Summary of Oral health problems related to diseases from KKU staff and their students’ publications and presentations during 1984–2020.
\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"8038",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Pseudomonas Aeruginosa - An Armory Within",title:"Pseudomonas Aeruginosa",subtitle:"An Armory Within",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Pseudomonas aeruginosa, though unfamiliar as an aggressive invader, has gained importance in the scientific community due to its association with cystic fibrosis (CF) and its ability to construct biofilms resilient to host defense. The chronic nature of CF allows this bacterium to colonize, adapt, and evolve at its own pace, thereby causing further complications in CF patients. With its huge genetic repertoire and plasticity of the genome, P. aeruginosa has been able to alter its contents by way of deletions, insertions, inversions, and so on. Therefore scientists and researchers are eager to study this bacterium in diverse and unusual niches. Written by experts from around the world, this book describes and discusses the various mechanisms of adaptation and evolution displayed by P. aeruginosa.",isbn:"978-1-78923-816-7",printIsbn:"978-1-78923-815-0",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83962-214-4",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.77869",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"pseudomonas-aeruginosa-an-armory-within",numberOfPages:122,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,isInBkci:!1,hash:"308d6be5ffbb4b2caa0a7c4146a7737d",bookSignature:"Dinesh Sriramulu",publishedDate:"October 2nd 2019",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8038.jpg",numberOfDownloads:6371,numberOfWosCitations:4,numberOfCrossrefCitations:11,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:19,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:34,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"September 3rd 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"September 24th 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"November 23rd 2018",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"February 11th 2019",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"April 12th 2019",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"91317",title:"Dr.",name:"Dinesh",middleName:null,surname:"Sriramulu",slug:"dinesh-sriramulu",fullName:"Dinesh Sriramulu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/91317/images/system/91317.jpg",biography:"Dinesh Sriramulu, graduated from the Technical University of Braunschweig, Germany with his doctorate degree in Medical Microbiology. He started his research career at the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany in collaboration with the Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. His area of expertise is on the adaptation of bacteria towards diverse niches, ranging from the human lung to the cattle rumen. He also worked on tumor microenvironment in the case of esophageal and breast cancers. He continued his research work at various reputed institutions worldwide: University College Cork, Ireland; University of Medicine and Dentistry – New Jersey, USA; Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, USA; University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA; University of Trento, Italy; and University of Cape Town, South Africa. He has published his research findings in various international peer-reviewed journals and presented his works at international conferences. He has been serving as editorial board member, peer-reviewer and as expert referee for scientific journals and research funding agencies. As a law graduate, he is also practicing law at the Hon’ble High Court of Madras, India.",institutionString:"Shres Consultany",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"3",institution:{name:"Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Germany"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"409",title:"Bacteriology",slug:"biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology-microbiology-bacteriology"}],chapters:[{id:"67109",title:"Introductory Chapter: Pseudomonas aeruginosa - Toward Omnipresence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86427",slug:"introductory-chapter-em-pseudomonas-aeruginosa-em-toward-omnipresence",totalDownloads:803,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Dinesh Sriramulu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/67109",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/67109",authors:[{id:"91317",title:"Dr.",name:"Dinesh",surname:"Sriramulu",slug:"dinesh-sriramulu",fullName:"Dinesh Sriramulu"}],corrections:null},{id:"66389",title:"Effects of Medium Components on the Bulk Rheology and on the Formation of Ferning Patterns for Biofilm of Pseudomonas aeruginosa",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85240",slug:"effects-of-medium-components-on-the-bulk-rheology-and-on-the-formation-of-ferning-patterns-for-biofi",totalDownloads:916,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence and success within a broad range of hosts are largely due to the strength of its biofilms. The rheology of biofilm of P. aeruginosa was measured to investigate the bacterial response to nutritional conditions (medium that was modified with glycerol, glucose, sucrose, sodium chloride, and silver nitrate). The elastic modulus and the yield stress of the biofilm of P. aeruginosa increased in response to increases in glycerol, glucose, and sodium chloride. Alternatively, silver nitrate and glycerol inhibited biofilm formation at concentrations that were greater than 0.1 mM and 10 v/v%, respectively. Ferning patterns form as a result of diffusion-limited desiccation of the salt-macromolecule solution. Ferning coverage of about 50% and an orthogonal ferning pattern with 3° of branching were found for most of the biofilm samples. The complexity increased with modifications that caused strengthening of the biofilm, while the coverage and complexity dropped to zero when no biofilm growth was observed. The birefringent bundles of liquid crystals in the biofilm gained a new level of complexity and order within the ferning pattern that correlates with the biofilm robustness as characterized by its rheology, and these properties are heavily influenced by the nutritional environment of P. aeruginosa.",signatures:"Uranbileg Daalkhaijav, Angela L. Dunham and Travis W. Walker",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66389",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66389",authors:[{id:"278455",title:"Dr.",name:"Travis",surname:"Walker",slug:"travis-walker",fullName:"Travis Walker"},{id:"278456",title:"Dr.",name:"Uranbileg",surname:"Daalkhaijav",slug:"uranbileg-daalkhaijav",fullName:"Uranbileg Daalkhaijav"},{id:"285385",title:"Ms.",name:"Angela",surname:"Dunham",slug:"angela-dunham",fullName:"Angela Dunham"}],corrections:null},{id:"67260",title:"Host-Pathogen Interaction in the Lung of Patients Infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.84657",slug:"host-pathogen-interaction-in-the-lung-of-patients-infected-with-em-pseudomonas-aeruginosa-em-",totalDownloads:792,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic bacterium that can proliferate in the soil, water, and even humans if they are immunologically depressed. During lung infections, P. aeruginosa goes through significant morphological changes turning into the mucoid form after which its eradication becomes almost impossible. Within this chapter, we explore the bioenergetics changes produced within P. aeruginosa during infections in humans and the metabolic pathways that are involved in those changes that lead to chronic infection.",signatures:"Sandra Grumelli",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/67260",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/67260",authors:[{id:"274344",title:"Dr.",name:"Sandra",surname:"Grumelli",slug:"sandra-grumelli",fullName:"Sandra Grumelli"}],corrections:null},{id:"66931",title:"The Role of Pseudomonas aeruginosa RNA Methyltransferases in Antibiotic Resistance",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85185",slug:"the-role-of-em-pseudomonas-aeruginosa-em-rna-methyltransferases-in-antibiotic-resistance",totalDownloads:838,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Methyltransferases play a fundamental role in aminoglycoside resistance of Gram-negative bacteria, and some of its mechanisms were described in the past years, especially in Escherichia coli; however, it remains unsolved for other resistant bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Despite hurdles to determine resistance acquisition, high-throughput approaches (genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics) have allowed data mining and analysis in a systemic way. Likewise, bioinformatics modelling of homologous genes or proteins has permitted to elucidate the emerging resistance in this pathogen. P. aeruginosa is a bacterial resistance treat since practically all known resistance mechanisms can be described using this model, particularly RNA methyltransferases. The RNA methyltransferases perform methylation or demethylation of ribosomal RNA to allow or restrict the antibiotic resistance development. The Kgm and Kam methyltransferases families are found in P. aeruginosa and confer resistance to several aminoglycosides. Loss of native methylations may also confer a resistant phenotype. The P. aeruginosa RsmG has high structural homology with Thermus aquaticus protein. Today, molecular data will promote a new paradigm on antibiotic therapy for treatment against P. aeruginosa. This chapter provides an overview of what role P. aeruginosa’s methyltransferases play in antibiotic resistance, induced by methylation or demethylation in the ribosome.",signatures:"Pablo Valderrama-Carmona, Jaison H. Cuartas, Diana Carolina Castaño and Mauricio Corredor",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66931",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66931",authors:[{id:"277169",title:"Dr.",name:"Mauricio",surname:"Corredor",slug:"mauricio-corredor",fullName:"Mauricio Corredor"},{id:"290320",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Jaison Hernán",surname:"Cuartas",slug:"jaison-hernan-cuartas",fullName:"Jaison Hernán Cuartas"},{id:"290321",title:"BSc.",name:"Diana Carolina",surname:"Castaño",slug:"diana-carolina-castano",fullName:"Diana Carolina Castaño"},{id:"290322",title:"Mr.",name:"Pablo",surname:"Valderrama-Carmona",slug:"pablo-valderrama-carmona",fullName:"Pablo Valderrama-Carmona"}],corrections:null},{id:"66236",title:"Bulgecins as β-Lactam Enhancers Against Multidrug Resistant (MDR) Pseudomonas aeruginosa",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85151",slug:"bulgecins-as-lactam-enhancers-against-multidrug-resistant-mdr-em-pseudomonas-aeruginosa-em-",totalDownloads:919,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Antibiotic resistance in non-lactose fermenting pathogens such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) is increasing, making these clinical pathogens more difficult to treat. Multiple resistance mechanisms exist within P. aeruginosa that affect all classes of antibiotics used in the clinic. New strategies and treatment targets within these MDR pathogens must be exploited. One heretofore untapped target is the family of cell wall enzymes known as lytic transglycosylases (Lts). Lts work in concert with penicillin binding proteins (PBPs) and other cell wall proteins such as amidases and peptidoglycan hydrolases to affect normal cell division, and during stress and programmed cell death. Lts are inhibited by natural products called bulgecins, produced by non-pathogenic Paraburkholderia and Burkholderia spp. New research describing the ability of Lt inhibition to restore susceptibility to β-lactams in MDR P. aeruginosa, as well as the structural biologic basis for the activity of bulgecins will be reviewed. Other targets and applications of bulgecins will also be discussed.",signatures:"Marion J. Skalweit",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66236",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66236",authors:[{id:"186717",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Marion",surname:"Skalweit",slug:"marion-skalweit",fullName:"Marion Skalweit"}],corrections:null},{id:"66686",title:"Trends in Heavy Metals Tolerance and Uptake by Pseudomonas aeruginosa",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85875",slug:"trends-in-heavy-metals-tolerance-and-uptake-by-em-pseudomonas-aeruginosa-em-",totalDownloads:1094,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:8,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Pseudomonas aeruginosa is considered as the most potent bacterial strain for solving heavy metals pollution problems. Pollution is the most of problems in our world which causing a lot of risks to human, animal, plant and ecosystem. Heavy metals pollution is an ever-increasing problem in developing nations. Release of heavy metals into the environment has increased in the recent years at an alarming rate. To remove heavy metals from environment, there are different methods such as physical, chemical and biological. The biological method includes microorganisms and plant which recorded high heavy metals removal, safe and low-cost method. Microorganisms remove heavy metals from environment by different mechanisms according to their types. Thus, microbes are used as potential candidates of bioremediation that can adapt quickly to the changing noxious environment and be utilized for toxic metal remediation. In bacterial uptake and tolerance to heavy metals, Pseudomonas aeruginosa recorded potential role in bioremediation of different heavy metals with high removal percentage comparison with other bacterial strains. Chapter discusses the roles and trends of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in heavy metals tolerance and uptake as potential bacterial strain.",signatures:"Salah Abdelbary, Mamdouh S. Elgamal and Ayman Farrag",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66686",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66686",authors:[{id:"272562",title:"Dr.",name:"Salah",surname:"Abdelbary",slug:"salah-abdelbary",fullName:"Salah Abdelbary"}],corrections:null},{id:"67288",title:"The Beneficial Roles of Pseudomonas in Medicine, Industries, and Environment: A Review",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85996",slug:"the-beneficial-roles-of-pseudomonas-in-medicine-industries-and-environment-a-review",totalDownloads:1009,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:8,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"This chapter intends to consider Pseudomonas versatility as regards the beneficial uses of Pseudomonas for production of primary metabolites including enzymes. This chapter will consider the use of Pseudomonas for production of secondary metabolites from various pathways which are equally useful in the industries and in medicine. Pseudomonas pigments and its usefulness in bioelectricity, medicine, etc. will equally be considered in this chapter. The authors are to integrate knowledge in versatility of Pseudomonas for use as agents of microbial production of biosurfactants for environmental cleanup, restoration, and remediation.",signatures:"Orji Frank Anayo, Ezeanyanso Chika Scholastica, Onyemali Chidi Peter, Ukaegbu Gray Nneji, Ajunwa Obinna and Lawal Oluwabusola Mistura",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/67288",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/67288",authors:[{id:"120194",title:"Dr.",name:"Orji",surname:"Frank Anayo",slug:"orji-frank-anayo",fullName:"Orji Frank Anayo"},{id:"295441",title:"Dr.",name:"Onyemali",surname:"Chidi Peter",slug:"onyemali-chidi-peter",fullName:"Onyemali Chidi Peter"},{id:"295442",title:"Dr.",name:"Ukaegbu",surname:"Gray Nneji",slug:"ukaegbu-gray-nneji",fullName:"Ukaegbu Gray Nneji"},{id:"295465",title:"Dr.",name:"Obinna",surname:"Ajunwa",slug:"obinna-ajunwa",fullName:"Obinna Ajunwa"},{id:"295466",title:"Dr.",name:"Chika",surname:"Ezeanyanaso",slug:"chika-ezeanyanaso",fullName:"Chika Ezeanyanaso"},{id:"295467",title:"Ms.",name:"Lawal",surname:"Oluwabusola Mistura",slug:"lawal-oluwabusola-mistura",fullName:"Lawal Oluwabusola Mistura"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"956",title:"Cystic Fibrosis",subtitle:"Renewed Hopes Through Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"703f0969078948d82535b7b0c08ab613",slug:"cystic-fibrosis-renewed-hopes-through-research",bookSignature:"Dinesh Sriramulu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/956.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"91317",title:"Dr.",name:"Dinesh",surname:"Sriramulu",slug:"dinesh-sriramulu",fullName:"Dinesh Sriramulu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5524",title:"Progress in Understanding Cystic Fibrosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0824b5219d5a8bdee3f2fc04c27a7bb7",slug:"progress-in-understanding-cystic-fibrosis",bookSignature:"Dinesh Sriramulu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5524.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"91317",title:"Dr.",name:"Dinesh",surname:"Sriramulu",slug:"dinesh-sriramulu",fullName:"Dinesh Sriramulu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2796",title:"Lactic Acid Bacteria",subtitle:"R & D for Food, Health and Livestock Purposes",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8d625f084ccba1e96cc326406074fe3f",slug:"lactic-acid-bacteria-r-d-for-food-health-and-livestock-purposes",bookSignature:"Marcelino Kongo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2796.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"138356",title:"Dr.",name:"J. 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The historical background and evolution of societies have also created the co-existence of multiple cultures and modes of life. There are multiple cultures even within the border of the same country and there are multiple types of cultural differences among the habitants of a given country. Culture develops slowly its own norms, values, and beliefs regardless of the numerical size of its followers. Economic transactions and social cohesion cannot be conceived today without the consideration of cultural varieties and challenges. This is where we need to develop an in-depth understanding of culture and how we can function effectively within a multicultural society and economy. We invite book chapters from scholars exploring the cross-cultural, multi-cultural, and intercultural phenomena in our society and economy. We need to know how managers can effectively communicate, negotiate and lead the team within the cross-cultural business eco-system. 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Jayashree is an associate professor at Multimedia University, Malaysia. She is pioneering research in Technology and the cross-cultural area and has demonstrated how to function effectively within a multi-cultural environment. Her research has been published in leading peer-reviewed journals and books.",coeditorThreeBiosketch:"Dr. S. Jayashree is an associate professor at Multimedia University, Malaysia. She is pioneering research in Technology and the cross-cultural area and has demonstrated how to function effectively within a multi-cultural environment. 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Top 10 mango growing countries of the world [accessed from source: FAOSTAT database, 2014].
The mature tree of many can survive for several hundred years and attain a height of 40 meters or more [20]. The mango fruits from Pakistan are well reputed due to its delicious taste, excellent flavor, and high nutritive values [21]. Mango is providing seasonal job opportunities to most common illiterate and less literate villagers of the countryside; thus it is considered a major foreign currency earning fruit crops of Pakistan. The people from the countryside are mostly engaged in various jobs such as growing and managing the orchards, picking, packing, shipment, and processing of mango fruits. The unripe (green) mango fruits are also processed as powder form or in solar-dried slices, which is used in curies as well as in other cookies. Therefore, in the mango growing areas of Tando Qaisar, District Hyderabad, Sindh, Pakistan, it is believed to be one of the best sources of earning for local people [22].
\nMango is a nutritionally rich fruit with a unique flavor, fragrance, and taste. It is an excellent source of vitamin A with flavonoids like beta-carotene, alpha-carotene, and beta-cryptoxanthin. The research reports revealed that the consumption of natural fruits rich in carotenes is known to protect against oral cavity and lung cancers. In addition, mango fruit is also a rich source of vitamins, minerals, fiber, prebiotic dietary, and antioxidant compounds, thus promoting the benefits for human health. Recent research revealed that the consumption of mango fruit protects against colon, breast leukemia, and prostate cancer [23, 24].
\nIt is also believed that almost every part of the mango plant is used for different purposes. The mango is delighted and liked by everyone for its marvelous flavor and delicious taste. Nutritionally as well as medicinally, mango is known to be a rich fruit. It is consumed raw as well as ripe, thus interestingly no any part is wasted. Raw fruits are sliced, dried, and floured (starch), commonly used for cooking. In addition, unripe fruit can be made into chutneys, drinks, and pickles is considered to be an effective antidote for mild forms of sunstroke, whereas ripe fruits besides being consumed as a dessert are processed into jam, squash, slices, pulp, juices, as a flavoring for baked goods, ice cream, milkshakes, jelly, marmalade, yoghurt, nectar, and mango leather. The kernel contains 8–10% fat which is used in the soap industry, while its starch can be used in the confectionary industry [6, 25].
\nAlmost all the products and by-products made from mango are commonly used and preferred by the people in Pakistan and India. Anacardic acid is prepared from the peels (skin); although the wood quality of mango is poor, timber is used for making furniture, flooring, boats, packing cases, and other applications. Tannins mainly used for curing leather are also obtained from the bark of the tree. The twigs as well as young vegetative leaves are used for various religious purposes and for medicinal value [6, 8].
\nSeveral pests, diseases, and disorders have been recorded on various mango varieties, ultimately resulting in severe loses to all parts of the mango around the world. Approximately 260 pest species including major and minor pests have been recorded from seedlings to mature trees at harvest and postharvest stages [26].
\nMango suffers from several infectious diseases caused by many phytopathogens. More than 83 different diseases and disorders including 52 fungal, 3 bacterial, and 3 plant-parasitic nematodes of the mango tree and fruit have been recorded worldwide which cause losses; however, fortunately no single disease is caused by the virus till now in mango [27, 28]. Twenty-seven diseases have been reported in mango trees of Pakistan [28]. Among them the main diseases are anthracnose,
Anthracnose disease (
Powdery mildew disease (
Mango malformation disease (
Bacterial leaf spot (
Crown gall (
Sooty mold (
Fruit rot (
Root rot (
Dieback (
Gummosis (
Mango sudden decline.
Moreover, mango decline, mango sudden decline syndrome (MSDS), mango sudden death syndrome (MSDS), and mango tree mortality (MTM) are the common terms/phrases used for mango sudden decline disease. In the last decade, MSDS remained the most common and destructive diseases throughout Pakistan. Different workers have isolated various fungi and another organism from an infected mango tree. In a recent study, 21 different species of diseases from infected mango trees have been reported. However, it is a complex problem and actually is a result of anthracnose, dieback, root rot, tip dieback, gummosis, and dying of plants, observed very commonly in the orchards of different ages in Sindh province [22].
\nPlant disease control has always been a challenge for the growers and farmers to get optimum production due to pesticide resistance. Resistance to fungicide in current days is a major threat to plant disease management. In many plant pathogens, resistance could develop naturally; thus, several newly developed chemistries of fungicide remain at high risk. However, research toward the increase of resistance and delay in disease development has been undertaken. The existing fungicide chemistry, sometimes, renamed with new trade name does not satisfy the farmer to apply such fungicides [39] for the management of diseases. It is also obvious that even within the same fungal group the nature of resistance can be different. Fungi may develop alternative biochemical pathways around the ones that the fungicides are blocking. The blocked biochemical pathway may also be overwhelmed by the overproduction of precursors. Fungal cells may develop mechanisms to block entry of the fungicide and/or efficiently export the chemical out of cells. The result manifests itself the same way through disease control failure. An example is benzimidazole fungicides which when first introduced were more effective, and even at lower rates, than anything else on the market. The new systemic nature of the compounds and their broad spectrum of activity encouraged the wide use of these fungicides. These fungicides could control many different fungal diseases including powdery mildews, botrytis blights, leaf spots and blights, and root rots on a large variety of crops. There is even nontarget activity on other organisms including earthworms. Benzimidazole fungicides act by blocking the polymerization of tubulin preventing the nuclear division of fungal cells. The mode of action is so specific within the fungi that simple natural mutations allowed for the development of resistant fungi. The resistance is also very stable within the population. Widespread use of benzimidazole fungicides caused widespread development of resistance. Another example is dicarboximide fungicides which when first introduced were highly effective against diseases caused by
Mango diseases as discussed earlier are sometimes hard to manage due to the pathogen cycle and perpetuation in soil and deep root. Several mango diseases are attacking from seedling to maturity; and pre-harvest to postharvest depends on the environmental conditions of the region. Chemical fungicides are believed to be a significant way to control fungal pathogens [40] or sometimes to inhibit and prevent the development and spread of pathogen [41, 42]. However, due to resistance development in pathogen or sometimes in the environment-development of new physiological races, it is hard to manage the plant diseases. The impacts of fungicide management in some importance mango diseases are discussed here.
\nAnthracnose, caused by a fungal pathogen
The use of fungicides for the management of anthracnose disease has been widely done worldwide. Generally, such kinds of fungicides are used when especially anthracnose is out of control due to wet and humid conditions in most commercial mango production situations [50]. To produce commercial market quality fruit, chemicals such as benomyl, copper, and mancozeb have been sprayed weekly on the flowers and at 2- to 3-week intervals on fruit until harvest [51]. Although some mango cultivars are moderately tolerant, none are sufficiently resistant to be produced without fungicides in humid areas [50]. During rainy seasons numerous preventive fungicide applications in the field are necessary to obtain acceptable fruit production [52]. In extreme situations, where fruit develops completely under disease-favorable conditions, up to 25 sprays of fungicides have been reported. It is also mentioned that fungicides are highly effective for anthracnose control reducing the severity in treated fruit by over 90% [52]. Research in India showed that fungicides reduced the severity from 54% infected fruit to 5% [53]. Research has clearly shown that low postharvest decay is associated with effective protection of fruit throughout the growing season [54]. The fungicides carbendazim, prochloraz, and benomyl tested against anthracnose on 40-year-old mango trees revealed that carbendazim showed minimum disease severity when first spraying was done during the emergence of new flushes; second and third spray applications were made at 15-day intervals. Fourth and fifth spray applications were done before monsoon (June) and after the monsoon (first week of October). Reduction in disease severity with the increased average number of fruits per tree on the third year was recorded after application of fungicides [55]. In a field trial, different doses of systemic fungicide, azoxystrobin at 1, 2, and 4 ml L−1 were evaluated against anthracnose disease. All doses of azoxystrobin suppressed the development of both panicle and leaf anthracnose with more production of fruits than control. The results further showed that 2 ml L−1 proved effective against disease than other doses of fungicides [56]. Recently in Pakistan Nasir et al. [57] evaluated seven different organic and one inorganic fungicides for their effectiveness against anthracnose disease. Three bloom sprays were applied: first at 25% flowering and two later applications at 15-day intervals. Best results were achieved with Nativo 75% WDG (tebuconazole+ trifloxystrobin) which controlled anthracnose by 92.03% and powdery mildew by 90.19%. It was followed by Cabriotop 60% WDG (metiram +pyraclostrobin) which reduced the incidence of these diseases by 89.08% and 88.04%, respectively, whereas Topsin-M 72% WP (thiophanate-methyl), Score 25% EC (difenoconazol), and Shincar 50% SC (carbendazim) provided less than 80% control. In general, all the fungicide treatments significantly reduced the incidence of the diseases and produced a higher yield of quality fruits than control in both years.
\nFungicidal resistance/sensitivity among the six different isolates of
However, in recent years growers have experienced problems controlling this disease, and they have suggested that the fungicides used are not providing acceptable levels of control. Products currently registered for pre-harvest use include mancozeb, copper hydroxide, and copper sulfate products—these are routinely used from flowering through to harvest. Prochloraz is used when weather conditions favor disease development, and a strobilurin product has recently been registered. Thus, an experiment was conducted to develop an integrated crop management (ICM) practice for controlling anthracnose (
Mango powdery mildew disease is caused by a fungal pathogen,
Several organic and inorganic fungicides have been evaluated for their effectiveness against powdery mildew disease. The powdery mildew was controlled by applying different fungicides such as benomyl, bitertanol, carbendazim, dinocap, oxythioquinone, thiophanate-methyl, tridemefon, tridemorph, Vigil, wettable sulfur, etc. [81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89]. However, some chemical fungicides such as benomyl, dinocap, and mancozeb were set up most operational at the time of flower cluster expansions and before the cluster opening [90, 91, 92]. The higher efficacy of carbendazim against powdery mildew was also proven when sprayed three times with the interval of 15 days [93]. Recently, Topas 100% EC (penconazole) and Vangard 25% EC (triadimenol) were found effective against powdery mildew (89.96% and 91.87%, respectively) [57]. In another experiment, three sprays of penconazole at prebloom, full bloom, and after fruit setting against powdery mildew,
Six fungicides such as carbendazim (Bavistin 50 WP) 0.05%, wettable sulfur (Sulfex 80 WP) 0.25%, triadimefon (Bayletan 25 WP) 0.05%, thiophanate-methyl (Roko 70 WP) 0.1%, penconazole (Topas 10% EC) 0.05%, and hexaconazole (Contaf 5EC) 0.05% went through a 3-year experimentation (2006–2008). All the fungicides reduced the disease significantly when applied at prebloom, 10 days after first spray, and at fruit setting stage compared to the untreated control. However, hexaconazole gave the lowest incidence of powdery mildew (21.2%) and was significant over the rest of treatments except triadimefon [100]. Fungicides mostly are of high efficiency in the management of plant diseases [101]. However, the need for reducing pesticide residues in food crops, pressures to maintain a healthy environment, and often the unavailability of commercially acceptable resistant plants intensify the need for alternative methods for disease control. One of the potential methods of reducing the severity of powdery mildew in an environmentally safe manner is the use of inorganic salts like foliar spray by potassium salts [102, 103] as biocompatible fungicides. Monopotassium phosphate and potassium dihydrogen phosphate sprayed alone or in alternation with fungicides have been successful in the control of powdery mildew diseases in apples, grapes, peaches, nectarines, greenhouse cucumbers, roses, melons, and mangoes [103].
\nIt is apparent that several studies have been conducted and workers used different fungicides successfully in order to control powdery mildew disease of mango accompanied by a high yield/tree [104]. However, fungicide resistant races of powdery mildew pathogens have been reported on several crops like as cucumber, grape vines, etc. [105, 106, 107, 108]. The fungicide Punch was the most effective on mango and mustard when tested to managing powdery mildew disease in India [109]. However, once resistant strains appeared, most of them survived for several years, therefore the risk of re-enhancing a resistant population with further applications of ineffective [110].
\nMango malformation disease (MMD) is a serious threat and is significantly increasing because of the great demand for mango in the international market and expansion of mango production worldwide for export [111]. It occurs in almost all mango growing countries of the world and causes severe economic losses every year [112, 113]. Much more studies are carried out on physiological, viral, fungal, acarological, and nutritional causes [114]. Mango malformation is of two distinct types, vegetative malformation (VM) and floral malformation (FM). The floral malformation is more prevalent in bearing mango trees, whereas vegetative malformation mostly appears on seedlings [115]. MMD causes shortened inflorescence, sterility, and aborted hermaphrodite flowers, and the male flowers increase in number and size [116, 117, 118, 119]. MMD was first reported in India in 1891 [120]. It is found elsewhere in Asia (Israel, Malaysia, and Pakistan) [120], Africa (Egypt, South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, and Uganda) [121], and Americas [Brazil, El Salvador, Mexico, Nicaragua, the USA, and Venezuela [122, 123]. In Pakistan, Khaskheli et al. [38] confirmed pathogenicity of
Several attempts were made to manage the MMD; however, differences in the reported species sometimes make it difficult to control the extent of MMD. Some research lines indicate that broad-spectrum systemic fungicides are beneficial for the control of the disease [124]. Kumar et al. [125] found that mangiferin metabolites of mango induced changes in isolates of
The sooty mold is a fungal disease caused by
It has already been explained that sooty develops on the exudates of sucking insect pests such as aphids, leafhoppers, mealybugs, psyllids (including eucalyptus lerp psyllid), soft scales, and whiteflies. Both the immature and adult stages of these insects feed by sucking sap from plants, producing honeydew. Their common characteristic is that they all suck sap from plants. Therefore, these pests need serious attention and should be controlled through pesticides.
\nIt is also pertinent to mention that sooty mold-causing fungus is a weak parasite; therefore, sometimes uses of fungicides are necessary to apply. The effectiveness of seven organic fungicides, one synthetic fungicide, bagging of fruits, and the untreated control were evaluated to control sooty mold on leaves and fruit of mango “Manila,” in Veracruz, Mexico. Results showed that the bio-fungicides Bio hcaz 3.5, Bio fyb 1.5, Fungicus ph 4 y Fungicus ph 8 provided 95% of leaves in the categories of healthy and light (less than 5% damage). Percentage of healthy fruits was 98% for bagging, 82% for benomyl, 80% for Sunset 3, and 78% for Sulfocop 4 and Bio fyb 1.5. Bio fyb 1.5 showed good control of sooty mold in leaves and fruits. The application of these organic products did not have a negative effect on the yield and fruits quality [136].
\nMango decline or mango sudden decline syndrome or mango sudden death syndrome or mango tree mortality are some common terms/phrases used for this disease. This remained the most common and destructive disease throughout Pakistan in the recent past years. In actual, MSDS is a complex disease of mango, and several pathogenic fungi were isolated from this complex problem [29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38]. Different investigators have isolated various fungi and another organism from an infected mango tree. Ahmed et al. [137] reported that the onset of dieback become evident by discoloration and darkening of twigs from the tip downward due to
There have been several attempts to manage this severe outbreak of mango; however, the recovery of the affected tree sometimes could not succeed due to the development of fungi in the vascular system of tree. All reported fungi of MSD are soilborne and cause tree decline or wilt after several years of development. Some studies showed that Topsin-M and Daconil are the most effective fungicides, whereas copper oxychloride intermediate and mancozeb were the least effective in inhibiting the mycelial growth of
Mango dieback caused by
Several attempts are made to control the mango dieback throughout the mango growing countries of the world. In Pakistan, mycelial growth of
Khon Kaen University (KKU), Thailand has carried out field work to improve the health, including oral health of the population in the northeast of Thailand and other rural areas. KKU has an important mission to produce graduates with essential knowledge, skills and attitudes to be able to help in national development, especially in the northeast of Thailand, and has been actively pursuing this duty and responsibility since 1984.
The KKU field practice course began in 1984 for health sciences students in KKU and the College of Asian Scholars. These students will have direct experience in solving problems in rural areas under the supervision of our staffs in related fields. They gain the experiences of working together with other students for sustainable health development.
The objective of this study was to synthesize knowledge about oral health hygiene and related diseases from KKU staffs and their students’ projects and research presentations during 1984 to 2020.
The populations were 16 publications and presentations by KKU staffs and their students during 1984 to 2020 (Tables 1 and 2). The researches reviewed was approved by the Ethics Committee for Human Research at Khon Kaen University, Thailand [HE522167, HE532173, HE571074, HE591188, HE591199, and HE621269]. Most of the research was secondary data. Those who volunteered had signed a consent form.
Study No. | Title | Ref. | Study Design | Age Group (year old) | Sample size (Sex) (Data from) | Findings | Year of pubn. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1[N.] | Betel Quid Chewing and Oral Health of Women | [1] | Descriptive Study and Analytical Study | 31–86 women | 2,253 F Data from (1992–1994) | Betel Quid Chewing associated with Periodontitis, Tooth Loss and Aging | 2007 |
2 [I.] | ECO and Smoking Status | [2] | Cross-Sectional Study and Analytical Study, | 15–70 smokers | 420 Adults | ECO for Older =7 ppm, ECO For Younger = 8 ppm | 2008 |
3 [I.] | ECO an Oral Health Status in Smokers active and passive smokers | [3] | Cross-sectional Analytical Study | 30–72 workers | 296 Adults (Data from 2007) | No Relationship between ECO and smoking | 2011 |
4 [I.] | Periodontitis, ECO Level and Oral Health | [4] | Cross-sectional Analytical Study | 30–89 rural 33–86 rural | 625 (M) (1990–1991) 1,218 (M) (1992–1994) Adults | Tobacco smoking as a risk indicator for Periodontitis | 2009 |
5 [I.] | Tooth Loss due to Dental Carries | [5] | In-depth Interview and Cross-sectional Analytical Study | 19–53 workers | 457 Adults [283 (M),174 (F)] 11 for in-depth interview | Causes from Lack of Knowledge & Time, Negative Attitudes, Inability to support cost of dental treatment | 2012 |
6 [I.] | Dental and Jaw Injuries | [6] | Descriptive and Analytical Study | Thai boxing rural, urban | 260 (M) (2009–2010) | Muay Thai boxing lead to dental & jaw injuries | 2016 |
7 [I.] | Factors related to Tooth Loss | [7] | Descriptive Study and Analytical Study | 19–25 urban | 1,500 Adults [621 M,879F] (data from 2014) | 62.2% had Tooth Loss, 60.0% Tooth Loss caused by Dental Carries | 2017 |
8 [I.] | ECO and Age | [8] | Descriptive Study Analytical Study and ECO Level measured | 16–70 workers | 875 volunteers [584Non Smokers, 291Smokers] (data from 2009) | Smokers: Mean ECO Level = 11.24 ppm Non Smokers: Mean ECO Level = 2.25 ppm Optimal ECO Cut-Off Level varied by age | 2017 |
9 [I.] | Smoking status and best ECO cut-off level and oral health conditions | [9] | Descriptive Study, Analytical Study, ECO Level Measured | 19–53 workers | 455 workers (data from 2009 to 2010) | Direct association between ECO Level > = 4 ppm and Periodontitis | 2018 |
Summary of Oral health problems related to diseases from KKU staff and their students’ publications and presentations during 1984–2020.
I, index journal; N, non-index journal; P, poster presentation; lr, literature review; Rw, research waiting for publication.
Study No. | Title | Ref. | Study Design | Age Group (years old) | Sample size (Sex) (Data from) | Findings | Year of pubn. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
10 [R] | Dental Clinic at PCU Samliaum of Srinagarind Hospital | [10] | In-depth Interviews and Descriptive Study | Age above 18 | 400 Adults | Most of villagers need to have a dental care clinic at PCU Samliaum of Srinagarind Hospital and were able to pay dental care treatment at 1,000 Baht on each visit. | 2011 |
11 [I.] | Dental care services at industrial estates | [11] | Analytical Study | Age 19–25 | 1,500 Workers from 16 Factories [621 M, 879F] | Only 36.1% used Dental care services while 63.9% could not in previous year | 2015 |
12 [I.] | Health Consciousness to be Young Dentist | [12] | Descriptive Study | Students Grade11 from two Schools in Kalasin Provn. | 660 Students (During 2010) | 320 were Peer leaders. The peer leader scores were higher than Non-peer leaders in all domain. | 2013 |
13 [I.] | Youth Participation Towards health promotion | [13] | Mixed Methods
| Students Grade 9–11 | 1,192 Samples for Analytical Study 35 Subjects for In-depth Interview | 103 of them were Peer volunteers. The CHANYA Model was supporting youth participation towards oral health promotion | 2017 |
14 [P] | Poster Presentation: “Maelong Volunteer for Long Term Care” | [14] | Trained the Health Volunteers and Evaluated of their KAP | Health Volunteers at Maelong Village | 28 Health Voluntrs. [1 (M), 27 (F)] | Increase awareness of “Long Term Care” Gain more knowledge Need repeat training every year | 2018 |
15 [Ir] | Masticatory Function and related effects | [15, 16] | Literature Reviews | Paper publishing and Textbooks | 36 Papers and Textbooks | One paper [16] presented that 83% of dentures were still in use after 5 years, Only 50% were still in use after10 years | 2020 |
16 [Rw] | Chronic Gingival Inflammation leads to Esophageal Cancer | [17] | Analytical Study | 105 EC 105 Control | Case [M = 60%, F = 40%], Control [M = 47%, F = 53%] (2007–2017) | 2020 |
Summary of Oral health care management by KKU staff and their students during 1984–2020.
I, index journal; N, non-index journal; P, poster presentation’; lr, literature review; Rw, research waiting for publication.
Data and results about oral health problems and management were retrieved from 16 paper publications and presentations by KKU staffs and their students during 1984 to 2020 (Tables 1 and 2).
To synthesize oral health problems and related diseases, included in the programs of health prevention and promotion from the 16 publications and presentations by KKU staffs and their students, we use two diagrams as follows:
Oral health problems: Causes and Effects leading to related diseases (Figure 1).
Procedure for the KKU preventive program for rural dental health care management of people in the Northeast of Thailand (Figure 2).
Oral health problems: Causes and effects leading to related diseases.
Procedure for the KKU preventive program for rural dental health care management of people in the Northeast of Thailand.
In thirty-seven years of KKU field practice and research, it has been found that most students and staff had a good attitude towards practice in the community with other students and staff from various faculties. Each year, more than six hundred students and sixty staff participate in KKU field work. They provide oral health care and other health promotion work to the people in villages, and follow- up the work with those villagers after five years. Reports of follow-up studies have indicated that people in those communities have better health awareness, and the community leaders have discussed with KKU staff about other projects to implement in their community in later years. The KKU field practice has achieved its aim in equipping students with essential competency in sustainable health development for rural communities, while lessons learned had been discussed and distributed widely to the public [18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23].
Besides KKU field practice, the Department of Community Medicine, KKU has performed much more researches to develop the health status of the people in villages. Maternal and Child Health research studied children below 5 years and their mothers in two villages (Ban Had and Ban Nongtao) of Khon Kaen province [24].
Another two “excellence” projects have involved KKU staff which were 1) The Green Esarn Project which studied KAP of villagers in BanSum village, Mahachanachai district, Yasothorn province about oral health related to their environment [25], and 2) The Rural School Health Development Project: The School of the Royal Initiative of Her Royal Princess Mahachakri Sirindhorn studied KAP of villagers and dental treatment of the students in Nong Song Hong School, Khon Kaen province [26].
The results of these various studies show that poor oral health hygiene, smoking habits, betel quid chewing, and Muay Thai kickboxing of the Thai population still lead to many problems in all age groups (children, adults, workers, smokers, women who chew betel quids, Muay Thai kickboxing athletes, and the aging), both male and female. The studies indicates that bad oral hygiene leads to diseases such as oral health problems, exhaled carbon monoxide (ECO) levels, dental carries, tooth loss, and chronic gingival inflammation leading to esophageal cancer, and insufficient dental treatment (Figure 1).
The KKU Projects and other related projects show that after the projects had been performed by KKU staffs and their students from 1984 to 2020, the villagers had more awareness of their oral hygiene than in the previous year.
From Figure 1, we see that oral health problems: have 4 included variables; sport, knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors as follows:
Sport:
It was seen that 23.5% of 260 Thai boxing athletes had dental and jaw injuries. The popularity of this sport is still increasing in Thailand [6].
Knowledge:
In particular, people lacked knowledge of dental care and lacked health education. The results showed that 63.9% of 1,500 workers did not use dental care services during the previous year, mostly because they had no time to see the dentist and were unable to pay the cost of dental treatment [11].
Attitudes:
It was found that 62.2% of 457 adults had tooth loss due to dental carries. From in-depth interview of 11 subjects, this was caused by 1) Lack of time to visit the dentist, 2) Negative attitude towards dental treatment, and 3) Inability to support the cost of dental treatment [7].
Behaviors:
Betel Quid Chewing:
It was found that most aging women in Thailand chew betel quid during the day. The results from 2,253 women, aged 31–86 years old showed that there was an association between betel quid chewing and periodontitis, and also tooth loss [1].
Incorrect Brushing Technique:
It was found in Nong Song Hong School that 75% of 67 students had oral health problem such as toothache and 58.5% of them were absent from class because of toothache, 17.9% had dental carries, but none of them had tooth loss [26].
Smoking:
Findings from multivariable logistic regression showed that tobacco smoking was a risk indicator for periodontitis from 1,218 males, aged 33–86 years residing in rural areas of Khon Kaen Province during 1990–1991 [4].
Chronic Gingival Inflammation leading to Esophageal Cancer Findings of multivariable logistic regression indicated that
Dental Carries is believed to be a rapidly increasing oral health problem in developing countries. KKU Studies of tooth loss due to dental carries [5], factors related to tooth loss [7], dental care services at PCU [10], and dental care services at industrial estates [11] were similar to the study of Ahlberg et al. [27], which suggests that there should be dental services in industrial estates in order to prevent dental carries and its sequelae. Our finding suggest that utilization of dental care services varies by person, place, and time. It can be categorized into two factors e.g. economic factors and non-economics factors. The economic factors indicated the ability to pay for dental care treatment. Non-economic factors present awareness of oral health problems. People who use dental care services regularly will not have tooth decay.
Findings of KKU studies of ECO and smoking status [2], ECO and oral health status in active and passive smokers [3], ECO and age [8], and smoking status and best ECO cut-off level and oral conditions [9] were similar to prior studies [28, 29], which supports that the level of carbon monoxide in the exhaled breath might be used as an indicator of smoking status.
Findings of periodontitis associated with tobacco smoking [4] were similar to prior studies [30, 31], which found that tobacco smoking was related to periodontitis. Our findings from both data sets suggest that tobacco smoking is directly associated with periodontitis, and thus enhances the possibility of increased tooth extraction.
Results of KKU studies about betel quid chewing and oral health problems [1] were similar to Mehta et al. [32], which found the relationship of betel leaf chewing and periodontal disease. Our findings indicated that although betel quid chewing may reduce dental caries, betel quid chewing is a risk indicator of periodontitis enhancing the risk of increasing tooth loss.
KKU reports of dental and jaw injuries [6] were similar to the prior studies [33, 34], which have reported occurrences of injuries to the body as well as to oral cavity and jaw. We found that the location of boxing camps in the upper northeast of Thailand as well as boxing camps in rural area were directly related to dental trauma and injuries among these Thai boxing athletes.
The results from those projects and research indicate that these projects were successful because of the co-operation from the leaders of the schools, the leaders of the communities, health care providers in their districts, health volunteers in the villages, awareness of the students and the villagers, follow-up studies by KKU staffs and their students at least twice, one-year follow-up for evaluation of the outcome of villagers’ health and oral health, as well as a five-year follow-up to evaluate the sustainability of the development under the supervision and funding support from the director of Khon Kaen University and all Faculties related in KKU and the College of Asian Scholars.
From the KKU projects and research above it was seen that Thai people faced oral hygiene and oral health problems. The KKU field practice course is useful to reduce this problem. There should be a policy of protection programs for Muay Thai athletes by the Muay Thai Committees. There should be a dental clinic provided near communities which can give them oral health education programs. Services and welfare for dental treatment should be provided, or there should be a dental clinic in the workplace eg. on an Industrial Estate. Preventive programs should be established to stop people chewing betel quids.
KKU field works, projects and research by KKU staffs and their students were able to assist the public and the related organizations that have the duty to deal with these problems. Some of them are effective in reducing oral health problems of students and villagers eg. PCU Samliaum of Srinagarind Hospital, Khon Kaen province, Nong Song Hong School, Khon Kaen province, and Ban Sum village, Yasothorn province.
The authors thank all of the respondents for their valuable contribution to our studies, the Cancer Unit of Faculty of Medicine, the Faculty of Dentistry, Khon Kaen University and the College of Asian Scholars staffs and their students for data support and funding support, Ajarn Ian Thomas for grammatical corrections.
All authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
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MS, Ph.D., is currently with the Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California. He has both an MS and Ph.D. in Biomedical Engineering. He was previously a research scientist at the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) and visiting professor and researcher at the University of North Dakota. He is currently working in artificial intelligence and its applications in medical signal processing. In addition, he is using digital signal processing in medical imaging and speech processing. Dr. Asadpour has developed brain-computer interfacing algorithms and has published books, book chapters, and several journal and conference papers in this field and other areas of intelligent signal processing. He has also designed medical devices, including a laser Doppler monitoring system.",institutionString:"Kaiser Permanente Southern California",institution:null},{id:"169608",title:"Prof.",name:"Marian",middleName:null,surname:"Găiceanu",slug:"marian-gaiceanu",fullName:"Marian Găiceanu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/169608/images/system/169608.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Marian Gaiceanu graduated from the Naval and Electrical Engineering Faculty, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Romania, in 1997. He received a Ph.D. (Magna Cum Laude) in Electrical Engineering in 2002. Since 2017, Dr. Gaiceanu has been a Ph.D. supervisor for students in Electrical Engineering. He has been employed at Dunarea de Jos University of Galati since 1996, where he is currently a professor. Dr. Gaiceanu is a member of the National Council for Attesting Titles, Diplomas and Certificates, an expert of the Executive Agency for Higher Education, Research Funding, and a member of the Senate of the Dunarea de Jos University of Galati. He has been the head of the Integrated Energy Conversion Systems and Advanced Control of Complex Processes Research Center, Romania, since 2016. He has conducted several projects in power converter systems for electrical drives, power quality, PEM and SOFC fuel cell power converters for utilities, electric vehicles, and marine applications with the Department of Regulation and Control, SIEI S.pA. (2002–2004) and the Polytechnic University of Turin, Italy (2002–2004, 2006–2007). He is a member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and cofounder-member of the IEEE Power Electronics Romanian Chapter. He is a guest editor at Energies and an academic book editor for IntechOpen. He is also a member of the editorial boards of the Journal of Electrical Engineering, Electronics, Control and Computer Science and Sustainability. Dr. Gaiceanu has been General Chairman of the IEEE International Symposium on Electrical and Electronics Engineering in the last six editions.",institutionString:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',institution:{name:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"4519",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaydip",middleName:null,surname:"Sen",slug:"jaydip-sen",fullName:"Jaydip Sen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/4519/images/system/4519.jpeg",biography:"Jaydip Sen is associated with Praxis Business School, Kolkata, India, as a professor in the Department of Data Science. His research areas include security and privacy issues in computing and communication, intrusion detection systems, machine learning, deep learning, and artificial intelligence in the financial domain. He has more than 200 publications in reputed international journals, refereed conference proceedings, and 20 book chapters in books published by internationally renowned publishing houses, such as Springer, CRC press, IGI Global, etc. Currently, he is serving on the editorial board of the prestigious journal Frontiers in Communications and Networks and in the technical program committees of a number of high-ranked international conferences organized by the IEEE, USA, and the ACM, USA. He has been listed among the top 2% of scientists in the world for the last three consecutive years, 2019 to 2021 as per studies conducted by the Stanford University, USA.",institutionString:"Praxis Business School",institution:null},{id:"320071",title:"Dr.",name:"Sidra",middleName:null,surname:"Mehtab",slug:"sidra-mehtab",fullName:"Sidra Mehtab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002v6KHoQAM/Profile_Picture_1584512086360",biography:"Sidra Mehtab has completed her BS with honors in Physics from Calcutta University, India in 2018. She has done MS in Data Science and Analytics from Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology (MAKAUT), Kolkata, India in 2020. Her research areas include Econometrics, Time Series Analysis, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Artificial Intelligence, and Computer and Network Security with a particular focus on Cyber Security Analytics. Ms. Mehtab has published seven papers in international conferences and one of her papers has been accepted for publication in a reputable international journal. She has won the best paper awards in two prestigious international conferences – BAICONF 2019, and ICADCML 2021, organized in the Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore, India in December 2019, and SOA University, Bhubaneswar, India in January 2021. Besides, Ms. Mehtab has also published two book chapters in two books. Seven of her book chapters will be published in a volume shortly in 2021 by Cambridge Scholars’ Press, UK. Currently, she is working as the joint editor of two edited volumes on Time Series Analysis and Forecasting to be published in the first half of 2021 by an international house. Currently, she is working as a Data Scientist with an MNC in Delhi, India.",institutionString:"NSHM College of Management and Technology",institution:null},{id:"226240",title:"Dr.",name:"Andri Irfan",middleName:null,surname:"Rifai",slug:"andri-irfan-rifai",fullName:"Andri Irfan Rifai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226240/images/7412_n.jpg",biography:"Andri IRFAN is a Senior Lecturer of Civil Engineering and Planning. He completed the PhD at the Universitas Indonesia & Universidade do Minho with Sandwich Program Scholarship from the Directorate General of Higher Education and LPDP scholarship. He has been teaching for more than 19 years and much active to applied his knowledge in the project construction in Indonesia. His research interest ranges from pavement management system to advanced data mining techniques for transportation engineering. He has published more than 50 papers in journals and 2 books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Internasional Batam",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"314576",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibai",middleName:null,surname:"Laña",slug:"ibai-lana",fullName:"Ibai Laña",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314576/images/system/314576.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ibai Laña works at TECNALIA as a data analyst. He received his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence from the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Spain, in 2018. He is currently a senior researcher at TECNALIA. His research interests fall within the intersection of intelligent transportation systems, machine learning, traffic data analysis, and data science. He has dealt with urban traffic forecasting problems, applying machine learning models and evolutionary algorithms. He has experience in origin-destination matrix estimation or point of interest and trajectory detection. Working with large volumes of data has given him a good command of big data processing tools and NoSQL databases. He has also been a visiting scholar at the Knowledge Engineering and Discovery Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"314575",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus",middleName:null,surname:"L. Lobo",slug:"jesus-l.-lobo",fullName:"Jesus L. Lobo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314575/images/system/314575.png",biography:"Dr. Jesús López is currently based in Bilbao (Spain) working at TECNALIA as Artificial Intelligence Research Scientist. In most cases, a project idea or a new research line needs to be investigated to see if it is good enough to take into production or to focus on it. That is exactly what he does, diving into Machine Learning algorithms and technologies to help TECNALIA to decide whether something is great in theory or will actually impact on the product or processes of its projects. So, he is expert at framing experiments, developing hypotheses, and proving whether they’re true or not, in order to investigate fundamental problems with a longer time horizon. He is also able to design and develop PoCs and system prototypes in simulation. He has participated in several national and internacional R&D projects.\n\nAs another relevant part of his everyday research work, he usually publishes his findings in reputed scientific refereed journals and international conferences, occasionally acting as reviewer and Programme Commitee member. Concretely, since 2018 he has published 9 JCR (8 Q1) journal papers, 9 conference papers (e.g. ECML PKDD 2021), and he has co-edited a book. He is also active in popular science writing data science stories for reputed blogs (KDNuggets, TowardsDataScience, Naukas). Besides, he has recently embarked on mentoring programmes as mentor, and has also worked as data science trainer.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",slug:"yalcin-isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",biography:"Yalcin Isler (1971 - Burdur / Turkey) received the B.Sc. degree in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey, in 1993, the M.Sc. degree from the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey, in 1996, the Ph.D. degree from the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey, in 2009, and the Competence of Associate Professorship from the Turkish Interuniversity Council in 2019.\n\nHe was Lecturer at Burdur Vocational School in Suleyman Demirel University (1993-2000, Burdur / Turkey), Software Engineer (2000-2002, Izmir / Turkey), Research Assistant in Bulent Ecevit University (2002-2003, Zonguldak / Turkey), Research Assistant in Dokuz Eylul University (2003-2010, Izmir / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering in Bulent Ecevit University (2010-2012, Zonguldak / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering in Izmir Katip Celebi University (2012-2019, Izmir / Turkey). He is an Associate Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir / Turkey, since 2019. In addition to academics, he has also founded Islerya Medical and Information Technologies Company, Izmir / Turkey, since 2017.\n\nHis main research interests cover biomedical signal processing, pattern recognition, medical device design, programming, and embedded systems. He has many scientific papers and participated in several projects in these study fields. He was an IEEE Student Member (2009-2011) and IEEE Member (2011-2014) and has been IEEE Senior Member since 2014.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"339677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mrinmoy",middleName:null,surname:"Roy",slug:"mrinmoy-roy",fullName:"Mrinmoy Roy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/339677/images/16768_n.jpg",biography:"An accomplished Sales & Marketing professional with 12 years of cross-functional experience in well-known organisations such as CIPLA, LUPIN, GLENMARK, ASTRAZENECA across different segment of Sales & Marketing, International Business, Institutional Business, Product Management, Strategic Marketing of HIV, Oncology, Derma, Respiratory, Anti-Diabetic, Nutraceutical & Stomatological Product Portfolio and Generic as well as Chronic Critical Care Portfolio. A First Class MBA in International Business & Strategic Marketing, B.Pharm, D.Pharm, Google Certified Digital Marketing Professional. Qualified PhD Candidate in Operations and Management with special focus on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning adoption, analysis and use in Healthcare, Hospital & Pharma Domain. Seasoned with diverse therapy area of Pharmaceutical Sales & Marketing ranging from generating revenue through generating prescriptions, launching new products, and making them big brands with continuous strategy execution at the Physician and Patients level. Moved from Sales to Marketing and Business Development for 3.5 years in South East Asian Market operating from Manila, Philippines. Came back to India and handled and developed Brands such as Gluconorm, Lupisulin, Supracal, Absolut Woman, Hemozink, Fabiflu (For COVID 19), and many more. In my previous assignment I used to develop and execute strategies on Sales & Marketing, Commercialization & Business Development for Institution and Corporate Hospital Business portfolio of Oncology Therapy Area for AstraZeneca Pharma India Ltd. Being a Research Scholar and Student of ‘Operations Research & Management: Artificial Intelligence’ I published several pioneer research papers and book chapters on the same in Internationally reputed journals and Books indexed in Scopus, Springer and Ei Compendex, Google Scholar etc. Currently, I am launching PGDM Pharmaceutical Management Program in IIHMR Bangalore and spearheading the course curriculum and structure of the same. I am interested in Collaboration for Healthcare Innovation, Pharma AI Innovation, Future trend in Marketing and Management with incubation on Healthcare, Healthcare IT startups, AI-ML Modelling and Healthcare Algorithm based training module development. I am also an affiliated member of the Institute of Management Consultant of India, looking forward to Healthcare, Healthcare IT and Innovation, Pharma and Hospital Management Consulting works.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lovely Professional University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",institution:{name:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"221364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneko",middleName:null,surname:"Osaba",slug:"eneko-osaba",fullName:"Eneko Osaba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221364/images/system/221364.jpg",biography:"Dr. Eneko Osaba works at TECNALIA as a senior researcher. He obtained his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence in 2015. He has participated in more than twenty-five local and European research projects, and in the publication of more than 130 papers. He has performed several stays at universities in the United Kingdom, Italy, and Malta. Dr. Osaba has served as a program committee member in more than forty international conferences and participated in organizing activities in more than ten international conferences. He is a member of the editorial board of the International Journal of Artificial Intelligence, Data in Brief, and Journal of Advanced Transportation. He is also a guest editor for the Journal of Computational Science, Neurocomputing, Swarm, and Evolutionary Computation and IEEE ITS Magazine.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"275829",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Villar-Rodriguez",slug:"esther-villar-rodriguez",fullName:"Esther Villar-Rodriguez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/275829/images/system/275829.jpg",biography:"Dr. Esther Villar obtained a Ph.D. in Information and Communication Technologies from the University of Alcalá, Spain, in 2015. She obtained a degree in Computer Science from the University of Deusto, Spain, in 2010, and an MSc in Computer Languages and Systems from the National University of Distance Education, Spain, in 2012. Her areas of interest and knowledge include natural language processing (NLP), detection of impersonation in social networks, semantic web, and machine learning. Dr. Esther Villar made several contributions at conferences and publishing in various journals in those fields. Currently, she is working within the OPTIMA (Optimization Modeling & Analytics) business of TECNALIA’s ICT Division as a data scientist in projects related to the prediction and optimization of management and industrial processes (resource planning, energy efficiency, etc).",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:null},{id:"278948",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"carlos-pedro-goncalves",fullName:"Carlos Pedro Gonçalves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRcmyQAC/Profile_Picture_1564224512145",biography:'Carlos Pedro Gonçalves (PhD) is an Associate Professor at Lusophone University of Humanities and Technologies and a researcher on Complexity Sciences, Quantum Technologies, Artificial Intelligence, Strategic Studies, Studies in Intelligence and Security, FinTech and Financial Risk Modeling. He is also a progammer with programming experience in:\n\nA) Quantum Computing using Qiskit Python module and IBM Quantum Experience Platform, with software developed on the simulation of Quantum Artificial Neural Networks and Quantum Cybersecurity;\n\nB) Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning programming in Python;\n\nC) Artificial Intelligence, Multiagent Systems Modeling and System Dynamics Modeling in Netlogo, with models developed in the areas of Chaos Theory, Econophysics, Artificial Intelligence, Classical and Quantum Complex Systems Science, with the Econophysics models having been cited worldwide and incorporated in PhD programs by different Universities.\n\nReceived an Arctic Code Vault Contributor status by GitHub, due to having developed open source software preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\" for future generations (https://archiveprogram.github.com/arctic-vault/), with the Strategy Analyzer A.I. module for decision making support (based on his PhD thesis, used in his Classes on Decision Making and in Strategic Intelligence Consulting Activities) and QNeural Python Quantum Neural Network simulator also preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\", for access to these software modules see: https://github.com/cpgoncalves. He is also a peer reviewer with outsanding review status from Elsevier journals, including Physica A, Neurocomputing and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence. Science CV available at: https://www.cienciavitae.pt//pt/8E1C-A8B3-78C5 and ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0298-3974',institutionString:"University of Lisbon",institution:{name:"Universidade Lusófona",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"241400",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Bsiss",slug:"mohammed-bsiss",fullName:"Mohammed Bsiss",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241400/images/8062_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"276128",title:"Dr.",name:"Hira",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",slug:"hira-fatima",fullName:"Hira Fatima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/276128/images/14420_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Hira Fatima\nAssistant Professor\nDepartment of Mathematics\nInstitute of Applied Science\nMangalayatan University, Aligarh\nMobile: no : 8532041179\nhirafatima2014@gmal.com\n\nDr. Hira Fatima has received his Ph.D. degree in pure Mathematics from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh India. Currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mathematics, Institute of Applied Science, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh. She taught so many courses of Mathematics of UG and PG level. Her research Area of Expertise is Functional Analysis & Sequence Spaces. She has been working on Ideal Convergence of double sequence. She has published 17 research papers in National and International Journals including Cogent Mathematics, Filomat, Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, Advances in Difference Equations, Journal of Mathematical Analysis, Journal of Mathematical & Computer Science etc. She has also reviewed few research papers for the and international journals. 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