolysis, and proteolysis to supply required energy to restore homeostasis. However, the cortisol level was varied considerable between heat- and cold-adapted goats. For example, the cortisol level was higher in heat-adapted goats such as Sirohi and Barbari than in the cold-adapted breeds such as Gaddi and Chegu [30]. The differences in the cortisol levels may be due to adaptation of heat- and cold-adapted goats to different environment conditions, which might helps in physiological adjustment to the environment and enables goats to tolerate stressful conditions. In case of heat-tolerant breeds such as Sirohi and Barbari goats, the cortisol level increased during winter. This increase in cortisol level during winter due to cold stress so as to increase basal metabolism to maintains of the normal body temperature. However, in case of cold-tolerant goats, the cortisol level was lower during winter, thus it is reflected as adaptive response and comfortably to cold climatic condition.
Thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) stimulate oxygen consumption and heat production by the cells [49], and regulate the basal metabolic heat production in animals. Thus, the level of thyroid hormones may reflect an adaptation response to the heat stressor in order to reduce the basal metabolic heat production. Decrease levels of T3 and T4 during heat stress is an adaptive response [50], which enables reduces the basal metabolic rate and thus metabolic heat production goats [51, 52, 53] and heat production by the cells [54]. The secretion and release of thyroid hormones are affected by environmental stressor and adaptive capacity of the goats breed. For example, a high blood thyroid hormone levels was recorded in cold-adapted breeds (Gaddi and Chegu) than for heat adapted breeds (Sirohi and Barbari) goats [30]. This may be attributed to breed differences and their adaptation to different climatic conditions, which is associated with energy metabolism. The increased level of thyroid hormones may be due to low ambient temperature during winter to increase metabolic rate and increased body heat production to maintain core body temperature.
With the advancing modern biotechnological tools, it could able to identify and characterize gene expression patterns associated with cellular adaptation mechanisms of goats at the molecular level [29, 42]. A complex network of gene associated with adaptation to heat stressor in goat [55]. Out of these, many genes determine an individual’s capability to adapt to the heat stress. Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are perhaps the best-studied examples of genes whose expression are associated with adaptive capacity of to heat stress. These HSP genes such as HSP60, HSP70, and HSP90 are highly conserved proteins belong to the chaperones family proteins across evolutionary lines that are expressed under various kinds of stressor and play pivotal role in regulating the proper folding of proteins [56], intracellular transport, maintenance of proteins in an inactive form, the prevention of protein degradation [57], and to adapt progressively to the changing environment to ameliorate the deleterious effects of heat stress [58]. The genes expression profile is depended on kind of goat breeds and type of environmental stressor such as heat or cold [29, 59]. For example, the expression of HSP70 was unregulated in heat stressed goats remained elevated only for 4 hours and returned back to basal level after 8 hours of heat stress withdrawal [60, 61]. Further, it was reported that cold stress was not enough to produce an alteration in HSPs gene expression except in Jhakrana goats [29]. They reported that an increase in HSP90 expression during winter season in Jhakrana goats indicated that cold stress could induce stress in Jhakrana goats, while Barbari and Siorhi goats exhibited adaptation to the same. Madhusoodan et al. [58] reported that the native indigenous goats breed was comparatively better adopted to own ecological niche or environment. They recorded a low level of expression of all heat shock response genes such as HSP70, HSP90, super oxide dismutase (SOD), nitrous oxide synthase 1 (NOS1) in Salem Black goats. The lower level of expression may be due to a sub-threshold level of the heat stress attained in the study to induce cellular stress response in Salem Black goats.
Apart from HSP genes, several other genes such as SOD, NOS, thyroid hormone receptor (THR) and prolactin receptor (PRLR) genes are associated with heat tolerant in animals [62]. Higher expression of NOS was reported in heat stressed goats, which help in vasodilatations of the skin to favor cutaneous evaporative cooling mechanisms to dissipate excess heat from the skin surface [31, 58]. Variations in the gene expression were due to gene–environment interaction and which favor the survival of a population in a particular environment [63, 64, 65]. Therefore; heat-tolerant genes play a significant role for regulation of physiological homeostasis and body temperature [66], and could be useful for production of heat stress tolerant goat breed by conventional approach through artificial selection as well as advance biotechnology tools using transgenic technology. Affymetrix Gene Chip Bovine Genome designed to monitor expression of approximately 23,000 transcripts, it has identified 39 and 74 genes whose expression was up- and down-regulated, and respectively by heat stressor in the blood cells of goats [3] and the genes are as follows (Table 1).
Breeds | Genes | Function | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Mexico goat | Thermo-tolerant | [67] | |
Chines goat | Coloration | [68] | |
Chines goat | Body size | [68] | |
Baraki goat | Thermo-tolerance (melanogenesis) | [66] | |
Baraki goat | Body size and development | [66] | |
Baraki goat | Energy and digestive metabolism | [66] | |
Baraki goat | Nervous and autoimmune response | [65] | |
Ugandan goat | Immune response | [69] |
Enlisted a few genes associated with heat tolerance in goats.
Heat stress has negatively affected the productive and reproductive performances of goat. Under the changing climate scenario due to global warming, the immediate need is to understand the adaptive mechanisms and identification of heat tolerant genes. Adaptive mechanism will provide basis strategies for management and to evolve fast-growing new goat breed as well as the production of heat tolerant transgenic goat for sustainable and profitable goat farming under challenged environment.
The authors are thankful to Hon’ble Vice Chancellor of Central Agricultural University, Imphal.
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Previously, she was Professor of Virology, Molecular Virology, Faculty of Agriculture, Microbiology Department, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.',institutionString:"Ain Shams University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"6",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Ain Shams University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}},equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"4",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Authored by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:134,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"46083",doi:"10.5772/57399",title:"Pesticides: Environmental Impacts and Management Strategies",slug:"pesticides-environmental-impacts-and-management-strategies",totalDownloads:12518,totalCrossrefCites:54,totalDimensionsCites:177,abstract:null,book:{id:"3801",slug:"pesticides-toxic-aspects",title:"Pesticides",fullTitle:"Pesticides - Toxic Aspects"},signatures:"Harsimran Kaur Gill and Harsh Garg",authors:[{id:"169137",title:"Dr.",name:"Harsh",middleName:null,surname:"Garg",slug:"harsh-garg",fullName:"Harsh Garg"},{id:"169846",title:"Dr.",name:"Harsimran",middleName:null,surname:"Gill",slug:"harsimran-gill",fullName:"Harsimran Gill"}]},{id:"21989",doi:"10.5772/17184",title:"Bacillus-Based Biological Control of Plant Diseases",slug:"bacillus-based-biological-control-of-plant-diseases",totalDownloads:17374,totalCrossrefCites:64,totalDimensionsCites:150,abstract:null,book:{id:"432",slug:"pesticides-in-the-modern-world-pesticides-use-and-management",title:"Pesticides in the Modern World",fullTitle:"Pesticides in the Modern World - Pesticides Use and Management"},signatures:"Hélène Cawoy, Wagner Bettiol, Patrick Fickers and Marc Ongena",authors:[{id:"27515",title:"Prof.",name:"Patrick",middleName:null,surname:"Fickers",slug:"patrick-fickers",fullName:"Patrick Fickers"},{id:"40395",title:"Dr.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Ongena",slug:"marc-ongena",fullName:"Marc Ongena"},{id:"108031",title:"Ms.",name:"Hélène",middleName:null,surname:"Cawoy",slug:"helene-cawoy",fullName:"Hélène Cawoy"},{id:"108032",title:"Dr.",name:"Wagner",middleName:null,surname:"Bettiol",slug:"wagner-bettiol",fullName:"Wagner Bettiol"}]},{id:"32936",doi:"10.5772/26052",title:"Phytochemicals: Extraction Methods, Basic Structures and Mode of Action as Potential Chemotherapeutic Agents",slug:"phytochemicals-extraction-methods-basic-structures-and-mode-of-action-as-potential-chemotherapeutic-",totalDownloads:95148,totalCrossrefCites:14,totalDimensionsCites:112,abstract:null,book:{id:"878",slug:"phytochemicals-a-global-perspective-of-their-role-in-nutrition-and-health",title:"Phytochemicals",fullTitle:"Phytochemicals - A Global Perspective of Their Role in Nutrition and Health"},signatures:"James Hamuel Doughari",authors:[{id:"65370",title:"Dr.",name:"James",middleName:null,surname:"Hamuel Doughari",slug:"james-hamuel-doughari",fullName:"James Hamuel Doughari"}]},{id:"49289",doi:"10.5772/61442",title:"Abiotic and Biotic Elicitors–Role in Secondary Metabolites Production through In Vitro Culture of Medicinal Plants",slug:"abiotic-and-biotic-elicitors-role-in-secondary-metabolites-production-through-in-vitro-culture-of-me",totalDownloads:6987,totalCrossrefCites:40,totalDimensionsCites:106,abstract:"Plant secondary metabolites are having the great application in human health and nutritional aspect. Plant cell and organ culture systems are feasible option for the production of secondary metabolites that are of commercial importance in pharmaceuticals, food additives, flavors, and other industrial materials. The stress, including various elicitors or signal molecules, often induces the secondary metabolite production in the plant tissue culture system. The recent developments in elicitation of plant tissue culture have opened a new avenue for the production of secondary metabolite compounds. Secondary metabolite synthesis and accumulation in cell and organ cultures can be triggered by the application of elicitors to the culture medium. Elicitors are the chemical compounds from abiotic and biotic sources that can stimulate stress responses in plants, leading to the enhanced synthesis and accumulation of secondary metabolites or the induction of novel secondary metabolites. Elicitor type, dose, and treatment schedule are major factors determining the effects on the secondary metabolite production. The number of parameters, such as elicitor concentrations, duration of exposure, cell line, nutrient composition, and age or stage of the culture, is also important factors influencing the successful production of biomass and secondary metabolite accumulation. This chapter reviews the various abiotic and biotic elicitors applied to cultural system and their stimulating effects on the accumulation of secondary metabolites.",book:{id:"5066",slug:"abiotic-and-biotic-stress-in-plants-recent-advances-and-future-perspectives",title:"Abiotic and Biotic Stress in Plants",fullTitle:"Abiotic and Biotic Stress in Plants - Recent Advances and Future Perspectives"},signatures:"Poornananda M. Naik and Jameel M. Al–Khayri",authors:[{id:"176282",title:"Prof.",name:"Jameel M.",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Khayri",slug:"jameel-m.-al-khayri",fullName:"Jameel M. Al-Khayri"},{id:"176284",title:"Dr.",name:"Poornananda M.",middleName:null,surname:"Naik",slug:"poornananda-m.-naik",fullName:"Poornananda M. Naik"}]},{id:"49274",doi:"10.5772/61368",title:"Reactive Oxygen Species and Antioxidant Enzymes Involved in Plant Tolerance to Stress",slug:"reactive-oxygen-species-and-antioxidant-enzymes-involved-in-plant-tolerance-to-stress",totalDownloads:4912,totalCrossrefCites:47,totalDimensionsCites:105,abstract:"Plants are continuously exposed to several stress factors in field, which affect their production. These environmental adversities generally induce the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can cause severe oxidative damage to plants. ROS are toxic molecules found in various subcellular compartments. The equilibrium between the production and detoxification of ROS is sustained by enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants. Due to advances in molecular approaches during the last decades, nowadays it is possible to develop economically important transgenic crops that have increased tolerance to stresses. This chapter discusses the oxidative stress and damage to plants. In addition, it reports the involvement of antioxidant enzymes in the tolerance of plants to various stresses.",book:{id:"5066",slug:"abiotic-and-biotic-stress-in-plants-recent-advances-and-future-perspectives",title:"Abiotic and Biotic Stress in Plants",fullTitle:"Abiotic and Biotic Stress in Plants - Recent Advances and Future Perspectives"},signatures:"Andréia Caverzan, Alice Casassola and Sandra Patussi Brammer",authors:[{id:"176303",title:"Dr.",name:"Alice",middleName:null,surname:"Casassola",slug:"alice-casassola",fullName:"Alice Casassola"},{id:"176409",title:"Dr.",name:"Andréia",middleName:null,surname:"Caverzan",slug:"andreia-caverzan",fullName:"Andréia Caverzan"},{id:"176410",title:"Dr.",name:"Sandra",middleName:null,surname:"Patussi Brammer",slug:"sandra-patussi-brammer",fullName:"Sandra Patussi Brammer"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"66996",title:"Ethiopian Common Medicinal Plants: Their Parts and Uses in Traditional Medicine - Ecology and Quality Control",slug:"ethiopian-common-medicinal-plants-their-parts-and-uses-in-traditional-medicine-ecology-and-quality-c",totalDownloads:4037,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:"The main purpose of this review is to document medicinal plants used for traditional treatments with their parts, use, ecology, and quality control. Accordingly, 80 medicinal plant species were reviewed; leaves and roots are the main parts of the plants used for preparation of traditional medicines. The local practitioners provided various traditional medications to their patients’ diseases such as stomachaches, asthma, dysentery, malaria, evil eyes, cancer, skin diseases, and headaches. The uses of medicinal plants for human and animal treatments are practiced from time immemorial. Stream/riverbanks, cultivated lands, disturbed sites, bushlands, forested areas and their margins, woodlands, grasslands, and home gardens are major habitats of medicinal plants. Generally, medicinal plants used for traditional medicine play a significant role in the healthcare of the majority of the people in Ethiopia. The major threats to medicinal plants are habitat destruction, urbanization, agricultural expansion, investment, road construction, and deforestation. Because of these, medicinal plants are being declined and lost with their habitats. Community- and research-based conservation mechanisms could be an appropriate approach for mitigating the problems pertinent to the loss of medicinal plants and their habitats and for documenting medicinal plants. Chromatography; electrophoretic, macroscopic, and microscopic techniques; and pharmaceutical practice are mainly used for quality control of herbal medicines.",book:{id:"8502",slug:"plant-science-structure-anatomy-and-physiology-in-plants-cultured-in-vivo-and-in-vitro",title:"Plant Science",fullTitle:"Plant Science - Structure, Anatomy and Physiology in Plants Cultured in Vivo and in Vitro"},signatures:"Admasu Moges and Yohannes Moges",authors:[{id:"249746",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Admasu",middleName:null,surname:"Moges",slug:"admasu-moges",fullName:"Admasu Moges"},{id:"297761",title:"MSc.",name:"Yohannes",middleName:null,surname:"Moges",slug:"yohannes-moges",fullName:"Yohannes Moges"}]},{id:"63148",title:"Domestic Livestock and Its Alleged Role in Climate Change",slug:"domestic-livestock-and-its-alleged-role-in-climate-change",totalDownloads:15893,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"It is very old wisdom that climate dictates farm management strategies. In recent years, however, we are increasingly confronted with claims that agriculture, livestock husbandry, and even food consumption habits are forcing the climate to change. We subjected this worrisome concern expressed by public institutions, the media, policy makers, and even scientists to a rigorous review, cross-checking critical coherence and (in)compatibilities within and between published scientific papers. Our key conclusion is there is no need for anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs), and even less so for livestock-born emissions, to explain climate change. Climate has always been changing, and even the present warming is most likely driven by natural factors. The warming potential of anthropogenic GHG emissions has been exaggerated, and the beneficial impacts of manmade CO2 emissions for nature, agriculture, and global food security have been systematically suppressed, ignored, or at least downplayed by the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) and other UN (United Nations) agencies. Furthermore, we expose important methodological deficiencies in IPCC and FAO (Food Agriculture Organization) instructions and applications for the quantification of the manmade part of non-CO2-GHG emissions from agro-ecosystems. However, so far, these fatal errors inexorably propagated through scientific literature. Finally, we could not find a clear domestic livestock fingerprint, neither in the geographical methane distribution nor in the historical evolution of mean atmospheric methane concentration. In conclusion, everybody is free to choose a vegetarian or vegan lifestyle, but there is no scientific basis, whatsoever, for claiming this decision could contribute to save the planet’s climate.",book:{id:"7491",slug:"forage-groups",title:"Forage Groups",fullTitle:"Forage Groups"},signatures:"Albrecht Glatzle",authors:[{id:"252990",title:"Dr.",name:"Albrecht",middleName:null,surname:"Glatzle",slug:"albrecht-glatzle",fullName:"Albrecht Glatzle"}]},{id:"66714",title:"Biotic and Abiotic Stresses in Plants",slug:"biotic-and-abiotic-stresses-in-plants",totalDownloads:5794,totalCrossrefCites:54,totalDimensionsCites:96,abstract:"Plants are subjected to a wide range of environmental stresses which reduces and limits the productivity of agricultural crops. Two types of environmental stresses are encountered to plants which can be categorized as (1) Abiotic stress and (2) Biotic stress. The abiotic stress causes the loss of major crop plants worldwide and includes radiation, salinity, floods, drought, extremes in temperature, heavy metals, etc. On the other hand, attacks by various pathogens such as fungi, bacteria, oomycetes, nematodes and herbivores are included in biotic stresses. As plants are sessile in nature, they have no choice to escape from these environmental cues. Plants have developed various mechanisms in order to overcome these threats of biotic and abiotic stresses. They sense the external stress environment, get stimulated and then generate appropriate cellular responses. They do this by stimuli received from the sensors located on the cell surface or cytoplasm and transferred to the transcriptional machinery situated in the nucleus, with the help of various signal transduction pathways. This leads to differential transcriptional changes making the plant tolerant against the stress. The signaling pathways act as a connecting link and play an important role between sensing the stress environment and generating an appropriate biochemical and physiological response.",book:{id:"8015",slug:"abiotic-and-biotic-stress-in-plants",title:"Abiotic and Biotic Stress in Plants",fullTitle:"Abiotic and Biotic Stress in Plants"},signatures:"Audil Gull, Ajaz Ahmad Lone and Noor Ul Islam Wani",authors:null},{id:"62573",title:"Introductory Chapter: Terpenes and Terpenoids",slug:"introductory-chapter-terpenes-and-terpenoids",totalDownloads:7547,totalCrossrefCites:27,totalDimensionsCites:51,abstract:null,book:{id:"6530",slug:"terpenes-and-terpenoids",title:"Terpenes and Terpenoids",fullTitle:"Terpenes and Terpenoids"},signatures:"Shagufta Perveen",authors:[{id:"192992",title:"Prof.",name:"Shagufta",middleName:null,surname:"Perveen",slug:"shagufta-perveen",fullName:"Shagufta Perveen"},{id:"192994",title:"Dr.",name:"Areej",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Taweel",slug:"areej-al-taweel",fullName:"Areej Al-Taweel"}]},{id:"62876",title:"Introduction to Phytochemicals: Secondary Metabolites from Plants with Active Principles for Pharmacological Importance",slug:"introduction-to-phytochemicals-secondary-metabolites-from-plants-with-active-principles-for-pharmaco",totalDownloads:5789,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:25,abstract:"Phytochemicals are substances produced mainly by plants, and these substances have biological activity. In the pharmaceutical industry, plants represent the main source to obtain various active ingredients. They exhibit pharmacological effects applicable to the treatment of bacterial and fungal infections and also chronic-degenerative diseases such as diabetes and cancer. However, the next step in science is to find new ways to obtain it. In this chapter, we discuss about the main groups of phytochemicals, in addition to presenting two case studies. One of the most important secondary metabolites is currently Taxol, which is a natural compound of the taxoid family and is also known for its antitumor activity against cancer located in breasts, lungs, and prostate and is also effective with Kaposi’s sarcoma. Our case studies will be about Taxol, extracted from an unexplored plant species, and the production of Taxol by its endophytic fungi.",book:{id:"6794",slug:"phytochemicals-source-of-antioxidants-and-role-in-disease-prevention",title:"Phytochemicals",fullTitle:"Phytochemicals - Source of Antioxidants and Role in Disease Prevention"},signatures:"Nadia Mendoza and Eleazar M. Escamilla Silva",authors:[{id:"51406",title:"Dr.",name:"Eleazar",middleName:"Máximo",surname:"Escamilla Silva",slug:"eleazar-escamilla-silva",fullName:"Eleazar Escamilla Silva"},{id:"243304",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Nadia",middleName:null,surname:"Mendoza",slug:"nadia-mendoza",fullName:"Nadia Mendoza"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"41",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"81798",title:"Protein Metabolism in Plants to Survive against Abiotic Stress",slug:"protein-metabolism-in-plants-to-survive-against-abiotic-stress",totalDownloads:29,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102995",abstract:"Plants are frequently subjected to several abiotic environmental stresses under natural conditions causing profound impacts on agricultural yield and quality. Plants can themselves develop a wide variety of efficient mechanisms to respond environmental challenges. Tolerance and acclimation of plants are always related to significant changes in protein, cellular localization, posttranscription, and posttranslational modifications. Protein response pathways as well as pathways unique to a given stress condition shared by plants under different stressed environment are discussed in this chapter. The various signaling of protein such as fluctuation, overexpression, and silencing of the protein gene are observed to be modulated in drought-tolerant plants. Similarly, gene expression, RNA processing, and metabolic process take place to cope with drought conditions. For adaption in water-submerged conditions, plants undergo reactive oxygen species (ROS), cell wall modification, proteolysis, and post-recovery protein metabolism. Heat shock protein and protein and lipid contents vary and play pivotal role in resisting low and high temperatures. In a nutshell, this paper provides an overview of several modification, synthesis, degradation, and metabolism of protein in plants to cope with and revive again to normal growing conditions against abiotic stress, emphasizing drought, submerged, extreme cold, and heat temperatures.",book:{id:"10905",title:"Plant Defense Mechanisms",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10905.jpg"},signatures:"Bharti Thapa and Abhisek Shrestha"},{id:"80923",title:"Salt Stress Tolerance in Rice and Wheat: Physiological and Molecular Mechanism",slug:"salt-stress-tolerance-in-rice-and-wheat-physiological-and-molecular-mechanism",totalDownloads:70,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101529",abstract:"Salinity is a major obstacle to global grain crop production, especially rice and wheat. The identification and improvement of salt-tolerant rice and wheat depending upon the genetic diversity and salt stress response could be a promising solution to deal with soil salinity and the increasing food demands. Plant responses to salt stress occur at the organismic, cellular, and molecular levels and the salt stress tolerance in those crop plant involving (1) regulation of ionic homeostasis, (2) maintenance of osmotic potential, (3) ROS scavenging and antioxidant enzymes activity, and (4) plant hormonal regulation. In this chapter, we summarize the recent research progress on these four aspects of plant morpho-physiological and molecular response, with particular attention to ionic, osmolytic, enzymatic, hormonal and gene expression regulation in rice and wheat plants. Moreover, epigenetic diversity could emerge as novel of phenotypic variations to enhance plant adaptation to an adverse environmental conditions and develop stable stress-resilient crops. The information summarized here will be useful for accelerating the breeding of salt-tolerant rice. This information may help in studies to reveal the mechanism of plant salt tolerance, screen high efficiency and quality salt tolerance in crops.",book:{id:"10905",title:"Plant Defense Mechanisms",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10905.jpg"},signatures:"Mohammad Hasanuzzaman"},{id:"80091",title:"Molecular Defense Mechanisms in Plants to Tolerate Toxic Action of Heavy Metal Environmental Pollution",slug:"molecular-defense-mechanisms-in-plants-to-tolerate-toxic-action-of-heavy-metal-environmental-polluti",totalDownloads:26,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102330",abstract:"Toxic action of heavy metals on plants growing in contaminated soils intensified the research on detoxification and sequestering mechanisms existing in plants to understand and manipulate defense mechanisms that confer tolerance against metal ions. Increased biosynthesis of plant biomolecules to confer tolerance during toxic action of heavy metals is an intrinsic ability of plants. Induced formation of low-molecular weight amino acids, peptides or proteines as chelators such as proline (Pro), glutathione (GSH), phytochelatins (PCs) or metallothioneins (MTs) under heavy metal stress enhances metal binding and detoxification capability of plants. In addition, proline and GSH related enzymes such as GSH reductase, GSH peroxidases and glutathione S-transferases are also key components of the antioxidant defense system in the cells to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS). Protective action of oxidized fatty acids oxylipins at toxic levels of heavy metals is considered to activate detoxification processes as signaling molecules.",book:{id:"10905",title:"Plant Defense Mechanisms",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10905.jpg"},signatures:"Istvan Jablonkai"},{id:"80723",title:"Intra-Annual Variation in Leaf Anatomical Traits of an Overwintering Shrub of High Elevations of Himalaya",slug:"intra-annual-variation-in-leaf-anatomical-traits-of-an-overwintering-shrub-of-high-elevations-of-him",totalDownloads:33,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102016",abstract:"Trait variability in response to seasonal variations can be hypothesised as an advantageous strategy for overwintering shrubs. This hypothesis was tested by elucidating patterns of trait variation in an evergreen alpine shrub, Rhododendron anthopogon D. Don. The study site was established at Rohtang (3990 m a.s.l.) in western Himalaya. Its leaves were sampled at 10 time points spanning a period of 1 year (beginning from 22-August-2017 to 14-August-2018) for estimating anatomical traits using light and scanning electron microscopy. The data were analysed using one-way analysis of variance, and the trait-temperature relationships were analysed using linear regression. The results indicated a lower variability in the anatomical traits. A few traits (e.g. cuticle thickness and epidermal scales) were found to be significantly correlated with temperature (p < 0.05). Our analysis revealed increase in cuticle thickness and a decrease in epidermal scales (size) during low-temperature conditions. The lesser variability found in anatomical traits of overwintering shrub could be explained as ‘evolutionary gained adaptive traits’.",book:{id:"10905",title:"Plant Defense Mechanisms",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10905.jpg"},signatures:"Nikita Rathore, Dinesh Thakur, Nang Elennie Hopak and Amit Chawla"},{id:"80587",title:"Morpho-Anatomical Adaptation against Salinity",slug:"morpho-anatomical-adaptation-against-salinity",totalDownloads:73,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101681",abstract:"Plants tolerant of NaCl, implement several adjustments to acclimate to salt stress, such as biochemical, physiological, and morphological modifications. Besides, plants also adjust to saline circumstances by altering their anatomical structure of roots, leaves, and morphological modifications. The leaf and roots are among the essential plant organs and are involved in the transport of water and minerals used for photosynthesis. From a plant physiology perspective, water use efficiency in the quantity of CO2 fixed in photosynthesis compared to the leaf anatomy. In this review, we provide a comparative account of the morphology of the leaf and root under normal and salt stress circumstances. There is little information on the ultrastructure changes elicited in response to salt stress. The analysis expands our knowledge of how salt may impact the leaves and root anatomy.",book:{id:"10905",title:"Plant Defense Mechanisms",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10905.jpg"},signatures:"Smita Srivastava"},{id:"80201",title:"Nutrients Deficit and Water Stress in Plants: New Concept Solutions Using Olive Solid Waste",slug:"nutrients-deficit-and-water-stress-in-plants-new-concept-solutions-using-olive-solid-waste",totalDownloads:81,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101523",abstract:"Great efforts were deployed by researchers to mobilize water resources while is becoming rarer and to control with efficiency the water besides nutrient needs for the plant. Autonomous water and nutritional anti-stress device for plants (AWANASD) based on the recovery of rainwater patented by Medhioub et al. fits into this general framework. Scientific efforts were also dedicated to preserve the environment and minimize energy consumption through using agricultural waste materials in different fields. This chapter provides a new concept based on the use of the olive solid waste in AWANASD as water storage and nutrient elements for plants giving rise to the new system called AWANASD-OSW.",book:{id:"10905",title:"Plant Defense Mechanisms",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10905.jpg"},signatures:"Samir Medhioub, Slah Bouraoui, Ali Ellouze and Hassen Sabeur"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:9},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:103,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:31,numberOfPublishedChapters:314,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:105,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:16,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:4,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:14,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. 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He also obtained an MSc in Molecular and Genetic Medicine, and a Ph.D. in Clinical Immunology and Human Genetics from the University of Sheffield, UK. He also completed a short-term fellowship in Pediatric Clinical Immunology and Bone Marrow Transplantation at Newcastle General Hospital, England. Dr. Rezaei is a Full Professor of Immunology and Vice Dean of International Affairs and Research, at the School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, and the co-founder and head of the Research Center for Immunodeficiencies. He is also the founding president of the Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN). Dr. Rezaei has directed more than 100 research projects and has designed and participated in several international collaborative projects. He is an editor, editorial assistant, or editorial board member of more than forty international journals. He has edited more than 50 international books, presented more than 500 lectures/posters in congresses/meetings, and published more than 1,100 scientific papers in international journals.",institutionString:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institution:{name:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"180733",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean",middleName:null,surname:"Engohang-Ndong",slug:"jean-engohang-ndong",fullName:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180733/images/system/180733.png",biography:"Dr. Jean Engohang-Ndong was born and raised in Gabon. After obtaining his Associate Degree of Science at the University of Science and Technology of Masuku, Gabon, he continued his education in France where he obtained his BS, MS, and Ph.D. in Medical Microbiology. He worked as a post-doctoral fellow at the Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), Newark, NJ for four years before accepting a three-year faculty position at Brigham Young University-Hawaii. Dr. Engohang-Ndong is a tenured faculty member with the academic rank of Full Professor at Kent State University, Ohio, where he teaches a wide range of biological science courses and pursues his research in medical and environmental microbiology. Recently, he expanded his research interest to epidemiology and biostatistics of chronic diseases in Gabon.",institutionString:"Kent State University",institution:{name:"Kent State University",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"188773",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Drouet",slug:"emmanuel-drouet",fullName:"Emmanuel Drouet",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188773/images/system/188773.png",biography:"Emmanuel Drouet, PharmD, is a Professor of Virology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, the University Grenoble-Alpes, France. As a head scientist at the Institute of Structural Biology in Grenoble, Dr. Drouet’s research investigates persisting viruses in humans (RNA and DNA viruses) and the balance with our host immune system. He focuses on these viruses’ effects on humans (both their impact on pathology and their symbiotic relationships in humans). He has an excellent track record in the herpesvirus field, and his group is engaged in clinical research in the field of Epstein-Barr virus diseases. He is the editor of the online Encyclopedia of Environment and he coordinates the Universal Health Coverage education program for the BioHealth Computing Schools of the European Institute of Science.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},{id:"332819",title:"Dr.",name:"Chukwudi Michael",middleName:"Michael",surname:"Egbuche",slug:"chukwudi-michael-egbuche",fullName:"Chukwudi Michael Egbuche",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/332819/images/14624_n.jpg",biography:"I an Dr. Chukwudi Michael Egbuche. I am a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nnamdi Azikiwe University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"284232",title:"Mr.",name:"Nikunj",middleName:"U",surname:"Tandel",slug:"nikunj-tandel",fullName:"Nikunj Tandel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284232/images/8275_n.jpg",biography:'Mr. Nikunj Tandel has completed his Master\'s degree in Biotechnology from VIT University, India in the year of 2012. He is having 8 years of research experience especially in the field of malaria epidemiology, immunology, and nanoparticle-based drug delivery system against the infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders and cancer. He has worked for the NIH funded-International Center of Excellence in Malaria Research project "Center for the study of complex malaria in India (CSCMi)" in collaboration with New York University. The preliminary objectives of the study are to understand and develop the evidence-based tools and interventions for the control and prevention of malaria in different sites of the INDIA. Alongside, with the help of next-generation genomics study, the team has studied the antimalarial drug resistance in India. Further, he has extended his research in the development of Humanized mice for the study of liver-stage malaria and identification of molecular marker(s) for the Artemisinin resistance. At present, his research focuses on understanding the role of B cells in the activation of CD8+ T cells in malaria. Received the CSIR-SRF (Senior Research Fellow) award-2018, FIMSA (Federation of Immunological Societies of Asia-Oceania) Travel Bursary award to attend the IUIS-IIS-FIMSA Immunology course-2019',institutionString:"Nirma University",institution:{name:"Nirma University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334383",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Simone",middleName:"Ulrich",surname:"Ulrich Picoli",slug:"simone-ulrich-picoli",fullName:"Simone Ulrich Picoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334383/images/15919_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from Universidade Luterana do Brasil (1999), Master in Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology from Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (2002), Specialization in Clinical Microbiology from Universidade de São Paulo, USP (2007) and PhD in Sciences in Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2012). She is currently an Adjunct Professor at Feevale University in Medicine and Biomedicine courses and a permanent professor of the Academic Master\\'s Degree in Virology. She has experience in the field of Microbiology, with an emphasis on Bacteriology, working mainly on the following topics: bacteriophages, bacterial resistance, clinical microbiology and food microbiology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Feevale",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",biography:"Dr. Amjad Islam Aqib obtained a DVM and MSc (Hons) from University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF), Pakistan, and a PhD from the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Pakistan. Dr. Aqib joined the Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery at UAF for one year as an assistant professor where he developed a research laboratory designated for pathogenic bacteria. Since 2018, he has been Assistant Professor/Officer in-charge, Department of Medicine, Manager Research Operations and Development-ORIC, and President One Health Club at Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan. He has nearly 100 publications to his credit. His research interests include epidemiological patterns and molecular analysis of antimicrobial resistance and modulation and vaccine development against animal pathogens of public health concern.",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:null},{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",biography:"Professor Fethi Derbel was born in 1960 in Tunisia. He received his medical degree from the Sousse Faculty of Medicine at Sousse, University of Sousse, Tunisia. He completed his surgical residency in General Surgery at the University Hospital Farhat Hached of Sousse and was a member of the Unit of Liver Transplantation in the University of Rennes, France. He then worked in the Department of Surgery at the Sahloul University Hospital in Sousse. Professor Derbel is presently working at the Clinique les Oliviers, Sousse, Tunisia. His hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, colorectal, pancreatic, hepatobiliary, and gastric surgery. He is also very interested in hernia surgery and performs ventral hernia repairs and inguinal hernia repairs. He has been a member of the GREPA and Tunisian Hernia Society (THS). During his residency, he managed patients suffering from diabetic foot, and he was very interested in this pathology. For this reason, he decided to coordinate a book project dealing with the diabetic foot. Professor Derbel has published many articles in journals and collaborates intensively with IntechOpen Access Publisher as an editor.",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null},{id:"300144",title:"Dr.",name:"Meriem",middleName:null,surname:"Braiki",slug:"meriem-braiki",fullName:"Meriem Braiki",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300144/images/system/300144.jpg",biography:"Dr. Meriem Braiki is a specialist in pediatric surgeon from Tunisia. She was born in 1985. She received her medical degree from the University of Medicine at Sousse, Tunisia. She achieved her surgical residency training periods in Pediatric Surgery departments at University Hospitals in Monastir, Tunis and France.\r\nShe is currently working at the Pediatric surgery department, Sidi Bouzid Hospital, Tunisia. Her hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, parietal, urological and digestive surgery. She has published several articles in diffrent journals.",institutionString:"Sidi Bouzid Regional Hospital",institution:null},{id:"229481",title:"Dr.",name:"Erika M.",middleName:"Martins",surname:"de Carvalho",slug:"erika-m.-de-carvalho",fullName:"Erika M. de Carvalho",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229481/images/6397_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"186537",title:"Prof.",name:"Tonay",middleName:null,surname:"Inceboz",slug:"tonay-inceboz",fullName:"Tonay Inceboz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186537/images/system/186537.jfif",biography:"I was graduated from Ege University of Medical Faculty (Turkey) in 1988 and completed his Med. PhD degree in Medical Parasitology at the same university. I became an Associate Professor in 2008 and Professor in 2014. I am currently working as a Professor at the Department of Medical Parasitology at Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.\n\nI have given many lectures, presentations in different academic meetings. I have more than 60 articles in peer-reviewed journals, 18 book chapters, 1 book editorship.\n\nMy research interests are Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis (diagnosis, life cycle, in vitro and in vivo cultivation), and Trichomonas vaginalis (diagnosis, PCR, and in vitro cultivation).",institutionString:"Dokuz Eylül University",institution:{name:"Dokuz Eylül University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"71812",title:"Prof.",name:"Hanem Fathy",middleName:"Fathy",surname:"Khater",slug:"hanem-fathy-khater",fullName:"Hanem Fathy Khater",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71812/images/1167_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Khater is a Professor of Parasitology at Benha University, Egypt. She studied for her doctoral degree, at the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA. She has completed her Ph.D. degrees in Parasitology in Egypt, from where she got the award for “the best scientific Ph.D. dissertation”. She worked at the School of Biological Sciences, Bristol, England, the UK in controlling insects of medical and veterinary importance as a grant from Newton Mosharafa, the British Council. Her research is focused on searching of pesticides against mosquitoes, house flies, lice, green bottle fly, camel nasal botfly, soft and hard ticks, mites, and the diamondback moth as well as control of several parasites using safe and natural materials to avoid drug resistances and environmental contamination.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Banha University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"99780",title:"Prof.",name:"Omolade",middleName:"Olayinka",surname:"Okwa",slug:"omolade-okwa",fullName:"Omolade Okwa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99780/images/system/99780.jpg",biography:"Omolade Olayinka Okwa is presently a Professor of Parasitology at Lagos State University, Nigeria. She has a PhD in Parasitology (1997), an MSc in Cellular Parasitology (1992), and a BSc (Hons) Zoology (1990) all from the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. She teaches parasitology at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. She was a recipient of a Commonwealth fellowship supported by British Council tenable at the Centre for Entomology and Parasitology (CAEP), Keele University, United Kingdom between 2004 and 2005. She was awarded an Honorary Visiting Research Fellow at the same university from 2005 to 2007. \nShe has been an external examiner to the Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, MSc programme between 2010 and 2012. She is a member of the Nigerian Society of Experimental Biology (NISEB), Parasitology and Public Health Society of Nigeria (PPSN), Science Association of Nigeria (SAN), Zoological Society of Nigeria (ZSN), and is Vice Chairperson of the Organisation of Women in Science (OWSG), LASU chapter. She served as Head of Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Lagos State University from 2007 to 2010 and 2014 to 2016. She is a reviewer for several local and international journals such as Unilag Journal of Science, Libyan Journal of Medicine, Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, and Annual Research and Review in Science. \nShe has authored 45 scientific research publications in local and international journals, 8 scientific reviews, 4 books, and 3 book chapters, which includes the books “Malaria Parasites” and “Malaria” which are IntechOpen access publications.",institutionString:"Lagos State University",institution:{name:"Lagos State University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/273100/images/system/273100.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Vijay Bhaskar Reddy Gayam is currently practicing as an internist at Interfaith Medical Center in Brooklyn, New York, USA. He is also a Clinical Assistant Professor at the SUNY Downstate University Hospital and Adjunct Professor of Medicine at the American University of Antigua. He is a holder of an M.B.B.S. degree bestowed to him by Osmania Medical College and received his M.D. at Interfaith Medical Center. His career goals thus far have heavily focused on direct patient care, medical education, and clinical research. He currently serves in two leadership capacities; Assistant Program Director of Medicine at Interfaith Medical Center and as a Councilor for the American\r\nFederation for Medical Research. As a true academician and researcher, he has more than 50 papers indexed in international peer-reviewed journals. He has also presented numerous papers in multiple national and international scientific conferences. His areas of research interest include general internal medicine, gastroenterology and hepatology. He serves as an editor, editorial board member and reviewer for multiple international journals. His research on Hepatitis C has been very successful and has led to multiple research awards, including the 'Equity in Prevention and Treatment Award” from the New York Department of Health Viral Hepatitis Symposium (2018) and the 'Presidential Poster Award” awarded to him by the American College of Gastroenterology (2018). He was also awarded 'Outstanding Clinician in General Medicine” by Venus International Foundation for his extensive research expertise and services, perform over and above the standard expected in the advancement of healthcare, patient safety and quality of care.",institutionString:"Interfaith Medical Center",institution:{name:"Interfaith Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"93517",title:"Dr.",name:"Clement",middleName:"Adebajo",surname:"Meseko",slug:"clement-meseko",fullName:"Clement Meseko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/93517/images/system/93517.jpg",biography:"Dr. Clement Meseko obtained DVM and PhD degree in Veterinary Medicine and Virology respectively. He has worked for over 20 years in both private and public sectors including the academia, contributing to knowledge and control of infectious disease. Through the application of epidemiological skill, classical and molecular virological skills, he investigates viruses of economic and public health importance for the mitigation of the negative impact on people, animal and the environment in the context of Onehealth. \r\nDr. Meseko’s field experience on animal and zoonotic diseases and pathogen dynamics at the human-animal interface over the years shaped his carrier in research and scientific inquiries. He has been part of the investigation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza incursions in sub Saharan Africa and monitors swine Influenza (Pandemic influenza Virus) agro-ecology and potential for interspecies transmission. He has authored and reviewed a number of journal articles and book chapters.",institutionString:"National Veterinary Research Institute",institution:{name:"National Veterinary Research Institute",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"94928",title:"Dr.",name:"Takuo",middleName:null,surname:"Mizukami",slug:"takuo-mizukami",fullName:"Takuo Mizukami",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94928/images/6402_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Institute of Infectious Diseases",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"233433",title:"Dr.",name:"Yulia",middleName:null,surname:"Desheva",slug:"yulia-desheva",fullName:"Yulia Desheva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/233433/images/system/233433.png",biography:"Dr. Yulia Desheva is a leading researcher at the Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia. She is a professor in the Stomatology Faculty, St. Petersburg State University. She has expertise in the development and evaluation of a wide range of live mucosal vaccines against influenza and bacterial complications. Her research interests include immunity against influenza and COVID-19 and the development of immunization schemes for high-risk individuals.",institutionString:'Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Institute of Experimental Medicine"',institution:null},{id:"238958",title:"Mr.",name:"Atamjit",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"atamjit-singh",fullName:"Atamjit Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/238958/images/6575_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"333753",title:"Dr.",name:"Rais",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed",slug:"rais-ahmed",fullName:"Rais Ahmed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333753/images/20168_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"252058",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"Sulca",slug:"juan-sulca",fullName:"Juan Sulca",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252058/images/12834_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"191392",title:"Dr.",name:"Marimuthu",middleName:null,surname:"Govindarajan",slug:"marimuthu-govindarajan",fullName:"Marimuthu Govindarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/191392/images/5828_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. M. Govindarajan completed his BSc degree in Zoology at Government Arts College (Autonomous), Kumbakonam, and MSc, MPhil, and PhD degrees at Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India. He is serving as an assistant professor at the Department of Zoology, Annamalai University. His research interests include isolation, identification, and characterization of biologically active molecules from plants and microbes. He has identified more than 20 pure compounds with high mosquitocidal activity and also conducted high-quality research on photochemistry and nanosynthesis. He has published more than 150 studies in journals with impact factor and 2 books in Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany. He serves as an editorial board member in various national and international scientific journals.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"274660",title:"Dr.",name:"Damodar",middleName:null,surname:"Paudel",slug:"damodar-paudel",fullName:"Damodar Paudel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/274660/images/8176_n.jpg",biography:"I am DrDamodar Paudel,currently working as consultant Physician in Nepal police Hospital.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"241562",title:"Dr.",name:"Melvin",middleName:null,surname:"Sanicas",slug:"melvin-sanicas",fullName:"Melvin Sanicas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241562/images/6699_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"337446",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Zavala-Colon",slug:"maria-zavala-colon",fullName:"Maria Zavala-Colon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"338856",title:"Mrs.",name:"Nur Alvira",middleName:null,surname:"Pascawati",slug:"nur-alvira-pascawati",fullName:"Nur Alvira Pascawati",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Respati Yogyakarta",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"441116",title:"Dr.",name:"Jovanka M.",middleName:null,surname:"Voyich",slug:"jovanka-m.-voyich",fullName:"Jovanka M. Voyich",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Montana State University",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"330412",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Farhab",slug:"muhammad-farhab",fullName:"Muhammad Farhab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"349495",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Ijaz",slug:"muhammad-ijaz",fullName:"Muhammad Ijaz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"38",type:"subseries",title:"Pollution",keywords:"Human activity, Pollutants, Reduced risks, Population growth, Waste disposal, Remediation, Clean environment",scope:"
\r\n\tPollution is caused by a wide variety of human activities and occurs in diverse forms, for example biological, chemical, et cetera. In recent years, significant efforts have been made to ensure that the environment is clean, that rigorous rules are implemented, and old laws are updated to reduce the risks towards humans and ecosystems. However, rapid industrialization and the need for more cultivable sources or habitable lands, for an increasing population, as well as fewer alternatives for waste disposal, make the pollution control tasks more challenging. Therefore, this topic will focus on assessing and managing environmental pollution. It will cover various subjects, including risk assessment due to the pollution of ecosystems, transport and fate of pollutants, restoration or remediation of polluted matrices, and efforts towards sustainable solutions to minimize environmental pollution.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/38.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!1,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11966,editor:{id:"110740",title:"Dr.",name:"Ismail M.M.",middleName:null,surname:"Rahman",slug:"ismail-m.m.-rahman",fullName:"Ismail M.M. Rahman",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/110740/images/2319_n.jpg",biography:"Ismail Md. Mofizur Rahman (Ismail M. M. Rahman) assumed his current responsibilities as an Associate Professor at the Institute of Environmental Radioactivity, Fukushima University, Japan, in Oct 2015. He also has an honorary appointment to serve as a Collaborative Professor at Kanazawa University, Japan, from Mar 2015 to the present. \nFormerly, Dr. Rahman was a faculty member of the University of Chittagong, Bangladesh, affiliated with the Department of Chemistry (Oct 2002 to Mar 2012) and the Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering (Mar 2012 to Sep 2015). Dr. Rahman was also adjunctly attached with Kanazawa University, Japan (Visiting Research Professor, Dec 2014 to Mar 2015; JSPS Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Apr 2012 to Mar 2014), and Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan (TokyoTech-UNESCO Research Fellow, Oct 2004–Sep 2005). \nHe received his Ph.D. degree in Environmental Analytical Chemistry from Kanazawa University, Japan (2011). He also achieved a Diploma in Environment from the Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan (2005). Besides, he has an M.Sc. degree in Applied Chemistry and a B.Sc. degree in Chemistry, all from the University of Chittagong, Bangladesh. \nDr. Rahman’s research interest includes the study of the fate and behavior of environmental pollutants in the biosphere; design of low energy and low burden environmental improvement (remediation) technology; implementation of sustainable waste management practices for treatment, handling, reuse, and ultimate residual disposition of solid wastes; nature and type of interactions in organic liquid mixtures for process engineering design applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Fukushima University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201020",title:"Dr.",name:"Zinnat Ara",middleName:null,surname:"Begum",slug:"zinnat-ara-begum",fullName:"Zinnat Ara Begum",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/201020/images/system/201020.jpeg",biography:"Zinnat A. Begum received her Ph.D. in Environmental Analytical Chemistry from Kanazawa University in 2012. She achieved her Master of Science (M.Sc.) degree with a major in Applied Chemistry and a Bachelor of Science (B.Sc.) in Chemistry, all from the University of Chittagong, Bangladesh. Her work affiliations include Fukushima University, Japan (Visiting Research Fellow, Institute of Environmental Radioactivity: Mar 2016 to present), Southern University Bangladesh (Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering: Jan 2015 to present), and Kanazawa University, Japan (Postdoctoral Fellow, Institute of Science and Engineering: Oct 2012 to Mar 2014; Research fellow, Venture Business Laboratory, Advanced Science and Social Co-Creation Promotion Organization: Apr 2018 to Mar 2021). The research focus of Dr. Zinnat includes the effect of the relative stability of metal-chelator complexes in the environmental remediation process designs and the development of eco-friendly soil washing techniques using biodegradable chelators.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Fukushima University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},editorThree:null,series:{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",issn:"2754-6713"},editorialBoard:[{id:"252368",title:"Dr.",name:"Meng-Chuan",middleName:null,surname:"Ong",slug:"meng-chuan-ong",fullName:"Meng-Chuan Ong",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRVotQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-05-20T12:04:28.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Malaysia Terengganu",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"63465",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed Nageeb",middleName:null,surname:"Rashed",slug:"mohamed-nageeb-rashed",fullName:"Mohamed Nageeb Rashed",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63465/images/system/63465.gif",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Aswan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"187907",title:"Dr.",name:"Olga",middleName:null,surname:"Anne",slug:"olga-anne",fullName:"Olga Anne",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBE5QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-04-07T09:42:13.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Klaipeda State University of Applied Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Lithuania"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:10,paginationItems:[{id:"82196",title:"Multi-Features Assisted Age Invariant Face Recognition and Retrieval Using CNN with Scale Invariant Heat Kernel Signature",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104944",signatures:"Kamarajugadda Kishore Kumar and Movva Pavani",slug:"multi-features-assisted-age-invariant-face-recognition-and-retrieval-using-cnn-with-scale-invariant-",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Pattern Recognition - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11442.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"82063",title:"Evaluating Similarities and Differences between Machine Learning and Traditional Statistical Modeling in Healthcare Analytics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105116",signatures:"Michele Bennett, Ewa J. 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