IntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\\n\\n
By listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
All three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\\n\\n
"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\\n\\n
"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\\n\\n
In conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\\n\\n
“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\\n\\n
We invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\\n\\n
Feel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
After years of being acknowledged as the world's leading publisher of Open Access books, today, we are proud to announce we’ve successfully launched a portfolio of Open Science journals covering rapidly expanding areas of interdisciplinary research.
\n\n\n\n
IntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\n\n
By listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
All three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\n\n
"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\n\n
"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\n\n
In conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\n\n
“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\n\n
We invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\n\n
Feel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\n\n
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"6536",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Cardiac Arrhythmias",title:"Cardiac Arrhythmias",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book is a comprehensive and practical updated review about the various aspects of cardiac arrhythmias. It covers a variety of aspects of both atrial and nonatrial arrhythmias, including genetics, clinical aspects, ECG manifestations, and practical approaches to complex cardiac arrhythmia management - office, hospital, intensive care unit, electrophysiology laboratory, and operating room. This book also presents comprehensive ECG reviews of cardiac arrhythmias like atrial flutter, Brugada pattern, Breijo ECG pattern, and PVCs. Practical aspects of preventing and managing arrhythmias - central venous catheter-induced, atrial flutter, and drug-induced cardiac arrhythmias - are described. Experts have demonstrated the approach for mapping and ablation of complex arrhythmias like atrial flutter, idiopathic ventricular tachycardia, and Brugada syndrome.",isbn:"978-1-78923-303-2",printIsbn:"978-1-78923-302-5",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83881-535-6",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71212",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"cardiac-arrhythmias",numberOfPages:204,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"60225e652fdad9957fb2bad71795510f",bookSignature:"Umashankar Lakshmanadoss",publishedDate:"June 20th 2018",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6536.jpg",numberOfDownloads:13140,numberOfWosCitations:1,numberOfCrossrefCitations:4,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:1,numberOfDimensionsCitations:6,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:1,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:11,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"October 16th 2017",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"November 6th 2017",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"January 5th 2018",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"March 26th 2018",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"May 25th 2018",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"13913",title:"Dr.",name:"Umashankar",middleName:null,surname:"Lakshmanadoss",slug:"umashankar-lakshmanadoss",fullName:"Umashankar Lakshmanadoss",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/13913/images/system/13913.jpg",biography:"Dr. Umashankar Lakshmanadoss completed his training at the University of Rochester, NY, USA. He served as the director of inpatient medical consult service at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA, and then joined the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine at Guthrie Clinic, Sayre, PA, USA. Then he pursued training in cardiac electrophysiology at William Beaumont School of Medicine and continued advanced cardiac electrophysiology training at Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN. He served as an assistant professor of medicine in the Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University, Shreveport, LA, where he also serves as the director of the complex arrhythmia ablation program. His research interest is in the field of cardiac electrophysiology. Currently, he is the director of cardiac electrophysiology at Mercy Health, Cincinnati, OH, USA.",institutionString:"Mercy Health",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"5",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"5",institution:{name:"Mercy Health",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"986",title:"Clinical Cardiac Electrophysiology",slug:"clinical-cardiac-electrophysiology"}],chapters:[{id:"61250",title:"Gene Polymorphisms Associated with Atrial Fibrillation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76920",slug:"gene-polymorphisms-associated-with-atrial-fibrillation",totalDownloads:1201,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Atrial fibrillation (AF), which causes severe health problems, is a multi-factor disorder and is increasing day by day. AF is known to be one of the most common cardiac arrhythmias in clinical practice. AF can also be described as a cardiac dysrhythmia that causes severe cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. AF is known as an independent risk factor for death and it occurs a significant risk of morbidity due to stroke. There are many diseases that contribute to the development of AF. Diseases such as aging, heart failure, heart valve disorders, myocardial infarction, hypertension and diabetes mellitus are important factors in the development of structural AF. It is a known fact that AF prevalence increases with age. The mechanism underlying of AF is not fully understood, but genetic factors play an important role in the pathogenesis of this disease. There have been many studies aimed at investigating the genetic basis of AF, especially in recent years. In these studies, many mutations and variants have emerged which are identified as genetic risk factors in the development of AF. Identification of gene polymorphisms that play a role in the development of AF will be an important guide in the development of new therapies for the treatment of this condition.",signatures:"Nevra Alkanli, Arzu Ay and Suleyman Serdar Alkanli",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/61250",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/61250",authors:[{id:"234410",title:"Dr.",name:"Nevra",surname:"Alkanli",slug:"nevra-alkanli",fullName:"Nevra Alkanli"},{id:"235954",title:"Dr.",name:"Arzu",surname:"Ay",slug:"arzu-ay",fullName:"Arzu Ay"},{id:"235955",title:"Mr.",name:"Suleyman Serdar",surname:"Alkanli",slug:"suleyman-serdar-alkanli",fullName:"Suleyman Serdar Alkanli"}],corrections:null},{id:"58735",title:"Retracted: Interrogating the Interplay between Cardiac Transcription Factors and Non-Coding RNAs in Atrial Fibrillation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73148",slug:"interrogating-the-interplay-between-cardiac-transcription-factors-and-non-coding-rnas-in-atrial-fibr",totalDownloads:856,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"There is growing evidence that putative gene regulatory networks including cardio-enriched transcription factors and their target genes can play a potentially important role in the process of adaptive and maladaptive atrial rhythm remodeling. In turn, expression of atrial fibrillation-associated transcription factors is under the control of regulatory non-coding RNAs. This review broadly explores gene-regulatory mechanisms associated with susceptibility to atrial fibrillation—with key examples from both animal models and patients—within the context of both cardiac transcription factors and non-coding RNAs. These two systems appear to have multiple levels of cross-regulation and act coordinately to achieve effective control of atrial rhythm effector gene expression. Perturbations of a dynamic expression balance between transcription factors and corresponding non-coding RNAs can provoke the development or promote the progression of atrial fibrillation. We also outline deficiencies in current models and discuss ongoing studies to clarify remaining mechanistic questions.",signatures:"Alexander T. Mikhailov and Mario Torrado",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/58735",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/58735",authors:[{id:"210345",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"alexander-mikhailov",fullName:"Alexander Mikhailov"},{id:"210930",title:"Dr.",name:"Mario",surname:"Torrado",slug:"mario-torrado",fullName:"Mario Torrado"}],corrections:null},{id:"59994",title:"Atrial Flutter: Diagnosis and Management strategies",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.74850",slug:"atrial-flutter-diagnosis-and-management-strategies",totalDownloads:1503,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Atrial flutter (AFL) is a regular, macro reentrant arrhythmia traditionally defined as a supraventricular tachycardia with an atrial rate of 240–320 beats per minute (bpm). Pathophysiology of atrial flutter and atrial fibrillation (AF) is closely related to the similar risk of stroke and they coexist clinically. Atrial flutter is classified to cavotricuspid isthmus (CTI) dependent (or typical) and non-isthmus dependent (atypical). Isthmus is a distinct structure in the right atrium (RA) through which atrial flutter passes and makes a good target for ablation therapy. Ablation is the primary therapy in atrial flutter, particularly in CTI dependent group, with regard to its safety profile and high success rate of approximately 90%. Three-dimensional electroanatomic mapping is progressively being used to ablate atypical forms of atrial flutter.",signatures:"Hamid Reza Bonakdar",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/59994",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/59994",authors:[{id:"227955",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamid Reza",surname:"Bonakdar",slug:"hamid-reza-bonakdar",fullName:"Hamid Reza Bonakdar"}],corrections:null},{id:"61042",title:"Surgical Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76700",slug:"surgical-treatment-of-atrial-fibrillation",totalDownloads:1014,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Atrial fibrillation represents the most common supraventricular arrhythmia above all in patients undergoing cardiac surgery and is associated to an augmented risk of thromboembolic stroke, heart failure, and cardiovascular mortality. That is the reason why cardiac surgeons began to address their attention to how to surgically treat fibrillating patients according to pathophysiological models describing mechanisms of arrhythmia induction and maintenance. A new branch of cardiac surgery was born, leading to a progressive development of adapted surgical ablation techniques, applicable both to lone or concomitant arrhythmia treatment. Historical evolution and current available surgical treatment options are described, beginning from the first pure surgical maze, going through all its modifications in source ablation energies and lesion sets and finishing with current mini-invasive hybrid treatment of lone atrial fibrillation. Indications, patients’ selection, technical options with respective advantages and disadvantages, surgical technique details, complications, and results are fully illustrated. Relationship between pathophysiologic arrhythmia mechanisms and the consequent ablation tailored procedure choice is highlighted, allowing a customized procedural offer to every single patient, resulting in a success rate ranging from 60 to 90%.",signatures:"Claudia M. Loardi, Marco Zanobini and Francesco Alamanni",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/61042",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/61042",authors:[{id:"59205",title:"Prof.",name:"Francesco",surname:"Alamanni",slug:"francesco-alamanni",fullName:"Francesco Alamanni"},{id:"211649",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudia Maria",surname:"Loardi",slug:"claudia-maria-loardi",fullName:"Claudia Maria Loardi"},{id:"233851",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco",surname:"Zanobini",slug:"marco-zanobini",fullName:"Marco Zanobini"}],corrections:null},{id:"58506",title:"Histopathological Change Following Cox-Maze IV Procedure for Atrial Fibrillation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72786",slug:"histopathological-change-following-cox-maze-iv-procedure-for-atrial-fibrillation",totalDownloads:1166,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The prevalence of atrial fibrillation and the likelihood of undergoing concomitant surgical ablation at the time of open heart surgery are increasing. Currently, the conventional cut-and-sew Maze procedure has been predominantly replaced by Cox-Maze IV procedure, in which new energy sources such as radiofrequency energy and/or cryoablation are applied. Cox-Maze IV procedure has been associated with lower rate of complications than a cut-and-sew procedure. However, some previous studies reported the lower success rate of Cox-Maze IV procedure, possibly because radiofrequency ablation or cryoablation cannot always achieve transmurality. For the success of surgical ablation, achieving transmurality, defined as complete atrial wall thickness of fibrotic changes, is of paramount importance. A review of previous articles regarding histopathological changes of the atrial tissue following surgical ablation is performed. The effectiveness of new energy sources such as radiofrequency and cryoablation in terms of histological transmurality is discussed.",signatures:"Takashi Murashita",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/58506",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/58506",authors:[{id:"192448",title:"Dr.",name:"Takashi",surname:"Murashita",slug:"takashi-murashita",fullName:"Takashi Murashita"}],corrections:null},{id:"61466",title:"Idiopathic Ventricular Arrhythmias",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.77186",slug:"idiopathic-ventricular-arrhythmias",totalDownloads:1533,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Idiopathic ventricular arrhythmias (VAs) occur with a mechanism that is unrelated to myocardial scar. Idiopathic VAs most commonly occur in patients without structural heart disease, but can occur in those with structural heart disease. Idiopathic VAs present as a sustained or a non-sustained ventricular tachycardia or premature ventricular contractions. Imaging examinations such as echocardiography, nuclear tests, and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging are helpful for excluding any association of an idiopathic VA occurrence with myocardial scar. For the past two decades, the sites of idiopathic VA origins, commonly endocardial but sometimes epicardial, have been increasingly recognized. Idiopathic VAs usually originate from specific anatomical structures and exhibit characteristic electrocardiograms based on their anatomical background. Idiopathic VAs are basically benign, but they require medical treatment or catheter ablation when idiopathic VAs are symptomatic, frequent, or cause tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy. This book chapter describes the up-to-date information on the prevalence of idiopathic VA origins relevant to the anatomy, diagnosis, and treatment of idiopathic VAs.",signatures:"Takumi Yamada",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/61466",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/61466",authors:[{id:"68148",title:"Prof.",name:"Takumi",surname:"Yamada",slug:"takumi-yamada",fullName:"Takumi Yamada"}],corrections:null},{id:"61249",title:"Brugada Type 1 Pattern and Risk Stratification for Sudden Death: Does the Key Hide in the ECG Analysis?",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.75488",slug:"brugada-type-1-pattern-and-risk-stratification-for-sudden-death-does-the-key-hide-in-the-ecg-analysi",totalDownloads:1045,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Primary prevention of ventricular fibrillation is at the heart of the management of Brugada syndrome. Several recent studies have shown that the analysis of simple electrocardiographic criteria could help to stratify the risk of sudden death. In the present work, 12 markers were studied: spontaneous and permanent type 1 pattern, first-degree atrioventricular block, sinus node dysfunction, wide QRS in V2, aVR sign, fragmented QRS, S-waves in DI, early repolarization pattern, atrial fibrillation, type 1 in peripheral leads pattern, and long Tpeak-Tend interval. These electrical markers reflect abnormalities in conduction, depolarization, and repolarization that may indicate the severity of the disease. In this chapter, we carry out a review of these markers, their method of determination on the surface ECG, and the main studies highlighting their prognostic impact. We also review the main underlying pathophysiological hypotheses of Brugada syndrome.",signatures:"Antoine Deliniere, Francis Bessiere, Adrien Moreau, Alexandre\nJanin, Gilles Millat and Philippe Chevalier",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/61249",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/61249",authors:[{id:"34919",title:"Prof.",name:"Philippe",surname:"Chevalier",slug:"philippe-chevalier",fullName:"Philippe Chevalier"},{id:"234734",title:"Mr.",name:"Antoine",surname:"Delinière",slug:"antoine-deliniere",fullName:"Antoine Delinière"},{id:"256551",title:"Dr.",name:"Francis",surname:"Bessiere",slug:"francis-bessiere",fullName:"Francis Bessiere"},{id:"256552",title:"Dr.",name:"Adrien",surname:"Moreau",slug:"adrien-moreau",fullName:"Adrien Moreau"},{id:"256553",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandre",surname:"Janin",slug:"alexandre-janin",fullName:"Alexandre Janin"},{id:"256554",title:"Dr.",name:"Gilles",surname:"Millat",slug:"gilles-millat",fullName:"Gilles Millat"}],corrections:null},{id:"61238",title:"Endocardial Approach for Substrate Ablation in Brugada Syndrome",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.75932",slug:"endocardial-approach-for-substrate-ablation-in-brugada-syndrome",totalDownloads:1048,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) in Brugada syndrome (BrS) has been performed by both endocardial and epicardial. The substrate in BrS is not completely understood. We investigate the functional endocardial substrate and its correlation with clinical, electrophysiological and ECG findings in order to guide an endocardial ablation. Two patients agreed to undergo an endocardial biopsy and the samples were examined with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to investigate the correlation between functional and ultrastructural alterations. About 13 patients (38.7 ± 12.3 years old) with spontaneous type 1 ECG BrS pattern, inducible VF with programmed ventricular stimulation (PVS) and syncope without prodromes were enrolled. Before endocardial mapping, the patients underwent flecainide testing with the purpose of measuring the greatest ST-segment elevation for to be correlated with the size and location of substrate in the electro-anatomic map. Patients underwent endocardial bipolar and electro-anatomic mapping with the purpose of identify areas of abnormal electrograms (EGMs) as target for RFA and determine the location and size of the substrate. When the greatest ST-segment elevation was in the third intercostal space (ICS), the substrate was located upper in the longitudinal plane of the right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) and a greatest ST-segment elevation in fourth ICS correspond with a location of substrate in lower region of longitudinal plane of RVOT. A QRS complex widening on its initial and final part, with prolonged transmural and regional depolarization time of RVOT corresponded to the substrate located in the anterior-lateral region of RVOT. A QRS complex widening rightwards and only prolonged transmural depolarization time corresponded with a substrate located in the anterior, anterior-septal or septal region of RVOT. RFA of endocardial substrate suppressed the inducibility and ECG BrS pattern during 34.7 ± 15.5 months. After RFA, flecainide testing confirmed elimination of the ECG BrS pattern. Endocardial biopsy showed a correlation between functional and ultrastructural alterations. Endocardial RFA can eliminate the BrS phenotype and inducibility during programmed ventricular stimulation (PVS).",signatures:"Pablo E. Tauber, Virginia Mansilla, Pedro Brugada, Sara S. Sánchez,\nStella M. Honoré, Marcelo Elizari, Sergio Chain Molina, Felix A.\nAlbano, Ricardo R. Corbalán, Federico Figueroa Castellanos and\nDamian Alzugaray Bioeng",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/61238",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/61238",authors:[{id:"231586",title:"M.D.",name:"Pablo Esteban",surname:"Tauber",slug:"pablo-esteban-tauber",fullName:"Pablo Esteban Tauber"},{id:"231591",title:"Dr.",name:"Felix",surname:"Albano",slug:"felix-albano",fullName:"Felix Albano"}],corrections:null},{id:"60558",title:"Breijo Electrocardiographic Pattern",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.75446",slug:"breijo-electrocardiographic-pattern",totalDownloads:960,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Breijo’s electrocardiographic model is becoming better known to cardiologists every day. The decrease in the PR interval, together with the decrease of the QTc interval in the same ECG tracing, is the main and only cardiac electrical feature on the same individual. It can often go unnoticed, but many problems could be avoided if it was previously diagnosed, including sudden death.",signatures:"Francisco R. Breijo-Márquez",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/60558",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/60558",authors:[{id:"63299",title:"Prof.",name:"Francisco R.",surname:"Breijo-Marquez",slug:"francisco-r.-breijo-marquez",fullName:"Francisco R. Breijo-Marquez"}],corrections:null},{id:"60324",title:"Central Venous Catheter-Induced Cardiac Arrhythmias in Neonates",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.74559",slug:"central-venous-catheter-induced-cardiac-arrhythmias-in-neonates",totalDownloads:1278,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Central venous catheter (CVC) placement or peripherally inserted central catheters are a common bedside procedure, which is frequently performed in critically ill neonates. Even though it is a routine procedure in the neonatal critical care unit, it is not uncommon to have complications related to it. Due to the smaller size of the heart in neonates and premature infants, the usual anatomic landmark and distance from the insertion site may not be accurate. As they are commonly performed at bedside, fluoroscopic guidance would not be possible. In this chapter, we describe common cardiac arrhythmias induced by these CVC lines and practical tips to avoid these complications. Proper measurement with correct technique, proper fixation and vigilant watching for migration will reduce the incidence of these complications. It is mandatory that all bed side intensivist should think of central line induced arrhythmias in an ICU settings and should identify and treat it appropriately.",signatures:"Lakshmi Prabha, Anwar Khan, Mahmoudh Galal, Yaser El Saba and\nKarnika Senthilkumar",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/60324",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/60324",authors:[{id:"231537",title:"Dr.",name:"Lakshmi",surname:"Prabha",slug:"lakshmi-prabha",fullName:"Lakshmi Prabha"},{id:"241868",title:"Dr.",name:"Anwar",surname:"Khan",slug:"anwar-khan",fullName:"Anwar Khan"},{id:"241869",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmoud",surname:"Galal",slug:"mahmoud-galal",fullName:"Mahmoud Galal"},{id:"241870",title:"Dr.",name:"Yaser",surname:"El Saba",slug:"yaser-el-saba",fullName:"Yaser El Saba"},{id:"241871",title:"Ms.",name:"Karnika",surname:"Senthilkumar",slug:"karnika-senthilkumar",fullName:"Karnika Senthilkumar"}],corrections:null},{id:"60968",title:"Drug Abuse-Induced Cardiac Arrhythmias: Mechanisms and Management",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76022",slug:"drug-abuse-induced-cardiac-arrhythmias-mechanisms-and-management",totalDownloads:1538,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Toxicomania is a worldwide emerging problem threatening young population. Several reports highlighted its hazardous cardiovascular effects. Sudden cardiac death secondary to cardiac arrhythmias is the most occupying issue. Different forms of cardiac rhythm disorders may be induced by illicit drug abuse according to the type of drug and the mechanism involved. In this review, we exposed the main ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmia complicating the common recreational drugs, and we explained their different mechanisms as well as the particularities of management.",signatures:"Sana Ouali, Omar Guermazi, Fatma Guermazi, Manel Ben Halima,\nSelim Boudiche, Nadim Khedher, Fathia Meghaieth, Abdeljalil\nFarhati, Noureddine Larbi and Mohamed Sami Mourali",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/60968",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/60968",authors:[{id:"34819",title:"Dr.",name:"Sana",surname:"Ouali",slug:"sana-ouali",fullName:"Sana Ouali"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"965",title:"Novel Strategies in Ischemic Heart Disease",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4aacb23e8594bdc279097abdfcde0eb8",slug:"novel-strategies-in-ischemic-heart-disease",bookSignature:"Umashankar Lakshmanadoss",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/965.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"13913",title:"Dr.",name:"Umashankar",surname:"Lakshmanadoss",slug:"umashankar-lakshmanadoss",fullName:"Umashankar Lakshmanadoss"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5166",title:"Echocardiography in Heart Failure and Cardiac Electrophysiology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"cb992fb172cb9aa79234394e1704ecc2",slug:"echocardiography-in-heart-failure-and-cardiac-electrophysiology",bookSignature:"Umashankar Lakshmanadoss",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5166.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"13913",title:"Dr.",name:"Umashankar",surname:"Lakshmanadoss",slug:"umashankar-lakshmanadoss",fullName:"Umashankar Lakshmanadoss"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8499",title:"Differential Diagnosis of Chest Pain",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ac6ad2f79af3af94cb5be97fef057173",slug:"differential-diagnosis-of-chest-pain",bookSignature:"Umashankar Lakshmanadoss",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8499.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"13913",title:"Dr.",name:"Umashankar",surname:"Lakshmanadoss",slug:"umashankar-lakshmanadoss",fullName:"Umashankar Lakshmanadoss"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7907",title:"Practical Applications of Electrocardiogram",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e6ccea0e539a40209a7d3c8507108832",slug:"practical-applications-of-electrocardiogram",bookSignature:"Umashankar Lakshmanadoss",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7907.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"13913",title:"Dr.",name:"Umashankar",surname:"Lakshmanadoss",slug:"umashankar-lakshmanadoss",fullName:"Umashankar Lakshmanadoss"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"997",title:"Tachycardia",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1a5908b405f4ffb028f51f29863469d0",slug:"tachycardia",bookSignature:"Takumi Yamada",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/997.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"68148",title:"Prof.",name:"Takumi",surname:"Yamada",slug:"takumi-yamada",fullName:"Takumi Yamada"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4584",title:"Abnormal Heart Rhythms",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"81532d7ef92dec2fed90a8c7ea7a051c",slug:"abnormal-heart-rhythms",bookSignature:"Francisco R. Breijo-Marquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4584.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"63299",title:"Prof.",name:"Francisco R.",surname:"Breijo-Marquez",slug:"francisco-r.-breijo-marquez",fullName:"Francisco R. Breijo-Marquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5216",title:"Update on Essential Hypertension",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7f462a8fbbf6a1af402d2689a50a9670",slug:"update-on-essential-hypertension",bookSignature:"Lizbeth Salazar-Sanchez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5216.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"73775",title:"Dr.",name:"Lizbeth",surname:"Salazar-Sanchez",slug:"lizbeth-salazar-sanchez",fullName:"Lizbeth Salazar-Sanchez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3528",title:"Cardiac Surgery",subtitle:"A Commitment to Science, Technology and Creativity",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"95973b4f0e34524407c79ddb123a0d09",slug:"cardiac-surgery-a-commitment-to-science-technology-and-creativity",bookSignature:"Miguel Angel Maluf and Paulo Roberto Barbosa Evora",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3528.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"106872",title:"Prof.",name:"Miguel",surname:"Maluf",slug:"miguel-maluf",fullName:"Miguel Maluf"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3815",title:"Cardiac Arrhythmias",subtitle:"Mechanisms, Pathophysiology, and Treatment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fe6dad804d0257a3922593b7861a1b74",slug:"cardiac-arrhythmias-mechanisms-pathophysiology-and-treatment",bookSignature:"Wilbert S. Aronow",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3815.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"164597",title:"Dr.",name:"Wilbert S.",surname:"Aronow",slug:"wilbert-s.-aronow",fullName:"Wilbert S. Aronow"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3289",title:"Cardiac Defibrillation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"37b5f2758b30dc35fb41750fa68d2725",slug:"cardiac-defibrillation",bookSignature:"Damir Erkapic, Tamas Bauernfeind",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3289.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"156236",title:"Dr.",name:"Damir",surname:"Erkapic",slug:"damir-erkapic",fullName:"Damir Erkapic"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"79356",slug:"corrigendum-enhancing-abiotic-stress-tolerance-to-develop-climate-smart-rice-using-holistic-breeding",title:"Corrigendum: Enhancing Abiotic Stress Tolerance to Develop Climate-Smart Rice Using Holistic Breeding Approach",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/79755.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/79755",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/79755",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/79755",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/79755",chapter:{id:"76501",slug:"enhancing-abiotic-stress-tolerance-to-develop-climate-smart-rice-using-holistic-breeding-approach",signatures:"M. Akhlasur Rahman, Hasina Khatun, M. Ruhul Amin Sarker, Hosneara Hossain, M. Ruhul Quddus, Khandakar M. Iftekharuddaula and M. Shahjahan Kabir",dateSubmitted:"March 6th 2021",dateReviewed:"March 17th 2021",datePrePublished:"June 10th 2021",datePublished:"December 22nd 2021",book:{id:"11571",title:"Cereal Grains",subtitle:"Volume 2",fullTitle:"Cereal Grains - Volume 2",slug:"cereal-grains-volume-2",publishedDate:"December 22nd 2021",bookSignature:"Aakash Kumar Goyal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11571.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"97604",title:"Dr.",name:"Aakash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Goyal",slug:"aakash-k.-goyal",fullName:"Aakash K. Goyal"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"338812",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Akhlasur",middleName:null,surname:"Rahman",fullName:"M. Akhlasur Rahman",slug:"m.-akhlasur-rahman",email:"akhlas08@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Bangladesh Rice Research Institute",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Bangladesh"}}},{id:"340364",title:"Dr.",name:"Hasina",middleName:null,surname:"Khatun",fullName:"Hasina Khatun",slug:"hasina-khatun",email:"hasinabrri09@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Bangladesh Rice Research Institute",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Bangladesh"}}},{id:"340367",title:"Dr.",name:"Hosneara",middleName:null,surname:"Hossain",fullName:"Hosneara Hossain",slug:"hosneara-hossain",email:"shimulbrri@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Bangladesh Rice Research Institute",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Bangladesh"}}},{id:"340368",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Ruhul Amin",middleName:null,surname:"Sarker",fullName:"M. Ruhul Amin Sarker",slug:"m.-ruhul-amin-sarker",email:"mrasbrri@yahoo.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Bangladesh Rice Research Institute",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Bangladesh"}}},{id:"340369",title:"Dr.",name:"Khandakar M.",middleName:null,surname:"Iftekharuddaula",fullName:"Khandakar M. Iftekharuddaula",slug:"khandakar-m.-iftekharuddaula",email:"kiftekhar03@yahoo.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Bangladesh Rice Research Institute",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Bangladesh"}}},{id:"352116",title:"Mr.",name:"M. Ruhul",middleName:null,surname:"Quddus",fullName:"M. Ruhul Quddus",slug:"m.-ruhul-quddus",email:"rquddus265@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Bangladesh Rice Research Institute",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Bangladesh"}}},{id:"352118",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Shahjahan",middleName:null,surname:"Kabir",fullName:"M. Shahjahan Kabir",slug:"m.-shahjahan-kabir",email:"kabir.stat@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Bangladesh Rice Research Institute",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Bangladesh"}}}]}},chapter:{id:"76501",slug:"enhancing-abiotic-stress-tolerance-to-develop-climate-smart-rice-using-holistic-breeding-approach",signatures:"M. Akhlasur Rahman, Hasina Khatun, M. Ruhul Amin Sarker, Hosneara Hossain, M. Ruhul Quddus, Khandakar M. Iftekharuddaula and M. Shahjahan Kabir",dateSubmitted:"March 6th 2021",dateReviewed:"March 17th 2021",datePrePublished:"June 10th 2021",datePublished:"December 22nd 2021",book:{id:"11571",title:"Cereal Grains",subtitle:"Volume 2",fullTitle:"Cereal Grains - Volume 2",slug:"cereal-grains-volume-2",publishedDate:"December 22nd 2021",bookSignature:"Aakash Kumar Goyal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11571.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"97604",title:"Dr.",name:"Aakash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Goyal",slug:"aakash-k.-goyal",fullName:"Aakash K. Goyal"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"338812",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Akhlasur",middleName:null,surname:"Rahman",fullName:"M. Akhlasur Rahman",slug:"m.-akhlasur-rahman",email:"akhlas08@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Bangladesh Rice Research Institute",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Bangladesh"}}},{id:"340364",title:"Dr.",name:"Hasina",middleName:null,surname:"Khatun",fullName:"Hasina Khatun",slug:"hasina-khatun",email:"hasinabrri09@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Bangladesh Rice Research Institute",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Bangladesh"}}},{id:"340367",title:"Dr.",name:"Hosneara",middleName:null,surname:"Hossain",fullName:"Hosneara Hossain",slug:"hosneara-hossain",email:"shimulbrri@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Bangladesh Rice Research Institute",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Bangladesh"}}},{id:"340368",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Ruhul Amin",middleName:null,surname:"Sarker",fullName:"M. Ruhul Amin Sarker",slug:"m.-ruhul-amin-sarker",email:"mrasbrri@yahoo.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Bangladesh Rice Research Institute",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Bangladesh"}}},{id:"340369",title:"Dr.",name:"Khandakar M.",middleName:null,surname:"Iftekharuddaula",fullName:"Khandakar M. Iftekharuddaula",slug:"khandakar-m.-iftekharuddaula",email:"kiftekhar03@yahoo.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Bangladesh Rice Research Institute",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Bangladesh"}}},{id:"352116",title:"Mr.",name:"M. Ruhul",middleName:null,surname:"Quddus",fullName:"M. Ruhul Quddus",slug:"m.-ruhul-quddus",email:"rquddus265@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Bangladesh Rice Research Institute",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Bangladesh"}}},{id:"352118",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Shahjahan",middleName:null,surname:"Kabir",fullName:"M. Shahjahan Kabir",slug:"m.-shahjahan-kabir",email:"kabir.stat@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Bangladesh Rice Research Institute",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Bangladesh"}}}]},book:{id:"11571",title:"Cereal Grains",subtitle:"Volume 2",fullTitle:"Cereal Grains - Volume 2",slug:"cereal-grains-volume-2",publishedDate:"December 22nd 2021",bookSignature:"Aakash Kumar Goyal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11571.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"97604",title:"Dr.",name:"Aakash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Goyal",slug:"aakash-k.-goyal",fullName:"Aakash K. Goyal"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"11587",leadTitle:null,title:"Updates on ADHD - New Approaches to Assessment and Intervention",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"
\r\n\tAttention Deficit and Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD) is a common neurobehavioral disorder in childhood with high global prevalence rates ranging from 5.3 to 7.2%, with an average of around 5%. This disorder is characterized by three groups of symptoms: inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. Furthermore, their combination gives rise to three types of presentation of ADHD: inattentive presentation, hyperactive and impulsive presentation, and combined presentation. In this way, depending on the kind of presentation, more accurate recommendations will be made. In this sense, considering the high prevalence rates and their symptomatologic complexity, it is necessary to advance in the evaluation process (from an innovative perspective) as well as in the design of interventions adjusted to the needs of patients. For all these reasons, this book will include works that aim to advance the evaluation and intervention of ADHD to achieve a better prognosis.
",isbn:"978-1-80356-144-8",printIsbn:"978-1-80356-143-1",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80356-145-5",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"e0718a84e5fda7ed4287095c3ef27dae",bookSignature:"Dr. Celestino Rodríguez Pérez and Mrs. Debora Areces",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11587.jpg",keywords:"Differential Diagnosis, Assessment Tools, Ecological Validity, Assessment Protocols, Intervention Design, Response to Intervention, Intervention Protocols, New Technologies, Models – ADHD, Theories – ADHD, Perspectives on ADHD, Approaches to ADHD",numberOfDownloads:25,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"February 1st 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 5th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"July 4th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"September 22nd 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"November 21st 2022",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"3 months",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:4,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Celestino Rodríguez has participated in numerous national and international conferences (USA, Switzerland, Holland, Italy, Portugal, etc.) and contributed to the advances in contemporary psychology research trends on many levels focusing on ADHD, learning disabilities, SRL, learning strategies, and gifted children. He has collaborated with researchers from the countries such as England, Germany, the Netherlands, and the United States of America.",coeditorOneBiosketch:"Dr. Débora Areces is the author of several scientific articles and book chapters (Spanish and English). In her research work, she focuses on innovative perspectives and new theoretical models in interpreting ADHD.",coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"85114",title:"Dr.",name:"Celestino",middleName:null,surname:"Rodríguez Pérez",slug:"celestino-rodriguez-perez",fullName:"Celestino Rodríguez Pérez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/85114/images/system/85114.jpg",biography:"Celestino Rodríguez, PhD in Psychology and Education (Oviedo, Spain), is an Associate Professor in the Department of Psychology and Vice-dean at Faculty of Teaching Training and Education (University of Oviedo) Spain. His main research areas include learning disabilities and ADHD, learning assessment, academic achievement, learning strategies, gifted children, SRL (Self-regulated learning), ICTs, higher education, CBLEs (Computer Based Learning Environments), metacognition, dynamic hypermedia learning environments and more. He is an author of more than 110 papers in peer-review international journals, around 30 chapters and collaboration in Education, Psychology and Higher Education books and handbooks. Celestino Rodríguez has made several national and international conferences with more than 150 participants in the International Congress (USA, Switzerland, Holland, Italy, Portugal, etc.). Through numerous research, projects, and research stays, he has collaborated with researchers from different countries, such as England, Germany, the Netherlands, and the United States of America. He is also an Editor of various Journals and a member of the International Association of Research in Learning Disabilities (IARLD).",institutionString:"University of Oviedo",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"University of Oviedo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}],coeditorOne:{id:"206200",title:"Mrs.",name:"Debora",middleName:null,surname:"Areces",slug:"debora-areces",fullName:"Debora Areces",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:"Dr. Débora Areces is a researcher of the ADIR Group - Learning School, Academic Difficulties and Performance (which belongs to the Department of Psychology from the University of Oviedo). Her main research areas include Learning Disabilities and ADHD. More specifically, her studies mainly focus on the early assessment and intervention of ADHD and Learning Disabilities from an innovative perspective. She is the author and co-author of many articles and book chapters published in Spanish and English and has made several national and international conferences contributions.",institutionString:"University of Oviedo",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"University of Oviedo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"16",title:"Medicine",slug:"medicine"}],chapters:[{id:"81873",title:"ADHD Training for Primary Care Professionals",slug:"adhd-training-for-primary-care-professionals",totalDownloads:25,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"478197",firstName:"Veronika",lastName:"Radosavac",middleName:null,title:"Dr.",imageUrl:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",email:"veronika@intechopen.com",biography:null}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6550",title:"Cohort Studies in Health Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"01df5aba4fff1a84b37a2fdafa809660",slug:"cohort-studies-in-health-sciences",bookSignature:"R. Mauricio Barría",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6550.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"88861",title:"Dr.",name:"R. Mauricio",surname:"Barría",slug:"r.-mauricio-barria",fullName:"R. Mauricio Barría"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9500",title:"Recent Advances in Bone Tumours and Osteoarthritis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ea4ec0d6ee01b88e264178886e3210ed",slug:"recent-advances-in-bone-tumours-and-osteoarthritis",bookSignature:"Hiran Amarasekera",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9500.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"67634",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiran",surname:"Amarasekera",slug:"hiran-amarasekera",fullName:"Hiran Amarasekera"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2270",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Materials Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e094b066da527193e878e160b4772af",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"117",title:"Artificial Neural Networks",subtitle:"Methodological Advances and Biomedical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"artificial-neural-networks-methodological-advances-and-biomedical-applications",bookSignature:"Kenji Suzuki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/117.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"3095",title:"Prof.",name:"Kenji",surname:"Suzuki",slug:"kenji-suzuki",fullName:"Kenji Suzuki"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"872",title:"Organic Pollutants Ten Years After the Stockholm Convention",subtitle:"Environmental and Analytical Update",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f01dc7077e1d23f3d8f5454985cafa0a",slug:"organic-pollutants-ten-years-after-the-stockholm-convention-environmental-and-analytical-update",bookSignature:"Tomasz Puzyn and Aleksandra Mostrag-Szlichtyng",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/872.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"84887",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomasz",surname:"Puzyn",slug:"tomasz-puzyn",fullName:"Tomasz Puzyn"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"48935",title:"Electrochemical Synthesis of Rare Earth Ceramic Oxide Coatings",doi:"10.5772/61056",slug:"electrochemical-synthesis-of-rare-earth-ceramic-oxide-coatings",body:'
1. Introduction
Ceramic oxides (MxOy) typically have a combination of properties that make them attractive for many applications. These oxides exhibit fracture toughness and hardness, and can be used to make low weight composites of high strength. Ceramic oxides can also be used as protection coatings because of their interesting corrosion inhibiting properties [1-3]. These structural ceramics can be used to coat specific components exposed to extreme conditions, such as high temperature, high stress, or high friction. Of the ceramic oxides, rare earth oxides (REOs) are interesting materials and are a type of ceramic oxide that has many promising properties. Rare earth oxides can be used to color glass, for example, Er2O3 adds a light pink color while Sm2O3 produces a yellow color [4, 5]. REOs are used in the making of phosphors or fluorescent lighting [6, 7]. Rare earth oxides such as cerium oxide have also been important in automotive catalytic converters [8]. The most common stoichiometry for rare earth oxides is R2O3; however other compounds containing Ce, Pr, or Tb can exhibit several oxide phases, ROx (1.5 < x < 2) and compounds like CeO2, Pr6O11, and Tb4O7 are common. Applications for rare earth oxide coatings include gas sensors [9, 10], fuel cells [11, 12], catalysis [13, 14], and corrosion protection [1, 15-18].
There is a long list of processing techniques for producing rare earth oxides including spray hydrolysis, pulsed laser deposition, chemical vapor deposition, solid state reactions, sol–gel method, and melt infiltration [19-24]. However, electrochemical synthesis has not been used extensively to deposit rare earth oxide coatings. The electrodeposition mechanism can be complex for many of the reactions and present a formidable challenge. In fact the majority of the electrodeposition work has focused on cerium oxide coatings and powders [25-28]. Typically, the redox potential for the rare earth oxides is not readily accessible in aqueous solutions, making synthesis difficult. But electrochemical deposition offers several advantages including low processing temperature, control of the driving force, and deposition onto various shapes [29-31]. This chapter covers the electrochemical deposition (not electrophoretic or soaking methods) of rare earth oxides as films for various applications.
2. Electrochemical synthesis techniques for ceramic oxides
For the deposition of ceramic oxides, there are three main methods. These include electrophoretic, electrolytic (base generation), and direct electrodeposition. Electrophoretic deposition occurs when a high electric field is applied in a solution that contains suspended particles. The charged particles in solution migrate to and then are deposited on the electrode surface. Typically, much higher voltages or currents are used to drive the ions in solution during this deposition compared to electrodeposition. Electrophoretic deposition tends to give thicker coatings than other techniques.
Electrolytic deposition occurs when cathodic reactions produce colloidal particles in solution next to the electrode surface. This method has an electrogeneration of base or local change of pH at the electrode surface. The solution contains metal salts or metal complexes. This may result in powdery or loosely adherent coatings. The cathodic electrodeposition or base generation method for synthesizing oxides was first described by Switzer [32]. The local increase in pH happens either by consumption of hydronium ions or production of hydroxide ions. Depending on the species in solution, both of these mechanisms may be occurring. The most likely reactions include [33]:
H++ e-→HadsE1
2H++ 2e-→H2E2
2H2O + 2e-→H2+2OH-E3
O2+ 2H2O + 4e-→4OH-E4
If a nitrate salt is present in the solution then hydronium ions can be consumed or hydroxide ions produced by:
NO3-+ 2H++ 2e-→NO2-+ H2OE5
NO3-+ 10H++ 8e-→NH4++ 3H2OE6
NO3-+ H2O + 2e-→NO2-+ 2OH-E7
NO3-+ 7H2O + 8e-→NH4++ 10OH-E8
With any of these reactions, the local pH at the electrode surface is increased and can be as high as 11–12 compared to the lower pH in the bulk of the solution.
Direct electrodeposition occurs when there is a direct oxidation or reduction (exchange of electrons) between the metal ion or metal ion complex and electrode to produce the metal oxide on the surface. This method is typical for electrochemical reactions, such as reduction of metal ions in solution to produce pure metal on an electrode surface (plating).
In this chapter, we cover only electrolytic and direct electrodeposition for the production of rare earth oxide coatings. The oxides or hydroxides of lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, and dysprosium have been electrochemically produced. To date, the bulk of the electrochemical literature covers cerium oxide (CeO2), about 40:1 compared to the other rare earth oxides. It must be noted that in aqueous solutions, the lanthanide hydroxides are stable in alkaline solutions but return to their corresponding cations in acid solutions [34]. This is true for all the lanthanide series; however, a few do have a stable oxide that may be accessible during deposition under the correct conditions. These include CeO2, PrO2, NdO2, and TbO2. In practice, this means that most of the rare earths are deposited as hydroxides or hydrated oxide species and post-treatment is needed to produce the desired stoichiometry. We will make note of this in our discussions when applicable for each section.
3. Electrochemical synthesis of lanthanum oxide (La2O3)
Lanthanum oxide (La2O3) has been utilized in several technological applications, such as light-emitting phosphors, solid oxide fuel cells, catalysis, automobile exhaust-gas converters, and sorbent materials [35-39]. There are only a few papers reporting the attempt to electrodeposit lanthanum oxides from aqueous solutions [39-42]. In practice, La2O3 has not been deposited directly using electrodeposition. However, lanthanum hydroxide, La(OH)3, has been electrochemically deposited. Bocchetta et al. first showed that it was possible to obtain La(OH)3 from a solution of lanthanum nitrate using galvanostatic deposition at a cathodic current of 1 mA/cm2 [40]. They obtained nanowires on an Al substrate, and the authors proposed that deposition occurred through a base generation mechanism. Yao et al. did a similar type of deposition using lanthanum nitrate and ammonia nitrate to obtain La(OH)3 nanorods on a copper substrate [41]. Like previous authors, they also proposed a base generation mechanism in which hydroxide ions are formed from the nitrate and water reduction:
NO3-+ H2O + 2e-→NO2-+ 2OH-E9
2H2O + 2e-→H2+ 2OH-E10
However, by studying the SEM images along the potential-time curve, they also proposed that the evolution of hydrogen (reaction 10) was important in obtaining the nanorod formation. The H2 bubbles acted as a dynamic template forcing the nanorods in a vertical growth direction through the pressure of the bubbles.
The formation of La2O3 from La(OH)3 was first done by Liu et al. [42]. They fabricated La(OH)3 nanospindles and nanorods on F-doped SnO2 substrates using galvanostatic deposition from a bath containing 0.01 M La(NO3)3 and 30-50% DMSO. After obtaining La(OH)3 nanorods, the coating was sintered at 690 oC. A pure hexagonal structure of La2O3 was obtained as revealed by the XRD pattern. The percentage of DMSO in the deposition solution affected the nanostructure of the deposits. Lower concentration produced nanorods, higher concentration produced nanospindles.
Other researchers also obtained nanorods, nanospindles, and nanocapsules of La2O3 by electrodeposition of La(OH)3 using the base generation method and then sintering [43-45]. However, it was shown by CHN analysis and FTIR that nitrates were codeposited into the La(OH)3 hexagonal lattice. A sharp peak at 1383 cm-1 in the FTIR spectra for the hydroxide sample is due to the vibration modes of NO3- ions intercalated in the deposit structure during electrodeposition. After sintering, no nitrates were present in the coating. Very nice vertically aligned uniform nanorods were prepared of La(OH)3 and La2O3 using a pulsed electrodeposition method followed by heat treatment [43]. In conclusion, while La2O3 has not been directly electrodeposited onto various substrates, La(OH)3 can be deposited from a nitrate solution using the base generation method and then heat treated (typically ~600 oC) to obtain La2O3.
4. Electrochemical synthesis of cerium oxides
Cerium oxide (CeO2) is of interest in the area of catalysis [46]. Much effort has been dedicated to studying the role of ceria in several well-established industrial processes such as three-way-catalysis (TWC) systems and fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) systems, where CeO2 is a key component in catalyst formulation. Cerium oxide is used to remove automotive exhaust gases such as NO, CO, and CHx, and to eliminate SOx and NOx from fuel gases [47]. Ceria also demonstrates catalytic function in the removal of soot from diesel engine exhaust, elimination of organics from wastewaters (catalytic wet oxidation), and cracking of heavy oil in zeolite. In addition, CeO2 is a semiconducting and ionic-conducting oxide. It can substitute for ZrO2 as the electrolyte material in solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) systems and has been regarded as a model system for mixed ionic/electronic conductor investigations [48].
Particle size plays a significant role in the unique properties and applications of cerium oxide. Generally speaking, the smaller the particle size, the lower the packing porosity and the higher the surface area. Catalytic activity and electrical conductivity of crystalline cerium oxide are dependent on particle size, where electronic conductivity predominates in the nanocrystalline phase and ionic conductivity mainly controls the microcrystalline structure [49]. The nanocrystalline phase of cerium oxide is favorable for formation of a nonstoichiometric structure due to reduced enthalpy of defect formation and propensity for oxygen vacancies. The fluorite structure of CeO2 favors oxygen vacancy formation in the lattice, enhancing the catalytic reactivity of CeO2 in TWC, FCC, and other gas phase oxidation and reduction reactions [50]. Nanocrystalline cerium oxide improves catalytic properties significantly, leading to higher conversion of carbon monoxide to dioxide and sulfur dioxide to elemental sulfur at lower temperatures. The improved catalytic reactivity was also demonstrated in the oxidation of methane [51-53]. The sinterability of crystalline cerium oxide increases with decreasing particle size. The reduction of sintering temperature for nanocrystalline cerium oxide overcomes processing temperature difficulty and makes it a promising candidate as an electrolyte in solid oxide fuel cells [52, 53]. Ceria can also be used for corrosion protection on a number of different substrates [54-56].
Cerium typically forms two types of oxides, cerium dioxide (CeO2) and cerium sesquioxide (Ce2O3). Cerium sesquioxide (Ce2O3) has two structural forms, hexagonal (A-type) and cubic (C-type). Cerium oxide (CeO2) has a fluorite (CaF2) structure (fcc) with space group Fm3m. Figure 1 shows the structure of the stoichiometric CeO2 with the oxygen (represented by circles) four coordinated and the cerium (represented by solid balls) eight coordinated. The cerium atom is at the center of the tetrahedron and the tetrahedral corners are occupied by oxygen atoms. Cerium oxide can exist as a non-stoichiometric oxide, that is a mixture of Ce(III) oxide and Ce(IV) oxide, while still retaining the fluorite cubic structure. The coatings can be easily identified by x-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis.
Figure 1.
Fluorite structure of cerium oxide.
For the electrodeposition of rare earth oxides, cerium oxide is by far the most studied. It is also one of the few that has been deposited by both electrolytic (base generation) and direct electrodeposition. Cathodic electrodeposition (i.e., base generation electrochemical method) was first introduced for the plating of cerium oxide films [32]. Switzer et al. used this method to produce cerium oxide films and powders [57, 58]. Crystalline, randomly oriented cerium oxide coatings were deposited galvanostatically from a cerium nitrate solution. During the synthesis, the pH changed from ~ 4.5 to 7.5, showing that base was generated during deposition.
An in-depth study was done by Aldykiewicz et al. to understand the base generation mechanism for CeO2 deposition [59]. They proposed a mechanism involving oxygen to produce an oxidizing agent (i.e., H2O2) for Ce(III) to Ce(IV) formation. With an oxidant available in the system, cerium oxide film formation was accomplished through a four- or two-electron process to a hydroxide intermediate. A critical pH value above 8.7 was needed to keep the cerium hydroxide ions stable in solution. The final step was the precipitation of CeO2 onto the electrode surface. This mechanism was supported by rotation disk electrode experiments and XANES studies. Li et al. studied the mechanism proposed by Aldykiewicz with in situ atomic force microscopy technique (AFM) and concluded that a cerium hydroxide species is produced at the electrode surface with CeO2 forming nuclei out of this hydroxide “gel”. The rate-determining step for this mechanism is then the nucleation and growth of the CeO2 crystals [60-62].
Zhitomirsky also proposed that hydrogen peroxide plays a dominant role in the two-electron reduction process for the earlier mentioned mechanism [63-65]. He used H2O2 as an additive for the cathodic electrodeposition of CeO2 and Gd-doped ceria films from aqueous and mixed alcohol–water solutions of cerium chloride or nitrate. He then proposed that a CeO2.nH2O or Ce(OH)3OOH deposit formed via two- or four-electron reduction, owing to the participation of hydrogen peroxide in the oxidation step. Zhitomirsky noticed that there was always a lot of cracking of the films, probably due to dehydration of the film and/or mismatch of the linear thermal expansion coefficients for the coatings and substrate. For example, stainless steel, a common substrate used for ceria deposition, has a linear thermal expansion coefficient of ~12.5 x 10-6 K-1. For ceria, the linear thermal expansion coefficient has been reported to range from 9 to 18 x 10-6 K-1 at 298 K [66-69]. In addition, α increased as the oxygen vacancies increased for ceria, indicating that the +3/+4 ratio of cerium in the coatings is important. It is reasonable to assume that the thermal expansion coefficient values for thin coatings or nanocrystalline films will be different than that measured for bulk cerium oxide. This cracking or “stain-glass” effect that occurs for deposition of CeO2 can be seen in Figure 2. Zhitomirsky added polymers (PVB or PVP) into the deposition solution, which were electrochemically intercalated into the deposit, so that the resultant films exhibited better adherence and crack-proof properties [63, 70]. Switzer took a different approach, in which he used anodic deposition at different applied voltages to directly oxidize Ce(III) to Ce(IV) and obtained crack free films [25]. A XANE study on electrodeposited cerium oxide thin films revealed that anodic deposition led to higher percentage of Ce(IV) species while cathodic base generation method led to the formation of high percentage of Ce(III) species in the composition [71]. In fact, no matter what electrodeposition method is used, the coatings obtained typically have a mixed stoichiometry of CeO2-x. Much of the work for deposition of cerium oxide has been done using the base generation method; however several researchers have studied the deposition using direct oxidation of Ce(III) to Ce(IV) to produce the films [25, 27, 28, 72].
Figure 2.
Optical Micrograph of an electrodeposited cerium oxide film on stainless steel. 800x magnification. (from T. Golden).
Direct anodic deposition of CeO2 as a film is difficult in aqueous solutions. A simplified Pourbaix diagram, as shown in Figure 3, can help elucidate the different species that are stable at various pHs and voltages [34]. The dotted lines frame the boundaries of oxidation and reduction for water. At pHs below 7, Ce3+ ions are stable between the reduction and oxidation limits of the electrolyte; however, as the pH increases above 7, Ce(OH)3 precipitates.
Figure 3.
Simplified Pourbaix diagram for the Ce system in aqueous solution.
Golden et al. proposed a deposition route in which the Ce3+ ion in solution was first stabilized using a ligand [27, 28]. Several weakly to strongly bound cerium complexes were studied for the direct anodic deposition of CeO2. The deposition proceeded best when a ligand such as acetate or lactate was complexed with cerium in solution. The deposition was found to be pH and temperature dependent. Figure 4 shows the x-ray diffraction patterns for films deposited at different pHs. As seen from the XRD pattern, for a solution pH between 7 and 9, the deposited CeO2 film exhibits a preferred (111) orientation, but at a pH of 9 to 11, the CeO2 films exhibit a random orientation. At solution pHs higher than 11, no CeO2 deposits on the electrode surface, although CeO2 powder (confirmed by XRD) is generated and settles at the bottom of the reaction cell. Golden et al. found that the preferred oriented CeO2 films could be obtained by tailoring the deposition conditions. The optimized deposition parameters included anodic deposition at current densities lower than -0.06 mA/cm2 and temperatures higher than 50 oC [1].
Figure 4.
X-ray diffraction patterns of cerium oxide films deposited at a pH of (A) 7.5, (B) 8.5 and (C) 10.5. Deposition temperature, 70 oC; janodic = -0.06 mA/cm2. Y-axis represents x-ray intensity in cps.
The electrodeposition of cerium oxide has an approximate linear relationship with fixed current density and deposition time up to a point. Typically, the faradaic yield drops off 35% after a certain film thickness due to the insulating quality of the cerium oxide coating [73]. After long periods of deposition time (~24 hrs), the current becomes negligible. [27, 28].
Cerium oxide has been deposited from electrolytic solution containing either cerium nitrate or cerium chloride salts. Using chloride salts poses a problem, in that the deposits tend to be amorphous and incorporate chloride ions into the films except under certain conditions. Creus et al. found that to deposit using cerium chloride salts required either an addition of H2O2 to the aqueous electrolyte solution or use of a mixed water–ethyl alcohol solution [74]. Others also found that the base generation method could be used for the deposition from chloride salts when the plating solution contained a mixture of water and ethanol [70, 75, 76].
A major thrust in recent years has been to electrodeposit cerium oxide onto various substrates for corrosion protection. Successful deposition of cerium oxide has been accomplished on surfaces such steels [77-79], zinc [15, 80], aluminum [81], and nickel superalloys [82, 83]. Linear polarization and tafel analysis were applied to test the corrosion protection effect of the as-deposited cerium oxide–oriented films [1]. The corrosion current decreased from 7.94 x 10-9 for the substrate to 7.59 x 10-10 A∙cm-2 for the CeO2 film coated substrate in a 0.1 M NaCl solution. Film coated substrate in a 0.1 M NaCl increased from 2.63 x 106 for the substrate to 6.69 x 107 Ω∙cm2 for the CeO2 film showing increased corrosion protection for the coating.
5. Electrochemical synthesis of praseodymium oxides
Praseodymium oxide is a versatile and useful material, which is made up of a series of oxide compounds with the general formula PrnO2n-2 (n=4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12) [84-86]. Pr2O3 has a hexagonal structure and belongs to the A-type rare earth structure, while, PrO2 and Pr6O11 have a fluorite structure (similar to CeO2) where the metals are eight-coordinate. The mixed valence states in praseodymium oxide compounds make them useful materials with several important applications. Two areas of interest for praseodymium oxide films include the use of this material as an ethanol sensor and as a catalyst. [87-90]. Tsang et al. found that Pr6O11 could detect ethanol in air and the optimal sensitivity (100%) was obtained at about 250 ˚C – 300 ˚C [87]. The Pr6O11 sensors gave a linear response to ethanol concentrations in the range of 200–8000 ppm. Praseodymium oxide is a promising candidate to substitute silicon dioxide as a high-K dielectric, with a dielectric constant up to 10 times higher than SiO2 (dielectric constant is around 30) and very low leakage currents. Among the different compositions of praseodymium oxide, Pr6O11 has the highest K value and Pr2O3 is a good dielectric [91-93]. Praseodymium oxide films can be formed by several different methods including molecular beam epitaxy, pulsed-laser deposition (PLD), sputtering, electrocrystallization of molten salts, chemical vapor deposition (CVD), and spin coating [92, 94-99].
However, the literature for the electrochemical deposition of praseodymium oxide is quite sparse. There are only a couple of references using electrodeposition and even in these the initial deposition component is praseodymium hydroxide, which is converted to Pr6O11 or PrO2 by sintering [100, 101]. In both instances, Pr(NO3)3 and H2O2 were used as electrolyte and the deposition occurred by the base generation method. The reactions are [101]:
H2O2(aq) + 2e-→2OH-(aq)E11
NO3-(aq) + H2O(l) + 2e-→NO2-(aq) + 2OH-(aq)E12
2H2O(l) + 2e-→2OH-(aq) + H2(g)E13
2Pr(OH)3(s)→2PrO2(s) or Pr6O11(s) + 2H2O(l) + H2(g)E14
where the electrochemical generation of hydroxide ions increases the pH at the electrode surface and causes formation of Pr hydroxide on the surface. After deposition, the film is dried and sintered to produce Pr oxide.
Shrestha et al. electrodeposited an ultrathin layer of praseodymium hydroxide on ITO by applying a cathodic sweeping voltage followed by thermal annealing at 500°C for 1 h [100]. The predominant phase of the annealed film was Pr6O11. The XRD pattern of the deposit was indexed as Pr6O11 (JCPDS 06-0329). The SEM showed the surface covered with small and uniform globular shaped Pr6O11 particles. The deposited particles did not seem to undergo aggregation into larger islands on the ITO surface, suggesting that the colloidal particles once formed near the cathode quickly accumulated on the ITO surface in the short electrodeposition time. The surface coverage increased with the number of electrodeposition cycles.
Golden et al. studied using both potentiostatic and galvanostatic control for the cathodic deposition method to produce Pr oxide films. For the potentiostatic method, a potential from -1.0 V to -1.3 V was maintained while for the galvanostatic method, the deposition current density was set at 0.8 mA/cm2. The electrolyte solution contained praseodymium nitrate, ammonium nitrate, and potassium chloride. A simplified Pourbaix diagram is shown in Figure 5. Within the aqueous region, at acidic pHs the Pr3+ ion is stable and at basic pHs the Pr hydroxide is stable. PrO2 is stable at pH above 8, but is at an overpotential above O2 evolution in the aqueous solution. Therefore, increasing the local pH at the electrode surface by generating base is likely to produce Pr hydroxide nuclei for deposition.
Figure 5.
Simplified Pourbaix diagram for the Pr system in aqueous solution.
The XRD pattern for the as deposited film on a stainless steel substrate is shown in Figure 6. Both potentiostatic and galvanostatic methods gave similar results. The XRD pattern matches the reflections for Pr(OH)3 with some Pr(NO3)3 contamination. Pr compounds have a light green color when the valence of Pr is +3, or dark brown/black color when the valence is +4. Since the film on the stainless steel substrate is a light green color, the valence state of Pr in the film is probably closer to +3. The newly deposited films were sintered at 600 oC, and the film color turned black. Figure 7 is the XRD pattern of a sintered electrodeposited film. The XRD pattern matches a random orientation of Pr6O11 face-centered cubic (fcc) structure (PDF #42-1121). Table 1 shows a comparison of the experimental data to the ICDD database for Pr6O11.
Figure 6.
XRD pattern of the electrodeposited film on a stainless steel substrate using galvanostatic method with applied current density of 0.8 mA/cm2, electrolyte solution composed of 0.1 M NH4NO3 and 0.1 M Pr(NO3)3, pH=3.48).
Figure 7.
XRD pattern of praseodymium oxide film obtained by sintering the deposited film at 600 °C for 1 h.
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\thkl\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\tExperimental 2θ(°)\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\tI/I0\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\tPDF #42-1121 θ(°)\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\tI/I0\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
111
\n\t\t\t
28.238
\n\t\t\t
100
\n\t\t\t
28.249
\n\t\t\t
100
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
200
\n\t\t\t
32.741
\n\t\t\t
18
\n\t\t\t
32.739
\n\t\t\t
28
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
220
\n\t\t\t
46.951
\n\t\t\t
65
\n\t\t\t
46.993
\n\t\t\t
30
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
311
\n\t\t\t
55.743
\n\t\t\t
24
\n\t\t\t
55.706
\n\t\t\t
24
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
222
\n\t\t\t
58.436
\n\t\t\t
8
\n\t\t\t
58.424
\n\t\t\t
4
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
400
\n\t\t\t
-
\n\t\t\t
-
\n\t\t\t
68.588
\n\t\t\t
3
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
331
\n\t\t\t
75.557
\n\t\t\t
10
\n\t\t\t
75.753
\n\t\t\t
5
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
420
\n\t\t\t
78.065
\n\t\t\t
6
\n\t\t\t
78.083
\n\t\t\t
4
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
422
\n\t\t\t
87.255
\n\t\t\t
7
\n\t\t\t
87.265
\n\t\t\t
4
\n\t\t
\n\t
Table 1.
Comparison of XRD data of the sintered electrodeposited film and PDF card. (Golden et al.).
The crystallite size and strain of the praseodymium oxide films were also calculated from the XRD data by examining the peak position and peak broadening of the reflections. The broadening of the peaks arises from three areas: instrumental broadening, crystallite size, and lattice strain. Contributions from these three factors can be determined by the Williamson–Hall method when at least 3 or 4 peaks exist in a XRD pattern [102]. Separation of the peak broadening due to crystallite size and lattice strain can be obtained by plotting Brcosθ versus sinθ, where the crystallite size is calculated from the y-intercept and strain from the slope. The calculated crystallite size ranged from 20 to 40 nm for the electrodeposited Pr oxide films.
The oxidation state of Pr in sintered praseodymium oxide films can be studied using XPS. The core-level binding energies for praseodymium oxide and the exact position of each peak from XPS are listed into Table 2. Figure 8 is the high resolution XPS spectra of the Pr 3d core level showing the 3d5/2 and 3d3/2 signals separated by 20.2 eV, with the peak positions at 933.3 eV and 953.5 eV, respectively. A strong shoulder can be seen on the lower BE sides of the Pr 3d5/2 and Pr 3d3/2 peaks, with comparable intensity and a distance between around 4.5 and 4.3 eV, this is consistent with results in literature for praseodymium [103, 104]. The XPS spectra of polycrystalline powders of Pr2O3, PrO2, and Pr6O11 all have an energy separation of the Pr 3d3/2 and Pr 3d5/2 core levels in the range of 17.5–23.0 eV. In addition, the Pr 3d5/2 core level spectra of these praseodymium oxides exhibit a shoulder at 4–4.5 eV on the lower binding energy side of the metal main peak. The relative intensities of the Pr 3d main peak and satellite peak vary with the Pr(III)/Pr(IV) ratio [105]. Specifically, the main peak intensity increases as the relative content of Pr(III) increases whereas the satellite peak intensity decreases. Therefore, the variation of relative intensities of the main and satellite peaks can be used to examine the change in Pr valence. The Pr 3d XPS spectra of Pr2O3 and PrO2 are almost identical in most respects, such as the shape of the peak and the overall fine structure. The main and satellite peaks for Pr6O11 are situated between PrO2 and Pr2O3. The Pr 3d5/2 binding energy is 935.0 eV for Pr(IV) and 932.9 eV for Pr(III). Our experimental results are 933.3 eV for Pr 3d5/2, which is an indication of a Pr +3/+4 mixture such as in Pr6O11. By curve fitting the Pr 3d XPS spectrum and determining the areas of the fitted peaks, a non-stoichiometric ratio is determined as PrO1.80, an indication of the mixed valence state of Pr(III) and Pr(IV) (Table 3).
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\tOxide\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
Pr 5p
\n\t\t\t\t
Pr 5s
\n\t\t\t\t
Pr 4d
\n\t\t\t\t
Pr 4p
\n\t\t\t\t
Pr 4s
\n\t\t\t\t
Pr 3d5/2\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
Pr 3d3/2\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
O1s
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\tPeak position (eV)\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
20.08
\n\t\t\t
36.8
\n\t\t\t
116.2
\n\t\t\t
217.2
\n\t\t\t
304.7
\n\t\t\t
933.3
\n\t\t\t
954.7
\n\t\t\t
530.3
\n\t\t
\n\t
Table 2.
Core-level binding energies for sintered electrodeposited praseodymium oxide measured by XPS.
Figure 8.
High-resolution XPS spectra of Pr 3d core level showing the spin-orbit splitting of the 3d level.
The pH effect was also studied as one of the parameters for the electrodeposition of the Pr oxide films. When the pH value of the electrolyte solution was below 7, films could be electrodeposited onto the substrate; however, powders only formed in the solution when the pH was above 7, due to bulk formation of Pr(OH)3. XRD of the electrodeposited films showed that intensities of the reflections belonging to Pr(OH)3, such as (110), (101), (103), (321), and (220), increased with increasing pH (up to pH 7) of the electrolyte, and the intensities of the peaks due to Pr(NO3)3 decreased with increasing pH.
The morphology of the praseodymium oxide film is interesting and is shown in Figure 9. Before sintering, the films appeared smooth and continuous, but after sintering, cracks appeared in the films (similar to CeO2 films) due to shrinkage and mismatch between the film and substrate. However, at higher magnification in the SEM images, the Pr oxide is distributed as platelets across the surface and the film has a high surface area. This may be beneficial in catalysis.
SEM images of Pr6O11 film obtained by cathodic electrodeposition on stainless steel in an electrolyte system composed of 0.1M Pr(NO3)3 and 0.1M NH4NO3 solution, j = 0.8 mA/cm2, T= 25 oC, and after sintering at 600 oC for 1 h; (left) magnification 1000. (T. Golden); (right) magnification 10000.
In conclusion, Pr6O11 films were successfully obtained on stainless steel substrates (Golden et al.) using the base generation method and then sintered at 600 oC. X-ray diffraction showed the films matched the Pr6O11 fluorite structure and the crystallite size was calculated as 20 to 40 nm. Scanning electron microscopy was utilized to study the surface texture and microstructure of deposits. As-deposited films had uniform morphology but sintering caused cracking of the films. SEM showed interesting surface texture and platelet structure for the deposits. The oxidation state of Pr oxide was determined by XPS and revealed that the praseodymium oxide was non-stoichiometric with the oxidation state of Pr between +3 and +4.
6. Electrochemical synthesis of other rare earth oxides
The remaining literature for electrodeposition of pure rare earth oxides is sparse. Most of the research is on doping of CeO2 with another rare earth oxide (i.e., PrO2, Sm2O3, Gd2O3, and Tb2O3) to increase the oxygen vacancies, ionic conductivity, or catalytic activity [106-109]. However, there are a few reports of individual REO coatings prepared by electrodeposition using the base generation method. Lair et al. prepared Sm2O3 by electrodepositing Sm(OH)3 from a nitrate solution and then sintering at 600 oC for 1 h [110]. The as-deposited Sm-based films were thick and adherent to the substrate even though cracking was observed in the film. Raman spectra of the as-deposited films had peaks at 1054 and 741 cm-1 attributed to the internal vibration modes of nitrate ions. Both nitrate-related peaks greatly diminished after annealing and major peaks for Sm2O3 increased in the spectrum.
Other researchers prepared Gd2O3 by electrodepositing Gd(OH)3 from a nitrate solution and then sintering at 700 oC for 3 h [111, 112]. The authors used a cathodic pulse current method where ton = 10 ms and toff = 10 ms. The deposition mechanism was still a base generation method:
The reduction of nitrate ions and water in the electrochemical step causes the electrogeneration of base at the cathode surface due to the increase of local pH, which leads to the formation of gadolinium hydroxide deposit on the electrode. Analysis of the films showed a high nitrogen content indicating nitrate ions had been intercalated into the deposit during electrodeposition. SEM images of the sintered coatings did show formed nanorods ~20–30 nm in diameter and up to 1 μm in length.
Lu et al. electrodeposited TbO2-x coatings onto copper substrates from a nitrate solution using the base generation method [113]. SEM images of the electrodeposited TbO2−x samples showed flower-like structures made up of numerous leaf-like nanosheets, in which the leaf-shaped nanosheets were approximately 100 nm in thickness and 1 μm in width. The crystal structure was analyzed by powder XRD. The values of the lattice constant were close to those of TbO1.75.
7. Conclusion
The electrodeposition of rare earth oxides onto various substrates can be accomplished by two different electrochemical mechanisms: cathodic electrogeneration of base method or direct anodic deposition. The majority of the literature for REO electrodeposition covers CeO2 or REO-doped CeO2. A variety of morphologies has been obtained for the REOs films, such as nanocrystalline films, nanorods, nanotubes, nanosheets, as well as flower-like and coral-like nanostructures. Some sections covered in detail include the direct electrodeposition of CeO2 using a complexing ligand to stabilize the ceria ions in solution and the cathodic deposition of Pr6O11.
\n',keywords:"Electrodeposition, rare earth oxides, cathodic, anodic",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/48935.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/48935.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/48935",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/48935",totalDownloads:2249,totalViews:416,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:9,totalAltmetricsMentions:0,introChapter:null,impactScore:3,impactScorePercentile:86,impactScoreQuartile:4,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"December 8th 2014",dateReviewed:"June 16th 2015",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"November 11th 2015",dateFinished:"August 11th 2015",readingETA:"0",abstract:"Rare earth ceramic oxides are used in several applications including, phosphors, gas sensors, fuel cells, catalytic converters, and corrosion protection. These materials exhibit attractive properties such as fracture toughness, stiffness, and high strength-to-weight ratios. Synthesis of rare earth oxides includes a long list of techniques, but electrodeposition is one that has not been used as extensively as other techniques. This chapter discusses in detail the electrochemical synthesis of lanthanum, cerium, and praseodymium oxides. The physical and chemical properties of the electrodeposited oxides are characterized by x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and other techniques. The electrochemical synthesis and post-treatment of other rare earth oxides, such as gadolinium, terbium, samarium, neodymium, europium, and dysprosium oxides are also covered in this chapter. Two main mechanisms of electrodeposition for rare earth oxides are discussed in detail.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/48935",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/48935",book:{id:"4788",slug:"advanced-ceramic-processing"},signatures:"Teresa D. Golden, Yajuan Shang, Qi Wang and Ting Zhou",authors:[{id:"175265",title:"Prof.",name:"Teresa",middleName:null,surname:"Golden",fullName:"Teresa Golden",slug:"teresa-golden",email:"tgolden@unt.edu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"University of North Texas",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Electrochemical synthesis techniques for ceramic oxides",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3",title:"3. Electrochemical synthesis of lanthanum oxide (La2O3)",level:"1"},{id:"sec_4",title:"4. Electrochemical synthesis of cerium oxides",level:"1"},{id:"sec_5",title:"5. Electrochemical synthesis of praseodymium oxides",level:"1"},{id:"sec_6",title:"6. Electrochemical synthesis of other rare earth oxides",level:"1"},{id:"sec_7",title:"7. Conclusion",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Wang AQ, Golden TD. Electrodeposition of oriented cerium oxide films. Int. J. Electrochem. 2013;482187:1-10. DOI: 10.1155/2013/482187.'},{id:"B2",body:'Wang AQ, D\'Souza NA, Golden TD. Electrosynthesis of nanocrystalline cerium oxide/layered silicate powders. J. Mater. Chem. 2006;16:481-488. DOI: 10.1039/B506976A.'},{id:"B3",body:'Wang Q, D\'Souza NA, Golden TD. Ceramic montmorillonite nanocomposites by electrochemical synthesis. Appl. Clay Sci. 2008;42:310-317. DOI: 10.1016/j.clay.2008.02.004.'},{id:"B4",body:'Duran P, Recio P, Jurado JR, Pascual C, Moure C. Preparation, sintering, and properties of translucent erbium oxide (Er2O3)-doped tetragonal zirconia. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 1989;72:2088-2093. DOI: 10.1111/j.1151-2916.1989.tb06036.x.'},{id:"B5",body:'Erbe EM, Day DE. Properties of Sm2O3-Al2O3-SiO2 glasses for in vivo applications. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 1990;73:2708-2713. DOI: 10.1111/j.1151-2916.1990.tb06750.x.'},{id:"B6",body:'Zhang P, Lu Z, Yuan Q, Hou Q, Golden TD, Ren X, Weng L, Wang H. A novel composite phosphor via one-pot synthesis: Single matrix with controllable luminescence. Mater. Chem. Phys. 2012;134:1190-1196. DOI: 10.1016/j.matchemphys.2012.04.020.'},{id:"B7",body:'Schubert EF, Kim JK. Solid-state light sources getting smart. Science. 2005;308:1274-1278. DOI: 10.1126/science.1108712.'},{id:"B8",body:'Shelef M, McCabe RW. Twenty-five years after introduction of automotive catalysts: what next? Catal. Today. 2000;62:35-50. DOI: 10.1016/S0920-5861(00)00407-7.'},{id:"B9",body:'Niu X, Du W, Du W. Preparation, characterization and gas-sensing properties of rare earth mixed oxides. Sensor Actuat. B-Chem. 2004;99:399-404. DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2003.12.006.'},{id:"B10",body:'Niu X, Zhong H, Wang X, Jiang K. Sensing properties of rare earth oxide doped In2O3 by a sol-gel method. Sensor Actuat. B-Chem. 2006;115:434-438. DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2005.10.004.'},{id:"B11",body:'Murray EP, Tsai T, Barnett SA. A direct-methane fuel cell with a ceria-based anode. Nature. 1999;400:649-651. DOI: 10.1038/23220.'},{id:"B12",body:'Singhal, SC. Advances in solid oxide fuel cell technology. Solid State Ionics. 2000;135:305-313. DOI: 10.1016/S0167-2738(00)00452-5.'},{id:"B13",body:'Monte RD, Kaspar J. Nanostructures CeO2-ZnO2 mixed oxides. J. Mater. Chem. 2005;15:633-648. DOI: 10.1039/b414244f.'},{id:"B14",body:'Colussi S, De Leitenburg C, Dolcetti G, Trovarelli A. The role of rare earth oxides as promoters and stabilizers in combustion catalysts. J. Alloys Compd. 2004;374:387-392. DOI: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2003.11.028.'},{id:"B15",body:'Hamlaouri Y, Remazeilles C, Bordes M, Tifouti L, Pedraza F. Electrodeposition of ceria-based layers on zinc electroplated steel. Corr. Sci. 2010;52:1020-1025. DOI: 10.1016/j.corsci.2009.11.027.'},{id:"B16",body:'Huang X, Li N, Wang H, Sun H, Sun S, Zhang J. Electrodeposited cerium film as chromate replacement for tinplate. Thin Solid Films. 2008;516:1037-1043. DOI: 10.1016/j.tsf.2007.08.044.'},{id:"B17",body:'Stoyanova E, Stoychev D. in: Hong S. Corrosion behavior of stainless steels modified by cerium oxides layers. Handbook of Corrosion Resistance. Croatia: InTech; 2012. 239 p. DOI: 10.5772/33382.'},{id:"B18",body:'Rudd AL, Breslin CB, Mansfeld F. The corrosion protection afforded by rare earth conversion coatings applied to magnesium. Corros. Sci. 2000;42:275-288. DOI: 10.1016/S0010-938X(99)00076-1.'},{id:"B19",body:'Liu T, Zhang Y, Shao H, Li X. Synthesis and characteristics of Sm2O3 and Nd2O3 nanoparticles. Langmuir. 2003;19:7569-7572. DOI: 10.1021/la034350l.'},{id:"B20",body:'Yu X, Li F, Ye X, Xin X, Xue Z. Synthesis of cerium(IV) oxide ultrafine particles by solid-state reactions. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 2000;83:964-966. DOI: 10.1111/j.1151-2916.2000.tb01306.x.'},{id:"B21",body:'Ozer N. Optical properties and electrochromic characterization of sol-gel deposited ceria films. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells. 2001;68:391-400. DOI: 10.1016/S0927-0248(00)00371-8.'},{id:"B22",body:'Mikhelashvili V, Eisenstein G, Edelmann F. Characteristics of electron-beam-gun-evaporated Er2O3 thin films as gate dielectrics for silicon. J. Appl. Phys. 2001;90:5447-5449. DOI: 10.1063/1.1413239.'},{id:"B23",body:'Jones L, Kumar D, Singh RK, Holloway PH. Luminescence of pulsed laser deposited Eu doped yttrium oxide films. Appl. Phys. Lett. 1997;71:404-406. DOI: S0003-6951(97)03027-1.'},{id:"B24",body:'Kale SS, Jadhav KR, Patil PS. Characterizations of spray-deposited lanthanum oxide (La2O3) thin films. Mater. Lett. 2005;59:3007-3009. DOI: 10.1016/j.matlet.2005.02.091.'},{id:"B25",body:'Kulp EA, Limmer SJ, Bohannan EW, Switzer JA. Electrodeposition of nanometer-thick ceria films by oxidation of cerium (III)-acetate. Solid State Ionics. 2007;178:749-757. DOI: 10.1016/j.ssi.2007.03.012.'},{id:"B26",body:'Zhou Y, Phillips RJ, Switzer JA. Electrochemical synthesis and sintering of nanocrystalline cerium (IV) oxide powders. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 1995;78:981-985. DOI: 10.1111/j.1151-2916.1995.tb08425.x.'},{id:"B27",body:'Wang Q, Golden TD. Anodic deposition of cerium oxide: I. Formation of crystalline thin films. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2003;150:C616-C620. DOI: 10.1149/1.1596164.'},{id:"B28",body:'Golden TD, Wang Q. Anodic deposition of cerium oxide thin films: II. Mechanism studies. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2003;150:C621-C624. DOI: 10.1149/1.1596165.'},{id:"B29",body:'Conrad HA, Corbett JR, Golden TD. Electrochemical deposition of γ-phase zinc-nickel alloys from alkaline solution. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2012;159:C29-C32. DOI: 10.1149/2.027201jes.'},{id:"B30",body:'Ahmad YH, Mohamed AMA. Electrodeposition of nanostructured nickel-ceramic composite coatings: a review. Int. J. Electrochem. Sci. 2014;9:1942-1963. ISSN: 1452-3981.'},{id:"B31",body:'Ahmad YH, Tientong J, D’Souza N, Mohamed AMA, Golden TD. Characterization and corrosion resistance of electrodeposited Ni-Mo-silicate platelet nanocomposite coatings. Surf. Coat. Technol. 2014;259:517-525. DOI: 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2014.10.036.'},{id:"B32",body:'Switzer JA. Electrochemical synthesis of ceramic films and powders. Am. Ceramic Soc. Bull. 1987;66:1521-1524. ISSN: 0002-7812.'},{id:"B33",body:'Therese GHA, Kamath, PV. Electrochemical synthesis of metal oxides and hydroxides. Chem. Mater. 2000;12:1195-1204. DOI: 10.1021/cm990447a.'},{id:"B34",body:'Pourbaix M. Handbook of Atlas of Electrochemical Equilibria in Aqueous Solutions. Houston: NACE; 1974. 644 p. DOI: 10.1016/0022-0728(67)80059-7.'},{id:"B35",body:'Mao G, Zhang H, Lia H. Selective Synthesis of morphology and species controlled La2O3:Eu3+ and La2O2CO3:Eu3+ phosphors by hydrothermal method. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2012;159:J48-J53. DOI: 10.1149/2.031203jes.'},{id:"B36",body:'Muttay EP, Tsai T, Barnett SA. A direct-methane fuel cell with a ceria-based anode. Nature. 1999;400:649-651. DOI: 10.1038/23220.'},{id:"B37",body:'Andriamasinoro D, Kieffer R, Kiennemann A, Poix P. Preparation of stabilized copper-rare earth oxide catalysts for the synthesis of methanol from syngas. Appl. Catal. 1993;106:201-212. DOI: 10.1016/0926-860X(93)80178-S.'},{id:"B38",body:'Sun J, Qiu XP, Zhu WT. H2 from steam reforming of ethanol at low temperature over Ni/Y2O3, Ni/La2O3 and Ni/Al2O3 catalysts for fuel-cell application. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy. 2005;30:437-445. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2004.11.005.'},{id:"B39",body:'Gonzalez-Rovira L, Sanchez-Amaya JM, Lopez-Haro M, Hungria AB, Boukha Z, Bernal S, Botana FJ. Formation and characterization of nanotubes of La(OH)3 obtained using porous alumina membranes. Nanotechnology. 2008;19:495305/1-495305/9. DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/19/49/495305.'},{id:"B40",body:'Bocchetta P, Santamaria M, Di Quarto F. Template electrosynthesis of La(OH)3 and Nd(OH)3 nanowires using porous anodic alumina membranes. Electrochem. Commun. 2007;9:683-688. DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2006.10.053.'},{id:"B41",body:'Yao CZ, Wei BH, Ma HX, Gong QJ, Jing KW, Sun H, Meng LX. Facile fabrication of La(OH)3 nanorod arrays and their application in wastewater treatment. Mater. Lett. 2011;65: 490-492. DOI: 10.1016/j.matlet.2010.10.065.'},{id:"B42",body:'Liu Z, Zheng D, Su Y. Facile and efficient electrochemical synthesis of lanthanum hydroxide nanospindles and nanorods. Electrochem. Solid-State Lett. 2010;13:E15-E18. DOI: 10.1149/1.3486446.'},{id:"B43",body:'Khosrow F, Aghazadeh M, Arhamib B. Facile synthesis of vertically aligned one-dimensional (1D) La(OH)3 and La2O3 nanorods by pulse current deposition. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2013;160:D150-D155. DOI: 10.1149/2.050304jes.'},{id:"B44",body:'Aghazadeh M, Golikand AN, Ghaemi M, Yousefi T. A novel lanthanum hydroxide nanostructure prepared by cathodic electrodeposition. Mater. Lett. 2011;65:1466-1468. DOI: 10.1016/j.matlet.2011.02.039.'},{id:"B45",body:'Aghazadeh M, Golikand AN, Ghaemi M, Yousefi T. La2O3 nanoplates prepared by heat-treatment of electrochemically grown La(OH)3 nanocapsules from nitrate medium. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2011;158:E136-E141. DOI: 10.1149/2.057112jes.'},{id:"B46",body:'Trovareli A. Catalytic properties of ceria and CeO2-containing materials. Cat. Rev. - Sci. Eng. 1996;38:439-520. DOI: 10.1080/01614949608006464.'},{id:"B47",body:'Trovarelli A, Boaro M, Rocchini E, De Leitenburg C, Dolcetti G. Some recent developments in the characterization of ceria-based catalysts. J. Alloys Compd. 2001;323-324:584-591. DOI: 10.1016/S0925-8388(01)01181-1.'},{id:"B48",body:'Chiang YM, Lavik EB, Blom DA. Defect thermodynamics and electrical properties of nanocrystalline oxides: Pure and doped CeO2. Nanostruct. Mater. 1997;9:633-642. DOI: 10.1016/S0965-9773(97)00142-6.'},{id:"B49",body:'Tschope A, Sommer E, Birringer R. Grain size-dependent electrical conductivity of polycrystalline cerium oxide I. Experiments. Solid State Ionics. 2001;139:255-265. DOI: 10.1016/S0167-2738(01)00678-6.'},{id:"B50",body:'Zhang Y, Anderson S, Muhammed M. Nanophase catalytic oxides: I. Synthesis of doped cerium oxides as oxygen storage promoters. Appl. Catal., B: Environ. 1995;6:325-337. DOI: 10.1016/0926-3373(95)00041-0.'},{id:"B51",body:'Tschope A, Liu W, Flytzani-Stephanopoulos M, Ying JY. Redox activity of nonstoichiometric cerium oxide-based nanocrystalline catalysts. J. Catal. 1995;157:42-50. DOI: 10.1006/jcat.1995.1266.'},{id:"B52",body:'Zhou Y, Rahaman MN. Effect of redox reaction on the sintering behavior of cerium oxide. Acta Mater. 1997;45:3635-3639. DOI: 10.1016/S1359-6454(97)00052-9.'},{id:"B53",body:'Kleinlogel C, Gaukler LJ. Sintering and properties of nanosized ceria solid solutions. Solid State Ionics. 2000;135:567-573. DOI: 10.1016/S0167-2738(00)00437-9.'},{id:"B54",body:'Arnott DR, Hinton BRW, Ryan NE, Cationic film-forming inhibitors for the protection of the AA 7075 aluminum alloy against corrosion in aqueous chloride solution. Corrosion (NACE). 1989;45:12-18. DOI: 10.5006/1.3577880.'},{id:"B55",body:'Crossland AC, Thompson GE, Skeldon P, Wood GC, Smith CJE, Habazaki H, Shimizu K. Anodic oxidation of Al-Ce alloys and inhibitive behavior of cerium species. Corros. Sci. 1998;40:871-885. DOI: 10.1016/S0010-938X(98)00007-9.'},{id:"B56",body:'Arenas MA, Conde A, De Damborenea J. Cerium: a suitable green corrosion inhibitor for tinplate. Corros. Sci. 2002;44:511-520. DOI: 10.1016/S0010-938X(01)00053-1.'},{id:"B57",body:'Zhou Y, Phillips RJ, Switzer JA. Electrochemical synthesis and sintering of nanocrystalline cerium(IV) oxide powders. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 1995;78:981-985. DOI: 10.1111/j.1151-2916.1995.tb08425.x.'},{id:"B58",body:'Zhou Y, Switzer JA. Growth of cerium(IV) oxide films by the electrochemical generation of base method. J. Alloys Compd. 1996;237:1-5. DOI: 10.1016/0925-8388(95)02048-9.'},{id:"B59",body:'Aldykiewicz AJ, Davenport AJ, Isaacs HS. Studies of the formation of cerium-rich protective films using x-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy and rotating disk electrode methods. J. Electrochem. Soc. 1996;143:147-153. DOI: 10.1149/1.1836400.'},{id:"B60",body:'Li F, Newman RC, Thompson GE. In situ atomic force microscopy studies of electrodeposition mechanism of cerium oxide films: nucleation and growth out of a gel mass precursor. Electrochim. Acta. 1997;42:2455-2464. DOI: 10.1016/S0013-4686(96)00433-1.'},{id:"B61",body:'Li F, Thompson GE, Newman RC. Force modulation atomic force microscopy: background, development and application to electrodeposited cerium oxide films. Appl. Surf. Sci. 1998;126:21-33. DOI: 10.1016/S0169-4332(97)00590-4.'},{id:"B62",body:'Li F, Thompson GE. In situ atomic force microscopy studies of the deposition of cerium oxide films on regularly corrugated surfaces. J. Electrochem. Soc. 1999;146:1809-1815. DOI: 10.1149/1.1391848.'},{id:"B63",body:'Zhitomirsky I, Petric A. Electrolytic and electrophoretic deposition of CeO2 films. Mater. Lett. 1999;40:263-268. DOI: 10.1016/S0167-577X(99)00087-7.'},{id:"B64",body:'Zhitomirsky I. Cathodic electrosynthesis of titanium and ruthenium oxides. Mater. Lett. 1998;33:305-310. DOI: 10.1016/S0167-577X(97)00120-1.'},{id:"B65",body:'Zhitomirsky I, Petric A. Electrochemical deposition of ceria and doped ceria films. Ceram. Int. 2001;27:149-155. DOI: 10.1016/S0272-8842(00)00054-7.'},{id:"B66",body:'Hayashi H, Kanoh Ma, Quan CJ, Inaba H, Wang S, Dokiya M, Tagawa H. Thermal expansion of Gd-doped ceria and reduced ceria. Solid State Ionics. 2000;132:227-233. DOI: 10.1016/S0167-2738(00)00646-9.'},{id:"B67",body:'Touloukian YS, Kirby RK, Taylor RE, Lee TYR. in: Touloukian YS, Ho CY. Thermal expansion nonmetallic solids. Handbook of Thermophysical Properties of Matter. New York: Springer; 1977. 1810 p. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4757-1631-3.'},{id:"B68",body:'Korner R, Ricken M, Noelting J, Riess I. Phase transformations in reduced ceria: determination by thermal expansion measurements. J. Solid State Chem. 1989;78:136-147. DOI: 10.1016/0022-4596(89)90137-0.'},{id:"B69",body:'Stecura S, Campbell WJ. Thermal expansion and phase inversion of rare-earth oxides. Bur. Mines Rept. Invest. 1961;5847:1-47. ISSN: 1066-5552.'},{id:"B70",body:'Yang L, Pang X, Fox-Rabinovich G, Veldhuis S, Zhitomirsky I. Electrodeposition of cerium oxide films and composites. Surf. Coat. Technol. 2011;206:1-7. DOI: 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2011.06.029.'},{id:"B71",body:'Balasubramanian M, Melendres CA, Mansour AN. An X-ray absorption study of the local structure of cerium in electrochemically deposited thin films. Thin Solid Films. 1999;347:178-183. DOI: 10.1016/S0040-6090(98)01754-4.'},{id:"B72",body:'Wang AQ, Punchaipetch P, Wallace RM, Golden TD. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy study of electrodeposited nanostructured CeO2 films. J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B. 2003;21:1169-1175. DOI: 10.1116/1.1577569.'},{id:"B73",body:'Arurault L, Monsang P, Salley J, Bes RS. Electrochemical preparation of adherent ceria coatings on ferritic stainless steel. Thin Solid Films. 2004;466:75-80. DOI: 10.1016/j.tsf.2004.02.039.'},{id:"B74",body:'Creus J, Brezault F, Rebere C, Gadouleau M. Synthesis and characterization of thin cerium oxide coatings elaborated by cathodic electrolytic deposition on steel substrate. Surf. Coat. Technol. 2006;200:4636-4645. DOI: 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2005.04.027.'},{id:"B75",body:'Stoyanova E, Guergova D, Stoychev D, Avramova I, Stefanov P. Passivity of OC404 steel modified electrochemically with CeO2-Ce2O3 layers in sulfuric acid media. Electrochim. Acta. 2010;55:1725-1732. DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2009.10.057.'},{id:"B76",body:'Lu Y, Cai S, Liang Y, Bai C, Liu Z, Guo Y, Cai C. The mechanism of the nano-CeO2 films deposition by electrochemistry method as coated conductor buffer layers. Physica C: Superconductivity and its Applications. 2015;512:1-5. DOI: 10.1016/j.physc.2015.02.038.'},{id:"B77",body:'Hamlaoui Y, Pedraza F, Remazeilles C, Cohendoz S, Rebere C, Tifouti L, Creus J. Cathodic electrodeposition of cerium-based oxides on carbon steel from concentrated cerium nitrate solutions: part I. Electrochemical and analytical characterization. Mater. Chem. Phys. 2009;113:650-657. DOI: 10.1016/j.matchemphys.2008.08.027.'},{id:"B78",body:'Hamlaoui Y, Tifouti L, Remazeilles C, Pedraza F. Cathodic electrodeposition of cerium based oxides on carbon steel from concentrated cerium nitrate. Part II: Influence of electrodeposition parameters and of the addition of PEG. Mater. Chem. Phys. 2010;120:172-180. DOI: 10.1016/j.matchemphys.2009.10.042.'},{id:"B79",body:'Hamlaoui Y, Pedraza F, Tifouti L. Investigation of electrodeposited cerium oxide based films on carbon steel and of the induced formation of carbonated green rusts. Corros. Sci. 2008;50:2182-2188. DOI: 10.1016/j.corsci.2008.05.017.'},{id:"B80",body:'Martinez L, Roman E, De Segovia JL, Poupard S, Creus J, Pedraza F. Surface study of cerium oxide based coatings obtained by cathodic electrodeposition on zinc. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2011;257:6202-6207. DOI: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2011.02.033.'},{id:"B81",body:'Zivkovic LjS, Popic JP, Jegdic BV, Dohcevic-Mitrovic Z, Bajat JB, Miskovic-Stankovic VB. Corrosion study of ceria coatings on AA6060 aluminum alloy obtained by cathodic electrodeposition: Effect of deposition potential. Surf. Coat. Technol. 2014;240:327-335. DOI: 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2013.12.048.'},{id:"B82",body:'Bouchaud B, Balmain J, Bonnet G, Pedraza F. Optimizing structural and compositional properties of electrodeposited ceria coatings for enhanced oxidation resistance of a nickel-based superalloy. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2013;268:218-224. DOI: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2012.12.065.'},{id:"B83",body:'Bouchaud B, Balmain J, Bonnet G, Pedraza F. Correlations between electrochemical mechanisms and growth of ceria based coatings onto nickel substrates. Electrochim. Acta. 2013;88:798-806. DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2012.10.112.'},{id:"B84",body:'Ferguson RE, Guth ED, Eyring L. Praseodymium oxides. I. Phase study by dissociation pressure measurements. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1954;76:3890-3894. DOI: 10.1021/ja01644a006.'},{id:"B85",body:'Burnham DA, Eyring L. Phase transformations in the praseodymium oxide-oxygen system: high-temperature x-ray diffraction studies. J. Phys. Chem. 1968;72:4415-4424. DOI: 10.1021/j100859a010.'},{id:"B86",body:'Zhang J, Von-Dreele RB, Eyring L. Structures in the oxygen-deficient fluorite-related RnO2n-2 homologous series: Pr12O22. J. Solid State Chem. 1996;122:53-58. DOI: 10.1006/jssc.1996.0081.'},{id:"B87",body:'Tsang SC, Bulpitt C. Rare earth oxide sensors for ethanol analysis. Sens. Actuators, B: Chemical. 1998;52:226-235. DOI: 10.1016/S0925-4005(98)00233-0.'},{id:"B88",body:'Hussein GAM. Rare earth metal oxides: formation, characterization and catalytic activity. Thermoanalytical and applied pyrolysis review. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis. 1996;37:111-149. DOI: 10.1016/0165-2370(96)00941-2.'},{id:"B89",body:'Poirier MG, Breault R, Kaliaguine S, Adnot A. Oxidative coupling of methane over praseodymium oxide catalysts. Appl. Catal. 1991;71:103-122. DOI: 10.1016/0166-9834(91)85009-K.'},{id:"B90",body:'Du W, Xie Xi, Xu D, Huang C. Preparation and electrochemical characterization of PtRuO2-Ce0. 5Pr0. 5O2-δ/C catalysts for methanol electrooxidation. Energy Fuels. 2008;22:3346-3350. DOI: 10.1021/ef800200u.'},{id:"B91",body:'Osten HJ, Liu JP, Müssig HJ, Zaumseil P. Epitaxial, high-k dielectrics on silicon: the example of praseodymium oxide. Microelectron. Reliab. 2001;41:991-994. DOI: 10.1016/S0026-2714(01)00054-3.'},{id:"B92",body:'Wolfframm D, Ratzke M, Kappa M, Montenegro MJ, Dobeli M, Lippert Th, Reif J. Pulsed laser deposition of thin PrxOy films on Si(100). Mater. Sci. Eng., B. 2004;109:24-29. DOI: 10.1016/j.mseb.2003.10.022.'},{id:"B93",body:'Wu M, Alivov YI, Morkoc H. High-κ dielectrics and advanced channel concepts for Si MOSFET. J. Mater. Sci. - Mater. Electron. 2008;19:915-951. DOI: 10.1007/s10854-008-9713-2.'},{id:"B94",body:'Osten HJ, Liu JP, Mussig HJ. Band gap and band discontinuities at crystalline Pr2O3/Si(001) heterojunctions. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2002;80:297-299. DOI: 10.1063/1.1433909.'},{id:"B95",body:'Horio N, Hiramatsu M, Nawata M, Imaeda K, Torii T. Preparation of zinc oxide/metal oxide multilayered thin films for low-voltage varistors. Vacuum. 1998;51:719-722. DOI: 10.1016/S0042-207X(98)00293-0.'},{id:"B96",body:'Kaneko Y, Mori S, Yamanaka J. Synthesis of electrochromic praseodymium-doped vanadium oxide films by molten salt electrolysis. Solid State Ionics. 2002;151:35-39. DOI: 10.1016/S0167-2738(02)00601-X.'},{id:"B97",body:'Malchus M, Jansen M. Electrocrystallization of PrO2 and TbO2-x from alkali hydroxide melts and characterization of the fluorite-related TbO2-x. Solid State Sci. 1998;2:65-70. DOI: 10.1016/S1293-2558(00)00111-4.'},{id:"B98",body:'Lo-Nigro R, Toro RG, Malandrino G, Fragala IL, Rossi P, Dapporto, P. Study of the thermal properties of Pr (III) precursors and their implementation in the MOCVD growth of praseodymium oxide films. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2004;151:F206-F213. DOI: 10.1149/1.1779336.'},{id:"B99",body:'Leach C, Freer R, Azough F, Ling Z. Direct observation of the barrier structure of a praseodymium-doped grain boundary in a zinc oxide bicrystal by charge collection microscopy. Interface Sci. 2000;8:141-146. DOI: 10.1023/A:1008772421392.'},{id:"B100",body:'Shrestha S, Marken F, Elliott J, Yeung CMY, Mills CE, Tsang SC. Electrochemical deposition of praseodymium oxide on tin-doped indium oxide as a thin sensing film. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2006;153:C517-C520. DOI: 10.1149/1.2198094.'},{id:"B101",body:'Sawangphruk M, Foord JS. Localized electrodeposition of praseodymium oxide on boron-doped diamond. Diamond Relat. Mater. 2010;19:885-888. DOI: 10.1016/j.diamond.2010.02.023.'},{id:"B102",body:'Cullity BD, Stock SR. Elements of X-ray Diffraction. 3rd ed. Prentice Hall; 2001, 664 p. ISBN-13: 978-0201610918.'},{id:"B103",body:'Sarma DD, Rao CNR. J. Electron. XPES studies of oxides of second- and third-row transition metals including rare earths. Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom. 1980;20:25-45. DOI: 10.1016/0368-2048(80)85003-1.'},{id:"B104",body:'Uwamino Y, Ishizuka T. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of rare-earth compounds. J. Electron. Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom. 1984;34:67-78. DOI: 10.1016/0368-2048(84)80060-2.'},{id:"B105",body:'Lei S, Yunsong H, Yunbo J, Xianming L, Guien Z, Yuheng Z. Study on the crystal and electronic structure of Y1-xPrxBa2Cu3O7-y ceramics. J. Phys.: Condens. Matter. 1998;10:7015-7024. DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/10/31/017.'},{id:"B106",body:'Rovira LG, Delgado JJ, ElAmrani K, Rio E, Chen X, Calvino JJ, Botana FJ. Synthesis of ceria-praseodimia nanotubes with high catalytic activity for CO oxidation. Catal. Today. 2012;180:167-173. DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2011.05.006.'},{id:"B107",body:'Zivkovic L, Lair V, Lupan O, Ringuede A. Effect of samarium addition and annealing on the properties of electrodeposited ceria thin films. Thin Solid Films. 2011;519:3538-3543. DOI: 10.1016/j.tsf.2011.01.245.'},{id:"B108",body:'Khalipova OS, Lair V, Ringuede A. Electrochemical synthesis and characterization of gadolinia-doped ceria thin films. Electrochim. Acta. 2014;116:183-187. DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2013.11.022.'},{id:"B109",body:'Qu D, Xie F, Meng H, Gong L, Zhang W, Chen J, Li G, Liu P, Tong Y. Preparation and characterization of nanocrystalline CeO2-Tb2O3 films obtained by electrochemical deposition method. J. Phys. Chem. C. 2010;114:1424-1429. DOI: 10.1021/jp907628g.'},{id:"B110",body:'Lair V, Zivkovic LS, Lupan O, Ringuede A. Synthesis and characterization of electrodeposited samaria and samaria-doped ceria thin films. Electrochim. Acta. 2011;56:4638-4644. DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2011.02.101.'},{id:"B111",body:'Aghazadeh M, Yousefi T. Preparation of Gd2O3 nanorods by electrodeposition-heat-treatment method. Mater. Lett. 2012;73:176-178. DOI: 10.1016/j.matlet.2012.01.009.'},{id:"B112",body:'Abed F, Aghazadeh M, Arhami B. Preparation of Gd2O3 coral-like nanostructures by pulse electrodeposition-heat-treatment method. Mater. Lett. 2013;99:11-13. DOI: 10.1016/j.matlet.2013.02.025.'},{id:"B113",body:'Lu X, Li G, Yu X, Tong Y. Electrochemical synthesis and characterization of TbO2-x flowerlike nanostructures. Electrochem. Solid-State Lett. 2008;11:K85-K88. DOI: 10.1149/1.2945878.'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Teresa D. Golden",address:"tgolden@unt.edu",affiliation:'
University of North Texas, Department of Chemistry, Denton, TX, USA
University of North Texas, Department of Chemistry, Denton, TX, USA
'}],corrections:null},book:{id:"4788",type:"book",title:"Advanced Ceramic Processing",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Advanced Ceramic Processing",slug:"advanced-ceramic-processing",publishedDate:"November 11th 2015",bookSignature:"Adel Mohamed",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4788.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-2203-6",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-6397-8",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",numberOfWosCitations:43,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"148964",title:"Dr.",name:"A.M.A",middleName:null,surname:"Mohamed",slug:"a.m.a-mohamed",fullName:"A.M.A Mohamed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"923"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"48729",type:"chapter",title:"Microwave Fast Sintering of Double Perovskite Ceramic Materials",slug:"microwave-fast-sintering-of-double-perovskite-ceramic-materials",totalDownloads:2373,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Penchal Reddy Matli, Adel Mohamed Amer Mohamed and\nRamakrishna Reddy Rajuru",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"175336",title:"Dr.",name:"Penchal Reddy",middleName:null,surname:"Matli",fullName:"Penchal Reddy Matli",slug:"penchal-reddy-matli"},{id:"175355",title:"Prof.",name:"Huang",middleName:null,surname:"Qing",fullName:"Huang Qing",slug:"huang-qing"},{id:"175356",title:"Prof.",name:"Ramakrishna Reddy",middleName:null,surname:"R",fullName:"Ramakrishna Reddy R",slug:"ramakrishna-reddy-r"},{id:"175357",title:"Prof.",name:"Adel",middleName:null,surname:"Mohamed",fullName:"Adel Mohamed",slug:"adel-mohamed"}]},{id:"49179",type:"chapter",title:"New Approaches to Preparation of SnO2-Based Varistors — Chemical Synthesis, Dopants, and Microwave Sintering",slug:"new-approaches-to-preparation-of-sno2-based-varistors-chemical-synthesis-dopants-and-microwave-sinte",totalDownloads:1897,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Glauco M.M.M. Lustosa, Natalia Jacomaci, João P.C. Costa, Gisane\nGasparotto, Leinig A. Perazolli and Maria A. Zaghete",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"35293",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:"Aparecida",surname:"Zaghete",fullName:"Maria Zaghete",slug:"maria-zaghete"},{id:"175456",title:"Dr.",name:"Glauco",middleName:"Meireles Mascarenhas Morandi Lustosa",surname:"Lustosa",fullName:"Glauco Lustosa",slug:"glauco-lustosa"},{id:"175457",title:"Dr.",name:"Natalia",middleName:null,surname:"Jacomaci",fullName:"Natalia Jacomaci",slug:"natalia-jacomaci"},{id:"175458",title:"Dr.",name:"João",middleName:null,surname:"Costa",fullName:"João Costa",slug:"joao-costa"},{id:"175459",title:"Dr.",name:"Leinig",middleName:null,surname:"Perazolli",fullName:"Leinig Perazolli",slug:"leinig-perazolli"},{id:"175994",title:"Dr.",name:"Gisane",middleName:null,surname:"Gasparoto",fullName:"Gisane Gasparoto",slug:"gisane-gasparoto"}]},{id:"48723",type:"chapter",title:"Porous Ceramics",slug:"porous-ceramics",totalDownloads:2841,totalCrossrefCites:6,signatures:"Naboneeta Sarkar and Ik Jin Kim",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"30497",title:"Prof.",name:"Ik Jin",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",fullName:"Ik Jin Kim",slug:"ik-jin-kim"},{id:"176161",title:"Ms.",name:"Naboneeta",middleName:null,surname:"Sarkar",fullName:"Naboneeta Sarkar",slug:"naboneeta-sarkar"}]},{id:"48935",type:"chapter",title:"Electrochemical Synthesis of Rare Earth Ceramic Oxide Coatings",slug:"electrochemical-synthesis-of-rare-earth-ceramic-oxide-coatings",totalDownloads:2249,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Teresa D. Golden, Yajuan Shang, Qi Wang and Ting Zhou",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"175265",title:"Prof.",name:"Teresa",middleName:null,surname:"Golden",fullName:"Teresa Golden",slug:"teresa-golden"}]},{id:"49216",type:"chapter",title:"Thermal Barrier Ceramic Coatings — A Review",slug:"thermal-barrier-ceramic-coatings-a-review",totalDownloads:3274,totalCrossrefCites:13,signatures:"Sumana Ghosh",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"174781",title:"Dr.",name:"Sumana",middleName:null,surname:"Ghosh",fullName:"Sumana Ghosh",slug:"sumana-ghosh"}]},{id:"49506",type:"chapter",title:"Electrocaloric Properties of (Pb,La)(Zr,Ti)O3 and BaTiO3 Ceramics",slug:"electrocaloric-properties-of-pb-la-zr-ti-o3-and-batio3-ceramics",totalDownloads:1617,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Hiroshi Maiwa",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"27242",title:"Prof.",name:"Hiroshi",middleName:null,surname:"Maiwa",fullName:"Hiroshi Maiwa",slug:"hiroshi-maiwa"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"5109",title:"Electrodeposition of Composite Materials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"61bd4e025aa5b652ff9cc39254813472",slug:"electrodeposition-of-composite-materials",bookSignature:"Adel M. A. Mohamed and Teresa D. Golden",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5109.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"148964",title:"Dr.",name:"A.M.A",surname:"Mohamed",slug:"a.m.a-mohamed",fullName:"A.M.A Mohamed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"49991",title:"Electrochemical Synthesis of Nanocomposites",slug:"electrochemical-synthesis-of-nanocomposites",signatures:"Randa Abdel-Karim",authors:[{id:"165102",title:"Prof.",name:"Randa",middleName:null,surname:"Abdel-Karim",fullName:"Randa Abdel-Karim",slug:"randa-abdel-karim"}]},{id:"49651",title:"Effects of Electroplating Characteristics on the Coating Properties",slug:"effects-of-electroplating-characteristics-on-the-coating-properties",signatures:"Ebru Saraloğlu Güler",authors:[{id:"177161",title:"Dr.",name:"Ebru",middleName:null,surname:"Saraloğlu Güler",fullName:"Ebru Saraloğlu Güler",slug:"ebru-saraloglu-guler"}]},{id:"50050",title:"Parametric Variables in Electro-deposition of Composite Coatings",slug:"parametric-variables-in-electro-deposition-of-composite-coatings",signatures:"Peter Odetola, Patricia Popoola, Olawale Popoola and David\nDelport",authors:[{id:"169258",title:"Dr.",name:"Patricia",middleName:null,surname:"Popoola",fullName:"Patricia Popoola",slug:"patricia-popoola"},{id:"177716",title:"Dr.",name:"Olawale",middleName:null,surname:"Popoola",fullName:"Olawale Popoola",slug:"olawale-popoola"},{id:"178039",title:"Dr.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Odetola",fullName:"Peter Odetola",slug:"peter-odetola"},{id:"179784",title:"Dr.",name:"David",middleName:null,surname:"Delport",fullName:"David Delport",slug:"david-delport"}]},{id:"49726",title:"A New Approach — In-Situ Codeposition of Composite Coatings",slug:"a-new-approach-in-situ-codeposition-of-composite-coatings",signatures:"Orkut Sancakoğlu",authors:[{id:"177188",title:"Dr.",name:"Orkut",middleName:null,surname:"Sancakoğlu",fullName:"Orkut Sancakoğlu",slug:"orkut-sancakoglu"}]},{id:"49957",title:"Electrodeposition of Cu–Ni Composite Coatings",slug:"electrodeposition-of-cu-ni-composite-coatings",signatures:"Casey R. Thurber, Adel M.A. Mohamed and Teresa D. Golden",authors:[{id:"148964",title:"Dr.",name:"A.M.A",middleName:null,surname:"Mohamed",fullName:"A.M.A Mohamed",slug:"a.m.a-mohamed"},{id:"180073",title:"Dr.",name:"Casey R",middleName:null,surname:"Thurber",fullName:"Casey R Thurber",slug:"casey-r-thurber"},{id:"180074",title:"Prof.",name:"Teresa Golden",middleName:null,surname:"Golden",fullName:"Teresa Golden Golden",slug:"teresa-golden-golden"}]},{id:"49739",title:"Nanocomposite Coatings Deposited by Sol-Enhanced Electrochemical Methods",slug:"nanocomposite-coatings-deposited-by-sol-enhanced-electrochemical-methods",signatures:"Yuxin Wang and Wei Gao",authors:[{id:"177244",title:"Dr.",name:"W",middleName:null,surname:"Gao",fullName:"W Gao",slug:"w-gao"},{id:"177270",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuxin",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Yuxin Wang",slug:"yuxin-wang"}]},{id:"49689",title:"Electrodeposition of Ni-P/SiC Composite Films with High Hardness",slug:"electrodeposition-of-ni-p-sic-composite-films-with-high-hardness",signatures:"Alma Martínez-Hernández, Federico Manríquez-Guerrero, Julieta\nTorres, Raúl Ortega, José de Jesús Pérez-Bueno, Yunny Meas,\nGabriel Trejo and Alia Méndez-Albores",authors:[{id:"89467",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose De Jesus",middleName:null,surname:"Perez-Bueno",fullName:"Jose De Jesus Perez-Bueno",slug:"jose-de-jesus-perez-bueno"},{id:"177189",title:"Dr.",name:"Trejo",middleName:null,surname:"Gabriel",fullName:"Trejo Gabriel",slug:"trejo-gabriel"},{id:"177264",title:"Dr.",name:"Mendez",middleName:null,surname:"Alia",fullName:"Mendez Alia",slug:"mendez-alia"},{id:"177265",title:"Dr.",name:"Torres",middleName:null,surname:"Julieta",fullName:"Torres Julieta",slug:"torres-julieta"},{id:"177266",title:"Dr.",name:"Ortega",middleName:null,surname:"Raúl",fullName:"Ortega Raúl",slug:"ortega-raul"},{id:"177267",title:"Dr.",name:"Meas",middleName:null,surname:"Yunny",fullName:"Meas Yunny",slug:"meas-yunny"},{id:"177268",title:"MSc.",name:"Manríquez",middleName:null,surname:"Federico",fullName:"Manríquez Federico",slug:"manriquez-federico"},{id:"177269",title:"MSc.",name:"Martínez",middleName:null,surname:"Alma",fullName:"Martínez Alma",slug:"martinez-alma"}]},{id:"49980",title:"A review of Corrosion Resistance Nanocomposite Coatings",slug:"a-review-of-corrosion-resistance-nanocomposite-coatings",signatures:"Thais G.L. Rezende, Deborah V. Cesar, Dalva C.B. do Lago and Lilian\nF. Senna",authors:[{id:"100986",title:"Prof.",name:"Lilian",middleName:null,surname:"Senna",fullName:"Lilian Senna",slug:"lilian-senna"},{id:"179324",title:"MSc.",name:"Thais",middleName:null,surname:"Rezende",fullName:"Thais Rezende",slug:"thais-rezende"},{id:"179325",title:"Prof.",name:"Deborah",middleName:null,surname:"Cesar",fullName:"Deborah Cesar",slug:"deborah-cesar"},{id:"179326",title:"Prof.",name:"Dalva",middleName:null,surname:"Lago",fullName:"Dalva Lago",slug:"dalva-lago"}]},{id:"49995",title:"Parametric Analysis of Electrodeposited Nano-composite Coatings for Abrasive Wear Resistance",slug:"parametric-analysis-of-electrodeposited-nano-composite-coatings-for-abrasive-wear-resistance",signatures:"Kavian O. Cooke",authors:[{id:"138778",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavian",middleName:"Omar",surname:"Cooke",fullName:"Kavian Cooke",slug:"kavian-cooke"}]},{id:"49998",title:"Tribological and Corrosion Performance of Electrodeposited Nickel Composite Coatings",slug:"tribological-and-corrosion-performance-of-electrodeposited-nickel-composite-coatings",signatures:"Nicholus Malatji and Patricia A.I. Popoola",authors:[{id:"169258",title:"Dr.",name:"Patricia",middleName:null,surname:"Popoola",fullName:"Patricia Popoola",slug:"patricia-popoola"},{id:"177718",title:"Mr.",name:"Nicholus",middleName:null,surname:"Malatji",fullName:"Nicholus Malatji",slug:"nicholus-malatji"}]},{id:"49990",title:"Electrodeposition of Functional Coatings on Bipolar Plates for Fuel Cell Applications – A Review",slug:"electrodeposition-of-functional-coatings-on-bipolar-plates-for-fuel-cell-applications-a-review",signatures:"Peter Odetola, Patricia Popoola, Olawale Popoola and David\nDelport",authors:[{id:"169258",title:"Dr.",name:"Patricia",middleName:null,surname:"Popoola",fullName:"Patricia Popoola",slug:"patricia-popoola"},{id:"177716",title:"Dr.",name:"Olawale",middleName:null,surname:"Popoola",fullName:"Olawale Popoola",slug:"olawale-popoola"},{id:"178039",title:"Dr.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Odetola",fullName:"Peter Odetola",slug:"peter-odetola"},{id:"179784",title:"Dr.",name:"David",middleName:null,surname:"Delport",fullName:"David Delport",slug:"david-delport"}]},{id:"49897",title:"Pulse Electrodeposition of Lead-Free Tin-Based Composites for Microelectronic Packaging",slug:"pulse-electrodeposition-of-lead-free-tin-based-composites-for-microelectronic-packaging",signatures:"Ashutosh Sharma, Siddhartha Das and Karabi Das",authors:[{id:"145236",title:"Dr.",name:"Ashutosh",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",fullName:"Ashutosh Sharma",slug:"ashutosh-sharma"},{id:"175206",title:"Prof.",name:"Siddhartha",middleName:null,surname:"Das",fullName:"Siddhartha Das",slug:"siddhartha-das"},{id:"175209",title:"Prof.",name:"Karabi",middleName:null,surname:"Das",fullName:"Karabi Das",slug:"karabi-das"}]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"2132",title:"Sintering",subtitle:"Methods and Products",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a4374d54a1172051ff65e9f3aebee8f3",slug:"sintering-methods-and-products",bookSignature:"Volodymyr Shatokha",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2132.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111000",title:"Dr.",name:"Volodymyr",surname:"Shatokha",slug:"volodymyr-shatokha",fullName:"Volodymyr Shatokha"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2200",title:"Ceramic Materials",subtitle:"Progress in Modern Ceramics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"612da9cb87615f384b89b64be02c39be",slug:"ceramic-materials-progress-in-modern-ceramics",bookSignature:"Feng Shi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2200.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"24821",title:"Dr.",name:"Feng",surname:"Shi",slug:"feng-shi",fullName:"Feng Shi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3478",title:"Sintering Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"78b5ad7a210c4dcb3346ca452f828938",slug:"sintering-applications",bookSignature:"Burcu Ertuğ",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3478.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"97820",title:"Dr.",name:"Burcu",surname:"Ertug",slug:"burcu-ertug",fullName:"Burcu Ertug"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7333",title:"Sintering Technology",subtitle:"Method and Application",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d0b37ebc58f468e22dd7c63f94d0761e",slug:"sintering-technology-method-and-application",bookSignature:"Malin Liu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7333.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"165407",title:"Dr.",name:"Malin",surname:"Liu",slug:"malin-liu",fullName:"Malin Liu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6084",title:"Recent Advances in Porous Ceramics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c6749abbf887821d1030727f7eee1d6f",slug:"recent-advances-in-porous-ceramics",bookSignature:"Uday M. Basheer Al-Naib",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6084.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"182041",title:null,name:"Uday",surname:"Basheer",slug:"uday-basheer",fullName:"Uday Basheer"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[{type:"book",id:"6854",title:"Nanocomposites",subtitle:"Recent Evolutions",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fed595e75f84d3ab7e0817721acca1bd",slug:"nanocomposites-recent-evolutions",bookSignature:"Subbarayan Sivasankaran",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6854.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"190989",title:"Dr.",name:"Subbarayan",surname:"Sivasankaran",slug:"subbarayan-sivasankaran",fullName:"Subbarayan Sivasankaran"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"82618",title:"The Hepatic Fetal Venous System",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106016",slug:"the-hepatic-fetal-venous-system",body:'
1. Introduction
Intensive research has been done in the evaluation of the fetal venous system to recognize the normal and abnormal sonographic appearance. Furthermore, prenatal diagnosis of fetal venous system anomalies requires knowledge of its embryology and physiology. The information currently available regarding the etiology, importance, and prognosis of these abnormalities enables caregivers to provide appropriate parental counseling when an anomaly is encountered. Still, the sonographic evaluation of the fetus\'s venous system remains largely undetermined and needs more studies.
2. Fetal circulation
The fetal circulatory system functions differently than after birth and has certain properties that are present only prenatally and are very important since the fetus is completely dependent on the mother\'s circulation. Thus, ductus arteriosus, ductus venosus, foramen ovale, and placental-umbilical flow are vital to fetal life. The placenta oxygenates the deoxygenated blood, and the three shunts allow umbilical blood to bypass specific organs (liver and lungs). As a result, oxygenated blood is delivered via the umbilical vein (UV) to the liver (70–80%) and directly to the fetal heart, across the DV (20–30%).
Roughly 60% of the fetal cardiac output is pushed through the umbilical arteries and back to the placenta. The placenta\'s blood returns to the fetus via the umbilical vein, which has an oxygen saturation of about 80%. The DV rises from the umbilical and portal system connection, as a continuation of the UV, bypasses the liver, and joins the inferior vena cava at the level of sinus venosus, located at the base of the right atrium. Although DV oxygenated flow joins venous blood from the lower trunk and extremities, as well as blood from the liver, because of the DV direction and flow velocity, it is preferentially directed from the right into the left atrium via foramen ovale.
The UV, DV, foramen ovale, left atrium and ventricle, and the aorta form the so-called via sinistra, while the superior and inferior vena cava, the right atrium and ventricle, the pulmonary artery, and the ductus arteriosus form the via dextra. The majority of blood from the superior vena cava enters the right atrium and ventricle and exits via the pulmonary artery.
Because the collapsed lungs have high resistance and the pressure in the pulmonary artery is higher than in the aorta, most of the blood in the pulmonary artery travels via the ductus arteriosus to the descending aorta. The fetus\'s head receives better-oxygenated blood from the left ventricle and aortic arch [1].
3. Fetal venous system – embryology
The vascular architecture of the liver is very complicated, and understanding the embryology and pathophysiology of the fetal venous system is critical for a more effective approach.
The cardiovascular system is the first organ system to develop. In a 4-week embryo, three symmetric paired veins flow to the right and left horns of the sinus venosus into the heart: the umbilical veins (UVs)−which drain the chorion, vitelline veins (VVs)−which drain the yolk sac, and cardinal veins (CVs)−which drain the embryo\'s body.
The septum transversum development of the fetal liver allows the connection of the vitelline and umbilical veins with the sinusoids, resulting in changes in the VVs and UVs: the left UV becomes the dominant pathway of blood from the placenta, while the right UV and the left cranial segment of the left UV become atrophic and disappear. The left umbilical vein receives practically all of the placental blood drainage and will route itself through the hepatic sinusoids that develop from the vitelline veins [1, 2].
A large channel develops and shunts blood from the left umbilical vein to the right cardiac channel and then to the sinus venosus. This is ductus venosus, the functional shunt that allows oxygenated placental blood to bypass the liver, with a relatively direct path to the heart. The establishment of a DV as a "critical anastomosis" between the umbilical and vitelline venous systems, followed by increased hepatic perfusion, appears to be important for the successful development of an intrahepatic portal venous system.
The growing sinusoids, on the other hand, will form the right and left hepatic veins, which will all drain to the developing inferior vena cava, at the site of the right cardiac channel. The primitive vitelline veins create the future portal venous system within the liver. The vitelline veins will degenerate proximally on the left side, and more distally on the right side, resulting in a convoluted S-shaped path along the back and front of the growing gut. Around the same period, the superior mesenteric vein and the splenic vein will develop from the VVs, and eventually converge to form the hepatic portal vein.
The common cardinal veins, with anterior and posterior cardinal veins draining the embryonic cranial and caudal segments of the embryonic body, comprise the third venous system that enters the sinus venosus. The posterior branches of the CVs are severed, but the caudal portion remains, giving birth to the common iliac vein and the caudal part of the IVC. The CVs are eventually replaced by subcardinal veins, which drain the kidney and gonads, and supracardinal veins, which drain the thoracic wall and iliac veins.
The superior portion of the left supracardinal vein obliterates and joins to the right branch, establishing the renal–hepatic segment of the IVC. The inferior portion of the left supracardinal vein obliterates and connects to the right subcardinal vein, forming the sacrorenal segment of the IVC. The superior segment of the supracardinal vein is divided into two branches: the left branch, known as the hemiazygos vein, which forms a cross anastomosis with the right branch, known as the azygos vein, which drains into the superior vena cava.
The proximal left anterior CV recedes and separates from the sinus venosus. During the eighth week, the left brachiocephalic vein develops from the shunt produced to the right anterior CV. Meanwhile, the SVC develops from the confluence of the left and right brachiocephalic veins and the right atrium.
Afferent and efferent venous networks form inside the developing fetal liver. The afferent system consists of the UV, PV, and DV, whereas the efferent system consists of the hepatic veins.
An invagination of the left atrium dorsal wall is visible in the 4-mm embryo, which represents the developing common pulmonary vein. The connection process continues as the atrial cavity grows, and two right and two left branches of the pulmonary stem become connected with the atrial cavity. The pulmonary venous plexus loses its connection to the VVs and CVs throughout time (Figure 1) [1, 2, 3].
Figure 1.
Embryological development of the human venous system. A: The embryo demonstrates the development of paired sets of “vitelline” and “umbilical” veins in its fourth week, which initially drain the yolk sac and allantois. B: At the 4th week, there are three symmetric paired veins: the umbilical veins, vitelline veins, and cardinal veins. All three systems converge into the sinus venosus. C: In 5–8 weeks, the liver cords develop into the septum transversum and interrupt the cranial portion of the umbilical and vitelline veins. D: Asymmetric stage with the intrahepatic anastomosis developing between the umbilical-portal and ductus venosus systems. E: Changes in the VVs and changes in the UVs continue. Only the most caudal and the most cranial segments of VVs will persist. F: By the end of the 10th week, small venous branches, named venæ advehentes, convey the blood from the subhepatic anastomosis to the sinusoidal plexus; small venous vessels, named venæ revehentes, drain the blood of the sinusoidal plexus into the subdiaphragmatic anastomosis. SV: sinus venosus, VV: vitelline veins, PL: primordial liver, UV: umbilical veins, PCV: posterior cardinal veins, ACV: anterior cardinal veins, RUV: right umbilical vein, LUV: left umbilical vein, RVV: right vitelline vein, LVV: left vitelline vein, ARCV: anterior right cardinal vein, ALCV: anterior left cardinal vein, DU: duodenum, PS: portal sinus, IDA: intermediate dorsal anastomosis, CVA: caudal ventral anastomosis, PRCV: posterior right cardinal vein; PLCV: posterior left cardinal vein; RHCC: right hepatic common cardinal vein; IVChcs: inferior vena cava hepatocardiac segment; RPV: right portal vein; LPV: right portal vein; UV: umbilical vein; MPV: main portal vein; LP: liver parenchyma; IVC: inferior vena cava; PV: portal vein; MV: mesenteric vein; RA: ramus angularis; RTHV: right terminal hepatic vein; MTHV: median terminal hepatic vein; LTHV: median terminal hepatic vein; HCV: hepatic cardialis venula; OPVR: obliterated portion of venous rings; BD: bile duct; P: pancreas; VA: venae advehentes; VR: venae revehentes; ADPUV: anterior detached portions of umbilical vein. Images and legend from the collection of Dr. Anca-Maria Istrate-Ofiţeru, with permission.
4. Anatomy of the hepatic venous system
Although ultrasound imaging of the fetal venous system has improved, the ability to understand its anatomy and the true anatomical relationships of the portal venous system have not been clearly defined. Within the liver, there are two venous systems: an afferent and an efferent system. The efferent system includes the hepatic veins, which conduct blood from the liver to the heart, and the afferent system includes the portal system, which delivers the blood from the gut and placenta to the liver − through the UV. Thus, the umbilical system that carries blood from the placenta to the liver is part of the hepatic afferent venous system (Figure 2).
Figure 2.
Schematic representation of the afferent and efferent systems of the fetal liver.
The extrahepatic portal vein, also known as the main portal vein, results from the confluence of splenic and superior mesenteric veins. It travels behind the duodenum and empties into the portal sinus near the right intrahepatic portal vein\'s origin. The right portal vein has two branches, anterior and posterior, while the left portal vein has three branches: inferior, middle, and superior. The portal sinus is an L-shaped vascular region that spans from the inferior left portal vein\'s origin to the right portal vein\'s origin. As a result, it joins the right and left intrahepatic portal veins, which perfuse the right and left hepatic lobes, respectively (Figure 3).
Figure 3.
The normal aspect of the portal venous system (PVS) and hepatic veins. (A) Transverse plane of the fetal abdomen demonstrating normal aspects of the efferent hepatic system: the left, middle, and right hepatic veins. (B) Axial plane of the fetal abdomen with the evaluation of the umbilical vein and left portal vein branches. (C) Transverse plane with the demonstration of the normal right portal vein and its branches. (D) STIC HD-flow evaluation of the afferent system of the liver. UV, umbilical vein; Ao, aorta; IVC, inferior vena cava; St, stomach; MPV, main portal vein; PS, portal sinus; RAPV, anterior branch of the right portal vein; RPPV, the posterior branch of the right portal vein; LiPV, left portal vein inferior branch; LmPV, left portal vein medial branch; RHV, right hepatic vein; LHV, left hepatic vein; MHV, middle hepatic vein.
The angle of communication at the confluence of the major portal vein and the portal sinus varies from 900 to a virtually parallel course. There are three types of connections between the main portal vein and the portal sinus: T-shaped, end-to-end anastomosis, X-shaped, side-to-side anastomosis, and H-shaped, parallel anastomosis. The majority of the blood flowing via the main portal vein is delivered to the right hepatic lobe [3].
According to Rudolph et al., portal blood is directed only to the right hepatic lobe, but umbilical venous blood nourishes both hepatic lobes and the ductus venosus. When compared to the left vein, the right portal vein receives less oxygenated blood. As a result, the left lobe is considerably larger than the right lobe throughout fetal life, a circumstance that is reversed after birth when the UV and DV become atrophic. The efferent venous system is made up of three hepatic veins: the right, middle, and left hepatic veins. These veins open to the subdiaphragmatic vestibulum and drain hepatic venous blood into the right atrium [4].
The umbilical vein enters the abdomen within the falciform ligament and joins the liver along its inferior surface, cephalic directed, and opens in the portal sinus, which is aligned with the arising ductus venosus. DV appears as a trumpet-like thin shunt with a diameter that is approximately one-third the diameter of the UV, which determines high blood velocities. Also, the DV direction connects with the right atrium pointing more posterior and cranial toward the foramen ovale (Figure 4). These are the reasons why there is a preferential flow of oxygen- and nutrient-rich blood from the placenta to the left atrium via the UV and DV [5].
Figure 4.
Macroscopic and ultrasound evaluation of the fetal liver. (A and B) Pathology examination shows the normal extrahepatic (A) and intrahepatic (B, liver tissue removed) pathway of the umbilical vein. (C) Longitudinal plane of the fetal abdomen, Color Doppler evaluation, showing the normal intrahepatic pathway of the umbilical vein and the normal aspect of the ductus venosus. (D) Longitudinal plane of the fetal abdomen, 3D rendering, which demonstrates the normal aspect of the afferent and the efferent hepatic systems. UV, umbilical vein; Ao, aorta; IVC, inferior vena cava; St, stomach; RPV, right portal vein; HV, hepatic vein; UC, umbilical cord; UA, umbilical artery.
DV is essential for providing oxygenated blood to the left side of the heart and for the normal development of the intrahepatic portal venous system. The absence of DV causes aberrant hemodynamics because there is a "steal" effect with lower intrahepatic flow, which may result in the vitelline veins failing to transform into the portal system [6]. During pregnancy, umbilical venous blood passes via the portal sinus to nourish the right and left intrahepatic portal veins, as well as the DV. When the placental circulation stops and the ductus venosus closes, blood travels from the extrahepatic portal vein to the left intrahepatic portal veins, perfusing both liver lobes.
Both common iliac veins join together to form the inferior vena cava (IVC), which connects with the two renal veins along its path. The IVC is on the right side of the spine in the lower and mid-abdomen, and then it flows over the posterior liver surface to enter the right atrium.
5. Ultrasound assessment of the liver vasculature
By the end of the 10th week of gestation, the portal venous system (PVS) is already formed. However, due to the embryo\'s size, ultrasonographic examination of this system is not possible. At the time of the standard first trimester (FT) anomaly scan (12–13 gestational weeks), the fetal portal venous system (PVS) architecture, as well as the presence of ductus venosus, can be analyzed [7, 8]. It has been also demonstrated that microscopic techniques could serve as an audit to assess the prenatal PVS features determined by first-trimester ultrasound assessment (Figure 5).
Figure 5.
The fetal liver\'s macroscopic, microscopic, and ultrasonographic features. (A, B, C): Transverse planes at the level of PVS in the second trimester of pregnancy. (A) Color Doppler evaluation, (B) macroscopic evaluation, and (C) microscopic evaluation of the fetal liver, showing the hepatic course of the umbilical vein (UV), the L-shaped portal sinus (PS), the junction of the PS with the main portal vein (MPV), the left portal vein, the right portal vein, and their branches. (D, E, F): First-trimester evaluation of the hepatic venous system. (D) Color Doppler evaluation of the portal venous system and (E) the normal aspect of the ductus venosus. (F) Microscopic demonstration of the portal venous system features. St: stomach, PS: portal sinus, MPV: main portal vein, UV: umbilical vein, LsPV: superior branch of the left portal vein; LiPV: inferior branch of the left portal vein; LmPV: middle branch of the left portal vein; RAPV: anterior branch of the right portal vein, RPPV: posterior branch of the right portal vein. Adapted from [7], Courtesy of Nagy et al., with permission.
Ultrasound examination of the embryonic venous system has shown a wide spectrum of abnormalities. This system\'s aberrant development may be caused by defects in one of the four embryonic systems: the umbilical, vitelline, cardinal, or pulmonary systems. In most cases, venous malformations occur because the primitive veins do not undergo obliteration, or the development of crucial anastomoses does not occur. There has been proposed a novel classification of fetal venous system anomalies that expands on the four major embryonic groups mentioned above, but we will focus on the anomalies of the vitelline and umbilical systems [9].
5.1 Umbilical veins
5.1.1 Primary failure to create critical anastomoses, leading to abnormal UV connection with agenesis of ductus venosus (DV) and intra- or extra-hepatic systemic shunt of the UV
Agenesis of ductus venosus (ADV) occurs secondary to the absence of “critical anastomoses” between the portal and umbilical venous system and the hepatic–systemic venous system. This leads to the shunting of umbilical blood through an aberrant vessel. As a summary of the literature, in isolated ADV with intrahepatic UV drainage, the neonatal outcome is generally good but attention must be given to cases with intrahepatic shunts between the portal and hepatic veins concerning hyperammonemia and elevated liver enzymes that should be monitored after birth until the shunt closes. Also, in cases with extrahepatic UV drainage, it is important to monitor the closure of the shunt. In cases of ADV with extrahepatic shunt, the prognosis is determined by the severity of associated anomalies, the diameter of the shunt, and the development of the portal system [10]. In cases of isolated agenesis of the ductus venosus, the postnatal outcome depends on the persistence of a portosystemic shunt or agenesis of the portal venous system [11]. The association of the ADV with portal venous agenesis affects the long-term outcome due to severe postnatal complications, including congestive heart failure, pulmonary edema, focal nodular hyperplasia, and hepatic tumors [12, 13, 14].
5.1.2 Persistent right UV (PRUV) with or without left UV and/or DV
PRUV, an anomaly that results from the failure of the right umbilical vein atrophy, represents the most frequently detected fetal venous system anomaly. The left umbilical vein may be replaced or the RUV may be found as an intrahepatic vein, connecting to the right portal vein. Also, it may determine anomalous drainage of blood into the IVC or right atrium, bypassing the liver [15, 16, 17]. It has been suggested that primary or secondary occlusion by thromboembolic events arising from the placenta may lead to early streaming of blood through the right UV to cause this anomaly [18]. Echogenic foci situated within the fetal liver suggest this etiology. Ultrasound visualization of an aberrant vein passing laterally to the right of the gall bladder, in the plane of measurement of the abdominal circumference, is suggestive of PRUV. According to the reported data from the literature, in the absence of other anomalies, PRUV with normal DV connection usually represents a normal anatomical variant with no clinical significance [15, 19, 20].
5.1.3 UV varix
Umbilical vein varix is a focal dilatation of the vein, more often at the level of intra-abdominal UV, being diagnosed when a sonographically anechoic cystic mass is seen between the abdominal wall and lower liver edge, continuing the UV and with venous Doppler signal. The intra-abdominal UV varix has been defined as an intra-abdominal UV diameter at least 1.5 times greater than the diameter of the intrahepatic UV, or as an intra-abdominal UV diameter exceeding 9 mm [21]. Diagnosis of UV varix requests a detailed anatomical examination, karyotyping, echocardiography, and close monitoring of the fetus for sonographic signs of hemodynamic disturbance because of the high risk for unfavorable outcome [22].
The umbilical-portal-DV complex is a vascular unit, and each component can be affected. Abnormal communications of the portal, umbilical venous system, and hepatic-systemic venous system have been classified under the term “umbilical–portal-systemic venous shunts” (UPSVS). Three types of shunts have been previously reported: type I, umbilical-systemic shunt (USS), type II, ductus venosus–systemic shunt (DVSS), and type III, portal-systemic shunt, divided into type IIIa, intrahepatic portal-systemic shunt (IHPSS) and type IIIb, extrahepatic portal-systemic shunt (EHPSS). More recently, a new type of shunt has been reported, type IV, which includes multiple shunts of different types [23]. The outcome in UPSVS and ADV cases depends on the presence of concomitant structural or genetic abnormalities. Venous system anomalies can be accompanied by heart, digestive, and body symmetry abnormalities, known as left and right atrial isomerism.
5.2 Vitelline veins
Complete agenesis of the portal system (portosystemic shunt) or partial agenesis of right, left, or both portal branches (porto-hepato-systemic shunt)
Few cases of total or partial agenesis of the portal venous system have been reported during fetal life and apparently this anomaly is most likely underdiagnosed, but detection increases significantly with a systematic examination and the routine use of color Doppler is implemented. Lately, a classification of this condition has been proposed; there are two types of portal agenesis: type I (complete absence of portal venous system) and type II partial agenesis, which is further classified into IIa, IIb, and IIc, according to the shunting site [9, 24].
Complete absence of the portal venous system (CAPVS) occurs due to the failure of the vitelline veins to transform into the portal system, which also leads to a failure to form the critical anastomosis with the hepatic sinusoids or UVs. The splenic and superior mesenteric veins do not joint to form the portal vein or, if they form it, the drainage is done into the systemic circulation (IVC, renal vein, azygos vein, etc.). As a result, liver development is supplied by a compensatory increase in the hepatic arterial perfusion. The failure to form the critical anastomosis between the UV and the vitelline venous system seems to be the reason and the link between the agenesis of the DV and the agenesis of the portal venous system. Achiron et al. suggested that when ADV is detected, caregivers should rule out the presence of the total or partial agenesis of the portal venous system, and the splenic or superior mesenteric vein should be investigated for the presence of a triphasic pulsatile flow, which raises the suspicion of a portosystemic shunt [9]. Mesenteric and splenic venous blood may drain directly into the IVC, renal veins, or hepatic veins, or via the caput medusa to the heart. Isolated CAPVS is rare, as the frequency of associated major anomalies is high [12]. There have been reported heterotaxy–polysplenia cases, congenital heart disease (CHD) − atrial septal defect and/or ventricular septal defect, Goldenhar syndrome, and chromosomal anomalies.
Incomplete absence of the portal venous system (IAPVS) occurs due to a partial failure to form critical anastomoses. This is a more benign presentation of vitelline vein abnormality and with a better outcome, due to the rare association of other malformations and with a high chance of neonatal spontaneous resolution. The consequence of partial maldevelopment of critical anastomosis is agenesis of the right portal system, with a persistent left vitelline vein connected to the hepatic vein (portohepatic shunt) with or without the development of the DV. However, the intrahepatic shunt ratio may influence the hemodynamics with repercussions on the fetal growth − intrauterine growth restriction [25].
The decreased portal blood flow into the liver due to the hepatic bypass of the portal circulation increases blood flow in the hepatic artery − the so-called hepatic artery buffer effect.
Long-term metabolic sequelae of portosystemic shunting are often identified in retrospection and include hypergalactosemia, hyperbilirubinemia, hyperammonemia, and liver masses, including focal nodular hyperplasia, adenoma, hepatoblastoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, and rarely encephalopathy [10].
6. Conclusions
Abnormalities in the PVS are more likely to occur along with abnormalities of the ductus venosus due to the connections established during embryology. An important finding from previous research is that the integrity of the PVS during the FT anomaly scan can be achieved. The audit of the ultrasound examination of the PVS may be performed macroscopically in the second trimester of pregnancy and microscopically in the FT, with very few resources and good results. The incidence of UPSVS in a tertiary unit is higher than previously reported but the early detection is feasible, which is important for proper management and prenatal counseling. To understand the abnormalities of the hepatic fetal venous system, it is important to understand its normal embryologic development.
Acknowledgments
Microscopic images have been acquired in the Research Center for Microscopic Morphology and Immunology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Romania (Manager: Laurenţiu Mogoantă).
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
\n',keywords:"fetal venous system, embryology, hepatic vasculature, liver vascular anatomy, ultrasonography",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/82618.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/82618.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/82618",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/82618",totalDownloads:9,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,dateSubmitted:"May 2nd 2022",dateReviewed:"June 22nd 2022",datePrePublished:"July 15th 2022",datePublished:null,dateFinished:"July 11th 2022",readingETA:"0",abstract:"The vascular architecture of the human liver is established at the end of the 10th week of gestation as a result of a complex process. Recent developments in ultrasonographic imaging facilitate the prenatal evaluation of this system. However, many of the involved mechanisms are poorly understood. The hepatic primordium is in contact with the vitelline veins and the umbilical veins, and by the end of the 6th week, the afferent venous system of the liver is acquired giving rise to the portal vein, the portal sinus, and the ductus venosus. The only afferent vein of the liver that remains open at birth is the portal vein. Also, the efferent venous system of the liver is formed and emerges from the vitelline veins.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/82618",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/82618",signatures:"Dominic Gabriel Iliescu, George-Lucian Zorila, Roxana Cristina Dragusin, Marius Cristian Marinas, Maria Cristina Comanescu, Alexandru Cristian Comanescu, Pana Razvan Cosmin, Ovidiu Costinel Sîrbu, Sidonia Catalina Vrabie, Sidonia Maria Sandulescu and Rodica Daniela Nagy",book:{id:"11735",type:"book",title:"Embryology Update",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Embryology Update",slug:null,publishedDate:null,bookSignature:"Ph.D. Bin Wu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11735.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:null,isbn:"978-1-80356-291-9",printIsbn:"978-1-80356-290-2",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80356-292-6",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"108807",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Bin",middleName:null,surname:"Wu",slug:"bin-wu",fullName:"Bin Wu"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:null,sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Fetal circulation",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3",title:"3. Fetal venous system – embryology",level:"1"},{id:"sec_4",title:"4. Anatomy of the hepatic venous system",level:"1"},{id:"sec_5",title:"5. Ultrasound assessment of the liver vasculature",level:"1"},{id:"sec_5_2",title:"5.1 Umbilical veins",level:"2"},{id:"sec_5_3",title:"5.1.1 Primary failure to create critical anastomoses, leading to abnormal UV connection with agenesis of ductus venosus (DV) and intra- or extra-hepatic systemic shunt of the UV",level:"3"},{id:"sec_6_3",title:"5.1.2 Persistent right UV (PRUV) with or without left UV and/or DV",level:"3"},{id:"sec_7_3",title:"5.1.3 UV varix",level:"3"},{id:"sec_9_2",title:"5.2 Vitelline veins",level:"2"},{id:"sec_11",title:"6. Conclusions",level:"1"},{id:"sec_12",title:"Acknowledgments",level:"1"},{id:"sec_15",title:"Conflict of interest",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Yagel S, Kivilevitch Z, Cohen SM, Valsky DV, Messing B, Shen O, et al. The fetal venous system, part I: Normal embryology, anatomy, hemodynamics, ultrasound evaluation and Doppler investigation. Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology. 2010;35(6):741-750. DOI: 10.1002/uog.7618'},{id:"B2",body:'Fasouliotis SJ, Achiron R, Kivilevitch Z, Yagel S. The human fetal venous system: Normal embryologic, anatomic, and physiologic characteristics and developmental abnormalities. Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine. 2002;21(10):1145-1158. DOI: 10.7863/jum.2002.21.10.1145'},{id:"B3",body:'Mavrides E, Moscoso G, Carvalho JS, Campbell S, Thilaganathan B. The anatomy of the umbilical, portal and hepatic venous systems in the human fetus at 14-19 weeks of gestation. Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology. 2001;18(6):598-604. DOI: 10.1046/j.0960-7692.2001.00581.x'},{id:"B4",body:'Rudolph AM, Heymann MA, Teramo KAW, Barrett C, Raiha N. Studies on the circulation of the previable human fetus. Pediatric Research. 1971;5:452-465'},{id:"B5",body:'Chaoui R, Heling KS, Karl K. Ultrasound of the fetal veins part 1: The intrahepatic venous system. Ultraschall Medicine. 2014;35(3):208-228'},{id:"B6",body:'Achiron R, Gindes L, Kivilevitch Z, Kuint J, Kidron D, Boyanover Y, et al. Prenatal diagnosis of congenital agenesis of the fetal portal venous system. Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology. 2009;34(6):643-652. DOI: 10.1002/uog.7460'},{id:"B7",body:'Nagy RD, Ruican D, Zorilă GL, Istrate-Ofiţeru AM, Badiu AM, Iliescu DG. Feasibility of fetal portal venous system ultrasound assessment at the FT anomaly scan. Diagnostics (Basel). 2022;12(2):361'},{id:"B8",body:'Iliescu DG, Tudorache S, Cernea D. Agenesis of ductus venosus with complex intra- and extrahepatic umbilical drainage. The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research. 2014;40(4):1163-1164. DOI: 10.1111/jog.12339'},{id:"B9",body:'Yagel S, Kivilevitch Z, Cohen SM, Valsky DV, Messing B, Shen O, et al. The fetal venous system, Part II: Ultrasound evaluation of the fetus with congenital venous system malformation or developing circulatory compromise. Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology. 2010;36(1):93-111. DOI: 10.1002/uog.7622'},{id:"B10",body:'Shen O, Valsky DV, Messing B, Cohen SM, Lipschuetz M, Yagel S. Shunt diameter in agenesis of the ductus venosus with extrahepatic portosystemic shunt impacts on prognosis. Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology. 2011;37(2):184-190. DOI: 10.1002/uog.7702'},{id:"B11",body:'Strizek B, Zamprakou A, Gottschalk I, Roethlisberger M, Hellmund A, Müller A, et al. Prenatal diagnosis of agenesis of Ductus Venosus: A retrospective study of anatomic variants, associated anomalies and impact on postnatal outcome. Ultraschall Medicine. 2019;40(3):333-339'},{id:"B12",body:'Marois D, van Heerden JA, Carpenter HA, Sheedy PF 2nd. Congenital absence of the portal vein. Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 1979;54(1):55-59'},{id:"B13",body:'Matsuoka Y, Ohtomo K, Okubo T, Nishikawa J, Mine T, Ohno S. Congenital absence of the portal vein. Gastrointestinal Radiology. 1992;17(1):31-33. DOI: 10.1007/BF01888504'},{id:"B14",body:'Woodle ES, Thistlethwaite JR, Emond JC, Whitington PF, Vogelbach P, Yousefzadeh DK, et al. Successful hepatic transplantation in congenital absence of recipient portal vein. Surgery. 1990;107(4):475-479'},{id:"B15",body:'Blazer S, Zimmer EZ, Bronshtein M. Persistent intrahepatic right umbilical vein in the fetus: A benign anatomic variant. Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2000;95(3):433-436. DOI: 10.1016/s0029-7844(99)00564-5'},{id:"B16",body:'Greiss HB, McGahan JP. Umbilical vein entering the right atrium: Significance of in utero diagnosis. Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine. 1992;11:111-113'},{id:"B17",body:'Jouk PS, Champetier J. Abnormal direct entry of the umbilical vein into the right atrium: Antenatal detection, embryologic aspects. Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy. 1991;13(1):59-62. DOI: 10.1007/BF01623145'},{id:"B18",body:'Jeanty P. Persistent right umbilical vein: An ominous prenatal finding? Radiology. 1990;177(3):735-738. DOI: 10.1148/radiology.177.3.2243979'},{id:"B19",body:'Hill LM, Mills A, Peterson C, Boyles D. Persistent right umbilical vein: Sonographic detection and subsequent neonatal outcome. Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1994;84(6):923-925'},{id:"B20",body:'Shen O, Tadmor OP, Yagel S. Prenatal diagnosis of persistent right umbilical vein. Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology. 1996;8(1):31-33. DOI: 10.1046/j.1469-0705.1996.08010031.x'},{id:"B21",body:'Allen SL, Bagnall C, Roberts AB, Teele RL. Thrombosing umbilical vein varix. Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine. 1998;17(3):189-192. DOI: 10.7863/jum.1998.17.3.189'},{id:"B22",body:'Valsky DV, Rosenak D, Hochner-Celnikier D, Porat S, Yagel S. Adverse outcome of isolated fetal intra-abdominal umbilical vein varix despite close monitoring. Prenatal Diagnosis. 2004;24(6):451-454. DOI: 10.1002/pd.897'},{id:"B23",body:'Nagy RD, Iliescu DG. Prenatal diagnosis and outcome of umbilical–portal–systemic venous shunts: Experience of a tertiary center and proposal for a new complex type. Diagnostics. 2022;12:873'},{id:"B24",body:'Lautz TB, Tantemsapya N, Rowell E, Superina RA. Management and classification of type II congenital portosystemic shunts. Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 2011;46(2):308-314. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2010.11.009'},{id:"B25",body:'Delle Chiaie L, Neuberger P, Von Kalle T. Congenital intrahepatic portosystemic shunt: Prenatal diagnosis and possible influence on fetal growth. Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology. 2008;32(2):233-235. DOI: 10.1002/uog.6116'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:null,contributorFullName:"Dominic Gabriel Iliescu",address:null,affiliation:'
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Emergency County Hospital, Romania
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Romania
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Emergency County Hospital, Romania
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Romania
Ginecho Clinic, Medgin SRL, Romania
Doctoral School, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Romania
'}],corrections:null},book:{id:"11735",type:"book",title:"Embryology Update",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Embryology Update",slug:null,publishedDate:null,bookSignature:"Ph.D. Bin Wu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11735.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:null,isbn:"978-1-80356-291-9",printIsbn:"978-1-80356-290-2",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80356-292-6",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"108807",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Bin",middleName:null,surname:"Wu",slug:"bin-wu",fullName:"Bin Wu"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},profile:{item:{id:"110570",title:"Dr.",name:"Giuseppe",middleName:null,surname:"Consolini",email:"giuseppe.consolini@ifsi-roma.inaf.it",fullName:"Giuseppe Consolini",slug:"giuseppe-consolini",position:null,biography:null,institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",totalCites:0,totalChapterViews:"0",outsideEditionCount:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalEditedBooks:"0",personalWebsiteURL:null,twitterURL:null,linkedinURL:null,institution:null},booksEdited:[],chaptersAuthored:[{id:"31462",title:"Sub-Fluid Models in Dissipative Magneto-Hydrodynamics",slug:"sub-fluid-models-in-dissipative-magneto-hydrodynamics",abstract:null,signatures:"Massimo Materassi, Giuseppe Consolini and Emanuele Tassi",authors:[{id:"110570",title:"Dr.",name:"Giuseppe",surname:"Consolini",fullName:"Giuseppe Consolini",slug:"giuseppe-consolini",email:"giuseppe.consolini@ifsi-roma.inaf.it"},{id:"110571",title:"Dr.",name:"Emanuele",surname:"Tassi",fullName:"Emanuele Tassi",slug:"emanuele-tassi",email:"tassi@cpt.univ-mrs.fr"},{id:"173629",title:"Dr.",name:"Massimo",surname:"Materassi",fullName:"Massimo Materassi",slug:"massimo-materassi",email:"massimomaterassi27@gmail.com"}],book:{id:"1618",title:"Topics in Magnetohydrodynamics",slug:"topics-in-magnetohydrodynamics",productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume"}}}],collaborators:[{id:"102649",title:"Prof.",name:"Ravi",surname:"Samtaney",slug:"ravi-samtaney",fullName:"Ravi Samtaney",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"103870",title:"Dr.",name:"Linjin",surname:"Zheng",slug:"linjin-zheng",fullName:"Linjin Zheng",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/103870/images/3593_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Linjin Zheng specializes in both analytic theory and large-scale numerical computation of magnetically confined plasmas. He received his M. S. degree from The University of Science and Technology of China and Ph. D. from Institute of Physics – Beijing, Chinese Academy of Sciences. He is currently working at Institute for Fusion Studies, The University of Texas at Austin. He published more than hundred scientific papers for examples in Phys. Rev. Letts, Phys. Letts, Nucl. Fusion, Phys. of Plasmas, and major conferences. His researches cover both ideal/resistive MHD and kinetic theories for MHD modes and drift waves, etc. His major contributions with his colleagues include the discovery of 2nd toroidal Alfven egenmodes, reformulation of gyrokinetic theory, development of physical interpretation of so-called edge localized modes, etc. He also developed the AEGIS and AEGIS-K codes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"The University of Texas at Austin",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"104203",title:"Dr.",name:"Gou",surname:"Nishida",slug:"gou-nishida",fullName:"Gou Nishida",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"RIKEN",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"104855",title:"Dr.",name:"Pablo",surname:"García-Martínez",slug:"pablo-garcia-martinez",fullName:"Pablo García-Martínez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Laboratoire de Physique des Plasmas",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"105645",title:"Prof.",name:"Ivan",surname:"Zhelyazkov",slug:"ivan-zhelyazkov",fullName:"Ivan Zhelyazkov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sofia University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"110571",title:"Dr.",name:"Emanuele",surname:"Tassi",slug:"emanuele-tassi",fullName:"Emanuele Tassi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Centre national de la recherche scientifique",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Morocco"}}},{id:"111487",title:"Prof.",name:"Noboru",surname:"Sakamoto",slug:"noboru-sakamoto",fullName:"Noboru Sakamoto",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nagoya University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"112456",title:"Prof.",name:"Tomohiko",surname:"Asai",slug:"tomohiko-asai",fullName:"Tomohiko Asai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nihon University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"113922",title:"Prof.",name:"Tsutomu",surname:"Takahashi",slug:"tsutomu-takahashi",fullName:"Tsutomu Takahashi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nihon University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"173629",title:"Dr.",name:"Massimo",surname:"Materassi",slug:"massimo-materassi",fullName:"Massimo Materassi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/173629/images/4159_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Research Council",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}}]},generic:{page:{slug:"open-access-funding-funders-list",title:"List of Funders by Country",intro:"
If your research is financed through any of the below-mentioned funders, please consult their Open Access policies or grant ‘terms and conditions’ to explore ways to cover your publication costs (also accessible by clicking on the link in their title).
\n\n
IMPORTANT: You must be a member or grantee of the listed funders in order to apply for their Open Access publication funds. Do not attempt to contact the funders if this is not the case.
",metaTitle:"List of Funders by Country",metaDescription:"If your research is financed through any of the below-mentioned funders, please consult their Open Access policies or grant ‘terms and conditions’ to explore ways to cover your publication costs (also accessible by clicking on the link in their title).",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/open-access-funding-funders-list",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"
UK Research and Innovation (former Research Councils UK (RCUK) - including AHRC, BBSRC, ESRC, EPSRC, MRC, NERC, STFC.) Processing charges for books/book chapters can be covered through RCUK block grants which are allocated to most universities in the UK, which then handle the OA publication funding requests. It is at the discretion of the university whether it will approve the request.)
UK Research and Innovation (former Research Councils UK (RCUK) - including AHRC, BBSRC, ESRC, EPSRC, MRC, NERC, STFC.) Processing charges for books/book chapters can be covered through RCUK block grants which are allocated to most universities in the UK, which then handle the OA publication funding requests. It is at the discretion of the university whether it will approve the request.)
Wellcome Trust (Funding available only to Wellcome-funded researchers/grantees)
\n
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rheinmetall (Germany)",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. In the Engineering side, Digital Signal Processing, Computer Architecture, Electronics Devices, Digital Filtering and Engineering Management.\nApart from his Academic Interest and activities he loves sport especially, Cricket, Football, Snooker and Squash. He plays cricket for Esbjerg city in the second division team as an opener wicket keeper batsman. He is a very good player of squash but has not played squash since his arrival in Denmark.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"611",title:"Prof.",name:"T",middleName:null,surname:"Nagarajan",slug:"t-nagarajan",fullName:"T Nagarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Teknologi Petronas",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:13389},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:11661},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:4168},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:22334},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:2019},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:33642}],offset:12,limit:12,total:135275},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{},books:[{type:"book",id:"9985",title:"Geostatistics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"423cb3896195a618c4acb493ce4fd23d",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Jeffrey M. Yarus, Dr. Marko Maucec, Dr. Timothy C. Coburn and Associate Prof. Michael Pyrcz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9985.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"78011",title:"Prof.",name:"Jeffrey M.",surname:"Yarus",slug:"jeffrey-m.-yarus",fullName:"Jeffrey M. Yarus"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10845",title:"Marine Ecosystems - Biodiversity, Ecosystem Services and Human Impacts",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"727e7eb3d4ba529ec5eb4f150e078523",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Ana M.M. Marta Gonçalves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10845.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"320124",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana M.M.",surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"ana-m.m.-goncalves",fullName:"Ana M.M. Gonçalves"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11027",title:"Basics of Hypoglycemia",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"98ebc1e36d02be82c204b8fd5d24f97a",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Alok Raghav",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11027.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"334465",title:"Dr.",name:"Alok",surname:"Raghav",slug:"alok-raghav",fullName:"Alok Raghav"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11124",title:"Next-Generation Textiles",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"093f9e26bb829b8d414d13626aea1086",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Hassan Ibrahim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11124.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"90645",title:"Dr.",name:"Hassan",surname:"Ibrahim",slug:"hassan-ibrahim",fullName:"Hassan Ibrahim"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11369",title:"RNA Viruses Infection",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"52f8a3a1486912beae40b34ac557fed3",slug:null,bookSignature:"Ph.D. Yogendra Shah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11369.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"278914",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Yogendra",surname:"Shah",slug:"yogendra-shah",fullName:"Yogendra Shah"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11433",title:"Human Migration in the Last Three Centuries",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"9836df9e82aa9f82e3852a60204909a8",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Ingrid Muenstermann",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11433.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"77112",title:"Dr.",name:"Ingrid",surname:"Muenstermann",slug:"ingrid-muenstermann",fullName:"Ingrid Muenstermann"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11438",title:"Fake News in the Era of Global Crises",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"5f61f975031e13ee705d8b5853f1aa58",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. David Eller",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11438.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"476616",title:"Dr.",name:"Jack",surname:"Eller",slug:"jack-eller",fullName:"Jack Eller"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11447",title:"Swarm Intelligence - Recent Advances and Current Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f68e3c3430a74fc7a7eb97f6ea2bb42e",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11447.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11452",title:"Cryopreservation - Applications and Challenges",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"a6c3fd4384ff7deeab32fc82722c60e0",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Marian Quain",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11452.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"300385",title:"Dr.",name:"Marian",surname:"Quain",slug:"marian-quain",fullName:"Marian Quain"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11453",title:"Biomimetics - Bridging the Gap",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"173e62fa4d7bf5508cec3bdd8e3cb32d",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Ziyad S. Haidar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11453.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"222709",title:"Prof.",name:"Ziyad S.",surname:"Haidar",slug:"ziyad-s.-haidar",fullName:"Ziyad S. Haidar"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11456",title:"Autonomous Mobile Mapping Robots",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"405e1f7c0ef62700f4d590722cf428be",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Janusz Bȩdkowski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11456.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"63695",title:"Dr.",name:"Janusz",surname:"Bȩdkowski",slug:"janusz-bdkowski",fullName:"Janusz Bȩdkowski"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11459",title:"Soft Robotics - Recent Advances and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"06e947238d5d4ea1162509a5d66de887",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Mahmut Reyhanoglu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11459.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"15068",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmut",surname:"Reyhanoglu",slug:"mahmut-reyhanoglu",fullName:"Mahmut Reyhanoglu"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:24},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:16},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:18},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:39},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:15},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:64},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:2}],offset:12,limit:12,total:480},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10796",title:"Extracellular Vesicles",subtitle:"Role in Diseases, Pathogenesis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eb5407fcf93baff7bca3fae5640153a2",slug:"extracellular-vesicles-role-in-diseases-pathogenesis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Manash K. Paul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10796.jpg",editors:[{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"95",title:"Applications and Experiences of Quality Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4bcb22b1eee68210a977a97d5a0f363a",slug:"applications-and-experiences-of-quality-control",bookSignature:"Ognyan Ivanov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/95.jpg",editors:[{id:"22230",title:"Prof.",name:"Ognyan",middleName:null,surname:"Ivanov",slug:"ognyan-ivanov",fullName:"Ognyan Ivanov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3560",title:"Advances in Landscape Architecture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a20614517ec5f7e91188fe8e42832138",slug:"advances-in-landscape-architecture",bookSignature:"Murat Özyavuz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3560.jpg",editors:[{id:"93073",title:"Dr.",name:"Murat",middleName:null,surname:"Ozyavuz",slug:"murat-ozyavuz",fullName:"Murat Ozyavuz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10739",title:"Global Decline of Insects",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"543783652b9092962a8fa4bed38eeb17",slug:"global-decline-of-insects",bookSignature:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10739.jpg",editors:[{id:"192142",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamadttu",middleName:null,surname:"Abdel Farag El-Shafie",slug:"hamadttu-abdel-farag-el-shafie",fullName:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10911",title:"Higher Education",subtitle:"New Approaches to Accreditation, Digitalization, and Globalization in the Age of Covid",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"223a02337498e535e967174c1f648fbc",slug:"higher-education-new-approaches-to-accreditation-digitalization-and-globalization-in-the-age-of-covid",bookSignature:"Lee Waller and Sharon Waller",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10911.jpg",editors:[{id:"263301",title:"Dr.",name:"Lee",middleName:null,surname:"Waller",slug:"lee-waller",fullName:"Lee Waller"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3568",title:"Recent Advances in Plant in vitro Culture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"830bbb601742c85a3fb0eeafe1454c43",slug:"recent-advances-in-plant-in-vitro-culture",bookSignature:"Annarita Leva and Laura M. R. Rinaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3568.jpg",editors:[{id:"142145",title:"Dr.",name:"Annarita",middleName:null,surname:"Leva",slug:"annarita-leva",fullName:"Annarita Leva"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3737",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"Modelling, Programming and Simulations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"matlab-modelling-programming-and-simulations",bookSignature:"Emilson Pereira Leite",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3737.jpg",editors:[{id:"12051",title:"Prof.",name:"Emilson",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira Leite",slug:"emilson-pereira-leite",fullName:"Emilson Pereira Leite"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"1770",title:"Gel Electrophoresis",subtitle:"Principles and Basics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"279701f6c802cf02deef45103e0611ff",slug:"gel-electrophoresis-principles-and-basics",bookSignature:"Sameh Magdeldin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1770.jpg",editors:[{id:"123648",title:"Dr.",name:"Sameh",middleName:null,surname:"Magdeldin",slug:"sameh-magdeldin",fullName:"Sameh Magdeldin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4797},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:7175,editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1981,editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10796",title:"Extracellular Vesicles",subtitle:"Role in Diseases, Pathogenesis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eb5407fcf93baff7bca3fae5640153a2",slug:"extracellular-vesicles-role-in-diseases-pathogenesis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Manash K. Paul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10796.jpg",publishedDate:"July 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2308,editors:[{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1473,editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"95",title:"Applications and Experiences of Quality Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4bcb22b1eee68210a977a97d5a0f363a",slug:"applications-and-experiences-of-quality-control",bookSignature:"Ognyan Ivanov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/95.jpg",publishedDate:"April 26th 2011",numberOfDownloads:318571,editors:[{id:"22230",title:"Prof.",name:"Ognyan",middleName:null,surname:"Ivanov",slug:"ognyan-ivanov",fullName:"Ognyan Ivanov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",publishedDate:"September 26th 2012",numberOfDownloads:271836,editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3560",title:"Advances in Landscape Architecture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a20614517ec5f7e91188fe8e42832138",slug:"advances-in-landscape-architecture",bookSignature:"Murat Özyavuz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3560.jpg",publishedDate:"July 1st 2013",numberOfDownloads:243450,editors:[{id:"93073",title:"Dr.",name:"Murat",middleName:null,surname:"Ozyavuz",slug:"murat-ozyavuz",fullName:"Murat Ozyavuz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10739",title:"Global Decline of Insects",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"543783652b9092962a8fa4bed38eeb17",slug:"global-decline-of-insects",bookSignature:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10739.jpg",publishedDate:"July 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1582,editors:[{id:"192142",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamadttu",middleName:null,surname:"Abdel Farag El-Shafie",slug:"hamadttu-abdel-farag-el-shafie",fullName:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10911",title:"Higher Education",subtitle:"New Approaches to Accreditation, Digitalization, and Globalization in the Age of Covid",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"223a02337498e535e967174c1f648fbc",slug:"higher-education-new-approaches-to-accreditation-digitalization-and-globalization-in-the-age-of-covid",bookSignature:"Lee Waller and Sharon Waller",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10911.jpg",publishedDate:"July 13th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2082,editors:[{id:"263301",title:"Dr.",name:"Lee",middleName:null,surname:"Waller",slug:"lee-waller",fullName:"Lee Waller"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3568",title:"Recent Advances in Plant in vitro Culture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"830bbb601742c85a3fb0eeafe1454c43",slug:"recent-advances-in-plant-in-vitro-culture",bookSignature:"Annarita Leva and Laura M. R. Rinaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3568.jpg",publishedDate:"October 17th 2012",numberOfDownloads:256294,editors:[{id:"142145",title:"Dr.",name:"Annarita",middleName:null,surname:"Leva",slug:"annarita-leva",fullName:"Annarita Leva"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11328",title:"Botulinum Toxin",subtitle:"Recent Topics and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7dd05a316001cef143e209eda51387a7",slug:"botulinum-toxin-recent-topics-and-applications",bookSignature:"Suna Sabuncuoglu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11328.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"270856",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Suna",middleName:null,surname:"Sabuncuoglu",slug:"suna-sabuncuoglu",fullName:"Suna Sabuncuoglu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11085",title:"Polycystic Ovary Syndrome",subtitle:"Functional Investigation and Clinical Application",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3066dd3ff29e1fac072fd60b08d4d3e7",slug:"polycystic-ovary-syndrome-functional-investigation-and-clinical-application",bookSignature:"Zhengchao Wang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11085.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"204883",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhengchao",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"zhengchao-wang",fullName:"Zhengchao Wang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10833",title:"Tumor Angiogenesis and Modulators",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f29b575c46128b2da061ef7f9bd1070b",slug:"tumor-angiogenesis-and-modulators",bookSignature:"Ke Xu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10833.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"59529",title:"Dr.",name:"Ke",middleName:null,surname:"Xu",slug:"ke-xu",fullName:"Ke Xu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11356",title:"Molecular Cloning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"671c629dd86e97f0fb467b9e70e92296",slug:"molecular-cloning",bookSignature:"Sadık Dincer, Hatice Aysun Mercimek Takcı and Melis Sumengen Ozdenef",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11356.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"188141",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadik",middleName:null,surname:"Dincer",slug:"sadik-dincer",fullName:"Sadik Dincer"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10669",title:"Corrosion",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Protection Mechanisms",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4a76d54f8a40fc2e7002a8d13fd617c1",slug:"corrosion-fundamentals-and-protection-mechanisms",bookSignature:"Fahmina Zafar, Anujit Ghosal and Eram Sharmin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10669.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"89672",title:"Dr.",name:"Fahmina",middleName:null,surname:"Zafar",slug:"fahmina-zafar",fullName:"Fahmina Zafar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10677",title:"Advanced Topics of Topology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bf964c52f9e653fac20a7fcab58070e5",slug:"advanced-topics-of-topology",bookSignature:"Francisco Bulnes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10677.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"92918",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Bulnes",slug:"francisco-bulnes",fullName:"Francisco Bulnes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11195",title:"Recent Advances in Biometrics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2d32e33e0f499cb5241734bb75dd2a83",slug:"recent-advances-in-biometrics",bookSignature:"Muhammad Sarfraz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11195.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"1000",title:"Periodontology",slug:"periodontology",parent:{id:"174",title:"Dentistry",slug:"dentistry"},numberOfBooks:9,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:267,numberOfWosCitations:109,numberOfCrossrefCitations:75,numberOfDimensionsCitations:180,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"1000",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"9493",title:"Periodontology",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Clinical Features",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dfe986c764d6c82ae820c2df5843a866",slug:"periodontology-fundamentals-and-clinical-features",bookSignature:"Petra Surlin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9493.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"171921",title:"Prof.",name:"Petra",middleName:null,surname:"Surlin",slug:"petra-surlin",fullName:"Petra Surlin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8202",title:"Periodontal Disease",subtitle:"Diagnostic and Adjunctive Non-surgical Considerations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0aee9799da7db2c732be44dd8fed16d8",slug:"periodontal-disease-diagnostic-and-adjunctive-non-surgical-considerations",bookSignature:"Nermin Mohammed Ahmed Yussif",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8202.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"210472",title:"Dr.",name:"Nermin",middleName:"Mohammed Ahmed",surname:"Yussif",slug:"nermin-yussif",fullName:"Nermin Yussif"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7060",title:"Gingival Disease",subtitle:"A Professional Approach for Treatment and Prevention",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b81d39988cba3a3cf746c1616912cf41",slug:"gingival-disease-a-professional-approach-for-treatment-and-prevention",bookSignature:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7060.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"240870",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Alaa Eddin Omar",middleName:null,surname:"Al Ostwani",slug:"alaa-eddin-omar-al-ostwani",fullName:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7244",title:"Periodontology and Dental Implantology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b83fa9a75b23711bfaaa169dfb1b94ec",slug:"periodontology-and-dental-implantology",bookSignature:"Jane Manakil",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7244.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"68285",title:"Dr.",name:"Jane",middleName:null,surname:"Manakil",slug:"jane-manakil",fullName:"Jane Manakil"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6717",title:"Oral Microbiology in Periodontitis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"746619365268c3b5cf92bafea23a6bfa",slug:"oral-microbiology-in-periodontitis",bookSignature:"Sonia Bhonchal Bhardwaj",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6717.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"178566",title:"Dr.",name:"Sonia Bhonchal",middleName:null,surname:"Bhardwaj",slug:"sonia-bhonchal-bhardwaj",fullName:"Sonia Bhonchal Bhardwaj"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5887",title:"Periodontitis",subtitle:"A Useful Reference",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f7aac95ab9a513355059fee6b8c65ae6",slug:"periodontitis-a-useful-reference",bookSignature:"Pachiappan Arjunan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5887.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"191149",title:"Dr.",name:"Pachiappan",middleName:null,surname:"Arjunan",slug:"pachiappan-arjunan",fullName:"Pachiappan Arjunan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"766",title:"Periodontal Diseases",subtitle:"A Clinician's Guide",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"04b9ba250f64c5378c41ddb4653a439a",slug:"periodontal-diseases-a-clinician-s-guide",bookSignature:"Jane Manakil",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/766.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"68285",title:"Dr.",name:"Jane",middleName:null,surname:"Manakil",slug:"jane-manakil",fullName:"Jane Manakil"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"650",title:"Pathogenesis and Treatment of Periodontitis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"18d0e34fc1e3a4ee31d85ea586a3f8e1",slug:"pathogenesis-and-treatment-of-periodontitis",bookSignature:"Nurcan Buduneli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/650.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"25979",title:"Prof.",name:"Nurcan",middleName:null,surname:"Buduneli",slug:"nurcan-buduneli",fullName:"Nurcan Buduneli"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"352",title:"Gingival Diseases",subtitle:"Their Aetiology, Prevention and Treatment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"012b0c5861d2250ac8aeaf385b2e1efe",slug:"gingival-diseases-their-aetiology-prevention-and-treatment",bookSignature:"Fotinos S. Panagakos and Robin M. Davies",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/352.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"59343",title:"Dr.",name:"Fotinos",middleName:null,surname:"Panagakos",slug:"fotinos-panagakos",fullName:"Fotinos Panagakos"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:9,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"20291",doi:"10.5772/26236",title:"Gingival Indices: State of Art",slug:"gingival-indices-state-of-art",totalDownloads:41999,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:24,abstract:null,book:{id:"352",slug:"gingival-diseases-their-aetiology-prevention-and-treatment",title:"Gingival Diseases",fullTitle:"Gingival Diseases - Their Aetiology, Prevention and Treatment"},signatures:"Maria Augusta Bessa Rebelo and Adriana Corrêa de Queiroz",authors:[{id:"65936",title:"Prof.",name:"Maria Augusta",middleName:"Bessa",surname:"Rebelo",slug:"maria-augusta-rebelo",fullName:"Maria Augusta Rebelo"},{id:"76211",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriana",middleName:"Corrêa De",surname:"Queiroz",slug:"adriana-queiroz",fullName:"Adriana Queiroz"}]},{id:"67314",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86548",title:"Pathogenesis of Periodontal Disease",slug:"pathogenesis-of-periodontal-disease",totalDownloads:3093,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:"Inflammation is a physiological response of the innate immune system against several endogenous or exogenous stimuli. Inflammation begins with an acute pattern; however, it can become chronic by activating the adaptive immune response through cellular and noncellular mechanisms. The main etiologic factor of periodontal disease is bacteria which substantially harbor the human oral cavity. The most common periodontal diseases are gingivitis and periodontitis, whose main characteristic is inflammation. The knowledge of how immune mechanisms and inflammatory responses are regulated is fundamental to understanding the pathogenesis of periodontal disease. The purpose of this chapter is to show the current panorama of the immunological mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease.",book:{id:"8202",slug:"periodontal-disease-diagnostic-and-adjunctive-non-surgical-considerations",title:"Periodontal Disease",fullTitle:"Periodontal Disease - Diagnostic and Adjunctive Non-surgical Considerations"},signatures:"José Luis Muñoz-Carrillo, Viridiana Elizabeth Hernández-Reyes, Oscar Eduardo García-Huerta, Francisca Chávez-Ruvalcaba, María Isabel Chávez-Ruvalcaba, Karla Mariana Chávez-Ruvalcaba and Lizbeth Díaz-Alfaro",authors:null},{id:"20289",doi:"10.5772/25275",title:"The Anatomy and Physiology of the Healthy Periodontium",slug:"the-anatomy-and-physiology-of-the-healthy-periodontium",totalDownloads:21284,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:null,book:{id:"352",slug:"gingival-diseases-their-aetiology-prevention-and-treatment",title:"Gingival Diseases",fullTitle:"Gingival Diseases - Their Aetiology, Prevention and Treatment"},signatures:"Anthony Palumbo",authors:[{id:"62813",title:"Dr",name:"Anthony",middleName:null,surname:"Palumbo",slug:"anthony-palumbo",fullName:"Anthony Palumbo"}]},{id:"56535",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69959",title:"Impact of Dental Plaque Biofilms in Periodontal Disease: Management and Future Therapy",slug:"impact-of-dental-plaque-biofilms-in-periodontal-disease-management-and-future-therapy",totalDownloads:2659,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:"Oral cavity represents an ideal environment for the microbial cell growth, persistence, and dental plaque establishment. The presence of different microniches leads to the occurrence of different biofilm communities, formed on teeth surface, above gingival crevice or at subgingival level, on tongue, mucosa and dental prosthetics too. The healthy state is regulated by host immune system and interactions between microbial community members, maintaining the predominance of “good” microorganisms. When the complexity and volume of biofilms from the gingival crevice increase, chronic pathological conditions such as gingivitis and periodontitis can occur, predisposing to a wide range of complications. Bacteria growing in biofilms exhibit a different behavior compared with their counterpart, respectively planktonic or free cells. There have been described numerous mechanisms of differences in antibiotic susceptibility of biofilm embedded cells. Resistance to antibiotics, mediated by genetic factors or, phenotypical, due to biofilm formation, called also tolerance, is the most important cause of therapy failure of biofilm-associated infections, including periodontitis; the mechanisms of tolerance are different, the metabolic low rate and cell’s dormancy being the major ones. The recent progress in science and technology has made possible a wide range of novel approaches and advanced therapies, aiming the efficient management of periodontal disease.",book:{id:"5887",slug:"periodontitis-a-useful-reference",title:"Periodontitis",fullTitle:"Periodontitis - A Useful Reference"},signatures:"Veronica Lazar, Lia-Mara Ditu, Carmen Curutiu, Irina Gheorghe,\nAlina Holban, Marcela Popa and Carmen Chifiriuc",authors:[{id:"176119",title:"Dr.",name:"Alina Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Holban",slug:"alina-maria-holban",fullName:"Alina Maria Holban"},{id:"176120",title:"Dr.",name:"Veronica",middleName:null,surname:"Lazar",slug:"veronica-lazar",fullName:"Veronica Lazar"},{id:"177380",title:"Dr.",name:"Lia-Mara",middleName:null,surname:"Ditu",slug:"lia-mara-ditu",fullName:"Lia-Mara Ditu"},{id:"206971",title:"Dr.",name:"Carmen",middleName:null,surname:"Curutiu",slug:"carmen-curutiu",fullName:"Carmen Curutiu"},{id:"206973",title:"Dr.",name:"Irina",middleName:null,surname:"Gheorghe",slug:"irina-gheorghe",fullName:"Irina Gheorghe"},{id:"206974",title:"Prof.",name:"Carmen",middleName:null,surname:"Chifiriuc",slug:"carmen-chifiriuc",fullName:"Carmen Chifiriuc"}]},{id:"20298",doi:"10.5772/37923",title:"Periodontal Inflammation: From Gingivitis to Systemic Disease?",slug:"periodontal-inflammation-from-gingivitis-to-systemic-disease-",totalDownloads:7085,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:null,book:{id:"352",slug:"gingival-diseases-their-aetiology-prevention-and-treatment",title:"Gingival Diseases",fullTitle:"Gingival Diseases - Their Aetiology, Prevention and Treatment"},signatures:"Fotinos Panagakos and Frank Scannapieco",authors:[{id:"59343",title:"Dr.",name:"Fotinos",middleName:null,surname:"Panagakos",slug:"fotinos-panagakos",fullName:"Fotinos Panagakos"},{id:"114800",title:"Dr.",name:"Frank",middleName:null,surname:"Scannapieco",slug:"frank-scannapieco",fullName:"Frank Scannapieco"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"61046",title:"Optical Diagnostics to Improve Periodontal Diagnosis and Treatment",slug:"optical-diagnostics-to-improve-periodontal-diagnosis-and-treatment",totalDownloads:7339,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"The performance of clinicians undertaking periodontal assessment or periodontal therapy can be improved by using optical methods as adjuncts to visual inspection and periodontal probing. Subtle changes that occur over time in periodontal tissues that are below the detection limit of visual examination or periodontal probing can be found and tracked accurately over time using 3D imaging, fluorescence spectroscopy, and optical coherence tomography. During debridement of teeth and dental implants, the effective removal of subgingival microbial biofilms and dental calculus deposits can be enhanced using magnifying loupes and operating microscopes and by novel methods based on the interactions of light with bacterial deposits, such as differential reflectometry and light-induced fluorescence. While such techniques can also be used using initial case assessment, their primary purpose is for checking debridement procedures, since the point when bacterial deposits are no longer present represents an endpoint for treatment. The concept of real-time feedback has been developed, using fluorescence readings to control the removal of deposits. Overall, optical methods can support traditional periodontal diagnosis and improve treatment planning and clinical periodontal care.",book:{id:"7244",slug:"periodontology-and-dental-implantology",title:"Periodontology and Dental Implantology",fullTitle:"Periodontology and Dental Implantology"},signatures:"Fardad Shakibaie and Laurence Walsh",authors:[{id:"179467",title:"Prof.",name:"Laurence",middleName:null,surname:"Walsh",slug:"laurence-walsh",fullName:"Laurence Walsh"},{id:"235443",title:"Dr.",name:"Fardad",middleName:null,surname:"Shakibaie",slug:"fardad-shakibaie",fullName:"Fardad Shakibaie"}]},{id:"67314",title:"Pathogenesis of Periodontal Disease",slug:"pathogenesis-of-periodontal-disease",totalDownloads:3090,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:"Inflammation is a physiological response of the innate immune system against several endogenous or exogenous stimuli. Inflammation begins with an acute pattern; however, it can become chronic by activating the adaptive immune response through cellular and noncellular mechanisms. The main etiologic factor of periodontal disease is bacteria which substantially harbor the human oral cavity. The most common periodontal diseases are gingivitis and periodontitis, whose main characteristic is inflammation. The knowledge of how immune mechanisms and inflammatory responses are regulated is fundamental to understanding the pathogenesis of periodontal disease. The purpose of this chapter is to show the current panorama of the immunological mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease.",book:{id:"8202",slug:"periodontal-disease-diagnostic-and-adjunctive-non-surgical-considerations",title:"Periodontal Disease",fullTitle:"Periodontal Disease - Diagnostic and Adjunctive Non-surgical Considerations"},signatures:"José Luis Muñoz-Carrillo, Viridiana Elizabeth Hernández-Reyes, Oscar Eduardo García-Huerta, Francisca Chávez-Ruvalcaba, María Isabel Chávez-Ruvalcaba, Karla Mariana Chávez-Ruvalcaba and Lizbeth Díaz-Alfaro",authors:null},{id:"65145",title:"Treatment of Gingival Enlargement",slug:"treatment-of-gingival-enlargement",totalDownloads:2065,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Gingival enlargement or overgrowth is a common disease of gingiva. The causative factors may range from inflammation due to local factors to conditioned enlargement and neoplastic enlargements. They commonly present as bulbous interdental gingival, diffuse swelling of gingival. Due to the unaesthetic appearance of the overgrown gingiva, treatment becomes inevitable. This results in excision of overgrowth known as gingivectomy. The first gingivectomy procedure was explained by Robicsek in 1884 and later by Zentler (1918). Grant (1979) defined gingivectomy as excision of soft tissue wall of pathologic periodontal pocket. Gingivectomy procedures can be done by means of scalpel, laser, electrosurgery and chemosurgery. The ultimate result remains the same indifferent of the method used. However the amount of remaining keratinized gingival and esthetic appearance is of supreme importance.",book:{id:"7060",slug:"gingival-disease-a-professional-approach-for-treatment-and-prevention",title:"Gingival Disease",fullTitle:"Gingival Disease - A Professional Approach for Treatment and Prevention"},signatures:"Shruti Bhatnagar",authors:[{id:"270317",title:"Dr.",name:"Shruti",middleName:null,surname:"Bhatnagar",slug:"shruti-bhatnagar",fullName:"Shruti Bhatnagar"}]},{id:"61980",title:"Periodontal Diseases in Patients with Special Health Care Needs",slug:"periodontal-diseases-in-patients-with-special-health-care-needs",totalDownloads:1309,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"A wide variation of people with an impairment or disability requires a “special care dentistry” once their general manifestations directly act in the oral cavity. This target public is inserted into the following categories: neuromotor disability, sensory disability, mental disorder, infecto-contagious diseases, chronic systemic diseases, and systemic conditions. Among the several oral illnesses found in these groups, periodontal diseases have been the most frequent, becoming a major challenge for the dental practitioners. Thus, we described the microbiological, histopathological, and clinical features of periodontal diseases in each “special health care needs” group. Advances in “Omic” technologies have suggested the application of molecular biology methods to assess the genomics (genes), proteomics (proteins), transcriptomics (mRNA), and metabolomics (metabolites) aspects of periodontal diseases. These researches aim to promote a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis and in the identification of new biomarkers of periodontal diseases that help in diagnosis of periodontal diseases and in tissue responses after treatments of gingivitis and periodontitis. As an alternative therapy, some bioactive materials and photobiomodulation may be indicated once they strongly stimulate the periodontal tissue regeneration, attenuate the inflammatory processes, and/or promote the reconstruction of the microstructure of the periodontium.",book:{id:"7244",slug:"periodontology-and-dental-implantology",title:"Periodontology and Dental Implantology",fullTitle:"Periodontology and Dental Implantology"},signatures:"Mônica Fernandes Gomes, Andrea Carvalho De Marco, Lilian Chrystiane Giannasi and Miguel Angel Castillo Salgado",authors:[{id:"205710",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Mônica",middleName:"Fernandes",surname:"Gomes",slug:"monica-gomes",fullName:"Mônica Gomes"},{id:"243846",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Carvalho De Marco",slug:"andrea-carvalho-de-marco",fullName:"Andrea Carvalho De Marco"},{id:"243847",title:"Dr.",name:"Miguel Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Castillo Salgado",slug:"miguel-angel-castillo-salgado",fullName:"Miguel Angel Castillo Salgado"},{id:"243848",title:"Dr.",name:"Lilian Chrystiane",middleName:null,surname:"Giannasi",slug:"lilian-chrystiane-giannasi",fullName:"Lilian Chrystiane Giannasi"}]},{id:"20291",title:"Gingival Indices: State of Art",slug:"gingival-indices-state-of-art",totalDownloads:41999,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:24,abstract:null,book:{id:"352",slug:"gingival-diseases-their-aetiology-prevention-and-treatment",title:"Gingival Diseases",fullTitle:"Gingival Diseases - Their Aetiology, Prevention and Treatment"},signatures:"Maria Augusta Bessa Rebelo and Adriana Corrêa de Queiroz",authors:[{id:"65936",title:"Prof.",name:"Maria Augusta",middleName:"Bessa",surname:"Rebelo",slug:"maria-augusta-rebelo",fullName:"Maria Augusta Rebelo"},{id:"76211",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriana",middleName:"Corrêa De",surname:"Queiroz",slug:"adriana-queiroz",fullName:"Adriana Queiroz"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"1000",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:0,limit:8,total:null},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:123,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:22,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 2nd, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:33,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",slug:"rosa-maria-martinez-espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa has been a Spanish Full Professor since 2020 (Biochemistry and Molecular Biology) and is currently Vice-President of International Relations and Cooperation development and leader of the research group 'Applied Biochemistry” (University of Alicante, Spain). Other positions she has held at the university include Vice-Dean of Master Programs, Vice-Dean of the Degree in Biology and Vice-Dean for Mobility and Enterprise and Engagement at the Faculty of Science (University of Alicante). She received her Bachelor in Biology in 1998 (University of Alicante) and her PhD in 2003 (Biochemistry, University of Alicante). She undertook post-doctoral research at the University of East Anglia (Norwich, U.K. 2004-2005; 2007-2008).\nHer multidisciplinary research focuses on investigating archaea and their potential applications in biotechnology. She has an H-index of 21. She has authored one patent and has published more than 70 indexed papers and around 60 book chapters.\nShe has contributed to more than 150 national and international meetings during the last 15 years. Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. Dr. Beydemir is also Rector of Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Turkey.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",slug:"deniz-ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",biography:"Dr. Deniz Ekinci obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 2004, MSc in Biochemistry in 2006, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2009 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He studied at Stetson University, USA, in 2007-2008 and at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Germany, in 2009-2010. Dr. Ekinci currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Agriculture and is the Head of the Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Division, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Turkey. He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. Dr. Ekinci serves as the Editor in Chief of four international books and is involved in the Editorial Board of several international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",slug:"yannis-karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",biography:"Yannis Karamanos, born in Greece in 1953, completed his pre-graduate studies at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, then his Masters and Doctoral degree at the Université de Lille (1983). He was associate professor at the University of Limoges (1987) before becoming full professor of biochemistry at the Université d’Artois (1996). He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. His teaching areas are energy metabolism and regulation, integration and organ specialization and metabolic adaptation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",slug:"paolo-iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",biography:"Paolo Iadarola graduated with a degree in Chemistry from the University of Pavia (Italy) in July 1972. He then worked as an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Science of the same University until 1984. In 1985, Prof. Iadarola became Associate Professor at the Department of Biology and Biotechnologies of the University of Pavia and retired in October 2017. Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. He is a Consultant Reviewer for several journals, including the Journal of Chromatography A, Journal of Chromatography B, Plos ONE, Proteomes, International Journal of Molecular Science, Biotech, Electrophoresis, and others. He is also Associate Editor of Biotech.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",slug:"simona-viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",biography:"Simona Viglio is an Associate Professor of Biochemistry at the Department of Molecular Medicine at the University of Pavia. She has been working since 1995 on the determination of proteolytic enzymes involved in the degradation process of connective tissue matrix and on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. She is an author of about 90 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; According to WOS: H-Index: 20) on peer-reviewed journals, a member of the “Società Italiana di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare,“ and a Consultant Reviewer for International Journal of Molecular Science, Journal of Chromatography A, COPD, Plos ONE and Nutritional Neuroscience.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:42,paginationItems:[{id:"82914",title:"Glance on the Critical Role of IL-23 Receptor Gene Variations in Inflammation-Induced Carcinogenesis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105049",signatures:"Mohammed El-Gedamy",slug:"glance-on-the-critical-role-of-il-23-receptor-gene-variations-in-inflammation-induced-carcinogenesis",totalDownloads:15,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Chemokines Updates",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11672.jpg",subseries:{id:"18",title:"Proteomics"}}},{id:"82875",title:"Lipidomics as a Tool in the Diagnosis and Clinical Therapy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105857",signatures:"María Elizbeth Alvarez Sánchez, Erick Nolasco Ontiveros, Rodrigo Arreola, Adriana Montserrat Espinosa González, Ana María García Bores, Roberto Eduardo López Urrutia, Ignacio Peñalosa Castro, María del Socorro Sánchez Correa and Edgar Antonio Estrella Parra",slug:"lipidomics-as-a-tool-in-the-diagnosis-and-clinical-therapy",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fatty Acids - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11669.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82440",title:"Lipid Metabolism and Associated Molecular Signaling Events in Autoimmune Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105746",signatures:"Mohan Vanditha, Sonu Das and Mathew John",slug:"lipid-metabolism-and-associated-molecular-signaling-events-in-autoimmune-disease",totalDownloads:17,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fatty Acids - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11669.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82483",title:"Oxidative Stress in Cardiovascular Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105891",signatures:"Laura Mourino-Alvarez, Tamara Sastre-Oliva, Nerea Corbacho-Alonso and Maria G. Barderas",slug:"oxidative-stress-in-cardiovascular-diseases",totalDownloads:10,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Importance of Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant System in Health and Disease",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11671.jpg",subseries:{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:33,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7006",title:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7006.jpg",slug:"biochemistry-and-health-benefits-of-fatty-acids",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Viduranga Waisundara",hash:"c93a00abd68b5eba67e5e719f67fd20b",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",editors:[{id:"194281",title:"Dr.",name:"Viduranga Y.",middleName:null,surname:"Waisundara",slug:"viduranga-y.-waisundara",fullName:"Viduranga Y. Waisundara",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/194281/images/system/194281.jpg",biography:"Dr. Viduranga Waisundara obtained her Ph.D. in Food Science\nand Technology from the Department of Chemistry, National\nUniversity of Singapore, in 2010. She was a lecturer at Temasek Polytechnic, Singapore from July 2009 to March 2013.\nShe relocated to her motherland of Sri Lanka and spearheaded the Functional Food Product Development Project at the\nNational Institute of Fundamental Studies from April 2013 to\nOctober 2016. She was a senior lecturer on a temporary basis at the Department of\nFood Technology, Faculty of Technology, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka. She is\ncurrently Deputy Principal of the Australian College of Business and Technology –\nKandy Campus, Sri Lanka. She is also the Global Harmonization Initiative (GHI)",institutionString:"Australian College of Business & Technology",institution:{name:"Kobe College",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"6820",title:"Keratin",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6820.jpg",slug:"keratin",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Miroslav Blumenberg",hash:"6def75cd4b6b5324a02b6dc0359896d0",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Keratin",editors:[{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7978",title:"Vitamin A",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7978.jpg",slug:"vitamin-a",publishedDate:"May 15th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Leila Queiroz Zepka, Veridiana Vera de Rosso and Eduardo Jacob-Lopes",hash:"dad04a658ab9e3d851d23705980a688b",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Vitamin A",editors:[{id:"261969",title:"Dr.",name:"Leila",middleName:null,surname:"Queiroz Zepka",slug:"leila-queiroz-zepka",fullName:"Leila Queiroz Zepka",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/261969/images/system/261969.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Leila Queiroz Zepka is currently an associate professor in the Department of Food Technology and Science, Federal University of Santa Maria, Brazil. She has more than fifteen years of teaching and research experience. She has published more than 550 scientific publications/communications, including 15 books, 50 book chapters, 100 original research papers, 380 research communications in national and international conferences, and 12 patents. She is a member of the editorial board of five journals and acts as a reviewer for several national and international journals. Her research interests include microalgal biotechnology with an emphasis on microalgae-based products.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7953",title:"Bioluminescence",subtitle:"Analytical Applications and Basic Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7953.jpg",slug:"bioluminescence-analytical-applications-and-basic-biology",publishedDate:"September 25th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Hirobumi Suzuki",hash:"3a8efa00b71abea11bf01973dc589979",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Bioluminescence - Analytical Applications and Basic Biology",editors:[{id:"185746",title:"Dr.",name:"Hirobumi",middleName:null,surname:"Suzuki",slug:"hirobumi-suzuki",fullName:"Hirobumi Suzuki",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/185746/images/system/185746.png",biography:"Dr. Hirobumi Suzuki received his Ph.D. in 1997 from Tokyo Metropolitan University, Japan, where he studied firefly phylogeny and the evolution of mating systems. He is especially interested in the genetic differentiation pattern and speciation process that correlate to the flashing pattern and mating behavior of some fireflies in Japan. He then worked for Olympus Corporation, a Japanese manufacturer of optics and imaging products, where he was involved in the development of luminescence technology and produced a bioluminescence microscope that is currently being used for gene expression analysis in chronobiology, neurobiology, and developmental biology. Dr. Suzuki currently serves as a visiting researcher at Kogakuin University, Japan, and also a vice president of the Japan Firefly Society.",institutionString:"Kogakuin University",institution:null}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:2,paginationItems:[{id:"11474",title:"Quality of Life Interventions - Magnitude of Effect and Transferability",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11474.jpg",hash:"5a6bcdaf5ee144d043bcdab893ff9e1c",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"July 7th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"245319",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sage",surname:"Arbor",slug:"sage-arbor",fullName:"Sage Arbor"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11473",title:"Social Inequality - Structure and Social Processes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11473.jpg",hash:"cefab077e403fd1695fb2946e7914942",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"July 13th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"313341",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Yaroslava",surname:"Robles-Bykbaev",slug:"yaroslava-robles-bykbaev",fullName:"Yaroslava Robles-Bykbaev"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:42,paginationItems:[{id:"82914",title:"Glance on the Critical Role of IL-23 Receptor Gene Variations in Inflammation-Induced Carcinogenesis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105049",signatures:"Mohammed El-Gedamy",slug:"glance-on-the-critical-role-of-il-23-receptor-gene-variations-in-inflammation-induced-carcinogenesis",totalDownloads:15,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Chemokines Updates",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11672.jpg",subseries:{id:"18",title:"Proteomics"}}},{id:"82875",title:"Lipidomics as a Tool in the Diagnosis and Clinical Therapy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105857",signatures:"María Elizbeth Alvarez Sánchez, Erick Nolasco Ontiveros, Rodrigo Arreola, Adriana Montserrat Espinosa González, Ana María García Bores, Roberto Eduardo López Urrutia, Ignacio Peñalosa Castro, María del Socorro Sánchez Correa and Edgar Antonio Estrella Parra",slug:"lipidomics-as-a-tool-in-the-diagnosis-and-clinical-therapy",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fatty Acids - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11669.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82440",title:"Lipid Metabolism and Associated Molecular Signaling Events in Autoimmune Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105746",signatures:"Mohan Vanditha, Sonu Das and Mathew John",slug:"lipid-metabolism-and-associated-molecular-signaling-events-in-autoimmune-disease",totalDownloads:17,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fatty Acids - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11669.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82483",title:"Oxidative Stress in Cardiovascular Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105891",signatures:"Laura Mourino-Alvarez, Tamara Sastre-Oliva, Nerea Corbacho-Alonso and Maria G. Barderas",slug:"oxidative-stress-in-cardiovascular-diseases",totalDownloads:10,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Importance of Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant System in Health and Disease",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11671.jpg",subseries:{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology"}}},{id:"82751",title:"Mitochondria-Endoplasmic Reticulum Interaction in Central Neurons",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105738",signatures:"Liliya Kushnireva and Eduard Korkotian",slug:"mitochondria-endoplasmic-reticulum-interaction-in-central-neurons",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Endoplasmic Reticulum",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11674.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"82709",title:"Fatty Acid Metabolism as a Tumor Marker",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106072",signatures:"Gatot Nyarumenteng Adhipurnawan Winarno",slug:"fatty-acid-metabolism-as-a-tumor-marker",totalDownloads:10,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fatty Acids - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11669.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82716",title:"Advanced glycation end product induced endothelial dysfunction through ER stress: Unravelling the role of Paraoxonase 2",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106018",signatures:"Ramya Ravi and Bharathidevi Subramaniam Rajesh",slug:"advanced-glycation-end-product-induced-endothelial-dysfunction-through-er-stress-unravelling-the-rol",totalDownloads:15,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Endoplasmic Reticulum",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11674.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"82388",title:"Epigenetics: Science of Changes without Change in DNA Sequences",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105039",signatures:"Jayisha Dhargawe, Rita Lakkakul and Pradip Hirapure",slug:"epigenetics-science-of-changes-without-change-in-dna-sequences",totalDownloads:17,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Modifications of Biomolecules",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11098.jpg",subseries:null}},{id:"82583",title:"Leukaemia: The Purinergic System and Small Extracellular Vesicles",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104326",signatures:"Arinzechukwu Ude and Kelechi Okeke",slug:"leukaemia-the-purinergic-system-and-small-extracellular-vesicles",totalDownloads:11,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82531",title:"Abnormal Iron Metabolism and Its Effect on Dentistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104502",signatures:"Chinmayee Dahihandekar and Sweta Kale Pisulkar",slug:"abnormal-iron-metabolism-and-its-effect-on-dentistry",totalDownloads:12,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Iron Metabolism - A Double-Edged Sword",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10842.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Chemical Biology",value:15,count:2,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Proteomics",value:18,count:2,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Cell and Molecular Biology",value:14,count:17,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Metabolism",value:17,count:18,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10897",title:"Food Systems Resilience",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10897.jpg",slug:"food-systems-resilience",publishedDate:"July 13th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Ana I. Ribeiro-Barros, Daniel S. Tevera, Luís F. Goulao and Lucas D. Tivana",hash:"ae9dd92f53433e4607f1db188dc649b4",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Food Systems Resilience",editors:[{id:"171036",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana I.",middleName:null,surname:"Ribeiro-Barros",slug:"ana-i.-ribeiro-barros",fullName:"Ana I. Ribeiro-Barros",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171036/images/system/171036.jpg",institutionString:"University of Lisbon",institution:{name:"University of Lisbon",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society",value:91,count:1}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:25,paginationItems:[{id:"429683",title:"Dr.",name:"Bilal",middleName:null,surname:"Khalid",slug:"bilal-khalid",fullName:"Bilal Khalid",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/429683/images/system/429683.png",biography:"Dr. Bilal Khalid received a Ph.D. in Industrial Business Administration from KMITL Business School, Bangkok, in 2021, and a master’s in International Business Management from Stamford International University, Bangkok, in 2017. Dr. Khalid\\'s research interests include leadership and negotiations, digital transformations, gamification, eLearning, blockchain, Big Data, and management of information technology. Dr. Bilal Khalid also serves as an academic editor at Education Research International and a reviewer for international journals.",institutionString:"KMITL Business School",institution:{name:"King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038UqSfQAK/Profile_Picture_2022-05-13T10:39:03.jpg",biography:"Dr. Muhammad Mohiuddin is an Associate Professor of International Business at Laval University, Canada. He has taught at Thompson Rivers University, Canada; University of Paris-Est, France; Osnabruck University of Applied Science, Germany; and Shanghai Institute of Technology and Tianjin University of Technology, China. He has published research in Research Policy, Applied Economics, Review of Economic Philosophy, Strategic Change, International Journal of Logistics, Sustainability, Journal of Environmental Management, Journal of Global Information Management, Journal of Cleaner Production, M@N@GEMENT, and more. He is a member of CEDIMES Institut (France), Academy of International Business (AIB), Strategic Management Society (SMS), Academy of Management (AOM), Administrative Science Association of Canada (ASAC), and Canadian council of small business and entrepreneurship (CCSBE). He is currently the director of the Research Group on Contemporary Asia (GERAC) at Laval University. He is also co-managing editor of Transnational Corporations Review and a guest editor for Electronic Commerce Research and Journal of Internet Technology.",institutionString:"Université Laval",institution:{name:"Université Laval",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"189147",title:"Dr.",name:"Hailan",middleName:null,surname:"Salamun",slug:"hailan-salamun",fullName:"Hailan Salamun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/189147/images/19274_n.jpeg",biography:"Hailan Salamun, (Dr.) was born in Selangor, Malaysia and graduated from Tunku Ampuan Jamaah Religious High School at Shah Alam. Obtained a degree from the International Islamic University (UIA), Gombak in the field of Islamic Revealed Knowledge and Heritage. Next, I furthered my studies to the professional level to obtain a Diploma in Education at UIA. After serving for several years in school, I furthered my studies to the Master of Dakwah and Leadership at Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi. I graduated with a Doctor of Philosophy in Principalship Leadership from the University of Malaya (UM) in 2010. I am currently a senior lecturer in the Department of Nationalism and Civilization, Center for Basic and Continuing Education, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu. Prior to that, I had served in several educational institutions such as schools, the Institute of Teacher Education (IPG), and also the University of Malaya. I am also actively involved in paper presentation, writing and publishing. My research interests are focused on leadership, education, society and Islamic civilization. This area of research requires a detailed understanding of Islamic studies and research studies in leadership. Another research interest that I have explored recently is the politics of the Malay community and also the leadership of the mosque.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Malaysia Terengganu",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"442081",title:"Dr.",name:"Audrey",middleName:null,surname:"Addy",slug:"audrey-addy",fullName:"Audrey Addy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"442083",title:"Dr.",name:"James",middleName:null,surname:"Addy",slug:"james-addy",fullName:"James Addy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ghana Health Service",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"437993",title:"Mr.",name:"Job",middleName:null,surname:"Jackson",slug:"job-jackson",fullName:"Job Jackson",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Management College of Southern Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"437991",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Hoque",slug:"muhammad-hoque",fullName:"Muhammad Hoque",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Management College of Southern Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"428495",title:"Prof.",name:"Asyraf",middleName:null,surname:"Ab Rahman",slug:"asyraf-ab-rahman",fullName:"Asyraf Ab Rahman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Malaysia Terengganu",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"421024",title:"Prof.",name:"Harold Andrew",middleName:null,surname:"Patrick",slug:"harold-andrew-patrick",fullName:"Harold Andrew Patrick",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Jain University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"429650",title:"Dr.",name:"Jacqueline",middleName:null,surname:"Kareem",slug:"jacqueline-kareem",fullName:"Jacqueline Kareem",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Christ University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"421041",title:"Dr.",name:"Sunil",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar Ramdas",slug:"sunil-kumar-ramdas",fullName:"Sunil Kumar Ramdas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Jain University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"421833",title:"Mr.",name:"Eugene",middleName:null,surname:"Owusu-Acheampong",slug:"eugene-owusu-acheampong",fullName:"Eugene Owusu-Acheampong",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ghana",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"421826",title:"Dr.",name:"Inusah",middleName:null,surname:"Salifu",slug:"inusah-salifu",fullName:"Inusah Salifu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ghana",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"420823",title:"Prof.",name:"Gardênia da Silva",middleName:null,surname:"Abbad",slug:"gardenia-da-silva-abbad",fullName:"Gardênia da Silva Abbad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Brasília",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"437613",title:"MSc.",name:"Juliana",middleName:null,surname:"Legentil",slug:"juliana-legentil",fullName:"Juliana Legentil",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Brasília",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"239876",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Luciana",middleName:null,surname:"Mourão",slug:"luciana-mourao",fullName:"Luciana Mourão",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Salgado de Oliveira",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"421735",title:"Dr.",name:"elizabeth",middleName:null,surname:"addy",slug:"elizabeth-addy",fullName:"elizabeth addy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421006",title:"Dr.",name:"Anna",middleName:null,surname:"Uster",slug:"anna-uster",fullName:"Anna Uster",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"470243",title:"Dr.",name:"Md Samim",middleName:null,surname:"Al Azad",slug:"md-samim-al-azad",fullName:"Md Samim Al Azad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"470244",title:"Dr.",name:"Slimane",middleName:null,surname:"Ed-dafali",slug:"slimane-ed-dafali",fullName:"Slimane Ed-dafali",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421011",title:"Dr.",name:"Afatakpa",middleName:null,surname:"Fortune",slug:"afatakpa-fortune",fullName:"Afatakpa Fortune",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"446057",title:"Mr.",name:"Okedare",middleName:null,surname:"David Olubukunmi",slug:"okedare-david-olubukunmi",fullName:"Okedare David Olubukunmi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421778",title:"Dr.",name:"Fatimah",middleName:"Saeed",surname:"AlAhmari",slug:"fatimah-alahmari",fullName:"Fatimah AlAhmari",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421065",title:"Ms.",name:"Euzália",middleName:null,surname:"do Rosário Botelho Tomé",slug:"euzalia-do-rosario-botelho-tome",fullName:"Euzália do Rosário Botelho Tomé",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421053",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Ken",middleName:null,surname:"Kalala Ndalamba",slug:"ken-kalala-ndalamba",fullName:"Ken Kalala Ndalamba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"26",type:"subseries",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",keywords:"Intelligent Systems, Machine Learning, Data Science, Data Mining, Artificial Intelligence",scope:"The scope of machine learning and data mining is immense and is growing every day. It has become a massive part of our daily lives, making predictions based on experience, making this a fascinating area that solves problems that otherwise would not be possible or easy to solve. This topic aims to encompass algorithms that learn from experience (supervised and unsupervised), improve their performance over time and enable machines to make data-driven decisions. It is not limited to any particular applications, but contributions are encouraged from all disciplines.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/26.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11422,editor:{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. His research interests include intelligent and embedded systems.",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403"},editorialBoard:[{id:"43680",title:"Prof.",name:"Ciza",middleName:null,surname:"Thomas",slug:"ciza-thomas",fullName:"Ciza Thomas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/43680/images/system/43680.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Government of Kerala",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"16614",title:"Prof.",name:"Juan Ignacio",middleName:null,surname:"Guerrero Alonso",slug:"juan-ignacio-guerrero-alonso",fullName:"Juan Ignacio Guerrero Alonso",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6HB8QAM/Profile_Picture_1627901127555",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"3095",title:"Prof.",name:"Kenji",middleName:null,surname:"Suzuki",slug:"kenji-suzuki",fullName:"Kenji Suzuki",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/3095/images/1592_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Chicago",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"214067",title:"Dr.",name:"W. David",middleName:null,surname:"Pan",slug:"w.-david-pan",fullName:"W. David Pan",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSEI9QAO/Profile_Picture_1623656213532",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alabama in Huntsville",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"72920",title:"Prof.",name:"Yves",middleName:"Philippe",surname:"Rybarczyk",slug:"yves-rybarczyk",fullName:"Yves Rybarczyk",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/72920/images/system/72920.jpeg",institutionString:"Dalarna University, Faculty of Data and Information Sciences",institution:{name:"Dalarna University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:10,paginationItems:[{id:"82196",title:"Multi-Features Assisted Age Invariant Face Recognition and Retrieval Using CNN with Scale Invariant Heat Kernel Signature",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104944",signatures:"Kamarajugadda Kishore Kumar and Movva Pavani",slug:"multi-features-assisted-age-invariant-face-recognition-and-retrieval-using-cnn-with-scale-invariant-",totalDownloads:14,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Pattern Recognition - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11442.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"82063",title:"Evaluating Similarities and Differences between Machine Learning and Traditional Statistical Modeling in Healthcare Analytics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105116",signatures:"Michele Bennett, Ewa J. Kleczyk, Karin Hayes and Rajesh Mehta",slug:"evaluating-similarities-and-differences-between-machine-learning-and-traditional-statistical-modelin",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11422.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"81791",title:"Self-Supervised Contrastive Representation Learning in Computer Vision",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104785",signatures:"Yalin Bastanlar and Semih Orhan",slug:"self-supervised-contrastive-representation-learning-in-computer-vision",totalDownloads:59,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Pattern Recognition - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11442.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"79345",title:"Application of Jump Diffusion Models in Insurance Claim Estimation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99853",signatures:"Leonard Mushunje, Chiedza Elvina Mashiri, Edina Chandiwana and Maxwell Mashasha",slug:"application-of-jump-diffusion-models-in-insurance-claim-estimation",totalDownloads:15,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Data Clustering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10820.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"81471",title:"Semantic Map: Bringing Together Groups and Discourses",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103818",signatures:"Theodore Chadjipadelis and Georgia Panagiotidou",slug:"semantic-map-bringing-together-groups-and-discourses",totalDownloads:25,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Data Clustering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10820.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"79491",title:"Fuzzy Perceptron Learning for Non-Linearly Separable Patterns",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101312",signatures:"Raja Kishor Duggirala",slug:"fuzzy-perceptron-learning-for-non-linearly-separable-patterns",totalDownloads:20,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Raja Kishor",surname:"Duggirala"}],book:{title:"Data Clustering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10820.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"81331",title:"Machine Learning Algorithm-Based Contraceptive Practice among Ever-Married Women in Bangladesh: A Hierarchical Machine Learning Classification Approach",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103187",signatures:"Iqramul Haq, Md. Ismail Hossain, Md. Moshiur Rahman, Md. Injamul Haq Methun, Ashis Talukder, Md. Jakaria Habib and Md. Sanwar Hossain",slug:"machine-learning-algorithm-based-contraceptive-practice-among-ever-married-women-in-bangladesh-a-hie",totalDownloads:22,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11422.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"80937",title:"Assessing Heterogeneity of Two-Part Model via Bayesian Model-Based Clustering with Its Application to Cocaine Use Data",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103089",signatures:"Ye-Mao Xia, Qi-Hang Zhu and Jian-Wei Gou",slug:"assessing-heterogeneity-of-two-part-model-via-bayesian-model-based-clustering-with-its-application-t",totalDownloads:26,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Data Clustering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10820.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"78846",title:"Clustering Algorithms: An Exploratory Review",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100376",signatures:"R.S.M. Lakshmi Patibandla and Veeranjaneyulu N",slug:"clustering-algorithms-an-exploratory-review",totalDownloads:154,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Data Clustering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10820.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"78463",title:"Clustering by Similarity of Brazilian Legal Documents Using Natural Language Processing Approaches",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99875",signatures:"Raphael Souza de Oliveira and Erick Giovani Sperandio Nascimento",slug:"clustering-by-similarity-of-brazilian-legal-documents-using-natural-language-processing-approaches",totalDownloads:172,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,authors:null,book:{title:"Data Clustering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10820.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}}]},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:2,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10830",title:"Animal Feed Science and Nutrition",subtitle:"Production, Health and Environment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10830.jpg",slug:"animal-feed-science-and-nutrition-production-health-and-environment",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Amlan Kumar Patra",hash:"79944fc8fbbaa329aed6fde388154832",volumeInSeries:10,fullTitle:"Animal Feed Science and Nutrition - Production, Health and Environment",editors:[{id:"310962",title:"Dr.",name:"Amlan",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Patra",slug:"amlan-patra",fullName:"Amlan Patra",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/310962/images/system/310962.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10496",title:"Advanced Studies in the 21st Century Animal Nutrition",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10496.jpg",slug:"advanced-studies-in-the-21st-century-animal-nutrition",publishedDate:"December 8th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"László Babinszky, Juliana Oliveira and Edson Mauro Santos",hash:"8ffe43a82ac48b309abc3632bbf3efd0",volumeInSeries:8,fullTitle:"Advanced Studies in the 21st Century Animal Nutrition",editors:[{id:"53998",title:"Prof.",name:"László",middleName:null,surname:"Babinszky",slug:"laszlo-babinszky",fullName:"László Babinszky",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/53998/images/system/53998.png",institutionString:"University of Debrecen",institution:{name:"University of Debrecen",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Hungary"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},testimonialsList:[{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.png",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}},{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}},{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:123,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:22,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],subseriesList:[],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:null},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/110570",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"110570"},fullPath:"/profiles/110570",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()