Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
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We wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\n
Throughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\n
We wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
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However, the prohibitive cost of numerous technological steps in these approaches is the main obstacle to further progress. Furthermore, a large number of applications necessitate fabrication of complex and ultra-small devices that cannot be made using these approaches. New approaches based on natural self-assembly of matter need to be developed to allow for fabrication of micro and nanoelectronic devices. Self-assembly of nanostructures is a dynamic field, which explores physics of these structures and new ways to fabricate them. However, the major problem is how to control the properties of the nanostructures resulting from low dimensionality. This book presents recent advances made to address this problem, and fabricate nanostructures using self-assembly.",isbn:"978-1-78984-742-0",printIsbn:"978-1-78923-960-7",pdfIsbn:"978-1-78984-743-7",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80196",price:100,priceEur:109,priceUsd:129,slug:"self-assembly-of-nanostructures-and-patchy-nanoparticles",numberOfPages:100,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,isInBkci:!1,hash:"8a6a5ad75592f8e3921048e4f300caa5",bookSignature:"Shafigh Mehraeen",publishedDate:"November 4th 2020",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8778.jpg",numberOfDownloads:2814,numberOfWosCitations:2,numberOfCrossrefCitations:2,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:4,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:8,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"June 28th 2019",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"December 30th 2019",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"February 28th 2020",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"May 18th 2020",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"July 17th 2020",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"280108",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Shafigh",middleName:null,surname:"Mehraeen",slug:"shafigh-mehraeen",fullName:"Shafigh Mehraeen",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/280108/images/system/280108.jfif",biography:"Shafigh Mehraeen is an Assistant Professor at the University of Illinois at Chicago. He received his M.Sc. and Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering, both from Stanford University under the supervision of Andrew Spakowitz. For his Ph.D., he studied the impact of molecular elasticity on the behavior of semi-flexible polymers and protein self-assembly. As a postdoctoral scholar, he studied the impact of active layer morphology on bimolecular recombination losses in organic photovoltaics, and transition state theory under the supervision of Jean-Luc Bredas at Georgia Institute of Technology, and Jianshu Cao at MIT, respectively. He has published three books, more than 30 scientific papers, and served as a reviewer for major scientific journals. 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The discussion is centred around the set of the self-assembled morphologies in a melt of 100–200 of such decorated nanoparticles obtained upon the change of the temperature, surface density of ligands, the type of the terminal group attachment, as well as the prediction of the possibility of photo-assisted self-assembly of the nanoparticles decorated by the azobenzene chromophores.",signatures:"Jaroslav Ilnytskyi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69617",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69617",authors:[{id:"310418",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaroslav",surname:"Ilnytskyi",slug:"jaroslav-ilnytskyi",fullName:"Jaroslav Ilnytskyi"}],corrections:null},{id:"72421",title:"Self-Assembly of GeMn Nanocolumns in GeMn Thin Films",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92709",slug:"self-assembly-of-gemn-nanocolumns-in-gemn-thin-films",totalDownloads:631,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter presents the results of growing GeMn nanocolumns on Ge(001) substrates by means of molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). The samples have been prepared by co-depositing Ge and Mn at growth temperature of 130°C and Mn at concentration of ~6% to ensure the reproduction of GeMn nanocolumns. Based on the observation of changes in reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED) patterns during nanocolumn growth, surface signals of GeMn nanocolumn formation have been identified. Structural analysis using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) show the self-assembled nanocolumns with core-shell structure extend through the whole thickness of the GeMn layer. Most of nanocolumns are oriented perpendicular to the interface along the growth direction. The nanocolumn size has been determined to be about 5–8 nm in diameter and a maximum height of 80 nm. A phenomenological model has been proposed to explain the driving force for self-assembly and growth mechanisms of GeMn nanocolumns. The in-plane or lateral Mn diffusion/segregation is driven by a low solubility of Mn in Ge while the driving force of Mn vertical segregation is induced by the surfactant effect along the [001] direction.",signatures:"Thi Giang Le",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72421",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72421",authors:[{id:"317675",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Thi Giang",surname:"Le",slug:"thi-giang-le",fullName:"Thi Giang Le"}],corrections:null},{id:"73046",title:"Patchy Nanoparticle Synthesis and Self-Assembly",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93374",slug:"patchy-nanoparticle-synthesis-and-self-assembly",totalDownloads:624,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Biological building blocks (i.e., proteins) are encoded with the information of target structure into the chemical and morphological patches, guiding their assembly into the levels of functional structures that are crucial for living organisms. Learning from nature, researchers have been attracted to the artificial analogues, “patchy particles,” which have controlled geometries of patches that serve as directional bonding sites. However, unlike the abundant studies of micron-scale patchy particles, which demonstrated complex assembly structures and unique behaviors attributed to the patches, research on patchy nanoparticles (NPs) has remained challenging. In the present chapter, we discuss the recent understandings on patchy NP design and synthesis strategies, and physical principles of their assembly behaviors, which are the main factors to program patchy NP self-assembly into target structures that cannot be achieved by conventional non-patched NPs. We further summarize the self-assembly of patchy NPs under external fields, in simulation, and in kinetically controlled assembly pathways, to show the structural richness patchy NPs bring. 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\r\n\tGiardiasis is an important parasitic disease, whose etiologic agent is the protozoan Giardia intestinalis (G. duodenalis, G. lamblia) with high prevalence in several countries, with about 200 million human cases per year. In addition, it is also of relevance in veterinary medicine, especially due to infection in domestic animals such as cats and dogs, as well as in other wild animals. In addition, to the well characterized acute giardiasis it is also relevant to point out the existence of chronic consequences that include children nutrition and development, inflammatory intestinal syndrome as well as chronic fatigue. The importance of this topic is well recognized and intensely discussed in the International Giardia and Cryptosporidium Conference that this year will take place in Rouen’s, France. Biological studies have point out to the existence of several protozoan genotypes and is very important to know in more detail the consequences of the infection with each one of these genotypes in humans and domestic animals as well as in wild animals. Treatment of giardiasis has been based on the use of Nitroimidazoles (tidinazole, secnidazole, metrodinazole) and Benzimidazoles (albendazole and ferbendazole). Other compounds such as Nitrofurans, Quinacrine, Paromomycin, Teclozan and Nitazoxanide have also been tested. In all cases, some toxicity is observed and efforts continue to be done in order to identify new active and less toxic ones. Thus, it is now time to review what has been done in this field in the last years as well as to present and discuss new perspectives.
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\n
1. The condition
\n
Pregnancy, though a physiological condition, involves increased stress on a mother’s biological processes. Advanced age, frequent pregnancies with shortened intervals, and several other risk factors may cause one of these processes to buckle under the stress giving rise to a disease state [1].
\n
Gestational diabetes is a typical example which occurs as a temporary condition during pregnancy and is characterized by hyperglycemia and its varied manifestations. The word “gestational” implies exaggerated physiological response in pregnancy. Pregnancy is a state of insulin resistance, which has been designed by nature with the aim to supply the fetus with adequate nutrition at all times, irrespective of the mother’s feeding cycles or habits. When this resistance, which is a physiological response to pregnancy, becomes aggravated and overcomes the pancreas capacity to secrete extra insulin, the result is a constant state of hyperglycemia. Risk factors and risk markers for GDM are age (the older a woman the higher her risk of GDM), overweight or obesity, excessive weight gain during pregnancy, a family history of diabetes, and GDM during a previous pregnancy [2].
\n
Human placental lactogen and prolactin, the levels of which steadily increase during pregnancy, also contribute to the phenomena of increased insulin resistance by preventing the intake of insulin into peripheral tissue. A lesser explored hormone adiponectin exerts a protective effect by inhibiting hepatic glucose production. In GDM pregnancies, there is a significant decrease in placental adiponectin from an early stage of pregnancy, which now appears to be another independent risk factor for GDM. Adiponectin levels are also affected by pro-inflammatory cytokines, thus indicating a relationship between inflammation and carbohydrate metabolism or even a gross metabolic dysregulation [2].
\n
\n
\n
2. The magnitude of the problem
\n
According to the International Diabetes Federation (2017), 21.3 million or 16.2% of live births had some form of hyperglycemia in pregnancy, and a majority of these (85.1%) were due to gestational diabetes and one out of seven births is affected by gestational diabetes. The WHO Global Report on diabetes (2016) also gives similar figures: 75–90% of cases of hyperglycemia in pregnancy are due to gestational diabetes and 10–25% of pregnancies are affected by gestational diabetes. To complicate matters, a maximum number of these cases are from the low- and middle-income countries emphasizing the fact that diabetes per se as well as gestational diabetes are not the diseases of the affluent society who have access to quality health care [3]. A large number of these cases are from those sections of the population who do have access to basic antenatal care, where missing gestational diabetes is common and associated with grim outcomes for the mother and baby.
\n
\n
\n
3. Maternal and fetal complications
\n
Undetected, unmonitored, and uncontrolled gestational diabetes leads to severe maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. GDM has a spectrum of both short- and long-term complications for both the mother and the fetus [4].
\n
Among the short-term complications, are those that happen in the index pregnancy, hypertension is often associated with type 2 diabetes and so is true for GDM. Women who have GDM often develop hypertension during pregnancy and when compared to women who are euglycemic during pregnancy the difference is significant. Pregnancy-induced hypertension leads to several other problems in terms of preeclampsia and even eclampsia.
\n
Several reasons for short-term morbidity in the mother are related to the increased size of the fetus. Nonprogress of labor and cephalopelvic disproportion due to a large-sized baby may lead to instrumental deliveries, perineal injuries, and C-sections.
\n
For the fetus, the hallmark complication of GDM is macrosomia and the problems resulting from it. These could be sudden fetal demise, shoulder dystocia, obstructed labor, hydramnios, malpresentations, and cord prolapse. Macrosomia also leads to earlier onset of labor, giving rise to a preterm baby with all the associated risks of prematurity. The chief among these is the respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) due to lack of surfactant: this is a combined effect of prematurity as well as the fact that hyperglycemia per se also delays lung maturity.
\n
The baby of a GDM mother has more chances of admission to intensive care due to RDS and also because it is more prone to metabolic derangements which are typical of this condition. Hypoglycemia, hyperbilirubinemia, and hypomagnesemia are significantly more in babies of GDM mothers.
\n
When considering long-term complications of GDM recurrence of GDM in subsequent pregnancies and the development of type 2 diabetes in later life are the ones of major concern. A GDM mother has about 30–60% chance of recurrence in subsequent pregnancies. A systematic review of 28 studies covering the same number of years showed that a GDM mother has a cumulative incidence ranging from 2.6 to 70% of type 2 diabetes. Recurrence of GDM in subsequent pregnancies and the development of type 2 diabetes in later life are linked to risk factors like obesity, interval between pregnancies, and the amount of insulin needed during the index pregnancy.
\n
Long-term complications in the neonate of a GDM mother are obesity and type 2 diabetes in adult life. The girl child also runs the risk of GDM in her pregnancy.
\n
\n
\n
4. The controversies
\n
Screening and diagnosis of gestational diabetes is varied and till date a single universal guideline has been elusive. This is compounded by the fact that both gestational diabetes and type 2 diabetes are very dependent on ethnicity. This often leads to the question as to whether a single mathematical figure would actually reflect hyperglycemia and its complications in different ethnic groups.
\n
International and national bodies advise various ways to screen gestational diabetes. Large numbers of such guidelines confuse the primary health provider and the practicing obstetrician. In this era of evidence-based medicine, there is need for a single robust, evidence, practical guideline, the use of which would ensure the early detection and adequate management of gestational diabetes at the earliest in different countries and ethnic groups.
\n
\n
\n
5. Recent advances
\n
Although screening for GDM remains the mainstay for early detection, biomarkers for predicting, and monitoring the condition have also been identified. These biomarkers are altered as a result of the underlying pathology of GDM and thus help in predicting the condition before it actually becomes manifest clinically. These biomarkers may be related to insulin resistance, chronic inflammation, and altered placental function all of which are related to the patho-physiology of GDM. Micro-RNAs, one such group of biomarkers are a class of RNAs which are not involved in coding but can modulate gene expression. Thus, particular levels of circulating micro-RNAs can be used as biomarkers to predict GDM.
\n
Efforts are also being made to combine several biomarkers to form a risk score for prediction of GDM. Combining clinical risk factors and biomarkers to predict the condition are also in the process.
\n
\n
\n
6. The way ahead
\n
Gestational diabetes mellitus has a well-documented link with maternal age, family history, diet, obesity, and lack of exercise. Both ethnicity and deprivation are major contributors to an increased risk of GDM. Research has confirmed that a better diet, increased physical activity, an appropriate pre-pregnancy Body Mass Index could reduce the development of gestational diabetes mellitus. The challenge now is to find ways of delivering these benefits in real life rather than in purely research settings. Keeping these things in mind, the first aim should be primary prevention. It plays the most significant role in creating awareness as regards gestational diabetes among public. Awareness should particularly target the groups which are at high risk for developing diabetes. Primary steps in preventing gestational diabetes can delay or halt further developments which in turn reduce both the need for gestational diabetes care and other required treatments. Prevention of gestational diabetes and diabetes per se should be considered a public health priority. The biggest task faced by the medical fraternity is lack of awareness across all segments of society about this epidemic.
\n
A uniform consensus on how to screen for and diagnose gestational diabetes is another focus area for national and international bodies. As both ethnicity and deprivation are major contributors to this disease condition, the guidelines framed should make allowance for both [5, 6].
\n
Another area that needs looking into is the identification of markers which could predict the condition with reasonable accuracy. It is also essential that such markers be cost-effective as both diabetes and gestational diabetes can no longer be considered as the disease of the elite society.
\n
\n\n',keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/68550.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/68550.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68550",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68550",totalDownloads:849,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,totalAltmetricsMentions:0,impactScore:0,impactScorePercentile:33,impactScoreQuartile:2,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"February 26th 2019",dateReviewed:"May 14th 2019",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"February 5th 2020",dateFinished:"August 9th 2019",readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/68550",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/68550",book:{id:"7143",slug:"gestational-diabetes-mellitus-an-overview-with-some-recent-advances"},signatures:"Amita Ray",authors:[{id:"251100",title:"Prof.",name:"Amita",middleName:null,surname:"Ray",fullName:"Amita Ray",slug:"amita-ray",email:"amitarays@gmail.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/251100/images/system/251100.jpg",institution:null}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. The condition",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. The magnitude of the problem",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3",title:"3. Maternal and fetal complications",level:"1"},{id:"sec_4",title:"4. The controversies",level:"1"},{id:"sec_5",title:"5. Recent advances",level:"1"},{id:"sec_6",title:"6. The way ahead",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Kampmann U, Madsen LR, Skajaa GO, Iversen DS, Moeller N, Ovesen P. Gestational diabetes: A clinical update. World Journal of Diabetes. 2015;6(8):1065-1072\n'},{id:"B2",body:'Catalano PM, Hoegh M, Minium J, Huston-Presley L, Bernard S, Kalhan S, et al. Adiponectin in human pregnancy: Implications for regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism. Diabetologia. 2006;49(7):1677-1685\n'},{id:"B3",body:'Ferrara A. Increasing prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus: A public health perspective. Diabetes Care. 2007;30(Suppl 2):S141-S146\n'},{id:"B4",body:'Yogev Y, Metzger BE. Hod MEstablishing diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus: Impact of the hyperglycemia and adverse pregnancy outcome study. Seminars in Fetal and Neonatal Medicine. 2009;14(2):94-100\n'},{id:"B5",body:'Jensen DM, Korsholm L, Ovesen P, Beck-Nielsen H, Mølsted-Pedersen L, Damm P. Adverse pregnancy outcome in women with mild glucose intolerance: Is there a clinically meaningful threshold value for glucose? Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 2008;87:59-62\n'},{id:"B6",body:'Metzger BE, Gabbe SG, Persson B, Buchanan TA, Catalano PA, Damm P, et al. International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups recommendations on the diagnosis and classification of hyperglycemia in pregnancy. Diabetes Care. 2010;33:676\n'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Amita Ray",address:"amitarays@gmail.com",affiliation:'
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, IQ City Medical College, Durgapur, West Bengal, India
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1. Introduction
1.1 Cancer medicine: precision, interdisciplinary and personalization
Proton beam therapy (PBT) is developing in the context of a substantial increase in the incidence of cancer, the enormous advances made in our understanding of the biological basis and clinical implications of the disease, and the need to improve the therapeutic index: tumor control promotion and minimal clinically relevant toxicity. PBT is an accessible precision high-energy particle radiation technology, adapted to the therapeutic demands tendencies in health care and health budget of modern clinical practice [1]. Other radiotherapy (RT) solutions using hadron beams (hadron therapy) are too costly in the medium term in most clinical settings [2].
PBT is now firmly established the era of precision medicine [3]. In oncology, the principles of medicine must be well defined: Interdisciplinarity and molecular individuation. Technological excellence will only be achieved when it encompasses the different medical specialties involved in treating each individual patient. Multidisciplinary Tumor Boards (MTD) are an essential part of an efficient approach to cancer management [4]. Personalized cancer treatment is characterized by a detailed analysis of the molecular configuration and evolution of each patient’s tumor (gene expression profile and nanobiology) [5]. The latest evidence suggests that tumors are probably unique to each patient, and that each tumor within the same patient (metastasis, primary site or recurrence) has its own biological pattern of progression and host adaptation pathway [6].
1.2 Vectors in radiation oncology: individualized, functional, accurate and precise therapy
RT currently helps to achieve cure over half of all patients that require this treatment; it relieves symptoms in 2 out of every 3 patients, and in general terms is a crucial therapeutic component in 3 out of every 4 cancer patients [7]. Furthermore, RT preserves organs and tissue structures (in contrast to the status resulting from radical extended surgery) and can be used in the context of radical treatment for oligometastatic and oligo-recurrent disease [8, 9]. Forecasts in healthcare systems in countries like the US suggest that by 2020, indications for RT in all types of cancer will have increased by 25%, and by 35% in the case of gastrointestinal malignancies [10].
The foregoing estimations are based on the enormous technological advances made in RT in the last 30 years. If medical advances in clinical oncology have ushered in the era of precision medicine, interdisciplinary approach in recent decades in oncological RT (which specifically uses ionizing radiation to treat cancer) have ushered in the era of accurate precise RT.
Precision RT is very efficient in promoting the local control (LC) of macroscopically identifiable cancer lesions (targeted by image-guided RT), and has an excellent therapeutic index, in other words, minimal, toxicity in normal radiation-sensitive tissue [11]. Because accurate precise RT has minimum effect on the function of the organs, systems (blood, liver, lungs, etc.) and tissues where the tumor is located, it has allowed clinicians to explore the radiobiological effects of hypofractionation, heterogeneous dose distribution within target volumes (adjusted for bio-heterogeneity), and of immunomodulatory, radiation-enhancing, radiation-sensitive and radiation-protective drug interactions [12]. Finally, one of the most promising aspects of accurate precise RT is the potencial of radiation-induced immunogenicity induced by hypofractionated (>8 Gy) RT [13]. Checkpoint inhibitors and other inmunomodulators allow clinicians to explore the potential of combining systemic immunotherapy effects with precision local and atoxic RT [14].
In the next decade, technological advances in PBT will bring further technological developments in precision RT into mainstream clinical practice. The dosimetric precision of PBT compares favorably with photon therapy and, guided by beam homogeneity in the delivery and imaging systems for precision control (4D and quasi-real-time control), its results in clinical practice will be equivalent and reproducible (Figure 1).
Figure 1.
Clinical practice-based example of dose distribution in a craneospinal irradiation represented in 2D and 3D images. Treatment planning implementation in PBT enhances the perception of clinical benefit expected by protecting normal anatomy from unnecessary irradiation.
The value of a treatment is defined as the outcomes obtained divided by the cost, measured over the entire cycle of care [15]. The clinical potential of proton cancer therapy requires sophisticated and realistic assessment of integral cost of care estimations including “costicity” (the cost of toxicity and general health-related supportive care). A collaborative effort between clinicians, patients, and policy makers is needed to design clinical trials with meaningful patient engagement. In particular, patients may help to identify and refine approaches that will lead to improved enrollment and retention in clinical trials as evidence generators sources. One crucial element in arriving at meaningful conclusions from such analyses is the need to account for the costs of managing not only acute RT toxicity but also long-term morbidities that can occur years to decades after RT is completed.
In 2016, Mishra et al. reviewed the context of developing evidence in cancer proton therapy [16]. PBT clinical trials identified from clinicaltrials.gov and the World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Platform Registry showed a total of 122 active PBT clinical trials, with target enrollment of >42,000 patients worldwide. Ninety-six trials (79%) were interventional and 21% were observational studies. The most common PBT clinical trials focus on gastrointestinal tract tumors (21%), tumors of the central nervous system (15%), and prostate cancer (12%). Five active studies (lung, esophagus, head and neck, prostate, breast) randomize patients between protons and photons, and 3 between protons and carbon ion therapy.
The medical vision in 2020 and ahead, confirms that PBT clinical trial portfolio expands rapidly. Results of PBT studies, generated with synchrotron technology, need additional evaluation in terms of comparative effectiveness, as well as incremental effectiveness and health value offered by PBT in comparison with conventional radiation modalities among other topics of clinical relevance.
Aside from future technological improvements, PBT has already been well received in the international medical community, and is now available in more than 57 centers worldwide [17].
As in other precision RT techniques, phase III randomized clinical trials (RCTs) are not the best research setting, as they have intrinsic limitations in design and data analysis that prevent the positive findings of randomized trials investigating pharmaceuticals agents to be extrapolated to phase III studies with medical technologies. New availability of pencil-beam scanning and the consideration of new biological rationales such as avoidance of bone marrow and circulating blood radiation exposure, may be especially relevant to patients due to the central role of the immune system in cancer therapy.
3. Evolutive and consolidated clinical outcomes
Clinical results based on novel treatments need both time to mature, and a method of comparison that can define the best indications in the context of currently available accurate precise RT. Mature results from some studies recommend PBT for extreme indications in radioresistant, indolent yet highly infiltrative and extensive cancer lesions, and in patients requiring re-irradiation due to symptomatic oligo-recurrence.
The following is a summary of the clinical results of a selective review of the latest, most influential, clinical studies analyzing synchrotron-based PBT institutional outcomes. The data available generally relates to established and developmental indications, together with some comparative analysis with other RT technologies. The information was obtained from a specific literature search and systematic reviews spanning 2010–2020.
3.1 Pediatric tumors
In 2020 PBT is the radiation therapy technology of election for pediatric oncology patients. The evolution towards this practice status has been fast. A survey conducted between July 2017 and June 2018 in all proton centers treating pediatric patients in 2016 worldwide identified a total of 54 centers operating in 11 countries (Particle Therapy Co-Operative Group, PTCOG website). Among the 40 participating centers (74%), a total of 1860 patients were treated in 2016 (North America: 1205, Europe: 432, Asia: 223.
More than 30 pediatric tumor types were identified, mainly treated with curative intent. About half of the patients were treated with pencil beam scanning [18].
Pediatric cancer patients referred to proton therapy centers do benefit from expert dedicated highly specialized care both in terms of normal tissue protection to radiation exposure during treatment delivery and from early access to medical integral care and radiotherapy process (5 weeks median starting time) [19].
A critical milestone to facilitate long-term clinical outcomes research in the modern era has been achieved. The Pediatric Proton Consortium Registry (PPCR) has reported a total of 1854 patients enrolled from October 2012 until September 2017. The cohort is 55% male, 70% Caucasian, and comprised of 79% United States residents. Central nervous system (CNS) tumors were the most frequent group of diseases (61%). The most common non-CNS tumors diagnoses were: rhabdomyosarcoma (n = 191), Ewing sarcoma (n = 105), Hodgkin lymphoma (n = 66), and neuroblastoma (n = 55) (Table 1) [20].
Median, range (Gy): IMRT: 50.4 (45–59.4) PBT: 50.4 (45–54)
PB
Post-RT enlargement rates PBT vs. IMRT: HR 2.15, 95% CI 1.06–4.38, p = 0.04). RT dose >50.4Gy(RBE) > rates of PsP (HR 2.61, 95% CI 1.20–5.68, p = 0.016)
In pts. undergone PBT LAR was lower than IMXT estimated LAR useful marker of secondary cancer induced by radiotherapy
Table 1.
Clinical experiences with synchrotron PBT in pediatric tumors (AT/RT: atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumors; OS: overall survival; PFS: progression-free survival; LC: Local control; SMN: secondary malignant neoplasms; LET: linear energy transfer; TD50; dose at which 50% of patients would experience toxicity; PsP: Pseudoprogression; EFS: event-free survival; PB: passive beam; IMRT: intensity modulated radiotherapy; IMPT: intensity modulated proton therapy; CSI craniospinal irradiation).
3.2 Central nervous system
Radiotherapy confers survival advantages to patients with glioblastoma, medulloblastoma, germ cell, ependymoma and other intracranial neoplasms. This cost-effective and accessible treatment modality has proven efficacy in the adjuvant and definitive setting, as a first-line treatment or after prior lines of therapy. Neuro-radiation oncology has witnessed a burgeoning of new techniques, technologies and strategies that will better optimize the therapeutic ratio. Proton beam therapy (PBT) offers the potential to minimize late-onset toxicities while preserving disease-related outcomes. Multidisciplinary efforts explore synergies between the effects of radiotherapy and novel systemic therapies to tailor the delivery by molecular profile (Table 2) [41].
-mFT 4.4y −4-y actuarial rate hormone deficency, GH, TH, ACTH and FSH/LH were 48.8%, 37.4%, 20.5%, 6.9%, and 4.1%, respectively. -Age at start of RT, time interval since treatment, and median dose to the combined hypothalamus and pituitary were correlated with increased incidence of deficiency.
Risk of second cancer: 3-field 6MV photon vs. 4-field PBT
CSI 23.4 RBE
PB
Lifetime risk second cancer 7.7 vs. 92%. Proton therapy confers lower predicted risk of second cancer for the pediatric medulloblastoma patient compared with photon therapy.
Clinical experiences in CNS tumors treated with synchrotron technology (2012–2019). OARs: organs at risk; RBE: radiobiological equivalence; CNS: central nervous system; ChT: Chemotherapy).
3.3 Head and neck cancer
PBT has emerged as a novel means to reduce toxicity and potentially further improve tumor control in head and neck cancer patients. The unique physical properties of charged particles allow a steep dose gradient with a reduced integral dose delivered to the patient in a proportion that can meaningfully reduce dose-related toxicity.
For the National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines, proton therapy is a standard of care for base of skull tumors and is an optimized option for periorbital tumors. The use of proton therapy is expanding for other cancer sites. Novel forms of proton therapy such as IMPT, and technical improvements in dose modeling, patient setup, image guidance and radiobiology, will help further enhance the benefits of proton therapy. The present cost of delivering PBT is approximately 2–3 times higher than for delivering IMRT photons in the head and neck (H&N) cancer model of health care. However, the cost difference is reduced when costs are considered over the entire cycle of care. Predictive models using comorbidity scales could defined a subpopulation of patients for whom proton therapy is likely to reduce side effects and subsequent use of health care resources (Table 3) [52].
Prognostic impact of leukocyte counts before and during radiotherapy. IMRT vs. IMPT
70 RBE/35 fx
IMPT
The radiotherapy type (IMRT vs. IMPT) was not associated with lymphopenia. Poor progression-free survival was associated with pretreatment leukocytosis and T status in univariate analysis, and pretreatment neutrophilia and advanced age on multivariate analysis.
mFT: 13.6 m 1-y: LC 68.4% OS 83.8% PFS 60% DMFS 75% 30% toxicity G3.
Table 3.
Clinical experiences in head and neck cancer treated with synchrotron technology (2014–2019). (mFT: median follow up time).
3.4 Lung cancer
The call for designing and conducting “smart” proton therapy trials for lung cancer patients requires establishing clinical evidence and patient selection criteria to make proton therapy a truly personalized form of treatment. Comparative trials could focus on endpoints such as cardiac toxicity, low-dose radiation bath, and lymphopenia. The enhancement of dosimetric and biological advantages of PBT to improve clinical outcomes requires further developments in image-guided hypofractionated intensity modulated proton therapy (IMPT) and combinations of hypofractionated proton therapy with immunotherapy [63].
For early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), the optimal clinical context for proton beam therapy (PBT) is challenging due to the increasing evidence demonstrating high rates of local control and good tolerance of stereotactic ablative body radiation (SABR). The potential advantage may be significant in treating larger tumors, multiple tumors, or central tumors. Most of the published studies are based on passive scattering PBT. Dosimetric benefits are likely to increase whith pencil beam scanning/intensity-modulated proton therapy (IMPT) [64]. A prospective longitudinal observational study of 82 patients with unresectable primary or recurrent NSCLC treated with 3-dimensional conformal radiation therapy (3DCRT), IMRT, or proton therapy included patient-reported symptom burden, assessed weekly for up to 12 weeks with the validated MD Anderson Symptom Inventory. Despite the fact that the proton group received significantly higher target radiation doses (P < 0.001), patients receiving proton therapy reported significantly less severe symptoms than did patients receiving IMRT or 3DCRT [63]. (Table 4).
IMRT(85 pts) vs. PSPT(49 pts) Esophageal toxicity (clinical and image)
60–70 Gy/30–35 fx
PB
No significant difference in esophageal toxicity found between proton and photon-based radiation therapy for the study cohort, based on imaging biomarker or CTCAE grade
Concurrent ChT Analyze dosimetric variables and outcomes after adaptive replanning
74 RBE/37 fx
PB
-Adaptative planning more often performed in large tumors. −107.1 cm 3 adaptive VS 86.4 cm 3nonadaptive. - Median n° fx: 13 -Improvement in esophagus and SC.
Central or superior tumors. Photon SBRT vs. PSPT vs. IMPT
50 Gy/4 fx
PB/IMPT
When the PTV was within 2 cm of the critical structures, the PSPT and IMPT plans significantly reduced the mean maximal dose to the aorta, brachial plexus, heart, pulmonary vessels, and spinal cord.
-Change in pulmonary function over time with PBT -Concurrent ChT. -PBT (60) vs. 3DCRT (93) vs. IMRT (97)
74 RBE
PB
Lung diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide is reduced in the majority of patients after radiotherapy with modern techniques. Multiple factors, including gross tumor volume, preradiation lung function, and dosimetric parameters, are associated with the DLCO decline.
Table 4.
Clinical experiences in lung cancer treated with synchrotron technology (2011–2019).
3.5 Esophageal cancer
Radiation therapy (RT) has become an important component in the curative management of esophageal cancer (EC). Since most of the ECs seen in the Western hemisphere (i.e., Europe and the United States) are located in the mid- to distal-esophageal locations, heart and lungs invariably receive significant radiation doses. Proton beam therapy (PBT) provides the ability to further reduce normal tissue exposure because of its lack of exit dose, which is expected to provide clinically meaningful benefit for at least some EC patients [90].
Investigators at MD Anderson Cancer Center have reported a phase IIb randomized trial comparing PBT and IMRT for patients with EC (NCT01512589). The primary endpoints are progression-free survival and total toxicity burden, which is a composite endpoint including serious adverse events and postoperative complications. Among the 145 patients randomized, total toxicity burden was 2.3 times higher for photon IMRT and the postoperative complications (50% of patients were operated) was 7.6 times higher in photon IMRT cohort. The 3-year overall survival was similar in both groups (44%) [91]. Results from prospective clinical trials will greatly improve our knowledge regarding the role and benefits expected from proton therapy for EC. (Table 5).
Total toxicity burden and postoperative complications significantly lower in PBT cohort. 3-y OS 44%.
Table 5.
Clinical experiences in esophageal cancer treated with synchrotron technology (2012–2019).
3.6 Hepatocellular cancer
Proton beam therapy has the unique dosimetric performance, particularly valuable for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Clinical data is available in a limited number of patients, especially from Japan. In a systematic review from 1983 to June 2016 to identify clinical studies on charged particle therapy for HCC, a total of 13 cohorts from 11 papers. The reported actuarial local control rates ranged from 71 to 95% at 3 years, and the overall survival rates ranged from 25–42% at 5 years. Late severe radiation morbidities were uncommon, and a total of 18 patients with grade ≥ 3 late adverse events were reported among the 787 patients included in the analysis.
The American Society for Radiation Oncology (ASTRO) issued a Model Policy on PBT in 2014 and PBT for HCC is covered by medical insurance in the United States. The Japanese Clinical Study Group of Particle Therapy (JCPT), the Japanese Society for Radiation Oncology (JASTRO), the Japanese Radiation Oncology Study Group (JROSG) and other groups are conducting multi-institutional prospective clinical trials in order to obtain approval for national health insurance for HCC and other cancers. The NCCN guidelines recommend that PBT may be appropriate in specific situations. In the Japanese guidelines, can be considered for HCCs that are difficult to treat with other local therapies, such as those with portal vein or inferior vena cava tumor thrombus and large lesions. The Korean Liver Cancer Study Group also mentioned the efficacy of PBT in their guidelines [104]. Guidelines from expert hepatologists evaluating the of data available for HCC patients will influence on the pattern of clinical practice considering the option of PBT as upfront therapy in the decision-making process (Table 6) [105].
Flow citometry lymphocite populations. CTLs NK prior/during/after.
67.5 RBE / 15 fx
PB
• mOS 0.6 months for HCC and 14.5 months for ICC patients. • Longer OS significantly correlated with CTLs. • 42 months follow-up.
Table 6.
Clinical experiences in liver cancer treated with synchrotron technology (2016–2019); RILD: radiation induced liver disease; mOS: median overall survival.
3.7 Lymphoma
In adult lymphoma survivors, radiation treatment with increase excess of radiation dose to organs at risk (OARs) does increase the risk for side effects, especially late toxicities. Minimizing radiation to organs at risk (OARs) in adult patients with Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphomas involving the mediastinum is the decisive factor to select the treatment modality.
Proton therapy reduces the unnecessary radiation to the OARs and reduces toxicities, especially the risks for cardiac morbidity and second cancers. In modern guidelines for adult lymphoma patients, the benefit from proton therapy and the advantages and disadvantages of proton treatment are considered. The dosimetric advantage of reducing the unnecessary dose to lung, breast, heart, spinal cord, vessels, vertebrae, thyroid and other structures in certain lymphoma involvements can be significant and highly desirable for patients that will be extreme long-term survivors at risk for severe chronic conditions and second malignancies [112] (Table 7).
IMPT significantly reduced lung and cardiac doses.
Table 7.
Clinical experiences in malignant lymphoma treated with synchrotron technology (2016–2017).
3.8 Prostate
PBT for prostate cancer patients has been a continuously growing option due to its promising characteristics of high precision dose distribution in the target and a sharp distal fall-off. Considering the large number of proton beam facilities in Japan, the further increase of patients undergoing this treatment will be related to the policies of the Japanese National Health Insurance (NHI) together with the development of medical equipment and technology. A review conducted review to identify and discuss research studies of proton beam therapy for prostate cancer in Japan (up to June 2018) included 23 articles (14 observational, focused on the adverse effects), and 7 interventional on treatment planning, equipment parts, as well as target positioning. Favorable clinical results of PBT were consistent and future research should focus on longer follow-up clinical data. PBT is a suitable treatment option for localized prostate cancer [116].
At present, as particle beam therapy for prostate cancer is covered by the Japanese national health insurance system (since April 2018), and the number of facilities practicing particle beam therapy has increased recently, the number of prostate cancer patients treated with particle beam therapy in Japan is expected to increase drastically [117]. (Table 8).
No toxicity or QoL differences between PB and IMPT.
Table 8.
Clinical experiences in prostate cancer treated with synchrotron technology (2013–2018); GU: genitourologic; GI: gastrointestinal; QoL: Quality of life; ADT: androgen deprivation.
3.9 Miscellaneous neoplasms and oncological clinical conditions
PBT has been explored in a variety of cancer sites, histological subtypes and disease stages, including localized breast cancer, seminoma, pancreatic cancer, oligo-recurrences and other cancer conditions. (Table 9).
Dosimetric benefit shown in OARs. Lower mean doses to the contralateral lung, heart, esophagus, liver, and ipsilateral kidney, with increased contralateral lung sparing when mediastinal boost was required for nodal disease.
Clinical experiences in miscellaneous neoplasms and cancer conditions treated with synchrotron technology (2015–2017); LC: Local Control.
A special challenge for defining PBT health value are geriatric cancer patients. Aging and chronic comorbidity is a medical reality in the present and future of oncology practice. It is projected that 1 of 5 Americans will be aged ≥65 years in 2050 and that 60% of cancers will occur in this group. As PBT resources are limited, centers have designed decision-making systems for prioritization. Elderly cancer patients are as fragile as pediatric oncology patients in terms of “normal” tissues protection importance, their tissues are not that “normal” at all but link to comorbid and biological senescence. A small pilot survey of international academic radiation oncologists with particular experience in geriatric care recommended a preference for irradiation with PBT, due to the age condition and cancer stage. Although this finding may sound provocative, it shows that, while currently inclined toward pediatrics, many practitioners see strong indications in the elderly population.
The Eurocare showed that the age-standardized death rate for cancer was ≥12 times higher among elderly persons than among younger persons, in part, because treatments most commonly associated with cancer cure are less commonly given to elderly patients. The use of PBT will, through reducing morbidity, make the delivery of curative therapy more possible, merits a serious thought. Older patients are more likely to be admitted for cancer treatment as a result of an emergency or at an advanced stage. These factors may be associated with increased costs. The societal cost of delayed or inadequate treatment will require formal measurement against the cost of these advanced radiation technologies. PT should now be regarded as a relevant method to limit the short- and long-term toxicity of irradiation and reduce the need for costly supportive care.
While research protocols no longer exclude patients based solely on age, many currently do so because of these patients’ comorbidities. It is time to consider the inclusion of comprehensively assessed elderly men and women in clinical trials of PBT. It is among these patients that some of the greatest benefits may yet be revealed. Until specific trials report their findings, a proactive guidance for the allocation of geriatric patients to PBT in the non-study situation is needed urgently [132].
4. Clinica Universidad de Navarra Proton Unit: early clinical experience
In March 2020, after a 28 months installation period, the first cancer patient was treated. This is the first synchrotron equipment for PBT operating in Europe (Figure 2) and the third 360° gantry available for clinical use worldwide. (Figure 3). It is important to emphasize that the initiation of clinical activities was coincident with COVID pandemic, in one of the cities in the world (Madrid, Spain) with the more devastating epidemiologic and medical compromise. Under the strict institutional protective policy, none of the professionals involved in PBT intra-hospital process have had a positive test for COVID infection (up to the moment of writing the present manuscript October 2020), but several patients (11%) under treatment were detected to be infected along the treatment period (Table 10).
Figure 2.
Characteristics of the Proton Beam Therapy Unit structure at the Cancer Center Universidad de Navarra, CCUN (Madrid Campus, Spain).
Figure 3.
Distribution of exclusive synchrotron technology for PBT in the world. Institutions with active 360° gantry equipment available.
Patient characteristics
#
%
N° patients
55
100
Age, years
Median (range)
42 (3–86)
<30
20
36.3%
>30
35
63.6%
Gender
Female
29
52.7%
Male
26
47.3%
Reirradiation
Yes
19
34.5%
No
36
65.4%
COVID-19
Positive
6
11%
TUMOR
Site
Brain
17
30.9%
Skull base
4
7.3%
Head & Neck
7
12.7%
Thorax
5
9%
Spine
8
14.5%
Upper abdomen
2
3.6%
Pelvis
12
21.8%
Histology
Chordoma/chondrosarcoma
9
16.3%
Rhabdomyosarcoma/Soft Tissue Sarcoma
3
5.4%
Medulloblastoma
5
9%
Ependimoma
3
5.4%
Craneopharingioma
2
3.6%
Malignant glioma
7
12.7%
Lymphoma
2
3.6%
Adenocarcinoma
11
20%
Squamous Cell
6
10.9%
Others
7
12.7%
TREATMENT
Previous surgery Previous radiotherapy Concomitant ChT
33 19 10
60% 34.5% 18.1%
Proton Beam technique
IMPT MFO synchrotron
55
100%
N° incidences (median, range)
3 (1–4)
1 2 3 >3
1 15 27 12
1.8% 27.3% 49% 21.8%
Total doses
<30 Gy RBE >30 Gy RBE
2 53
3.7% 96.3%
Fractionation (median, range)
24 (5–37)
<10 10–20 >20
2 20 33
3.6% 36.3% 60%
Volume
-Focal -Extended
32 23
58.2% 41.8%
Table 10.
Early clinical demographic data in patients treated in the Clinica Universidad de Navarra synchrotron PBT system: 6 months period (March–October 2020).
5. Conclusions
In principle, PBT offers a substantial clinical advantage over conventional photon therapy. This is because of the unique dose-deposition characteristics of protons, which can be exploited to achieve significant reductions in normal tissue doses proximal and distal to the target volume. These may allow escalation of tumor doses and greater sparing of normal tissues from unnecessary irradiation exposure, thus potentially improving local control and survival while at the same time reducing toxicity, carcinogenesis and improving quality of life. Synchrotron technology matches these benefits with proven reproducibility of its dosimetric properties and clinical observations.
Despite the high potential of PBT, the clinical evidence supporting the broad use of protons is still under consolidation. The clinical data generated in institutions with synchrotron technology is abundant and of high scientific quality in terms of bibliometric records. An update has been summarized in the present publication. Clinical scientists operating with synchrotron proton beams are remarkably active in generating knowledge on topics such as cost effectiveness, the implementation of randomized trials and the collection of outcomes data in multi-institutional registries.
Some fundamental issues to understand clinical outcomes are unsolved. This includes the equivalence of passive beams versus pencil beam radiation delivery and the relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of protons which is simplistically assumed to have a constant value of 1.1. In reality, the RBE is variable and a complex function of the energy of protons, dose per fraction, tissue and cell type, end point, etc.
From 2012 to 2017, both ASTRO’s Emerging Technology Committee report and ASTRO Model Policy document on proton beam therapy consider its recommendation reasonable in instances where sparing the surrounding normal tissue cannot be adequately achieved with photon-based radiotherapy and is of added clinical benefit to the patient. Based on the medical necessity requirements or the generation of clinical evidence in IRB-approved clinical trials or in multi-institutional patient registries adhering to Medicare requirements, PBT is expanding widely in clinical practice [133].
For a practicing oncologist evaluating treatment plans has uncertainties about the radiobiological equivalences (RBE) and other dosimetric elements that are taken into current models, which means that, the dose displayed on a commercial treatment plan is likely to be less accurate. These features are not intuitive for oncologists and allied cancer specialties clinicians and need further refinement in the assessment of dosimetric displays. It means the dose effects may extend past the isodose lines shown on paper, not considering certain uncertainties and this effect beyond the target will always be in non-target normal tissues [134].
Synchrotron technology is a component of the integral health care of a patient requiring radiotherapy and all the elements involved in the medical process need to be optimized to achieve an improved quality and safety standards in proton cancer therapy [135].
Acknowledgments
“Authors express their recognition to all the health professionals involved in the initial efforts to start and consolidate the proton therapy program at Clinica Universidad de Navarra in Spain”.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
\n',keywords:"cancer, proton therapy, synchrotron, oncology, radiotherapy",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/74496.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/74496.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74496",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74496",totalDownloads:253,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,dateSubmitted:"July 7th 2020",dateReviewed:"November 6th 2020",datePrePublished:"December 22nd 2020",datePublished:"August 18th 2021",dateFinished:"December 18th 2020",readingETA:"0",abstract:"Proton therapy is an efficient high-precision radiotherapy technique. The number of installed proton units and the available medical evidence has grown exponentially over the last 10 years. As a technology driven cancer treatment modality, specific sub-analysis based on proton beam characteristics and proton beam generators is feasible and of academic interest. International synchrotron technology-based institutions have been particularly active in evidence generating actions including the design of prospective trials, data registration projects and retrospective analysis of early clinical results. Reported evidence after 2010 of proton therapy from synchrotron based clinical results are reviewed. Physics, molecular, cellular, animal investigation and other non-clinical topics were excluded from the present analysis. The actual literature search (up to January 2020) found 192 publications, including description of results in over 29.000 patients (10 cancer sites and histological subtypes), together with some editorials, reviews or expert updated recommendations. Institutions with synchrotron-based proton therapy technology have shown consistent and reproducible results along the past decade. Bibliometrics of reported clinical experiences from 2008 to early 2020 includes 58% of publications in first quartile (1q) scientific journals classification and 13% in 2q (7% 3q, 5% 4q and 17% not specified). The distribution of reports by cancer sites and histological subtypes shown as dominant areas of clinical research and publication: lung cancer (23%), pediatric (18%), head and neck (17%), central nervous system (7%), gastrointestinal (9%), prostate (8%) and a miscellanea of neplasms including hepatocarcinoma, sarcomas and breast cancer. Over 50% of lung, pediatric, head and neck and gastrointestinal publications were 1q.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/74496",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/74496",signatures:"Felipe Angel Calvo Manuel, Elena Panizo, Santiago M. Martin, Javier Serrano, Mauricio Cambeiro, Diego Azcona, Daniel Zucca, Borja Aguilar, Alvaro Lassaletta and Javier Aristu",book:{id:"10231",type:"book",title:"Proton Therapy",subtitle:"Current Status and Future Directions",fullTitle:"Proton Therapy - Current Status and Future Directions",slug:"proton-therapy-current-status-and-future-directions",publishedDate:"August 18th 2021",bookSignature:"Thomas J. FitzGerald and Maryann Bishop-Jodoin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10231.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:"978-1-83968-013-7",printIsbn:"978-1-83968-012-0",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83968-017-5",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"241806",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas J.",middleName:null,surname:"FitzGerald",slug:"thomas-j.-fitzgerald",fullName:"Thomas J. FitzGerald"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"326604",title:"Prof.",name:"Felipe",middleName:null,surname:"Angel Calvo Manuel",fullName:"Felipe Angel Calvo Manuel",slug:"felipe-angel-calvo-manuel",email:"fcalvom@unav.es",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"337895",title:"Dr.",name:"Elena",middleName:null,surname:"Panizo",fullName:"Elena Panizo",slug:"elena-panizo",email:"elenapanizo@unav.es",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"Clinica Universidad de Navarra",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"337896",title:"Dr.",name:"Santiago M.",middleName:null,surname:"Martin",fullName:"Santiago M. Martin",slug:"santiago-m.-martin",email:"smartinp@unav.es",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"Clinica Universidad de Navarra",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"337897",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Serrano",fullName:"Javier Serrano",slug:"javier-serrano",email:"fserranoa@unav.es",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"Clinica Universidad de Navarra",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"337898",title:"Dr.",name:"Mauricio",middleName:null,surname:"Cambeiro",fullName:"Mauricio Cambeiro",slug:"mauricio-cambeiro",email:"mcambeiro@unav.es",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"Clinica Universidad de Navarra",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"337900",title:"Dr.",name:"Diego",middleName:null,surname:"Azcona",fullName:"Diego Azcona",slug:"diego-azcona",email:"jazcona@unav.es",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"Clinica Universidad de Navarra",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"337901",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Zucca",fullName:"Daniel Zucca",slug:"daniel-zucca",email:"dzucca@unav.es",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"Clinica Universidad de Navarra",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"337908",title:"Dr.",name:"Borja",middleName:null,surname:"Aguilar",fullName:"Borja Aguilar",slug:"borja-aguilar",email:"paguilarr@unav.es",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"Clinica Universidad de Navarra",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"337909",title:"Dr.",name:"Alvaro",middleName:null,surname:"Lassaletta",fullName:"Alvaro Lassaletta",slug:"alvaro-lassaletta",email:"alassaletta@unav.es",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"Clinica Universidad de Navarra",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"337910",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Aristu",fullName:"Javier Aristu",slug:"javier-aristu",email:"jjaristu@unav.es",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"Clinica Universidad de Navarra",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_1_2",title:"1.1 Cancer medicine: precision, interdisciplinary and personalization",level:"2"},{id:"sec_2_2",title:"1.2 Vectors in radiation oncology: individualized, functional, accurate and precise therapy",level:"2"},{id:"sec_4",title:"2. Developing proton beam therapy clinical evidence",level:"1"},{id:"sec_5",title:"3. Evolutive and consolidated clinical outcomes",level:"1"},{id:"sec_5_2",title:"3.1 Pediatric tumors",level:"2"},{id:"sec_6_2",title:"3.2 Central nervous system",level:"2"},{id:"sec_7_2",title:"3.3 Head and neck cancer",level:"2"},{id:"sec_8_2",title:"3.4 Lung cancer",level:"2"},{id:"sec_9_2",title:"3.5 Esophageal cancer",level:"2"},{id:"sec_10_2",title:"3.6 Hepatocellular cancer",level:"2"},{id:"sec_11_2",title:"3.7 Lymphoma",level:"2"},{id:"sec_12_2",title:"3.8 Prostate",level:"2"},{id:"sec_13_2",title:"3.9 Miscellaneous neoplasms and oncological clinical conditions",level:"2"},{id:"sec_15",title:"4. Clinica Universidad de Navarra Proton Unit: early clinical experience",level:"1"},{id:"sec_16",title:"5. Conclusions",level:"1"},{id:"sec_17",title:"Acknowledgments",level:"1"},{id:"sec_20",title:"Conflict of interest",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Jaffray DA, Knaul FM, Atun R, et al. Global task force on radiotherapy control. Lancel Oncol 2015; 16: 1144–46'},{id:"B2",body:'Rossi S. The National Centre for Oncological Hadrontherapy (CNAo): Status and perspectives. Phys Med 2015; 34:333–51'},{id:"B3",body:'Collins Fs, Varnus H. A. new inicitiave on precision medicine. New Engl J Med 2015; 372:793–5'},{id:"B4",body:'Billay B, Wootten Ac, Crowe H et al. The impact of multicisdiplinary team meetings on patient’s assessment, management and outcomes in oncology settings: a systematic review of the literature. Cancer Treat Rev 2016; 42:56–72'},{id:"B5",body:'Jameson JL, Longo Dl Precision medicine: personalized, problematic and promising. 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Comparative Outcomes After Definitive Chemoradiotherapy Using Proton Beam Therapy Versus Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy for Esophageal Cancer: A Retrospective, Single-Institutional Analysis. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2017;99(3):667–676. doi:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2017.06.2450'},{id:"B95",body:'Shiraishi Y, Fang P, Xu C, et al. Severe lymphopenia during neoadjuvant chemoradiation for esophageal cancer: A propensity matched analysis of the relative risk of proton versus photon-based radiation therapy. Radiother Oncol. 2018;128(1):154–160. doi:10.1016/j.radonc.2017.11.028'},{id:"B96",body:'Prayongrat A, Xu C, Li H, Lin SH. Clinical outcomes of intensity modulated proton therapy and concurrent chemotherapy in esophageal carcinoma: a single institutional experience. Adv Radiat Oncol. 2017;2(3):301–307. doi:10.1016/j.adro.2017.06.002'},{id:"B97",body:'Shiraishi Y, Xu C, Yang J, Komaki R, Lin SH. 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Doi:10.3390/jcm8010048'},{id:"B117",body:'Takemoto S, Shibamoto Y, Sugie C, et al. Long-term results of intensity-modulated radiotherapy with three dose-fractionation regimens for localized prostate cancer. J Radiat Res. 2019; 60(2):221–227. doi:10.1093/jrr/rry089'},{id:"B118",body:'Deville C, Jain A, Hwang WT, et al. Initial report of the genitourinary and gastrointestinal toxicity of post-prostatectomy proton therapy for prostate cancer patients undergoing adjuvant or salvage radiotherapy. Acta Oncol (Madr). 2018;57(11):1506–1514. doi:10.1080/0284186X.2018.1487583'},{id:"B119",body:'Pan HY, Jiang J, Hoffman KE, et al. Comparative toxicities and cost of intensity-modulated radiotherapy, proton radiation, and stereotactic body radiotherapy among younger men with prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2018;36(18):1823–1830. doi:10.1200/JCO.2017.75.5371'},{id:"B120",body:'Iwata H, Ishikawa H, Takagi M, et al. Long-term outcomes of proton therapy for prostate cancer in Japan: a multi-institutional survey of the Japanese Radiation Oncology Study Group. Cancer Med. 2018;7(3):677–689. doi:10.1002/cam4.1350'},{id:"B121",body:'Nakajima K, Iwata H, Ogino H, et al. Acute toxicity of image-guided hypofractionated proton therapy for localized prostate cancer. Int J Clin Oncol. 2018;23(2):353–360. doi:10.1007/s10147-017-1209-8'},{id:"B122",body:'Takagi M, Demizu Y, Terashima K, et al. Long-term outcomes in patients treated with proton therapy for localized prostate cancer. Cancer Med. 2017;6(10):2234–2243. doi:10.1002/cam4.1159'},{id:"B123",body:'Rana S, Cheng CY, Zhao L, et al. Dosimetric and radiobiological impact of intensity modulated proton therapy and RapidArc planning for high-risk prostate cancer with seminal vesicles. J Med Radiat Sci. 2017;64(1):18–24. doi:10.1002/jmrs.175'},{id:"B124",body:'Pugh TJ, Munsell MF, Choi S, et al. Quality of life and toxicity from passively scattered and spot-scanning proton beam therapy for localized prostate cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2013;87(5):946–953. doi:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2013.08.032'},{id:"B125",body:'Guttmann DM, Frick MA, Carmona R, et al. A prospective study of proton reirradiation for recurrent and secondary soft tissue sarcoma. Radiother Oncol. 2017;124(2):271–276. doi:10.1016/j.radonc.2017.06.024'},{id:"B126",body:'Hashimoto S, Shibamoto Y, Iwata H, et al. Whole-pelvic radiotherapy with spot-scanning proton beams for uterine cervical cancer: A planning study. J Radiat Res. 2016;57(5):524–532. doi:10.1093/jrr/rrw052'},{id:"B127",body:'Haque W, Wages C, Zhu XR, et al. Proton therapy for seminoma: Case report describing the technique, efficacy, and advantages of proton-based therapy for seminoma. Pract Radiat Oncol. 2015;5(2):135–140. doi:10.1016/j.prro.2014.07.006'},{id:"B128",body:'Pan HY, Jiang S, Sutton J, et al. Early experience with intensity modulated proton therapy for lung-intact mesothelioma: A case series. Pract Radiat Oncol. 2015;5(4):e345-e353. doi:10.1016/j.prro.2014.11.005'},{id:"B129",body:'Demizu Y, Mizumoto M, Onoe T, et al. Proton beam therapy for bone sarcomas of the skull base and spine: A retrospective nationwide multicenter study in Japan. Cancer Sci. 2017;108(5):972–977. doi:10.1111/cas.13192'},{id:"B130",body:'Smith NL, Jethwa KR, Viehman JK, et al. Post-mastectomy intensity modulated proton therapy after immediate breast reconstruction: Initial report of reconstruction outcomes and predictors of complications. Radiother Oncol. 2019;140:76–83. doi:10.1016/j.radonc.2019.05.022'},{id:"B131",body:'Mutter RW, Remmes NB, Kahila MM, et al. Initial clinical experience of postmastectomy intensity modulated proton therapy in patients with breast expanders with metallic ports. Pract Radiat Oncol. 2017;7(4):e243-e252. doi:10.1016/j.prro.2016.12.002'},{id:"B132",body:'Thariat J, Sio T, Blanchard P, et al. Using Proton Beam Therapy in the Elderly Population: A Snapshot of Current Perception and Practice. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2017; 98(4):840–842. doi: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2017.01.007'},{id:"B133",body:'Mohan R, Grosshans D. Proton therapy – Present and future. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2017; 109:26–44. doi:10.1016/j.addr.2016.11.006'},{id:"B134",body:'Woodward WA, Amos RA. Proton Radiation Biology Considerations for Radiation Oncologists. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2016; 95(1):59–61. doi: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2015.10.022.'},{id:"B135",body:'Calvo FA, Chera BS, Zubizarreta E, et al. The role of the radiation oncologist in quality and patient safety: A proposal of indicators and metrics. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2020;154(July):103045. doi:10.1016/j.critrevonc.2020.103045'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Felipe Angel Calvo Manuel",address:"fcalvom@unav.es",affiliation:'
Department of Radiation Oncology, Clinica Universidad de Navarra Cancer Center, Spain
Department of Radiation Oncology, Clinica Universidad de Navarra Cancer Center, Spain
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Dr. Joshi has worked for General Electric, Oak Ridge National Laboratories, Southwest Research Institute, and Texas Instruments. He has about 60 research publications to his credit. He is ASNT Level III in UT, PT, MT, and ET. He is a fellow of the American Society for Non-Destructive Testing. He holds three patents.",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/95431/images/1350_n.jpg",totalCites:0,totalChapterViews:"0",outsideEditionCount:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalEditedBooks:"1",personalWebsiteURL:null,twitterURL:null,linkedinURL:null,institution:{name:"Houston Community College System",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},booksEdited:[{id:"6722",type:"book",slug:"acoustic-emission-technology-for-high-power-microwave-radar-tubes",title:"Acoustic Emission Technology for High Power Microwave Radar Tubes",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6722.jpg",abstract:"This book is intended for all those professionals with interest in developing a basic background in acoustic emission and its use as a non-destructive testing technique. The monitoring of high-power microwave radar tubes is an example of the use of such techniques. This book will also be of interest to those involved in the design, maintenance and procurement of high-power microwave radar tubes. And finally, it is also intended for those students of physics and engineering interested in specializing in acoustics and acoustic techniques.",editors:[{id:"95431",title:"Dr.",name:"Narayan",surname:"Joshi",slug:"narayan-joshi",fullName:"Narayan Joshi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"3",title:"Monograph"}}],chaptersAuthored:[{id:"29805",title:"Advanced AE Technology for High-Power Microwave Radar Tubes",slug:"advanced-ae-technology-for-high-power-microwave-radar-tubes",abstract:null,signatures:"Narayan R. Joshi, Stephen D. Russell, Ayax D. Ramirez and David W. Brock",authors:[{id:"95431",title:"Dr.",name:"Narayan",surname:"Joshi",fullName:"Narayan Joshi",slug:"narayan-joshi",email:"giravani2@juno.com"},{id:"137058",title:"Mr.",name:"Ayax D.",surname:"Ramirez",fullName:"Ayax D. Ramirez",slug:"ayax-d.-ramirez",email:"ayax.ramirez@navy.mil"},{id:"137059",title:"Dr.",name:"Stephen D.",surname:"Russell",fullName:"Stephen D. Russell",slug:"stephen-d.-russell",email:"stephen.russell@navy.mil"},{id:"137060",title:"Dr.",name:"David W.",surname:"Brock",fullName:"David W. Brock",slug:"david-w.-brock",email:"david.brock@navy.mil"}],book:{id:"1606",title:"Acoustic Emission",slug:"acoustic-emission",productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume"}}},{id:"64246",title:"Acoustic Emission Technology for High Power Microwave Radar Tubes",slug:"acoustic-emission-technology-for-high-power-microwave-radar-tubes",abstract:"Microwave tubes used in high-power radar and communications systems are expensive and have an operating life of a few thousand hours. When one fails, it is generally impossible to determine the sequence of events that contributed to its failure. Previous investigators have designed microprocessor-based systems with as many as 11 sensors to monitor tube performance, provide tube protection, and record a comprehensive tube failure history. These systems are limited by the small amount of time available during the tube’s interpulse period for data buffering and fault analysis. They work well if the microwave tube is operated with 200 or fewer pulses per second. However, many tubes are operated at up to 1000 pulses per second. In this effort, an alternative nondestructive testing technique using acoustic emission (AE) was used for in-situ monitoring of normal and abnormal performance of radar tubes, including a magnetron, a klystron, and a traveling wave tube amplifier. This technique captures changes in radio frequency (RF) output pulses due to irregular operation and it is a real-time instantaneous in-situ indicator of the performance of microwave radar tubes. It also offers the possibility of developing built-in prognostic capabilities within the radar system to provide advanced warning of a system malfunction. Understanding the sequence of events leading to a tube failure allows for better maintenance, extends the operating life of the system, and results in significant cost avoidance.",signatures:"Narayan R. Joshi, Ayax D. Ramirez, Stephen D. Russell and David W. Brock",authors:[{id:"95431",title:"Dr.",name:"Narayan",surname:"Joshi",fullName:"Narayan Joshi",slug:"narayan-joshi",email:"giravani2@juno.com"},{id:"137058",title:"Mr.",name:"Ayax D.",surname:"Ramirez",fullName:"Ayax D. Ramirez",slug:"ayax-d.-ramirez",email:"ayax.ramirez@navy.mil"},{id:"137059",title:"Dr.",name:"Stephen D.",surname:"Russell",fullName:"Stephen D. Russell",slug:"stephen-d.-russell",email:"stephen.russell@navy.mil"},{id:"293363",title:"Dr.",name:"David",surname:"Brock",fullName:"David Brock",slug:"david-brock",email:"dbrock@spawar.navy.mil"}],book:{id:"6722",title:"Acoustic Emission Technology for High Power Microwave Radar Tubes",slug:"acoustic-emission-technology-for-high-power-microwave-radar-tubes",productType:{id:"3",title:"Monograph"}}}],collaborators:[{id:"16513",title:"Dr.",name:"František",surname:"Chmelik",slug:"frantisek-chmelik",fullName:"František Chmelik",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charles University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Czech Republic"}}},{id:"86930",title:"Dr.",name:"Wojciech",surname:"Sikorski",slug:"wojciech-sikorski",fullName:"Wojciech Sikorski",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/86930/images/811_n.jpg",biography:"Wojciech Sikorski was born in Poland in 1977. In 2001 he graduated from the Electrical Faculty in the Poznan University of Technology with the M.Sc. degree in high voltage engineering and in 2005 with the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering. He worked as a visiting researcher at the University of Stuttgart, Germany (2003), University of Manitoba (postdoctoral fellowship), Winnipeg, Canada (2007) and CG Power Systems Canada Inc. (2007). He participated in a few international and national research projects supported by the European Union and Polish Government. He published over 50 papers in journals and international conferences, mainly on measurement, diagnostics and on-line monitoring of power transformers with the use of acoustic emission (AE) method. He also carried out a number of technical expertise for electric power industry in the field of AE. Currently he specializes in development of AE signal source localization techniques. He is an active member of the Association of Polish Electrical Engineers and Polish Society for Theoretical and Applied Electrical Engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Poznań University of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"86966",title:"Dr.",name:"Runar",surname:"Unnthorsson",slug:"runar-unnthorsson",fullName:"Runar Unnthorsson",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Iceland",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Iceland"}}},{id:"88156",title:"Dr.",name:"Kristián",surname:"Máthis",slug:"kristian-mathis",fullName:"Kristián Máthis",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charles University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Czech Republic"}}},{id:"92252",title:"Dr.",name:"Paul",surname:"Ziehl",slug:"paul-ziehl",fullName:"Paul Ziehl",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Carolina",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"92716",title:"Dr.",name:"Adrian",surname:"Pollock",slug:"adrian-pollock",fullName:"Adrian Pollock",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"97103",title:"Prof.",name:"Hiroshi",surname:"Inoue",slug:"hiroshi-inoue",fullName:"Hiroshi Inoue",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Osaka Prefecture University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"137058",title:"Mr.",name:"Ayax D.",surname:"Ramirez",slug:"ayax-d.-ramirez",fullName:"Ayax D. Ramirez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/137058/images/8221_n.png",biography:"Mr. Ayax D. Ramirez is a senior physicist and manager of the Basic and Applied Research Division at SPAWAR Systems Center Pacific (SSC Pacific). He manages and leads the technical direction of over 100 scientists and engineers, with the mission to provide scientific and technological solutions in the areas of cryogenic exploitation of RF signals, quantum information technologies, cyber security, non-linear dynamics, environmental sciences, alternative energy sources, electromagnetic sensors, human/machine interactions, and other technologies relevant to the US Navy. Mr. Ramirez’s career with the US Navy spans over 20 years and his work has been recognized with numerous awards, including the Lauritsen-Bennett Award for Excellence in Science, the Navy Meritorious Civilian Service Award, the Federal Lab Consortium Excellence in Technology Transition Award, the Hispanic Engineer National Achievement Luminary Award, the Meritorious Service Award from the National Organization for Mexican American Rights, the Black Engineer of the Year Award, Science Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) Trailblazer Award, the SSC Pacific Science and Technology Award, and the SSC Pacific Leadership Award. Mr. Ramirez holds over 30 US patents and has authored or coauthored over 40 publications in peer-reviewed journals, conference proceedings, and technical reports. Mr. Ramirez received his MS in Physics from San Diego State University. He is a member of the National Academy of Inventors and the American Physical Society. In addition, Mr. Ramirez is an Adjunct Professor of Physics at Southwestern College in Chula Vista, CA, where he has been teaching for over 20 years.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"137059",title:"Dr.",name:"Stephen D.",surname:"Russell",slug:"stephen-d.-russell",fullName:"Stephen D. Russell",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/137059/images/8223_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Stephen Russell, Senior Executive Service (SES), is Director of Science and Technology and Chief Technology Officer at Space and Naval Warfare Systems Command (SPAWAR), and Head of the SPAWAR Systems Center Pacific (SSC Pacific) Cyber/S&T Department where he leads a highly technical team of 1000+ personnel and influences $1.2B supporting R&D in the command and control, communications, computers, intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance, cyber, and space domains. Over his 30+ year career supporting the Department of the Navy he has been the recipient of many awards, including AFCEA’s International Gold Medal in Engineering, SSC Pacific’s Lauritsen-Bennett Award for Excellence in Science, the Navy Meritorious Civilian Service Award, and the Federal Lab Consortium Excellence in Technology Transition Award. He holds over 120 US and foreign patents and over 20% of his IP portfolio has been commercially licensed. He has authored or coauthored over 70 articles in peer-reviewed journals, conference proceedings, and technical reports and serves on the Editorial Board of the Naval Science and Technology FUTURE FORCE Magazine. Dr. Russell received his PhD, MS from the University of Michigan and his BS from SUNY Stony Brook. He is a Fellow of the National Academy of Inventors, Senior Member of SPIE, and member of the American Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"137060",title:"Dr.",name:"David W.",surname:"Brock",slug:"david-w.-brock",fullName:"David W. Brock",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null}]},generic:{page:{slug:"about-open-access",title:"About Open Access and Open Science",intro:"
"Open access contributes to scientific excellence and integrity. It opens up research results to wider analysis. It allows research results to be reused for new discoveries. And it enables the multi-disciplinary research that is needed to solve global 21st century problems. Open access connects science with society. It allows the public to engage with research. To go behind the headlines. And look at the scientific evidence. And it enables policy makers to draw on innovative solutions to societal challenges".
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Carlos Moedas, the European Commissioner for Research Science and Innovation at the STM Annual Frankfurt Conference, October 2016.
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Open Access background
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The Open Access publishing movement started in the early 2000s when academic leaders from around the world participated in the formation of the Budapest Initiative. They developed recommendations for an Open Access publishing process, “which has worked for the past decade to provide the public with unrestricted, free access to scholarly research—much of which is publicly funded. Making the research publicly available to everyone—free of charge and without most copyright and licensing restrictions—will accelerate scientific research efforts and allow authors to reach a larger number of readers” (reference: http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org)
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IntechOpen’s co-founders, both scientists themselves, created the company while undertaking research in robotics at Vienna University. Their goal was to spread research freely “for scientists, by scientists’ to the rest of the world via the Open Access publishing model. The company soon became a signatory of the Budapest Initiative, which currently has more than 1000 supporting organizations worldwide, ranging from universities to funders.
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At IntechOpen today, we are still as committed to working with organizations and people who care about scientific discovery, to putting the academic needs of the scientific community first, and to providing an Open Access environment where scientists can maximize their contribution to scientific advancement. By opening up access to the world’s scientific research articles and book chapters, we aim to facilitate greater opportunity for collaboration, scientific discovery and progress. We subscribe wholeheartedly to the Open Access definition:
\\n\\n
“By “open access” to [peer-reviewed research literature], we mean its free availability on the public internet, permitting any users to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of these articles, crawl them for indexing, pass them as data to software, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself. The only constraint on reproduction and distribution, and the only role for copyright in this domain, should be to give authors control over the integrity of their work and the right to be properly acknowledged and cited” (reference: http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org)
\\n\\n
Open Access Standards followed by IntechOpen
\\n\\n
OAI-PMH
\\n\\n
As a firm believer in the wider dissemination of knowledge, IntechOpen supports the Open Access Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (OAI-PMH Version 2.0). Read more
\\n\\n
License
\\n\\n
Book chapters published in edited volumes are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License (CC BY 3.0). IntechOpen upholds a very flexible Copyright Policy. There is no copyright transfer to the publisher and Authors retain exclusive copyright to their work. All Monographs/Compacts are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0). Read more
\\n\\n
Peer Review Policies
\\n\\n
All scientific works are Peer Reviewed prior to publishing. Read more
\\n\\n
OA Publishing Fees
\\n\\n
The Open Access publishing model employed by IntechOpen eliminates subscription charges and pay-per-view fees, enabling readers to access research at no cost. In order to sustain operations and keep our publications freely accessible we levy an Open Access Publishing Fee for manuscripts, which helps us cover the costs of editorial work and the production of books. Read more
\\n\\n
Digital Archiving Policy
\\n\\n
IntechOpen is committed to ensuring the long-term preservation and the availability of all scholarly research we publish. We employ a variety of means to enable us to deliver on our commitments to the scientific community. Apart from preservation by the Croatian National Library (for publications prior to April 18, 2018) and the British Library (for publications after April 18, 2018), our entire catalogue is preserved in the CLOCKSS archive.
\\n\\n
Open Science
\\n\\n
Open Science is transparent and accessible knowledge that is shared and developed through collaborative networks.
\\n\\n
Open Science is about increased rigour, accountability, and reproducibility for research. It is based on the principles of inclusion, fairness, equity, and sharing, and ultimately seeks to change the way research is done, who is involved and how it is valued. It aims to make research more open to participation, review/refutation, improvement and (re)use for the world to benefit.
\\n\\n
Open Science refers to doing traditional science with more transparency involved at various stages, for example by openly sharing code and data. It implies a growing set of practices - within different disciplines - aiming at:
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Promoting open and publicly accessible education tools
\\n\\t
Transparency in experimental methodology, observation, and collection of data
\\n\\t
Reproducible research data and re-analysis
\\n\\t
Public availability and re-usability of scientific data
\\n\\t
Public accessibility and transparency of scientific communication
\\n\\t
Transparent peer-review and publishing practices
\\n\\t
Using web-based tools to facilitate scientific collaboration
\\n\\t
Supporting exchange of knowledge and research materials between disciplines
\\n\\t
Supporting exchange of knowledge and research materials between scientific communities and industry.
\\n
\\n\\n
We aim at improving the quality and availability of scholarly communication by promoting and practicing:
The Open Access publishing movement started in the early 2000s when academic leaders from around the world participated in the formation of the Budapest Initiative. They developed recommendations for an Open Access publishing process, “which has worked for the past decade to provide the public with unrestricted, free access to scholarly research—much of which is publicly funded. Making the research publicly available to everyone—free of charge and without most copyright and licensing restrictions—will accelerate scientific research efforts and allow authors to reach a larger number of readers” (reference: http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org)
\n\n
IntechOpen’s co-founders, both scientists themselves, created the company while undertaking research in robotics at Vienna University. Their goal was to spread research freely “for scientists, by scientists’ to the rest of the world via the Open Access publishing model. The company soon became a signatory of the Budapest Initiative, which currently has more than 1000 supporting organizations worldwide, ranging from universities to funders.
\n\n
At IntechOpen today, we are still as committed to working with organizations and people who care about scientific discovery, to putting the academic needs of the scientific community first, and to providing an Open Access environment where scientists can maximize their contribution to scientific advancement. By opening up access to the world’s scientific research articles and book chapters, we aim to facilitate greater opportunity for collaboration, scientific discovery and progress. We subscribe wholeheartedly to the Open Access definition:
\n\n
“By “open access” to [peer-reviewed research literature], we mean its free availability on the public internet, permitting any users to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of these articles, crawl them for indexing, pass them as data to software, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself. The only constraint on reproduction and distribution, and the only role for copyright in this domain, should be to give authors control over the integrity of their work and the right to be properly acknowledged and cited” (reference: http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org)
\n\n
Open Access Standards followed by IntechOpen
\n\n
OAI-PMH
\n\n
As a firm believer in the wider dissemination of knowledge, IntechOpen supports the Open Access Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (OAI-PMH Version 2.0). Read more
\n\n
License
\n\n
Book chapters published in edited volumes are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License (CC BY 3.0). IntechOpen upholds a very flexible Copyright Policy. There is no copyright transfer to the publisher and Authors retain exclusive copyright to their work. All Monographs/Compacts are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0). Read more
\n\n
Peer Review Policies
\n\n
All scientific works are Peer Reviewed prior to publishing. Read more
\n\n
OA Publishing Fees
\n\n
The Open Access publishing model employed by IntechOpen eliminates subscription charges and pay-per-view fees, enabling readers to access research at no cost. In order to sustain operations and keep our publications freely accessible we levy an Open Access Publishing Fee for manuscripts, which helps us cover the costs of editorial work and the production of books. Read more
\n\n
Digital Archiving Policy
\n\n
IntechOpen is committed to ensuring the long-term preservation and the availability of all scholarly research we publish. We employ a variety of means to enable us to deliver on our commitments to the scientific community. Apart from preservation by the Croatian National Library (for publications prior to April 18, 2018) and the British Library (for publications after April 18, 2018), our entire catalogue is preserved in the CLOCKSS archive.
\n\n
Open Science
\n\n
Open Science is transparent and accessible knowledge that is shared and developed through collaborative networks.
\n\n
Open Science is about increased rigour, accountability, and reproducibility for research. It is based on the principles of inclusion, fairness, equity, and sharing, and ultimately seeks to change the way research is done, who is involved and how it is valued. It aims to make research more open to participation, review/refutation, improvement and (re)use for the world to benefit.
\n\n
Open Science refers to doing traditional science with more transparency involved at various stages, for example by openly sharing code and data. It implies a growing set of practices - within different disciplines - aiming at:
\n\n
\n\t
Promoting open and publicly accessible education tools
\n\t
Transparency in experimental methodology, observation, and collection of data
\n\t
Reproducible research data and re-analysis
\n\t
Public availability and re-usability of scientific data
\n\t
Public accessibility and transparency of scientific communication
\n\t
Transparent peer-review and publishing practices
\n\t
Using web-based tools to facilitate scientific collaboration
\n\t
Supporting exchange of knowledge and research materials between disciplines
\n\t
Supporting exchange of knowledge and research materials between scientific communities and industry.
\n
\n\n
We aim at improving the quality and availability of scholarly communication by promoting and practicing:
\n\n
\n\t
Open Access
\n\t
Open Data
\n\t
Open Metrics and Impact
\n\t
Open Source
\n
\n\n
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On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. 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The literature source was Web of Science and SSCI, SCI-EXPANDED, A&HCI, CPCI-S, CPCI-SSH, and ESCI indexes. Fifty-two articles were reviewed; however, 14 of them were not been included in the study. As a result, 38 articles were examined. Level of education, field of education, and material types of AR used in education and reported educational advantages of AR have been investigated. All articles are categorized according to target groups, which are early childhood education, primary education, secondary education, high school education, graduate education, and others. AR technology has been mostly carried out in primary and graduate education. “Science education” is the most explored field of education. Mobile applications and marker-based materials on paper have been mostly preferred. The major advantages indicated in the articles are “Learning/Academic Achievement,” “Motivation,” and “Attitude”.",book:{id:"6543",slug:"state-of-the-art-virtual-reality-and-augmented-reality-knowhow",title:"State of the Art Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality Knowhow",fullTitle:"State of the Art Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality Knowhow"},signatures:"Rabia M. Yilmaz",authors:[{id:"225838",title:"Dr.",name:"Rabia",middleName:null,surname:"Yilmaz",slug:"rabia-yilmaz",fullName:"Rabia Yilmaz"}]},{id:"59468",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.74344",title:"Virtual and Augmented Reality: New Frontiers for Clinical Psychology",slug:"virtual-and-augmented-reality-new-frontiers-for-clinical-psychology",totalDownloads:2315,totalCrossrefCites:13,totalDimensionsCites:21,abstract:"In the last decades, the applied approach for the use of virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) on clinical and health psychology has grown exponentially. These technologies have been used to treat several mental disorders, for example, phobias, stress-related disorders, depression, eating disorders, and chronic pain. The importance of VR/AR for the mental health field comes from three main concepts: (1) VR/AR as an imaginal technology, people can feel “as if they are” in a reality that does not exist in external world; (2) VR/AR as an embodied technology, the experience to feel user’s body inside the virtual environment; and (3) VR/AR as connectivity technology, the “end of geography’. In this chapter, we explore the opportunities provided by VR/AR as technologies to improve people’s quality of life and to discuss new frontiers for their application in mental health and psychological well-being promotion.",book:{id:"6543",slug:"state-of-the-art-virtual-reality-and-augmented-reality-knowhow",title:"State of the Art Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality Knowhow",fullTitle:"State of the Art Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality Knowhow"},signatures:"Sara Ventura, Rosa M. Baños and Cristina Botella",authors:[{id:"106036",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Baños",slug:"rosa-maria-banos",fullName:"Rosa Maria Baños"},{id:"227763",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura",slug:"sara-ventura",fullName:"Sara Ventura"},{id:"229056",title:"Dr.",name:"Cristina",middleName:null,surname:"Botella",slug:"cristina-botella",fullName:"Cristina Botella"}]},{id:"63639",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81086",title:"Cooperative Learning: The Foundation for Active Learning",slug:"cooperative-learning-the-foundation-for-active-learning",totalDownloads:3303,totalCrossrefCites:17,totalDimensionsCites:19,abstract:"The role of instructors is evolving from the presenter of information to the designer of active learning processes, environments, and experiences that maximize student engagement. The more active a lesson, the more students tend to engage intellectually and emotionally in the learning activities. Cooperative learning is the foundation on which many of the active learning procedures are based. Cooperative learning is the instructional use of small groups so that students work together to maximize their own and each other’s learning. Most of the active learning procedures, such as problem-based learning, team-learning, collaborative learning, and PALS, require that students work cooperatively in small groups to achieve joint learning goals. Cooperative learning is based on two theories: Structure-Process-Outcome theory and Social Interdependence theory. Four types of cooperative learning have been derived: formal cooperative learning, informal cooperative learning, cooperative base groups, and constructive controversy. There is considerable research confirming the effectiveness of cooperative learning. To be cooperative, however, five basic elements must be structured into the situation: positive interdependence, individual accountability, promotive interaction, social skills, and group processing.",book:{id:"6929",slug:"active-learning-beyond-the-future",title:"Active Learning",fullTitle:"Active Learning - Beyond the Future"},signatures:"David W. Johnson and Roger T. Johnson",authors:[{id:"259976",title:"Dr.",name:"David",middleName:null,surname:"Johnson",slug:"david-johnson",fullName:"David Johnson"},{id:"263004",title:"Dr.",name:"Roger",middleName:null,surname:"Johnson",slug:"roger-johnson",fullName:"Roger Johnson"}]},{id:"58060",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72341",title:"Pedagogy of the Twenty-First Century: Innovative Teaching Methods",slug:"pedagogy-of-the-twenty-first-century-innovative-teaching-methods",totalDownloads:8685,totalCrossrefCites:13,totalDimensionsCites:17,abstract:"In the twenty-first century, significant changes are occurring related to new scientific discoveries, informatization, globalization, the development of astronautics, robotics, and artificial intelligence. This century is called the age of digital technologies and knowledge. How is the school changing in the new century? How does learning theory change? Currently, you can hear a lot of criticism that the classroom has not changed significantly compared to the last century or even like two centuries ago. Do the teachers succeed in modern changes? The purpose of the chapter is to summarize the current changes in didactics for the use of innovative teaching methods and study the understanding of changes by teachers. In this chapter, we consider four areas: the expansion of the subject of pedagogy, environmental approach to teaching, the digital generation and the changes taking place, and innovation in teaching. The theory of education, figuratively speaking, has two levels. At the macro-level, in the “education-society” relationship, decentralization and diversification, internationalization of education, and the introduction of digital technologies occur. At the micro-level in the “teacher-learner” relationship, there is an active mix of traditional and innovative methods, combination of an activity approach with an energy-informational environment approach, cognition with constructivism and connectivism.",book:{id:"5980",slug:"new-pedagogical-challenges-in-the-21st-century-contributions-of-research-in-education",title:"New Pedagogical Challenges in the 21st Century",fullTitle:"New Pedagogical Challenges in the 21st Century - Contributions of Research in Education"},signatures:"Aigerim Mynbayeva, Zukhra Sadvakassova and Bakhytkul\nAkshalova",authors:[{id:"201997",title:"Dr.",name:"Aigerim",middleName:null,surname:"Mynbayeva",slug:"aigerim-mynbayeva",fullName:"Aigerim Mynbayeva"},{id:"209208",title:"Dr.",name:"Zukhra",middleName:null,surname:"Sadvakassova",slug:"zukhra-sadvakassova",fullName:"Zukhra Sadvakassova"},{id:"209210",title:"Dr.",name:"Bakhytkul",middleName:null,surname:"Akshalova",slug:"bakhytkul-akshalova",fullName:"Bakhytkul Akshalova"}]},{id:"64583",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81714",title:"Evaluating a Course for Teaching Advanced Programming Concepts with Scratch to Preservice Kindergarten Teachers: A Case Study in Greece",slug:"evaluating-a-course-for-teaching-advanced-programming-concepts-with-scratch-to-preservice-kindergart",totalDownloads:1388,totalCrossrefCites:13,totalDimensionsCites:17,abstract:"Coding is a new literacy for the twenty-first century, and as a literacy, coding enables new ways of thinking and new ways of communicating and expressing ideas, as well as new ways of civic participation. A growing number of countries, in Europe and beyond, have established clear policies and frameworks for introducing computational thinking (CT) and computer programming to young children. In this chapter, we discuss a game-based approach to coding education for preservice kindergarten teachers using Scratch. The aim of using Scratch was to excite students’ interest and familiarize them with the basics of programming in an open-ended, project-based, and personally meaningful environment for a semester course in the Department of Preschool Education in the University of Crete. For 13 weeks, students were introduced to the main Scratch concepts and, afterward, were asked to prepare their projects. For the projects, they were required to design their own interactive stories to teach certain concepts about mathematics or physical science to preschool-age students. The results we obtained were more satisfactory than expected and, in some regards, encouraging if one considers the fact that the research participants had no prior experiences with computational thinking.",book:{id:"6936",slug:"early-childhood-education",title:"Early Childhood Education",fullTitle:"Early Childhood Education"},signatures:"Stamatios Papadakis and Michail Kalogiannakis",authors:null}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"58060",title:"Pedagogy of the Twenty-First Century: Innovative Teaching Methods",slug:"pedagogy-of-the-twenty-first-century-innovative-teaching-methods",totalDownloads:8685,totalCrossrefCites:13,totalDimensionsCites:17,abstract:"In the twenty-first century, significant changes are occurring related to new scientific discoveries, informatization, globalization, the development of astronautics, robotics, and artificial intelligence. This century is called the age of digital technologies and knowledge. How is the school changing in the new century? How does learning theory change? Currently, you can hear a lot of criticism that the classroom has not changed significantly compared to the last century or even like two centuries ago. Do the teachers succeed in modern changes? The purpose of the chapter is to summarize the current changes in didactics for the use of innovative teaching methods and study the understanding of changes by teachers. In this chapter, we consider four areas: the expansion of the subject of pedagogy, environmental approach to teaching, the digital generation and the changes taking place, and innovation in teaching. The theory of education, figuratively speaking, has two levels. At the macro-level, in the “education-society” relationship, decentralization and diversification, internationalization of education, and the introduction of digital technologies occur. At the micro-level in the “teacher-learner” relationship, there is an active mix of traditional and innovative methods, combination of an activity approach with an energy-informational environment approach, cognition with constructivism and connectivism.",book:{id:"5980",slug:"new-pedagogical-challenges-in-the-21st-century-contributions-of-research-in-education",title:"New Pedagogical Challenges in the 21st Century",fullTitle:"New Pedagogical Challenges in the 21st Century - Contributions of Research in Education"},signatures:"Aigerim Mynbayeva, Zukhra Sadvakassova and Bakhytkul\nAkshalova",authors:[{id:"201997",title:"Dr.",name:"Aigerim",middleName:null,surname:"Mynbayeva",slug:"aigerim-mynbayeva",fullName:"Aigerim Mynbayeva"},{id:"209208",title:"Dr.",name:"Zukhra",middleName:null,surname:"Sadvakassova",slug:"zukhra-sadvakassova",fullName:"Zukhra Sadvakassova"},{id:"209210",title:"Dr.",name:"Bakhytkul",middleName:null,surname:"Akshalova",slug:"bakhytkul-akshalova",fullName:"Bakhytkul Akshalova"}]},{id:"61746",title:"Facilitation of Teachers’ Professional Development through Principals’ Instructional Supervision and Teachers’ Knowledge- Management Behaviors",slug:"facilitation-of-teachers-professional-development-through-principals-instructional-supervision-and-t",totalDownloads:3288,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"With the rise of global competition and the focus on teacher quality, teacher professional development is becoming increasingly crucial, and the stress and challenges for principals are more severe than ever. Teachers can improve their professional abilities through principals’ instructional supervision and their own knowledge-management (KM) behaviors to benefit students. Thus, this chapter analyzes the relationship among principals’ instructional supervision, teachers’ KM, and teachers’ professional development. The author believes that principals’ instructional supervision and effective KM can facilitate the professional development of teachers. The author also believes the readers can know the relationships among them, and teachers’ professional development can be improved through principal’s instructional supervision and teachers’ KM behaviors.",book:{id:"6674",slug:"contemporary-pedagogies-in-teacher-education-and-development",title:"Contemporary Pedagogies in Teacher Education and Development",fullTitle:"Contemporary Pedagogies in Teacher Education and Development"},signatures:"Chien-Chin Chen",authors:[{id:"232569",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Chien Chih",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",slug:"chien-chih-chen",fullName:"Chien Chih Chen"}]},{id:"75908",title:"From the Classroom into Virtual Learning Environments: Essential Knowledge, Competences, Skills and Pedagogical Strategies for the 21st Century Teacher Education in Kenya",slug:"from-the-classroom-into-virtual-learning-environments-essential-knowledge-competences-skills-and-ped",totalDownloads:478,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"As teachers in Kenya begin to migrate from the classroom to virtual learning spaces following COVID 19 pandemic, there is pressing need to realign Teacher Education to requisite Knowledge, competences, skills, and attitudes that will support online teaching. This chapter explores these needs using a combination of lived experiences and literature review that captured a meta-analysis of research trends on e-learning. While trends in Teacher Education indicate progression towards adoption of technology, there are disparities between the theory and practice. Evidence from recent research and reports; and the recollected experiences confirmed knowledge, competence, skills and pedagogical gaps in the implementation of online learning, that have been exacerbated by COVID-19. The researcher recommends that teacher education should sensitize and train teacher trainees on how to access, analyze and use new knowledge emerging with technology; they also should be coached on how learners learn with technology and on fundamentals of the communication process. Particularly the course on educational technology, should focus on how to create and manage online courses. The 5-stage E-Moderator Model and Universal Design for Learning (UDL) are recommended as effective pedagogical scaffold for online teaching.",book:{id:"10229",slug:"teacher-education-in-the-21st-century-emerging-skills-for-a-changing-world",title:"Teacher Education in the 21st Century",fullTitle:"Teacher Education in the 21st Century - Emerging Skills for a Changing World"},signatures:"Catherine Adhiambo Amimo",authors:[{id:"333482",title:"Dr.",name:"Catherine Adhiambo",middleName:null,surname:"Amimo",slug:"catherine-adhiambo-amimo",fullName:"Catherine Adhiambo Amimo"}]},{id:"75224",title:"Decoding the Digital Gap in Teacher Education: Three Perspectives across the Globe",slug:"decoding-the-digital-gap-in-teacher-education-three-perspectives-across-the-globe",totalDownloads:525,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Educational use of technology is regularly assessed, and results often show a gap between educational policies and what is actually practiced. This chapter will help clarify how teacher educators experience the changing educational contexts due to the digital revolution, how their meaning-making shifts, and how outside forces influence those processes. The results are based on comparative international studies. Central for this study is practitioners’ professional digital competence, their attitudes towards digital technology and the use of digital technology in education. We found that the influence and contribution of digital practice is carried out quite differently across the globe. Our research questions were: How do practitioners experience teaching in a rapidly changing context? How do attitudes change due to top-down governing of education? and What motivates teacher educators to implement digital technology?",book:{id:"10229",slug:"teacher-education-in-the-21st-century-emerging-skills-for-a-changing-world",title:"Teacher Education in the 21st Century",fullTitle:"Teacher Education in the 21st Century - Emerging Skills for a Changing World"},signatures:"Steinar Thorvaldsen and Siri Sollied Madsen",authors:[{id:"332624",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Siri Sollied",middleName:null,surname:"Madsen",slug:"siri-sollied-madsen",fullName:"Siri Sollied Madsen"},{id:"332626",title:"Prof.",name:"Steinar",middleName:null,surname:"Thorvaldsen",slug:"steinar-thorvaldsen",fullName:"Steinar Thorvaldsen"}]},{id:"75416",title:"Self-Study Research: Challenges and Opportunities in Teacher Education",slug:"self-study-research-challenges-and-opportunities-in-teacher-education",totalDownloads:665,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"This article aims to describe what self-study research is, why self-study can be a good approach to teacher educators’ professional development and improvements in practice and highlight some challenges and opportunities in this research approach. In addition, the article will shed light on some methodological aspects related to self-study. Self-study refers to teacher educators who in an intentionally and systematically way examine their practice to improve it, based on a deeper understanding of practice, as well as the context practice takes place. In the article, I argue that engaging in self-study is a learning and development process and an approach to developing personal professionalism, collective professionalism and improvements in practice.",book:{id:"10229",slug:"teacher-education-in-the-21st-century-emerging-skills-for-a-changing-world",title:"Teacher Education in the 21st Century",fullTitle:"Teacher Education in the 21st Century - Emerging Skills for a Changing World"},signatures:"Kåre Hauge",authors:[{id:"332053",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Kåre",middleName:null,surname:"Hauge",slug:"kare-hauge",fullName:"Kåre Hauge"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"265",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"81018",title:"Item Analysis: Concept and Application",slug:"item-analysis-concept-and-application",totalDownloads:46,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100138",abstract:"In the field of medical education, Item analysis is a statistical analysis of student’s responses on exam items and the relationship between them. It provides constructive feedback about items quality, increases the effectiveness of the exam, and supports exam validity and reliability. The decision of adding or removing an item should depends mainly on the result of the item analysis. The feedback of item analysis can support modification of instruction methods. This chapter provides a comprehensive review of item analysis (psychometric analysis) and also can be used as methodological guidance to perform an informative analysis. The chapter discusses item analysis under the following headings, importance of item analysis, factors affecting item analysis, parameters of item analysis and application. The parameters of item analysis includes the indices of the internal consistency, difficulty, discrimination, and distractor analysis.",book:{id:"11004",title:"Medical Education for the 21st Century",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11004.jpg"},signatures:"Assad Ali Rezigalla"},{id:"81000",title:"Technology Integration on Teaching Writing in the Foundation Phase Classrooms in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa",slug:"technology-integration-on-teaching-writing-in-the-foundation-phase-classrooms-in-the-eastern-cape-pr",totalDownloads:17,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103666",abstract:"Teachers play a significant role in developing writing. They are responsible for teaching the younger generations exposed to technology through various gadgets. This study aims to better integrate technology in teaching writing in the Foundation Phase (FP). The premise for this study is the need to integrate technology in the Foundation Phase in order to attain educational goals. A qualitative case study was conducted that involved semi-structured interviews and the draw and talk/write method to gain in-depth knowledge of integrating technology to develop writing skills. For this study, the cognitive theory of multimedia learning (CTML) and sociocultural theory of learning were used as a theoretical framework. The participants were four Grade 3 teachers and 12 learners from two primary schools. This study indicated the importance of integrating technology in teaching writing, which subsequently led to more positive learning experiences for the FP learners. The study’s key finding is that FP teachers are technologically illiterate. As a result, it is suggested that a set of curriculum guidelines based on the interests of this generation of learners be produced to enable teachers and students in successfully integrate teaching and technology in the FP.",book:{id:"11196",title:"New Updates in E-Learning",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11196.jpg"},signatures:"Pretty Thandiswa Mpiti and Bulelwa Makena"},{id:"79401",title:"A Conceptual Model for Conformance with Accessible Gamification",slug:"a-conceptual-model-for-conformance-with-accessible-gamification",totalDownloads:17,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98195",abstract:"There currently remains limited Gamification awareness and training for developers on WCAG conformance. Studies indicate an increased interest from developers to raise their acceptance, awareness, and technical abilities for designing accessible digital products. This article explores and presents a conceptual module to improve web developers’ capabilities and knowledge of accessible digital design. By leveraging the standards put forth by WCAG 2.0, developers can create accessible content for users who identify with various forms of abilities. Four primary principles comprise WCAG 2.0 and 12 standards, and 12 standards deliver fundamental objectives as best practices for developers. These guidelines were employed for gaming content design and development, permitting users to regulate reality and Gamification associations whereas immersing in the game. The goal is to apply diverse processes for each stage of the game to allow challenges and motivation for users to determine novel processes while understanding the guidelines. Assistive Technology was used to navigate each stage. To suit independence or self-reliance, the conceptual model supports players’ personalization while completing the game activities. Likewise, employing complex, advanced, and reward dashboards satisfies the proficiency component, and social network communications to other players provide the opportunity for interconnectedness. The conceptual model presented in this paper underpins Gamification and the potential to incorporate evidence-based accessibility principles developed by W3C. The previous examinations focused on instruments (e.g., software, feature, components) to achieve WCAG conformance. This examination presents a distinction from prior studies as this conceptual model recognizes consciousness and self-determination as the initial starting point.",book:{id:"10858",title:"MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses)",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10858.jpg"},signatures:"Keyonda Smith"},{id:"80472",title:"Strategy as Plan for Technology Integration to Reposition Lecturers for the New Normal in Higher Education",slug:"strategy-as-plan-for-technology-integration-to-reposition-lecturers-for-the-new-normal-in-higher-edu",totalDownloads:24,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102078",abstract:"This chapter reports on the strategy as plan using ICT policy that could impact on repositioning the lecturers for the integration of technology for the new normal in education. Global, the COVID-19 pandemic distinctly exposed the unpreparedness of lecturers to integrate technology in teaching and learning when the shutdown of the higher institutions was announced. The participants consisted of 37 lecturers from four departments in the School of Education at a university of technology in South Africa. A qualitative case study method was used. An open-ended questionnaire, individual interviews and document analysis were used to collect data. Atlas.ti was used to analyse data. The findings revealed that the study University does not have the eLearning policy to enforce technology integration. Hence the unpreparedness of lecturers to integrate was discovered during Covid-19. It is recommended the study university develops an ICT policy, involving lecturers as stakeholders to promote ownership and conformability.",book:{id:"11196",title:"New Updates in E-Learning",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11196.jpg"},signatures:"Sibongile R. Ngcapu, Sibongile Simelane-Mnisi and Andile Mji"},{id:"75120",title:"Mainstreaming Blended Learning in a Low-Income University",slug:"mainstreaming-blended-learning-in-a-low-income-university",totalDownloads:30,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96143",abstract:"Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, Maseno University (MU) began to consider institutional shift from traditional face-to-face (F2F) instructions to online and blended modes of teaching and learning. The university was able to draw from its experience with adapted flexible and blended learning (FBL) approaches for high enrollment common courses already offered to students on the Learning Management System (LMS). Several questions have been raised: How to preserve what most lecturers consider as most essential — the regular student interaction, the freewheeling give-and-take discussion sessions — if the class cannot be together in the same physical space at the same time? How to make a synchronous activity dependent course and make it work in a completely asynchronous environment? How to handle the practical based subjects on the online platform? And even if the university is able to find acceptable answers to these questions, where would it begin? However, MU did not try to reinvent the wheel. There were already examples of good practice in a number of common courses had been running on the LMS. The available courses already had a blend of both theory and practical base. The university sought assistance from schools and departments that already had parts of their programmes running on the LMS. They were able to tap into their expertise and get introduced to a valuable collection of resources about online distance teaching and learning (ODTL). That, in turn, assisted the university to develop online or blended versions of its regular F2F courses that far surpassed expectations, judging from how well their courses performed, and get ready for any other unexpected circumstance equal or similar to which the world has had to live through the COVID-19 pandemic.",book:{id:"9974",title:"E-Learning and Digital Education in the Twenty-First Century",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9974.jpg"},signatures:"Mildred Atieno Ayere"},{id:"78235",title:"Clinical Curriculum Revolution to Integrity and “Attunity”",slug:"clinical-curriculum-revolution-to-integrity-and-attunity",totalDownloads:34,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99460",abstract:"Reviewing the history of clinical educational curricula reveals enormous change and progress through successive antiquity up-to the current 21th century. Surely, there are stable fundamental criteria which are pillars in designing any curriculum; however there are torrential inevitable reforms which are important in filling the changeable gaps and fulfilling the ecological and temporal aspects. Over the last 20th century, numerous new paradigms for curricula reforms were constructed to adapt ebullient millennium needs, interactive pedagogical approaches and psychological/sociological learning theories. These reforms fostered clinical practice, integrating core competencies and reflection on designing, and achieving clinical curricula depending on outcome-based models such as clinical competences milestones. On the other hand, systematic approach of Kern′s framework adopts curriculum development through six consecutive interlinked and intersected steps which are refined to eight steps later. Moreover, taking contextual factors into account during curricula planning was evolved in other models such as PRISMS model. Despite all these pearly efforts, there are still caveats about inclusive gaps negligence between education process and overall health system. 3P-6Cs toolkit is deemed a recent novel paradigm that enrolls this role of health systems in clinical training during curricula design.",book:{id:"11004",title:"Medical Education for the 21st Century",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11004.jpg"},signatures:"Samhaa Abd Elmoneim"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:49},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:98,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:286,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:106,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:101,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",issn:"2632-0517",scope:"Paralleling similar advances in the medical field, astounding advances occurred in Veterinary Medicine and Science in recent decades. These advances have helped foster better support for animal health, more humane animal production, and a better understanding of the physiology of endangered species to improve the assisted reproductive technologies or the pathogenesis of certain diseases, where animals can be used as models for human diseases (like cancer, degenerative diseases or fertility), and even as a guarantee of public health. Bridging Human, Animal, and Environmental health, the holistic and integrative “One Health” concept intimately associates the developments within those fields, projecting its advancements into practice. This book series aims to tackle various animal-related medicine and sciences fields, providing thematic volumes consisting of high-quality significant research directed to researchers and postgraduates. It aims to give us a glimpse into the new accomplishments in the Veterinary Medicine and Science field. By addressing hot topics in veterinary sciences, we aim to gather authoritative texts within each issue of this series, providing in-depth overviews and analysis for graduates, academics, and practitioners and foreseeing a deeper understanding of the subject. Forthcoming texts, written and edited by experienced researchers from both industry and academia, will also discuss scientific challenges faced today in Veterinary Medicine and Science. In brief, we hope that books in this series will provide accessible references for those interested or working in this field and encourage learning in a range of different topics.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/13.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 14th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:9,editor:{id:"38652",title:"Dr.",name:"Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Payan-Carreira",slug:"rita-payan-carreira",fullName:"Rita Payan-Carreira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRiFPQA0/Profile_Picture_1614601496313",biography:"Rita Payan Carreira earned her Veterinary Degree from the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine in Lisbon, Portugal, in 1985. She obtained her Ph.D. in Veterinary Sciences from the University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Portugal. After almost 32 years of teaching at the University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, she recently moved to the University of Évora, Department of Veterinary Medicine, where she teaches in the field of Animal Reproduction and Clinics. Her primary research areas include the molecular markers of the endometrial cycle and the embryo–maternal interaction, including oxidative stress and the reproductive physiology and disorders of sexual development, besides the molecular determinants of male and female fertility. She often supervises students preparing their master's or doctoral theses. She is also a frequent referee for various journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Évora",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:3,paginationItems:[{id:"19",title:"Animal Science",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/19.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11415,editor:{id:"259298",title:"Dr.",name:"Edward",middleName:null,surname:"Narayan",slug:"edward-narayan",fullName:"Edward Narayan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Edward Narayan graduated with Ph.D. degree in Biology from the University of the South Pacific and pioneered non-invasive reproductive and stress endocrinology tools for amphibians - the novel development and validation of non-invasive enzyme immunoassays for the evaluation of reproductive hormonal cycle and stress hormone responses to environmental stressors. \nDr. Narayan leads the Stress Lab (Comparative Physiology and Endocrinology) at the University of Queensland. A dynamic career research platform which is based on the thematic areas of comparative vertebrate physiology, stress endocrinology, reproductive endocrinology, animal health and welfare, and conservation biology. \nEdward has supervised 40 research students and published over 60 peer reviewed research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Queensland",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"20",title:"Animal Nutrition",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/20.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11416,editor:{id:"175967",title:"Dr.",name:"Manuel",middleName:null,surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",fullName:"Manuel Gonzalez Ronquillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",biography:"Dr. Manuel González Ronquillo obtained his doctorate degree from the University of Zaragoza, Spain, in 2001. He is a research professor at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Husbandry, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico. He is also a level-2 researcher. He received a Fulbright-Garcia Robles fellowship for a postdoctoral stay at the US Dairy Forage Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA in 2008–2009. He received grants from Alianza del Pacifico for a stay at the University of Magallanes, Chile, in 2014, and from Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACyT) to work in the Food and Agriculture Organization’s Animal Production and Health Division (AGA), Rome, Italy, in 2014–2015. He has collaborated with researchers from different countries and published ninety-eight journal articles. He teaches various degree courses in zootechnics, sheep production, and agricultural sciences and natural resources.\n\nDr. Ronquillo’s research focuses on the evaluation of sustainable animal diets (StAnD), using native resources of the region, decreasing carbon footprint, and applying meta-analysis and mathematical models for a better understanding of animal production.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"28",title:"Animal Reproductive Biology and Technology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/28.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11417,editor:{id:"177225",title:"Prof.",name:"Rosa Maria Lino Neto",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"rosa-maria-lino-neto-pereira",fullName:"Rosa Maria Lino Neto Pereira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS9wkQAC/Profile_Picture_1624519982291",biography:"Rosa Maria Lino Neto Pereira (DVM, MsC, PhD and) is currently a researcher at the Genetic Resources and Biotechnology Unit of the National Institute of Agrarian and Veterinarian Research (INIAV, Portugal). She is the head of the Reproduction and Embryology Laboratories and was lecturer of Reproduction and Reproductive Biotechnologies at Veterinary Medicine Faculty. She has over 25 years of experience working in reproductive biology and biotechnology areas with a special emphasis on embryo and gamete cryopreservation, for research and animal genetic resources conservation, leading research projects with several peer-reviewed papers. Rosa Pereira is member of the ERFP-FAO Ex situ Working Group and of the Management Commission of the Portuguese Animal Germplasm Bank.",institutionString:"The National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research. Portugal",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:26,paginationItems:[{id:"81791",title:"Self-Supervised Contrastive Representation Learning in Computer Vision",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104785",signatures:"Yalin Bastanlar and Semih Orhan",slug:"self-supervised-contrastive-representation-learning-in-computer-vision",totalDownloads:3,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Pattern Recognition - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11442.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"79345",title:"Application of Jump Diffusion Models in Insurance Claim Estimation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99853",signatures:"Leonard Mushunje, Chiedza Elvina Mashiri, Edina Chandiwana and Maxwell Mashasha",slug:"application-of-jump-diffusion-models-in-insurance-claim-estimation-1",totalDownloads:2,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Data Clustering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10820.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"81557",title:"Object Tracking Using Adapted Optical Flow",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102863",signatures:"Ronaldo Ferreira, Joaquim José de Castro Ferreira and António José Ribeiro Neves",slug:"object-tracking-using-adapted-optical-flow",totalDownloads:10,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Information Extraction and Object Tracking in Digital Video",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10652.jpg",subseries:{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision"}}},{id:"81558",title:"Thresholding Image Techniques for Plant Segmentation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104587",signatures:"Miguel Ángel Castillo-Martínez, Francisco Javier Gallegos-Funes, Blanca E. Carvajal-Gámez, Guillermo Urriolagoitia-Sosa and Alberto J. Rosales-Silva",slug:"thresholding-image-techniques-for-plant-segmentation",totalDownloads:13,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Information Extraction and Object Tracking in Digital Video",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10652.jpg",subseries:{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:8,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7723",title:"Artificial Intelligence",subtitle:"Applications in Medicine and Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7723.jpg",slug:"artificial-intelligence-applications-in-medicine-and-biology",publishedDate:"July 31st 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Marco Antonio Aceves-Fernandez",hash:"a3852659e727f95c98c740ed98146011",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Artificial Intelligence - Applications in Medicine and Biology",editors:[{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. His research interests include intelligent and embedded systems.",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7726",title:"Swarm Intelligence",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7726.jpg",slug:"swarm-intelligence-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",publishedDate:"December 4th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Javier Del Ser, Esther Villar and Eneko Osaba",hash:"e7ea7e74ce7a7a8e5359629e07c68d31",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Swarm Intelligence - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",editors:[{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:null}]},{type:"book",id:"7656",title:"Fuzzy Logic",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7656.jpg",slug:"fuzzy-logic",publishedDate:"February 5th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Constantin Volosencu",hash:"54f092d4ffe0abf5e4172a80025019bc",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Fuzzy Logic",editors:[{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. 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Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. 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