Adhesive hemostats.
\r\n\tThis book aims to expose the recent advances in the research and development of chemical and biochemical processes to obtain bio-based chemical compounds and fuels from glycerol.
\r\n\r\n\tChapters dealing with the synthesis and characterization of catalysts (single and mixed hydroxides and oxides, supported catalysts, zeolites, heteropolyacids, pillared-clays, and metal-organic frameworks) and biocatalysts (novel microbial and fungi cultures, immobilized cells, immobilized enzymes, and nanobiocatalysts) to carry out the conversion of glycerol, as well as their testing in discontinuous and continuous stirred reactors, fixed-bed, fluidized-bed, trickle-bed, bubble column, airlift and membrane (bio)reactors are welcome.
\r\n\r\n\tThe book will comprise, but will not be limited to, the homogeneous and heterogeneous chemical reactions of glycerol such as dehydration, hydrogenolysis, partial oxidation, steam- and dry-reforming, glycerol to hydrocarbon fuels and aromatics, (trans)esterification, etherification, halogenation, ammoxidation, as well as supercritical, and photocatalytic processes.
\r\n\r\n\tAdditionally, we hope to cover the bioprocessing of glycerol, including microbial and fungal fermentation and enzymatic reactions to obtain C2-C4 alcohols, diols, hydrogen, methane, organic acids, dihydroxyacetone, biopolymers, and others.
\r\n\tThe book will also deal with the engineering aspects of glycerol processing, such as chemical equilibrium of glycerol reactions, reaction kinetics, (bio)reactor modeling, as well as process simulation and optimization of process variables and reactors.
Achieving and maintaining hemostasis is essential across all subspecialties of surgery [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]. Direct application of pressure, suture ligation, and electrocautery may sufficiently control bleeding during straightforward procedures, however, such methods are often ineffective in hemodynamically unstable, coagulopathic or septic patients [6, 7, 8]. Biosurgical hemostats are increasingly important in facilitating hemostasis when standard measures prove inadequate, or in situations such as prehospital trauma [7, 9]. Biosurgical materials (BSM) are available in cotton-like, powder, patch, liquid, and glue format, and are classified based on their properties and interactions within the coagulation cascade [5, 10, 11]. The goal of this chapter is to review the many intricacies and molecular physiology of hemostasis, and to discuss the current role for biosurgicals within the overall operative strategy, focusing on applications of BSMs in acute care surgery and trauma.
The authors performed an exhaustive medical literature search utilizing PubMed and Google Scholar™ platforms. The following terms were utilized, alone or various combinations: “acute care surgery,” “biosurgical hemostat,” “biosurgical material,” “bleeding,” “coagulopathy,” “emergency surgery,” “hemorrhage,” “hemostasis,” “injury,” “management,” “non-surgical bleeding,” “surgery,” “transfusion,” “trauma.” Additional references identified during the primary literature search were subsequently reviewed and added. From more than 27,781,100 citations, we narrowed down the candidate study list to approximately 1400. The final reference list included the 90 results most relevant to the current chapter.
The multiprotein coagulation cascade consists of two separate pathways, the contact mediated (intrinsic) and tissue factor (extrinsic) pathway which together unite to activate thrombin and form the fibrin plug (Figure 1) [12, 13]. Many of the anticoagulant medications focus on altering the steps herein, and the inherited coagulopathic disorders also feature abnormalities at various steps in the pathway [13, 14]. BSMs also interact here, as the so-called
Overview of coagulation cascade. Diagram of the multistep intrinsic (left, blue) and extrinsic pathway (right, green). Whether initiated by surface contact or tissue damage, both pathways combine into the common pathway leading to activation of factor X and then subsequent thrombin-fibrin activation and finally formation of the fibrin clot. Legend demonstrates where hemostatic agents, mechanical, and adhesive hemostats exert their roles in the coagulation cascade.
Adhesive agents, whether liquid or fibrin patch, contain thrombin and fibrin thereby facilitating the final steps of the coagulation cascade [5, 11]. These added factors may help facilitate hemostasis in patients with various functional impairments within the coagulation cascade [15, 16]. Alterations within the coagulation mechanism that lead to the so-called “non-surgical bleeding” may be due to coagulopathy of massive traumatic hemorrhage, large intraoperative blood losses, or sepsis secondary to gastrointestinal perforation [8, 17, 18, 19, 20]. Within the broader context of surgical “damage control” emerges perhaps the most compelling use case for BSMs [21, 22].
Historically, adhesive preparations contained additional antifibrinolytic components such as tranexamic acid (TXA) and aprotinin, which are no longer utilized due to reported side effects in cardiac surgery, including anaphylaxis, renal failure, increased mortality (aprotinin), and neurotoxicity (tranexamic acid) [23, 24, 25]. There are several liquid formulations of adhesive hemostats and “patch” alternatives available today (Table 1) [5]. Liquid adhesives are easily applied to delicate tissue, while fibrin patch alternatives can be more bluntly applied to brisk hemorrhage thereby providing improved hemostasis for various tissue types [5]. Among available products, different brands have their own unique fibrinogen/thrombin ratio affecting clot strength and drying time [5, 9, 26]. In general, higher thrombin concentrations correlate with the rate of clot formation whereas increased fibrinogen levels are associated with overall clot strength, which is not surprising as thrombin functions more proximally to fibrinogen, acting as a limiting reagent in the coagulation cascade, whereas fibrinogen more directly affects fibrin levels within the fibrin plug (Figure 1) [27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33].
Adhesive | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Name | Manufacturer | Mechanism | Form | Comment |
Beriplast | CSL Behring LLC King of Prussia, PA, USA | Thrombin/fibrin | Liquid | Hemostasis on native and PTFE surfaces |
Evicel | Omrix LTD Ness Ziona, IL, USA | Thrombin/fibrin | Liquid | Hemostasis on native and PTFE anastomosis, help with dural suture lines |
Floseal | Baxter Inc. Deerfeild, IL, USA | Thrombin/fibrin+porcine gelatine | Liquid | |
Qubeil | Omrix LTD Ness Ziona, IL, USA | Thrombin/fibrin | Liquid | |
Surgiflo | J & J Healthcare Hacketstown, NJ, USA | Thrombin/fibrin+porcine gelatin | Liquid | |
Tisseal | Baxter Inc. Deerfeild, IL, USA | Thrombin/fibrin | Liquid | Hemostasis on native and PTFE surfaces |
Evarrest | Omrix LTD Ness Ziona, IL USA | Thrombin/fibrin | Patch | Patch provides added compression |
Tachosil | Baxter Inc. Deerfeild, IL USA | Thrombìn/fibrin+equine collagen patch | Patch | Patch provides added compression, hemostasis on portal and hepatic artery anastomosis |
Use when coagulation cascade impaired. Do not use in the setting of allergy to blood products. Thromboembolic risk with intravascular administration |
Adhesive hemostats.
Overview of adhesive hemostats name, manufacturer, mechanism, and form.
Clinical trials focused on controlling intrabdominal and retroperitoneal hemorrhage have demonstrated that adhesive hemostats containing fibrin/thrombin coagulation factors tend to be superior to hemostats lacking these components [5]. A number of vascular surgery studies have shown significant improvement in the rate of hemostasis on native and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) arterial anastomosis with several such agents (Table 1) [25, 34, 35]. In neurosurgical applications, another thrombin/fibrin adhesive was shown effective in helping to seal dural suture line leaks [36, 37]. For abdominal applications, one type of a hemostatic honeycomb patch matrix with added fibrin and thrombin factors was shown to reduce anastomotic bleeding following portal vein repair and hepatic artery reconstruction (Table 1) [5, 38]. However, there are conflicting data on whether these hemostatic agents can reduce the incidence of “structural” (versus “hemostatic”) events, such as postoperative pancreatic fistula following distal pancreatectomy, bile leakage status post hepatectomy, and persistent air leak after thoracic surgery [5].
Mechanical hemostats typically consist of cellulose, collagen, gelatin, and other plant-based materials [39, 40, 41]. The composition of these BSMs differs from the adhesive hemostats, as they lack coagulation factors and therefore require a functioning coagulation cascade to exert their effects [5]. Their mechanism of action relies on the absorbent capacity of the material, thereby exerting mass effect on the adjacent tissue and subsequent activation of the extrinsic coagulation pathway (Figure 1) [9, 42, 43].
Oxidized cellulose based hemostats are classified according to the way they are processed (regenerated versus non-regenerated) [5]. In short, the regenerated products have a more organized structure and conform better to their surroundings in comparison to the latter. Despite this, multiple studies have demonstrated greater hemostatic capacity for the non-regenerated products [44, 45, 46]. There are numerous products based on oxidized regenerated cellulose as the primary BSM, with relatively fewer non-regenerated products (Table 2) [5, 46]. In comparison to the adhesive hemostats, mechanical products are generally easier to use, relatively less expensive, and also exhibit bacteriostatic properties due to their low pH [20, 47, 48, 49]. Even though cellulose degrades within approximately 5 weeks, one limitation to its use includes the increased formation of granulation tissue months afterwards, which may produce a mass effect on vessels with subsequent stenosis or paralysis if adjacent nerves are compressed [50, 51, 52, 53, 54]. Moreover, the postoperative course for cancer patients may become significantly more complicated if granulation tissue results in a pseudotumor following the resection of the recurrent mass [50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55].
Mechanical | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Name | Manufacturer | Mechanism | Form | Comment |
Surgicel | Ethicon Somerville, NJ, USA | Oxidized celluose | Sheet | |
Surgicel Fibrillar | Ethicon Somerville, NJ, USA | Oxidized celluose | Sheet | |
Surgicel Nu-kit | J & J Healthcare Hacketstown, NJ, USA | Oxidized celluose | Sheet | |
Traumastem | Bloster Veverská Bitẏŝka, Czech Republic | Oxidized celluose | Sheet | |
Avitene | Bard Warwick, RI, USA | Collagen | Sheet/sponge/powder | Hemostasis during crainiotomy |
Gelfoarm | Pfizer NY, NY, USA | porcine gelatin | Sponge | |
Arista | Bard Warwick, RI, USA | polysaccharide spheres | Powder | Improved hemostatis in cardiothoracic surgery |
Need normal coagulation cascade. Low pH with bacteriacidal properties. Thromboembolic risk with intravascular infection. |
Mechanical hemostats.
Overview of mechanical hemostats name, manufacturer, mechanism, and form.
Collagen is a key component of extracellular membranes and, as such, a great deal of effort has been placed into bioengineering collagen-based biosurgicals (CBBs) [56]. Additionally it is thought that such hemostats would also facilitate wound healing and potentially assist in neovascularization [56]. One CBB is known to improve perioperative hemostasis during craniotomy, and similar collagen based materials were shown to improve hemostasis during gynecological procedures (Table 2) [57, 58]. A recently bioengineered product containing cellulose, chitosan, and oxidized bacterial cellulose was shown to be both bactericidal and hemostatic in an animal model of liver injury, comparing favorably to a commonly used alternative [59].
Gelatin based mechanical hemostats which are either bovine- or porcine-based, have a neutral pH permitting combination with thrombin adhesives [60]. Therefore their hemostatic function extends into two domains, including both “absorptive-mediated” activation of the extrinsic pathway in addition to facilitating the final steps of the thrombin-fibrin cascade [5, 61]. In terms of biodegradation, gelatin sponge, granule, and powder dissolves within approximately 6 weeks of placement [5]. Both gelatin- and collagen-based hemostats are effective in reducing perioperative blood loss. Additionally, neurosurgical models suggest that collagen-based products may be superior in controlling hemorrhage in spinal fusion procedures [62]. Although collagen- and gelatin-based products may be less expensive than fibrin products, one negative aspect is that when actively using blood saving techniques (e.g., cell-saver device), these products may pass through 20 micron filters leading to an inflammatory renal response [63].
Another mechanical hemostat category is derived from plant starch and is known as a microporous polysaccharide hemosphere (MPH) (Table 2) [64]. This highly absorbent product works similar to collagen and gelatin formulations through activation of the extrinsic clotting cascade. However, in comparison to collagen and gelatin, sufficient evidence exists in cardiothoracic surgery to demonstrate improved hemorrhage control, reduced chest tube output and fewer perioperative blood product transfusions [5]. From orthopedic surgery perspective, MPH may be favored as it does not inhibit bone healing compared to bone wax or microfibrillar collagen [65]. Moreover, microporous hemospheres absorb blood rapidly and have less capacity to cause infection and granuloma than other biologic hemostats [5, 66].
Sealant hemostats (SH) are a class of hemostatic polymers which form a matrix by crosslinking and interlocking protein-rich adjacent tissues. Interestingly, sealants neither require the presence of blood products nor an intact coagulation cascade to exert their effects [5]. Natural sealants are derived from proteins and polysaccharides, while synthetic and semisynthetic products are composed of polyethylene glycol cyanoacrylate (PEG), polyurethane, dendrimer, and glutaraldehyde albumin biomaterials [67, 68]. Composite sealants contain both natural and synthetic components. All have been exploited for hemostasis, wound healing, fistula repair and implant fixation in fields such as cardiothoracic, biliary, urologic, plastic, neuro, and endoscopic surgery [68].
Natural fibrin based sealants are a mixture of fibrinogen and thrombin and come in either dry or foam preparations. They are mainly used to decrease suture and staple line seepage [56, 68]. Other proteins utilized in sealant applications include collagen, keratin, albumin, as well as muscle-derived products [68]. Polysaccharide compounds include chitosan, alginates, and chondroitin sulfates [69, 70]. A recent phase III clinical trial revealed that a fibrin-based sealant can provide excellent hemostasis, potentially superior to manual compression in patients undergoing open arterial surgery [71]. Interestingly, some of the well-known fibrin-based hemostats which leverage the coagulation cascade as the primary mechanism of action also exhibit a sealant function via covalent interactions with the surrounding tissues [56]. Even though fibrin sealants may be less effective in blood-saturated tissues, the potential benefit of an added “sealant feature” provided insight into research on new hemostatic sealants characterized by increased overall strength, elasticity, and stronger covalent interactions with surrounding tissues [72]. Other limitations of fibrin sealants include increased price compared to synthetic products, as well as high reliance on human plasma products for manufacturing purposes thereby increasing the risk, albeit very low, of transmissible disease [56].
PEG based products can be prepared in both patch and liquid formats to function as both hemostatic sealants and fluid barriers (Table 3) [5, 56]. There are patch products infused with collagen or cellulose, with superior hemostatic properties (Table 3) [5, 73]. Studies show less bleeding around anastomotic suture lines in nephrectomy and coronary artery bypass procedures with the use of bovine collagen and pentaerythritol polyethylene glycol ether tetra-succinimidyl glutarate patch [44, 46]. Similarly, a combined PEG and oxidized cellulose product significantly reduced oozing in hepatectomy procedures [74]. Another related product is effective as a fluid barrier and significantly improves closure of the dura during spinal surgery [75, 76, 77]. Finally, PEG-albumin sealants appear to be able to similarly reduce air leaks following pulmonary lobectomy procedures [44, 78, 79].
Sealants | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Name | Manufacturer | Mechanism | Form | Other |
Hemopatch | Baxter Deerfeild, IL, USA | PEG/collagen | Patch | Data to support use in nephrectomles and CABG |
Duraseal | Integra Palinsboro township, NJ, uSa | PEG | Liquid | Improves dural closure |
Veriset | Covidien Walpole, MA, USA | PEG/cellulose | Patch | Decreased bleeding after hepatectomy |
FocalSeal | Focal Inc. Lexington, ma, USA | Eosin primer/PEG | Liquid | Decreased air leak after lobectomy |
TissuGlu | Cohera Medical Oplotnica, Solvania | Polyurethane | Liquid | |
Dermabond | Ethicon Somerville, NJ, USA | Cryanoacylate | Liquid | Exothermic reaction |
Bioglue | CryoLife Kennesaw, GA, USA | glutaraldehyde-bovine albumin | Liquid | Safe for vascular anastomosis |
Do not use with renal disease patient’s |
Hemostatic sealants.
Overview of hemostatic sealants name, manufacturer, mechanism, and form.
Polyurethane sealants have great potential and promise due to their highly elastic properties. Of importance, in an animal abdominoplasty model, this type of sealant was found to reduce seroma formation [56]. However there are safety concerns due to the potential thrombotic risk associated with similar products [56].
It is important to note that hemostatic sealants are not without risks, and their limitations include some concerns regarding the strength of the deployed material as well as some degree of interference with wound healing [68]. Although synthetic sealants have increased elasticity compared to natural counterparts, their limitations include longer curing time, the potential for chronic inflammation and the risk of cytotoxicity [56]. Moreover, PEG-based sealants should not be used in renal insufficiency as they are dependent on renal clearance following their breakdown and absorption [5]. Of note, PEG-sealants also tend to swell prior to degrading, which does provide tamponade assisting in hemostasis, but may be detrimental if applied within closed spaces that contain neurovascular structures or ureters [56]. Cyanoacrylates similar to those used in skin closure for improved cosmetic outcome, when used in large quantities, can produce significant amounts of heat and potentially lead to tissue damage [5]. Additionally, these products cannot be used intravascularly, or directly on vascular anastomoses, due to risk of embolization (in fact, the material can be utilized in therapeutic embolization and other hemostatic maneuvers) [80, 81, 82]. The glutaraldehyde-bovine albumin, on the other hand, is safe and effective to directly apply on vascular and cardiac anastomotic suture sites [5]. Moreover, the use of this type of substance was shown to reduce blood transfusion requirements postoperatively, appears to be safe on adjacent nerves, and carries only a limited risk of vascular anastomotic stenosis secondary to an inflammatory response if the product is applied circumferentially [5].
Mineral-based and polysaccharide containing hemostatic dressings are of great value for pre-hospital exsanguinating patients, especially when protective measures such as tourniquet placement are not feasible due to the anatomical location of the wound [83, 84]. Such dressings are classified based on their mechanism of action, and include factor concentrators, muco-adhesives, or procoagulants [5]. Factor concentrators composed of volcanic or clay minerals such as zeolite and smectite act by concentrating protein components of blood thereby facilitating clot formation. The most commonly used factor concentrator is composed of zeolite beads which can be poured directly into a wound to expedite hemostasis (Table 4). One downside of this product is that it releases significant amounts of heat in a highly exothermic reaction. Consequently, care must be taken to use this preparation externally only, with applications limited to quantities “as little as necessary” to stop external bleeding [5]. Muco-adhesive products consist of the polymer chitosan, a chitin based product, which is derived from crustacean exoskeleton material [85]. Interestingly, chitosan has no intrinsic hemostatic ability, but its chemical charge is opposite to erythrocytes, thus promoting hemostasis [86, 87].
Hemostatic | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Name | Manufacturer | Mechanism | Form | Other |
Quick clot | Z-Medica LLC Wallingford, CT, USA | Zeolite beads | Guaze | Exothermic reaction. Needs to be removed from wound. |
HemCon | Tricol Biomedical Portland, OR, USA | Chitin | Gauze | Exothermic reaction. Needs to be removed from wound. |
Quick clot Combat Guaze | Z-Medica LLC Wallingford, CT, USA | Kaolin | Gauze | Exothermic reaction. Needs to be removed from wound. |
Use externally for significant bleeding |
Hemostatic agents.
Overview of hemostatic agents separated by name, manufacturer, mechanism, and formulation.
Procoagulant hemostats work by actively facilitating the coagulation cascade. One product, known as “combat gauze,” consists of surgical dressing coated with the mineral kaolin (Table 4) [88]. Kaolin is a nonreactive mineral that activates the intrinsic, contact-mediated clotting pathway when it comes in direct contact with damaged tissue [5]. The product is non-absorbable and must be removed after hemostasis is achieved, but does not create the exothermic reaction observed in factor concentrators. Baker and colleagues demonstrated that a novel fibrin-based sealant was equally effective when compared to “combat gauze” in a porcine model of both hepatic and femoral artery injury [89]. Similarly, this novel fibrin sealant was also shown to be superior other formulations in a similar swine model of splenic laceration [90]. Further studies are ongoing in this important and rapidly developing area of clinical investigation.
The ideal surgical hemostat should be biocompatible with its target tissues, safe, easy-to-use, and capable of providing rapid hemostasis. Importantly, BSMs should be able to operate under a broad range of conditions, possibly even when applied to actively bleeding or oozing surfaces, without being washed away or immediately losing their potency. Additionally, the optimal hemostat should have sufficient strength to hold the tissues in place to accomplish tamponade and assist in further healing. In the field of trauma and acute care surgery BSMs should maintain high levels of effectiveness for at least several hours, only act on the intended target tissues, should preferably be biodegradable, and should not impair wound healing. Affordability and ease of application are also important considerations. Future product development should also aim to incorporate, whenever possible, bactericidal properties. Moreover, novel materials may perform better if components like collagen are added to also assist in subsequent wound healing and maintenance of tissue integrity. Additionally, future research should aim to further understand the various tissue-specific effects of surgical hemostats, as well as their molecular and cellular interactions in order to individualize and optimize the resultant clinical outcomes.
This is a brief overview of the main steps involved in publishing with IntechOpen Compacts, Monographs and Edited Books. Once you submit your proposal you will be appointed a Author Service Manager who will be your single point of contact and lead you through all the described steps below.
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\n\nPlease complete the publishing proposal form. The completed form should serve as an overview of your future Compacts, Monograph or Edited Book. Once submitted, your publishing proposal will be sent for evaluation, and a notice of acceptance or rejection will be sent within 10 to 30 working days from the date of submission.
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\n\nAfter approval, you will proceed in submitting your full-length manuscript. 50-130 pages for compacts, 130-500 for Monographs & Edited Books.Your full-length manuscript must follow IntechOpen's Author Guidelines and comply with our publishing rules. Once the manuscript is submitted, but before it is forwarded for peer review, it will be screened for plagiarism.
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Nevertheless, it continues to have challenging dimensions, such as its ongoing dependence upon the use of unclaimed bodies in many societies. These challenges are reminders that anatomy does not remain stationary.",book:{id:"5933",slug:"human-anatomy-reviews-and-medical-advances",title:"Human Anatomy",fullTitle:"Human Anatomy - Reviews and Medical Advances"},signatures:"David Gareth Jones",authors:[{id:"35851",title:"Prof.",name:"Gareth",middleName:null,surname:"Jones",slug:"gareth-jones",fullName:"Gareth Jones"}]},{id:"55203",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68775",title:"Innovative Technologies for Medical Education",slug:"innovative-technologies-for-medical-education",totalDownloads:2126,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"This chapter aims to assess the current practices of anatomy education technology and provides future directions for medical education. It begins by presenting a historical synopsis of the current paradigms for anatomy learning followed by listing their limitations. Then, it focuses on several innovative educational technologies, which have been introduced over the past years to enhance the learning. These include E-learning, mobile apps, and mixed reality. The chapter concludes by highlighting future directions and addressing the barriers to fully integrating the technologies in the medical curriculum. As new technologies continue to arise, this process-oriented understanding and outcome-based expectations of educational technology should be embraced. With this view, educational technology should be valued in terms of how well the technological process informs and facilitates learning, and the acquisition and maintenance of clinical expertise.",book:{id:"5933",slug:"human-anatomy-reviews-and-medical-advances",title:"Human Anatomy",fullTitle:"Human Anatomy - Reviews and Medical Advances"},signatures:"Pascal Fallavollita",authors:[{id:"85455",title:"Prof.",name:"Pascal",middleName:null,surname:"Fallavollita",slug:"pascal-fallavollita",fullName:"Pascal Fallavollita"}]},{id:"54586",doi:"10.5772/67897",title:"Human Brain Anatomy: Prospective, Microgravity, Hemispheric Brain Specialisation and Death of a Person",slug:"human-brain-anatomy-prospective-microgravity-hemispheric-brain-specialisation-and-death-of-a-person",totalDownloads:1563,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Central nervous system seems to float inside a craniospinal space despite having miniscule amount of CSF. This buoyancy environment seems to have been existing since embryogenesis. This indicates central nervous system always need microgravity environment to function optimally. Presence of buoyancy also causes major flexure to occur at midbrain level and this deep bending area of the brain, better known as greater limbic system seems to regulate brain functions and site for cortical brainwave origin. These special features have made it as a possible site for seat of human soul and form a crucial part in discussion related to death. Besides exploring deep anatomical areas of the brain, superficial cortical areas were also studied. The brainwaves of thirteen clinical patients were analysed. Topographical, equivalent current dipoles and spectral analysis for somatosensory, motor, auditory, visual and language evoked magnetic fields were performed. Data were further analysed using matrix laboratory method for bilateral hemispheric activity and specialization. The results disclosed silent word and picture naming were bilaterally represented, but stronger responses were in the left frontal lobe and in the right parieto-temporal lobes respectively. The sensorimotor responses also showed bilateral hemispheric responses, but stronger in the contralateral hemisphere to the induced sensation or movements. For auditory-visual brainwave responses, bilateral activities were again observed, but their lateralization was mild and could be in any hemisphere. The conclusions drawn from this study are brainwaves associated with cognitive-language, sensorimotor and auditory-visual functions are represented in both hemispheres; and they are efficiently integrated via commissure systems, resulting in one hemispheric specialization. Therefore, this chapter covers superficial, integrative and deep parts of human brain anatomy with emphasis on brainwaves, brain functions, seat of human soul and death.",book:{id:"5933",slug:"human-anatomy-reviews-and-medical-advances",title:"Human Anatomy",fullTitle:"Human Anatomy - Reviews and Medical Advances"},signatures:"Zamzuri Idris, Faruque Reza and Jafri Malin Abdullah",authors:[{id:"42580",title:"Prof.",name:"Jafri",middleName:"Malin",surname:"Abdullah",slug:"jafri-abdullah",fullName:"Jafri Abdullah"},{id:"73844",title:"Prof.",name:"Zamzuri",middleName:null,surname:"Idris",slug:"zamzuri-idris",fullName:"Zamzuri Idris"},{id:"200214",title:"Dr.",name:"Faruque",middleName:null,surname:"Reza",slug:"faruque-reza",fullName:"Faruque Reza"}]},{id:"66388",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85177",title:"Orexin System and Avian Muscle Mitochondria",slug:"orexin-system-and-avian-muscle-mitochondria",totalDownloads:864,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"In mammals, orexin A and B (also known as hypocretin 1 and 2) are two orexigenic peptides produced primarily by the lateral hypothalamus that signal through two G-protein-coupled receptors, orexin receptors 1/2, and have been implicated in the regulation of several physiological processes. However, the physiological roles of orexin are not well defined in avian (non-mammalian vertebrate) species. Recently, we made a breakthrough by identifying that orexin and its related receptors 1/2 (ORXR1/2) are expressed in avian muscle tissue and cell line, and appears to be a secretory protein. Functional in vitro studies showed that orexin A and B differentially regulated expression of the orexin system, suggesting that orexins might have autocrine, paracrine, and/or endocrine roles. Administration of recombinant orexin modulated mitochondrial biogenesis, dynamics, function, and bioenergetics. In this chapter, we include a brief overview of the (patho) physiological role of orexin, comparative findings between mammalian and avian orexin, and in-depth analysis of orexin’s action on avian muscle mitochondria.",book:{id:"7870",slug:"muscle-cells-recent-advances-and-future-perspectives",title:"Muscle Cells",fullTitle:"Muscle Cells - Recent Advances and Future Perspectives"},signatures:"Kentu Lassiter and Sami Dridi",authors:[{id:"274577",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Kentu",middleName:null,surname:"Lassiter",slug:"kentu-lassiter",fullName:"Kentu Lassiter"},{id:"274579",title:"Dr.",name:"Sami",middleName:null,surname:"Dridi",slug:"sami-dridi",fullName:"Sami Dridi"}]},{id:"66964",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85903",title:"Vascularisation of Skeletal Muscle",slug:"vascularisation-of-skeletal-muscle",totalDownloads:929,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Skeletal muscle is mainly involved in physical activity and movement, which requires a large amount of glucose, fatty acids, and oxygen. These materials are supplied by blood vessels and incorporated into the muscle fiber through the cell membrane. In contrast, metabolic waste is discarded outside the cell membrane and removed by blood vessels. The formation of a functional, integrated vascular network is a fundamental process in the growth and maintenance of skeletal muscle. On the other hand, vascularization is one of the main central components in skeletal muscle regeneration. In order for regeneration to occur, blood vessels must invade the transplanted muscle. This is confirmed by the fact that muscle regeneration occurred from the outside of the muscle bundle toward the inner regions. In fact, it is likely that capillary formation is a key process to start muscle regeneration. Thus, vascularization activates muscle regeneration, and a decrease in vascularization could lead to disruption the process of muscle regeneration. Also, a better understanding of vascularization of skeletal muscle necessary for the successful formation of collateral arteries and recovery of injured skeletal muscle may lead to more successful strategies for skeletal muscle regeneration and engineering. So, in this chapter, we want to review vascularization in skeletal muscle.",book:{id:"7870",slug:"muscle-cells-recent-advances-and-future-perspectives",title:"Muscle Cells",fullTitle:"Muscle Cells - Recent Advances and Future Perspectives"},signatures:"Kamal Ranjbar and Bayan Fayazi",authors:[{id:"143655",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Ranjbar",slug:"kamal-ranjbar",fullName:"Kamal Ranjbar"},{id:"299168",title:"Dr.",name:"Bayan",middleName:null,surname:"Fayazi",slug:"bayan-fayazi",fullName:"Bayan Fayazi"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"70162",title:"Rehabilitation of Lateral Ankle Sprains in Sports",slug:"rehabilitation-of-lateral-ankle-sprains-in-sports",totalDownloads:1246,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Lateral ankle sprains are one of the most common injuries in athletes. The rate of injury is as high as 70%. The most commonly involved ligament is the anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL), followed by the calcaneofibular (CFL) and posterior talofibular ligament (PTFL). The common mechanism of injury is inversion with excessive ankle supination in forced plantarflexion when the ankle joint is in its most unstable position. There are three grades of ankle sprains: Grade I, mild with an incomplete tear of ATFL; Grade II, moderate with a complete tear of ATFL with or without an incomplete tear of CFL; and Grade III, severe with complete tear of ATFL and CFL. Grades I and II respond well to functional treatment. Functional treatment includes RICE protocol, i.e., rest, ice, compression, and elevation. It also includes range of motion and strengthening exercises, proprioceptive training, and sports-specific exercises. Bracing and taping of the ankle joint help in preventing the sprains and also reduce the recurrence of the injury. Grade III ankle injury may be treated with surgery if the symptoms persist post functional treatment. The guidelines provided for the treatment of ankle sprains are of general validity, but each athlete is different with different needs. Hence, a personalized exercise protocol should be followed to achieve best results.",book:{id:"9413",slug:"essentials-in-hip-and-ankle",title:"Essentials in Hip and Ankle",fullTitle:"Essentials in Hip and Ankle"},signatures:"Rachana Dabadghav",authors:[{id:"305115",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Rachana",middleName:null,surname:"Dabadghav",slug:"rachana-dabadghav",fullName:"Rachana Dabadghav"}]},{id:"55330",title:"Mesencephalon; Midbrain",slug:"mesencephalon-midbrain",totalDownloads:3385,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"The mesencephalon is the most rostral part of the brainstem and sits above the pons and is adjoined rostrally to the thalamus. It comprises two lateral halves, called the cerebral peduncles; which is again divided into an anterior part, the crus cerebri, and a posterior part, tegmentum. The tectum is lay dorsal to an oblique coronal plane which includes the aquaduct, and consist of pretectal area and the corpora quadrigemina. In transvers section, the cerebral peduncles are seen to be composed of dorsal and ventral regions separated by the substantia nigra. Tegmentum mesencephali contains red nucleus, oculomotor nucleus, thochlear nucleus, reticular nuclei, medial lemnisci, lateral lemnisci and medial longitudinal fasciculus. In tectum, the inferior colliculus and superior colliculus have main nucleus, which are continuous with the periaqueductal grey matter. The mesencephalon serves important functions in motor movement, particularly movements of the eye, and in auditory and visual processing. The mesencephalic syndrome cause tremor, spastic paresis or paralysis, opisthotonos, nystagmus and depression or coma. In addition cranial trauma, brain tumors, thiamin deficiency and inflammatory or degenerative disorders of the mesencephalon have also been associated with the midbrain syndrome.",book:{id:"5933",slug:"human-anatomy-reviews-and-medical-advances",title:"Human Anatomy",fullTitle:"Human Anatomy - Reviews and Medical Advances"},signatures:"Ayla Kurkcuoglu",authors:[{id:"200913",title:"Prof.",name:"Ayla",middleName:null,surname:"Kurkcuoglu",slug:"ayla-kurkcuoglu",fullName:"Ayla Kurkcuoglu"}]},{id:"64758",title:"Introductory Chapter: Histological Microtechniques",slug:"introductory-chapter-histological-microtechniques",totalDownloads:2281,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:null,book:{id:"7329",slug:"histology",title:"Histology",fullTitle:"Histology"},signatures:"Vonnie D.C. Shields and Thomas Heinbockel",authors:[{id:"70569",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas",middleName:null,surname:"Heinbockel",slug:"thomas-heinbockel",fullName:"Thomas Heinbockel"}]},{id:"63843",title:"Salivary Glands",slug:"salivary-glands",totalDownloads:3945,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Saliva is a fluid secreted by the salivary glands that keeps the oral cavity moist and also coats the teeth along with mucosa. The salivary gland possesses tubuloacinar units, and these are merocrine. The functional unit of the salivary glands is the terminal secretory piece called acini with a roughly spherical or tubular shape. It also consists of branched ducts for the passage of the saliva and also plays an important role in the production and modification of saliva. Each type of duct is lined by different types of epithelia, on the basis of its location. Myoepithelial cells are contractile cells with respect to intercalated and secretory endpieces. Parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands are the major salivary glands. The minor salivary glands are labial and buccal gland, glossopalatine gland, and palatine and lingual glands. Saliva plays an important role in mastication, speech, protection, deglutition, digestion, excretion, tissue repair, etc. Secretion stimulated in response to sympathetic stimulation will differ in protein and electrolyte from that due to parasympathetic stimulation. The concentration of saliva depends only on the rate of flow and not on the nature of stimulus. Saliva guides the clinician toward the optimal mode of treatment and guides the patient toward ultimate prognosis.",book:{id:"7329",slug:"histology",title:"Histology",fullTitle:"Histology"},signatures:"Sonia Gupta and Nitin Ahuja",authors:[{id:"245048",title:"Dr.",name:"Sonia",middleName:null,surname:"Gupta",slug:"sonia-gupta",fullName:"Sonia Gupta"},{id:"258367",title:"Dr.",name:"Nitin",middleName:null,surname:"Ahuja",slug:"nitin-ahuja",fullName:"Nitin Ahuja"}]},{id:"55062",title:"Human Anatomy: A Review of the Science, Ethics and Culture of a Discipline in Transition",slug:"human-anatomy-a-review-of-the-science-ethics-and-culture-of-a-discipline-in-transition",totalDownloads:2292,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:13,abstract:"Anatomy has undergone radical changes over its history, and even now its appearance varies between audiences. Within academia, it has frequently been seen as the bastion of medical teaching, even as a handmaid of surgery. To the general public over recent years, it is represented by the enormously popular public exhibitions of plastinated cadavers and body parts. Increasingly within medical teaching, it has acquired a far more humanistic face, epitomized by ceremonies at the start and end of dissection to connect the dead body with the once living individual and his/her families. Modern anatomy has also developed a strong research ethos. These movements can be traced in the many editions of Gray’s Anatomy, from 1858 to the present day. However, the humanistic side of anatomy reminds us that anatomy is not merely a science, since its ethical dimensions are legion as it has transformed from a dubiously moral and barely legal activity to one that now aims to manifest the highest of ethical standards. Nevertheless, it continues to have challenging dimensions, such as its ongoing dependence upon the use of unclaimed bodies in many societies. These challenges are reminders that anatomy does not remain stationary.",book:{id:"5933",slug:"human-anatomy-reviews-and-medical-advances",title:"Human Anatomy",fullTitle:"Human Anatomy - Reviews and Medical Advances"},signatures:"David Gareth Jones",authors:[{id:"35851",title:"Prof.",name:"Gareth",middleName:null,surname:"Jones",slug:"gareth-jones",fullName:"Gareth Jones"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"188",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:320,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:133,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:16,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403",scope:"Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a rapidly developing multidisciplinary research area that aims to solve increasingly complex problems. In today's highly integrated world, AI promises to become a robust and powerful means for obtaining solutions to previously unsolvable problems. This Series is intended for researchers and students alike interested in this fascinating field and its many applications.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/14.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"July 5th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:9,editor:{id:"218714",title:"Prof.",name:"Andries",middleName:null,surname:"Engelbrecht",slug:"andries-engelbrecht",fullName:"Andries Engelbrecht",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRNR8QAO/Profile_Picture_1622640468300",biography:"Andries Engelbrecht received the Masters and PhD degrees in Computer Science from the University of Stellenbosch, South Africa, in 1994 and 1999 respectively. He is currently appointed as the Voigt Chair in Data Science in the Department of Industrial Engineering, with a joint appointment as Professor in the Computer Science Division, Stellenbosch University. Prior to his appointment at Stellenbosch University, he has been at the University of Pretoria, Department of Computer Science (1998-2018), where he was appointed as South Africa Research Chair in Artifical Intelligence (2007-2018), the head of the Department of Computer Science (2008-2017), and Director of the Institute for Big Data and Data Science (2017-2018). In addition to a number of research articles, he has written two books, Computational Intelligence: An Introduction and Fundamentals of Computational Swarm Intelligence.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Stellenbosch University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:6,paginationItems:[{id:"22",title:"Applied Intelligence",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/22.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11418,editor:{id:"27170",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlos",middleName:"M.",surname:"Travieso-Gonzalez",slug:"carlos-travieso-gonzalez",fullName:"Carlos Travieso-Gonzalez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/27170/images/system/27170.jpeg",biography:"Carlos M. Travieso-González received his MSc degree in Telecommunication Engineering at Polytechnic University of Catalonia (UPC), Spain in 1997, and his Ph.D. degree in 2002 at the University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC-Spain). He is a full professor of signal processing and pattern recognition and is head of the Signals and Communications Department at ULPGC, teaching from 2001 on subjects on signal processing and learning theory. His research lines are biometrics, biomedical signals and images, data mining, classification system, signal and image processing, machine learning, and environmental intelligence. He has researched in 52 international and Spanish research projects, some of them as head researcher. He is co-author of 4 books, co-editor of 27 proceedings books, guest editor for 8 JCR-ISI international journals, and up to 24 book chapters. He has over 450 papers published in international journals and conferences (81 of them indexed on JCR – ISI - Web of Science). He has published seven patents in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office. He has been a supervisor on 8 Ph.D. theses (11 more are under supervision), and 130 master theses. He is the founder of The IEEE IWOBI conference series and the president of its Steering Committee, as well as the founder of both the InnoEducaTIC and APPIS conference series. He is an evaluator of project proposals for the European Union (H2020), Medical Research Council (MRC, UK), Spanish Government (ANECA, Spain), Research National Agency (ANR, France), DAAD (Germany), Argentinian Government, and the Colombian Institutions. He has been a reviewer in different indexed international journals (<70) and conferences (<250) since 2001. He has been a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Image Processing from 2007 and a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems from 2011. \n\nHe has held the general chair position for the following: ACM-APPIS (2020, 2021), IEEE-IWOBI (2019, 2020 and 2020), A PPIS (2018, 2019), IEEE-IWOBI (2014, 2015, 2017, 2018), InnoEducaTIC (2014, 2017), IEEE-INES (2013), NoLISP (2011), JRBP (2012), and IEEE-ICCST (2005)\n\nHe is an associate editor of the Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience Journal (Hindawi – Q2 JCR-ISI). He was vice dean from 2004 to 2010 in the Higher Technical School of Telecommunication Engineers at ULPGC and the vice dean of Graduate and Postgraduate Studies from March 2013 to November 2017. He won the “Catedra Telefonica” Awards in Modality of Knowledge Transfer, 2017, 2018, and 2019 editions, and awards in Modality of COVID Research in 2020.\n\nPublic References:\nResearcher ID http://www.researcherid.com/rid/N-5967-2014\nORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4621-2768 \nScopus Author ID https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=6602376272\nScholar Google https://scholar.google.es/citations?user=G1ks9nIAAAAJ&hl=en \nResearchGate https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Carlos_Travieso",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"23",title:"Computational Neuroscience",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/23.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11419,editor:{id:"14004",title:"Dr.",name:"Magnus",middleName:null,surname:"Johnsson",slug:"magnus-johnsson",fullName:"Magnus Johnsson",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/14004/images/system/14004.png",biography:"Dr Magnus Johnsson is a cross-disciplinary scientist, lecturer, scientific editor and AI/machine learning consultant from Sweden. \n\nHe is currently at Malmö University in Sweden, but also held positions at Lund University in Sweden and at Moscow Engineering Physics Institute. \nHe holds editorial positions at several international scientific journals and has served as a scientific editor for books and special journal issues. \nHis research interests are wide and include, but are not limited to, autonomous systems, computer modeling, artificial neural networks, artificial intelligence, cognitive neuroscience, cognitive robotics, cognitive architectures, cognitive aids and the philosophy of mind. \n\nDr. Johnsson has experience from working in the industry and he has a keen interest in the application of neural networks and artificial intelligence to fields like industry, finance, and medicine. \n\nWeb page: www.magnusjohnsson.se",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Malmö University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/24.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11420,editor:{id:"294154",title:"Prof.",name:"George",middleName:null,surname:"Papakostas",slug:"george-papakostas",fullName:"George Papakostas",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002hYaGbQAK/Profile_Picture_1624519712088",biography:"George A. Papakostas has received a diploma in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 1999 and the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 2002 and 2007, respectively, from the Democritus University of Thrace (DUTH), Greece. Dr. Papakostas serves as a Tenured Full Professor at the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University, Greece. Dr. Papakostas has 10 years of experience in large-scale systems design as a senior software engineer and technical manager, and 20 years of research experience in the field of Artificial Intelligence. Currently, he is the Head of the “Visual Computing” division of HUman-MAchines INteraction Laboratory (HUMAIN-Lab) and the Director of the MPhil program “Advanced Technologies in Informatics and Computers” hosted by the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University. He has (co)authored more than 150 publications in indexed journals, international conferences and book chapters, 1 book (in Greek), 3 edited books, and 5 journal special issues. His publications have more than 2100 citations with h-index 27 (GoogleScholar). His research interests include computer/machine vision, machine learning, pattern recognition, computational intelligence. \nDr. Papakostas served as a reviewer in numerous journals, as a program\ncommittee member in international conferences and he is a member of the IAENG, MIR Labs, EUCogIII, INSTICC and the Technical Chamber of Greece (TEE).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"International Hellenic University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"25",title:"Evolutionary Computation",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11421,editor:{id:"136112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura Soto",slug:"sebastian-ventura-soto",fullName:"Sebastian Ventura Soto",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/136112/images/system/136112.png",biography:"Sebastian Ventura is a Spanish researcher, a full professor with the Department of Computer Science and Numerical Analysis, University of Córdoba. Dr Ventura also holds the positions of Affiliated Professor at Virginia Commonwealth University (Richmond, USA) and Distinguished Adjunct Professor at King Abdulaziz University (Jeddah, Saudi Arabia). Additionally, he is deputy director of the Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI) and heads the Knowledge Discovery and Intelligent Systems Research Laboratory. He has published more than ten books and over 300 articles in journals and scientific conferences. Currently, his work has received over 18,000 citations according to Google Scholar, including more than 2200 citations in 2020. In the last five years, he has published more than 60 papers in international journals indexed in the JCR (around 70% of them belonging to first quartile journals) and he has edited some Springer books “Supervised Descriptive Pattern Mining” (2018), “Multiple Instance Learning - Foundations and Algorithms” (2016), and “Pattern Mining with Evolutionary Algorithms” (2016). He has also been involved in more than 20 research projects supported by the Spanish and Andalusian governments and the European Union. He currently belongs to the editorial board of PeerJ Computer Science, Information Fusion and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence journals, being also associate editor of Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing and IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics. Finally, he is editor-in-chief of Progress in Artificial Intelligence. 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She is now a lecturer at the University of Witwatersrand, South Africa, and a principal researcher at the Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office (HE2RO), South Africa. Dr. Moolla holds a Ph.D. in Psychology with her research being focused on mental health and resilience. In her professional work capacity, her research has further expanded into the fields of early childhood development, mental health, the HIV and TB care cascades, as well as COVID. She is also a UNESCO-trained International Bioethics Facilitator.",institutionString:"University of the Witwatersrand",institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"419588",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergio",middleName:"Alexandre",surname:"Gehrke",slug:"sergio-gehrke",fullName:"Sergio Gehrke",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038WgMKQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-06-02T11:44:20.jpg",biography:"Dr. Sergio Alexandre Gehrke is a doctorate holder in two fields. The first is a Ph.D. in Cellular and Molecular Biology from the Pontificia Catholic University, Porto Alegre, Brazil, in 2010 and the other is an International Ph.D. in Bioengineering from the Universidad Miguel Hernandez, Elche/Alicante, Spain, obtained in 2020. In 2018, he completed a postdoctoral fellowship in Materials Engineering in the NUCLEMAT of the Pontificia Catholic University, Porto Alegre, Brazil. He is currently the Director of the Postgraduate Program in Implantology of the Bioface/UCAM/PgO (Montevideo, Uruguay), Director of the Cathedra of Biotechnology of the Catholic University of Murcia (Murcia, Spain), an Extraordinary Full Professor of the Catholic University of Murcia (Murcia, Spain) as well as the Director of the private center of research Biotecnos – Technology and Science (Montevideo, Uruguay). Applied biomaterials, cellular and molecular biology, and dental implants are among his research interests. He has published several original papers in renowned journals. In addition, he is also a Collaborating Professor in several Postgraduate programs at different universities all over the world.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"342152",title:"Dr.",name:"Santo",middleName:null,surname:"Grace Umesh",slug:"santo-grace-umesh",fullName:"Santo Grace Umesh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/342152/images/16311_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"333647",title:"Dr.",name:"Shreya",middleName:null,surname:"Kishore",slug:"shreya-kishore",fullName:"Shreya Kishore",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333647/images/14701_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Shreya Kishore completed her Bachelor in Dental Surgery in Chettinad Dental College and Research Institute, Chennai, and her Master of Dental Surgery (Orthodontics) in Saveetha Dental College, Chennai. She is also Invisalign certified. She’s working as a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Orthodontics, SRM Dental College since November 2019. She is actively involved in teaching orthodontics to the undergraduates and the postgraduates. Her clinical research topics include new orthodontic brackets, fixed appliances and TADs. She’s published 4 articles in well renowned indexed journals and has a published patency of her own. Her private practice is currently limited to orthodontics and works as a consultant in various clinics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"323731",title:"Prof.",name:"Deepak M.",middleName:"Macchindra",surname:"Vikhe",slug:"deepak-m.-vikhe",fullName:"Deepak M. Vikhe",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/323731/images/13613_n.jpg",biography:"Dr Deepak M.Vikhe .\n\n\t\n\tDr Deepak M.Vikhe , completed his Masters & PhD in Prosthodontics from Rural Dental College, Loni securing third rank in the Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences Deemed University. He was awarded Dr.G.C.DAS Memorial Award for Research on Implants at 39th IPS conference Dubai (U A E).He has two patents under his name. He has received Dr.Saraswati medal award for best research for implant study in 2017.He has received Fully funded scholarship to Spain ,university of Santiago de Compostela. He has completed fellowship in Implantlogy from Noble Biocare. \nHe has attended various conferences and CDE programmes and has national publications to his credit. His field of interest is in Implant supported prosthesis. Presently he is working as a associate professor in the Dept of Prosthodontics, Rural Dental College, Loni and maintains a successful private practice specialising in Implantology at Rahata.\n\nEmail: drdeepak_mvikhe@yahoo.com..................",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204110",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed A.",middleName:null,surname:"Madfa",slug:"ahmed-a.-madfa",fullName:"Ahmed A. Madfa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204110/images/system/204110.jpg",biography:"Dr. Madfa is currently Associate Professor of Endodontics at Thamar University and a visiting lecturer at Sana'a University and University of Sciences and Technology. He has more than 6 years of experience in teaching. His research interests include root canal morphology, functionally graded concept, dental biomaterials, epidemiology and dental education, biomimetic restoration, finite element analysis and endodontic regeneration. Dr. Madfa has numerous international publications, full articles, two patents, a book and a book chapter. Furthermore, he won 14 international scientific awards. Furthermore, he is involved in many academic activities ranging from editorial board member, reviewer for many international journals and postgraduate students' supervisor. Besides, I deliver many courses and training workshops at various scientific events. Dr. Madfa also regularly attends international conferences and holds administrative positions (Deputy Dean of the Faculty for Students’ & Academic Affairs and Deputy Head of Research Unit).",institutionString:"Thamar University",institution:null},{id:"210472",title:"Dr.",name:"Nermin",middleName:"Mohammed Ahmed",surname:"Yussif",slug:"nermin-yussif",fullName:"Nermin Yussif",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/210472/images/system/210472.jpg",biography:"Dr. Nermin Mohammed Ahmed Yussif is working at the Faculty of dentistry, University for October university for modern sciences and arts (MSA). Her areas of expertise include: periodontology, dental laserology, oral implantology, periodontal plastic surgeries, oral mesotherapy, nutrition, dental pharmacology. She is an editor and reviewer in numerous international journals.",institutionString:"MSA University",institution:null},{id:"204606",title:"Dr.",name:"Serdar",middleName:null,surname:"Gözler",slug:"serdar-gozler",fullName:"Serdar Gözler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204606/images/system/204606.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Serdar Gözler has completed his undergraduate studies at the Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1978, followed by an assistantship in the Prosthesis Department of Dicle University Faculty of Dentistry. Starting his PhD work on non-resilient overdentures with Assoc. Prof. Hüsnü Yavuzyılmaz, he continued his studies with Prof. Dr. Gürbüz Öztürk of Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry Department of Prosthodontics, this time on Gnatology. He attended training programs on occlusion, neurology, neurophysiology, EMG, radiology and biostatistics. In 1982, he presented his PhD thesis \\Gerber and Lauritzen Occlusion Analysis Techniques: Diagnosis Values,\\ at Istanbul University School of Dentistry, Department of Prosthodontics. As he was also working with Prof. Senih Çalıkkocaoğlu on The Physiology of Chewing at the same time, Gözler has written a chapter in Çalıkkocaoğlu\\'s book \\Complete Prostheses\\ entitled \\The Place of Neuromuscular Mechanism in Prosthetic Dentistry.\\ The book was published five times since by the Istanbul University Publications. Having presented in various conferences about occlusion analysis until 1998, Dr. Gözler has also decided to use the T-Scan II occlusion analysis method. Having been personally trained by Dr. Robert Kerstein on this method, Dr. Gözler has been lecturing on the T-Scan Occlusion Analysis Method in conferences both in Turkey and abroad. Dr. Gözler has various articles and presentations on Digital Occlusion Analysis methods. He is now Head of the TMD Clinic at Prosthodontic Department of Faculty of Dentistry , Istanbul Aydın University , Turkey.",institutionString:"Istanbul Aydin University",institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"240870",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Alaa Eddin Omar",middleName:null,surname:"Al Ostwani",slug:"alaa-eddin-omar-al-ostwani",fullName:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240870/images/system/240870.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Al Ostwani Alaa Eddin Omar received his Master in dentistry from Damascus University in 2010, and his Ph.D. in Pediatric Dentistry from Damascus University in 2014. Dr. Al Ostwani is an assistant professor and faculty member at IUST University since 2014. \nDuring his academic experience, he has received several awards including the scientific research award from the Union of Arab Universities, the Syrian gold medal and the international gold medal for invention and creativity. Dr. Al Ostwani is a Member of the International Association of Dental Traumatology and the Syrian Society for Research and Preventive Dentistry since 2017. He is also a Member of the Reviewer Board of International Journal of Dental Medicine (IJDM), and the Indian Journal of Conservative and Endodontics since 2016.",institutionString:"International University for Science and Technology.",institution:{name:"Islamic University of Science and Technology",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"42847",title:"Dr.",name:"Belma",middleName:null,surname:"Işik Aslan",slug:"belma-isik-aslan",fullName:"Belma Işik Aslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/42847/images/system/42847.jpg",biography:"Dr. Belma IşIk Aslan was born in 1976 in Ankara-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1994, she attended to Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. She completed her PhD in orthodontic education at Gazi University between 1999-2005. Dr. Işık Aslan stayed at the Providence Hospital Craniofacial Institude and Reconstructive Surgery in Michigan, USA for three months as an observer. She worked as a specialist doctor at Gazi University, Dentistry Faculty, Department of Orthodontics between 2005-2014. She was appointed as associate professor in January, 2014 and as professor in 2021. Dr. Işık Aslan still works as an instructor at the same faculty. She has published a total of 35 articles, 10 book chapters, 39 conference proceedings both internationally and nationally. Also she was the academic editor of the international book 'Current Advances in Orthodontics'. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society and Turkish Cleft Lip and Palate Society. She is married and has 2 children. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:"Gazi University Dentistry Faculty Department of Orthodontics",institution:null},{id:"178412",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Guhan",middleName:null,surname:"Dergin",slug:"guhan-dergin",fullName:"Guhan Dergin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178412/images/6954_n.jpg",biography:"Assoc. Prof. Dr. Gühan Dergin was born in 1973 in Izmit. He graduated from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1999. He completed his specialty of OMFS surgery in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry and obtained his PhD degree in 2006. In 2005, he was invited as a visiting doctor in the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department of the University of North Carolina, USA, where he went on a scholarship. Dr. Dergin still continues his academic career as an associate professor in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry. He has many articles in international and national scientific journals and chapters in books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178414",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Emes",slug:"yusuf-emes",fullName:"Yusuf Emes",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178414/images/6953_n.jpg",biography:"Born in Istanbul in 1974, Dr. Emes graduated from Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry in 1997 and completed his PhD degree in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in 2005. He has papers published in international and national scientific journals, including research articles on implantology, oroantral fistulas, odontogenic cysts, and temporomandibular disorders. Dr. Emes is currently working as a full-time academic staff in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"192229",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Ana Luiza",middleName:null,surname:"De Carvalho Felippini",slug:"ana-luiza-de-carvalho-felippini",fullName:"Ana Luiza De Carvalho Felippini",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192229/images/system/192229.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:"University of São Paulo",institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"256851",title:"Prof.",name:"Ayşe",middleName:null,surname:"Gülşen",slug:"ayse-gulsen",fullName:"Ayşe Gülşen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256851/images/9696_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ayşe Gülşen graduated in 1990 from Faculty of Dentistry, University of Ankara and did a postgraduate program at University of Gazi. \nShe worked as an observer and research assistant in Craniofacial Surgery Departments in New York, Providence Hospital in Michigan and Chang Gung Memorial Hospital in Taiwan. \nShe works as Craniofacial Orthodontist in Department of Aesthetic, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Gazi, Ankara Turkey since 2004.",institutionString:"Univeristy of Gazi",institution:null},{id:"255366",title:"Prof.",name:"Tosun",middleName:null,surname:"Tosun",slug:"tosun-tosun",fullName:"Tosun Tosun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255366/images/7347_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated at the Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul, Turkey in 1989;\nVisitor Assistant at the University of Padua, Italy and Branemark Osseointegration Center of Treviso, Italy between 1993-94;\nPhD thesis on oral implantology in University of Istanbul and was awarded the academic title “Dr.med.dent.”, 1997;\nHe was awarded the academic title “Doç.Dr.” (Associated Professor) in 2003;\nProficiency in Botulinum Toxin Applications, Reading-UK in 2009;\nMastership, RWTH Certificate in Laser Therapy in Dentistry, AALZ-Aachen University, Germany 2009-11;\nMaster of Science (MSc) in Laser Dentistry, University of Genoa, Italy 2013-14.\n\nDr.Tosun worked as Research Assistant in the Department of Oral Implantology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul between 1990-2002. \nHe worked part-time as Consultant surgeon in Harvard Medical International Hospitals and John Hopkins Medicine, Istanbul between years 2007-09.\u2028He was contract Professor in the Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences (DI.S.C.), Medical School, University of Genova, Italy between years 2011-16. \nSince 2015 he is visiting Professor at Medical School, University of Plovdiv, Bulgaria. \nCurrently he is Associated Prof.Dr. at the Dental School, Oral Surgery Dept., Istanbul Aydin University and since 2003 he works in his own private clinic in Istanbul, Turkey.\u2028\nDr.Tosun is reviewer in journal ‘Laser in Medical Sciences’, reviewer in journal ‘Folia Medica\\', a Fellow of the International Team for Implantology, Clinical Lecturer of DGZI German Association of Oral Implantology, Expert Lecturer of Laser&Health Academy, Country Representative of World Federation for Laser Dentistry, member of European Federation of Periodontology, member of Academy of Laser Dentistry. Dr.Tosun presents papers in international and national congresses and has scientific publications in international and national journals. He speaks english, spanish, italian and french.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",biography:"Zühre Akarslan was born in 1977 in Cyprus. She graduated from Gazi University Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara, Turkey in 2000. \r\nLater she received her Ph.D. degree from the Oral Diagnosis and Radiology Department; which was recently renamed as Oral and Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, from the same university. \r\nShe is working as a full-time Associate Professor and is a lecturer and an academic researcher. \r\nHer expertise areas are dental caries, cancer, dental fear and anxiety, gag reflex in dentistry, oral medicine, and dentomaxillofacial radiology.",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"256417",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Sanaz",middleName:null,surname:"Sadry",slug:"sanaz-sadry",fullName:"Sanaz Sadry",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256417/images/8106_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"272237",title:"Dr.",name:"Pinar",middleName:"Kiymet",surname:"Karataban",slug:"pinar-karataban",fullName:"Pinar Karataban",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/272237/images/8911_n.png",biography:"Assist.Prof.Dr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban, DDS PhD \n\nDr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban was born in Istanbul in 1975. After her graduation from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1998 she started her PhD in Paediatric Dentistry focused on children with special needs; mainly children with Cerebral Palsy. She finished her pHD thesis entitled \\'Investigation of occlusion via cast analysis and evaluation of dental caries prevalance, periodontal status and muscle dysfunctions in children with cerebral palsy” in 2008. She got her Assist. Proffessor degree in Istanbul Aydın University Paediatric Dentistry Department in 2015-2018. ın 2019 she started her new career in Bahcesehir University, Istanbul as Head of Department of Pediatric Dentistry. In 2020 she was accepted to BAU International University, Batumi as Professor of Pediatric Dentistry. She’s a lecturer in the same university meanwhile working part-time in private practice in Ege Dental Studio (https://www.egedisklinigi.com/) a multidisciplinary dental clinic in Istanbul. Her main interests are paleodontology, ancient and contemporary dentistry, oral microbiology, cerebral palsy and special care dentistry. She has national and international publications, scientific reports and is a member of IAPO (International Association for Paleodontology), IADH (International Association of Disability and Oral Health) and EAPD (European Association of Pediatric Dentistry).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"202198",title:"Dr.",name:"Buket",middleName:null,surname:"Aybar",slug:"buket-aybar",fullName:"Buket Aybar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202198/images/6955_n.jpg",biography:"Buket Aybar, DDS, PhD, was born in 1971. She graduated from Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry, in 1992 and completed her PhD degree on Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in Istanbul University in 1997.\nDr. Aybar is currently a full-time professor in Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. She has teaching responsibilities in graduate and postgraduate programs. Her clinical practice includes mainly dentoalveolar surgery.\nHer topics of interest are biomaterials science and cell culture studies. She has many articles in international and national scientific journals and chapters in books; she also has participated in several scientific projects supported by Istanbul University Research fund.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"260116",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:null,surname:"Yaltirik",slug:"mehmet-yaltirik",fullName:"Mehmet Yaltirik",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/260116/images/7413_n.jpg",biography:"Birth Date 25.09.1965\r\nBirth Place Adana- Turkey\r\nSex Male\r\nMarrial Status Bachelor\r\nDriving License Acquired\r\nMother Tongue Turkish\r\n\r\nAddress:\r\nWork:University of Istanbul,Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine 34093 Capa,Istanbul- TURKIYE",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"172009",title:"Dr.",name:"Fatma Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Uzuner",slug:"fatma-deniz-uzuner",fullName:"Fatma Deniz Uzuner",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/172009/images/7122_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Deniz Uzuner was born in 1969 in Kocaeli-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1986, she attended the Hacettepe University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. \nIn 1993 she attended the Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics for her PhD education. After finishing the PhD education, she worked as orthodontist in Ankara Dental Hospital under the Turkish Government, Ministry of Health and in a special Orthodontic Clinic till 2011. Between 2011 and 2016, Dr. Deniz Uzuner worked as a specialist in the Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University in Ankara/Turkey. In 2016, she was appointed associate professor. Dr. Deniz Uzuner has authored 23 Journal Papers, 3 Book Chapters and has had 39 oral/poster presentations. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"332914",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Saad",middleName:null,surname:"Shaikh",slug:"muhammad-saad-shaikh",fullName:"Muhammad Saad Shaikh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Jinnah Sindh Medical University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"315775",title:"Dr.",name:"Feng",middleName:null,surname:"Luo",slug:"feng-luo",fullName:"Feng Luo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sichuan University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"423519",title:"Dr.",name:"Sizakele",middleName:null,surname:"Ngwenya",slug:"sizakele-ngwenya",fullName:"Sizakele Ngwenya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"419270",title:"Dr.",name:"Ann",middleName:null,surname:"Chianchitlert",slug:"ann-chianchitlert",fullName:"Ann Chianchitlert",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"419271",title:"Dr.",name:"Diane",middleName:null,surname:"Selvido",slug:"diane-selvido",fullName:"Diane Selvido",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"419272",title:"Dr.",name:"Irin",middleName:null,surname:"Sirisoontorn",slug:"irin-sirisoontorn",fullName:"Irin Sirisoontorn",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"355660",title:"Dr.",name:"Anitha",middleName:null,surname:"Mani",slug:"anitha-mani",fullName:"Anitha Mani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"355612",title:"Dr.",name:"Janani",middleName:null,surname:"Karthikeyan",slug:"janani-karthikeyan",fullName:"Janani Karthikeyan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334400",title:"Dr.",name:"Suvetha",middleName:null,surname:"Siva",slug:"suvetha-siva",fullName:"Suvetha Siva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"90",type:"subseries",title:"Human Development",keywords:"Neuroscientific research, Brain functions, Human development, UN’s human development index, Self-awareness, Self-development",scope:"