Socio-demographic characteristics of study participants.
\\n\\n
These books synthesize perspectives of renowned scientists from the world’s most prestigious institutions - from Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute in Japan to Stanford University in the United States, including Columbia University (US), University of Sidney (AU), University of Miami (USA), Cardiff University (UK), and many others.
\\n\\nThis collaboration embodied the true essence of Open Access by simplifying the approach to OA publishing for Academic editors and authors who contributed their research and allowed the new research to be made available free and open to anyone anywhere in the world.
\\n\\nTo celebrate the 50 books published, we have gathered them at one location - just one click away, so that you can easily browse the subjects of your interest, download the content directly, share it or read online.
\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:null},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched formed a partnership to support researchers working in engineering sciences by enabling an easier approach to publishing Open Access content. Using the Knowledge Unlatched crowdfunding model to raise the publishing costs through libraries around the world, Open Access Publishing Fee (OAPF) was not required from the authors.
\n\nInitially, the partnership supported engineering research, but it soon grew to include physical and life sciences, attracting more researchers to the advantages of Open Access publishing.
\n\n\n\nThese books synthesize perspectives of renowned scientists from the world’s most prestigious institutions - from Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute in Japan to Stanford University in the United States, including Columbia University (US), University of Sidney (AU), University of Miami (USA), Cardiff University (UK), and many others.
\n\nThis collaboration embodied the true essence of Open Access by simplifying the approach to OA publishing for Academic editors and authors who contributed their research and allowed the new research to be made available free and open to anyone anywhere in the world.
\n\nTo celebrate the 50 books published, we have gathered them at one location - just one click away, so that you can easily browse the subjects of your interest, download the content directly, share it or read online.
\n\n\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"9973",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Data Acquisition - Recent Advances and Applications in Biomedical Engineering",title:"Data Acquisition",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Applications in Biomedical Engineering",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Recent advances in sensor design, embedded systems, and communication networks allow us to collect valuable biomedical data effectively. The new biomedical data acquisition systems make significant contributions to life quality as well as support healthcare and diagnostic procedures. This book presents several innovative applications of data acquisition technology for monitoring patient activity, assisted living, diagnosing osteoarthritis, recognizing disorders of the cardiovascular system, and designing prostheses for amputees.",isbn:"978-1-83968-037-3",printIsbn:"978-1-83968-036-6",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83968-038-0",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.87796",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"data-acquisition-recent-advances-and-applications-in-biomedical-engineering",numberOfPages:116,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"75ea6cdd241216c9db28aa734ab34446",bookSignature:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",publishedDate:"March 17th 2021",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9973.jpg",numberOfDownloads:2991,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:5,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:9,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:14,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"November 11th 2019",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"March 3rd 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"May 2nd 2020",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"July 21st 2020",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"September 19th 2020",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",biography:"Bartłomiej Płaczek, MSc (2002), Ph.D. (2005), Habilitation (2016), is a professor at the University of Silesia, Institute of Computer Science, Poland, and an expert from the National Centre for Research and Development. His research interests include sensor networks, smart sensors, intelligent systems, and image processing with applications in healthcare and medicine. He is the author or co-author of more than seventy papers in peer-reviewed journals and conferences as well as the co-author of several books. He serves as a reviewer for many scientific journals, international conferences, and research foundations. Since 2010, Dr. Placzek has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in the field of information technologies.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1345",title:"Bioinformatics",slug:"technology-biomedical-engineering-bioinformatics"}],chapters:[{id:"74248",title:"Introductory Chapter: Data Acquisition",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95019",slug:"introductory-chapter-data-acquisition",totalDownloads:280,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74248",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74248",authors:[{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek"}],corrections:null},{id:"73411",title:"Real-Time Capable Sensor Data Analysis-Framework for Intelligent Assistance Systems",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93735",slug:"real-time-capable-sensor-data-analysis-framework-for-intelligent-assistance-systems",totalDownloads:302,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In the industrialized countries, the very old part of the population has been growing rapidly for many years. In the next few years in particular, the age cohort over 65 will increase significantly. This goes hand in hand with illnesses and other physical and cognitive limitations. In order to enable these people to remain in their own homes for as long as possible despite physical and cognitive restrictions, technologies are being used to create ambient assisted living applications. However, most of these systems are neither medically verified nor are latencies short enough, for example, to avoid falls. In order to overcome these problems, a promising approach is to use the new 5G network technology. Combined with a suitable sensor data analysis frame work, the fast care project showed that a real-time situation picture of the patient in the form of an Avatar could be generated. The sensor structure records the heart rate, the breathing rate, analyzes the gait and measures the temperature, the VOC content of the room air, and its humidity. An emergency button has also been integrated. In a laboratory demonstrator, it was shown that the infrastructure realizes a real-time visualization of the sensor data over a heterogeneous network.",signatures:"Ulrich H.P. Fischer, Sabrina Hoppstock, Peter Kußmann and Isabell Steuding",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73411",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73411",authors:[{id:"35000",title:"Prof.",name:"Ulrich H.P",surname:"Fischer",slug:"ulrich-h.p-fischer",fullName:"Ulrich H.P Fischer"},{id:"318655",title:"MSc.",name:"Sabrina",surname:"Hoppstock",slug:"sabrina-hoppstock",fullName:"Sabrina Hoppstock"},{id:"318656",title:"BSc.",name:"Peter",surname:"Kußmann",slug:"peter-kussmann",fullName:"Peter Kußmann"},{id:"318657",title:"MSc.",name:"Isabell",surname:"Steuding",slug:"isabell-steuding",fullName:"Isabell Steuding"}],corrections:null},{id:"72580",title:"Acoustic Monitoring of Joint Health",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92868",slug:"acoustic-monitoring-of-joint-health",totalDownloads:558,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"The joints of the human body, especially the knees, are continually exposed to varying loads as a person goes about their day. These loads may contribute to damage to tissues including cartilage and the development of degenerative medical conditions such as osteoarthritis (OA). The most commonly used method currently for classifying the severity of knee OA is the Kellgren and Lawrence system, whereby a grade (a KL score) from 0 to 4 is determined based on the radiographic evidence. However, radiography cannot directly depict cartilage damage, and there is low inter-observer precision with this method. As such, there has been a significant activity to find non-invasive and radiation-free methods to quantify OA, in order to facilitate the diagnosis and the appropriate course of medical action and to validate the development of therapies in a research or clinical setting. A number of different teams have noted that variation in knee joint sounds during different loading conditions may be indicative of structural changes within the knee potentially linked to OA. Here we will review the use of acoustic methods, such as acoustic Emission (AE) and vibroarthrography (VAG), developed for the monitoring of knee OA, with a focus on the issues surrounding data collection and analysis.",signatures:"Lucy Spain and David Cheneler",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72580",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72580",authors:[{id:"319073",title:"Dr.",name:"David",surname:"Cheneler",slug:"david-cheneler",fullName:"David Cheneler"},{id:"319195",title:"Dr.",name:"Lucy",surname:"Spain",slug:"lucy-spain",fullName:"Lucy Spain"}],corrections:null},{id:"73234",title:"Control of a Prosthetic Arm Using fNIRS, a Neural-Machine Interface",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93565",slug:"control-of-a-prosthetic-arm-using-fnirs-a-neural-machine-interface",totalDownloads:637,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Development in the field of bio-mechatronics has provided diverse ways to mimic and improve the function of human limbs. Without an elbow joint, the hand remains stiff because all the muscles tension passes through this joint. Advanced myoelectric prosthetic devices are limited due to the lack of appropriate signal sources on residual amputee muscles and insufficient real-time control. Neural-machine interfaces (NMI) are representing a recent approach to develop effective applications. In this research study, an NMI is designed that presents real-time signal processing for command generation. The human brain hemodynamic responses are, therefore, translated into control commands for people suffering from transhumeral amputation. A novel and first of its kind scheme is proposed which utilizes functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) to generate the control commands for a three-degree-of-freedom (DOF) prosthetic arm. The time window for fNIRS signals was set to 1 second. The average accuracy was found to be 82% which is a state-of-the-art result for such a technique. The accuracy ranged from 65 to 85% subject-wise. The data were trained and tested on both artificial neural network (ANN) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA). Eight out of 10 motions were correctly predicted in real time by both classifiers.",signatures:"Usama Ali Syed, Zareena Kausar and Neelum Yousaf Sattar",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73234",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73234",authors:[{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed"},{id:"328508",title:"Ms.",name:"Neelum",surname:"Yousaf Sattar",slug:"neelum-yousaf-sattar",fullName:"Neelum Yousaf Sattar"},{id:"328509",title:"Dr.",name:"Zareena",surname:"Kausar",slug:"zareena-kausar",fullName:"Zareena Kausar"}],corrections:null},{id:"72124",title:"Flicker-Noise Spectroscopy Method in the Problem of Diagnosing the State of the Cardiovascular System",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92264",slug:"flicker-noise-spectroscopy-method-in-the-problem-of-diagnosing-the-state-of-the-cardiovascular-syste",totalDownloads:494,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In the field of research of the cardiovascular system, mainly analysis methods that are strictly mathematically applicable to stationary signals are distinguished; however, nonstationary signals prevail in medical practice, the statistical properties of which vary with time. Often they consist of short-term high-frequency components, followed by long-term low-frequency components. Given this nature of bioelectric potentials, and in particular electrocardiographic signals, the most suitable for their analysis may be the nonlinear dynamics method with the calculation of quantitative characteristics of chaos. This possibility is presented by the flicker-noise spectroscopy method, which takes into account the intermittency effect in a complex dynamic system when sections of chaotic bursts and jumps alternate with relatively long sections of a laminar nature. The analysis of signals of such a dynamic nature is usually based on the use of flicker-noise spectroscopy.",signatures:"Abdullayev Namiq Tahir and Ahmadova Khadija Ramiz",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72124",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72124",authors:[{id:"315220",title:"Dr.",name:"Namik Tahir",surname:"Abdullayev",slug:"namik-tahir-abdullayev",fullName:"Namik Tahir Abdullayev"},{id:"315291",title:"Dr.",name:"Khadija Ramiz",surname:"Ahmadova",slug:"khadija-ramiz-ahmadova",fullName:"Khadija Ramiz Ahmadova"}],corrections:null},{id:"75395",title:"Biomedical Applications with Using Embedded Systems",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96070",slug:"biomedical-applications-with-using-embedded-systems",totalDownloads:720,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Besides the use of embedded systems in the field of electrical and electronics engineering, industrial, telecommunication, military, and many other commercial applications, and the other applications in the field of medical and biomedical are becoming increasingly common. Embedded system applications are increasing not only with designs on devices or with clothing, factories, medical and military equipments, portable devices, but also with applications such as ‘mobile worlds’ and ‘e-worlds’, Artificial Intelligence and IoT (Internet of things) with the possibility to make all kinds of software on them. In recent years, with the rise of infectious diseases such as the Covid 19 virus, there is a growing need for telemedicine applications such as diagnosis, prognosis and patient management. Embedded system technologies have occupied an important area in biomedical technology. Especially, to develop tools for the purposes of increasing the safety of healthcare workers in the event of epidemic infectious diseases in processes such as pandemics. For this purpose, monitoring of patients discharged from hospitals at home or non-intensive care beds during quarantine, or isolated in their homes, outpatient, and mildly ill, remotely, instantly, safely and quickly, are becoming increasingly important. In this section, we will give an overview of the embedded system structure and applications.",signatures:"Gulcicek Dere",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75395",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75395",authors:[{id:"318714",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Gulcicek",surname:"Dere",slug:"gulcicek-dere",fullName:"Gulcicek Dere"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:{id:"7",series:{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",issn:"2631-5343",editor:{id:"50150",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Koprowski",slug:"robert-koprowski",fullName:"Robert Koprowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTYNQA4/Profile_Picture_1630478535317",biography:"Robert Koprowski, MD (1997), PhD (2003), Habilitation (2015), is an employee of the University of Silesia, Poland, Institute of Computer Science, Department of Biomedical Computer Systems. For 20 years, he has studied the analysis and processing of biomedical images, emphasizing the full automation of measurement for a large inter-individual variability of patients. Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}}}},tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"5874",title:"Structural Health Monitoring",subtitle:"Measurement Methods and Practical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"72f61895d84252f6f5b92b7625741743",slug:"structural-health-monitoring-measurement-methods-and-practical-applications",bookSignature:"Moises Rivas-Lopez, Wendy Flores Fuentes and Oleg Sergiyenko",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5874.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"178178",title:"Dr.",name:"Moises",surname:"Rivas-Lopez",slug:"moises-rivas-lopez",fullName:"Moises Rivas-Lopez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8646",title:"Systems Biology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e7735d2fe6193b7b256c7098be4adcf4",slug:"systems-biology",bookSignature:"Dimitrios Vlachakis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8646.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"179110",title:"Dr.",name:"Dimitrios",surname:"Vlachakis",slug:"dimitrios-vlachakis",fullName:"Dimitrios Vlachakis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"314",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",subtitle:"Cells and Biomaterials",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb67e80e480c86bb8315458012d65686",slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"78823",slug:"erratum-covid-19-transmission-in-children-implications-for",title:"Erratum: COVID-19 Transmission in Children: Implications for Schools",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/78823.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78823",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78823",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/78823",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/78823",chapter:{id:"77986",slug:"covid-19-transmission-in-children-implications-for-schools",signatures:"Evelyn Mendoza-Torres, Franklin Torres, Wendy Rosales-Rada, Liliana Encinales, Lil Avendaño, María Fernanda Pérez, Ivana Terán, David Vergara, Estefanie Osorio-Llanes, Paige Fierbaugh, Wendy Villamizar, Aileen Y. Chang and Jairo Castellar-Lopez",dateSubmitted:"June 15th 2021",dateReviewed:"July 12th 2021",datePrePublished:"September 13th 2021",datePublished:"March 16th 2022",book:{id:"10707",title:"Primary Health Care",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Primary Health Care",slug:"primary-health-care",publishedDate:"March 16th 2022",bookSignature:"Ayşe Emel Önal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10707.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"25840",title:"Prof.",name:"Ayse Emel",middleName:null,surname:"Onal",slug:"ayse-emel-onal",fullName:"Ayse Emel Onal"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"342716",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Aileen",middleName:null,surname:"Y. Chang",fullName:"Aileen Y. Chang",slug:"aileen-y.-chang",email:"chang@email.gwu.edu",position:null,institution:null},{id:"342718",title:"Dr.",name:"Evelyn",middleName:null,surname:"Mendoza-Torres",fullName:"Evelyn Mendoza-Torres",slug:"evelyn-mendoza-torres",email:"evelyn.mendozat@unilibre.edu.co",position:null,institution:null},{id:"427633",title:"Dr.",name:"Franklin",middleName:null,surname:"Torres",fullName:"Franklin Torres",slug:"franklin-torres",email:"dummy+427633@intechopen.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"427634",title:"Dr.",name:"Wendy",middleName:null,surname:"Rosales-Rada",fullName:"Wendy Rosales-Rada",slug:"wendy-rosales-rada",email:"dummy+427634@intechopen.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"427635",title:"Dr.",name:"Liliana",middleName:null,surname:"Encinales",fullName:"Liliana Encinales",slug:"liliana-encinales",email:"dummy+427635@intechopen.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"427636",title:"Dr.",name:"Lil",middleName:null,surname:"Avendaño",fullName:"Lil Avendaño",slug:"lil-avendano",email:"dummy+427636@intechopen.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"427637",title:"Dr.",name:"María Fernanda",middleName:null,surname:"Pérez",fullName:"María Fernanda Pérez",slug:"maria-fernanda-perez",email:"dummy+427637@intechopen.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"427638",title:"Dr.",name:"Ivana",middleName:null,surname:"Terán",fullName:"Ivana Terán",slug:"ivana-teran",email:"dummy+427638@intechopen.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"427639",title:"Dr.",name:"David",middleName:null,surname:"Vergara",fullName:"David Vergara",slug:"david-vergara",email:"dummy+427639@intechopen.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"427640",title:"Dr.",name:"Estefanie",middleName:null,surname:"Osorio-Llanes",fullName:"Estefanie Osorio-Llanes",slug:"estefanie-osorio-llanes",email:"dummy+427640@intechopen.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"427641",title:"Dr.",name:"Paige",middleName:null,surname:"Fierbaugh",fullName:"Paige Fierbaugh",slug:"paige-fierbaugh",email:"dummy+427641@intechopen.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"427642",title:"Dr.",name:"Wendy",middleName:null,surname:"Villamizar",fullName:"Wendy Villamizar",slug:"wendy-villamizar",email:"dummy+427642@intechopen.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"457495",title:"Dr.",name:"Jairo",middleName:null,surname:"Castellar-Lopez",fullName:"Jairo Castellar-Lopez",slug:"jairo-castellar-lopez",email:"dummy+427643@intechopen.com",position:null,institution:null}]}},chapter:{id:"77986",slug:"covid-19-transmission-in-children-implications-for-schools",signatures:"Evelyn Mendoza-Torres, Franklin Torres, Wendy Rosales-Rada, Liliana Encinales, Lil Avendaño, María Fernanda Pérez, Ivana Terán, David Vergara, Estefanie Osorio-Llanes, Paige Fierbaugh, Wendy Villamizar, Aileen Y. Chang and Jairo Castellar-Lopez",dateSubmitted:"June 15th 2021",dateReviewed:"July 12th 2021",datePrePublished:"September 13th 2021",datePublished:"March 16th 2022",book:{id:"10707",title:"Primary Health Care",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Primary Health Care",slug:"primary-health-care",publishedDate:"March 16th 2022",bookSignature:"Ayşe Emel Önal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10707.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"25840",title:"Prof.",name:"Ayse Emel",middleName:null,surname:"Onal",slug:"ayse-emel-onal",fullName:"Ayse Emel Onal"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"342716",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Aileen",middleName:null,surname:"Y. Chang",fullName:"Aileen Y. Chang",slug:"aileen-y.-chang",email:"chang@email.gwu.edu",position:null,institution:null},{id:"342718",title:"Dr.",name:"Evelyn",middleName:null,surname:"Mendoza-Torres",fullName:"Evelyn Mendoza-Torres",slug:"evelyn-mendoza-torres",email:"evelyn.mendozat@unilibre.edu.co",position:null,institution:null},{id:"427633",title:"Dr.",name:"Franklin",middleName:null,surname:"Torres",fullName:"Franklin Torres",slug:"franklin-torres",email:"dummy+427633@intechopen.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"427634",title:"Dr.",name:"Wendy",middleName:null,surname:"Rosales-Rada",fullName:"Wendy Rosales-Rada",slug:"wendy-rosales-rada",email:"dummy+427634@intechopen.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"427635",title:"Dr.",name:"Liliana",middleName:null,surname:"Encinales",fullName:"Liliana Encinales",slug:"liliana-encinales",email:"dummy+427635@intechopen.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"427636",title:"Dr.",name:"Lil",middleName:null,surname:"Avendaño",fullName:"Lil Avendaño",slug:"lil-avendano",email:"dummy+427636@intechopen.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"427637",title:"Dr.",name:"María Fernanda",middleName:null,surname:"Pérez",fullName:"María Fernanda Pérez",slug:"maria-fernanda-perez",email:"dummy+427637@intechopen.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"427638",title:"Dr.",name:"Ivana",middleName:null,surname:"Terán",fullName:"Ivana Terán",slug:"ivana-teran",email:"dummy+427638@intechopen.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"427639",title:"Dr.",name:"David",middleName:null,surname:"Vergara",fullName:"David Vergara",slug:"david-vergara",email:"dummy+427639@intechopen.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"427640",title:"Dr.",name:"Estefanie",middleName:null,surname:"Osorio-Llanes",fullName:"Estefanie Osorio-Llanes",slug:"estefanie-osorio-llanes",email:"dummy+427640@intechopen.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"427641",title:"Dr.",name:"Paige",middleName:null,surname:"Fierbaugh",fullName:"Paige Fierbaugh",slug:"paige-fierbaugh",email:"dummy+427641@intechopen.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"427642",title:"Dr.",name:"Wendy",middleName:null,surname:"Villamizar",fullName:"Wendy Villamizar",slug:"wendy-villamizar",email:"dummy+427642@intechopen.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"457495",title:"Dr.",name:"Jairo",middleName:null,surname:"Castellar-Lopez",fullName:"Jairo Castellar-Lopez",slug:"jairo-castellar-lopez",email:"dummy+427643@intechopen.com",position:null,institution:null}]},book:{id:"10707",title:"Primary Health Care",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Primary Health Care",slug:"primary-health-care",publishedDate:"March 16th 2022",bookSignature:"Ayşe Emel Önal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10707.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"25840",title:"Prof.",name:"Ayse Emel",middleName:null,surname:"Onal",slug:"ayse-emel-onal",fullName:"Ayse Emel Onal"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"12144",leadTitle:null,title:"Mycorrhiza - New Insights",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"
\r\n\tThis book will cover the processes of the fungi that attach themselves to plant roots forming mycorrhizae, the mycorrhizal fungi. These fungi are symbiotrophic mutualists, meaning that they grow and feed on living plant tissues without harming the host tissues. Arbuscular mycorrhizae, ectomycorrhizae, and ectoendomycorrhizae will be discussed in more detail. We will cover the taxonomic classification of spore germination and biotrophism. The establishment of mycorrhizae results in a series of events coordinated by the fungus and the plant and their interactions. Therefore we will have the possibility to further explore the molecular and biochemical signals of mycorrhization, its intra and extra root signals, and their occurrence. Furthermore, we want to address the availability of nutrients in the soil according to its characteristics and those of the host plants. Finally, we will address the characteristics, use, and management of the soil for a better symbiotic association between the fungi and the roots. Thus, a better response to the growth of the host plants will be observed in this book.
",isbn:"978-1-83768-090-0",printIsbn:"978-1-83768-089-4",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83768-091-7",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"dddc237ff52d11c9acbfbd488686336b",bookSignature:"Dr. Rodrigo De Sousa",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12144.jpg",keywords:"Fungi, Glomeromycota, Arbuscular Mycorrhizae, Ectomycorrhiza, Ectoendomycorrhizae, Obligatory Biotrophs, Quiescence, Symbiosis, Occurrence of Mycorrhiza, Stimulation of Plant Growth, Nutrient Use Efficiency, Mycorrhizal Dependence",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"May 18th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"July 19th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"September 17th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"December 6th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"February 4th 2023",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"13 days",secondStepPassed:!1,areRegistrationsClosed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Dr. de Sousa is a researcher on alternative sources of fertilizers in Brazil. He obtained a Ph.D. in Soil Science and Plant Nutrition from the University of São Paulo (USP), Brazil. Dr. de Sousa completed an internship at the Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, USA.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"297508",title:"Dr.",name:"Rodrigo",middleName:null,surname:"De Sousa",slug:"rodrigo-de-sousa",fullName:"Rodrigo De Sousa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/297508/images/system/297508.jpg",biography:"Rodrigo Nogueira de Sousa obtained an undergraduate degree in Agronomic Engineering and a master’s in Soil Science and Plant Nutrition from the Federal University of Viçosa, Brazil, in 2016 and 2018, respectively. He obtained a Ph.D. in Soil Science and Plant Nutrition from the University of São Paulo (USP). From 2014 to 2015, he studied at North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, USA. He also completed an internship at the Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, USA, in 2015, for which he studied the management of nitrogen fertilization in corn crops. During his doctorate program, he studied the feasibility of alternative sources of phosphate fertilizers in tropical soils.",institutionString:"University of Sao Paulo",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"13",title:"Immunology and Microbiology",slug:"immunology-and-microbiology"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"440212",firstName:"Elena",lastName:"Vracaric",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/440212/images/20007_n.jpg",email:"elena@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager, my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"314",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",subtitle:"Cells and Biomaterials",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb67e80e480c86bb8315458012d65686",slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2270",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Materials Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e094b066da527193e878e160b4772af",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"872",title:"Organic Pollutants Ten Years After the Stockholm Convention",subtitle:"Environmental and Analytical Update",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f01dc7077e1d23f3d8f5454985cafa0a",slug:"organic-pollutants-ten-years-after-the-stockholm-convention-environmental-and-analytical-update",bookSignature:"Tomasz Puzyn and Aleksandra Mostrag-Szlichtyng",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/872.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"84887",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomasz",surname:"Puzyn",slug:"tomasz-puzyn",fullName:"Tomasz Puzyn"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"24925",title:"Fictitious Fuzzy-Magnet Concept in Solving Mobile–Robot Target Navigation, Obstacle Avoidance and Garaging Problems",doi:"10.5772/25493",slug:"fictitious-fuzzy-magnet-concept-in-solving-mobile-robot-target-navigation-obstacle-avoidance-and-gar",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/24925.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/24925",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/24925",totalDownloads:2377,totalViews:105,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,totalAltmetricsMentions:0,impactScore:0,impactScorePercentile:7,impactScoreQuartile:1,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"January 26th 2011",dateReviewed:"June 6th 2011",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"December 14th 2011",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/24925",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/24925",book:{id:"857",slug:"recent-advances-in-mobile-robotics"},signatures:"Srđan T. Mitrović and Željko M. Ðurović",authors:[{id:"63513",title:"Dr.",name:"Srđan",middleName:"T.",surname:"Mitrović",fullName:"Srđan Mitrović",slug:"srdjan-mitrovic",email:"srdjan.mitrovic@va.mod.gov.rs",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"University of Defence",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Czech Republic"}}},{id:"71214",title:"Prof.",name:"Željko",middleName:null,surname:"Đurović",fullName:"Željko Đurović",slug:"zeljko-djurovic",email:"zdjurovic@etf.bg.ac.rs",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"University of Belgrade",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Serbia"}}}],sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"857",type:"book",title:"Recent Advances in Mobile Robotics",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Recent Advances in Mobile Robotics",slug:"recent-advances-in-mobile-robotics",publishedDate:"December 14th 2011",bookSignature:"Andon Venelinov Topalov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/857.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-307-909-7",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-5580-5",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",numberOfWosCitations:75,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1262"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"24914",type:"chapter",title:"3D Visual Information for Dynamic Objects Detection and Tracking During Mobile Robot Navigation",slug:"3d-visual-information-for-dynamic-objects-detection-and-tracking-during-mobile-robot-navigation",totalDownloads:3036,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"D.-L. Almanza-Ojeda and M.-A. Ibarra-Manzano",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"25479",title:"Dr.",name:"Mario-Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Ibarra-Manzano",fullName:"Mario-Alberto Ibarra-Manzano",slug:"mario-alberto-ibarra-manzano"},{id:"41081",title:"Dr.",name:"Dora-Luz",middleName:null,surname:"Almanza-Ojeda",fullName:"Dora-Luz Almanza-Ojeda",slug:"dora-luz-almanza-ojeda"}]},{id:"24915",type:"chapter",title:"Development of an Autonomous Visual Perception System for Robots Using Object-Based Visual Attention",slug:"development-of-an-autonomous-visual-perception-system-for-robots-using-object-based-visual-attention",totalDownloads:2337,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Yuanlong Yu, George K. I. Mann and Raymond G. Gosine",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"64353",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuanlong",middleName:null,surname:"Yu",fullName:"Yuanlong Yu",slug:"yuanlong-yu"},{id:"71211",title:"Dr.",name:"George K. I.",middleName:null,surname:"Mann",fullName:"George K. I. Mann",slug:"george-k.-i.-mann"},{id:"71212",title:"Dr.",name:"Raymond G.",middleName:null,surname:"Gosine",fullName:"Raymond G. Gosine",slug:"raymond-g.-gosine"}]},{id:"24916",type:"chapter",title:"Three-Dimensional Environment Modeling Based on Structure from Motion with Point and Line Features by Using Omnidirectional Camera",slug:"three-dimensional-environment-modeling-based-on-structure-from-motion-with-point-and-line-features-b",totalDownloads:2443,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Ryosuke Kawanishi, Atsushi Yamashita and Toru Kaneko",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"2556",title:"Dr.",name:"Atsushi",middleName:null,surname:"Yamashita",fullName:"Atsushi Yamashita",slug:"atsushi-yamashita"},{id:"64426",title:"Dr.",name:"Ryosuke",middleName:null,surname:"Kawanishi",fullName:"Ryosuke Kawanishi",slug:"ryosuke-kawanishi"},{id:"64431",title:"Prof.",name:"Toru",middleName:null,surname:"Kaneko",fullName:"Toru Kaneko",slug:"toru-kaneko"}]},{id:"24917",type:"chapter",title:"Mobile Robot Position Determination",slug:"mobile-robot-position-determination",totalDownloads:5596,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Farouk Azizi and Nasser Houshangi",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"67941",title:"Prof.",name:"Nasser",middleName:null,surname:"Houshangi",fullName:"Nasser Houshangi",slug:"nasser-houshangi"},{id:"121196",title:"Dr.",name:"Farouk",middleName:null,surname:"Azizi",fullName:"Farouk Azizi",slug:"farouk-azizi"}]},{id:"24918",type:"chapter",title:"Vision Based Obstacle Avoidance Techniques",slug:"vision-based-obstacle-avoidance-techniques",totalDownloads:5040,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Mehmet Serdar Guzel and Robert Bicker",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"63630",title:"Mr.",name:"Mehmet Serdar",middleName:null,surname:"Guzel",fullName:"Mehmet Serdar Guzel",slug:"mehmet-serdar-guzel"},{id:"70331",title:"Dr.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Bicker",fullName:"Robert Bicker",slug:"robert-bicker"}]},{id:"24919",type:"chapter",title:"Non-Rigid Obstacle Avoidance for Mobile Robots",slug:"non-rigid-obstacle-avoidance-for-mobile-robots",totalDownloads:2546,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Junghee Park and Jeong S. Choi",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"63569",title:"MSc.",name:"Junghee",middleName:null,surname:"Park",fullName:"Junghee Park",slug:"junghee-park"},{id:"71976",title:"PhD.",name:"Jeong S.",middleName:null,surname:"Choi",fullName:"Jeong S. Choi",slug:"jeong-s.-choi"}]},{id:"24920",type:"chapter",title:"Path Planning of Mobile Robot in Relative Velocity Coordinates",slug:"path-planning-of-mobile-robot-in-relative-velocity-coordinates",totalDownloads:3283,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Yang Chen, Jianda Han and Liying Yang",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"9921",title:"Prof.",name:"Jianda",middleName:null,surname:"Han",fullName:"Jianda Han",slug:"jianda-han"},{id:"67301",title:"Dr.",name:"Yang",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",fullName:"Yang Chen",slug:"yang-chen"},{id:"71619",title:"Dr.",name:"Liying",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",fullName:"Liying Yang",slug:"liying-yang"}]},{id:"24921",type:"chapter",title:"Reachable Sets for Simple Models of Car Motion",slug:"reachable-sets-for-simple-models-of-car-motion",totalDownloads:3512,totalCrossrefCites:5,signatures:"Andrey Fedotov, Valerii Patsko and Varvara Turova",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"66090",title:"Dr.",name:"Varvara",middleName:null,surname:"Turova",fullName:"Varvara Turova",slug:"varvara-turova"},{id:"68923",title:"Prof.",name:"Valerii",middleName:null,surname:"Patsko",fullName:"Valerii Patsko",slug:"valerii-patsko"},{id:"69947",title:"Mr.",name:"Andrey",middleName:null,surname:"Fedotov",fullName:"Andrey Fedotov",slug:"andrey-fedotov"}]},{id:"24922",type:"chapter",title:"Neural Networks Based Path Planning and Navigation of Mobile Robots",slug:"neural-networks-based-path-planning-and-navigation-of-mobile-robots",totalDownloads:4105,totalCrossrefCites:8,signatures:"Valeri Kroumov and Jianli Yu",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"68141",title:"Prof.",name:"Valeri",middleName:null,surname:"Kroumov",fullName:"Valeri Kroumov",slug:"valeri-kroumov"},{id:"119164",title:"Prof.",name:"Jianli",middleName:null,surname:"Yu",fullName:"Jianli Yu",slug:"jianli-yu"}]},{id:"24923",type:"chapter",title:"Path Searching Algorithms of Multiple Robot System Applying in Chinese Chess Game",slug:"path-searching-algorithms-of-multiple-robot-system-applying-in-chinese-chess-game",totalDownloads:3368,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Jr-Hung Guo, Kuo-Lan Su and Sheng-Ven Shiau",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"1574",title:"Prof.",name:"Kuo-Lan",middleName:null,surname:"Su",fullName:"Kuo-Lan Su",slug:"kuo-lan-su"}]},{id:"24924",type:"chapter",title:"Motion Planning for Mobile Robots Via Sampling-Based Model Predictive Optimization",slug:"motion-planning-for-mobile-robots-via-sampling-based-model-predictive-optimization",totalDownloads:3576,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Damion D. Dunlap, Charmane V. Caldwell, Emmanuel G. Collins, Jr. and Oscar Chuy",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"29474",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Collins",fullName:"Emmanuel Collins",slug:"emmanuel-collins"},{id:"39955",title:"Dr.",name:"Damion",middleName:null,surname:"Dunlap",fullName:"Damion Dunlap",slug:"damion-dunlap"},{id:"39956",title:"Dr.",name:"Charmane",middleName:null,surname:"Caldwell",fullName:"Charmane Caldwell",slug:"charmane-caldwell"},{id:"39957",title:"Dr.",name:"Oscar",middleName:null,surname:"Chuy",fullName:"Oscar Chuy",slug:"oscar-chuy"}]},{id:"24925",type:"chapter",title:"Fictitious Fuzzy-Magnet Concept in Solving Mobile–Robot Target Navigation, Obstacle Avoidance and Garaging Problems",slug:"fictitious-fuzzy-magnet-concept-in-solving-mobile-robot-target-navigation-obstacle-avoidance-and-gar",totalDownloads:2377,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Srđan T. Mitrović and Željko M. Ðurović",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"63513",title:"Dr.",name:"Srđan",middleName:"T.",surname:"Mitrović",fullName:"Srđan Mitrović",slug:"srdjan-mitrovic"},{id:"71214",title:"Prof.",name:"Željko",middleName:null,surname:"Đurović",fullName:"Željko Đurović",slug:"zeljko-djurovic"}]},{id:"25020",type:"chapter",title:"Reliable Long-Term Navigation in Indoor Environments",slug:"reliable-long-term-navigation-in-indoor-environments",totalDownloads:2382,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Mattias Wahde, David Sandberg and Krister Wolff",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"68780",title:"Prof.",name:"Mattias",middleName:null,surname:"Wahde",fullName:"Mattias Wahde",slug:"mattias-wahde"},{id:"71078",title:"MSc.",name:"David",middleName:null,surname:"Sandberg",fullName:"David Sandberg",slug:"david-sandberg"}]},{id:"24926",type:"chapter",title:"Fuzzy Logic Based Navigation of Mobile Robots",slug:"fuzzy-logic-based-navigation-of-mobile-robots",totalDownloads:3806,totalCrossrefCites:9,signatures:"Amur S. Al Yahmedi and Muhammed A. Fatmi",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"63929",title:"Prof.",name:"Amur",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Yahmedi",fullName:"Amur Al-Yahmedi",slug:"amur-al-yahmedi"}]},{id:"24927",type:"chapter",title:"Navigation of Quantum-Controlled Mobile Robots",slug:"navigation-of-quantum-controlled-mobile-robots",totalDownloads:2510,totalCrossrefCites:7,signatures:"Eugene Kagan and Irad Ben-Gal",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"65048",title:"Dr.",name:"Eugene",middleName:null,surname:"Kagan",fullName:"Eugene Kagan",slug:"eugene-kagan"},{id:"113330",title:"Prof.",name:"Irad",middleName:null,surname:"Ben-Gal",fullName:"Irad Ben-Gal",slug:"irad-ben-gal"}]},{id:"24928",type:"chapter",title:"Tracking Control for Reliable Outdoor Navigation Using Curb Detection",slug:"tracking-control-for-reliable-outdoor-navigation-using-curb-detection",totalDownloads:2738,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Seung-Hun Kim",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"63534",title:"Mr.",name:"Seung-Hun",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",fullName:"Seung-Hun Kim",slug:"seung-hun-kim"}]},{id:"24929",type:"chapter",title:"Statistical Video Based Control of Mobile Robots",slug:"statistical-video-based-control-of-mobile-robots",totalDownloads:2657,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Krzysztof Okarma and Piotr Lech",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"65314",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Krzysztof",middleName:null,surname:"Okarma",fullName:"Krzysztof Okarma",slug:"krzysztof-okarma"},{id:"65319",title:"Dr.",name:"Piotr",middleName:null,surname:"Lech",fullName:"Piotr Lech",slug:"piotr-lech"}]},{id:"24930",type:"chapter",title:"An Embedded Type-2 Fuzzy Controller for a Mobile Robot Application",slug:"an-embedded-type-2-fuzzy-controller-for-a-mobile-robot-application",totalDownloads:3976,totalCrossrefCites:5,signatures:"Leonardo Leottau and Miguel Melgarejo",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"63777",title:"BSc",name:"Leonardo",middleName:null,surname:"Leottau Forero",fullName:"Leonardo Leottau Forero",slug:"leonardo-leottau-forero"},{id:"63779",title:"Prof.",name:"Miguel",middleName:null,surname:"Melgarejo",fullName:"Miguel Melgarejo",slug:"miguel-melgarejo"}]},{id:"24931",type:"chapter",title:"LQR Control Methods for Trajectory Execution in Omnidirectional Mobile Robots",slug:"lqr-control-methods-for-trajectory-execution-in-omnidirectional-mobile-robots",totalDownloads:3223,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Luis F. Lupián and Josué R. Rabadán-Martin",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"65004",title:"MSc.",name:"Luis F",middleName:null,surname:"Lupián",fullName:"Luis F Lupián",slug:"luis-f-lupian"},{id:"120453",title:"MSc.",name:"Josué R.",middleName:null,surname:"Rabadán-Martin",fullName:"Josué R. Rabadán-Martin",slug:"josue-r.-rabadan-martin"}]},{id:"24932",type:"chapter",title:"Feedback Equivalence and Control of Mobile Robots Through a Scalable FPGA Architecture",slug:"feedback-equivalence-and-control-of-mobile-robots-through-a-scalable-fpga-architecture",totalDownloads:3299,totalCrossrefCites:6,signatures:"G.P. Moustris, K.M. Deliparaschos and S.G. Tzafestas",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"67849",title:"Dr.",name:"George",middleName:"P.",surname:"Moustris",fullName:"George Moustris",slug:"george-moustris"},{id:"81032",title:"Dr.",name:"Kyriakos",middleName:"M",surname:"Deliparaschos",fullName:"Kyriakos Deliparaschos",slug:"kyriakos-deliparaschos"},{id:"81034",title:"Prof.",name:"Spyros",middleName:null,surname:"Tzafestas",fullName:"Spyros Tzafestas",slug:"spyros-tzafestas"}]},{id:"24933",type:"chapter",title:"Control Architecture Design and Localization for a Gas Cutting Robot",slug:"control-architecture-design-and-localization-for-a-gas-cutting-robot",totalDownloads:2032,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"KiSung You, HwangRyol Ryu and Chintae Choi",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"67568",title:"Dr.",name:"Ki Sung",middleName:null,surname:"You",fullName:"Ki Sung You",slug:"ki-sung-you"},{id:"71874",title:"Dr.",name:"Chintae",middleName:null,surname:"Choi",fullName:"Chintae Choi",slug:"chintae-choi"},{id:"71875",title:"Mr.",name:"HwangRyol",middleName:null,surname:"Ryu",fullName:"HwangRyol Ryu",slug:"hwangryol-ryu"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"3689",title:"Robot Manipulators",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"robot_manipulators",bookSignature:"Marco Ceccarelli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3689.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"5828",title:"Prof.",name:"Marco",surname:"Ceccarelli",slug:"marco-ceccarelli",fullName:"Marco Ceccarelli"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"5578",title:"Experimental Results on Variable Structure Control for an Uncertain Robot Model",slug:"experimental_results_on_variable_structure_control_for_an_uncertain_robot_model",signatures:"K. Bouyoucef1 K. Khorasani and M. Hamerlain",authors:[null]},{id:"5579",title:"Unit Quaternions: A Mathematical Tool for Modeling, Path Planning and Control of Robot Manipulators",slug:"unit_quaternions__a_mathematical_tool_for_modeling__path_planning_and_control_of_robot_manipulators",signatures:"Ricardo Campa and Karla Camarillo",authors:[null]},{id:"5580",title:"Kinematic Design of Manipulators",slug:"kinematic_design_of_manipulators",signatures:"Marco Ceccarelli and Erika Ottaviano",authors:[null]},{id:"5581",title:"Gentle Robotic Handling Using Acceleration Compensation",slug:"gentle_robotic_handling_using_acceleration_compensation",signatures:"Suei Jen Chen",authors:[null]},{id:"5582",title:"Calibration of Robot Reference Frames for Enhanced Robot Positioning Accuracy",slug:"calibration_of_robot_reference_frames_for_enhanced_robot_positioning_accuracy",signatures:"Frank Shaopeng Cheng",authors:[null]},{id:"5583",title:"Control of Robotic Systems Undergoing a Non-Contact to Contact Transition",slug:"control_of_robotic_systems_undergoing_a_non-contact_to_contact_transition",signatures:"S. Bhasin, K. Dupree and W. E. Dixon",authors:[null]},{id:"5584",title:"Motion Control of a Robot Manipulator in Free Space Based on Model Predictive Control",slug:"motion_control_of_a_robot_manipulator_in_free_space_based_on_model_predictive_control",signatures:"Vincent Duchaine, Samuel Bouchard and Clement Gosselin",authors:[null]},{id:"5585",title:"Experimental Control of Flexible Robot Manipulators",slug:"experimental_control_of_flexible_robot_manipulators",signatures:"A. Sanz and V. Etxebarria",authors:[null]},{id:"5586",title:"Improvement of Force Control in Robotic Manipulators Using Sensor Fusion Techniques",slug:"improvement_of_force_control_in_robotic_manipulators_using_sensor_fusion_techniques",signatures:"J. Gamez, A. Robertsson, J. Gomez Ortega and R. Johansson",authors:[null]},{id:"5587",title:"Adaptive Neural Network Based Fuzzy Sliding Mode Control of Robot Manipulator",slug:"adaptive_neural_network_based_fuzzy_sliding_mode_control_of_robot_manipulator",signatures:"Ayca Gokhan AK and Galip Cansever",authors:[null]},{id:"5588",title:"Impedance Control of Flexible Robot Manipulators",slug:"impedance_control_of_flexible_robot_manipulators",signatures:"Zhao-Hui Jiang",authors:[null]},{id:"5589",title:"Simple Effective Control for Robot Manipulators with Friction",slug:"simple_effective_control_for_robot_manipulators_with_friction",signatures:"Maolin Jin, Sang Hoon Kang and Pyung Hun Chang",authors:[null]},{id:"5590",title:"On Transpose Jacobian Control for Monocular Fixed-Camera 3D Direct Visual Servoing",slug:"on_transpose_jacobian_control_for_monocular_fixed-camera_3d_direct_visual_servoing",signatures:"Rafael Kelly, Ilse Cervantes, Jose Alvarez-Ramirez, Eusebio Bugarin and Carmen Monroy",authors:[null]},{id:"5591",title:"Novel Framework of Robot Force Control Using Reinforcement Learning",slug:"novel_framework_of_robot_force_control_using_reinforcement_learning",signatures:"Byungchan Kim and Shinsuk Park",authors:[null]},{id:"5592",title:"Link Mass Optimization Using Genetic Algorithms for Industrial Robot Manipulators",slug:"link_mass_optimization_using_genetic_algorithms_for_industrial_robot_manipulators",signatures:"Serdar Kucuk and Zafer Bingul",authors:[null]},{id:"5593",title:"FPGA-Realization of a Motion Control IC for Robot Manipulator",slug:"fpga-realization_of_a_motion_control_ic_for_robot_manipulator",signatures:"Ying-Shieh Kung and Chia-Sheng Chen",authors:[null]},{id:"5594",title:"Experimental Identification of the Inverse Dynamic Model: Minimal Encoder Resolution Needed Application to an Industrial Robot Arm and a Haptic Interface",slug:"experimental_identification_of_the_inverse_dynamic_model__minimal_encoder_resolution_needed_applicat",signatures:"Marcassus Nicolas, Alexandre Janot, Pierre-Olivier Vandanjon and Maxime Gautier",authors:[null]},{id:"5595",title:"Towards Simulation of Custom Industrial Robots",slug:"towards_simulation_of_custom_industrial_robots",signatures:"Cosmin Marcu and Radu Robotin",authors:[null]},{id:"5596",title:"Design and Simulation of Robot Manipulators Using a Modular Hardware-in-the-loop Platform",slug:"design_and_simulation_of_robot_manipulators_using_a_modular_hardware-in-the-loop_platform",signatures:"Adrian Martin and M. Reza Emami",authors:[null]},{id:"5597",title:"Soft-Computing Techniques for the Trajectory Planning of Multi-Robot Manipulator Systems",slug:"soft-computing_techniques_for_the_trajectory_planning_of_multi-robot_manipulator_systems",signatures:"Emmanuel A. Merchan-Cruz, Alan S. Morris and Javier Ramírez-Gordillo",authors:[null]},{id:"5598",title:"Robot Control Using On-Line Modification of Reference Trajectories",slug:"robot_control_using_on-line_modification_of_reference_trajectories",signatures:"Javier Moreno-Valenzuela",authors:[null]},{id:"5599",title:"Motion Behavior of Null Space in Redundant Robotic Manipulators",slug:"motion_behavior_of_null_space_in_redundant_robotic_manipulators",signatures:"Tsuyoshi Shibata and Toshiyuki Murakami",authors:[null]},{id:"5600",title:"Paddle Juggling by Robot Manipulator with Visual Servo",slug:"paddle_juggling_by_robot_manipulator_with_visual_servo",signatures:"Akira Nakashima, Yoshiyasu Sugiyama and Yoshikazu Hayakawa",authors:[null]},{id:"5601",title:"An Industrial Robot as Part of an Automatic System for Geometric Reverse Engineering",slug:"an_industrial_robot_as_part_of_an_automatic_system_for_geometric_reverse_engineering",signatures:"Mohamed Rahayem",authors:[null]},{id:"5602",title:"Sensing Planning of Calibration Measurements for Intelligent Robots",slug:"sensing_planning_of_calibration_measurements_for_intelligent_robots",signatures:"Mikko Sallinen and Tapio Heikkila",authors:[null]},{id:"5603",title:"Robot Programming in Machining Operations",slug:"robot_programming_in_machining_operations",signatures:"Bjorn Solvang, Gabor Sziebig and Peter Korondi",authors:[null]},{id:"5604",title:"Dynamic Visual Servoing with an Uncalibrated Eye-in-Hand Camera",slug:"dynamic_visual_servoing_with_an_uncalibrated_eye-in-hand_camera",signatures:"Hesheng Wang and Yun-Hui Liu",authors:[null]},{id:"5605",title:"Vision-Guided Robot Control for 3D Object Recognition and Manipulation",slug:"vision-guided_robot_control_for_3d_object_recognition_and_manipulation",signatures:"S. Q. Xie, E. Haemmerle, Y. Cheng and P. Gamage",authors:[null]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"857",title:"Recent Advances in Mobile Robotics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f0d60714b266e84fd76fd0f18ebeebae",slug:"recent-advances-in-mobile-robotics",bookSignature:"Andon Venelinov Topalov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/857.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3689",title:"Robot Manipulators",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"robot_manipulators",bookSignature:"Marco Ceccarelli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3689.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"5828",title:"Prof.",name:"Marco",surname:"Ceccarelli",slug:"marco-ceccarelli",fullName:"Marco Ceccarelli"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6105",title:"Mobile Robotics, Moving Intelligence",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5a118a7f27c5c73a4bc8a955ae7e2efb",slug:"mobile_robotics_moving_intelligence",bookSignature:"Jonas Buchli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6105.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"144262",title:"Dr.",name:"Jonas",surname:"Buchli",slug:"jonas-buchli",fullName:"Jonas Buchli"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7227",title:"Applications of Mobile Robots",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b4993517c29aed9abd474e362370e28a",slug:"applications-of-mobile-robots",bookSignature:"Efren Gorrostieta Hurtado",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7227.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"38850",title:"Dr.",name:"Efren",surname:"Gorrostieta Hurtado",slug:"efren-gorrostieta-hurtado",fullName:"Efren Gorrostieta Hurtado"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[{type:"book",id:"857",title:"Recent Advances in Mobile Robotics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f0d60714b266e84fd76fd0f18ebeebae",slug:"recent-advances-in-mobile-robotics",bookSignature:"Andon Venelinov Topalov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/857.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"77722",title:"Maternal Hepatitis Infections: Determining Seroprevalence of Hepatitis B and C Virus Infections and Associated Risk Factors among Healthy Mothers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99117",slug:"maternal-hepatitis-infections-determining-seroprevalence-of-hepatitis-b-and-c-virus-infections-and-a",body:'Viral hepatitis is one of the major causes of chronic liver disease and liver failure. In many countries, viral hepatitis is the leading cause of liver transplants. Such end-stage treatments are expensive, easily reaching up to hundreds of thousands of dollars per person [1]. In addition, viral hepatitis places a heavy burden on the economy of nations due to loss of productivity. Although the burden of viral hepatitis is very high, it has not received the attention it deserved from the global community [1, 2]. Various reasons account for this negligence, including the relatively recent discovery of the causative viruses, the mostly silent or benign nature of the disease in its early stages, and the insidious way in which it causes chronic liver disease [1].
Among viral hepatitis, hepatitis B and C infections are more often seen in blood, tissue, or organ recipients and people working or receiving treatment in health care facilities [2]. The WHO has estimated that there are more than 2 billion people infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV) and about 378 million HBV carriers worldwide, leading to approximately 620, 000 HBV related deaths every year [2, 3]. Further, it has been reported that 4.5 million new HBV infections occur worldwide each year, of which a quarter progresses to liver disease [2, 3].
HBV infection is endemic in Asia and sub-Saharan Africa thought to be the main etiological factor in over 75% of the chronic liver disease burden [3]. In sub-Saharan Africa, the prevalence of HBV surface antigen (HBsAg), which indicates active infection, is 3–20% and prevalence of markers for past exposure range from 60 to 99.Since Ethiopia is located in Sub-Saharan Africa, it is considered an area of high endemicity for HBV infection.
Meanwhile, approximately 170 million individuals are infected with hepatitis C virus worldwide, leading to approximately 250 000 to 350 000 deaths per year [4].
Viral hepatitis is a key public health problem that poses an enormous risk for disease transmission in the general population, especially in children and mothers [2]. Reliable epidemiological data are essential for planning health programs and identifying risk groups, For example, the selection of appropriate treatment depends on the genotype of the virus, the presence or absence of cirrhosis, and on the degree of liver fibrosis [2]. Therefore, it is important to know the number of people infected with and dying from hepatitis related liver disease, the prevalence of hepatitis related morbidity, and the distribution of genotypes and fibrosis stages [3]. Unfortunately, estimates of these key epidemiological parameters are limited by the lack of data from in developing countries like Ethiopia.
In Ethiopia, only few community-based seroepidemiology studies have previously been done on the prevalence of HBV and HCV. These studies, which were investigating the prevalence of these viruses among pregnant mothers, blood donors, HIV infected individuals, health care workers, and medical waste handlers, have indicated that hepatitis infections are endemic in Ethiopia, with varying levels of endemicity from region to region [5]. However, community based hepatitis studies focusing on the prevalence of hepatitis B or/and C infection in mothers have not been conducted. Thus, the current study aims to measure the prevalence of hepatitis B and C infection and contributing factors among apparently healthy mothers. This study is important to define the prevalence of these viral infections and associated risks among apparently healthy mothers, in order to adopt effective preventive strategies, guidelines, and educational programmers. Overall, screening asymptomatic people is important for early diagnosis and intervention.
This study was conducted in Addis Ababa city, which has a population of about 3.6 million and an average household size of 5.8 persons per household [6]. According to the 2007 national census, 98.6% of the housing units in Addis Ababa have access to safe drinking water. In addition, 14.9% have flush toilets, 70.7% have pit toilet, and 14.3% have no toilet facilities [7]. Values for other reported common indicators of the standard of living for Addis Ababa showed that as of 2012 0.1% of the inhabitants fall into the lowest wealth quintile [6]. Adult literacy for men and woman is 93.6% and 79.9% respectively the highest in the nation for both sexes. Further, the civic (urban) infant mortality rate is 45 infant deaths per 1,000 live births, which is less than the nationwide average of 77; at least half of these deaths occurred in the infants’ first month of life. HIV prevalence in Addis Ababa mothers was (5.2%) [7].
A community based cross-sectional study was conducted from June 2016 to May 2017. Administratively, Addis Ababa is divided into 10 Sub-cities and 116 Woredas. According to 2012 CSA, there are about around 700,000 households. Three sub-cities (Gulele, Kirkos, and Lideta) and seven Woredas within these sub-cities were selected randomly. Health extension workers from each Woredas using systematic random sampling technique selected 50–70 households. The proportional allocation value, which was used for selection, was calculated by dividing the total number of households in the study area to the total number of selected households. In the end, 454 non-pregnant apparently healthy mothers were included in this study.
Five milliliter of venous blood was collected and transported to the laboratory, where it was allowed to clot. Then, serum was separated by centrifugation at room temperature at 3000 rpm for four minutes, and then it was stored at −20°C until further use.
The principal investigator used a structured interview to collect data on socio-demographic variables and associated risk factors from the study participants. Principal investigator collected the data.
Sandwich Elisa was used to measure serum level HBsAg, Anti-HBc, and anti-HCV in all samples Bio-Rad ELISA kits were used for this study [8].
Data entry and analysis was done using SPSS version 20.0. Chi-square test was used to determine the association between serological results and different hepatitis infection associated factors. In addition, it was used to compare categorical data, to evaluate the difference in prevalence between groups in the bivariate logistic analysis, and to determine statistical significance. To determine the association between the data obtained from the questionnaire and the laboratory results, odds ratios (ORs) and their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using logistic regression analysis. A p-value <0.05 was considered as statistically significant.
Standard operating procedures were followed during blood sample collection, processing, and analysis of data. All ELISA experiments were conducted according to the manufacturer’s instruction. The performance of Monolisa™ HBsAg ULTRA was determined using test samples. A sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 99.94% were recorded. The Monolisa™ Anti-HBc PLUS test resulted in 99.53% sensitivity and 99.5% specificity. The Monolisa™ HCV Ag-Ab ULTRA assay had 100% sensitivity and 99.83% specificity. According to the manufacturer’s instruction, positive samples were tested in duplicates before final interpretation. In addition, positive and negative controls were run as the test runs.
The study received ethical approval from Ethical Review Committee and Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Addis Ababa University, College of Health Sciences, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology and the Armauer Hansen Research Institute (AHRI). Support letter was obtained from Addis Ababa Health Bureau.
A total of 454 mothers were involved in this study and the mean age of the study subjects was 32.75 ± 5.79 (SD) years, (range: 20 to 57 years). Majority of the mothers belonged to the 30–34 age group (33.5%), followed by 25–29 (25.1%) and 35–39 (25.1%) age group. Further, most (81.7%) of the study participants were married (Table 1).
Socio-demographic characteristics | Numbers | Percentage (%) | |
---|---|---|---|
Age group | 20–24 | 21 | 4.6 |
25–29 | 114 | 25.1 | |
30–34 | 152 | 33.5 | |
35–39 | 114 | 25.1 | |
40–44 | 34 | 7.5 | |
45–49 | 14 | 3.1 | |
50–54 | 3 | 0.7 | |
55–59 | 2 | 0.4 | |
Education | Illiterate | 52 | 11.5 |
1–8 | 260 | 57.3 | |
9–12 | 106 | 23.4 | |
≥College | 36 | 7.9 | |
Marital status | Married | 371 | 81.7 |
Unmarried | 9 | 2.0 | |
Divorced | 67 | 14.8 | |
widowed | 7 | 1.5 | |
Occupation | Housewife | 249 | 54.9 |
Employed | 57 | 12.5 | |
Daily laborer | 55 | 12.1 | |
Private | 93 | 20.8 | |
Family size | 1–4 | 194 | 42.5 |
5–6 | 210 | 46.2 | |
≥7 | 50 | 11.0 | |
Total | 454 | 100 |
Socio-demographic characteristics of study participants.
Overall, 42.3% (95% CI: 39.5–46.1%) of apparently healthy mothers were positive for HBsAg, HBcAb or HCV antibody. The sero-prevalence for HBsAg was 17/454 (3.7%), while it was 165/454 (36.3%) for HBcAb and 9/454 (2.0%) for anti-HCV. 17/454 (3.7%) of the study participants were positive for both HBsAg and HBcAb. The prevalence of HBV and HCV infection segregated by age can be found in Table 2.
Socio-demographic characteristics | Numbers | HBsAg Positive (%) | HBcAb Positive (%) | HCV Positive (%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age group | 20–24 | 21 | 0(0.0) | 6(28.6) | 0(0.0) |
25–29 | 114 | 8(7.0) | 34(29.9) | 1(0.9) | |
30–34 | 152 | 7(4.6) | 55(36.2) | 4(2.6) | |
35–39 | 114 | 2(1.8) | 40(35.1) | 3(2.6) | |
40–44 | 34 | 0(0.0) | 19(55.9) | 0(0.0) | |
45–49 | 14 | 0(0.0) | 8(57.1) | 0(0.0) | |
50–54 | 3 | 0(0.0) | 2(66.7) | 1(33.3) | |
55–59 | 2 | 0(0.0) | 1(50.0) | 0(0.0) | |
Education | Illiterate | 52 | 0(0.0) | 11(21.2) | 1(2.0) |
1–8 | 260 | 12(4.6) | 97(37.3) | 4(1.5) | |
9–12 | 106 | 3(2.8) | 43(41.0) | 3(2.8) | |
≥College | 36 | 2(5.6) | 14(38.9) | 1(2.8) | |
Marital status | Married | 371 | 16(4.3) | 137(37.2) | 4(1.1) |
Unmarried | 9 | 1(11.1) | 2(22.2) | 0(0.0) | |
Divorced | 67 | 0(0.0) | 24(35.8) | 4(6.0) | |
widowed | 7 | 0(0.0) | 1(28.6) | 1(14.3) | |
Occupation | Housewife | 249 | 11(4,5 | 92(36.9) | 4(1.6) |
Employed | 57 | 0(0.0) | 23(40.4) | 1(1.8) | |
Daily laborer | 55 | 4(7.3) | 16(29.1) | 2(3.6) | |
Private | 93 | 2(2.2) | 34(36.6) | 2(2.2) | |
Family size | 1–4 | 194 | 3(1.5) | 66(34.0) | 2(1.0) |
5–6 | 210 | 9(4.3) | 77(36.7) | 7(3.3) | |
≥7 | 50 | 5(10.0) | 22(44.0) | 0(0.0) | |
Total | 454 | 17(3.7) | 165(36.3) | 9(2.0) |
The prevalence of HBsAg, HBcAb and anti-HCV antibodies segregated by socio-demographic characteristics.
A positive association was observed between HBsAg seropositivity and participants’ number of households (p = 0.017), history of liver diseases p = 0.01), history of jaundice (p = 0.00), and family history of liver disease (p = 0.04) at 95% confidence interval. Among participants with history of liver disease (n = 31), history of jaundice (n = 9), and family history of hepatitis (n = 38), the prevalence of HBsAg was 13.9%, 30.8% and 10.5% respectively. On the other hand, age, level of education, marital status, occupation, alcohol consumption habits, caring for hepatitis patients, history of operation or cesarean section, history of female genital mutilation, history of sharp injury, history of blood transfusion, history of ear-piercing, dental procedure, having multiple sexual partner, and history of abortion, did not have significant association with having hepatitis B virus infection.
In addition, binary and multivariate logistic regressions were used to determine the association between the HBV associated risk factors with HBV infection. Few predictor variables showed statistically significant association with HBV infections. Mothers with a history of hepatitis were 5.5 times more likely to be HBV positive than mothers who had no such history (AOR = 5.5; CI (1.8–16.5); p = 0.003). Mothers who had a history of jaundice (AOR = 17.8 CI; (4.0–75.5); p = 0.03) were 17.8 times more likely to be HBV positive than their counterparts. Statistically significant association was observed between having contact with HBV infected household members and HBV infection (P = 0.05). Mothers who had previous history of household contact were 3.2 times more likely to have infection with HBV than those without previous history of household contact (AOR = 3.2; CI (1.0–10.4); P = 0.05) (Table 3).
S. No | Variables | HBsAg test result | COR (CI) 95% | AOR (CI) 95% | P-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Positive % | Negative | |||||
1. | Diagnosis history of hepatitis Yes No | 5(13.9) 12(2.9) | 31 406 | 5.5(1.8–16) 1.0(reference) | 5.4(1.8–16.5) | 0.03 |
2. | Caring of hepatitis patients Yes No | 2(4.8) 15(3.6) | 40 397 | 1.3(0.3–6.0) 1.0(reference) | 0.72 | |
3. | Operation Yes No | 4(2.5) 13(4.4) | 153 284 | 1.7(0.6–5.0) 1.0(reference) | 0.34 | |
4. | Sharp injury Yes No | 10(4.2) 7(3.2) | 227 210 | 1.3(0.5–3.6) 1.0(reference) | 0.57 | |
5. | Blood transfusion Yes No | 2(2.7) 15(3.5) | 25 412 | 2.3(0.5–10.6) 1.0(reference) | 0.29 | |
6. | History of jaundice Yes No | 4(30.8) 13(3.0) | 9 428 | 14.6(4.0–54) 1.0(reference) | 17.8(4–75.8) | 0.03 |
7. | Tattoo Yes No | 3(3.4) 14(3.8) | 86 351 | 1.2(0.33–4.13) 1.0(reference) | 0.82 | |
8. | Ear-piercing Yes No | 16(3.6) 1(7.7) | 425 12 | 1.2(0.06–3.7) 1.0(reference) | 0.46 | |
9. | Dental procedure Yes No | 5(3.2) 12(4.3) | 152 285 | 1.2(0.27–2.3) 1.0(reference) | 0.66 | |
10. | Multiple sexual partner Yes No | 4(5.8) 13(3.4) | 65 374 | 1.3(0.25–7.1) 1.0(reference) | 0.75 | |
11. | Family history of hepatitis Yes No | 4(9.5) 13(3.2) | 38 399 | 3.2(1.0–10.4) 1.0(reference) | 4.3(1.5–11) | 0.05 |
12. | History of abortion Yes No | 3(2.2) 14(4.4) | 136 301 | 2.0(0.2–3.4) 1.0(reference) | 0.25 | |
13. | Vaccine Yes No | 0 17 | 4 433 | 0.0 1.0(reference) | 0.99 |
Association between different risk factors and HBV infection.
Participants’ age group (p = 0.012), marital status (p = 0.05), caring for hepatitis patient (p = 0.01), blood transfusion history (p = 0.03), history of jaundice (p = 0.00), and family history of liver disease (p = 0.012) were significantly associated with HCV infection (Table 4). However, previous history of dental procedure, body tattooing, having multiple sexual partner, body piercing with sharp objects, and history of surgical procedure showed no significant association with having hepatitis C virus infection. In addition, HCV associated factors and their association with HCV infection was determined using binary and multivariate logistic regression. History of jaundice (AOR = 19.2; CI (3.5–104.9); p = 0.02) and alcohol consumption habit (AOR = 6.9; CI (1.3–37.0); p = 0.02) _were significantly associated with HCV positivity at 95% confidence interval. In the multivariate analysis, after adjustment for all other confounding variables, age group, marital status, history of blood transfusion and family history of liver disease has no impact on the acquisition of HCV infection as shown in Table 4.
HCV test result | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | Positive (%) | Negative (%) | COR(CI)95% | AOR(CI) 95% | P value |
Marital status Married Unmarried Divorced Widowed | 4(1.1) 0(0.0) 4(6.0) 1(14.3) | 367(98.9) 9(100) 63(94.0) 6(85.7) | 1.0 NA 5.8(1.4–23.8) 1.5(1.48–15.4) | 9.3(1.5–58.8) 34.5(1.2–100.0) | 0.01 - 0.01 0.004 |
Caring of hepatitis patient Yes No | 3(7.1) 6(1.5) | 39(92.9) 406(98.5) | 5.2(1.25–21.6) 1.0 | 0.59 | |
Blood transfusion Yes No | 2(7.7) 7(1.7) | 24(92.3) 421(98.3) | 5.0(1.0–25.4) 1.0 | 0.21 | |
History of jaundice Yes No | 2(8.3) 7(1.6) | 11(91.7) 434(98.4) | 11.3(2.1–60.6) 1.0 | 19.2(3.5–104.9) 1.0 | 0.02 |
Family history of liver hepatitis Yes No | 3(7.1) 6(1.5) | 39(92.9) 406(98.5) | 5.2(1.2–21.6) 1.0 | 0.72 | |
Alcohol consumption Yes No | 4(6.7) 5(1.3) | 56(93.3) 389(98.7) | 5.6(1.5–21.3) 1.0 | 6.9(1.3–37.0) 1.0 | 0.03 |
Total % | 9(2.0) | 445(98.0) | 454 |
Association between risk factors and HCV infection.
HBV and HCV infections are significant health problems around the globe. Both infections are associated with a broad range of clinical presentations ranging from clinically asymptomatic, acute hepatitis to chronic hepatitis and liver cirrhosis [9]. Population based serological studies conducted on viral hepatitis have demonstrated the diversity of epidemiological patterns with regard to the risk of acquiring infection related to personal attributes, place and risk distribution [10]. Screening asymptomatic people is important for early diagnosis and intervention, which may improve health outcomes and enhance our understanding of diseases transmission pattern [10].
The results from this study revealed 3.7% sero-prevalence of HBsAg, which lies within the established standard intermediate endemicity of hepatitis B prevalence [11]. Even though this finding in agreement with the WHO intermediate level of endemicity, it may not represent the whole community. Because, this study mainly focuses on apparently healthy mothers in Addis Ababa, who represent only female populations; and it needs more inclusive sample from both sexes in order to argue the WHO established endemicity classifications. This result compares well with the results of a study conducted in Jimma on 493 pregnant women, where the seroprevalence was3.7% [12], and a study done in Addis Ababa on delivering women, which had sero-prevalence of 3.0% [13], and studies done in Woldia and south Gondar on diabetes and non-diabetic patients, where the seroprevalence for both was 3.7% [14]. The reported HBsAg prevalence of this study was higher than what was reported in studies conducted in Dessie on healthy female blood donors (1.5%) [15], in Addis Ababa on Public Health Centers cleaners (3.57%) [5], and in Jimma on blood donors 2.1% [16]. In contrast, it was lower than what was reported in studies conducted documented in Dessie on pregnant women (4.9%) [17], in Gondar, Bahir Dar, Dessie and Mekelle on blood donors (6.2%) [18], Shashemene (5.7%) [19], Ghana (10.6%) [20], and in Addis Ababa on the community (6.2%) [21]. The observed discrepancies in HBV distribution across different geographical locations might be attributed by variation in socio-demographic characteristics of the study population, such as socio-cultural environment, traditional practices, sexual practices, medical exposure, and the difference in hepatitis and other underlined disease epidemiology. Moreover, the variation could also be due to circulating genotypes, which is responsible for disease severity as well as treatment responses, methodological difference (test method, study design etc.), the level of awareness, and behavioral differences for the potential risk factors of HBV infection.
The overall sero-prevalence of HCV (2.0%) in this study is similar to a study conducted in Gabon (2.1%) [22], a study conducted in Sudan (1.9%) [23], sero-prevalence of the general population of Ethiopia (2.0%) [24], a study conducted in Poland (1.9%) [25] and a study conducted in northern Ethiopia volunteer testing and counseling center (2.0%) [26]. This finding was also comparable with other reports found in health center cleaners in Addis Ababa (1.59%) [5] and in blood banks at Gondar, Bahirdar, Dessie and Mekele (1.7%) [15].
In contrast, this finding was higher in a report from Dessie blood bank 0.39% [15], Jimma adult blood donors 0.2% [17], Debretabor hospital among HIV patients 1.3% [25], Arba Minch blood bank, in southern Ethiopia 0.0% [24], in Dessie among pregnant mothers was 0.8% [27], 0.19% in Indian women [28], and in Nigerian pregnant women 1.39% [29]. Moreover, our finding was lower than what was reported in studies from Gondar (5%) [30], Hawassa (6%), Kigali (5.2%), Rwanda [31], and Ghana (7.7%) [32]. These differences may be attributed to difference in sensitivity and specificity of methods used, e.g. ELISA vs. Rapid test. Another reason for these differences could be using different study designs. Usually, facility based study designs have overestimation because their population is composed of people that have already observed some of the symptoms of the infection. Sampling technique: those convenient sampling techniques usually are subjected to bias etc.), population variation, types of risk exposure and sample size that have a great effect on the result different studies.
In this study, most of socio-demographic variables were not associated with HCV infection. However, caring for hepatitis patients and history of jaundice were significantly associated with the occurrence of HCV infection. These findings were supported by a study conducted in Ethiopian public hospitals [30]. In the present study, no statistical significant differences were observed for HBV and HCV infections in terms of age, sex, occupation and educational status. This study was supported by a study reported in Amhara regional state general populations [33] and a study done in Felege Hiwot Referral Hospital, northwest Ethiopia [34].
The highest prevalence of HBsAg was detected among apparently healthy mothers, who were 25–29 or 30–34 years old. This was in agreement with studies conducted in Shashemene General Hospital, southern Ethiopia; Shenyang, China; Debretabor hospital, South Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia; Addis Ababa, Ethiopia [9, 30, 35, 36], and Nigeria [29]. The observed high prevalence of HBV positivity among younger age group could be due to h the high probability of exposure to high risk health behaviors.
The present study investigated the association of HBV infection prevalence and level of education. Higher prevalence was observed among those with primary level of education. This finding was in agreement with previous study conducted in Ethiopia among pregnant women [36]. History of liver disease, history of jaundice, and family history of liver disease were significantly associated with HBV infection and were important predictors of HBV infection. These findings were supported by a study conducted in Bahirdar [37], in Debretabor hospital [27], Gondar hospital, [29], and in Karachi, Pakistan [38].
The present study showed 3.7% and 2.0% for HBV and HCV infection prevalence, respectively. This result was an intermediate prevalence of HBV and HCV infection among apparently healthy mothers. This was in line with World Health Organization’s regional HBV and HCV infection burdens [4, 9].
In our study setting, there was intermediate level of HBV and HCV prevalence apparently healthy mothers. Therefore, there is a need for timely intervention strategies to alleviate the burden of HBV and HCV infection in this community. This prevalence rate also calls for additional efforts regarding active screening and vaccination for young adults and public health education campaigns in the media to promote better awareness of viral hepatitis risk factors.
In this study, mothers within the ages of 24–29 and 30–34 had the two highest prevalence of HBV, 7.0% and 4.6% respectively. It may be at high risk and serves as a reservoir which requires routine screening and vaccine schedules (for HBV) may be important for those high risk groups.
This shows higher level of carrier status in mothers at reproductive age. This might increase risk of mother-to-infant transmission in the study areas.
Among the assessed variables and clinical presentations, previous history of liver disease, history of jaundice, and family history of liver disease were significantly associated with HBV infections. On the other hand, marital status, consumption of alcohol, and history of jaundice were significantly associated with the occurrence of HCV infection.
Scaling up of screening of pregnant and non-pregnant mothers for HBV and HCV infections and provision of health education about the risk factors, the mode of transmissions, and prevention are recommended. Population based studies with additional serological markers and molecular techniques are required to design a working strategy for evidence-based intervention. Therefore, screening apparently healthy mothers is an important tool in early diagnosis and intervention.
The Ministry of Health through the Clinical Research Capacity Building program at the Armauer Hansen Research Institute (AHRI) funded the study. I would like to acknowledge all AHRI laboratory staff for their technical and administrative support. Further, I would like to extend my thanks and appreciation to the study participants and health extension workers in Addis Ababa.
There was no conflict of interest between the author and other parties.
As a company committed to the wider dissemination of knowledge, IntechOpen supports the OAI Metadata Harvesting Protocol (OAI-PMH Version 2.0).
',metaTitle:"OAI-PMH",metaDescription:"As a firm believer in the wider dissemination of knowledge, IntechOpen supports the OAI Metadata Harvesting Protocol (OAI-PMH Version 2.0).",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/oai-pmh",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"The OAI-PMH (Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting) is used to govern the collection of metadata descriptions and enables other archives to access our database. The Protocol has been developed by the Open Archives Initiative, based on ensuring interoperability standards in order to ease and promote broader and more efficient dissemination of information within the scientific community.
\\n\\nWe have adopted the Protocol to increase the number of readers of our publications. All our Works are more widely accessible, with resulting benefits for scholars, researchers, students, libraries, universities and other academic institutions. Through this method of exposing metadata, IntechOpen enables citation indexes, scientific search engines, scholarly databases, and scientific literature collections to gather metadata from our repository and make our publications available to a broader academic audience.
\\n\\nAs a Registered Data Provider, metadata for published Books and Chapters are available via our interface at the base URL: http://mts.intechopen.com/oai/index.php
\\n\\nREQUESTS
\\n\\nYou can find out more about the Protocol by visiting the Open Archives website. For additional questions please contact us at ai@intechopen.com.
\\n\\nDATABASES
\\n\\nDatabases, repositories and search engines that provide services based on metadata harvested using the OAI metadata harvesting protocol include:
\\n\\nBASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine
\\n\\nOne of the world's most powerful search engines, used primarily for academic Open Access web resources.
\\n\\n\\n\\nA search engine for online catalogues of publications from all over the world.
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'The OAI-PMH (Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting) is used to govern the collection of metadata descriptions and enables other archives to access our database. The Protocol has been developed by the Open Archives Initiative, based on ensuring interoperability standards in order to ease and promote broader and more efficient dissemination of information within the scientific community.
\n\nWe have adopted the Protocol to increase the number of readers of our publications. All our Works are more widely accessible, with resulting benefits for scholars, researchers, students, libraries, universities and other academic institutions. Through this method of exposing metadata, IntechOpen enables citation indexes, scientific search engines, scholarly databases, and scientific literature collections to gather metadata from our repository and make our publications available to a broader academic audience.
\n\nAs a Registered Data Provider, metadata for published Books and Chapters are available via our interface at the base URL: http://mts.intechopen.com/oai/index.php
\n\nREQUESTS
\n\nYou can find out more about the Protocol by visiting the Open Archives website. For additional questions please contact us at ai@intechopen.com.
\n\nDATABASES
\n\nDatabases, repositories and search engines that provide services based on metadata harvested using the OAI metadata harvesting protocol include:
\n\nBASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine
\n\nOne of the world's most powerful search engines, used primarily for academic Open Access web resources.
\n\n\n\nA search engine for online catalogues of publications from all over the world.
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{regionId:"4",sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",middleName:null,surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/58592/images/1664_n.jpg",biography:"Arun K. Shanker is serving as a Principal Scientist (Plant Physiology) with the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) at the Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture in Hyderabad, India. He is working with the ICAR as a full time researcher since 1993 and has since earned his Advanced degree in Crop Physiology while in service. He has been awarded the prestigious Member of the Royal Society of Chemistry (MRSC), by the Royal Society of Chemistry, London in 2015. Presently he is working on systems biology approach to study the mechanism of abiotic stress tolerance in crops. His main focus now is to unravel the mechanism of drought and heat stress response in plants to tackle climate change related threats in agriculture.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Council of Agricultural Research",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",middleName:"P",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/4782/images/system/4782.jpg",biography:"Bishnu P. Pal is Professor of Physics at Mahindra École\nCentrale Hyderabad India since July 1st 2014 after retirement\nas Professor of Physics from IIT Delhi; Ph.D.’1975 from IIT\nDelhi; Fellow of OSA and SPIE; Senior Member IEEE;\nHonorary Foreign Member Royal Norwegian Society for\nScience and Arts; Member OSA Board of Directors (2009-\n11); Distinguished Lecturer IEEE Photonics Society (2005-\n07).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Delhi",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"69653",title:"Dr.",name:"Chusak",middleName:null,surname:"Limsakul",slug:"chusak-limsakul",fullName:"Chusak Limsakul",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Prince of Songkla University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"23804",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamzah",middleName:null,surname:"Arof",slug:"hamzah-arof",fullName:"Hamzah Arof",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/23804/images/5492_n.jpg",biography:"Hamzah Arof received his BSc from Michigan State University, and PhD from the University of Wales. Both degrees were in electrical engineering. His current research interests include signal processing and photonics. Currently he is affiliated with the Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Malaya, Malaysia.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaya",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"41989",title:"Prof.",name:"He",middleName:null,surname:"Tian",slug:"he-tian",fullName:"He Tian",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"East China University of Science and Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"33351",title:null,name:"Hendra",middleName:null,surname:"Hermawan",slug:"hendra-hermawan",fullName:"Hendra Hermawan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/33351/images/168_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Institut Teknologi Bandung",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"11981",title:"Prof.",name:"Hiroshi",middleName:null,surname:"Ishiguro",slug:"hiroshi-ishiguro",fullName:"Hiroshi Ishiguro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRglaQAC/Profile_Picture_1626411846553",biography:"Hiroshi Ishiguro is an award-winning roboticist and innovator. As the Director of the Intelligent Robotics Laboratory, which is part of the Department of Systems Innovation in the Graduate School of Engineering Science at Osaka University, Japan, Ishiguro concentrates on making robots that are similar as possible to humans to understand the human species. A notable project of his laboratory is the Actroid, a humanoid robot with a lifelike appearance and observable behavior such as facial movements. (Sources: http://www.geminoid.jp/en/index.html, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroshi_Ishiguro)",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Osaka University",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"45747",title:"Dr.",name:"Hsin-I",middleName:null,surname:"Chang",slug:"hsin-i-chang",fullName:"Hsin-I Chang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Chiayi University",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"61581",title:"Dr.",name:"Joy Rizki Pangestu",middleName:null,surname:"Djuansjah",slug:"joy-rizki-pangestu-djuansjah",fullName:"Joy Rizki Pangestu Djuansjah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/61581/images/237_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"94249",title:"Prof.",name:"Junji",middleName:null,surname:"Kido",slug:"junji-kido",fullName:"Junji Kido",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Yamagata University",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"12009",title:"Dr.",name:"Ki Young",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",slug:"ki-young-kim",fullName:"Ki Young Kim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12009/images/system/12009.jpg",biography:"Http://m80.knu.ac.kr/~doors",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Cheng Kung University",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"132595",title:"Prof.",name:"Long",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"long-wang",fullName:"Long Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Peking University",country:{name:"China"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:6675},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5955},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:2460},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:12718},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:1018},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:17721}],offset:12,limit:12,total:12720},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish",topicId:"23"},books:[{type:"book",id:"11773",title:"Archaeology - Challenges and Updates",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"17d91462fa926279f65164ac0d5641cd",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11773.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12119",title:"Multilingualism",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"eea6bdfe13e423a793fe42c262e0ae64",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12119.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12120",title:"Semiotics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"e73bee84e56c9d5d93516299ebb103ce",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12120.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12122",title:"Minorities",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"2d2abb62b7b8b8fbd71e09561b676ae7",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12122.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12123",title:"Heritage",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"cd87c7c1fb6a01f377378713388b9fd6",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12123.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12124",title:"Criminal Behavior",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"b0c407228070f8876b24ceb718516ed7",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12124.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12115",title:"European Politics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"274a7fe06bb1c3cf128bf7ad081c7c12",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12115.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12116",title:"Youth and Youth Work",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"5fcd245b25b23db90b3fd0430d61e168",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12116.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12117",title:"Terrorism",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"6e88a48205eb81b8374e9e8efac25f6e",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12117.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12118",title:"Demographic Data",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"b705a14a738532bab213b9d89765e069",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12118.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12132",title:"Human Rights",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f3306a31e38c30ccd546a14b105863d8",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12132.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12137",title:"Teacher Education",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f9bbb35473f1020bba800955b5a5b9f8",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/cover.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:36},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:12},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:22},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:23},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:15},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:61},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:15},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:24},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:108},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:3}],offset:12,limit:12,total:34},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10858",title:"MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses)",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d32f86793bc72dde32532f509b1ec5b0",slug:"mooc-massive-open-online-courses-",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10858.jpg",editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10195",title:"Serotonin and the CNS",subtitle:"New Developments in Pharmacology and Therapeutics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7ed9d96da98233a885bd2869a8056c36",slug:"serotonin-and-the-cns-new-developments-in-pharmacology-and-therapeutics",bookSignature:"Berend Olivier",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10195.jpg",editors:[{id:"71579",title:"Prof.",name:"Berend",middleName:null,surname:"Olivier",slug:"berend-olivier",fullName:"Berend Olivier"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10755",title:"Corporate Governance",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ffe06d1d5c4bf0fc2e63511825fe1257",slug:"corporate-governance-recent-advances-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali and Feyza Bhatti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10755.jpg",editors:[{id:"196317",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Okechukwu Lawrence",middleName:null,surname:"Emeagwali",slug:"okechukwu-lawrence-emeagwali",fullName:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11120",title:"Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e77514288e7394f1e6cd13481af3509",slug:"environmental-impact-and-remediation-of-heavy-metals",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh and Amal I. Hassan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11120.jpg",editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10901",title:"Grapes and Wine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5d7f2aa74874444bc6986e613ccebd7c",slug:"grapes-and-wine",bookSignature:"Antonio Morata, Iris Loira and Carmen González",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10901.jpg",editors:[{id:"180952",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Morata",slug:"antonio-morata",fullName:"Antonio Morata"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11080",title:"Engineering Principles",subtitle:"Welding and Residual Stresses",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6c07a13a113bce94174b40096f30fb5e",slug:"engineering-principles-welding-and-residual-stresses",bookSignature:"Kavian Omar Cooke and Ronaldo Câmara Cozza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11080.jpg",editors:[{id:"138778",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavian",middleName:"Omar",surname:"Cooke",slug:"kavian-cooke",fullName:"Kavian Cooke"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11029",title:"Hepatitis B",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"609701f502efc3538c112ff47a2c2119",slug:"hepatitis-b",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11029.jpg",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9537",title:"Human Rights in the Contemporary World",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"54f05b93812fd434f3962956d6413a6b",slug:"human-rights-in-the-contemporary-world",bookSignature:"Trudy Corrigan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9537.jpg",editors:[{id:"197557",title:"Dr.",name:"Trudy",middleName:null,surname:"Corrigan",slug:"trudy-corrigan",fullName:"Trudy Corrigan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11371",title:"Cerebral Circulation",subtitle:"Updates on Models, Diagnostics and Treatments of Related Diseases",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e2d3335445d2852d0b906bb9750e939f",slug:"cerebral-circulation-updates-on-models-diagnostics-and-treatments-of-related-diseases",bookSignature:"Alba Scerrati, Luca Ricciardi and Flavia Dones",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11371.jpg",editors:[{id:"182614",title:"Dr.",name:"Alba",middleName:null,surname:"Scerrati",slug:"alba-scerrati",fullName:"Alba Scerrati"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11012",title:"Radiopharmaceuticals",subtitle:"Current Research for Better Diagnosis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f9046d6f96148b285e776f384991120d",slug:"radiopharmaceuticals-current-research-for-better-diagnosis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Farid A. Badria",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11012.jpg",editors:[{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9974",title:"E-Learning and Digital Education in the Twenty-First Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88b58d66e975df20425fc1dfd22d53aa",slug:"e-learning-and-digital-education-in-the-twenty-first-century",bookSignature:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9974.jpg",editors:[{id:"94099",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Mahruf C.",middleName:null,surname:"Shohel",slug:"m.-mahruf-c.-shohel",fullName:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4433},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10858",title:"MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses)",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d32f86793bc72dde32532f509b1ec5b0",slug:"mooc-massive-open-online-courses-",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10858.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1677,editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10195",title:"Serotonin and the CNS",subtitle:"New Developments in Pharmacology and Therapeutics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7ed9d96da98233a885bd2869a8056c36",slug:"serotonin-and-the-cns-new-developments-in-pharmacology-and-therapeutics",bookSignature:"Berend Olivier",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10195.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1337,editors:[{id:"71579",title:"Prof.",name:"Berend",middleName:null,surname:"Olivier",slug:"berend-olivier",fullName:"Berend Olivier"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10755",title:"Corporate Governance",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ffe06d1d5c4bf0fc2e63511825fe1257",slug:"corporate-governance-recent-advances-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali and Feyza Bhatti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10755.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1309,editors:[{id:"196317",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Okechukwu Lawrence",middleName:null,surname:"Emeagwali",slug:"okechukwu-lawrence-emeagwali",fullName:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11120",title:"Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e77514288e7394f1e6cd13481af3509",slug:"environmental-impact-and-remediation-of-heavy-metals",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh and Amal I. Hassan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11120.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:847,editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10901",title:"Grapes and Wine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5d7f2aa74874444bc6986e613ccebd7c",slug:"grapes-and-wine",bookSignature:"Antonio Morata, Iris Loira and Carmen González",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10901.jpg",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2273,editors:[{id:"180952",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Morata",slug:"antonio-morata",fullName:"Antonio Morata"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11080",title:"Engineering Principles",subtitle:"Welding and Residual Stresses",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6c07a13a113bce94174b40096f30fb5e",slug:"engineering-principles-welding-and-residual-stresses",bookSignature:"Kavian Omar Cooke and Ronaldo Câmara Cozza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11080.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:591,editors:[{id:"138778",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavian",middleName:"Omar",surname:"Cooke",slug:"kavian-cooke",fullName:"Kavian Cooke"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:515,editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11029",title:"Hepatitis B",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"609701f502efc3538c112ff47a2c2119",slug:"hepatitis-b",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11029.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:413,editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9537",title:"Human Rights in the Contemporary World",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"54f05b93812fd434f3962956d6413a6b",slug:"human-rights-in-the-contemporary-world",bookSignature:"Trudy Corrigan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9537.jpg",publishedDate:"June 8th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2194,editors:[{id:"197557",title:"Dr.",name:"Trudy",middleName:null,surname:"Corrigan",slug:"trudy-corrigan",fullName:"Trudy Corrigan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11371",title:"Cerebral Circulation",subtitle:"Updates on Models, Diagnostics and Treatments of Related Diseases",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e2d3335445d2852d0b906bb9750e939f",slug:"cerebral-circulation-updates-on-models-diagnostics-and-treatments-of-related-diseases",bookSignature:"Alba Scerrati, Luca Ricciardi and Flavia Dones",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11371.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:341,editors:[{id:"182614",title:"Dr.",name:"Alba",middleName:null,surname:"Scerrati",slug:"alba-scerrati",fullName:"Alba Scerrati"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"11043",title:"Endometriosis",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Treatments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7baf1c70b11d41400bb9302ae9411ca4",slug:"endometriosis-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-treatments",bookSignature:"Giovana Ap. Gonçalves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11043.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"185930",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Giovana",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"giovana-goncalves",fullName:"Giovana Gonçalves"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10536",title:"Campylobacter",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c4b132b741dd0a2ed539b824ab63965f",slug:"campylobacter",bookSignature:"Guillermo Tellez-Isaias and Saeed El-Ashram",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10536.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"73465",title:"Dr.",name:"Guillermo",middleName:null,surname:"Téllez",slug:"guillermo-tellez",fullName:"Guillermo Téllez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10798",title:"Starch",subtitle:"Evolution and Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f197f6062c1574a9a90e50a369271bcf",slug:"starch-evolution-and-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10798.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"94311",title:"Prof.",name:"Martins",middleName:"Ochubiojo",surname:"Ochubiojo Emeje",slug:"martins-ochubiojo-emeje",fullName:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11083",title:"Hazardous Waste Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d553bd4f6f1c4b115ca69bd19faac7dc",slug:"hazardous-waste-management",bookSignature:"Rajesh Banu Jeyakumar, Kavitha Sankarapandian and Yukesh Kannah Ravi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11083.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"218539",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh Banu",middleName:null,surname:"Jeyakumar",slug:"rajesh-banu-jeyakumar",fullName:"Rajesh Banu Jeyakumar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10848",title:"Tribology of Machine Elements",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3c4ca4c4692ca8d4fa749b4ae81ec1fa",slug:"tribology-of-machine-elements-fundamentals-and-applications",bookSignature:"Giuseppe Pintaude, Tiago Cousseau and Anna Rudawska",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10848.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"18347",title:"Prof.",name:"Giuseppe",middleName:null,surname:"Pintaude",slug:"giuseppe-pintaude",fullName:"Giuseppe Pintaude"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10856",title:"Crude Oil",subtitle:"New Technologies and Recent Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8d0a7ca35b3de95b295dc4eab39a087e",slug:"crude-oil-new-technologies-and-recent-approaches",bookSignature:"Manar Elsayed Abdel-Raouf and Mohamed Hasan El-Keshawy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10856.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"102626",title:"Prof.",name:"Manar",middleName:null,surname:"Elsayed Abdel-Raouf",slug:"manar-elsayed-abdel-raouf",fullName:"Manar Elsayed Abdel-Raouf"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9625",title:"Spinocerebellar Ataxia",subtitle:"Concepts, Particularities and Generalities",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"365a7025fd46eb45de2549bdd9d50b98",slug:"spinocerebellar-ataxia-concepts-particularities-and-generalities",bookSignature:"Patricia Bozzetto Ambrosi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9625.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"221787",title:"Dr.",name:"Patricia",middleName:null,surname:"Bozzetto Ambrosi",slug:"patricia-bozzetto-ambrosi",fullName:"Patricia Bozzetto Ambrosi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10905",title:"Plant Defense Mechanisms",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"84ad5b27dde5f01dc76087d0fd6fa834",slug:"plant-defense-mechanisms",bookSignature:"Josphert Ngui Kimatu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10905.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"224171",title:"Prof.",name:"Josphert N.",middleName:null,surname:"Kimatu",slug:"josphert-n.-kimatu",fullName:"Josphert N. Kimatu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10686",title:"Natural Gas",subtitle:"New Perspectives and Future Developments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"581763788a6a59e653a9d1d9b5a42d79",slug:"natural-gas-new-perspectives-and-future-developments",bookSignature:"Maryam Takht Ravanchi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10686.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"2416",title:"Dr.",name:"Maryam",middleName:null,surname:"Takht Ravanchi",slug:"maryam-takht-ravanchi",fullName:"Maryam Takht Ravanchi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10988",title:"Railway Transport Planning and Manageme",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5cb54cc53caedad9ec78372563c82e2c",slug:"railway-transport-planning-and-management",bookSignature:"Stefano de Luca, Roberta Di Pace and Chiara Fiori",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10988.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"271061",title:"Prof.",name:"Stefano",middleName:null,surname:"de Luca",slug:"stefano-de-luca",fullName:"Stefano de Luca"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"368",title:"Pestology",slug:"agricultural-and-biological-sciences-plant-biology-pestology",parent:{id:"41",title:"Plant Biology",slug:"agricultural-and-biological-sciences-plant-biology"},numberOfBooks:23,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:1027,numberOfWosCitations:2912,numberOfCrossrefCitations:1180,numberOfDimensionsCitations:3346,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"368",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"4787",title:"Herbicides",subtitle:"Physiology of Action and Safety",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"128eb14988dc3e20fd3f402e8eb413a6",slug:"herbicides-physiology-of-action-and-safety",bookSignature:"Andrew Price, Jessica Kelton and Lina Sarunaite",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4787.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"13747",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrew",middleName:null,surname:"Price",slug:"andrew-price",fullName:"Andrew Price"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5298",title:"Herbicides",subtitle:"Agronomic Crops and Weed Biology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"64ccebc6b029c1349c7d8e882a5341f2",slug:"herbicides-agronomic-crops-and-weed-biology",bookSignature:"Andrew Price, Jessica Kelton and Lina Sarunaite",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5298.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"13747",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrew",middleName:null,surname:"Price",slug:"andrew-price",fullName:"Andrew Price"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3477",title:"Herbicides",subtitle:"Current Research and Case Studies in Use",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"793817029a616fa096c3ffb2d68d04ff",slug:"herbicides-current-research-and-case-studies-in-use",bookSignature:"Andrew J. Price and Jessica A. Kelton",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3477.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"13747",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrew",middleName:null,surname:"Price",slug:"andrew-price",fullName:"Andrew Price"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3557",title:"Herbicides",subtitle:"Advances in Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"013e7d01b6a7b47e35eef2648972a558",slug:"herbicides-advances-in-research",bookSignature:"Andrew J. Price and Jessica A. Kelton",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3557.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"13747",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrew",middleName:null,surname:"Price",slug:"andrew-price",fullName:"Andrew Price"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2917",title:"Fungicides",subtitle:"Showcases of Integrated Plant Disease Management from Around the World",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"665dd19d4542cd0322655651e6aadfeb",slug:"fungicides-showcases-of-integrated-plant-disease-management-from-around-the-world",bookSignature:"Mizuho Nita",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2917.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"98153",title:"Dr.",name:"Mizuho",middleName:null,surname:"Nita",slug:"mizuho-nita",fullName:"Mizuho Nita"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3521",title:"Weed and Pest Control",subtitle:"Conventional and New Challenges",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"66ed4d91a67af8b180cb863d339021c1",slug:"weed-and-pest-control-conventional-and-new-challenges",bookSignature:"Sonia Soloneski and Marcelo Larramendy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3521.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"14863",title:"Dr.",name:"Sonia",middleName:null,surname:"Soloneski",slug:"sonia-soloneski",fullName:"Sonia Soloneski"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3083",title:"Soybean",subtitle:"Pest Resistance",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4046b5f670fa7e27e71d2e35bd645411",slug:"soybean-pest-resistance",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3083.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3006",title:"Pesticides",subtitle:"Recent Trends in Pesticide Residue Assay",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e40e118b31e44422f9f6a253d4d9b9b7",slug:"pesticides-recent-trends-in-pesticide-residue-assay",bookSignature:"R.P. Soundararajan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3006.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"145081",title:"Dr.",name:"R.P.",middleName:null,surname:"Soundararajan",slug:"r.p.-soundararajan",fullName:"R.P. Soundararajan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2216",title:"Pesticides",subtitle:"Advances in Chemical and Botanical Pesticides",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"47f8991faa031547b7e5bdf66b6e8131",slug:"pesticides-advances-in-chemical-and-botanical-pesticides",bookSignature:"R.P. Soundararajan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2216.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"145081",title:"Dr.",name:"R.P.",middleName:null,surname:"Soundararajan",slug:"r.p.-soundararajan",fullName:"R.P. Soundararajan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"874",title:"Integrated Pest Management and Pest Control",subtitle:"Current and Future Tactics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f9bb193803d54978099900e0645e2637",slug:"integrated-pest-management-and-pest-control-current-and-future-tactics",bookSignature:"Marcelo L. Larramendy and Sonia Soloneski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/874.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"14863",title:"Dr.",name:"Sonia",middleName:null,surname:"Soloneski",slug:"sonia-soloneski",fullName:"Sonia Soloneski"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"697",title:"Herbicides",subtitle:"Environmental Impact Studies and Management Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c18713c32f2fc04aec568212da2116c4",slug:"herbicides-environmental-impact-studies-and-management-approaches",bookSignature:"Ruben Alvarez-Fernandez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/697.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"88682",title:"Dr.",name:"Ruben",middleName:null,surname:"Alvarez-Fernandez",slug:"ruben-alvarez-fernandez",fullName:"Ruben Alvarez-Fernandez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"619",title:"Fungicides for Plant and Animal Diseases",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"197a68ef55ea6ab48097b8f492c741ad",slug:"fungicides-for-plant-and-animal-diseases",bookSignature:"D. Dhanasekaran, N. Thajuddin and A. Panneerselvam",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/619.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"48914",title:"Dr.",name:"Dharumadurai",middleName:null,surname:"Dhanasekaran",slug:"dharumadurai-dhanasekaran",fullName:"Dharumadurai Dhanasekaran"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:23,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"21989",doi:"10.5772/17184",title:"Bacillus-Based Biological Control of Plant Diseases",slug:"bacillus-based-biological-control-of-plant-diseases",totalDownloads:17384,totalCrossrefCites:64,totalDimensionsCites:150,abstract:null,book:{id:"432",slug:"pesticides-in-the-modern-world-pesticides-use-and-management",title:"Pesticides in the Modern World",fullTitle:"Pesticides in the Modern World - Pesticides Use and Management"},signatures:"Hélène Cawoy, Wagner Bettiol, Patrick Fickers and Marc Ongena",authors:[{id:"27515",title:"Prof.",name:"Patrick",middleName:null,surname:"Fickers",slug:"patrick-fickers",fullName:"Patrick Fickers"},{id:"40395",title:"Dr.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Ongena",slug:"marc-ongena",fullName:"Marc Ongena"},{id:"108031",title:"Ms.",name:"Hélène",middleName:null,surname:"Cawoy",slug:"helene-cawoy",fullName:"Hélène Cawoy"},{id:"108032",title:"Dr.",name:"Wagner",middleName:null,surname:"Bettiol",slug:"wagner-bettiol",fullName:"Wagner Bettiol"}]},{id:"44466",doi:"10.5772/56185",title:"Allelochemicals as Bioherbicides — Present and Perspectives",slug:"allelochemicals-as-bioherbicides-present-and-perspectives",totalDownloads:6429,totalCrossrefCites:44,totalDimensionsCites:105,abstract:null,book:{id:"3477",slug:"herbicides-current-research-and-case-studies-in-use",title:"Herbicides",fullTitle:"Herbicides - Current Research and Case Studies in Use"},signatures:"Dorota Soltys, Urszula Krasuska, Renata Bogatek and Agnieszka\nGniazdowska",authors:[{id:"162641",title:"Dr.",name:"Dorota",middleName:null,surname:"Soltys",slug:"dorota-soltys",fullName:"Dorota Soltys"},{id:"162661",title:"Dr.",name:"Agnieszka",middleName:null,surname:"Gniazdowska",slug:"agnieszka-gniazdowska",fullName:"Agnieszka Gniazdowska"},{id:"162664",title:"Prof.",name:"Renata",middleName:null,surname:"Bogatek",slug:"renata-bogatek",fullName:"Renata Bogatek"},{id:"167788",title:"Dr.",name:"Urszula",middleName:null,surname:"Krasuska",slug:"urszula-krasuska",fullName:"Urszula Krasuska"}]},{id:"25624",doi:"10.5772/32491",title:"Forty Years with Glyphosate",slug:"forty-years-with-glyphosate",totalDownloads:5164,totalCrossrefCites:28,totalDimensionsCites:92,abstract:null,book:{id:"2106",slug:"herbicides-properties-synthesis-and-control-of-weeds",title:"Herbicides",fullTitle:"Herbicides - Properties, Synthesis and Control of Weeds"},signatures:"András Székács and Béla Darvas",authors:[{id:"91712",title:"Dr.",name:"Andras",middleName:null,surname:"Szekacs",slug:"andras-szekacs",fullName:"Andras Szekacs"},{id:"97339",title:"Prof.",name:"Béla",middleName:null,surname:"Darvas",slug:"bela-darvas",fullName:"Béla Darvas"}]},{id:"20983",doi:"10.5772/17513",title:"Identity, Physical and Chemical Properties of Pesticides",slug:"identity-physical-and-chemical-properties-of-pesticides",totalDownloads:31581,totalCrossrefCites:28,totalDimensionsCites:66,abstract:null,book:{id:"176",slug:"pesticides-in-the-modern-world-trends-in-pesticides-analysis",title:"Pesticides in the Modern World",fullTitle:"Pesticides in the Modern World - Trends in Pesticides Analysis"},signatures:"Zacharia, James Tano",authors:[{id:"28551",title:"Dr.",name:"James T.",middleName:null,surname:"Zacharia",slug:"james-t.-zacharia",fullName:"James T. Zacharia"}]},{id:"13231",doi:"10.5772/14020",title:"Organophosphorous Pesticides - Mechanisms of Their Toxicity",slug:"organophosphorous-pesticides-mechanisms-of-their-toxicity",totalDownloads:19872,totalCrossrefCites:18,totalDimensionsCites:46,abstract:null,book:{id:"492",slug:"pesticides-the-impacts-of-pesticides-exposure",title:"Pesticides",fullTitle:"Pesticides - The Impacts of Pesticides Exposure"},signatures:"Tina Elersek and Metka Filipic",authors:[{id:"16542",title:"Dr.",name:"Metka",middleName:null,surname:"Filipic",slug:"metka-filipic",fullName:"Metka Filipic"},{id:"16547",title:"PhD.",name:"Tina",middleName:null,surname:"Elersek",slug:"tina-elersek",fullName:"Tina Elersek"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"49524",title:"Modes of Action of Different Classes of Herbicides",slug:"modes-of-action-of-different-classes-of-herbicides",totalDownloads:10759,totalCrossrefCites:14,totalDimensionsCites:32,abstract:"The mode of action of herbicides is important for understanding the management, classification, organization, and hierarchy of the herbicides. It also provides an insight into herbicide resistance, which continues to be a problem in sustainable agricultural management. The overuse of herbicides, just like other pesticides such as insecticides, has led to increased development of resistance among weeds, causing injury and destruction of useful plants in agriculture, land management, and other related industries. This chapter focuses on the main theme while providing in-depth analysis of the different modes of action of various classes of herbicides. The modes of action of herbicides are as variable as their chemical compositions as they focus on controlling susceptible plants through various biochemical means. Depending upon the specific mode of action at work, it may involve a plant enzyme or a biological system that the herbicide may interrupt, thus injuring or disrupting the regular plant growth and development and causing eventual plant death. Having an in-depth knowledge of the mode of action of herbicides is important in choosing a specific herbicide for a specific crop, understanding the injury symptoms, and devising an appropriate crop-management strategy.",book:{id:"4787",slug:"herbicides-physiology-of-action-and-safety",title:"Herbicides",fullTitle:"Herbicides, Physiology of Action, and Safety"},signatures:"Shariq I. Sherwani, Ibrahim A. Arif and Haseeb A. Khan",authors:[{id:"175207",title:"Prof.",name:"Haseeb",middleName:"Ahmad",surname:"Khan",slug:"haseeb-khan",fullName:"Haseeb Khan"},{id:"175222",title:"Mr.",name:"Shariq",middleName:null,surname:"Sherwani",slug:"shariq-sherwani",fullName:"Shariq Sherwani"},{id:"175223",title:"Prof.",name:"Ibrahim",middleName:null,surname:"Arif",slug:"ibrahim-arif",fullName:"Ibrahim Arif"}]},{id:"44984",title:"Toxicity of Herbicides: Impact on Aquatic and Soil Biota and Human Health",slug:"toxicity-of-herbicides-impact-on-aquatic-and-soil-biota-and-human-health",totalDownloads:4902,totalCrossrefCites:12,totalDimensionsCites:36,abstract:null,book:{id:"3477",slug:"herbicides-current-research-and-case-studies-in-use",title:"Herbicides",fullTitle:"Herbicides - Current Research and Case Studies in Use"},signatures:"Maria Aparecida Marin-Morales, Bruna de Campos Ventura-\nCamargo and Márcia Miyuki Hoshina",authors:[{id:"163013",title:"Dr",name:"Maria Aparecida",middleName:null,surname:"Marin-Morales",slug:"maria-aparecida-marin-morales",fullName:"Maria Aparecida Marin-Morales"}]},{id:"20795",title:"Chemical Control of Spiders and Scorpions in Urban Areas",slug:"chemical-control-of-spiders-and-scorpions-in-urban-areas",totalDownloads:7796,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:null,book:{id:"430",slug:"pesticides-in-the-modern-world-pests-control-and-pesticides-exposure-and-toxicity-assessment",title:"Pesticides in the Modern World",fullTitle:"Pesticides in the Modern World - Pests Control and Pesticides Exposure and Toxicity Assessment"},signatures:"Eduardo Novaes Ramires, Mario Antonio Navarro-Silva and Francisco de Assis Marques",authors:[{id:"25592",title:"Dr.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:"Novaes",surname:"Ramires",slug:"eduardo-ramires",fullName:"Eduardo Ramires"},{id:"46046",title:"Mr",name:"Francisco de Assis",middleName:null,surname:"Marques",slug:"francisco-de-assis-marques",fullName:"Francisco de Assis Marques"},{id:"46052",title:"Mr",name:"Mário Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Navarro",slug:"mario-antonio-navarro",fullName:"Mário Antonio Navarro"}]},{id:"49402",title:"Determining the Selectivity of Herbicides and Assessing Their Effect on Plant Roots - A Case Study with Indaziflam and Glyphosate Herbicides",slug:"determining-the-selectivity-of-herbicides-and-assessing-their-effect-on-plant-roots-a-case-study-wit",totalDownloads:2599,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"This chapter explores the general aspects of herbicide selectivity on plants, describing the various aspects of the topic, especially the action of herbicides on root crops and presenting a case study with the suggestion of a methodology to evaluate herbicide action on roots in perennial culture and thus determine their selectivity. This study was carried out under field conditions, over a period of four years, where the effect of indaziflam and glyphosate herbicides on roots of Coffee and Citrus plants was evaluated. The results demonstrate that the methodology used to assess the effect of herbicides on the roots was important to validate and qualify safe herbicide selectivity towards crops. Thus, this analysis should be indicated as a routine method for studies to assess the selectivity of herbicides to crops.",book:{id:"4787",slug:"herbicides-physiology-of-action-and-safety",title:"Herbicides",fullTitle:"Herbicides, Physiology of Action, and Safety"},signatures:"Flavio Martins Garcia Blanco, Yuri Guerreiro Ramos, Murilo\nFrancischinelli Scarso and Lúcio André de Castro Jorge",authors:[{id:"90516",title:"Dr.",name:"Flavio",middleName:"Martins Garcia",surname:"Blanco",slug:"flavio-blanco",fullName:"Flavio Blanco"},{id:"176544",title:"BSc.",name:"Yuri",middleName:null,surname:"Ramos",slug:"yuri-ramos",fullName:"Yuri Ramos"},{id:"176545",title:"BSc.",name:"Murilo",middleName:null,surname:"Scarso",slug:"murilo-scarso",fullName:"Murilo Scarso"},{id:"176546",title:"Dr.",name:"Lucio",middleName:null,surname:"Jorge",slug:"lucio-jorge",fullName:"Lucio Jorge"}]},{id:"42925",title:"Companion Planting and Insect Pest Control",slug:"companion-planting-and-insect-pest-control",totalDownloads:6202,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:32,abstract:null,book:{id:"3521",slug:"weed-and-pest-control-conventional-and-new-challenges",title:"Weed and Pest Control",fullTitle:"Weed and Pest Control - Conventional and New Challenges"},signatures:"Joyce E. Parker, William E. Snyder, George C. Hamilton and Cesar Rodriguez‐Saona",authors:[{id:"82250",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Saona",slug:"cesar-rodriguez-saona",fullName:"Cesar Rodriguez-Saona"},{id:"163386",title:"Dr.",name:"Joyce",middleName:null,surname:"Parker",slug:"joyce-parker",fullName:"Joyce Parker"},{id:"163495",title:"Dr.",name:"William",middleName:null,surname:"Snyder",slug:"william-snyder",fullName:"William Snyder"},{id:"163496",title:"Dr.",name:"George",middleName:null,surname:"Hamilton",slug:"george-hamilton",fullName:"George Hamilton"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"368",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:320,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:133,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:16,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",issn:"2631-6188",scope:"This series will provide a comprehensive overview of recent research trends in various Infectious Diseases (as per the most recent Baltimore classification). Topics will include general overviews of infections, immunopathology, diagnosis, treatment, epidemiology, etiology, and current clinical recommendations for managing infectious diseases. Ongoing issues, recent advances, and future diagnostic approaches and therapeutic strategies will also be discussed. This book series will focus on various aspects and properties of infectious diseases whose deep understanding is essential for safeguarding the human race from losing resources and economies due to pathogens.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/6.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 25th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:13,editor:{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"3",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/3.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!1,annualVolume:null,editor:null,editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"4",title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/4.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11400,editor:{id:"174134",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuping",middleName:null,surname:"Ran",slug:"yuping-ran",fullName:"Yuping Ran",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS9d6QAC/Profile_Picture_1630330675373",biography:"Dr. Yuping Ran, Professor, Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China. Completed the Course Medical Mycology, the Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures (CBS), Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Netherlands (2006). International Union of Microbiological Societies (IUMS) Fellow, and International Emerging Infectious Diseases (IEID) Fellow, Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, USA. Diploma of Dermatological Scientist, Japanese Society for Investigative Dermatology. Ph.D. of Juntendo University, Japan. Bachelor’s and Master’s degree, Medicine, West China University of Medical Sciences. Chair of Sichuan Medical Association Dermatology Committee. General Secretary of The 19th Annual Meeting of Chinese Society of Dermatology and the Asia Pacific Society for Medical Mycology (2013). In charge of the Annual Medical Mycology Course over 20-years authorized by National Continue Medical Education Committee of China. Member of the board of directors of the Asia-Pacific Society for Medical Mycology (APSMM). Associate editor of Mycopathologia. Vice-chief of the editorial board of Chinses Journal of Mycology, China. Board Member and Chair of Mycology Group of Chinese Society of Dermatology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sichuan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/5.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11401,editor:{id:"67907",title:"Dr.",name:"Amidou",middleName:null,surname:"Samie",slug:"amidou-samie",fullName:"Amidou Samie",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/67907/images/system/67907.jpg",biography:"Dr. Amidou Samie is an Associate Professor of Microbiology at the University of Venda, in South Africa, where he graduated for his PhD in May 2008. He joined the Department of Microbiology the same year and has been giving lectures on topics covering parasitology, immunology, molecular biology and industrial microbiology. He is currently a rated researcher by the National Research Foundation of South Africa at category C2. He has published widely in the field of infectious diseases and has overseen several MSc’s and PhDs. His research activities mostly cover topics on infectious diseases from epidemiology to control. His particular interest lies in the study of intestinal protozoan parasites and opportunistic infections among HIV patients as well as the potential impact of childhood diarrhoea on growth and child development. He also conducts research on water-borne diseases and water quality and is involved in the evaluation of point-of-use water treatment technologies using silver and copper nanoparticles in collaboration with the University of Virginia, USA. He also studies the use of medicinal plants for the control of infectious diseases as well as antimicrobial drug resistance.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Venda",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/6.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11402,editor:{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:16,paginationItems:[{id:"82524",title:"Italy’s Small Exporting Companies: Globalization and Sustainability Issues",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105542",signatures:"Roberta Pace and Francesca Mandanici",slug:"italy-s-small-exporting-companies-globalization-and-sustainability-issues",totalDownloads:0,totalCrossrefCites:null,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Globalization and Sustainability - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Emerging Issues",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11476.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}},{id:"82427",title:"Our Globalization Era among Success, Obstacles and Doubts",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105545",signatures:"Arnaldo Canziani, Annalisa Baldissera and Ahmad Kahwaji",slug:"our-globalization-era-among-success-obstacles-and-doubts",totalDownloads:14,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Globalization and Sustainability - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Emerging Issues",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11476.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}},{id:"82248",title:"Sustainability and Excellence: Pillars for Business Survival",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105420",signatures:"Irina Severin, Maria Cristina Dijmarescu and Mihai Caramihai",slug:"sustainability-and-excellence-pillars-for-business-survival",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Globalization and Sustainability - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Emerging Issues",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11476.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}},{id:"82124",title:"Assessment of Diversity, Growth Characteristics and Aboveground Biomass of Tree Species in Selected Urban Green Areas of Osogbo, Osun State",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104982",signatures:"Omolara Aremu, Olusola O. Adetoro and Olusegun Awotoye",slug:"assessment-of-diversity-growth-characteristics-and-aboveground-biomass-of-tree-species-in-selected-u",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Forest Degradation Under Global Change",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11457.jpg",subseries:{id:"94",title:"Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:0,paginationItems:[]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:3,paginationItems:[{id:"11570",title:"Influenza - New Approaches",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11570.jpg",hash:"157b379b9d7a4bf5e2cc7a742f155a44",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 10th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"139889",title:"Dr.",name:"Seyyed Shamsadin",surname:"Athari",slug:"seyyed-shamsadin-athari",fullName:"Seyyed Shamsadin Athari"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11569",title:"Bacterial Sexually Transmitted Infections - New Findings, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11569.jpg",hash:"069d6142ecb0d46d14920102d48c0e9d",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 31st 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"189561",title:"Dr.",name:"Mihaela Laura",surname:"Vica",slug:"mihaela-laura-vica",fullName:"Mihaela Laura Vica"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11568",title:"Staphylococcal Infections - Recent Advances and Perspectives",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11568.jpg",hash:"92c881664d1921c7f2d0fee34b78cd08",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"July 8th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"59719",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaime",surname:"Bustos-Martínez",slug:"jaime-bustos-martinez",fullName:"Jaime Bustos-Martínez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:16,paginationItems:[{id:"82524",title:"Italy’s Small Exporting Companies: Globalization and Sustainability Issues",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105542",signatures:"Roberta Pace and Francesca Mandanici",slug:"italy-s-small-exporting-companies-globalization-and-sustainability-issues",totalDownloads:0,totalCrossrefCites:null,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Globalization and Sustainability - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Emerging Issues",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11476.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}},{id:"82427",title:"Our Globalization Era among Success, Obstacles and Doubts",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105545",signatures:"Arnaldo Canziani, Annalisa Baldissera and Ahmad Kahwaji",slug:"our-globalization-era-among-success-obstacles-and-doubts",totalDownloads:14,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Globalization and Sustainability - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Emerging Issues",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11476.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}},{id:"82248",title:"Sustainability and Excellence: Pillars for Business Survival",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105420",signatures:"Irina Severin, Maria Cristina Dijmarescu and Mihai Caramihai",slug:"sustainability-and-excellence-pillars-for-business-survival",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Globalization and Sustainability - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Emerging Issues",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11476.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}},{id:"82124",title:"Assessment of Diversity, Growth Characteristics and Aboveground Biomass of Tree Species in Selected Urban Green Areas of Osogbo, Osun State",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104982",signatures:"Omolara Aremu, Olusola O. Adetoro and Olusegun Awotoye",slug:"assessment-of-diversity-growth-characteristics-and-aboveground-biomass-of-tree-species-in-selected-u",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Forest Degradation Under Global Change",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11457.jpg",subseries:{id:"94",title:"Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability"}}},{id:"81975",title:"Self-Sustained Communities: Food Security in Times of Crisis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104425",signatures:"Kriengsak Chareonwongsak",slug:"self-sustained-communities-food-security-in-times-of-crisis",totalDownloads:11,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Food Systems Resilience",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10897.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}},{id:"81920",title:"Rethinking an Approach for Sustainable Globalization",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105141",signatures:"Parakram Pyakurel",slug:"rethinking-an-approach-for-sustainable-globalization",totalDownloads:22,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Globalization and Sustainability - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Emerging Issues",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11476.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}},{id:"81297",title:"Legumes Cropping and Nitrogen Fixation under Mediterranean Climate: The Case of Montado/Dehesa System",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104473",signatures:"Fernando Teixeira",slug:"legumes-cropping-and-nitrogen-fixation-under-mediterranean-climate-the-case-of-montado-dehesa-system",totalDownloads:24,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Food Systems Resilience",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10897.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}},{id:"81493",title:"Rust Disease Classification Using Deep Learning Based Algorithm: The Case of Wheat",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104426",signatures:"Shivani Sood, Harjeet Singh and Suruchi Jindal",slug:"rust-disease-classification-using-deep-learning-based-algorithm-the-case-of-wheat",totalDownloads:79,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Food Systems Resilience",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10897.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}},{id:"81428",title:"Observatory of Sustainable Development in Postgraduate Study Programs in Baja California",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104641",signatures:"Rodolfo Martinez-Gutierrez, Maria Marcela Solis-Quinteros, Maria Esther Ibarra-Estrada and Angel Ernesto Jimenez-Bernardino",slug:"observatory-of-sustainable-development-in-postgraduate-study-programs-in-baja-california",totalDownloads:10,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Globalization and Sustainability - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Emerging Issues",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11476.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}},{id:"81235",title:"Global Food System Transformation for Resilience",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102749",signatures:"Jasper Okoro Godwin Elechi, Ikechukwu U. Nwiyi and Cornelius Smah Adamu",slug:"global-food-system-transformation-for-resilience",totalDownloads:65,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,authors:null,book:{title:"Food Systems Resilience",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10897.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability",value:94,count:1,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society",value:91,count:15,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"11392",title:"Leadership in a Changing World",subtitle:"A Multidimensional Perspective",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11392.jpg",slug:"leadership-in-a-changing-world-a-multidimensional-perspective",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Muhammad Mohiuddin, Bilal Khalid, Md. Samim Al Azad and Slimane Ed-dafali",hash:"86a6d33cf601587e591064ce92effc02",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Leadership in a Changing World - A Multidimensional Perspective",editors:[{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038UqSfQAK/Profile_Picture_2022-05-13T10:39:03.jpg",institutionString:"Université Laval",institution:{name:"Université Laval",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Canada"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Business and Management",value:86,count:1}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:739,paginationItems:[{id:"158492",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Tutar",slug:"yusuf-tutar",fullName:"Yusuf Tutar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/158492/images/system/158492.jpeg",biography:"Prof. Dr. Yusuf Tutar conducts his research at the Hamidiye Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Biochemistry, University of Health Sciences, Turkey. He is also a faculty member in the Molecular Oncology Program. He obtained his MSc and Ph.D. at Oregon State University and Texas Tech University, respectively. He pursued his postdoctoral studies at Rutgers University Medical School and the National Institutes of Health (NIH/NIDDK), USA. His research focuses on biochemistry, biophysics, genetics, molecular biology, and molecular medicine with specialization in the fields of drug design, protein structure-function, protein folding, prions, microRNA, pseudogenes, molecular cancer, epigenetics, metabolites, proteomics, genomics, protein expression, and characterization by spectroscopic and calorimetric methods.",institutionString:"University of Health Sciences",institution:null},{id:"180528",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Kagechika",slug:"hiroyuki-kagechika",fullName:"Hiroyuki Kagechika",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180528/images/system/180528.jpg",biography:"Hiroyuki Kagechika received his bachelor’s degree and Ph.D. in Pharmaceutical Sciences from the University of Tokyo, Japan, where he served as an associate professor until 2004. He is currently a professor at the Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering (IBB), Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU). From 2010 to 2012, he was the dean of the Graduate School of Biomedical Science. Since 2012, he has served as the vice dean of the Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences. He has been the director of the IBB since 2020. Dr. Kagechika’s major research interests are the medicinal chemistry of retinoids, vitamins D/K, and nuclear receptors. He has developed various compounds including a drug for acute promyelocytic leukemia.",institutionString:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institution:{name:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"94311",title:"Prof.",name:"Martins",middleName:"Ochubiojo",surname:"Ochubiojo Emeje",slug:"martins-ochubiojo-emeje",fullName:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94311/images/system/94311.jpeg",biography:"Martins Emeje obtained a BPharm with distinction from Ahmadu Bello University, Nigeria, and an MPharm and Ph.D. from the University of Nigeria (UNN), where he received the best Ph.D. award and was enlisted as UNN’s “Face of Research.” He established the first nanomedicine center in Nigeria and was the pioneer head of the intellectual property and technology transfer as well as the technology innovation and support center. Prof. Emeje’s several international fellowships include the prestigious Raman fellowship. He has published more than 150 articles and patents. He is also the head of R&D at NIPRD and holds a visiting professor position at Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nigeria. He has a postgraduate certificate in Project Management from Walden University, Minnesota, as well as a professional teaching certificate and a World Bank certification in Public Procurement. Prof. Emeje was a national chairman of academic pharmacists in Nigeria and the 2021 winner of the May & Baker Nigeria Plc–sponsored prize for professional service in research and innovation.",institutionString:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",institution:{name:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"268659",title:"Ms.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/268659/images/8143_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Zhan received his undergraduate and graduate training in the fields of preventive medicine and epidemiology and statistics at the West China University of Medical Sciences in China during 1989 to 1999. He received his post-doctoral training in oncology and cancer proteomics for two years at the Cancer Research Institute of Human Medical University in China. In 2001, he went to the University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC) in USA, where he was a post-doctoral researcher and focused on mass spectrometry and cancer proteomics. Then, he was appointed as an Assistant Professor of Neurology, UTHSC in 2005. He moved to the Cleveland Clinic in USA as a Project Scientist/Staff in 2006 where he focused on the studies of eye disease proteomics and biomarkers. He returned to UTHSC as an Assistant Professor of Neurology in the end of 2007, engaging in proteomics and biomarker studies of lung diseases and brain tumors, and initiating the studies of predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine (PPPM) in cancer. In 2010, he was promoted to Associate Professor of Neurology, UTHSC. Currently, he is a Professor at Xiangya Hospital of Central South University in China, Fellow of Royal Society of Medicine (FRSM), the European EPMA National Representative in China, Regular Member of American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), European Cooperation of Science and Technology (e-COST) grant evaluator, Associate Editors of BMC Genomics, BMC Medical Genomics, EPMA Journal, and Frontiers in Endocrinology, Executive Editor-in-Chief of Med One. He has\npublished 116 peer-reviewed research articles, 16 book chapters, 2 books, and 2 US patents. His current main research interest focuses on the studies of cancer proteomics and biomarkers, and the use of modern omics techniques and systems biology for PPPM in cancer, and on the development and use of 2DE-LC/MS for the large-scale study of human proteoforms.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Xiangya Hospital Central South University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40482/images/system/40482.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rizwan Ahmad is a University Professor and Coordinator, Quality and Development, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, Saudi Arabia. Previously, he was Associate Professor of Human Function, Oman Medical College, Oman, and SBS University, Dehradun. Dr. Ahmad completed his education at Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh. He has published several articles in peer-reviewed journals, chapters, and edited books. His area of specialization is free radical biochemistry and autoimmune diseases.",institutionString:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institution:{name:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",biography:"Farid A. Badria, Ph.D., is the recipient of several awards, including The World Academy of Sciences (TWAS) Prize for Public Understanding of Science; the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Gold Medal for best invention; Outstanding Arab Scholar, Kuwait; and the Khwarizmi International Award, Iran. He has 250 publications, 12 books, 20 patents, and several marketed pharmaceutical products to his credit. He continues to lead research projects on developing new therapies for liver, skin disorders, and cancer. Dr. Badria was listed among the world’s top 2% of scientists in medicinal and biomolecular chemistry in 2019 and 2020. He is a member of the Arab Development Fund, Kuwait; International Cell Research Organization–United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (ICRO–UNESCO), Chile; and UNESCO Biotechnology France",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"329385",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh K.",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Singh",slug:"rajesh-k.-singh",fullName:"Rajesh K. Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329385/images/system/329385.png",biography:"Dr. Singh received a BPharm (2003) and MPharm (2005) from Panjab University, Chandigarh, India, and a Ph.D. (2013) from Punjab Technical University (PTU), Jalandhar, India. He has more than sixteen years of teaching experience and has supervised numerous postgraduate and Ph.D. students. He has to his credit more than seventy papers in SCI- and SCOPUS-indexed journals, fifty-five conference proceedings, four books, six Best Paper Awards, and five projects from different government agencies. He is currently an editorial board member of eight international journals and a reviewer for more than fifty scientific journals. He received Top Reviewer and Excellent Peer Reviewer Awards from Publons in 2016 and 2017, respectively. He is also on the panel of The International Reviewer for reviewing research proposals for grants from the Royal Society. He also serves as a Publons Academy mentor and Bentham brand ambassador.",institutionString:"Punjab Technical University",institution:{name:"Punjab Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"142388",title:"Dr.",name:"Thiago",middleName:"Gomes",surname:"Gomes Heck",slug:"thiago-gomes-heck",fullName:"Thiago Gomes Heck",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/142388/images/7259_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Regional do Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"336273",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Janja",middleName:null,surname:"Zupan",slug:"janja-zupan",fullName:"Janja Zupan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/336273/images/14853_n.jpeg",biography:"Janja Zupan graduated in 2005 at the Department of Clinical Biochemistry (superviser prof. dr. Janja Marc) in the field of genetics of osteoporosis. Since November 2009 she is working as a Teaching Assistant at the Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Biochemistry. In 2011 she completed part of her research and PhD work at Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh. She finished her PhD entitled The influence of the proinflammatory cytokines on the RANK/RANKL/OPG in bone tissue of osteoporotic and osteoarthritic patients in 2012. From 2014-2016 she worked at the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Aberdeen as a postdoctoral research fellow on UK Arthritis research project where she gained knowledge in mesenchymal stem cells and regenerative medicine. She returned back to University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy in 2016. She is currently leading project entitled Mesenchymal stem cells-the keepers of tissue endogenous regenerative capacity facing up to aging of the musculoskeletal system funded by Slovenian Research Agency.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ljubljana",country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},{id:"357453",title:"Dr.",name:"Radheshyam",middleName:null,surname:"Maurya",slug:"radheshyam-maurya",fullName:"Radheshyam Maurya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/357453/images/16535_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Hyderabad",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"418340",title:"Dr.",name:"Jyotirmoi",middleName:null,surname:"Aich",slug:"jyotirmoi-aich",fullName:"Jyotirmoi Aich",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038Ugi5QAC/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:48:28.png",biography:"Biotechnologist with 15 years of research including 6 years of teaching experience. Demonstrated record of scientific achievements through consistent publication record (H index = 13, with 874 citations) in high impact journals such as Nature Communications, Oncotarget, Annals of Oncology, PNAS, and AJRCCM, etc. Strong research professional with a post-doctorate from ACTREC where I gained experimental oncology experience in clinical settings and a doctorate from IGIB where I gained expertise in asthma pathophysiology. A well-trained biotechnologist with diverse experience on the bench across different research themes ranging from asthma to cancer and other infectious diseases. An individual with a strong commitment and innovative mindset. Have the ability to work on diverse projects such as regenerative and molecular medicine with an overall mindset of improving healthcare.",institutionString:"DY Patil Deemed to Be University",institution:null},{id:"349288",title:"Prof.",name:"Soumya",middleName:null,surname:"Basu",slug:"soumya-basu",fullName:"Soumya Basu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035QxIDQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:47:01.jpg",biography:"Soumya Basu, Ph.D., is currently working as an Associate Professor at Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India. With 16+ years of trans-disciplinary research experience in Drug Design, development, and pre-clinical validation; 20+ research article publications in journals of repute, 9+ years of teaching experience, trained with cross-disciplinary education, Dr. Basu is a life-long learner and always thrives for new challenges.\r\nHer research area is the design and synthesis of small molecule partial agonists of PPAR-γ in lung cancer. She is also using artificial intelligence and deep learning methods to understand the exosomal miRNA’s role in cancer metastasis. Dr. Basu is the recipient of many awards including the Early Career Research Award from the Department of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. She is a reviewer of many journals like Molecular Biology Reports, Frontiers in Oncology, RSC Advances, PLOS ONE, Journal of Biomolecular Structure & Dynamics, Journal of Molecular Graphics and Modelling, etc. She has edited and authored/co-authored 21 journal papers, 3 book chapters, and 15 abstracts. She is a Board of Studies member at her university. She is a life member of 'The Cytometry Society”-in India and 'All India Cell Biology Society”- in India.",institutionString:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",institution:{name:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"354817",title:"Dr.",name:"Anubhab",middleName:null,surname:"Mukherjee",slug:"anubhab-mukherjee",fullName:"Anubhab Mukherjee",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y0000365PbRQAU/ProfilePicture%202022-04-15%2005%3A11%3A18.480",biography:"A former member of Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, USA, Dr. Anubhab Mukherjee is an ardent votary of science who strives to make an impact in the lives of those afflicted with cancer and other chronic/acute ailments. He completed his Ph.D. from CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India, having been skilled with RNAi, liposomal drug delivery, preclinical cell and animal studies. He pursued post-doctoral research at College of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Texas A & M University and was involved in another postdoctoral research at Department of Translational Neurosciences and Neurotherapeutics, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, California. In 2015, he worked in Harvard-MIT Health Sciences & Technology as a visiting scientist. He has substantial experience in nanotechnology-based formulation development and successfully served various Indian organizations to develop pharmaceuticals and nutraceutical products. He is an inventor in many US patents and an author in many peer-reviewed articles, book chapters and books published in various media of international repute. Dr. Mukherjee is currently serving as Principal Scientist, R&D at Esperer Onco Nutrition (EON) Pvt. Ltd. and heads the Hyderabad R&D center of the organization.",institutionString:"Esperer Onco Nutrition Pvt Ltd.",institution:null},{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/319365/images/system/319365.png",biography:"Manash K. Paul is a Principal Investigator and Scientist at the University of California Los Angeles. He has contributed significantly to the fields of stem cell biology, regenerative medicine, and lung cancer. His research focuses on various signaling processes involved in maintaining stem cell homeostasis during the injury-repair process, deciphering lung stem cell niche, pulmonary disease modeling, immuno-oncology, and drug discovery. He is currently investigating the role of extracellular vesicles in premalignant lung cell migration and detecting the metastatic phenotype of lung cancer via machine-learning-based analyses of exosomal signatures. Dr. Paul has published in more than fifty peer-reviewed international journals and is highly cited. He is the recipient of many awards, including the UCLA Vice Chancellor’s award, a senior member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), and an editorial board member for several international journals.",institutionString:"University of California Los Angeles",institution:{name:"University of California Los Angeles",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"311457",title:"Dr.",name:"Júlia",middleName:null,surname:"Scherer Santos",slug:"julia-scherer-santos",fullName:"Júlia Scherer Santos",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/311457/images/system/311457.jpg",biography:"Dr. Júlia Scherer Santos works in the areas of cosmetology, nanotechnology, pharmaceutical technology, beauty, and aesthetics. Dr. Santos also has experience as a professor of graduate courses. Graduated in Pharmacy, specialization in Cosmetology and Cosmeceuticals applied to aesthetics, specialization in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Health, and a doctorate in Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology. Teaching experience in Pharmacy and Aesthetics and Cosmetics courses. She works mainly on the following subjects: nanotechnology, cosmetology, pharmaceutical technology, aesthetics.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"219081",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulsamed",middleName:null,surname:"Kükürt",slug:"abdulsamed-kukurt",fullName:"Abdulsamed Kükürt",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/219081/images/system/219081.png",biography:"Dr. Kükürt graduated from Uludağ University in Turkey. He started his academic career as a Research Assistant in the Department of Biochemistry at Kafkas University. In 2019, he completed his Ph.D. program in the Department of Biochemistry at the Institute of Health Sciences. He is currently working at the Department of Biochemistry, Kafkas University. He has 27 published research articles in academic journals, 11 book chapters, and 37 papers. He took part in 10 academic projects. He served as a reviewer for many articles. He still serves as a member of the review board in many academic journals. He is currently working on the protective activity of phenolic compounds in disorders associated with oxidative stress and inflammation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178366",title:"Dr.",name:"Volkan",middleName:null,surname:"Gelen",slug:"volkan-gelen",fullName:"Volkan Gelen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178366/images/system/178366.jpg",biography:"Volkan Gelen is a Physiology specialist who received his veterinary degree from Kafkas University in 2011. Between 2011-2015, he worked as an assistant at Atatürk University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology. In 2016, he joined Kafkas University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology as an assistant professor. Dr. Gelen has been engaged in various academic activities at Kafkas University since 2016. There he completed 5 projects and has 3 ongoing projects. He has 60 articles published in scientific journals and 20 poster presentations in scientific congresses. His research interests include physiology, endocrine system, cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular system diseases, and isolated organ bath system studies.",institutionString:"Kafkas University",institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"418963",title:"Dr.",name:"Augustine Ododo",middleName:"Augustine",surname:"Osagie",slug:"augustine-ododo-osagie",fullName:"Augustine Ododo Osagie",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/418963/images/16900_n.jpg",biography:"Born into the family of Osagie, a prince of the Benin Kingdom. I am currently an academic in the Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Benin. Part of the duties are to teach undergraduate students and conduct academic research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Benin",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"192992",title:"Prof.",name:"Shagufta",middleName:null,surname:"Perveen",slug:"shagufta-perveen",fullName:"Shagufta Perveen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192992/images/system/192992.png",biography:"Prof. Shagufta Perveen is a Distinguish Professor in the Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Dr. Perveen has acted as the principal investigator of major research projects funded by the research unit of King Saud University. She has more than ninety original research papers in peer-reviewed journals of international repute to her credit. She is a fellow member of the Royal Society of Chemistry UK and the American Chemical Society of the United States.",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"49848",title:"Dr.",name:"Wen-Long",middleName:null,surname:"Hu",slug:"wen-long-hu",fullName:"Wen-Long Hu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49848/images/system/49848.jpg",biography:"Wen-Long Hu is Chief of the Division of Acupuncture, Department of Chinese Medicine at Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, as well as an adjunct associate professor at Fooyin University and Kaohsiung Medical University. Wen-Long is President of Taiwan Traditional Chinese Medicine Medical Association. He has 28 years of experience in clinical practice in laser acupuncture therapy and 34 years in acupuncture. He is an invited speaker for lectures and workshops in laser acupuncture at many symposiums held by medical associations. He owns the patent for herbal preparation and producing, and for the supercritical fluid-treated needle. Dr. Hu has published three books, 12 book chapters, and more than 30 papers in reputed journals, besides serving as an editorial board member of repute.",institutionString:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",institution:{name:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"298472",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrey V.",middleName:null,surname:"Grechko",slug:"andrey-v.-grechko",fullName:"Andrey V. Grechko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/298472/images/system/298472.png",biography:"Andrey Vyacheslavovich Grechko, Ph.D., Professor, is a Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. He graduated from the Semashko Moscow Medical Institute (Semashko National Research Institute of Public Health) with a degree in Medicine (1998), the Clinical Department of Dermatovenerology (2000), and received a second higher education in Psychology (2009). Professor A.V. Grechko held the position of Сhief Physician of the Central Clinical Hospital in Moscow. He worked as a professor at the faculty and was engaged in scientific research at the Medical University. Starting in 2013, he has been the initiator of the creation of the Federal Scientific and Clinical Center for Intensive Care and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation, where he also serves as Director since 2015. He has many years of experience in research and teaching in various fields of medicine, is an author/co-author of more than 200 scientific publications, 13 patents, 15 medical books/chapters, including Chapter in Book «Metabolomics», IntechOpen, 2020 «Metabolomic Discovery of Microbiota Dysfunction as the Cause of Pathology».",institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"199461",title:"Prof.",name:"Natalia V.",middleName:null,surname:"Beloborodova",slug:"natalia-v.-beloborodova",fullName:"Natalia V. Beloborodova",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/199461/images/system/199461.jpg",biography:'Natalia Vladimirovna Beloborodova was educated at the Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, with a degree in pediatrics in 1980, a Ph.D. in 1987, and a specialization in Clinical Microbiology from First Moscow State Medical University in 2004. She has been a Professor since 1996. Currently, she is the Head of the Laboratory of Metabolism, a division of the Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation. N.V. Beloborodova has many years of clinical experience in the field of intensive care and surgery. She studies infectious complications and sepsis. She initiated a series of interdisciplinary clinical and experimental studies based on the concept of integrating human metabolism and its microbiota. Her scientific achievements are widely known: she is the recipient of the Marie E. Coates Award \\"Best lecturer-scientist\\" Gustafsson Fund, Karolinska Institutes, Stockholm, Sweden, and the International Sepsis Forum Award, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France (2014), etc. Professor N.V. Beloborodova wrote 210 papers, five books, 10 chapters and has edited four books.',institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"354260",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Tércio Elyan",middleName:"Azevedo",surname:"Azevedo Martins",slug:"tercio-elyan-azevedo-martins",fullName:"Tércio Elyan Azevedo Martins",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/354260/images/16241_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from the Federal University of Ceará with the modality in Industrial Pharmacy, Specialist in Production and Control of Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP), Master in Pharmaceuticals and Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP) and Doctor of Science in the program of Pharmaceuticals and Medicines by the University of São Paulo. Professor at Universidade Paulista (UNIP) in the areas of chemistry, cosmetology and trichology. Assistant Coordinator of the Higher Course in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Technology at Universidade Paulista Campus Chácara Santo Antônio. Experience in the Pharmacy area, with emphasis on Pharmacotechnics, Pharmaceutical Technology, Research and Development of Cosmetics, acting mainly on topics such as cosmetology, antioxidant activity, aesthetics, photoprotection, cyclodextrin and thermal analysis.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"334285",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Sameer",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Jagirdar",slug:"sameer-jagirdar",fullName:"Sameer Jagirdar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334285/images/14691_n.jpg",biography:"I\\'m a graduate student at the center for biosystems science and engineering at the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India. I am interested in studying host-pathogen interactions at the biomaterial interface.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Science Bangalore",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"329248",title:"Dr.",name:"Md. Faheem",middleName:null,surname:"Haider",slug:"md.-faheem-haider",fullName:"Md. Faheem Haider",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329248/images/system/329248.jpg",biography:"Dr. Md. Faheem Haider completed his BPharm in 2012 at Integral University, Lucknow, India. In 2014, he completed his MPharm with specialization in Pharmaceutics at Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, India. He received his Ph.D. degree from Jamia Hamdard University, New Delhi, India, in 2018. He was selected for the GPAT six times and his best All India Rank was 34. Currently, he is an assistant professor at Integral University. Previously he was an assistant professor at IIMT University, Meerut, India. He has experience teaching DPharm, Pharm.D, BPharm, and MPharm students. He has more than five publications in reputed journals to his credit. Dr. Faheem’s research area is the development and characterization of nanoformulation for the delivery of drugs to various organs.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"329795",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohd Aftab",middleName:"Aftab",surname:"Siddiqui",slug:"mohd-aftab-siddiqui",fullName:"Mohd Aftab Siddiqui",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329795/images/system/329795.png",biography:"Dr. Mohd Aftab Siddiqui is an assistant professor in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow, India, where he obtained a Ph.D. in Pharmacology in 2020. He also obtained a BPharm and MPharm from the same university in 2013 and 2015, respectively. His area of research is the pharmacological screening of herbal drugs/natural products in liver cancer and cardiac diseases. He is a member of many professional bodies and has guided many MPharm and PharmD research projects. Dr. Siddiqui has many national and international publications and one German patent to his credit.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:null},{id:"255360",title:"Dr.",name:"Usama",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"usama-ahmad",fullName:"Usama Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255360/images/system/255360.png",biography:"Dr. Usama Ahmad holds a specialization in Pharmaceutics from Amity University, Lucknow, India. He received his Ph.D. from Integral University, Lucknow, India, with his work titled ‘Development and evaluation of silymarin nanoformulation for hepatic carcinoma’. Currently, he is an Assistant Professor of Pharmaceutics, at the Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University. He has been teaching PharmD, BPharm, and MPharm students and conducting research in the novel drug delivery domain. From 2013 to 2014 he worked on a research project funded by SERB-DST, Government of India. He has a rich publication record with more than twenty-four original journal articles, two edited books, four book chapters, and several scientific articles to his credit. He is a member of the American Association for Cancer Research, the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer, and the British Society for Nanomedicine. Dr. Ahmad’s research focus is on the development of nanoformulations to facilitate the delivery of drugs.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"333824",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmad Farouk",middleName:null,surname:"Musa",slug:"ahmad-farouk-musa",fullName:"Ahmad Farouk Musa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333824/images/22684_n.jpg",biography:"Dato’ Dr Ahmad Farouk Musa\nMD, MMED (Surgery) (Mal), Fellowship in Cardiothoracic Surgery (Monash Health, Aust), Graduate Certificate in Higher Education (Aust), Academy of Medicine (Mal)\n\n\n\nDato’ Dr Ahmad Farouk Musa obtained his Doctor of Medicine from USM in 1992. He then obtained his Master of Medicine in Surgery from the same university in the year 2000 before subspecialising in Cardiothoracic Surgery at Institut Jantung Negara (IJN), Kuala Lumpur from 2002 until 2005. He then completed his Fellowship in Cardiothoracic Surgery at Monash Health, Melbourne, Australia in 2008. He has served in the Malaysian army as a Medical Officer with the rank of Captain upon completing his Internship before joining USM as a trainee lecturer. He is now serving as an academic and researcher at Monash University Malaysia. He is a life-member of the Malaysian Association of Thoracic & Cardiovascular Surgery (MATCVS) and a committee member of the MATCVS Database. He is also a life-member of the College of Surgeons, Academy of Medicine of Malaysia; a life-member of Malaysian Medical Association (MMA), and a life-member of Islamic Medical Association of Malaysia (IMAM). Recently he was appointed as an Interim Chairperson of Examination & Assessment Subcommittee of the UiTM-IJN Cardiothoracic Surgery Postgraduate Program. As an academic, he has published numerous research papers and book chapters. He has also been appointed to review many scientific manuscripts by established journals such as the British Medical Journal (BMJ). He has presented his research works at numerous local and international conferences such as the European Association for Cardiothoracic Surgery (EACTS) and the European Society of Cardiovascular Surgery (ESCVS), to name a few. He has also won many awards for his research presentations at meetings and conferences like the prestigious International Invention, Innovation & Technology Exhibition (ITEX); Design, Research and Innovation Exhibition, the National Conference on Medical Sciences and the Annual Scientific Meetings of the Malaysian Association for Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. He was awarded the Darjah Setia Pangkuan Negeri (DSPN) by the Governor of Penang in July, 2015.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Monash University Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"30568",title:"Prof.",name:"Madhu",middleName:null,surname:"Khullar",slug:"madhu-khullar",fullName:"Madhu Khullar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/30568/images/system/30568.jpg",biography:"Dr. Madhu Khullar is a Professor of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology at the Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India. She completed her Post Doctorate in hypertension research at the Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, USA in 1985. She is an editor and reviewer of several international journals, and a fellow and member of several cardiovascular research societies. Dr. Khullar has a keen research interest in genetics of hypertension, and is currently studying pharmacogenetics of hypertension.",institutionString:"Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research",institution:{name:"Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"223233",title:"Prof.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/223233/images/system/223233.png",biography:"Xianquan Zhan received his MD and Ph.D. in Preventive Medicine at West China University of Medical Sciences. He received his post-doctoral training in oncology and cancer proteomics at the Central South University, China, and the University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC), USA. He worked at UTHSC and the Cleveland Clinic in 2001–2012 and achieved the rank of associate professor at UTHSC. Currently, he is a full professor at Central South University and Shandong First Medical University, and an advisor to MS/PhD students and postdoctoral fellows. He is also a fellow of the Royal Society of Medicine and European Association for Predictive Preventive Personalized Medicine (EPMA), a national representative of EPMA, and a member of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) and the American Association for the Advancement of Sciences (AAAS). He is also the editor in chief of International Journal of Chronic Diseases & Therapy, an associate editor of EPMA Journal, Frontiers in Endocrinology, and BMC Medical Genomics, and a guest editor of Mass Spectrometry Reviews, Frontiers in Endocrinology, EPMA Journal, and Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. He has published more than 148 articles, 28 book chapters, 6 books, and 2 US patents in the field of clinical proteomics and biomarkers.",institutionString:"Shandong First Medical University",institution:{name:"Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"China"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"17",type:"subseries",title:"Metabolism",keywords:"Biomolecules Metabolism, Energy Metabolism, Metabolic Pathways, Key Metabolic Enzymes, Metabolic Adaptation",scope:"Metabolism is frequently defined in biochemistry textbooks as the overall process that allows living systems to acquire and use the free energy they need for their vital functions or the chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life. Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. Thus all studies on metabolism will be considered for publication.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11413,editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",slug:"yannis-karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",biography:"Yannis Karamanos, born in Greece in 1953, completed his pre-graduate studies at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, then his Masters and Doctoral degree at the Université de Lille (1983). He was associate professor at the University of Limoges (1987) before becoming full professor of biochemistry at the Université d’Artois (1996). He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. His teaching areas are energy metabolism and regulation, integration and organ specialization and metabolic adaptation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983"},editorialBoard:[{id:"243049",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Pantea Stoian",slug:"anca-pantea-stoian",fullName:"Anca Pantea Stoian",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243049/images/system/243049.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"203824",title:"Dr.",name:"Attilio",middleName:null,surname:"Rigotti",slug:"attilio-rigotti",fullName:"Attilio Rigotti",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pontifical Catholic University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"300470",title:"Dr.",name:"Yanfei (Jacob)",middleName:null,surname:"Qi",slug:"yanfei-(jacob)-qi",fullName:"Yanfei (Jacob) Qi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300470/images/system/300470.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:14,paginationItems:[{id:"82531",title:"Abnormal Iron Metabolism and Its Effect on Dentistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104502",signatures:"Chinmayee Dahihandekar and Sweta Kale Pisulkar",slug:"abnormal-iron-metabolism-and-its-effect-on-dentistry",totalDownloads:0,totalCrossrefCites:null,totalDimensionsCites:null,authors:null,book:{title:"Iron Metabolism - Iron a Double‐Edged Sword",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10842.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82409",title:"Purinergic Signaling in Covid-19 Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105008",signatures:"Hailian Shen",slug:"purinergic-signaling-in-covid-19-disease",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82374",title:"The Potential of the Purinergic System as a Therapeutic Target of Natural Compounds in Cutaneous Melanoma",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105457",signatures:"Gilnei Bruno da Silva, Daiane Manica, Marcelo Moreno and Margarete Dulce Bagatini",slug:"the-potential-of-the-purinergic-system-as-a-therapeutic-target-of-natural-compounds-in-cutaneous-mel",totalDownloads:10,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82096",title:"An Important Component of Tumor Progression: Fatty Acids",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105087",signatures:"Jin Wang, Qifei Wang and Guangzhen Wu",slug:"an-important-component-of-tumor-progression-fatty-acids",totalDownloads:9,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fatty Acids - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11669.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81927",title:"Purinergic System in Immune Response",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104485",signatures:"Yerly Magnolia Useche Salvador",slug:"purinergic-system-in-immune-response",totalDownloads:15,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"80495",title:"Iron in Cell Metabolism and Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101908",signatures:"Eeka Prabhakar",slug:"iron-in-cell-metabolism-and-disease",totalDownloads:16,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Iron Metabolism - Iron a Double‐Edged Sword",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10842.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81799",title:"Cross Talk of Purinergic and Immune Signaling: Implication in Inflammatory and Pathogenic Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104978",signatures:"Richa Rai",slug:"cross-talk-of-purinergic-and-immune-signaling-implication-in-inflammatory-and-pathogenic-diseases",totalDownloads:39,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81764",title:"Involvement of the Purinergic System in Cell Death in Models of Retinopathies",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103935",signatures:"Douglas Penaforte Cruz, Marinna Garcia Repossi and Lucianne Fragel Madeira",slug:"involvement-of-the-purinergic-system-in-cell-death-in-models-of-retinopathies",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81681",title:"Immunomodulatory Effects of a M2-Conditioned Medium (PRS® CK STORM): Theory on the Possible Complex Mechanism of Action through Anti-Inflammatory Modulation of the TLR System and the Purinergic System",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104486",signatures:"Juan Pedro Lapuente",slug:"immunomodulatory-effects-of-a-m2-conditioned-medium-prs-ck-storm-theory-on-the-possible-complex-mech",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81580",title:"Graft-Versus-Host Disease: Pathogenesis and Treatment",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104450",signatures:"Shin Mukai",slug:"graft-versus-host-disease-pathogenesis-and-treatment",totalDownloads:28,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"80485",title:"Potential Marker for Diagnosis and Screening of Iron Deficiency Anemia in Children",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102792",signatures:"Yulia Nadar Indrasari, Siti Nurul Hapsari and Muhamad Robiul Fuadi",slug:"potential-marker-for-diagnosis-and-screening-of-iron-deficiency-anemia-in-children",totalDownloads:55,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Iron Metabolism - Iron a Double‐Edged Sword",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10842.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"79693",title:"Ferroptosis: Can Iron be the Last or Cure for a Cell?",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101426",signatures:"Asuman Akkaya Fırat",slug:"ferroptosis-can-iron-be-the-last-or-cure-for-a-cell",totalDownloads:97,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Iron Metabolism - Iron a Double‐Edged Sword",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10842.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"79616",title:"Dietary Iron",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101265",signatures:"Kouser Firdose and Noor Firdose",slug:"dietary-iron",totalDownloads:159,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,authors:null,book:{title:"Iron Metabolism - Iron a Double‐Edged Sword",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10842.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"78977",title:"FERALGINE™ a New Oral iron Compound",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100445",signatures:"Valentina Talarico, Laura Giancotti, Giuseppe Antonio Mazza, Santina Marrazzo, Roberto Miniero and Marco Bertini",slug:"feralgine-a-new-oral-iron-compound",totalDownloads:147,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Iron Metabolism - Iron a Double‐Edged Sword",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10842.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}}]},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:9,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10797",title:"Cell Culture",subtitle:"Advanced Technology and Applications in Medical and Life Sciences",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10797.jpg",slug:"cell-culture-advanced-technology-and-applications-in-medical-and-life-sciences",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Xianquan Zhan",hash:"2c628f4757f9639a4450728d839a7842",volumeInSeries:30,fullTitle:"Cell Culture - Advanced Technology and Applications in Medical and Life Sciences",editors:[{id:"223233",title:"Prof.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/223233/images/system/223233.png",institutionString:"Shandong First Medical University",institution:{name:"Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10803",title:"Reactive Oxygen Species",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10803.jpg",slug:"reactive-oxygen-species",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rizwan Ahmad",hash:"176adcf090fdd1f93cb8ce3146e79ca1",volumeInSeries:28,fullTitle:"Reactive Oxygen Species",editors:[{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40482/images/system/40482.jpeg",institutionString:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institution:{name:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9659",title:"Fibroblasts",subtitle:"Advances in Inflammation, Autoimmunity and Cancer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9659.jpg",slug:"fibroblasts-advances-in-inflammation-autoimmunity-and-cancer",publishedDate:"December 22nd 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mojca Frank Bertoncelj and Katja Lakota",hash:"926fa6446f6befbd363fc74971a56de2",volumeInSeries:25,fullTitle:"Fibroblasts - Advances in Inflammation, Autoimmunity and Cancer",editors:[{id:"328755",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mojca",middleName:null,surname:"Frank Bertoncelj",slug:"mojca-frank-bertoncelj",fullName:"Mojca Frank Bertoncelj",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/328755/images/system/328755.jpg",institutionString:"BioMed X Institute",institution:{name:"University Hospital of Zurich",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Switzerland"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8018",title:"Extracellular Matrix",subtitle:"Developments and Therapeutics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8018.jpg",slug:"extracellular-matrix-developments-and-therapeutics",publishedDate:"October 27th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rama Sashank Madhurapantula, Joseph Orgel P.R.O. and Zvi Loewy",hash:"c85e82851e80b40282ff9be99ddf2046",volumeInSeries:23,fullTitle:"Extracellular Matrix - Developments and Therapeutics",editors:[{id:"212416",title:"Dr.",name:"Rama Sashank",middleName:null,surname:"Madhurapantula",slug:"rama-sashank-madhurapantula",fullName:"Rama Sashank Madhurapantula",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212416/images/system/212416.jpg",institutionString:"Illinois Institute of Technology",institution:{name:"Illinois Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9403",title:"Human Microbiome",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9403.jpg",slug:"human-microbiome",publishedDate:"June 16th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Natalia V. Beloborodova and Andrey V. Grechko",hash:"c31366ba82585ba3ac91d21eb1cf0a4d",volumeInSeries:20,fullTitle:"Human Microbiome",editors:[{id:"199461",title:"Prof.",name:"Natalia V.",middleName:null,surname:"Beloborodova",slug:"natalia-v.-beloborodova",fullName:"Natalia V. Beloborodova",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/199461/images/system/199461.jpg",institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9002",title:"Glutathione System and Oxidative Stress in Health and Disease",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9002.jpg",slug:"glutathione-system-and-oxidative-stress-in-health-and-disease",publishedDate:"August 26th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Margarete Dulce Bagatini",hash:"127defed0a50ad5ed92338dc96e1e10e",volumeInSeries:17,fullTitle:"Glutathione System and Oxidative Stress in Health and Disease",editors:[{id:"217850",title:"Dr.",name:"Margarete Dulce",middleName:null,surname:"Bagatini",slug:"margarete-dulce-bagatini",fullName:"Margarete Dulce Bagatini",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/217850/images/system/217850.jpeg",institutionString:"Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8176",title:"DNA Methylation Mechanism",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8176.jpg",slug:"dna-methylation-mechanism",publishedDate:"July 1st 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Metin Budak and Mustafa Yıldız",hash:"1de018af20c3e9916b5a9b4fed13a4ff",volumeInSeries:15,fullTitle:"DNA Methylation Mechanism",editors:[{id:"226275",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Metin",middleName:null,surname:"Budak",slug:"metin-budak",fullName:"Metin Budak",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226275/images/system/226275.png",institutionString:"Trakya University",institution:{name:"Trakya University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7012",title:"Biochemical Testing",subtitle:"Clinical Correlation and Diagnosis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7012.jpg",slug:"biochemical-testing-clinical-correlation-and-diagnosis",publishedDate:"April 29th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Varaprasad Bobbarala, Gaffar Sarwar Zaman, Mohd Nasir Mohd Desa and Abdah Md Akim",hash:"1aa28a784b136633d827933ad91fe621",volumeInSeries:12,fullTitle:"Biochemical Testing - Clinical Correlation and Diagnosis",editors:[{id:"207119",title:"Dr.",name:"Varaprasad",middleName:null,surname:"Bobbarala PhD",slug:"varaprasad-bobbarala-phd",fullName:"Varaprasad Bobbarala PhD",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/207119/images/system/207119.jpg",institutionString:"Adhya Biosciences",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7006",title:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7006.jpg",slug:"biochemistry-and-health-benefits-of-fatty-acids",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Viduranga Waisundara",hash:"c93a00abd68b5eba67e5e719f67fd20b",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",editors:[{id:"194281",title:"Dr.",name:"Viduranga Y.",middleName:null,surname:"Waisundara",slug:"viduranga-y.-waisundara",fullName:"Viduranga Y. Waisundara",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/194281/images/system/194281.jpg",institutionString:"Australian College of Business & Technology",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},testimonialsList:[{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}},{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.png",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}},{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:319,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:133,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:16,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],subseriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",scope:"The Cell and Molecular Biology topic within the IntechOpen Biochemistry Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of cell and molecular biology, including aspects related to biochemical and genetic research (not only in humans but all living beings). We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics include, but are not limited to: Advanced techniques of cellular and molecular biology (Molecular methodologies, imaging techniques, and bioinformatics); Biological activities at the molecular level; Biological processes of cell functions, cell division, senescence, maintenance, and cell death; Biomolecules interactions; Cancer; Cell biology; Chemical biology; Computational biology; Cytochemistry; Developmental biology; Disease mechanisms and therapeutics; DNA, and RNA metabolism; Gene functions, genetics, and genomics; Genetics; Immunology; Medical microbiology; Molecular biology; Molecular genetics; Molecular processes of cell and organelle dynamics; Neuroscience; Protein biosynthesis, degradation, and functions; Regulation of molecular interactions in a cell; Signalling networks and system biology; Structural biology; Virology and microbiology.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",keywords:"Omics (Transcriptomics; Proteomics; Metabolomics), Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, Signal Transduction and Regulation, Cell Growth and Differentiation, Apoptosis, Necroptosis, Ferroptosis, Autophagy, Cell Cycle, Macromolecules and Complexes, Gene Expression"},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",scope:"Chemical biology spans the fields of chemistry and biology involving the application of biological and chemical molecules and techniques. In recent years, the application of chemistry to biological molecules has gained significant interest in medicinal and pharmacological studies. This topic will be devoted to understanding the interplay between biomolecules and chemical compounds, their structure and function, and their potential applications in related fields. Being a part of the biochemistry discipline, the ideas and concepts that have emerged from Chemical Biology have affected other related areas. This topic will closely deal with all emerging trends in this discipline.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",keywords:"Phenolic Compounds, Essential Oils, Modification of Biomolecules, Glycobiology, Combinatorial Chemistry, Therapeutic peptides, Enzyme Inhibitors"},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",scope:"Metabolism is frequently defined in biochemistry textbooks as the overall process that allows living systems to acquire and use the free energy they need for their vital functions or the chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life. Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. Thus all studies on metabolism will be considered for publication.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",keywords:"Biomolecules Metabolism, Energy Metabolism, Metabolic Pathways, Key Metabolic Enzymes, Metabolic Adaptation"},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",scope:"With the recognition that the human genome cannot provide answers to the etiology of a disorder, changes in the proteins expressed by a genome became a focus in research. Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. The Proteomics topic aims to attract contributions on all aspects of MS-based proteomics that, by pushing the boundaries of MS capabilities, may address biological problems that have not been resolved yet.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",keywords:"Mono- and Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis (1-and 2-DE), Liquid Chromatography (LC), Mass Spectrometry/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS; MS/MS), Proteins"}],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"July 5th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfPublishedChapters:319,numberOfPublishedBooks:32,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},subseries:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",keywords:"Omics (Transcriptomics; Proteomics; Metabolomics), Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, Signal Transduction and Regulation, Cell Growth and Differentiation, Apoptosis, Necroptosis, Ferroptosis, Autophagy, Cell Cycle, Macromolecules and Complexes, Gene Expression",scope:"The Cell and Molecular Biology topic within the IntechOpen Biochemistry Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of cell and molecular biology, including aspects related to biochemical and genetic research (not only in humans but all living beings). We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics include, but are not limited to: Advanced techniques of cellular and molecular biology (Molecular methodologies, imaging techniques, and bioinformatics); Biological activities at the molecular level; Biological processes of cell functions, cell division, senescence, maintenance, and cell death; Biomolecules interactions; Cancer; Cell biology; Chemical biology; Computational biology; Cytochemistry; Developmental biology; Disease mechanisms and therapeutics; DNA, and RNA metabolism; Gene functions, genetics, and genomics; Genetics; Immunology; Medical microbiology; Molecular biology; Molecular genetics; Molecular processes of cell and organelle dynamics; Neuroscience; Protein biosynthesis, degradation, and functions; Regulation of molecular interactions in a cell; Signalling networks and system biology; Structural biology; Virology and microbiology.",annualVolume:11410,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"79367",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"Flores",fullName:"Ana Isabel Flores",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRpIOQA0/Profile_Picture_1632418099564",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Hospital Universitario 12 De Octubre",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"328234",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Palavecino",fullName:"Christian Palavecino",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000030DhEhQAK/Profile_Picture_1628835318625",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Central University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"186585",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Martin-Romero",fullName:"Francisco Javier Martin-Romero",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSB3HQAW/Profile_Picture_1631258137641",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}]},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",keywords:"Phenolic Compounds, Essential Oils, Modification of Biomolecules, Glycobiology, Combinatorial Chemistry, Therapeutic peptides, Enzyme Inhibitors",scope:"Chemical biology spans the fields of chemistry and biology involving the application of biological and chemical molecules and techniques. In recent years, the application of chemistry to biological molecules has gained significant interest in medicinal and pharmacological studies. This topic will be devoted to understanding the interplay between biomolecules and chemical compounds, their structure and function, and their potential applications in related fields. Being a part of the biochemistry discipline, the ideas and concepts that have emerged from Chemical Biology have affected other related areas. This topic will closely deal with all emerging trends in this discipline.",annualVolume:11411,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"219081",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulsamed",middleName:null,surname:"Kükürt",fullName:"Abdulsamed Kükürt",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/219081/images/system/219081.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kafkas University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"241413",title:"Dr.",name:"Azhar",middleName:null,surname:"Rasul",fullName:"Azhar Rasul",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRT1oQAG/Profile_Picture_1635251978933",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178316/images/system/178316.jfif",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Novosibirsk State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}}]},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",keywords:"Biomolecules Metabolism, Energy Metabolism, Metabolic Pathways, Key Metabolic Enzymes, Metabolic Adaptation",scope:"Metabolism is frequently defined in biochemistry textbooks as the overall process that allows living systems to acquire and use the free energy they need for their vital functions or the chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life. Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. Thus all studies on metabolism will be considered for publication.",annualVolume:11413,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"243049",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Pantea Stoian",fullName:"Anca Pantea Stoian",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243049/images/system/243049.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"203824",title:"Dr.",name:"Attilio",middleName:null,surname:"Rigotti",fullName:"Attilio Rigotti",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pontifical Catholic University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"300470",title:"Dr.",name:"Yanfei (Jacob)",middleName:null,surname:"Qi",fullName:"Yanfei (Jacob) Qi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300470/images/system/300470.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}]},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",keywords:"Mono- and Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis (1-and 2-DE), Liquid Chromatography (LC), Mass Spectrometry/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS; MS/MS), Proteins",scope:"With the recognition that the human genome cannot provide answers to the etiology of a disorder, changes in the proteins expressed by a genome became a focus in research. Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. The Proteomics topic aims to attract contributions on all aspects of MS-based proteomics that, by pushing the boundaries of MS capabilities, may address biological problems that have not been resolved yet.",annualVolume:11414,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"72288",title:"Dr.",name:"Arli Aditya",middleName:null,surname:"Parikesit",fullName:"Arli Aditya Parikesit",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/72288/images/system/72288.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"40928",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez-Camarillo",fullName:"Cesar Lopez-Camarillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40928/images/3884_n.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"81926",title:"Dr.",name:"Shymaa",middleName:null,surname:"Enany",fullName:"Shymaa Enany",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/81926/images/system/81926.png",institutionString:"Suez Canal University",institution:{name:"Suez Canal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"chapter.detail",path:"/chapters/24925",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"24925"},fullPath:"/chapters/24925",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()