Quantity of
Abstract
Our planet’s resources have been declining, as you know. The life qualities of humans have also changed a little because of their economy, nutrition, sports, and family life. Therefore, more alternative resources are being sought after by humans. Also, in the food supply for animals, scientists have been researching different and alternative supplements for growth performance, immunity, reproduction, and metabolism. Spirulina platensis and its contents have been linked to a nutritional component in both human and animal health and welfare. Growth and immunomodulation properties of this supplement have been widely studied in animals and humans, recently. Nowadays, nutritional specifics of S. platensis are a main focus for researchers. S. platensis is a single-cell protein due to its rich components, such as protein, essential amino acids, fatty acids, antioxidant pigments, carotenoids, beta-carotene, and phycocyanin. Today, researchers study the nutritional quality and investigate the effects of S. platensis on growth, immunity, antioxidant, antitoxicologic, anticancerogenic, cholesterol and glucose metabolism, and fertility. For these reasons, S. platensis may be acceptable as an alternative and/or superfood for the next generation. So, we review this information regarding S. platensis using historical background, literature reviews, qualitative studies, and microscopic appearances in this chapter.
Keywords
- super food
- Spirulina platensis
- microalgae
1. Introduction
Population growth, depletion of food resources, and balanced diets require the usage of new food sources. For many years, there have been antibiotics, hormones, or drugs used for improving health and immunity, and to fight against disease. Today, antibiotic resistance has become a reality, and using a more natural approach to additives in both humans and animals has become a more acceptable alternative. The natural additives are using a protein source to replace the use of the antibiotics, hormones, and drugs. Natural additives are contained in a big scientific family, but mostly they come from plant derivatives and extracts. The nutritional status of these supplements is important for use as a food additive. Among these additives, microalgae are prevalent throughout history. The utilization of these algae as a protein source has been observed by researchers for many years. There are several types of microalgae, but especially Spirulina, namely
1.1. Classification
1.2. Historical perspective
Early in the 1990s, NASA studied the cultivation of
The World Health Organization reported that
In 2011, the National Institutes of Health proposed that
1.3. Nutritional composition
The superfood
Food protein origin | Protein (%) |
---|---|
Spirulina powder | 60–70 |
Whole dried egg | 47 |
Beer yeast | 45 |
Skimmed powdered milk | 36 |
Whole soybean flour | 36 |
Parmesan cheese | 36 |
Wheat germ | 27 |
Peanuts | 26 |
Chicken | 19–24 |
Fish | 19.2–20.6 |
Beef meat | 17.4 |
Protein and amino acids | g/100 g |
---|---|
Protein | 57.47 |
Tryptophan | 0.929 |
Threonine | 2.97 |
Isoleucine | 3.209 |
Leucine | 4.947 |
Lysine | 3.025 |
Methionine | 1.149 |
Cystine | 0.662 |
Phenylalanine | 2.777 |
Tyrosine | 2.584 |
Valine | 3.512 |
Arginine | 4.147 |
Histidine | 1.085 |
Alanine | 4.515 |
Aspartic acid | 5.793 |
Glutamic acid | 8.386 |
Glycine | 3.099 |
Proline | 2.382 |
Serine | 2.998 |
Vitamins | mg/100g |
---|---|
Provitamin A equiv. | 2.330 × 103 IU/kg |
Vitamin E d-a-tocopherol | 5 |
Thiamin B1 | 3.5 |
Riboflavin B2 | 4.0 |
Niacin B3 | 14.0 |
Vitamin B6 pyridoxine | 0.8 |
Vitamin B12 cobalamin | 0.32 |
Folic acid | 0.01 |
Biotin | 0.005 |
Phantothenic acid | 0.1 |
Vitamin K | 2.2 |
Fatty acids | (%) |
---|---|
Myristic acid | 0.23 |
Palmitic acid | 46.07 |
Palmitoleic acid | 1.26 |
Oleic acid | 5.26 |
Linoleic acid | 17.43 |
Gamma-Linolenic acid | 8.87 |
Others | 20.88 |
Mineral | mg/100g |
---|---|
Calcium | 700 |
Chromium | 0.28 |
Copper | 1.2 |
Iron | 100 |
Magnesium | 400 |
Manganese | 5.0 |
Phosphorus | 800 |
Potassium | 1400 |
Sodium | 900 |
Zinc | 3.0 |
Pigments | mg/100g |
---|---|
Carotenoids | 370 |
Chlorophyll a | 1000 |
C-Phycocyanin | 14,000 |
1.3.1. Protein and amino acids
1.3.2. Vitamins
1.3.3. Minerals
1.3.4. Lipids
Lipid contents of
1.3.5. Carbohydrates
1.3.6. Nucleic acids
Nucleic acids play a role in uric acid metabolism. They catabolize the uric acid to adenine and guanine which causes gout and cardiovascular diseases [28]. So, the World Health Organization recommends about 80-g daily dosage of
1.3.7. Pigments
2. Utilization of S. platensis worldwide
2.1. Usage as food
Plants and plant extracts have been the focus for improved health in recent years.
Natural additives have also been added to animal feed for healthy animal growth in recent years. At the same time, in the farming sector, it is preferred as it is a natural and economical product, as well as healthy, and it is shown to have rapid growth performance.
Clinical and experimental trials have shown that
2.2. Effect of S. platensis on the growth of bacteria and animals
The focus on
There are many different studies that point out the growth performance of
When comparing all these studies, there were different results about the supplementing dose and effects of the
3. Utilization of S. platensis for health
3.1. Immune system and allergy
Hematopoietic system is important for repairing tissues, generating important body cells, and protecting healthy regulation. The immune system is one of the most important systems within the hematopoietic system. Together, they are all responsible for protecting the host. The immune system of the organism is classified as an innate immune system and adaptive immune system. The innate immune system is the first barrier to protect the organism against infections. This system includes macrophages, neutrophiles, natural killer cells, and lectins. On the other hand, providing a more specialized and active defense against diseases is called an adaptive immune system, in which there are antibodies, lymphocytes, and cytokines. These two immune systems are in a sensitive balance with each other.
An allergic response is a reaction of the immune system against a harmless substance such as pollen, nutrition, house mites, or other substances. Today, it is an increasing problem in the world. The protection and treatment process of allergies is aided by natural foods, especially
The supplementing of
For many years,
3.2. Anemia
Anemia refers to a decreased number of circulating red blood cells and is the most common blood disorder. Insufficient nutritional intake, toxic metals, and environmental contamination cause there to be a disruption in the red blood cell production pathways, and thereby anemia is the result. Also, iron deficiency is the most common cause of anemia in pregnant women, older people, and children [61]. In literature reviews, several studies have shown that several types of anemia have been treated by
3.3. Obesity
Cardiovascular diseases, obesity, and diabetes are linked with each other. The risk of cancer development is enhanced by these diseases in both humans and animals. On that point, some researchers point out the effects of
3.4. Healing and antibiotic effects
Wound healing is a process of repairing skin or tissue, and this process is also important for regulating hemostasis. During the healing process, bacteria and other pathogens are present at damaged areas where the pyretic situation occurs as a result of the inflammation. Natural pharmaceutical compounds are generally used to heal such wound areas. In addition,
The anti-inflammatory effect of
Antibacterial activity of
Helminth infections contribute to diseases such as anemia, eosinophilia, and malnutrition. Studies about marine natural products, which are used for anthelmintic situation, were reviewed by Mayer et al. [104]; however, sufficient anthelmintic effect by
3.5. Fertility
There are many factors that affect infertility in female humans and animals such as age, size and physical condition, reproductive history, and nutrition [105].
3.6. Antioxidant, anticancer and antitoxicity effects
The natural antioxidants are vitamins (B1, B5, B6, and E6), minerals (zinc, manganese, and copper), amino acid (methionine), beta-carotene, and trace elements (selenium).
Beta-carotene contained in
4. Conclusions
A prominent super food,
Acknowledgments
Special thanks are to Susan Korucubasi who assisted our chapter in proofreading.
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