Examples of experimental species used in the MNi erythrocyte test as environmental biomonitors.
\r\n\tThere will be a chapter on secondary causes of sexual dysfunction disorders related to diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and obesity. A chapter on remedial measures to enhance sexual activity and maintain human relationships will be discussed. As there is a growing number of cancer survivors a chapter on cancer-related sexual dysfunction will be welcomed for including it.
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A. Gayan Sanjaya",authors:[null]},{id:"820",title:"Power Tillers for Demining in Sri Lanka: Participatory Design of Low-cost Technology",slug:"power_tillers_for_demining_in_sri_lanka__participatory_design_of_low-cost_technology",signatures:"Emanuela Elisa Cepolina",authors:[null]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"3599",title:"Bioinspiration and Robotics",subtitle:"Walking and Climbing Robots",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"bioinspiration_and_robotics_walking_and_climbing_robots",bookSignature:"Maki K. Habib",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3599.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"80821",title:"Dr.",name:"Maki K.",surname:"Habib",slug:"maki-k.-habib",fullName:"Maki K. Habib"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"78242",title:"Genomic Instability and Cyto-Genotoxic Damage in Animal Species",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99685",slug:"genomic-instability-and-cyto-genotoxic-damage-in-animal-species",body:'Genetic instability results from alterations induced by agents that severely damage DNA. The nature of the damage may be silent when it occurs in non-coding regions and therefore does not affect the cellular processes of organisms. Still, when damage occurs in key DNA segments, the biological functionality of cells, tissues, organs, and eventually organisms in a population is compromised [1]. In this sense, genotoxic and cytotoxic damage are indicators of genomic instability. Genotoxicity involves changes in DNA structure such as aneugenic (loss of whole chromosomes) and clastogenic effects (loss of chromosome fragments); whereas cytotoxicity involves alterations in proliferation and cell cycle rate, as well as the magnitude and type of cell death (necrosis and apoptosis) [2, 3].
Various toxicological techniques can assess genotoxicity and cytotoxicity induced by physical, chemical, or biological agents. There are numerous models that can evaluate genotoxicity and cytotoxicity, ranging from biochemical and spectrophotometric tests. These assays depend on sophisticated equipment and the use of expensive reagents and consumables, compared to the set of techniques presented here, which do not require expensive equipment and are accessible to any laboratory with an optical microscope and cell staining systems. Above all, these techniques provide a deep understanding of the biological and cellular mechanisms involved in each model [4].
Assays that record the number of micronuclei (MNi) and other nuclear abnormalities are very versatile, inexpensive, and can be used in a wide variety of
Despite these advantages, techniques based on MNi formation require manual counting with light or fluorescence microscopy. Therefore, reviewer training is crucial due to the time expenditure (2 to 4 hours per slide) and accuracy in distinguishing MNi and other cellular abnormalities [13, 14]. Besides, flow cytometry offers an alternative to reduce the time spent on the microscope by standardizing observations. Initially, this technique required lysing the cytoplasm to release MNi, and thus facilitate their identification [15, 16]. However, this prevents the observation of nuclear buds (NBUDs) nucleoplasmic bridges (NPBs), which are observed in binucleated cells [17]. Subsequently, flow cytometry was improved with image flow cytometry (IFC) techniques that efficiently and automatically record mono-, bi-, and polynucleated cells with and without MNi, NBUDs, and NPBs, which is possible by combining the image flow cytometry technique with the machine learning approach [18].
In 1973, the bone marrow micronucleus test (BmMNt) was reported as being a more effective in determining chromosomal damage than the metaphase scoring method used at that time. Nevertheless, limitations of this method included the use of high concentrations of metaphase cells to quantify significant differences, in addition to the animal sacrifice requirement [19]. Then, in 1975 W. Schmid reported the principles of BmMNt, describing that MNi result from a malfunction in the cell division process, mainly in two different ways [5]:
Case 1: Acentric or fragment chromosomes do not migrate to the spindle poles in anaphase stage of cell division. Then MNi can be seen in the daughter cells.
Case 2: After one or more mitoses of exposed cells to mutagen agents, if the mitotic spindle is damaged, the nucleus of daughter cells could contain many MNi of a larger size than those produced in case 1.
Schmid manuscript also describes erythrocytes derived from the bone marrow as the best cell type to perform the assay since distinguishing between immature erythrocytes (polychromatic) and mature (normochromic) erythrocytes is possible, considering immature erythrocytes remain in circulation for 24 to 48 hours, while mature erythrocytes remain for about 30 days [5].
Chromosomal damage, genome instability, and cancer risk assessment are the main objectives of bone marrow erythrocyte micronucleus assay (BmMNt) [20]. Its robustness lies in the fact that it determines in a simple and relatively fast way the clastogenicity or aneugenicity of chemicals [21]. The mammalian erythrocyte micronucleus test (MEMT) has been widely reported and reviewed by different research groups and government agencies. However, since its publication, more than 30 years of evidence was compiled to standardize the procedure to ensure its applicability. In addition, MEMT has been compared with other mutagenicity assays, which include the mutation in mouse lymphoma cells L5178Y,
The number of cells required for an appropriate genotoxicity analysis was defined by the statistical analyses of all the techniques used to evaluate MNi formation, including the MEMT technique [23, 24]. On the other hand, the preferred species for this technique are mice, rats, and Chinese hamsters. Therefore, in vivo testing is usually performed on rodent’s bone marrow erythrocytes. However, other mammals, in which the spleen does not filter efficiently micronucleated erythrocytes, are accepted if stain accuracy is evaluated [24, 25, 26].
The peripheral blood erythrocyte micronucleus test (PBMNE) is used for ecotoxicological studies, monitoring of health effects from anthropogenic contamination, and genotoxic evaluation of pharmacological therapy administered in patients with chronic diseases [1]. Regarding the experimental procedure, mice are the most commonly used animals [2]. However, there are more animal models such as the rat and hamster [3] and others not as common like primates [4], birds [5], reptiles [6, 7], amphibians [8, 9], embryos [10], and fish [11]. Peripheral blood is the most versatile tissue for genotoxic and cytotoxic analysis. It is possible to use polychromatic and normochromatic erythrocyte conditions to explain the effects of myelosuppression and DNA damage [12]. Like all diagnostic tests, it has its limitations, which must be considered to avoid false negatives. One of them is that it does not detect substances that do not produce fractures or anaphase lags (aberrations that do not imply the occurrence of acentric fragments, for example, translocations and inversions); it is also not valuable for cells exhibiting a low rate of cell division or when organ-specific or species-specific carcinogens are tested [13].
Therefore, if all industrialization processes have the potential to generate large amounts of genotoxic substances, it is necessary to implement new models, such as plants or animals, to evaluate whether a particular substance or agent is harmful in the short/long term due to its mutagenic, clastogenic or aneuploidogenic, and teratogenic properties. Furthermore, to define toxic doses with greater precision, studies in several bioindicator models and not only in one must be carried out [14]. For the selection of any organism (plant or animal) as a toxic biomonitor, its cost, convenience, sensitivity, and possible extrapolation to other organisms or situations must be justified [15].
Peripheral blood was selected as a non-invasive sample to perform the MNi assay considering the invasive procedure implicated in a bone marrow sample. MNi are characterized by having a round or almond shape, with a diameter that varies from 1/20 to 1/5 (0.4 to 1.6 μ) of the average erythrocyte size (6 to 8 μ in diameter). William Henry Howell and Justin Marie Jolly identified MNi in erythrocyte precursors at the end of the 19th century and described them as remnants of the nucleus of circulating erythrocytes. Therefore, they are called Howell-Jolly bodies [16]. Subsequently, Dawson described MNi in the bone marrow of patients with several pathologies, including deficiency of cobalamin and folates; thereafter, MNi were described in lymphocytes [17].
Young or polychromatic erythrocytes (EPC) lose ribosomes within 24 hours after enucleation but retain MNi; later, they reach maturity and are transformed into normochromatic erythrocytes (ENC). These are stained blue-gray with the Giemsa stain or red with acridine orange, facilitating their identification when they are counted in tests of short exposure periods [1, 18]. Under certain circumstances, micronucleated erythrocyte (MND) values are often altered. Regardless of the tissue that is used in the MNi test, the data obtained are highly informative since it is a diagnostic tool to detect the loss of genetic material when these structures are identified in the cytoplasm of cellular compartment of the analyzed sample [19, 20].
The mononuclear phagocytic system (MPS), formerly called the reticuloendothelial system, is responsible for eliminating old or altered red blood cells, including micronucleated cells. In addition, the MPS system plays a key role in regulating innate immunity and it is constituted by dendritic cells, macrophages, and monocytes. The spleen, which is rich in macrophages, is the most sensitive detector for any red blood cell abnormality. By filtering the blood, the spleen eliminates foreign particles through phagocytic cells and destroys old erythrocytes or their fragments caused by structural changes that reduce their flexibility, making it difficult to pass through the microcirculation, undergoing cell lysis and splenic clearance [14, 21].
In mammals, two types of spleen are described, “defensive” and “storage.” The former is smaller in size, has less muscle, but is abundant in lymphatic tissue and sinusoids; the latter, is larger, scarce in sinusoids, rich in the red pulp, and stores a more significant amount of blood [21]. Nevertheless, some species have a “defensive” spleen, which eliminates the abnormal erythrocytes in their entirety, making it impossible to observe MNi in peripheral blood. On the other hand, species with “storage” spleen are deficient in their phagocytic function and allow MNi to be observed at any time during the life of the species, as in the case of mice [14].
The number of MNi in peripheral blood is practically null in humans [22]. However, they can be observed in impaired splenic function secondary to pathologies that directly affect it, for example, when patients have been splenectomized or were born prematurely. Since it is ethically not allowed to carry out biomonitoring programs in humans, these type of bioassays provide the opportunity to test genotoxic agents [14, 17, 22].
The organism’s age influences the variability in the number of MND [23] demonstrated when analyzing their frequency in splenectomized patients since adults showed a higher frequency than children [24, 25]. Similar results are described in rodent spermatids, where old mice and hamsters have more MNi than young ones, probably because genetic damage continually accumulates throughout the organism’s life [25, 26]. Some organisms present a higher frequency of MNi in juvenile stages due to the immaturity of their nuclear phagocytic system; upon reaching adulthood, their system becomes efficient and prevents the visualization of MNi [14, 25].
To properly select a biomonitor for the MNi test in peripheral blood, at least six MNi in a total count of 10,000 erythrocytes should be identified [25]. The analyzed tissue must meet the following requirements: be in constant division, have abundant quantified cells, sufficient cytoplasm-nucleus relationship to identify MNi clearly, and a regular shape of the nucleus without lobes must be present to facilitate their observation [27]. This assay has been applied in a broad diversity of organisms to take advantage of the available resources in the environment (Table 1). The investigations carried out by Dr. Zúñiga’s group concluded that the organisms with the best potential are felines, the capuchin monkey, and the atolero parakeet, among others [4, 14, 19, 38, 39].
Group | Species | E / Ex | Treatment (Doses) /Analyzed zone | Frequency | Total Erythrocytes | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Primates | Capuchin monkeys | E | Captivity | 20.5 ± 2.0 | 10, 000 | [4, 14] |
Common marmoset | Ex | - Water 0.2 ml - Methotrexate 2.5 mg/kg - Cytosine arabinoside 3 mg/kg | 8.0 ± 3.3 22.0 ± 5.7 31.2 ± 10.3 | 10, 000 | ||
Carnivores | Cougar | E | Captivity | 18.5 ± 0.7 | 10, 000 | [14] |
Tiger | E | Captivity | 20.5 ± 2.9 | 10, 000 | ||
Lion | E | Captivity | 0.6 ± 0.1 | 10, 000 | [28] | |
Rodents | Guinea pig | E | Captivity | 0.3 ± 3.0 | 10, 000 | [28] |
Yellow-necked mouse | E | Captivity | 0.2 ± 0.01 | 2, 000 | [3] | |
Common vole | E | Captivity | 0.03 ± 0.01 | 2, 000 | ||
Mouse | E | Captivity | 0.02 ± 0.01 | 2, 000 | ||
C57BL / 6 | E | Captivity | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 2, 000 | [29] | |
Chiropters Marines | Bat | E | Captivity | 0.06 ± 0.04 | 1, 000 | [30] |
Common Bottlenose dolphin | E | Captivity | 24.3 ± 6.1 | 10, 000 | [31] | |
Ungulates | Beef cattle | E | Captivity | 0.08 ± 0.2 | 3, 000 | [32] |
Sheep | E | Captivity | 1.0 ± 0.7 | 3, 000 | [32] | |
Horse | E | Captivity | 0.2 ± 0.3 | 3, 000 | [32] | |
Birds | Helmeted manakin | E | Captivity | 1.1 ± 1.2 | 10, 000 | [5] |
Golden-crowned warbler | E | Captivity | 2.0 ± 1.2 | 10, 000 | ||
Gray-headed tanager | E | Captivity | 2.4 ± 1.6 | 10, 000 | ||
E | Captivity | 2.0 ± 1.8 | 10, 000 | |||
Ex | Mitomycin C 2 mg/kg | 6.0 ± 3.3 | 10, 000 | [33] | ||
Reptiles | Lizard | E | Captivity | 1.0 ± 0.2 | 1, 000 | [6] |
Caiman | E | Captivity | 1.1 ± 0.7 | 1, 000 | [7] | |
Amphibians | American bullfrog | E | Captivity | 3.6 ± 2.8 | 1, 000 | [34] |
Ex | Radiation 3.3 Gy | 7.3 ± 3.1 | 1, 000 | |||
Frog | E | Emas National Park | 0.2 ± 0.6 | 1, 000 | [9] | |
Lesser Treefrog | E | 0.2 ± 0.4 | 1, 000 | |||
Mole salamanders | Ex | Cyclophosphamide 75.0 mg | 6.4 ± 2 | 2, 000 | [8] | |
Fishes | Brown trout | E | Gafo River | 2.4 ± 1.9 | 1, 000 (renal erythrocytes) | [11] |
E | Trubia River | 4.1 ± 1.3 | ||||
Common carp | E | Trasimeno River | 0.5 ± 0.2 | 25, 000 | [35] | |
Ex | CH3COO2H NaCIO CIO2 | 0.8 ± 0.3 2.5 ± 0.5 1.7 ± 0.4 | 25, 000 | |||
Fish | E | Xochimilco River | 7.4 ± 5.7 | 10, 000 | [36] | |
Ex | Cyclophosphamide 16 mg/ kg | 2.0 ± 0.7 | 1, 000 | [37] | ||
Ex | Vinblastine Sulfate 8 mg/kg | 1.2 ± 0.6 | 24, 000 | |||
Examples of experimental species used in the MNi erythrocyte test as environmental biomonitors.
The cytokinesis blocking micronucleus assay in lymphocytes (CBMN) was developed by a Ph.D. student more than 30 years ago [40], who anecdotally relates that while reviewing a biochemistry textbook [41]. He noticed that cytochalasin-B had the ability to block the action of actin
Human lymphocyte binucleated cells: a) Binucleated normal cell (BNC), b) Binucleated cell with micronucleus (MNi), c) Binucleated cell with nucleoplasmic bridge (NPBs), d) Binucleated cell with nuclear bud (NBUDs).
The experimental procedure begins by extracting whole venous blood in heparinized tubes. According to the designed experiment, cultures are prepared with 6.3 mL of RPM1–1640 medium supplemented with non-essential amino acids, 0.2 mL of phytohemagglutinin, and 0.5 mL of whole venous blood incubated for 44 hours at 37°C. After this time, between 3 and 6 μg/mL of cytochalasin-B is added to avoid the division of the cytoplasm (blocking cytokinesis), and incubation is resumed until 72 hours are completed (Figure 2).
The general procedure of the cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay in lymphocytes.
Once the 72-hour incubation period is finished, cells must be fixed with Clarke’s solution and washed 3 to 5 times until a clear cell button is obtained. If necessary, impurities are removed with a trypsin solution. The cell button is transferred on slides and stained with eosin and methylene blue to record nuclear abnormalities (Figure 1) in a total of 1000 binucleated cells and count in 500 cells those mononucleated, binucleated, trinucleated, and tetranucleated cells to calculate the cell proliferation index (NDI) and also record the number of cells in necrosis and apoptosis as indicated in the protocol [45, 46].
CBMN has been used to determine genomic instability in several models. Initially developed for human lymphocytes [47], it has been tested in other animal models of veterinary interest, such as cow [48, 49, 50, 51], goat [52, 53], pig [54, 55, 56], rabbit [57, 58], horse [54], rodents [59], hamster cell lines [60], and rodent cell lines [61].
In most of the published articles presented in Table 2, only the MNi number was reported, eight included NDI, and only three took into account other nuclear abnormalities, such as NBUDs [50] and NPBs [49, 60]; no articles that considered the count of cells in necrosis and apoptosis were found.
Taxonomic Group Order, Family | Species, common name | n | CBPI | MNi frequency | BN cells counted | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Artiodactyla Bovidae | 20 | 1.45 | 12.3 ± 4 .1 | 500 | [48] | |
3 | 1.57 ± 0.06 | 39 ± 2.5 | 1000 | [49] | ||
1 | 1.3 ± 0.03 | 11.0 ± 3.2 | 1000 | [50] | ||
2 | 1.28 ± 0.001 | 13.5 ± 0.71 | 1000 | [51] | ||
Capra, goat | 3 | ND | 5 ± 2 | 500 | [53] | |
Artiodactyla, Suidae | 5 | ND | 5.8 | 1000 | [54] | |
3 | 8.33 ± 1.528 | 1000 | [58] | |||
Carnívora, Canidae | Canis canis, dog | ? | ND | 35 ± 4 | 1000 | [62] |
20 | 1.67 ± 0.21 | 11.0 ± 3.29 | 1000 | [55] | ||
30 | ND | 4.61 ± 0.88 | 1000 | [56] | ||
Lagomorpha, Leporidae | 5 | 1.55 ± 0.01 | 6.33 ± 0.94 | 2000 | [57] | |
3 | ND | 5.0 ± 2.0 | 500 | [53] | ||
1 | ND | 6.8 | 1000 | [54] | ||
Perissodactyla, Equidae | N/A * | 1.914 ± 0.002 | 16.33 ± 0.298 | 1000 | [60] | |
Rodentia, Cricedae | N/A ** | 1.67 ± 0.016 | 3 ± 1 | 2000 | [61] | |
Rodentia, Muridae | 6 | ND | 51 ± 2.16 | 1000 | [59] | |
Mus musculus/mice L-929 | N/A ** | 1.67 ± 0.016 | 3 ± 1 | 2000 | [61] |
CBMN studies in different vertebrates.
Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO-K1).
L-929 murine fibroblast cell line.
Sample size (n), Cytokinesis proliferation block index (CBPI), Frequency of binucleated cells with micronucleus (MNi frequency), Number of binucleated cells counted (BN cells Counted).
CBMN is a valuable model for testing genomic instability effects in veterinary pharmacology experiments, such as the one performed in cows to test the mixture of an antiparasitic (cypermethrin) and a pesticide (chlorpyrifos), which reported 16.1 ± 2.3 NBUDs and found no evidence of cytogenotoxicity compared to the gamma radiation exposure [50]. The cytotoxic potential of epoxiconazole and fenpropimorph was also evaluated in bovine lymphocytes, and findings showed no genotoxic effects, however, the cell proliferation index decreased [51]. Moreover, in a trial using the antibiotic enrofloxacin [49], authors found that by increasing the dose, the number of MNi also increased. Another study with dogs analyzed the effect of oral administration of cadmium oxide (10 mg/K), where no significant differences after administration for 3 and 28 days [56] were observed. Finally, it has been reported that loperamide reduces cell proliferation and produces a significant increase in the number of MNi [57].
In general, it has been established that the number of spontaneous MNi in bovines is 3 times higher compared to human lymphocytes [48]. On the other hand, CBMN in goat estimates a better dosimetry fit for gamma radiation than in humans and rabbits. However, pigs and horses also show an excellent dosimetry correlation against X-rays and gamma rays [52, 54, 63].
CBMN has shown that dogs as human pets are excellent sentinels of exposure to environmental factors [55], partly because canine lymphocytes are three times more sensitive than humans to radiation [62].
Flow cytometry is a technique that started as an immunological technique at the beginning; however, currently, it represents a tool to perform fast and multiparametric analyses in molecular biology, microbiology, virology, toxicology, cancer biology, and infectious diseases that can affect any organism [1].
The equipment needed to perform flow cytometry is a cytometer. This is a machine capable of analyzing cells or particles mixed in a liquid solution that makes them pass one by one into tubes with a unique system of fluids. The positioning of cells in a line allows the exposure of every single cell to a laser light, which interrogates each cell individually. Then, the interpretation is performed by a computer that analyzes the light as numeric and graphical data in a standardized format (*.fcs), which can later be read and analyzed by any flow cytometry software [1, 2].
For the flow cytometry data analysis, the first step involves standardizing the studied cell population. Then, the cohort points for the negative and positive phenotypic screening molecules should be identified in the selected cell population. To reach a better identification of the phenotypic molecules, it is necessary to use a fluorescent positive control that can be a sample of cells from the same population with the maximal expression of the molecule; also, a negative control without a fluorescent signal should be considered (Figure 3) [2, 4].
Flow cytometry methodology. 1) Labelling of cells or particles with fluorescent molecules. 2) Cell mixture leaves the nozzle in droplets, laser beam strikes each cell or particle by the FSC detector, which identifies cell size, and the SCC detector, which identifies fluorescence/granularity/complexity. 3) Conversion of luminescent signals into numerical and graphical data to select the cell population according to its size and complexity. 4) Detection of fluorescent markers in cells by a pseudocolor quadrant density plot: Negative cells without fluorescence (-/-). Positive cells to fluorescent marker 1(+/-). Positive cells to fluorescent marker 2 (-/+). Positive cells to both fluorescent markers (+/+).
To assess cell damage, the measurement of several indicators is available. In this context, cell viability is used as an indicator of cytotoxicity and involves the use of kits with contrast fluorescent colors (red and green). The viable cells will be the ones that have no damage at all, and they will be detected with a green color (495–515 nm); whereas cells with severe damage are discriminated by red brilliant (495–615 nm); the positive cells to both of the parameters, are in a process of early death, but still viable [64]. To be more specific in the cell death state, it is possible to define the apoptosis level using an annexin V/propidium iodide (PI) kit, which discriminates live cells by the absence to both fluorescent dyes; whereas the positive cells for only annexin V are in early apoptosis, while the positive cells for only PI are in necrosis; and the positive cells for both annexin V and PI dyes, are in frank or late apoptosis [65, 66].
Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity can be evaluated by flow cytometry. The initial approach to estimate genotoxicity by MNi detection is possible by ethidium monoazide bromide (EMA) staining to label the chromatin of necrotic and mid/late-stage apoptotic cells. In addition, stripping of cytoplasmic membranes and incubation with the pan-nucleic acid dye SYTOX Green plus RNase to provide a suspension of free nuclei also allows detection of MNi [67, 68].
Some authors have used cytometric techniques to quantify MNi in normochromatic and polychromatic erythrocytes, leading to a significant reduction of the counting time by 100 orders of magnitude and also reducing the number of experimental animals needed to perform the studies with the
The evolution of techniques that analyze genetic instability as micronuclei (MNi) and other cellular abnormalities has opened a new strategy to prevent cytogenotoxic effects on captive, farm, pet, and wild animals. On the other hand, these techniques contribute to better understand the pharmacology of drugs and the permissible environmental exposure levels to xenobiotics in laboratory studies.
BmMNt, PBMNE, and CBMN genomic instability tests have their sphere of applicability, advantages, and limitations. While BmMNt is mainly applied for
Lastly, the flow cytometry improvements based on the synergy between flow cytometry, image recognition, and machine learning opens a new clinical scenery in micronucleus-based tests to detect genomic instability in all types of species, especially in those of veterinary interest.
Evarista Arellano thanks MC Verónica Campos Gallegos for her help in database curation and MC Ana Erika Ruiz-Arellano for her design work with the CBMN images.
The authors thank L. Michele Brennan-Bourdon, PhD, Executive Editor of Scientific Authoring for the English editorial assistance.
“The authors declare no conflict of interest.”
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After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. 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Telling personal stories, such as talking about your day or recounting what happened in the playground, is essential for communication and establishing relationships. However, due to their language impairments, people with aphasia (PWA) and children with developmental language disorder (DLD) often have problems with everyday discourse which impact on their lives more widely. While improvement in language skills is supported by speech-language pathology (therapy), it tends to focus on smaller linguistic components, such as single words and sentences. This chapter outlines how speakers construct discourse in everyday situations and focuses on the meanings that people use discourse to convey, as well as the lexical and grammatical resources they use to convey these meanings. Current methods for discourse analysis will be outlined and key developments in narrative discourse production therapy will be reviewed.",book:{id:"5957",slug:"advances-in-speech-language-pathology",title:"Advances in Speech-language Pathology",fullTitle:"Advances in Speech-language Pathology"},signatures:"Lucy T. Dipper and Madeleine Pritchard",authors:[{id:"201158",title:"Dr.",name:"Lucy",middleName:null,surname:"Dipper",slug:"lucy-dipper",fullName:"Lucy Dipper"},{id:"208542",title:"Dr.",name:"Madeleine",middleName:null,surname:"Pritchard",slug:"madeleine-pritchard",fullName:"Madeleine Pritchard"}]},{id:"70186",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90173",title:"Computational Model for the Construction of Cognitive Maps",slug:"computational-model-for-the-construction-of-cognitive-maps",totalDownloads:798,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:"The chapter considers an option for solving the problem of storing data in the Web environment and providing an access to the data, taking into account their semantics, i.e., in accordance with the nature of the tasks solved by users of different classes. The proposed solution is based on the use of presentation of the data in the form of semantic networks. As the main technical tool for describing access methods, the chapter proposes cognitive maps (CMs), which can also be considered as semantic networks of special type. When access is done, the presentation of information consistent with the semantic description of the user is provided. The suggested method of constructing CMs is based on the intensional logic. The solution is presented in the form of a computational model, which provides for the construction of CM’s dependence on the parameter. The proposed method of parametrization makes it possible to take into account the semantic characteristics of users of various classes. Some CM constructions for problem domain description are presented. A method for semantically oriented naming of CMs is proposed. The method is based on building of a functor of special type.",book:{id:"7311",slug:"cognitive-and-intermedial-semiotics",title:"Cognitive and Intermedial Semiotics",fullTitle:"Cognitive and Intermedial Semiotics"},signatures:"Larisa Yu. Ismailova, Sergey V. Kosikov and Viacheslav E. Wolfengagen",authors:[{id:"299703",title:"Dr.",name:"Larisa",middleName:"Yusifovna",surname:"Ismailova",slug:"larisa-ismailova",fullName:"Larisa Ismailova"},{id:"299704",title:"Prof.",name:"Viacheslav",middleName:null,surname:"Wolfengagen",slug:"viacheslav-wolfengagen",fullName:"Viacheslav Wolfengagen"},{id:"299711",title:"Mr.",name:"Sergey V.",middleName:null,surname:"Kosikov",slug:"sergey-v.-kosikov",fullName:"Sergey V. Kosikov"}]},{id:"56281",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70106",title:"Remote Speech-Language Intervention, with the Participation of Parents of Children with Autism",slug:"remote-speech-language-intervention-with-the-participation-of-parents-of-children-with-autism",totalDownloads:1541,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"The question about the possibility of identifying the best therapeutic approach for children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has also been discussed in the literature. The intervention should be individualized, in order to involve the current level of development of the child and to identify the profile of the facilities and difficulties of each child. The families are constantly involved in complex and changeable context and are aware of the importance of access and participation to the treatment chosen, since that service delays can directly affect efficacy. In general, studies on language acquisition and development in autism focus on the child’s communication, and some analyze the mother seeking to understand how the role of parents and caregivers influences the communication of the children with autism. Observing the importance of the active inclusion of parents in the speech and language therapy of children with ASD, a Distance Speech Therapy Intervention project, was developed that would allow language stimulation of a greater number of children and adolescents with autism.",book:{id:"5957",slug:"advances-in-speech-language-pathology",title:"Advances in Speech-language Pathology",fullTitle:"Advances in Speech-language Pathology"},signatures:"Milene Rossi Pereira Barbosa and Fernanda Dreux Miranda\nFernandes",authors:[{id:"28286",title:"Dr.",name:"Fernanda Dreux Miranda",middleName:null,surname:"Fernandes",slug:"fernanda-dreux-miranda-fernandes",fullName:"Fernanda Dreux Miranda Fernandes"},{id:"171244",title:"Dr.",name:"Milene Rossi P.",middleName:null,surname:"Barbosa",slug:"milene-rossi-p.-barbosa",fullName:"Milene Rossi P. Barbosa"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"56698",title:"Risk Factors for Speech-Language Pathologies in Children",slug:"risk-factors-for-speech-language-pathologies-in-children",totalDownloads:1637,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"Risk factors are understood to encompass “aspects of individual behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, hereditary or congenital characteristics that are associated with a health related condition”. These are conditions that increase the chances of the child presenting speech-language disorders and that can be avoided, controlled, or treated. Risk is defined as the chance of a child exposed to certain factors (environmental or biological) to acquire or develop speech-language disorders. The objectives of the present study were: to identify the risk factors for speech-language disorders in children up to five years of age and to verify the relationship between risk factors and speech-language diagnostic hypotheses. The aspects of being male gender, prematurity, shyness, being an only child or youngest child, presenting deleterious oral habits, having a family history of speech-language disorders, and use of licit or illicit drugs during pregnancy seem to be the factors that should draw the attention of the health professionals in child development. Therefore, the monitoring of children who have these risk factors should be performed in order to promote the necessary stimulation and the construction of healthy environments.",book:{id:"5957",slug:"advances-in-speech-language-pathology",title:"Advances in Speech-language Pathology",fullTitle:"Advances in Speech-language Pathology"},signatures:"Daniela Regina Molini-Avejonas, Laís Vignati Ferreira and Cibelle\nAlbuquerque de La Higuera Amato",authors:[{id:"38599",title:"Prof.",name:"Daniela",middleName:null,surname:"Molini-Avejonas",slug:"daniela-molini-avejonas",fullName:"Daniela Molini-Avejonas"},{id:"204612",title:"Prof.",name:"Cibelle",middleName:null,surname:"Amato",slug:"cibelle-amato",fullName:"Cibelle Amato"},{id:"210543",title:"Ms.",name:"Laís",middleName:null,surname:"Ferreira",slug:"lais-ferreira",fullName:"Laís Ferreira"}]},{id:"56385",title:"Formulaic Language: The Building Block of Aphasic Speech",slug:"formulaic-language-the-building-block-of-aphasic-speech",totalDownloads:1899,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Aphasia is a condition that may appear when parts of the brain (Broca’s or Wernicke’s area) responsible for language production and processing are damaged. In most cases, patients have the left side of their brain affected. Thus, formulaic language remains intact in most cases. During speech therapy, this can be a solid base to build on. Formulaic language consists of formulas that are fixed phrases, stereotypes that behave as a single-unit lexical item. They have a significant role in language acquisition and fluent discourse production. These ready-made parts of speech are stored in the long-term memory. Studies suggest that the processing of formulaic language engages right hemisphere areas of the brain. Due to their language impairment, people with aphasia often have a lower quality of life, consequently social and professional integration for them being problematic. The investigation of preserved patterns, such as formulaic language and impairments related to different aspects of discourse, may provide insights both for clinical practice and for cognitive science, therefore, facilitating a more efficient approach to treatment.",book:{id:"5957",slug:"advances-in-speech-language-pathology",title:"Advances in Speech-language Pathology",fullTitle:"Advances in Speech-language Pathology"},signatures:"Annamária Győrfi",authors:[{id:"200880",title:"Dr.",name:"Annamaria",middleName:null,surname:"Gyorfi",slug:"annamaria-gyorfi",fullName:"Annamaria Gyorfi"}]},{id:"72178",title:"Cognitive Semiotics and Conceptual Blend: A Case Study from The Crying of Lot 49",slug:"cognitive-semiotics-and-conceptual-blend-a-case-study-from-em-the-crying-of-lot-49-em-",totalDownloads:725,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Cognitive semiotics has been defined by the linguist Jordan Zlatev as “the need to unify or at least to ‘defragment’ our world-views, the need to come to terms with increasingly higher levels of dynamism and complexity”. If we consider, as it is clear from the second cognitive revolution, when embodiment claimed its leading role, that meaning emerges from the constant interaction of body-brain-environment, we need to redefine the field that asks “what is meaning and how does it emerge.” New theories about metaphors as neural nodes and image schemas would shed light over the emergence of meaning in human communication, and, to do so, the study of conceptual blends as essential cognitive tools and as an integrative theory should be put in the center of the debate. In words of Brandt and Brandt, “blends occur as signs and are therefore a natural subject of cognitive semiotics”. Here, we will represent the emergence of meaning in a blend from the highly dynamic and complex narrative The Crying of Lot 49 by Pynchon and propose a conceptual story (or mental space sequence of the story) of the mentioned blend.",book:{id:"7311",slug:"cognitive-and-intermedial-semiotics",title:"Cognitive and Intermedial Semiotics",fullTitle:"Cognitive and Intermedial Semiotics"},signatures:"Marta Silvera-Roig",authors:[{id:"302728",title:"Dr.",name:"Marta",middleName:null,surname:"Silvera-Roig",slug:"marta-silvera-roig",fullName:"Marta Silvera-Roig"}]},{id:"56266",title:"Discourse: Assessment and Therapy",slug:"discourse-assessment-and-therapy",totalDownloads:3149,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:"Discourse is essential for interaction and for the expression of ideas, feelings and opinions. Telling personal stories, such as talking about your day or recounting what happened in the playground, is essential for communication and establishing relationships. However, due to their language impairments, people with aphasia (PWA) and children with developmental language disorder (DLD) often have problems with everyday discourse which impact on their lives more widely. While improvement in language skills is supported by speech-language pathology (therapy), it tends to focus on smaller linguistic components, such as single words and sentences. This chapter outlines how speakers construct discourse in everyday situations and focuses on the meanings that people use discourse to convey, as well as the lexical and grammatical resources they use to convey these meanings. Current methods for discourse analysis will be outlined and key developments in narrative discourse production therapy will be reviewed.",book:{id:"5957",slug:"advances-in-speech-language-pathology",title:"Advances in Speech-language Pathology",fullTitle:"Advances in Speech-language Pathology"},signatures:"Lucy T. Dipper and Madeleine Pritchard",authors:[{id:"201158",title:"Dr.",name:"Lucy",middleName:null,surname:"Dipper",slug:"lucy-dipper",fullName:"Lucy Dipper"},{id:"208542",title:"Dr.",name:"Madeleine",middleName:null,surname:"Pritchard",slug:"madeleine-pritchard",fullName:"Madeleine Pritchard"}]},{id:"56414",title:"Evidence for Speech Sound Disorder (SSD) Assessment",slug:"evidence-for-speech-sound-disorder-ssd-assessment",totalDownloads:1651,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Comprehensive studies on aspects related to the assessment of different biomedical parameters (acoustic and laryngeal signs and oral airflow amplitude), as well as parameters for speech disorders, articulation rate, speech inconsistency, and speech stimulability, are essential for better professional practice and to understand misarticulations in children with speech sound disorders (SSDs). Different equipments that enable noninvasive collection and analysis of data have become more common in speech-language pathology practice. Studies recently conducted by our research group have emphasized the evaluation of auditory-perceptual processing by means of assessments of central auditory processing, electrophysiology of hearing—considering that pure-tone, speech audiometry, and tympanometry are routinely used with children during the diagnostic phase and motor speech production performed by acoustic analysis of speech, electroglottography, aerodynamic measures, and ultrasound tongue imaging. This chapter presents the recent advances observed in studies with Brazilian-Portuguese speakers aiming to improve the assessment of speech sound disorders and to understand better the relationship between the different processing mechanisms involved in speech.",book:{id:"5957",slug:"advances-in-speech-language-pathology",title:"Advances in Speech-language Pathology",fullTitle:"Advances in Speech-language Pathology"},signatures:"Haydée Fiszbein Wertzner, Danira T. Francisco, Tatiane F. Barrozo\nand Luciana O. Pagan-Neves",authors:[{id:"204570",title:"Prof.",name:"Haydée",middleName:null,surname:"Wertzner",slug:"haydee-wertzner",fullName:"Haydée Wertzner"},{id:"204572",title:"MSc.",name:"Danira",middleName:null,surname:"Francisco",slug:"danira-francisco",fullName:"Danira Francisco"},{id:"204573",title:"MSc.",name:"Tatiane",middleName:null,surname:"Barrozo",slug:"tatiane-barrozo",fullName:"Tatiane Barrozo"},{id:"204574",title:"Dr.",name:"Luciana",middleName:null,surname:"Pagan-Neves",slug:"luciana-pagan-neves",fullName:"Luciana Pagan-Neves"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"238",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:331,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:124,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:22,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. 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",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/22.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 12th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:1,editor:{id:"356540",title:"Prof.",name:"Taufiq",middleName:null,surname:"Choudhry",slug:"taufiq-choudhry",fullName:"Taufiq Choudhry",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000036X2hvQAC/Profile_Picture_2022-03-14T08:58:03.jpg",biography:"Prof. Choudhry holds a BSc degree in Economics from the University of Iowa, as well as a Masters and Ph.D. in Applied Economics from Clemson University, USA. In January 2006, he became a Professor of Finance at the University of Southampton Business School. He was previously a Professor of Finance at the University of Bradford Management School. He has over 80 articles published in international finance and economics journals. His research interests and specialties include financial econometrics, financial economics, international economics and finance, housing markets, financial markets, among others.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Southampton",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:3,paginationItems:[{id:"86",title:"Business and Management",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/86.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11970,editor:{id:"128342",title:"Prof.",name:"Vito",middleName:null,surname:"Bobek",slug:"vito-bobek",fullName:"Vito Bobek",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/128342/images/system/128342.jpg",biography:"Dr. Vito Bobek works as an international management professor at the University of Applied Sciences FH Joanneum, Graz, Austria. He has published more than 400 works in his academic career and visited twenty-two universities worldwide as a visiting professor. Dr. Bobek is a member of the editorial boards of six international journals and a member of the Strategic Council of the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Slovenia. He has a long history in academia, consulting, and entrepreneurship. His own consulting firm, Palemid, has managed twenty significant projects, such as Cooperation Program Interreg V-A (Slovenia-Austria) and Capacity Building for the Serbian Chamber of Enforcement Agents. He has also participated in many international projects in Italy, Germany, Great Britain, the United States, Spain, Turkey, France, Romania, Croatia, Montenegro, Malaysia, and China. Dr. Bobek is also a co-founder of the Academy of Regional Management in Slovenia.",institutionString:"Universities of Applied Sciences FH Joanneum, Austria",institution:{name:"Universities of Applied Sciences Joanneum",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Austria"}}},editorTwo:{id:"293992",title:"Dr.",name:"Tatjana",middleName:null,surname:"Horvat",slug:"tatjana-horvat",fullName:"Tatjana Horvat",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002hXb0hQAC/Profile_Picture_1642419002203",biography:"Tatjana Horvat works as a professor for accountant and auditing at the University of Primorska, Slovenia. She is a Certified State Internal Auditor (licensed by Ministry of Finance RS) and Certified Internal Auditor for Business Sector and Certified accountant (licensed by Slovenian Institute of Auditors). At the Ministry of Justice of Slovenia, she is a member of examination boards for court expert candidates and judicial appraisers in the following areas: economy/finance, valuation of companies, banking, and forensic investigation of economic operations/accounting. At the leading business newspaper Finance in Slovenia (Swedish ownership), she is the editor and head of the area for business, finance, tax-related articles, and educational programs.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Primorska",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"87",title:"Economics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/87.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11971,editor:{id:"327730",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaime",middleName:null,surname:"Ortiz",slug:"jaime-ortiz",fullName:"Jaime Ortiz",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002zaOKZQA2/Profile_Picture_1642145584421",biography:"Dr. Jaime Ortiz holds degrees from Chile, the Netherlands, and the United States. He has held tenured faculty, distinguished professorship, and executive leadership appointments in several universities around the world. Dr. Ortiz has previously worked for international organizations and non-government entities in economic and business matters, and he has university-wide globalization engagement in more than thirty-six countries. He has advised, among others, the United Nations Development Program, Inter-American Development Bank, Organization of American States, Pre-investment Organization of Latin America and the Caribbean, Technical Cooperation of the Suisse Government, and the World Bank. Dr. Ortiz is the author, co-author, or editor of books, book chapters, textbooks, research monographs and technical reports, and refereed journal articles. He is listed in Who’s Who in the World, Who’s Who in America, Who’s Who in Finance and Business, Who’s Who in Business Higher Education, Who’s Who in American Education, and Who’s Who Directory of Economists. Dr. Ortiz has been a Fulbright Scholar and an MSI Leadership Fellow with the W.K. Kellogg Foundation. 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Several international research projects has been performed with European partners from France, Netherlands, Norway and the UK. He is currently Professor of Communications Systems at the Harz University of Applied Sciences, Germany.\n\nPublications and Publishing\nHe has edited one book, a special interest book about ‘Optoelectronic Packaging’ (VDE, Berlin, Germany), and has published over 100 papers and is owner of several international patents for WDM over POF key elements.\n\nKey Research and Consulting Interests\nUlrich’s research activity has always been related to Spectroscopy and Optical Communications Technology. Specific current interests include the validation of complex instruments, and the application of VR technology to the development and testing of measurement systems. He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University. His research interests include computer graphics, computer vision, image processing, machine learning, pattern recognition, soft computing, data science, intelligent systems, information technology, and information systems. Prof. Sarfraz has been a keynote/invited speaker on various platforms around the globe. He has advised various students for their MSc and Ph.D. theses. He has published more than 400 publications as books, journal articles, and conference papers. He is a member of various professional societies and a chair and member of the International Advisory Committees and Organizing Committees of various international conferences. Prof. Sarfraz is also an editor-in-chief and editor of various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/267434/images/system/267434.jpg",biography:"Dr. Rohit Raja received Ph.D. in Computer Science and Engineering from Dr. CVRAMAN University in 2016. His main research interest includes Face recognition and Identification, Digital Image Processing, Signal Processing, and Networking. Presently he is working as Associate Professor in IT Department, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur (CG), India. He has authored several Journal and Conference Papers. He has good Academics & Research experience in various areas of CSE and IT. He has filed and successfully published 27 Patents. He has received many time invitations to be a Guest at IEEE Conferences. He has published 100 research papers in various International/National Journals (including IEEE, Springer, etc.) and Proceedings of the reputed International/ National Conferences (including Springer and IEEE). He has been nominated to the board of editors/reviewers of many peer-reviewed and refereed Journals (including IEEE, Springer).",institutionString:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",institution:{name:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Beijing University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"265335",title:"Mr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:"Radnev",surname:"Stefanov",slug:"stefan-stefanov",fullName:"Stefan Stefanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/265335/images/7562_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University Plovdiv",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Igor Victorovich Lakhno was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPh.D. – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSC – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nProfessor – 2021, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of VN Karazin Kharkiv National University\nHead of Department – 2021, Department of Perinatology, Obstetrics and gynecology of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education\nIgor Lakhno has been graduated from international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held at Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s been a professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department. He’s affiliated with Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education as a Head of Department from November 2021. Igor Lakhno has participated in several international projects on fetal non-invasive electrocardiography (with Dr. J. A. Behar (Technion), Prof. D. Hoyer (Jena University), and José Alejandro Díaz Méndez (National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics, and Electronics, Mexico). He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 31 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Igor Lakhno is a member of the Editorial Board of Reproductive Health of Woman, Emergency Medicine, and Technology Transfer Innovative Solutions in Medicine (Estonia). He is a medical Editor of “Z turbotoyu pro zhinku”. Igor Lakhno is a reviewer of the Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wiley), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for a DSc degree “Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention, and treatment”. Three years ago Igor Lakhno has participated in a training course on innovative technologies in medical education at Lublin Medical University (Poland). Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: are obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, and cardiovascular medicine. \nIgor Lakhno is a consultant at Kharkiv municipal perinatal center. He’s graduated from training courses on endoscopy in gynecology. He has 28 years of practical experience in the field.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. 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