\r\n\t
",isbn:"978-1-83969-048-8",printIsbn:"978-1-83969-047-1",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83969-049-5",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"27349927a8f626359f696ba5472bc2b2",bookSignature:"Ph.D. Shibo Ying",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10240.jpg",keywords:"Enzyme Activity, Intrinsic Disorder, Protein Structure, Transcription Factor, Cell Apoptosis, Cell Proliferation, Cellular Signal Transduction, Gene Regulation, Carcinogenesis, Diagnostic Marker, Prognostic Marker, Therapeutic Target",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"October 7th 2020",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"November 16th 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"January 15th 2021",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"April 5th 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"June 4th 2021",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 months",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:4,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"A young biological researcher in post-translational modifications with extensive overseas experience, the awardee of a Japanese government scholarship, a former research fellow of the German Cancer Research Center, Chinese Society for Cell Biology permanent member and holder of two grants from NSFC.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"306153",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Shibo",middleName:null,surname:"Ying",slug:"shibo-ying",fullName:"Shibo Ying",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/306153/images/system/306153.jpg",biography:"Dr. Shibo Ying is an associate professor in Hangzhou Medical College (China). He graduated and obtained his Ph.D. in Applied Life Sciences from Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology (Japan) in 2011. He was awarded Japanese government scholarship and he visited University of California at Davis (UCD) as an exchange student in 2010. After his graduation, he became a research fellow at the German Cancer Research Center (Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, DKFZ) in Heidelberg (Germany). Dr. Ying acts as a reviewer of many scientific journals and has authored or co-authored over 25 scientific publications. His research interests include molecular mechanisms of post-translational modification, such as SUMOylation, citrullination, and their clinical relevance in human diseases.",institutionString:"Hangzhou Medical College",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"6",title:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",slug:"biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"259492",firstName:"Sara",lastName:"Gojević-Zrnić",middleName:null,title:"Mrs.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259492/images/7469_n.png",email:"sara.p@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6694",title:"New Trends in Ion Exchange Studies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3de8c8b090fd8faa7c11ec5b387c486a",slug:"new-trends-in-ion-exchange-studies",bookSignature:"Selcan Karakuş",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6694.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"206110",title:"Dr.",name:"Selcan",surname:"Karakuş",slug:"selcan-karakus",fullName:"Selcan Karakuş"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"878",title:"Phytochemicals",subtitle:"A Global Perspective of Their Role in Nutrition and Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ec77671f63975ef2d16192897deb6835",slug:"phytochemicals-a-global-perspective-of-their-role-in-nutrition-and-health",bookSignature:"Venketeshwer Rao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/878.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"82663",title:"Dr.",name:"Venketeshwer",surname:"Rao",slug:"venketeshwer-rao",fullName:"Venketeshwer Rao"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4816",title:"Face Recognition",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"146063b5359146b7718ea86bad47c8eb",slug:"face_recognition",bookSignature:"Kresimir Delac and Mislav Grgic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4816.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"23423",title:"Shear Mode Piezoelectric Thin Film Resonators",doi:"10.5772/18797",slug:"shear-mode-piezoelectric-thin-film-resonators",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/23423.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/23423",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/23423",totalDownloads:2979,totalViews:158,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"October 29th 2010",dateReviewed:"July 19th 2011",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"November 14th 2011",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/23423",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/23423",book:{slug:"acoustic-waves-from-microdevices-to-helioseismology"},signatures:"Takahiko Yanagitani",authors:[{id:"32602",title:"Dr.",name:"Takahiko",middleName:null,surname:"Yanagitani",fullName:"Takahiko Yanagitani",slug:"takahiko-yanagitani",email:"yana@nitech.ac.jp",position:null,institution:null}],sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"521",title:"Acoustic Waves",subtitle:"From Microdevices to Helioseismology",fullTitle:"Acoustic Waves - From Microdevices to Helioseismology",slug:"acoustic-waves-from-microdevices-to-helioseismology",publishedDate:"November 14th 2011",bookSignature:"Marco G. Beghi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/521.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"41947",title:"Prof.",name:"Marco G.",middleName:null,surname:"Beghi",slug:"marco-g.-beghi",fullName:"Marco G. Beghi"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"23402",title:"Analysis of Acoustic Wave in Homogeneous and Inhomogeneous Media Using Finite Element Method",slug:"analysis-of-acoustic-wave-in-homogeneous-and-inhomogeneous-media-using-finite-element-method",totalDownloads:2499,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Zi-Gui Huang",authors:[{id:"32583",title:"Prof.",name:"Zi-Gui",middleName:null,surname:"Huang",fullName:"Zi-Gui Huang",slug:"zi-gui-huang"}]},{id:"23403",title:"Topological Singularities in Acoustic Fields due to Absorption of a Crystal",slug:"topological-singularities-in-acoustic-fields-due-to-absorption-of-a-crystal",totalDownloads:1361,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"V. I. Alshits, V. N. Lyubimov and A. Radowicz",authors:[{id:"28860",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrzej",middleName:null,surname:"Radowicz",fullName:"Andrzej Radowicz",slug:"andrzej-radowicz"},{id:"48507",title:"Prof.",name:"Vladimir",middleName:null,surname:"Alshits",fullName:"Vladimir Alshits",slug:"vladimir-alshits"},{id:"48573",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilii",middleName:null,surname:"Lyubimov",fullName:"Vasilii Lyubimov",slug:"vasilii-lyubimov"}]},{id:"23404",title:"An Operational Approach to the Acoustic Analogy Equations",slug:"an-operational-approach-to-the-acoustic-analogy-equations",totalDownloads:3074,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Dorel Homentcovschi and Ronald Miles",authors:[{id:"39193",title:"Prof.",name:"Dorel",middleName:null,surname:"Homentcovschi",fullName:"Dorel Homentcovschi",slug:"dorel-homentcovschi"},{id:"46640",title:"Prof.",name:"Ronald",middleName:null,surname:"Miles",fullName:"Ronald Miles",slug:"ronald-miles"}]},{id:"23405",title:"Exact Solutions Expressible in Hyperbolic and Jacobi Elliptic Functions of Some Important Equations of Ion-Acoustic Waves",slug:"exact-solutions-expressible-in-hyperbolic-and-jacobi-elliptic-functions-of-some-important-equations-",totalDownloads:2051,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"A. H. Khater and M. M. Hassan",authors:[{id:"37640",title:"Dr.",name:"A. H.",middleName:null,surname:"Khater",fullName:"A. H. Khater",slug:"a.-h.-khater"},{id:"105659",title:"Dr.",name:"M. M.",middleName:null,surname:"Hassan",fullName:"M. M. Hassan",slug:"m.-m.-hassan"}]},{id:"23406",title:"Acoustic Wave",slug:"acoustic-wave",totalDownloads:1880,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"P. K. Karmakar",authors:[{id:"29405",title:"Dr.",name:"P. K.",middleName:null,surname:"Karmakar",fullName:"P. K. Karmakar",slug:"p.-k.-karmakar"}]},{id:"23407",title:"Acoustic Waves: A Probe for the Elastic Properties of Films",slug:"acoustic-waves-a-probe-for-the-elastic-properties-of-films",totalDownloads:2266,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Marco G. Beghi",authors:[{id:"41947",title:"Prof.",name:"Marco G.",middleName:null,surname:"Beghi",fullName:"Marco G. Beghi",slug:"marco-g.-beghi"}]},{id:"23408",title:"Evaluation Method for Anisotropic Drilling Characteristics of the Formation by Using Acoustic Wave Information",slug:"evaluation-method-for-anisotropic-drilling-characteristics-of-the-formation-by-using-acoustic-wave-i",totalDownloads:2464,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Deli Gao and Qifeng Pan",authors:[{id:"32994",title:"Dr.",name:"Deli",middleName:null,surname:"Gao",fullName:"Deli Gao",slug:"deli-gao"},{id:"40148",title:"Dr.",name:"Qifeng",middleName:null,surname:"Pan",fullName:"Qifeng Pan",slug:"qifeng-pan"}]},{id:"23409",title:"Machinery Faults Detection Using Acoustic Emission Signal",slug:"machinery-faults-detection-using-acoustic-emission-signal",totalDownloads:3081,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Dong Sik Gu and Byeong Keun Choi",authors:[{id:"49686",title:"Dr.",name:"Dongsik",middleName:null,surname:"Gu",fullName:"Dongsik Gu",slug:"dongsik-gu"},{id:"56908",title:"Prof.",name:"Byeong Keun",middleName:null,surname:"Choi",fullName:"Byeong Keun Choi",slug:"byeong-keun-choi"}]},{id:"23410",title:"Compensation of Ultrasound Attenuation in Photoacoustic Imaging",slug:"compensation-of-ultrasound-attenuation-in-photoacoustic-imaging",totalDownloads:2177,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"P. Burgholzer, H. Roitner, J. Bauer-Marschallinger, H. Grün, T. Berer and G. Paltauf",authors:[{id:"36294",title:"Dr.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Burgholzer",fullName:"Peter Burgholzer",slug:"peter-burgholzer"},{id:"51111",title:"Dr",name:"Heinz",middleName:null,surname:"Roitner",fullName:"Heinz Roitner",slug:"heinz-roitner"},{id:"51112",title:"Mr.",name:"Johannes",middleName:null,surname:"Bauer-Marschallinger",fullName:"Johannes Bauer-Marschallinger",slug:"johannes-bauer-marschallinger"},{id:"51113",title:"MSc",name:"Hubert",middleName:null,surname:"Grün",fullName:"Hubert Grün",slug:"hubert-grun"},{id:"51114",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas",middleName:null,surname:"Berer",fullName:"Thomas Berer",slug:"thomas-berer"},{id:"51115",title:"Mr.",name:"Günther",middleName:null,surname:"Paltauf",fullName:"Günther Paltauf",slug:"gunther-paltauf"}]},{id:"23411",title:"Low Frequency Acoustic Devices for Viscoelastic Complex Media Characterization",slug:"low-frequency-acoustic-devices-for-viscoelastic-complex-media-characterization",totalDownloads:1924,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Georges Nassar",authors:[{id:"55634",title:"Prof.",name:"Nassar",middleName:null,surname:"Georges",fullName:"Nassar Georges",slug:"nassar-georges"}]},{id:"23412",title:"Modeling of Biological Interfacial Processes Using Thickness–Shear Mode Sensors",slug:"modeling-of-biological-interfacial-processes-using-thickness-shear-mode-sensors",totalDownloads:2072,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Ertan Ergezen, Johann Desa, Matias Hochman, Robert Weisbein Hart, Qiliang Zhang, Sun Kwoun, Piyush Shah and Ryszard Lec",authors:[{id:"35928",title:"Dr.",name:"Ertan",middleName:null,surname:"Ergezen",fullName:"Ertan Ergezen",slug:"ertan-ergezen"},{id:"50492",title:"Mr",name:"Johann",middleName:null,surname:"Desa",fullName:"Johann Desa",slug:"johann-desa"},{id:"50494",title:"Dr.",name:"Qiliang",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",fullName:"Qiliang Zhang",slug:"qiliang-zhang"},{id:"50495",title:"Dr.",name:"Sun",middleName:null,surname:"Kwoun",fullName:"Sun Kwoun",slug:"sun-kwoun"},{id:"50496",title:"Mr",name:"Piyush",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",fullName:"Piyush Shah",slug:"piyush-shah"},{id:"50497",title:"MSc",name:"Matias",middleName:"Gabriel",surname:"Hochman",fullName:"Matias Hochman",slug:"matias-hochman"},{id:"50498",title:"Prof.",name:"Ryszard",middleName:null,surname:"Lec",fullName:"Ryszard Lec",slug:"ryszard-lec"},{id:"110042",title:"Dr.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Weisbein Hart",fullName:"Robert Weisbein Hart",slug:"robert-weisbein-hart"}]},{id:"23413",title:"Analysis of Biological Acoustic Waves by Means of the Phase–Sensitivity Technique",slug:"analysis-of-biological-acoustic-waves-by-means-of-the-phase-sensitivity-technique",totalDownloads:1497,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Wojciech Michalski, Wojciech Dziewiszek and Marek Bochnia",authors:[{id:"40516",title:"PhD.",name:"Wojciech",middleName:"Tomasz",surname:"Michalski",fullName:"Wojciech Michalski",slug:"wojciech-michalski"},{id:"46192",title:"Prof.",name:"Marek",middleName:null,surname:"Bochnia",fullName:"Marek Bochnia",slug:"marek-bochnia"},{id:"46193",title:"Dr.",name:"Wojciech",middleName:null,surname:"Dziewiszek",fullName:"Wojciech Dziewiszek",slug:"wojciech-dziewiszek"}]},{id:"23414",title:"Photoacoustic Technique Applied to Skin Research: Characterization of Tissue, Topically Applied Products and Transdermal Drug Delivery",slug:"photoacoustic-technique-applied-to-skin-research-characterization-of-tissue-topically-applied-produc",totalDownloads:2513,totalCrossrefCites:4,signatures:"Jociely P. Mota, Jorge L.C. Carvalho, Sérgio S. Carvalho and Paulo R. Barja",authors:[{id:"32237",title:"Dr.",name:"Paulo",middleName:null,surname:"Barja",fullName:"Paulo Barja",slug:"paulo-barja"},{id:"87448",title:"MSc.",name:"Jociely",middleName:null,surname:"Mota",fullName:"Jociely Mota",slug:"jociely-mota"},{id:"87449",title:"BSc",name:"Jorge",middleName:"Luis",surname:"Carvalho",fullName:"Jorge Carvalho",slug:"jorge-carvalho"},{id:"87450",title:"MSc.",name:"Sérgio",middleName:null,surname:"Carvalho",fullName:"Sérgio Carvalho",slug:"sergio-carvalho"}]},{id:"23415",title:"Acoustic–Gravity Waves in the Ionosphere During Solar Eclipse Events",slug:"acoustic-gravity-waves-in-the-ionosphere-during-solar-eclipse-events",totalDownloads:2481,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Petra Koucká Knížová and Zbyšek Mošna",authors:[{id:"35967",title:"Dr.",name:"Petra",middleName:null,surname:"Koucká Knížová",fullName:"Petra Koucká Knížová",slug:"petra-koucka-knizova"},{id:"89765",title:"MSc.",name:"Zbyšek",middleName:null,surname:"Mošna",fullName:"Zbyšek Mošna",slug:"zbysek-mosna"}]},{id:"23416",title:"Use of Acoustic Waves for Pulsating Water Jet Generation",slug:"use-of-acoustic-waves-for-pulsating-water-jet-generation",totalDownloads:3490,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Josef Foldyna",authors:[{id:"32826",title:"Dr.",name:"Josef",middleName:null,surname:"Foldyna",fullName:"Josef Foldyna",slug:"josef-foldyna"}]},{id:"23417",title:"Molecular Desorption by Laser–Driven Acoustic Waves: Analytical Applications and Physical Mechanisms",slug:"molecular-desorption-by-laser-driven-acoustic-waves-analytical-applications-and-physical-mechanisms",totalDownloads:1826,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Alexander Zinovev, Igor Veryovkin and Michael Pellin",authors:[{id:"30284",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Zinovev",fullName:"Alexander Zinovev",slug:"alexander-zinovev"},{id:"32489",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:null,surname:"Veryovkin",fullName:"Igor Veryovkin",slug:"igor-veryovkin"},{id:"32490",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",middleName:null,surname:"Pellin",fullName:"Michael Pellin",slug:"michael-pellin"}]},{id:"23418",title:"Excitation of Periodical Shock Waves in Solid–State Optical Media (Yb:YAG, Glass) at SBS of Focused Low–Coherent Pump Radiation: Structure Changes, Features of Lasing",slug:"excitation-of-periodical-shock-waves-in-solid-state-optical-media-yb-yag-glass-at-sbs-of-focused-low",totalDownloads:1670,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"N.E. Bykovsky and Yu.V. Senatsky",authors:[{id:"38239",title:"Dr.",name:"N.E.",middleName:null,surname:"Bykovsky",fullName:"N.E. Bykovsky",slug:"n.e.-bykovsky"},{id:"44089",title:"Mr",name:"Yuri",middleName:null,surname:"Senatsky",fullName:"Yuri Senatsky",slug:"yuri-senatsky"}]},{id:"23419",title:"An Optimal Distribution of Actuatorsin Active Beam Vibration – Some Aspects, Theoretical Considerations",slug:"an-optimal-distribution-of-actuatorsin-active-beam-vibration-some-aspects-theoretical-considerations",totalDownloads:1258,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Adam Brański",authors:[{id:"36857",title:"Prof.",name:"Adam",middleName:null,surname:"BRAŃSKI",fullName:"Adam BRAŃSKI",slug:"adam-branski"}]},{id:"23420",title:"Multilayered Structure as a Novel Material for Surface Acoustic Wave Devices: Physical Insight",slug:"multilayered-structure-as-a-novel-material-for-surface-acoustic-wave-devices-physical-insight",totalDownloads:3908,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Natalya Naumenko",authors:[{id:"30794",title:"Dr.",name:"Natalya",middleName:"F.",surname:"Naumenko",fullName:"Natalya Naumenko",slug:"natalya-naumenko"}]},{id:"23421",title:"SAW Parameters Analysis and Equivalent Circuit of SAW Device",slug:"saw-parameters-analysis-and-equivalent-circuit-of-saw-device",totalDownloads:8603,totalCrossrefCites:5,signatures:"Trang Hoang",authors:[{id:"36754",title:"Dr.",name:"Trang",middleName:null,surname:"Hoang",fullName:"Trang Hoang",slug:"trang-hoang"}]},{id:"23422",title:"Sources of Third–Order Intermodulation Distortion in Bulk Acoustic Wave Devices: A Phenomenological Approach",slug:"sources-of-third-order-intermodulation-distortion-in-bulk-acoustic-wave-devices-a-phenomenological-a",totalDownloads:2056,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Eduard Rocas and Carlos Collado",authors:[{id:"34260",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Collado",fullName:"Carlos Collado",slug:"carlos-collado"},{id:"34385",title:"Mr",name:"Eduard",middleName:null,surname:"Rocas",fullName:"Eduard Rocas",slug:"eduard-rocas"}]},{id:"23423",title:"Shear Mode Piezoelectric Thin Film Resonators",slug:"shear-mode-piezoelectric-thin-film-resonators",totalDownloads:2979,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Takahiko Yanagitani",authors:[{id:"32602",title:"Dr.",name:"Takahiko",middleName:null,surname:"Yanagitani",fullName:"Takahiko Yanagitani",slug:"takahiko-yanagitani"}]},{id:"23424",title:"Polymer Coated Rayleigh SAW and STW Resonators for Gas Sensor Applications",slug:"polymer-coated-rayleigh-saw-and-stw-resonators-for-gas-sensor-applications",totalDownloads:1483,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Ivan D. Avramov",authors:[{id:"40655",title:"Dr.",name:"Ivan",middleName:null,surname:"Avramov",fullName:"Ivan Avramov",slug:"ivan-avramov"}]},{id:"23425",title:"Ultrananocrystalline Diamond as Material for Surface Acoustic Wave Devices",slug:"ultrananocrystalline-diamond-as-material-for-surface-acoustic-wave-devices",totalDownloads:2510,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Nicolas Woehrl and Volker Buck",authors:[{id:"36963",title:"Dr.",name:"Volker",middleName:null,surname:"Buck",fullName:"Volker Buck",slug:"volker-buck"}]},{id:"23426",title:"Aluminum Nitride (AlN) Film Based Acoustic Devices: Material Synthesis and Device Fabrication",slug:"aluminum-nitride-aln-film-based-acoustic-devices-material-synthesis-and-device-fabrication",totalDownloads:4259,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Jyoti Prakash Kar and Gouranga Bose",authors:[{id:"40705",title:"Dr.",name:"Jyoti Prakash",middleName:null,surname:"Kar",fullName:"Jyoti Prakash Kar",slug:"jyoti-prakash-kar"},{id:"47379",title:"Prof.",name:"Gouranga",middleName:null,surname:"Bose",fullName:"Gouranga Bose",slug:"gouranga-bose"}]},{id:"23427",title:"Surface Acoustic Wave Devices for Harsh Environment",slug:"surface-acoustic-wave-devices-for-harsh-environment",totalDownloads:2901,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Cinzia Caliendo",authors:[{id:"44168",title:"Dr.",name:"Cinzia",middleName:null,surname:"Caliendo",fullName:"Cinzia Caliendo",slug:"cinzia-caliendo"}]},{id:"23428",title:"Applications of In–Fiber Acousto–Optic Devices",slug:"applications-of-in-fiber-acousto-optic-devices",totalDownloads:2822,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"C. Cuadrado-Laborde, A. Díez, M. V. Andrés, J. L. Cruz, M. Bello-Jimenez, I. L. Villegas, A. Martínez-Gámez and Y. O. Barmenkov",authors:[{id:"29543",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:"A",surname:"Cuadrado-Laborde",fullName:"Christian Cuadrado-Laborde",slug:"christian-cuadrado-laborde"},{id:"46578",title:"Dr.",name:"Miguel V.",middleName:null,surname:"Andrés",fullName:"Miguel V. Andrés",slug:"miguel-v.-andres"},{id:"46579",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Diez",fullName:"Antonio Diez",slug:"antonio-diez"},{id:"46580",title:"Dr.",name:"José L.",middleName:null,surname:"Cruz",fullName:"José L. Cruz",slug:"jose-l.-cruz"},{id:"46581",title:"Dr.",name:"Miguel",middleName:null,surname:"Bello-Jimenez",fullName:"Miguel Bello-Jimenez",slug:"miguel-bello-jimenez"},{id:"46582",title:"MSc",name:"Irma",middleName:null,surname:"Villegas",fullName:"Irma Villegas",slug:"irma-villegas"},{id:"46583",title:"Dr.",name:"M.A.",middleName:null,surname:"Martinez-Gamez",fullName:"M.A. Martinez-Gamez",slug:"m.a.-martinez-gamez"},{id:"46584",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuri",middleName:null,surname:"Barmenkov",fullName:"Yuri Barmenkov",slug:"yuri-barmenkov"}]},{id:"23429",title:"Surface Acoustic Waves and Nano–Electromechanical Systems",slug:"surface-acoustic-waves-and-nano-electromechanical-systems",totalDownloads:2869,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Dustin J. Kreft and Robert H. Blick",authors:[{id:"36802",title:"Dr.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Blick",fullName:"Robert Blick",slug:"robert-blick"},{id:"90631",title:"Mr.",name:"Dustin",middleName:null,surname:"Kreft",fullName:"Dustin Kreft",slug:"dustin-kreft"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"2188",title:"Modeling and Measurement Methods for Acoustic Waves and for Acoustic Microdevices",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ae0f011b5180f0cc414a30ec559cb421",slug:"modeling-and-measurement-methods-for-acoustic-waves-and-for-acoustic-microdevices",bookSignature:"Marco G. Beghi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2188.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"41947",title:"Prof.",name:"Marco G.",surname:"Beghi",slug:"marco-g.-beghi",fullName:"Marco G. Beghi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"45606",title:"Crack Detecting via Newton’s Method",slug:"crack-detecting-via-newton-s-method",signatures:"Kuo-Ming Lee",authors:[{id:"149903",title:"Prof.",name:"Kuo-Ming",middleName:null,surname:"Lee",fullName:"Kuo-Ming Lee",slug:"kuo-ming-lee"}]},{id:"45582",title:"Neutron Diffraction on Acoustic Waves in a Perfect and Deformed Single Crystals",slug:"neutron-diffraction-on-acoustic-waves-in-a-perfect-and-deformed-single-crystals",signatures:"E. Raitman, V. Gavrilov and Ju. Ekmanis",authors:[{id:"144543",title:"Prof.",name:"Ernst",middleName:null,surname:"Raitman",fullName:"Ernst Raitman",slug:"ernst-raitman"},{id:"152184",title:"Prof.",name:"Ekmanis",middleName:null,surname:"Juris",fullName:"Ekmanis Juris",slug:"ekmanis-juris"}]},{id:"45572",title:"Enhanced Transmission of Acoustic Waves Through Subwavelength Holes in Hard Plates",slug:"enhanced-transmission-of-acoustic-waves-through-subwavelength-holes-in-hard-plates",signatures:"Bo Hou and Weijia Wen",authors:[{id:"143180",title:"Prof.",name:"Weijia",middleName:null,surname:"Wen",fullName:"Weijia Wen",slug:"weijia-wen"},{id:"145802",title:"Dr.",name:"Bo",middleName:null,surname:"Hou",fullName:"Bo Hou",slug:"bo-hou"}]},{id:"45584",title:"The Application of Surface Acoustic Waves in Surface Semiconductor Investigations and Gas Sensors",slug:"the-application-of-surface-acoustic-waves-in-surface-semiconductor-investigations-and-gas-sensors",signatures:"Marian Urbańczyk and Tadeusz Pustelny",authors:[{id:"144277",title:"Prof.",name:"Marian",middleName:null,surname:"Urbańczyk",fullName:"Marian Urbańczyk",slug:"marian-urbanczyk"},{id:"144505",title:"Prof.",name:"Tadeusz",middleName:null,surname:"Pustelny",fullName:"Tadeusz Pustelny",slug:"tadeusz-pustelny"}]},{id:"45607",title:"Transient Acoustic Wave Propagation in Porous Media",slug:"transient-acoustic-wave-propagation-in-porous-media",signatures:"Zine El Abiddine Fellah, Mohamed Fellah\nand Claude Depollier",authors:[{id:"143693",title:"Dr.",name:"Zine El Abiddine",middleName:null,surname:"Fellah",fullName:"Zine El Abiddine Fellah",slug:"zine-el-abiddine-fellah"},{id:"144518",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed",middleName:null,surname:"Fellah",fullName:"Mohamed Fellah",slug:"mohamed-fellah"},{id:"144519",title:"Prof.",name:"Claude",middleName:null,surname:"Depollier",fullName:"Claude Depollier",slug:"claude-depollier"}]},{id:"45574",title:"Utilizing Malaysian Natural Fibers as Sound Absorber",slug:"utilizing-malaysian-natural-fibers-as-sound-absorber",signatures:"Mohammad Hosseini Fouladi, Mohamed H. Nassir,\nMasomeh Ghassem, Marwan Shamel, Sim Yeng Peng,\nSin Yi Wen, Pang Zong Xin and Mohd Jailani Mohd Nor",authors:[{id:"143661",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammad",middleName:null,surname:"Hosseini Fouladi",fullName:"Mohammad Hosseini Fouladi",slug:"mohammad-hosseini-fouladi"},{id:"151813",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohamed",middleName:null,surname:"Nassir",fullName:"Mohamed Nassir",slug:"mohamed-nassir"},{id:"157702",title:"Dr.",name:"Marwan",middleName:null,surname:"Shamel",fullName:"Marwan Shamel",slug:"marwan-shamel"},{id:"157703",title:"Dr.",name:"Sim Yeng",middleName:null,surname:"Peng",fullName:"Sim Yeng Peng",slug:"sim-yeng-peng"},{id:"157708",title:"Dr.",name:"Sin Yi",middleName:null,surname:"Wen",fullName:"Sin Yi Wen",slug:"sin-yi-wen"},{id:"157709",title:"Dr.",name:"Pang Zong",middleName:null,surname:"Xin",fullName:"Pang Zong Xin",slug:"pang-zong-xin"},{id:"157710",title:"Dr.",name:"Masomeh",middleName:null,surname:"Ghassem",fullName:"Masomeh Ghassem",slug:"masomeh-ghassem"},{id:"157711",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohd Jailani",middleName:null,surname:"Mohd Nor",fullName:"Mohd Jailani Mohd Nor",slug:"mohd-jailani-mohd-nor"}]},{id:"45569",title:"An Investigation of an Acoustic Wave Velocity in a Reinforced Concrete Beam from Out-of Plane and in Plane Sources",slug:"an-investigation-of-an-acoustic-wave-velocity-in-a-reinforced-concrete-beam-from-out-of-plane-and-in",signatures:"Noorsuhada Md Nor, Norazura Muhamad Bunnori,\nAzmi Ibrahim, Hamidah Mohd Saman, Shahiron Shahidan\nand Soffian Noor Mat Saliah",authors:[{id:"141507",title:"MSc.",name:"Noorsuhada",middleName:null,surname:"Md Nor",fullName:"Noorsuhada Md Nor",slug:"noorsuhada-md-nor"},{id:"145586",title:"Mrs.",name:"Noorsuhada",middleName:null,surname:"Md Nor",fullName:"Noorsuhada Md Nor",slug:"noorsuhada-md-nor"},{id:"145587",title:"Prof.",name:"Azmi",middleName:null,surname:"Ibrahim",fullName:"Azmi Ibrahim",slug:"azmi-ibrahim"},{id:"145588",title:"Dr.",name:"Shahiron",middleName:null,surname:"Shahidan",fullName:"Shahiron Shahidan",slug:"shahiron-shahidan"}]},{id:"45576",title:"Combination of Acoustic Methods and the Indentation Technique for the Measurement of Film Properties",slug:"combination-of-acoustic-methods-and-the-indentation-technique-for-the-measurement-of-film-properties",signatures:"Fabio Di Fonzo, Francisco García Ferré, Dario Gastaldi,\nPasquale Vena and Marco G. Beghi",authors:[{id:"41947",title:"Prof.",name:"Marco G.",middleName:null,surname:"Beghi",fullName:"Marco G. Beghi",slug:"marco-g.-beghi"}]},{id:"45568",title:"On Universal Modeling of the Bulk Acoustic Wave Devices",slug:"on-universal-modeling-of-the-bulk-acoustic-wave-devices",signatures:"Boris Sveshnikov, Sergey Nikitov and Sergey Suchkov",authors:[{id:"11533",title:"Dr.",name:"Boris",middleName:"V.",surname:"Sveshnikov",fullName:"Boris Sveshnikov",slug:"boris-sveshnikov"},{id:"166911",title:"Prof.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Nikitov",fullName:"Sergey Nikitov",slug:"sergey-nikitov"},{id:"166912",title:"Prof.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Suchkov",fullName:"Sergey Suchkov",slug:"sergey-suchkov"}]},{id:"45608",title:"Progress in Theoretical and Numerical Tools Devoted to Understanding of Acoustic Devices Behavior",slug:"progress-in-theoretical-and-numerical-tools-devoted-to-understanding-of-acoustic-devices-behavior",signatures:"T. Laroche and S. Ballandras",authors:[{id:"31933",title:"Dr.",name:"Sylvain",middleName:null,surname:"Ballandras",fullName:"Sylvain Ballandras",slug:"sylvain-ballandras"},{id:"44765",title:"Dr.",name:"Thierry",middleName:null,surname:"Laroche",fullName:"Thierry Laroche",slug:"thierry-laroche"}]},{id:"45585",title:"Precise Analysis and Design of Multi-Layered Acoustic Wave Devices with Bragg Cell",slug:"precise-analysis-and-design-of-multi-layered-acoustic-wave-devices-with-bragg-cell",signatures:"Yongqiang Guo and Weiqiu Chen",authors:[{id:"11654",title:"Dr.",name:"Yongqiang",middleName:null,surname:"Guo",fullName:"Yongqiang Guo",slug:"yongqiang-guo"},{id:"125695",title:"Prof.",name:"Weiqiu",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",fullName:"Weiqiu Chen",slug:"weiqiu-chen"}]},{id:"45583",title:"High-Overtone Bulk Acoustic Resonator",slug:"high-overtone-bulk-acoustic-resonator",signatures:"T. Baron, E. Lebrasseur, F. Bassignot, G. Martin,\nV. Pétrini and S. Ballandras",authors:[{id:"149751",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas",middleName:null,surname:"Baron",fullName:"Thomas Baron",slug:"thomas-baron"}]},{id:"45580",title:"Modeling and Design of BAW Resonators and Filters for Integration in a UMTS Transmitter",slug:"modeling-and-design-of-baw-resonators-and-filters-for-integration-in-a-umts-transmitter",signatures:"Matthieu Chatras , Stéphane Bila, Sylvain Giraud, Lise Catherinot,\nJi Fan, Dominique Cros, Michel Aubourg, Axel Flament,\nAntoine Frappé, Bruno Stefanelli, Andreas Kaiser, Andreia Cathelin,\nJean Baptiste David, Alexandre Reinhardt, Laurent Leyssenne and\nEric Kerhervé",authors:[{id:"149671",title:"Dr.",name:"Matthieu",middleName:null,surname:"Chatras",fullName:"Matthieu Chatras",slug:"matthieu-chatras"}]},{id:"45586",title:"Surface Acoustic Wave Based Magnetic Sensors",slug:"surface-acoustic-wave-based-magnetic-sensors",signatures:"Bodong Li, Hommood Al Rowais and Jürgen Kosel",authors:[{id:"141848",title:"Prof.",name:"Jurgen",middleName:null,surname:"Kosel",fullName:"Jurgen Kosel",slug:"jurgen-kosel"},{id:"143722",title:"MSc.",name:"Bodong",middleName:null,surname:"Li",fullName:"Bodong Li",slug:"bodong-li"},{id:"146392",title:"MSc.",name:"Hommood",middleName:null,surname:"Al Rowais",fullName:"Hommood Al Rowais",slug:"hommood-al-rowais"}]},{id:"45577",title:"Electromagnetic and Acoustic Transformation of Surface Acoustic Waves and Its Application in Various Tasks",slug:"electromagnetic-and-acoustic-transformation-of-surface-acoustic-waves-and-its-application-in-various",signatures:"Sergey E. Babkin",authors:[{id:"150021",title:"Dr",name:null,middleName:null,surname:"Babkin",fullName:"Babkin",slug:"babkin"}]},{id:"45573",title:"Acoustics in Optical Fiber",slug:"acoustics-in-optical-fiber",signatures:"Abhilash Mandloi and Vivekanand Mishra",authors:[{id:"143426",title:"Dr.",name:"Vivekanand",middleName:null,surname:"Mishra",fullName:"Vivekanand Mishra",slug:"vivekanand-mishra"},{id:"146960",title:"Mr.",name:"Abhilash",middleName:null,surname:"Mandloi",fullName:"Abhilash Mandloi",slug:"abhilash-mandloi"}]},{id:"45570",title:"Techniques for Tuning BAW-SMR Resonators for the 4th Generation of Mobile Communications",slug:"techniques-for-tuning-baw-smr-resonators-for-the-4th-generation-of-mobile-communications",signatures:"M. El Hassan, E. Kerherve, Y. Deval, K. Baraka,\nJ.B. David and D. Belot",authors:[{id:"61815",title:"Prof.",name:"Jean-Baptiste",middleName:null,surname:"David",fullName:"Jean-Baptiste David",slug:"jean-baptiste-david"},{id:"143096",title:"Dr.",name:"Moustapha",middleName:null,surname:"El Hassan",fullName:"Moustapha El Hassan",slug:"moustapha-el-hassan"},{id:"146675",title:"Prof.",name:"Eric",middleName:null,surname:"Kerherve",fullName:"Eric Kerherve",slug:"eric-kerherve"},{id:"146676",title:"Prof.",name:"Yann",middleName:null,surname:"Deval",fullName:"Yann Deval",slug:"yann-deval"},{id:"146679",title:"Mr.",name:"Didier",middleName:null,surname:"Belot",fullName:"Didier Belot",slug:"didier-belot"},{id:"156246",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Baraka",fullName:"Kamal Baraka",slug:"kamal-baraka"}]},{id:"45581",title:"Seismic Vibration Sensor with Acoustic Surface Wave",slug:"seismic-vibration-sensor-with-acoustic-surface-wave",signatures:"Jerzy Filipiak and Grzegorz Steczko",authors:[{id:"146520",title:"Prof.",name:"Jerzy",middleName:null,surname:"Fllipiak",fullName:"Jerzy Fllipiak",slug:"jerzy-fllipiak"},{id:"146533",title:"Dr.",name:"Grzegorz",middleName:null,surname:"Steczko",fullName:"Grzegorz Steczko",slug:"grzegorz-steczko"}]},{id:"45571",title:"Acoustics and Vibro-Acoustics Applied in Space Industry",slug:"acoustics-and-vibro-acoustics-applied-in-space-industry",signatures:"Rogério Pirk, Carlos d´Andrade Souto,\nGustavo Paulinelli Guimarães and Luiz Carlos Sandoval Góes",authors:[{id:"143133",title:"Dr.",name:"Rogerio",middleName:null,surname:"Pirk",fullName:"Rogerio Pirk",slug:"rogerio-pirk"},{id:"169101",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"d´Andrade Souto",fullName:"Carlos d´Andrade Souto",slug:"carlos-dandrade-souto"},{id:"169102",title:"Dr.",name:"Gustavo",middleName:null,surname:"Paulinelli Guimarães",fullName:"Gustavo Paulinelli Guimarães",slug:"gustavo-paulinelli-guimaraes"},{id:"169103",title:"Dr.",name:"Luiz Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Sandoval Góes",fullName:"Luiz Carlos Sandoval Góes",slug:"luiz-carlos-sandoval-goes"}]},{id:"45575",title:"Acoustic Wave Based Microfluidics and Lab-on-a-Chip",slug:"acoustic-wave-based-microfluidics-and-lab-on-a-chip",signatures:"J. K. Luo, Y. Q. Fu and W. I. Milne",authors:[{id:"145624",title:"Prof.",name:"Jack",middleName:null,surname:"Luo",fullName:"Jack Luo",slug:"jack-luo"},{id:"146419",title:"Dr.",name:"Richard",middleName:null,surname:"Fu",fullName:"Richard Fu",slug:"richard-fu"},{id:"146420",title:"Prof.",name:"Williams I",middleName:null,surname:"Milne",fullName:"Williams I Milne",slug:"williams-i-milne"}]},{id:"45579",title:"Underwater Acoustics Modeling in Finite Depth Shallow Waters",slug:"underwater-acoustics-modeling-in-finite-depth-shallow-waters",signatures:"Emerson de Sousa Costa, Eduardo Bauzer Medeiros\nand João Batista Carvalho Filardi",authors:[{id:"149966",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Emerson",middleName:"De Sousa",surname:"Costa",fullName:"Emerson Costa",slug:"emerson-costa"},{id:"149967",title:"Dr.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Bauzer Medeiros",fullName:"Eduardo Bauzer Medeiros",slug:"eduardo-bauzer-medeiros"},{id:"168716",title:"MSc.",name:"João",middleName:null,surname:"Batista Carvalho Filardi",fullName:"João Batista Carvalho Filardi",slug:"joao-batista-carvalho-filardi"}]},{id:"45578",title:"Ray Trace Modeling of Underwater Sound Propagation",slug:"ray-trace-modeling-of-underwater-sound-propagation",signatures:"Jens M. Hovem",authors:[{id:"46063",title:"Prof.",name:"Jens",middleName:"Martin",surname:"Hovem",fullName:"Jens Hovem",slug:"jens-hovem"}]}]}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"66030",title:"Systems Biology Perspectives for Studying Neurodevelopmental Events",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85072",slug:"systems-biology-perspectives-for-studying-neurodevelopmental-events",body:'\nSince the release of the first draft of the human genome and the development of massive parallel DNA sequencing strategies, our understanding of the genetic basis for a variety of human illnesses, including neurological disease, has expanded rapidly. In fact, around 50% of the known Mendelian disorders were already matched with their underlined genes [1] and this gap is expected to further decrease, namely by the improvements in the analysis of non-coding genomic regions [2]. This being said, the performance on the identification of the genetic context of diseases with complex phenotypes is more modest, probably due to their multigenic etiology. In fact, the use of exome sequencing for the detection of new mutations in an unknown gene in family pedigrees appeared as a straight approach in the context of Mendelian disorders, but at most it provides the list of common variants when applied to neurological illnesses with complex phenotypes. As a consequence, further functional genomic readouts, including transcriptomes, transcription factors profiling, or epigenetic landscaping, are required to further narrow the observed mutations and to reconstitute the complex relationship among the various genes implicated on the inset of the disease.
\nIn this context, this chapter will focus on the use of such further readouts to complement previous exome sequencing efforts (for a review on the use of exome sequencing applied to neurological diseases: [3]) and provide an overview of the integrative computational strategies in use. Importantly, the concept of gene networks as an approach to describe the inter-relationship among the various implicated genes on the disease is discussed and illustrated by the major efforts performed over the last years in the field of neurodevelopment and related diseases (Figure 1). Finally, we discuss the arrival of new technological approaches for enhancing our capacity to interrogate the human nervous tissue, which in contrary to other tissues, remained till recently restricted to postmortem collected samples.
\nTimeline recapitulating major achievements in understanding of healthy or disease-affected human brain development by the use of functional genomics approaches.
The evolution of genomics analyses, notably due to the sequencing of the human genome, allowed to study neurodevelopment from a different perspective; i.e., by the interrogation of the role of the genetic context during neurodevelopment. In fact, while the implication of genes in this process was previously studied at the individual level with the use of in-situ hybridization and RT-PCR methods, the developments in DNA microarray and RNA-sequencing technologies provided a global perspective as witnessed by the various studies focused on the brain transcriptome either from the whole organ or particular regions and across stages of development. Among them, the work, performed by Kang et al., for the establishment of transcriptomes from 57 postmortem human brains in 16 regions across the lifespan spanning developmental embryos through adulthood corresponds to one of the earliest most comprehensive studies. In fact, beyond the large amounts of data, they provided a spatiotemporal transcriptome regulation view enhanced by the establishment of gene co-expression networks recapitulating different stages of development. Importantly, this study highlighted that the majority of spatiotemporal differences happen before the birth with a shift of gene expression patterns around the birth in the neocortex. Principally in the fetal brain, genes with a role in cell proliferation, cell migration, and neuronal differentiation are expressed in contrast to the late fetal period and infancy, where genes coding to dendrite and synapse development are found [4].
\nFurther studies performed by Colantuoni et al. focused on the temporal dynamic of the transcriptome in prefrontal cortex in a large number of human brain samples demonstrated that genes expressed differently in prenatal brain fetal development are reversed during postnatal life [5] with the recruitment of new genes in the early developmental brain [6]. With the same idea, the pattern of spatial gene expression in brain was shown to follow a way determined by embryonic origin that can change during development [7]. In fact, Pletikos et al. defined three phases in neocortical development: the prenatal with highest differential gene expression, the preadolescent phase with increasing synchronization of areal transcriptome, and the adolescence where differential expressions among area reappear [8]. The spatial part of transcriptome analysis gave the proof of structure gene regulation in human brain. Especially, differences in gene expression profiling were demonstrated between brain substructures or sites with the presence of region-specific genes [9, 10, 11]. Hawrylycz et al. combined histological analysis with microarray in 900 neuroanatomic subdivisions from two human brains and observed that the spatial topography of the neocortex is reflected in its transcriptomic topography where closer cortical regions have similar gene expression [12]. However, symmetry bilaterally between two hemispheres was observed during development [8, 9, 11]. In addition, the gene expression variability exists also between layers of neocortex. The neocortex consists of six horizontal layers with subsets of neurons, the transcriptional analysis of the layers in prefrontal cortex showed human specific layer gene expression patterns [13]. A study realized by Miller et al. demonstrated differential gene expression between proliferative and postmitotic layers in mid gestation human fetal brain with the presence of a molecular gradient frontotemporal in cortical layers [14]. These observations supported the gene expression gradients along the anteroposterior axis of neocortex [15].
\nWhile informative, the transcriptome analysis over the whole brain or performed on specific regions is issued from the analysis of multiple cells possibly presenting heterogeneous cell types populations. The development in single-cell transcriptomics appears as a relevant alternative for gathering information about cell types. The single-cell whole transcriptomic analysis permitted to identify cellular heterogeneity in the brain and subtypes of neuronal cells with differential gene expression between fetal and adult neurons [16]. Single nuclear transcriptome in the adult cerebral cortex was used to see diversity in neuronal subtypes and neuroanatomical areas [17]. Habib et al. combined this technique of single nucleus RNA-Seq with pulse-labeling proliferative cells using the thymidine analog, the 5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine (EdU), to identify hippocampal cellular types and track transcriptional trajectories single proliferating cells in the adult hippocampal neurogenic niche [18]. Similarly, a recent single-cell RNA-Seq study in the human fetal cortex and medial ganglionic eminence during prenatal neurogenesis demonstrated the presence of lineage specific trajectories dependent of transcription regulatory [19]. This study also demonstrated the modest transcriptional differences in cortical radial glia cascade which conducts robust typological differences in neurons. In the same context, Lake et al. combined single-cell sequencing with epigenome readouts in adult human brain cells to reveal chromatin/transcription factor regulatory events within distinct cell types [20]. Recently, Fan et al. also performed single-cell spatial transcriptome analysis in human brain mid gestation embryos, where they observed heterogeneity in each cortex region with no synchronization in cortex development and maturation [21].
\nThe study of the transcriptional expression behavior during brain development is expected to enhance our understanding of pathological situations. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD), a heterogeneous pathology with prevalence of 1 in 59 children, is one of these examples. The pathogenesis of ASD is characterized by social impairments, disrupted communication skills and repetitive behaviors. Numerous genes were shown to be implicated in ASD and their gene co-expression and/or gene regulatory networks analyses are providing new insights on the impaired/affected pathways on this disorder. In fact, several studies have tried to identify transcriptome alterations implicated in ASD using either DNA microarray hybridization assays or genome sequencing. By comparing autistic and control brain samples, upregulated genes implicated in immune function, while others repressed and involved in neurodevelopment or synaptogenesis were highlighted [22, 23, 24]. Another study described a dysregulation in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and protein translation pathways without seeing changes in DNA methylation [25]. Consistent with this observation, the downregulation of genes involved in mitochondrial and synaptic function were also reported by using multiple genomics datasets like RNA-Seq and microarray studies previously published [26]. Interestingly, dysfunction in synaptic pathways was also described in another neurodevelopmental disease, namely schizophrenia [27, 28, 29, 30]. This pathology affecting approximately 1% of the population is characterized by personality disturbances, hallucinations, delusions, and/or disorganizing behavior. High-throughput transcriptomic analysis revealed multiple deregulated genes in schizophrenia [29, 30, 31, 32]. Several of them are implicated in neurodevelopmental pathways, neuronal communication, energy metabolism, and synaptic function [29, 30, 32]. Changes in DNA methylation related to the prenatal-postnatal life transition were also reported by comparing schizophrenia postmortem and unaffected control brain samples, strongly arguing for the implication of an epigenetic regulation in the disease’s development [33, 34, 35].
\nIn addition to the observed changes in gene expression, alternative RNA splicing has been described to occur at high frequency in human brain samples, corresponding to more than one-third of the human brain transcriptome [9, 36]. In addition, beyond the reported changes in protein coding gene expression [37], non-coding micro RNAs (miRNA) and/or long non-coding RNAs (lncRNA) were shown to have a role in neurodevelopment, participating in the reinforcement of brain complexity. Indeed, Ziats et al. described differential miRNAs expression in different parts of human brain along time of development with a principal shift that happens after the birth [38]. In the same idea, changes in lncRNA transcriptome during brain development [39], preferentially across fetal development with spatial regulation, were described [40]. LncRNAs also play a role in neuronal differentiation and neurogenesis, as suggested by studies highlighting a differential expression of lncRNAs during differentiation from human pluripotent stem cells [41, 42]. One example is the lncRNA rhabdomyosarcoma 2-associated transcript (RMST) which through its interaction with SOX2 regulates downstream genes implicated in neurogenesis [43]. The dysregulation of miRNA or lncRNA expression was also observed in autism [44, 45, 46], schizophrenia [47], and intellectual disability [48]. In this last case, lncRNAs were shown to be implicated in synaptic transmission, neurogenesis, or neurodevelopment.
\nAcross these different transcriptome studies, a variety of databases hosting microarray and/or RNA-Seq data are currently available (for a comprehensive review, see [49]). Among them, we can cite the HB Atlas [4, 9], the BrainSpan Consortium [14], Brain Cloud [5], the Allen Brain map portal [12], the cortex single cells [19], or the single-cell portal [18]. In addition, several consortia, sometimes covering topics beyond the brain tissue, are at the basis of the establishment of major databases. Among others, we can cite the “Genotype Tissue Expression (GTex)” regrouping gene expression data issued from different tissues covering more than 600 donors [50]. Similarly, the “Encyclopedia of DNA Elements (ENCODE)” regroups large-scale datasets from various projects and combines multi-omics data from different species, variety of cell lines and tissues at different stages of development. A more specialized version of ENCODE, the “Psychiatric Encyclopedia of DNA Elements (PsychENCODE),” collects datasets concerning epigenetic modifications and non-coding RNA in healthy and disease-related human brains [51]. In the context of the data issued from brain samples, Huisman et al. developed the web portal “Brainscope” providing an interactive visualization of Allen Atlas adult brain transcriptome and across different stages of development [52]. Recently, a method to predict mRNA expression in whole brain using microarray data from Allen Brain Atlas with in-vivo positron emission tomography (PET) data was developed [53]. Overall, the generation of these databases correspond to major efforts for the research community, providing centralized access to the large collections of data; thus, further efforts of data integration can be performed, for instance by the reconstruction of gene regulatory networks on the basis of previously generated transcriptomes.
\nThe development of mid/high throughput strategies for analyzing genome sequences, their variants, gene expression, or even the proteome composition, provided means to the scientific community to interrogate each of these layers of complexity in a variety of model systems and tissues and in addition to integrate them to reconstruct a regulatory view. As illustrated in the previous section, several studies described major functional genomic readouts focused on studying brain development in normal and disease settings.
\nWhile being comprehensive, in most cases they provide relevant list of players (gene variants, differentially expressed genes, etc.) on the basis of statistical descriptors but forgets completely to address their potential relationship. Or, from a biological point of view, each of the players composing the system under study is expected to directly (or indirectly) influence the behavior of others. As a consequence, the current challenge is to evolve into an integrative view, focused on studying the various “deregulated events” as interconnected entities by the incorporation of multiple types of readouts and supported by computational solutions.
\nFrom an historical perspective, the article of Walsh et al. released in Science in 2008, corresponds to one of the first major studies aiming at identifying neurodevelopmental programs involved in a disease context like schizophrenia [54]. In this study, the authors hypothesized that the collective contribution of each of the rare structural variants retrieved on neurological/neurodevelopmental syndromes accounts for these disorders, and in the specific case of schizophrenia, they have demonstrated a difference of at least 3-fold between controls and individuals with schizophrenia on the frequency of rare structural variants within coding regions. Furthermore, they have focused on structural mutations that disrupt genes, and evaluated their functions with the help of computational solutions querying for gene enrichment in one or more functionally defined pathways (PANTHER and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis). This strategy per se aims at establishing gene relationships on the basis of their annotation to a given program (or pathway), even though in this case such relationships are inferred in-silico.
\nSince then, further studies incorporated other types of data, like the use of RNA-Seq transcriptomic analysis to identify the differentially expressed genes between controls and individuals with schizophrenia, which are then associated to biological functions by Gene ontology analysis [55, 56, 57]. Furthermore, the development of computational solutions for enhancing data integration has being performed like in the case of NETBAG, which allows to integrate multiple types of genetic variations like single nucleotide variants (SNVs), rare copy number variants (CNVs), and genome-wide association studies (GWAS), to identify highly connected gene clusters, potentially related to functional roles. NETBAG was initially described in the context of de novo CNVs in autism [58] and schizophrenia [59].
\nBeyond correlating changes in gene expression with the identification of genetic variations, further efforts are required for stratifying information, like the use of gene co-expression strategies. This approach aims at aggregating genes on the grounds of their expression levels under the hypothesis that co-expressed genes are the consequence of a common regulatory force; e.g., the action of transcription factors. This analysis can be represented under a network structure, on which a pair of genes is displayed interconnected on the basis of their significant co-expression relationship. This strategy has been applied by Voineagu and colleagues to resolve consistent differences in transcriptomes assessed over autistic and normal brain samples [23]. Specifically, they have resolved gene expression levels in cortical regions (suggesting cortical abnormalities in the context of autism), but in addition they have managed to identify discrete modules of co-expressed genes, clearly demonstrating the advantages of such strategy for enhancing the analytical resolution. Since then, various studies incorporated gene co-expression analysis together with genome-wide association data (GWAS) [60, 61], incorporated multiple human brain regions and issued from various human development stages as a way to identify specific biological processes and defined brain regions associated to autism disorder [62, 63].
\nWhile gene co-expression networks are expected to be the consequence of the action of defined master transcription factors, their identity remains unknown in this type of analysis. The combination of chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) with massive parallel sequencing provided means to scrutinize the genome locations on which given TFs are located. Furthermore, on the basis of their proximity to annotated coding regions, it is possible to infer their transcriptional regulation activity over proximal genes. Following such strategy, factors like TBR1 [64] or Auts2 [65, 66], initially identified by rare genetic variant studies were ChIP-sequenced to reveal their direct targets. In both cases, they were found located on genomic regions adjacent to autism spectrum disorder (ASD)-related genes. A similar strategy has been applied to map the gene targets associated to the chromatin modifier CHD8 (chromodomain helicase) [67], previously shown to be mutated in rare genetic variant studies [68].
\nAlthough powerful for the identification of the target genes for a given factor, performing ChIP-Seq assays remains still challenging for covering a large number of TFs, epigenetic modifications, and/or chromatin remodelers which could appear associated to neurodevelopmental events. In fact, identifying strategies to prioritize the list of TFs to be immunoprecipitated remains a key step, which is currently handled by applying computational strategies. In this context, we have recently developed TETRAMER, a computational approach able to reconstruct gene regulatory networks from the integration of transcriptomes provided by the user and annotations retrieved in various databases concerning TF-Target gene relationships [69]. Furthermore, TETRAMER simulates transcription regulation propagation over the reconstructed connectivity to identify master TFs, which could then be prioritized for experimental assays. This strategy has been initially used for identifying novel master TFs implicated on neurogenesis by reconstructing gene regulatory networks from temporal transcriptomes [70]; then, it has been extrapolated to a collection of more than 3000 transcriptomes covering ∼300 cell/tissue types and representing 14 different anatomical systems in the human body. Among them, 58 cell/tissue types composing the human nervous system were analyzed, for which their relevant master TFs as well as their related gene regulatory networks were inferred. As illustrated in Figure 2, this type of analysis allows to compare the fraction of shared TFs retrieved on different nervous systems, thus providing to highlight relevant players implicated on their transcriptional regulation. In Figure 2, a comparison between the TFs retrieved on frontal cortex and hypothalamus is depicted, revealing the presence of factors like TBR1 or ARNT2, previously identified as presenting rare genetic variants associated to autism disorders [64, 71] or NPAS3, previously described as a master regulator of neuropsychiatric related genes [72].
\nComparison of 58 nervous system cell/tissue types on the basis of their master TF co-regulatory networks. The fraction of common TFs pairwise is displayed in percentage (heatmap). The inset displays the identity of the major TFs retrieved in Frontal cortex compared with those retrieved on hypothalamus. The illustrated data are extracted from the analysis performed over more than 3000 Affymetrix arrays corresponding to ∼300 cell/tissue types describing 14 different systems on the human body (Cholley et al. [69]).
Overall, the analytical strategies aforementioned clearly suggest the necessity of incorporating various types of genetic and functional genomic readouts such that their inter-relationship might enhance our comprehension of the phenomena under study. This is more relevant when studying neurodevelopment and their related diseases as the consequence of multigenetic events. Furthermore, it is important to mention that data integration is systematically supported by computational developments, as witnessed by the various tools and computational strategies devoted to infer relationships among the available data, but also to model systems behavior. Notably, the use of machine learning strategies for modeling the maturity and regional identity obtained during neuronal in-vitro assays in comparison with human fetal brain data, provide means to take advantage of in-vitro systems that manage to reconstitute as close as possible the in-vivo events [73]. In a similar manner, major efforts like the “blue brain project” are currently combining data assessment with computational modeling to reconstruct cell atlas for instance of the mouse brain [74], strongly suggesting that over the coming years major discoveries in neuroscience might arise from such multidisciplinary efforts.
\nThe majority of transcriptome or related studies in human brain used postmortem tissues as source of material. As consequence, technical concerns like the potential RNA degradation following pre- and postmortem factors as environment, collection methods, or postmortem interval could directly influence the quality of the readouts [75, 76, 77]. The use of animal models as an alternative is losing interest due to the reported differences, for instance in human corticogenesis relative to mouse models, which are further supported by human specific gene signature and/or divergences in gene regulatory programs [78, 79, 80]. Even if few percentages of genes have different trajectories in non-human primate and human in contrast to rodent, this model can help to understand brain development, but it cannot model all features found in human [79, 81]. In fact, comparison between non-human primate and human brains transcriptome analysis showed human specificity in gene expression profiling [82, 83, 84] with demonstration that genes differentially expressed are principally upregulated in human brains in contrast to other organs [85, 86]. In addition, the transcriptome remodeling during postnatal periods appears delayed in human brain comparing to non-human primate [87].
\nMore recently, the use of human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hIPSCs) combined with in-vitro culture strategies for generating two- or three-dimensional nervous tissue appears as an alternative to animal model systems. In fact, nowadays it is possible to generate hIPSCs from tissue samples collected from patients presenting neurological disorders which can be differentiated toward nervous tissue. In this context, a recent study compared the transcriptome of neural stem cells driven in-vitro toward corticogenesis and discovered a strong conservation with in-vivo gene expression with the conservation of cortical gene network implicated in ASD [73]. In contrast to the in-vitro neuronal differentiation in two dimensions, the generation of three-dimensional models (known as cerebral organoids) appears as a more relevant physiological model to study neurodevelopment [88, 89, 90, 91]. Comparing human cerebral organoids and fetal brain development demonstrated the similarity in gene expression programs and epigenomic signatures [92, 93, 94]. Furthermore, single-cell transcriptome analysis over cerebral organoids revealed an important cellular heterogeneity, reminiscent to what is observed in the human brain [95]. As a consequence, the use of human cerebral organoids corresponds to a new approach for modeling the neuronal development and providing means to study neurogenesis from a systems biology perspective. For example, Mariani et al. generated cerebral organoids from hIPSCs derived from patients with ASD and recapitulated transcriptional programs present in fetal cortical development. In this study, the use of gene network analyses allowed to identify upregulated gene programs implicated in cell proliferation, neuronal differentiation and synaptic process [90]. Similarly, Amiri et al. identified gene modules implicated in ASD that overlap those described previously in postmortem data. This study supported the idea that cerebral organoids provide means to reveal gene regulatory elements contributing to ASD [94]. Due to these success, major efforts focused on the development of protocols to generate tissues reminiscent to different brain structures like forebrain [90, 96], midbrain [96, 97], or hypothalamus [96] were developed. Recently, chimeric organoids issued from the fusion different regionalized organoids (like dorsal-ventral forebrain organoids) were generated to increase the complexity of the generated tissues [98].
\nThe use of cerebral organoids as a model system for studying neurodevelopment and related diseases is in its infancy. This approach still requires improvements, for instance in the context of the reproducibility, but due to its alternative to human postmortem samples and animal models, it is expected to continue to evolve over the coming years. In fact, this tendency is also boosted by multiple other developments, including the use of CRISPR/CAS9 system to engineer organoids [99], the democratization of single cell omics strategies [95], as well as the gain in multidisciplinary approaches, specifically by the incorporation of computational approaches for modeling brain tissue organization [74].
\nUnderstanding the brain complexity corresponds to one of the major challenges for the scientific community. This does not only imply its physiological function, but also its relationship with the human mind. The use of omics strategies is revolutionizing the way to interpret any living system from the expression of their genome, and in the particular case of the human brain, it is enhancing the comprehension of neurological disorders. In this chapter, we have discussed the use of transcriptomes, exome sequencing, and gene regulatory network strategies for revealing the influence of multiple genes. Furthermore, we have highlighted the arrival of cerebral organoids as a novel model system for studying human nervous system, which in combination with further developments (single-cell strategies, CRISPR-Cas9 engineering, etc.) is a promising major progress for understanding the brain function. This enthusiasm is further supported with the major advancements in computational developments, notably the artificial intelligence, which together with the major amounts of data (issued from omics strategies) is expected to accelerate discoveries. Overall, we expect that this chapter will open the mind to young readers to further explore the multidisciplinary approaches described herein to directly participate in the exploration of the human brain in the following years.
\nWe thank all members of the SysFate lab for discussions related to the elaboration of this chapter. SysFate is supported by the “Genopole Thematic Incentive Actions” funding (referred to by their French acronym “ATIGE”) and by the institutional bodies CEA, CNRS, and Université d’Evry, Université Paris-Saclay.
\nThe authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.
\nDNA | deoxyribonucleic acid |
RT-PCR | reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction |
RNA | ribonucleic acid |
RNA-Seq | RNA sequencing |
EdU | 5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine |
ASD | autism spectrum disorder |
miRNA | micro-RNA |
lncRNA | long non-coding RNA |
RMST | rhabdomyosarcoma 2-associated transcript |
SOX2 | sex determining region Y-box 2 |
GTex | genotype tissue expression |
ENCODE | encyclopedia of DNA elements |
PsychENCODE | psychiatric encyclopedia of DNA elements |
PET | positron emission tomography |
SNV | single nucleotide variants |
CNV | copy number variants |
GWAS | genome-wide association studies |
ChIP | chromatin immunoprecipitation |
TF | transcription factor |
TBR1 | T-box, brain 1 |
Auts2 | activator of transcription and developmental regulator |
CHD8 | chromodomain helicase DNA binding protein 8 |
ARNT2 | aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator 2 |
NPAS3 | neuronal PAS domain protein 3 |
hIPSCs | human-induced pluripotent stem cells |
CRISPR/CAS9 | clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated 9 |
Transcriptome | total of RNA molecules expressed in a cell or a population of cells |
Exome | the part of the genome composed of exons which are the coding portions of gene |
Epigenome | multitude of chemical compounds and proteins that modify and control the expression of genes without change in DNA sequence |
MicroRNA | class of small non-coding RNA molecules of about 22 nucleotides in length that function as posttranscriptional regulators of target genes |
LncRNA | non-coding RNA molecules greater than 200 nucleotides in length |
Single nucleotide variants | loci with alleles that differ at a single base |
Rare copy number variants | number of copies of a particular gene that varies between individuals |
Genome-wide association study (GWAS) | approach to associate specific genetic variations with particular diseases |
Chromatin immunoprecipitation | procedure to investigate interaction between proteins and genomic DNA regions |
IntechOpen is the first native scientific publisher of Open Access books, with more than 116,000 authors worldwide, ranging from globally-renowned Nobel Prize winners to up-and-coming researchers at the cutting edge of scientific discovery. Established in Europe with the new headquarters based in London, and with plans for international growth, IntechOpen is the leading publisher of Open Access scientific books. The values of our business are based on the same ones that any scientist applies to their research -- we have created a culture of respect, collegiality and collaboration within an atmosphere that’s relaxed, friendly and progressive.
",metaTitle:"Social Media Community Manager and Marketing Assistant",metaDescription:"We are looking to add further talent to our team in The Shard office in London with a full-time Marketing and Communications Specialist position. The candidate will bring with them a creative and enthusiastic mindset, high level problem-solving skills, the latest marketing and social media platforms skills and strong involvement in community-best practices to engage with researchers and scholars online. The ideal candidate will be a dynamic, forward thinking, approachable team player, able to communicate with all in the global, growing company, with an ability to understand and build a rapport within the research community.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:null,contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"We are looking to add further talent to our team in The Shard office in London with a full-time Social Media Community Manager and Marketing Assistant position. The candidate will bring with them a creative and enthusiastic mindset, high level problem-solving skills, the latest marketing and social media platforms skills and strong involvement in community-best practices to engage with researchers and scholars online. The ideal candidate wll be a dynamic, forward thinking, approachable team player, able to communicate with all in the global, growing company, with an ability to understand and build a rapport within the research community.
\\n\\nThe Social Media Community Manager and Marketing Assistant will report to the Senior Marketing Manager. They will work alongside the Marketing and Corporate Communications team, supporting the preparation of all marketing programs, assisting in the development of scientific marketing and communication deliverables, and creating content for social media outlets, as well as managing international social communities.
\\n\\nResponsibilities:
\\n\\nEssential Skills:
\\n\\nDesired Skills:
\\n\\nWhat makes IntechOpen a great place to work?
\\n\\nIntechOpen is a global, dynamic and fast-growing company offering excellent opportunities to develop. We are a young and vibrant company where great people do great work. We offer a creative, dedicated, committed, passionate, and above all, fun environment where you can work, travel, meet world-renowned researchers and grow your career and experience.
\\n\\nTo apply, please email a copy of your CV and covering letter to hogan@intechopen.com stating your salary expectations.
\\n\\nNote: This full-time position will have an immediate start. In your cover letter, please indicate when you might be available for a block of two hours. As part of the interview process, all candidates that make it to the second phase will participate in a writing exercise.
\\n\\n*IntechOpen is an Equal Opportunities Employer consistent with its obligations under the law and does not discriminate against any employee or applicant on the basis of disability, gender, age, colour, national origin, race, religion, sexual orientation, war veteran status, or any classification protected by state, or local law.
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'We are looking to add further talent to our team in The Shard office in London with a full-time Social Media Community Manager and Marketing Assistant position. The candidate will bring with them a creative and enthusiastic mindset, high level problem-solving skills, the latest marketing and social media platforms skills and strong involvement in community-best practices to engage with researchers and scholars online. The ideal candidate wll be a dynamic, forward thinking, approachable team player, able to communicate with all in the global, growing company, with an ability to understand and build a rapport within the research community.
\n\nThe Social Media Community Manager and Marketing Assistant will report to the Senior Marketing Manager. They will work alongside the Marketing and Corporate Communications team, supporting the preparation of all marketing programs, assisting in the development of scientific marketing and communication deliverables, and creating content for social media outlets, as well as managing international social communities.
\n\nResponsibilities:
\n\nEssential Skills:
\n\nDesired Skills:
\n\nWhat makes IntechOpen a great place to work?
\n\nIntechOpen is a global, dynamic and fast-growing company offering excellent opportunities to develop. We are a young and vibrant company where great people do great work. We offer a creative, dedicated, committed, passionate, and above all, fun environment where you can work, travel, meet world-renowned researchers and grow your career and experience.
\n\nTo apply, please email a copy of your CV and covering letter to hogan@intechopen.com stating your salary expectations.
\n\nNote: This full-time position will have an immediate start. In your cover letter, please indicate when you might be available for a block of two hours. As part of the interview process, all candidates that make it to the second phase will participate in a writing exercise.
\n\n*IntechOpen is an Equal Opportunities Employer consistent with its obligations under the law and does not discriminate against any employee or applicant on the basis of disability, gender, age, colour, national origin, race, religion, sexual orientation, war veteran status, or any classification protected by state, or local law.
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",middleName:null,surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/58592/images/1664_n.jpg",biography:"Arun K. Shanker is serving as a Principal Scientist (Plant Physiology) with the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) at the Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture in Hyderabad, India. He is working with the ICAR as a full time researcher since 1993 and has since earned his Advanced degree in Crop Physiology while in service. He has been awarded the prestigious Member of the Royal Society of Chemistry (MRSC), by the Royal Society of Chemistry, London in 2015. Presently he is working on systems biology approach to study the mechanism of abiotic stress tolerance in crops. His main focus now is to unravel the mechanism of drought and heat stress response in plants to tackle climate change related threats in agriculture.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Council of Agricultural Research",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",middleName:"P",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/4782/images/system/4782.jpg",biography:"Bishnu P. Pal is Professor of Physics at Mahindra École\nCentrale Hyderabad India since July 1st 2014 after retirement\nas Professor of Physics from IIT Delhi; Ph.D.’1975 from IIT\nDelhi; Fellow of OSA and SPIE; Senior Member IEEE;\nHonorary Foreign Member Royal Norwegian Society for\nScience and Arts; Member OSA Board of Directors (2009-\n11); Distinguished Lecturer IEEE Photonics Society (2005-\n07).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Delhi",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"69653",title:"Dr.",name:"Chusak",middleName:null,surname:"Limsakul",slug:"chusak-limsakul",fullName:"Chusak Limsakul",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Prince of Songkla University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"75563",title:"Dr.",name:"Farzana Khan",middleName:null,surname:"Perveen",slug:"farzana-khan-perveen",fullName:"Farzana Khan Perveen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75563/images/system/75563.png",biography:"Dr Farzana Khan Perveen (FLS; Gold-Medallist) obtained her BSc (Hons) and MSc (Zoology: Entomology) from the University of Karachi, MAS (Monbush-Scholar; Agriculture: Agronomy) and from the Nagoya University, Japan, and PhD (Research and Course-works from the Nagoya University; Toxicology) degree from the University of Karachi. She is Founder/Chairperson of the Department of Zoology (DOZ) and Ex-Controller of Examinations at Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University (SBBU) and Ex-Founder/ Ex-Chairperson of DOZ, Hazara University and Kohat University of Science & Technology. \nShe is the author of 150 high impact research papers, 135 abstracts, 4 authored books and 8 chapters. She is the editor of 5 books and she supervised BS(4), MSc(50), MPhil(40), and Ph.D. (1) students. She has organized and participated in numerous international and national conferences and received multiple awards and fellowships. She is a member of research societies, editorial boards of Journals, and World-Commission on Protected Areas, International Union for Conservation of Nature. Her fields of interest are Entomology, Toxicology, Forensic Entomology, and Zoology.",institutionString:"Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University",institution:{name:"Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"23804",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamzah",middleName:null,surname:"Arof",slug:"hamzah-arof",fullName:"Hamzah Arof",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/23804/images/5492_n.jpg",biography:"Hamzah Arof received his BSc from Michigan State University, and PhD from the University of Wales. Both degrees were in electrical engineering. His current research interests include signal processing and photonics. Currently he is affiliated with the Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Malaya, Malaysia.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaya",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"41989",title:"Prof.",name:"He",middleName:null,surname:"Tian",slug:"he-tian",fullName:"He Tian",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"East China University of Science and Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"33351",title:null,name:"Hendra",middleName:null,surname:"Hermawan",slug:"hendra-hermawan",fullName:"Hendra Hermawan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/33351/images/168_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Institut Teknologi Bandung",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"11981",title:"Prof.",name:"Hiroshi",middleName:null,surname:"Ishiguro",slug:"hiroshi-ishiguro",fullName:"Hiroshi Ishiguro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Osaka University",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"45747",title:"Dr.",name:"Hsin-I",middleName:null,surname:"Chang",slug:"hsin-i-chang",fullName:"Hsin-I Chang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/no_image.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Chiayi University",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"61581",title:"Dr.",name:"Joy Rizki Pangestu",middleName:null,surname:"Djuansjah",slug:"joy-rizki-pangestu-djuansjah",fullName:"Joy Rizki Pangestu Djuansjah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/61581/images/237_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"94249",title:"Prof.",name:"Junji",middleName:null,surname:"Kido",slug:"junji-kido",fullName:"Junji Kido",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Yamagata University",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"12009",title:"Dr.",name:"Ki Young",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",slug:"ki-young-kim",fullName:"Ki Young Kim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12009/images/system/12009.jpg",biography:"Http://m80.knu.ac.kr/~doors",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Cheng Kung University",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5699},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5172},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1689},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:10244},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:888},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:15650}],offset:12,limit:12,total:10244},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish",topicId:"24"},books:[{type:"book",id:"10287",title:"Smart Metering Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"2029b52e42ce6444e122153824296a6f",slug:null,bookSignature:"Mrs. Inderpreet Kaur",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10287.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"94572",title:"Mrs.",name:"Inderpreet",surname:"Kaur",slug:"inderpreet-kaur",fullName:"Inderpreet Kaur"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:16},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:15},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:56},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:2}],offset:12,limit:12,total:1},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7802",title:"Modern Slavery and Human Trafficking",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"587a0b7fb765f31cc98de33c6c07c2e0",slug:"modern-slavery-and-human-trafficking",bookSignature:"Jane Reeves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7802.jpg",editors:[{id:"211328",title:"Prof.",name:"Jane",middleName:null,surname:"Reeves",slug:"jane-reeves",fullName:"Jane Reeves"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8545",title:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"13aaddf5fdbbc78387e77a7da2388bf6",slug:"animal-reproduction-in-veterinary-medicine",bookSignature:"Faruk Aral, Rita Payan-Carreira and Miguel Quaresma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8545.jpg",editors:[{id:"25600",title:"Prof.",name:"Faruk",middleName:null,surname:"Aral",slug:"faruk-aral",fullName:"Faruk Aral"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9961",title:"Data Mining",subtitle:"Methods, Applications and Systems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ed79fb6364f2caf464079f94a0387146",slug:"data-mining-methods-applications-and-systems",bookSignature:"Derya Birant",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9961.jpg",editors:[{id:"15609",title:"Dr.",name:"Derya",middleName:null,surname:"Birant",slug:"derya-birant",fullName:"Derya Birant"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9157",title:"Neurodegenerative Diseases",subtitle:"Molecular Mechanisms and Current Therapeutic Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bc8be577966ef88735677d7e1e92ed28",slug:"neurodegenerative-diseases-molecular-mechanisms-and-current-therapeutic-approaches",bookSignature:"Nagehan Ersoy Tunalı",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9157.jpg",editors:[{id:"82778",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Nagehan",middleName:null,surname:"Ersoy Tunalı",slug:"nagehan-ersoy-tunali",fullName:"Nagehan Ersoy Tunalı"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8686",title:"Direct Torque Control Strategies of Electrical Machines",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b6ad22b14db2b8450228545d3d4f6b1a",slug:"direct-torque-control-strategies-of-electrical-machines",bookSignature:"Fatma Ben Salem",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8686.jpg",editors:[{id:"295623",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Fatma",middleName:null,surname:"Ben Salem",slug:"fatma-ben-salem",fullName:"Fatma Ben Salem"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7434",title:"Molecular Biotechnology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eceede809920e1ec7ecadd4691ede2ec",slug:"molecular-biotechnology",bookSignature:"Sergey Sedykh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7434.jpg",editors:[{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",slug:"sergey-sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9839",title:"Outdoor Recreation",subtitle:"Physiological and Psychological Effects on Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5f5a0d64267e32567daffa5b0c6a6972",slug:"outdoor-recreation-physiological-and-psychological-effects-on-health",bookSignature:"Hilde G. Nielsen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9839.jpg",editors:[{id:"158692",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Hilde G.",middleName:null,surname:"Nielsen",slug:"hilde-g.-nielsen",fullName:"Hilde G. Nielsen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9208",title:"Welding",subtitle:"Modern Topics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7d6be076ccf3a3f8bd2ca52d86d4506b",slug:"welding-modern-topics",bookSignature:"Sadek Crisóstomo Absi Alfaro, Wojciech Borek and Błażej Tomiczek",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9208.jpg",editors:[{id:"65292",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi",middleName:"C. Absi",surname:"Alfaro",slug:"sadek-crisostomo-absi-alfaro",fullName:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi Alfaro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9139",title:"Topics in Primary Care Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ea774a4d4c1179da92a782e0ae9cde92",slug:"topics-in-primary-care-medicine",bookSignature:"Thomas F. Heston",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9139.jpg",editors:[{id:"217926",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas F.",middleName:null,surname:"Heston",slug:"thomas-f.-heston",fullName:"Thomas F. Heston"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9343",title:"Trace Metals in the Environment",subtitle:"New Approaches and Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ae07e345bc2ce1ebbda9f70c5cd12141",slug:"trace-metals-in-the-environment-new-approaches-and-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar, Hugo Saldarriaga-Noreña and Agnieszka Saeid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9343.jpg",editors:[{id:"255959",title:"Dr.",name:"Mario Alfonso",middleName:null,surname:"Murillo-Tovar",slug:"mario-alfonso-murillo-tovar",fullName:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8697",title:"Virtual Reality and Its Application in Education",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ee01b5e387ba0062c6b0d1e9227bda05",slug:"virtual-reality-and-its-application-in-education",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8697.jpg",editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7831",title:"Sustainability in Urban Planning and Design",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c924420492c8c2c9751e178d025f4066",slug:"sustainability-in-urban-planning-and-design",bookSignature:"Amjad Almusaed, Asaad Almssad and Linh Truong - Hong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7831.jpg",editors:[{id:"110471",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Zaki",surname:"Almusaed",slug:"amjad-almusaed",fullName:"Amjad Almusaed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:5143},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9208",title:"Welding",subtitle:"Modern Topics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7d6be076ccf3a3f8bd2ca52d86d4506b",slug:"welding-modern-topics",bookSignature:"Sadek Crisóstomo Absi Alfaro, Wojciech Borek and Błażej Tomiczek",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9208.jpg",editors:[{id:"65292",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi",middleName:"C. Absi",surname:"Alfaro",slug:"sadek-crisostomo-absi-alfaro",fullName:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi Alfaro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9139",title:"Topics in Primary Care Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ea774a4d4c1179da92a782e0ae9cde92",slug:"topics-in-primary-care-medicine",bookSignature:"Thomas F. Heston",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9139.jpg",editors:[{id:"217926",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas F.",middleName:null,surname:"Heston",slug:"thomas-f.-heston",fullName:"Thomas F. Heston"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8697",title:"Virtual Reality and Its Application in Education",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ee01b5e387ba0062c6b0d1e9227bda05",slug:"virtual-reality-and-its-application-in-education",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8697.jpg",editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9343",title:"Trace Metals in the Environment",subtitle:"New Approaches and Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ae07e345bc2ce1ebbda9f70c5cd12141",slug:"trace-metals-in-the-environment-new-approaches-and-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar, Hugo Saldarriaga-Noreña and Agnieszka Saeid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9343.jpg",editors:[{id:"255959",title:"Dr.",name:"Mario Alfonso",middleName:null,surname:"Murillo-Tovar",slug:"mario-alfonso-murillo-tovar",fullName:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9785",title:"Endometriosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f457ca61f29cf7e8bc191732c50bb0ce",slug:"endometriosis",bookSignature:"Courtney Marsh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9785.jpg",editors:[{id:"255491",title:"Dr.",name:"Courtney",middleName:null,surname:"Marsh",slug:"courtney-marsh",fullName:"Courtney Marsh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7831",title:"Sustainability in Urban Planning and Design",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c924420492c8c2c9751e178d025f4066",slug:"sustainability-in-urban-planning-and-design",bookSignature:"Amjad Almusaed, Asaad Almssad and Linh Truong - Hong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7831.jpg",editors:[{id:"110471",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Zaki",surname:"Almusaed",slug:"amjad-almusaed",fullName:"Amjad Almusaed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9376",title:"Contemporary Developments and Perspectives in International Health Security",subtitle:"Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b9a00b84cd04aae458fb1d6c65795601",slug:"contemporary-developments-and-perspectives-in-international-health-security-volume-1",bookSignature:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki, Michael S. Firstenberg, Sagar C. Galwankar, Ricardo Izurieta and Thomas Papadimos",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9376.jpg",editors:[{id:"181694",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislaw P.",middleName:null,surname:"Stawicki",slug:"stanislaw-p.-stawicki",fullName:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7769",title:"Medical Isotopes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f8d3c5a6c9a42398e56b4e82264753f7",slug:"medical-isotopes",bookSignature:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi and Muhammad Babar Imrani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7769.jpg",editors:[{id:"259190",title:"Dr.",name:"Syed Ali Raza",middleName:null,surname:"Naqvi",slug:"syed-ali-raza-naqvi",fullName:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9279",title:"Concepts, Applications and Emerging Opportunities in Industrial Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9bfa87f9b627a5468b7c1e30b0eea07a",slug:"concepts-applications-and-emerging-opportunities-in-industrial-engineering",bookSignature:"Gary Moynihan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9279.jpg",editors:[{id:"16974",title:"Dr.",name:"Gary",middleName:null,surname:"Moynihan",slug:"gary-moynihan",fullName:"Gary Moynihan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7807",title:"A Closer Look at Organizational Culture in Action",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"05c608b9271cc2bc711f4b28748b247b",slug:"a-closer-look-at-organizational-culture-in-action",bookSignature:"Süleyman Davut Göker",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7807.jpg",editors:[{id:"190035",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Süleyman Davut",middleName:null,surname:"Göker",slug:"suleyman-davut-goker",fullName:"Süleyman Davut Göker"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7434",title:"Molecular Biotechnology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eceede809920e1ec7ecadd4691ede2ec",slug:"molecular-biotechnology",bookSignature:"Sergey Sedykh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7434.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",slug:"sergey-sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8545",title:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"13aaddf5fdbbc78387e77a7da2388bf6",slug:"animal-reproduction-in-veterinary-medicine",bookSignature:"Faruk Aral, Rita Payan-Carreira and Miguel Quaresma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8545.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"25600",title:"Prof.",name:"Faruk",middleName:null,surname:"Aral",slug:"faruk-aral",fullName:"Faruk Aral"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9569",title:"Methods in Molecular Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"691d3f3c4ac25a8093414e9b270d2843",slug:"methods-in-molecular-medicine",bookSignature:"Yusuf Tutar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9569.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"158492",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Tutar",slug:"yusuf-tutar",fullName:"Yusuf Tutar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9839",title:"Outdoor Recreation",subtitle:"Physiological and Psychological Effects on Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5f5a0d64267e32567daffa5b0c6a6972",slug:"outdoor-recreation-physiological-and-psychological-effects-on-health",bookSignature:"Hilde G. Nielsen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9839.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"158692",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Hilde G.",middleName:null,surname:"Nielsen",slug:"hilde-g.-nielsen",fullName:"Hilde G. Nielsen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7802",title:"Modern Slavery and Human Trafficking",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"587a0b7fb765f31cc98de33c6c07c2e0",slug:"modern-slavery-and-human-trafficking",bookSignature:"Jane Reeves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7802.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"211328",title:"Prof.",name:"Jane",middleName:null,surname:"Reeves",slug:"jane-reeves",fullName:"Jane Reeves"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8063",title:"Food Security in Africa",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8cbf3d662b104d19db2efc9d59249efc",slug:"food-security-in-africa",bookSignature:"Barakat Mahmoud",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8063.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"92016",title:"Dr.",name:"Barakat",middleName:null,surname:"Mahmoud",slug:"barakat-mahmoud",fullName:"Barakat Mahmoud"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10118",title:"Plant Stress Physiology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c68b09d2d2634fc719ae3b9a64a27839",slug:"plant-stress-physiology",bookSignature:"Akbar Hossain",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10118.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"280755",title:"Dr.",name:"Akbar",middleName:null,surname:"Hossain",slug:"akbar-hossain",fullName:"Akbar Hossain"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9157",title:"Neurodegenerative Diseases",subtitle:"Molecular Mechanisms and Current Therapeutic Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bc8be577966ef88735677d7e1e92ed28",slug:"neurodegenerative-diseases-molecular-mechanisms-and-current-therapeutic-approaches",bookSignature:"Nagehan Ersoy Tunalı",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9157.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"82778",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Nagehan",middleName:null,surname:"Ersoy Tunalı",slug:"nagehan-ersoy-tunali",fullName:"Nagehan Ersoy Tunalı"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9961",title:"Data Mining",subtitle:"Methods, Applications and Systems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ed79fb6364f2caf464079f94a0387146",slug:"data-mining-methods-applications-and-systems",bookSignature:"Derya Birant",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9961.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"15609",title:"Dr.",name:"Derya",middleName:null,surname:"Birant",slug:"derya-birant",fullName:"Derya Birant"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8686",title:"Direct Torque Control Strategies of Electrical Machines",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b6ad22b14db2b8450228545d3d4f6b1a",slug:"direct-torque-control-strategies-of-electrical-machines",bookSignature:"Fatma Ben Salem",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8686.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"295623",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Fatma",middleName:null,surname:"Ben Salem",slug:"fatma-ben-salem",fullName:"Fatma Ben Salem"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"1007",title:"Prenatal Diagnosis",slug:"prenatal-diagnosis",parent:{title:"Diagnostics",slug:"diagnostics"},numberOfBooks:1,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:22,numberOfWosCitations:3,numberOfCrossrefCitations:2,numberOfDimensionsCitations:6,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"prenatal-diagnosis",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"775",title:"Prenatal Diagnosis",subtitle:"Morphology Scan and Invasive Methods",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8a319bf0e3730c8caea504b894f71057",slug:"prenatal-diagnosis-morphology-scan-and-invasive-methods",bookSignature:"Richard Kwong Wai Choy and Tak Yeung Leung",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/775.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"83826",title:"Dr.",name:"Richard",middleName:null,surname:"Choy",slug:"richard-choy",fullName:"Richard Choy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:1,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"37632",doi:"10.5772/29702",title:"Invasive Prenatal Diagnosis",slug:"invasive-prenatal-diagnosis",totalDownloads:2564,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"prenatal-diagnosis-morphology-scan-and-invasive-methods",title:"Prenatal Diagnosis",fullTitle:"Prenatal Diagnosis - Morphology Scan and Invasive Methods"},signatures:"Sonja Pop-Trajković, Vladimir Antić and Vesna Kopitović",authors:[{id:"69225",title:"Dr.",name:"Sonja",middleName:null,surname:"Pop-Trajkovic",slug:"sonja-pop-trajkovic",fullName:"Sonja Pop-Trajkovic"}]},{id:"37627",doi:"10.5772/26960",title:"Real-Time Quantitative PCR for Detection Cell Free Fetal DNA",slug:"real-time-quantitative-pcr-for-detection-cell-free-fetal-dna",totalDownloads:3403,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"prenatal-diagnosis-morphology-scan-and-invasive-methods",title:"Prenatal Diagnosis",fullTitle:"Prenatal Diagnosis - Morphology Scan and Invasive Methods"},signatures:"Tuba Gunel, Hayri Ermis and Kilic Aydinli",authors:[{id:"68399",title:"Dr.",name:"Tuba",middleName:null,surname:"Gunel",slug:"tuba-gunel",fullName:"Tuba Gunel"},{id:"123657",title:"Prof.",name:"Hayri",middleName:null,surname:"Ermis",slug:"hayri-ermis",fullName:"Hayri Ermis"},{id:"123662",title:"Prof.",name:"Kılıc",middleName:null,surname:"Aydınlı",slug:"kilic-aydinli",fullName:"Kılıc Aydınlı"}]},{id:"37628",doi:"10.5772/30590",title:"Prenatal Evaluation of Fetuses Presenting with Short Femurs",slug:"prenatal-evaluation-of-fetuses-presenting-with-short-femurs",totalDownloads:45795,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"prenatal-diagnosis-morphology-scan-and-invasive-methods",title:"Prenatal Diagnosis",fullTitle:"Prenatal Diagnosis - Morphology Scan and Invasive Methods"},signatures:"Funda Gungor Ugurlucan, Hülya Kayserili and Atil Yuksel",authors:[{id:"83201",title:"Dr.",name:"Funda",middleName:null,surname:"Gungor Ugurlucan",slug:"funda-gungor-ugurlucan",fullName:"Funda Gungor Ugurlucan"},{id:"83223",title:"Prof.",name:"Atil",middleName:null,surname:"Yuksel",slug:"atil-yuksel",fullName:"Atil Yuksel"},{id:"146115",title:"Prof.",name:"Hulya",middleName:null,surname:"Kayserili",slug:"hulya-kayserili",fullName:"Hulya Kayserili"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"37630",title:"Fetal Therapy: Where Do We Stand",slug:"fetal-therapy",totalDownloads:2618,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"prenatal-diagnosis-morphology-scan-and-invasive-methods",title:"Prenatal Diagnosis",fullTitle:"Prenatal Diagnosis - Morphology Scan and Invasive Methods"},signatures:"Sebastian Illanes and Javier Caradeux",authors:[{id:"82625",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastián",middleName:null,surname:"Illanes",slug:"sebastian-illanes",fullName:"Sebastián Illanes"},{id:"121286",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Caradeux",slug:"javier-caradeux",fullName:"Javier Caradeux"}]},{id:"37626",title:"Normal and Abnormal Fetal Face",slug:"normal-and-abnormal-fetal-face",totalDownloads:36769,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"prenatal-diagnosis-morphology-scan-and-invasive-methods",title:"Prenatal Diagnosis",fullTitle:"Prenatal Diagnosis - Morphology Scan and Invasive Methods"},signatures:"Israel Goldstein and Zeev Wiener",authors:[{id:"116911",title:"Dr.",name:"Israel",middleName:null,surname:"Goldstein",slug:"israel-goldstein",fullName:"Israel Goldstein"}]},{id:"37628",title:"Prenatal Evaluation of Fetuses Presenting with Short Femurs",slug:"prenatal-evaluation-of-fetuses-presenting-with-short-femurs",totalDownloads:45795,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"prenatal-diagnosis-morphology-scan-and-invasive-methods",title:"Prenatal Diagnosis",fullTitle:"Prenatal Diagnosis - Morphology Scan and Invasive Methods"},signatures:"Funda Gungor Ugurlucan, Hülya Kayserili and Atil Yuksel",authors:[{id:"83201",title:"Dr.",name:"Funda",middleName:null,surname:"Gungor Ugurlucan",slug:"funda-gungor-ugurlucan",fullName:"Funda Gungor Ugurlucan"},{id:"83223",title:"Prof.",name:"Atil",middleName:null,surname:"Yuksel",slug:"atil-yuksel",fullName:"Atil Yuksel"},{id:"146115",title:"Prof.",name:"Hulya",middleName:null,surname:"Kayserili",slug:"hulya-kayserili",fullName:"Hulya Kayserili"}]},{id:"37632",title:"Invasive Prenatal Diagnosis",slug:"invasive-prenatal-diagnosis",totalDownloads:2564,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"prenatal-diagnosis-morphology-scan-and-invasive-methods",title:"Prenatal Diagnosis",fullTitle:"Prenatal Diagnosis - Morphology Scan and Invasive Methods"},signatures:"Sonja Pop-Trajković, Vladimir Antić and Vesna Kopitović",authors:[{id:"69225",title:"Dr.",name:"Sonja",middleName:null,surname:"Pop-Trajkovic",slug:"sonja-pop-trajkovic",fullName:"Sonja Pop-Trajkovic"}]},{id:"37634",title:"Prenatal Diagnosis of Severe Perinatal (Lethal) Hypophosphatasia",slug:"prenatal-diagnosis-for-severe-perinatal-lethal-form-of-hypophosphatasia",totalDownloads:1866,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"prenatal-diagnosis-morphology-scan-and-invasive-methods",title:"Prenatal Diagnosis",fullTitle:"Prenatal Diagnosis - Morphology Scan and Invasive Methods"},signatures:"Atsushi Watanabe, Hideo Orimo, Toshiyuki Takeshita and Takashi Shimada",authors:[{id:"70999",title:"Dr.",name:"Atsushi",middleName:null,surname:"Watanabe",slug:"atsushi-watanabe",fullName:"Atsushi Watanabe"}]},{id:"37629",title:"The Experiences of Prenatal Diagnosis in China",slug:"the-experienes-of-prenatal-diagnosis-in-china",totalDownloads:1584,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"prenatal-diagnosis-morphology-scan-and-invasive-methods",title:"Prenatal Diagnosis",fullTitle:"Prenatal Diagnosis - Morphology Scan and Invasive Methods"},signatures:"Shangzhi Huang",authors:[{id:"70878",title:"Dr.",name:"Shangzhi",middleName:null,surname:"Huang",slug:"shangzhi-huang",fullName:"Shangzhi Huang"}]},{id:"37631",title:"Skeletal Dysplasias of the Human Fetus: Postmortem Diagnosis",slug:"skeletal-dysplasias-of-the-human-fetus-postmortem-diagnosis",totalDownloads:3249,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"prenatal-diagnosis-morphology-scan-and-invasive-methods",title:"Prenatal Diagnosis",fullTitle:"Prenatal Diagnosis - Morphology Scan and Invasive Methods"},signatures:"Anastasia Konstantinidou",authors:[{id:"71523",title:"Prof.",name:"Anastasia",middleName:null,surname:"Konstantinidou",slug:"anastasia-konstantinidou",fullName:"Anastasia Konstantinidou"}]},{id:"37633",title:"Understanding Prenatal Iodine Deficiency",slug:"understanding-prenatal-iodine-deficiency",totalDownloads:1723,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"prenatal-diagnosis-morphology-scan-and-invasive-methods",title:"Prenatal Diagnosis",fullTitle:"Prenatal Diagnosis - Morphology Scan and Invasive Methods"},signatures:"Inés Velasco, Federico Soriguer and P. Pere Berbel",authors:[{id:"67516",title:"Dr.",name:"Inés",middleName:null,surname:"Velasco",slug:"ines-velasco",fullName:"Inés Velasco"},{id:"131051",title:"Dr.",name:"Federico",middleName:null,surname:"Soriguer",slug:"federico-soriguer",fullName:"Federico Soriguer"},{id:"131052",title:"Prof.",name:"Pere",middleName:null,surname:"Berbel",slug:"pere-berbel",fullName:"Pere Berbel"}]},{id:"37625",title:"Current Issues Regarding Prenatal Diagnosis of Inborn Errors of Cholesterol Biosynthesis",slug:"current-issues-regarding-prenatal-diagnosis-of-inborn-errors-of-cholesterol-biosynthesis",totalDownloads:1370,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"prenatal-diagnosis-morphology-scan-and-invasive-methods",title:"Prenatal Diagnosis",fullTitle:"Prenatal Diagnosis - Morphology Scan and Invasive Methods"},signatures:"Maria Luís Cardoso, Mafalda Barbosa, Ana Maria Fortuna and Franklim Marques",authors:[{id:"70712",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Maria Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Cardoso",slug:"maria-luis-cardoso",fullName:"Maria Luis Cardoso"},{id:"78605",title:"Dr.",name:"Mafalda",middleName:null,surname:"Barbosa",slug:"mafalda-barbosa",fullName:"Mafalda Barbosa"},{id:"78608",title:"Dr",name:"Ana Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Fortuna",slug:"ana-maria-fortuna",fullName:"Ana Maria Fortuna"},{id:"78609",title:"Prof.",name:"Franklim",middleName:null,surname:"Marques",slug:"franklim-marques",fullName:"Franklim Marques"}]},{id:"37627",title:"Real-Time Quantitative PCR for Detection Cell Free Fetal DNA",slug:"real-time-quantitative-pcr-for-detection-cell-free-fetal-dna",totalDownloads:3403,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"prenatal-diagnosis-morphology-scan-and-invasive-methods",title:"Prenatal Diagnosis",fullTitle:"Prenatal Diagnosis - Morphology Scan and Invasive Methods"},signatures:"Tuba Gunel, Hayri Ermis and Kilic Aydinli",authors:[{id:"68399",title:"Dr.",name:"Tuba",middleName:null,surname:"Gunel",slug:"tuba-gunel",fullName:"Tuba Gunel"},{id:"123657",title:"Prof.",name:"Hayri",middleName:null,surname:"Ermis",slug:"hayri-ermis",fullName:"Hayri Ermis"},{id:"123662",title:"Prof.",name:"Kılıc",middleName:null,surname:"Aydınlı",slug:"kilic-aydinli",fullName:"Kılıc Aydınlı"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"prenatal-diagnosis",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10176",title:"Microgrids and Local Energy Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c32b4a5351a88f263074b0d0ca813a9c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Nick Jenkins",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10176.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"55219",title:"Prof.",name:"Nick",middleName:null,surname:"Jenkins",slug:"nick-jenkins",fullName:"Nick Jenkins"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:8,limit:8,total:1},route:{name:"book.detail",path:"/books/new-insights-into-morphometry-studies",hash:"",query:{},params:{book:"new-insights-into-morphometry-studies"},fullPath:"/books/new-insights-into-morphometry-studies",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()