\\n\\n
IntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\\n\\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\\n\\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\\n\\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\\n\\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\\n\\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\\n\\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\\n\\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\\n\\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/237"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
After years of being acknowledged as the world's leading publisher of Open Access books, today, we are proud to announce we’ve successfully launched a portfolio of Open Science journals covering rapidly expanding areas of interdisciplinary research.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\n\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\n\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\n\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\n\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\n\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\n\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\n\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\n\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"6100",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Nonmagnetic and Magnetic Quantum Dots",title:"Nonmagnetic and Magnetic Quantum Dots",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"The book entitled Nonmagnetic and Magnetic Quantum Dots is divided into two sections. In Section 1, the chapters are related to nonmagnetic quantum dots and their applications. More specifically, exact models and numerical methods have been presented to describe the analytical solution of the carrier wave functions, the quantum mechanical aspects of quantum dots, and the comparison of the latter to experimental data. Furthermore, methods to produce quantum dots, synthesis techniques of colloidal quantum dots, and applications on sensors and biology, among others, are included in this section. In Section 2, a few topics of magnetic quantum dots and their applications are presented. The section starts with a theoretical model to describe the magnetization dynamics in magnetic quantum dot array and the description of dilute magnetic semiconducting quantum dots and their applications. Additionally, a few applications of magnetic quantum dots in sensors, biology, and medicine are included in Section 2.",isbn:"978-953-51-3960-7",printIsbn:"978-953-51-3959-1",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4034-4",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68207",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"nonmagnetic-and-magnetic-quantum-dots",numberOfPages:246,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"78673eed1e24eaecb8331eb0efcae2de",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Stavrou",publishedDate:"April 4th 2018",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6100.jpg",numberOfDownloads:15162,numberOfWosCitations:10,numberOfCrossrefCitations:8,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:20,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:2,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:38,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 27th 2017",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"April 17th 2017",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"November 20th 2017",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"December 20th 2017",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"February 20th 2018",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"99725",title:"Dr.",name:"Vasilios N.",middleName:null,surname:"Stavrou",slug:"vasilios-n.-stavrou",fullName:"Vasilios N. Stavrou",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:"Dr. V. N. Stavrou is currently an Adjunct Member at the Hellenic Naval Academy, Piraeus, Greece. He received an MSc and a Ph.D. in theoretical solid-state physics from the University of Essex in England, in 1995 and in 1999 respectively. He has held postdoctoral positions at the following research institutions: a) Deutsche Forschungsanstalt fuer Luft und Raumfahrt e.V (German Aerospace Research Center) in Germany, b) Helsinki University of Technology, c) State University of New York (SUNY) at Buffalo, USA and d) University of Iowa, USA. He is specifically interested in searching the electronic, optical, and lattice properties of semiconducting low dimensional structures.",institutionString:"Hellenic Naval Academy",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"5",institution:{name:"Hellenic Naval Academy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"959",title:"Solid-State Physics",slug:"semiconductor-solid-state-physics"}],chapters:[{id:"56696",title:"Exact Model for Single Atom Transistor",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70445",slug:"exact-model-for-single-atom-transistor",totalDownloads:1001,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"An exact model for a single atom transistor was developed. Using two simplifying assumptions (1) that the device is restricted to a narrow conducting wire and (2) that the atom can be simulated by a point impurity potential, the model can be simplified considerably and an exact analytical solution can be derived. Thus, analytical solution is approximated to a close-form solution in three important regimes: at the vicinity of the resonance energy (near the maximum peak), at the vicinity of the inverse resonance, i.e., Fano resonance (near the minimum), and at the threshold energy where a universal transmission pattern appears. Finally, physical values are applied to demonstrate that this device can operate as a transistor, when it is calibrated to work at the vicinity of its maximum and minimum points.",signatures:"Er’el Granot",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56696",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56696",authors:[{id:"181601",title:"Prof.",name:"Er'El",surname:"Granot",slug:"er'el-granot",fullName:"Er'El Granot"}],corrections:null},{id:"59789",title:"A Quantum Trajectory Interpretation of Magnetic Resistance in Quantum Dots",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.74409",slug:"a-quantum-trajectory-interpretation-of-magnetic-resistance-in-quantum-dots",totalDownloads:1081,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"For a complete description of the electronic motion in a quantum dot, we need a method that can describe not only the trajectory behavior of the electron but also its probabilistic wave behavior. Quantum Hamilton mechanics, which possesses the desired ability of manifesting the wave-particle duality of electrons moving in a quantum dot, is introduced in this chapter to recover the quantum-mechanical meanings of the classical terms such as backscattering and commensurability and to give a quantum-mechanical interpretation of the observed oscillation in the magneto-resistance curve. Solutions of quantum Hamilton equations reveal the existence of electronic standing waves in a quantum dot, whose occurrence is found to be accompanied by a jump in the electronic resistance. The comparison with the experimental data shows that the predicted locations of the resistance jump match closely with the peaks of the measured magneto-resistance.",signatures:"Ciann-Dong Yang and Shih-Ming Huang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/59789",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/59789",authors:[{id:"158670",title:"Prof.",name:"Ciann-Dong",surname:"Yang",slug:"ciann-dong-yang",fullName:"Ciann-Dong Yang"}],corrections:null},{id:"56965",title:"Droplet Epitaxy as a Tool for the QD-Based Circuit Realization",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70613",slug:"droplet-epitaxy-as-a-tool-for-the-qd-based-circuit-realization",totalDownloads:1020,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The chapter describes a novel technology, called droplet epitaxy, in the view point of quantum-circuit realization. This technology is useful when quantum dots are to be produced, of different shape and size in various densities. There are self-assembling methods to achieve spatial ordering or spatial positioning. Out of some of the possible applications as an example, the register and cellular automata circuit will be described.",signatures:"Ákos Nemcsics",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56965",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56965",authors:[{id:"107673",title:"Dr",name:"Akos",surname:"Nemcsics",slug:"akos-nemcsics",fullName:"Akos Nemcsics"}],corrections:null},{id:"57026",title:"Colloidal III–V Nitride Quantum Dots",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70844",slug:"colloidal-iii-v-nitride-quantum-dots",totalDownloads:1307,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Colloidal quantum dots (QDs) have attracted intense attention in both fundamental studies and practical applications. To date, the size, morphology, and composition-controlled syntheses have been successfully achieved in II–VI semiconductor nanocrystals. Recently, III-nitride semiconductor quantum dots have begun to draw significant interest due to their promising applications in solid-state lighting, lasing technologies, and optoelectronic devices. The quality of nitride nanocrystals is, however, dramatically lower than that of II–VI semiconductor nanocrystals. In this review, the recent development in the synthesis techniques and properties of colloidal III–V nitride quantum dots as well as their applications are introduced.",signatures:"Zequn Chen, Chuli Sun, Wei Guo and Zhuo Chen",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/57026",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/57026",authors:[{id:"209071",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Zhuo",surname:"Chen",slug:"zhuo-chen",fullName:"Zhuo Chen"},{id:"209089",title:"Mr.",name:"Zequn",surname:"Chen",slug:"zequn-chen",fullName:"Zequn Chen"},{id:"209090",title:"Dr.",name:"Wei",surname:"Guo",slug:"wei-guo",fullName:"Wei Guo"},{id:"209180",title:"Ms.",name:"Chuli",surname:"Sun",slug:"chuli-sun",fullName:"Chuli Sun"}],corrections:null},{id:"57307",title:"CdTe Quantum Dot Fluorescence Thermometry of Rolling Bearing",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70866",slug:"cdte-quantum-dot-fluorescence-thermometry-of-rolling-bearing",totalDownloads:1148,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Temperature is one of the most important parameters affecting the service life and performance of a rolling element bearing component. In this paper, a nonintrusive method is developed to monitor the temperature variation of the inner raceway during bearing operation utilizing CdTe quantum dots as the temperature sensors. The CdTe quantum dots were synthesized and were used in constructing a sensor film by means of layer-by-layer electrostatic self-assembly method on an ultrathin glass slice. The peak wavelength shift of the fluorescence spectrum of the sensor film shows a linear and reversible relationship with temperature, and it is used to sense the temperature of the inner raceway. The resolution of the CdTe optothermal sensor is determined to be 0.14 nm/°C. The temperature measurement of rolling element bearing was conducted on a bearing test rig incorporated with an optical fiber fluorescence spectrum detecting system. To verify the accuracy of the temperature obtained by quantum dots sensor film, a thermocouple was used to test the temperature of the inner raceway right before and after the operation. Results show that the temperature obtained by the CdTe quantum dots film sensor is consistent with that by the thermocouple, with an error typically below 10% or smaller.",signatures:"Ke Yan and Bei Yan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/57307",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/57307",authors:[{id:"207018",title:"Prof.",name:"Ke",surname:"Yan",slug:"ke-yan",fullName:"Ke Yan"},{id:"220005",title:"Dr.",name:"Bei",surname:"Yan",slug:"bei-yan",fullName:"Bei Yan"}],corrections:null},{id:"56979",title:"Quantum Dots-Based Nano-Coatings for Inhibition of Microbial Biofilms: A Mini Review",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70785",slug:"quantum-dots-based-nano-coatings-for-inhibition-of-microbial-biofilms-a-mini-review",totalDownloads:1165,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Infection of implants by microbial biofilm is chiefly caused by Staphylococci, Pseudomonas and Candida species. The growth of microbes by forming biofilms offers them protection from antibiotics, drugs and host defense mechanisms. The eradication of biofilms from implants and medical devices is difficult because of the protection by the biofilm forming pathogenic microbes. Hence, researches are focused on development of antibiofilm materials, which are basically constituted of antimicrobial substances or antimicrobial coatings. Nanomaterial-based coatings offer a promising solution in this regard. Quantum dots (QDs) are the group of semiconductor nanoparticles with high photoluminescent properties compared to conventional organic fluorophores. Thus, drug-conjugated QDs can be a promising alternative for biofilm treatment, and these can serve as excellent alternatives for the mitigation of recalcitrant biomaterial-associated infections caused by resistant strains. Furthermore, their use as antibiofilm coating would avoid the dispersion of antimicrobial agents in the surrounding cells and tissues, thereby minimizing the risks of developing microbial resistivity.",signatures:"Eepsita Priyadarshini, Kamla Rawat and Himadri Bihari Bohidar",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56979",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56979",authors:[{id:"216222",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamla",surname:"Rawat",slug:"kamla-rawat",fullName:"Kamla Rawat"},{id:"216228",title:"Ms.",name:"Eepsita",surname:"Priyadarshini",slug:"eepsita-priyadarshini",fullName:"Eepsita Priyadarshini"},{id:"216229",title:"Prof.",name:"H. B.",surname:"Bohidar",slug:"h.-b.-bohidar",fullName:"H. B. Bohidar"}],corrections:null},{id:"58468",title:"Biomolecule-Conjugated Quantum Dot Nanosensors as Probes for Cellular Dynamic Events in Living Cells",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72858",slug:"biomolecule-conjugated-quantum-dot-nanosensors-as-probes-for-cellular-dynamic-events-in-living-cells",totalDownloads:1145,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"A single-molecule tracking/imaging technique with semiconductor quantum dot (QD) nanosensors conjugated with appropriate peptides or antibodies is appealing for probing cellular dynamic events in living cells. We developed a 2D analysis of single-molecule trajectories using normalized variance versus mean square displacement (MSD) to provide high-quality statistics sampled by nanosensors while preserving single-molecule sensitivity. This plot can be more informative than MSD alone to reflect the diffusive dynamics of a protein in its cellular environment. We illustrate the performance of this technique with selected examples, which are designed to expose the functionalities and importance in live cells. Our findings suggest that biomolecule-conjugated QD nanosensors can be used to reveal interactions, stoichiometries, and conformations of proteins, and provide an understanding of the mode of the interaction, stable states, and dynamical pathways of biomolecules in live cells.",signatures:"Jung Y. Huang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/58468",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/58468",authors:[{id:"12517",title:"Dr.",name:"Jung",surname:"Huang",slug:"jung-huang",fullName:"Jung Huang"}],corrections:null},{id:"56994",title:"Redox-Mediated Quantum Dots as Fluorescence Probe and Their Biological Application",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70761",slug:"redox-mediated-quantum-dots-as-fluorescence-probe-and-their-biological-application",totalDownloads:1144,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) as a new class of fluorescent labels have become valuable fluorescent platforms for biological applications due to their unique optical properties. In addition to their well-known size-dependent emission spectra, QDs are extremely sensitive to the presence of additional charges either on their surfaces or in the surrounding environment, which leads to a variety of optical properties and electronic consequences. By using thiols as bridges between QDs and redox-active ligands, the fluorescence effects of functionalized QD conjugates were investigated because QDs are prone to exchange electrons or energy with the attached ligands upon excitation, resulting in their fluorescence change. The recovery/enhancement or quenching of the QD conjugate fluorescence could be reversibly tuned with the transformation with the redox state of surface ligands. Moreover, quenching of the QD emission is highly dependent on the relative position of the oxidation levels of QDs and the redox-active ligand used. Importantly, the utility of these systems could enhance the compatibility of functionalized QDs in biological systems and can be used for monitoring the fluorescence change to trace in vitro and intracellular target analyte sensing. We believe that redox-mediated quantum dots as fluorescence probe are a significant step forward toward biosensing.",signatures:"Wei Ma",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56994",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56994",authors:[{id:"206371",title:"Dr.",name:"Wei",surname:"Ma",slug:"wei-ma",fullName:"Wei Ma"}],corrections:null},{id:"59569",title:"Enhancement of Photosynthetic Productivity by Quantum Dots Application",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.74032",slug:"enhancement-of-photosynthetic-productivity-by-quantum-dots-application",totalDownloads:1425,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The challenge of climate change promotes use of carbon neutral fuels. Biofuels are made via fixing carbon dioxide via photosynthesis which is inefficient. Light trapping pigments use restricted light wavelengths. A study using the microalga Botryococcus braunii (which produces bio-oil), the bacterium Rhodobacter sphaeroides (which produces hydrogen), and the cyanobacterium Arthrospira platensis (for bulk biomass) showed that photosynthetic productivity was increased by up to 2.5-fold by upconverting unused wavelengths of sunlight via using quantum dots. For large scale commercial energy processes, a 100-fold cost reduction was calculated as the break-even point for adoption of classical QD technology into large scale photobioreactors (PBRs). As a potential alternative, zinc sulfide nanoparticles (NPs) were made using waste H2S derived from another process that precipitates metals from mine wastewaters. Biogenic ZnS NPs behaved identically to ZnS quantum dots with absorbance and emission maxima of 290 nm (UVB, which is mostly absorbed by the atmosphere) and 410 nm, respectively; the optimal wavelength for chlorophyll a is 430 nm. By using a low concentration of citrate (10 mM) during ZnS synthesis, the excitation wavelength was redshifted to 315 nm (into the UVA, 85% of which reaches the earth’s surface) with an emission peak of 425 nm, i.e., appropriate for photosynthesis. The potential for use in large scale photobioreactors is discussed in the light of current PBR designs, with respect to the need for durable UV-transmitting materials in appropriate QD delivery systems.",signatures:"Angela Janet Murray, John Love, Mark D. Redwood, Rafael L.\nOrozco, Richard K. Tennant, Frankie Woodhall, Alex Goodridge and\nLynne Elaine Macaskie",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/59569",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/59569",authors:[{id:"68809",title:"Ms.",name:"Angela",surname:"Murray",slug:"angela-murray",fullName:"Angela Murray"},{id:"228059",title:"Prof.",name:"Lynne",surname:"Macaskie",slug:"lynne-macaskie",fullName:"Lynne Macaskie"},{id:"240796",title:"Prof.",name:"John",surname:"Love",slug:"john-love",fullName:"John Love"},{id:"240797",title:"Dr.",name:"Mark",surname:"Redwood",slug:"mark-redwood",fullName:"Mark Redwood"},{id:"240798",title:"Dr.",name:"Rafael",surname:"Orozco",slug:"rafael-orozco",fullName:"Rafael Orozco"},{id:"240799",title:"Dr.",name:"Richard",surname:"Tennant",slug:"richard-tennant",fullName:"Richard Tennant"},{id:"240800",title:"Mr.",name:"Frankie",surname:"Woodhall",slug:"frankie-woodhall",fullName:"Frankie Woodhall"},{id:"240801",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",surname:"Goodridge",slug:"alex-goodridge",fullName:"Alex Goodridge"}],corrections:null},{id:"58706",title:"Magnetization Dynamics in Arrays of Quantum Dots",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73008",slug:"magnetization-dynamics-in-arrays-of-quantum-dots",totalDownloads:1088,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The possibility of preparing materials based on quantum dots with fine-tuned magnetic properties has opened up the door for designing new and more efficient devices where the interplay of different microscopic phenomena balances out in useful ways. Nevertheless, our knowledge of the precise interaction of complex objects built from a great number of such nanometric magnetic components is still limited. The investigation of the spin or magnetization dynamics in such materials represents an important opportunity to better comprehend and predict some missing pieces for the advancement of a great deal of promising technologies.",signatures:"Pablo F. Zubieta Rico, Daniel Olguín and Yuri V. Vorobiev",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/58706",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/58706",authors:[{id:"179546",title:"Prof.",name:"Yuri",surname:"Vorobiev",slug:"yuri-vorobiev",fullName:"Yuri Vorobiev"},{id:"227921",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Pablo",surname:"Zubieta",slug:"pablo-zubieta",fullName:"Pablo Zubieta"},{id:"235783",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Olguín",slug:"daniel-olguin",fullName:"Daniel Olguín"}],corrections:null},{id:"58766",title:"Dilute Magnetic Semiconducting Quantum Dots: Smart Materials for Spintronics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73286",slug:"dilute-magnetic-semiconducting-quantum-dots-smart-materials-for-spintronics",totalDownloads:1334,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The present day world involved in the fabrication of miniaturized smart devices is in continuous quest of materials with better optoelectronic and magneto-electronic efficiency. Effective incorporation of dopants into semiconductor lattices have been accepted as a primary means of controlling electrical, optical, magnetic and other physico-chemical properties of semiconductors. Manipulations in magnetic spin within a semiconducting material have lead to an effective research for potential ferromagnets with semiconducting properties, leading to an important field, dilute magnetic semiconductors (DMS). On the other hand, quantum dots (QDs) have been registered to be quantum confined nanocrystals with unique optoelectronic properties, having a wide range of potential applications. QDs experienced rapid development leading to the concept of dilute magnetic semiconducting quantum dots (DMSQDs), where transition metals with a few to several atomic percentages, having unpaired d-electrons, are doped in order to manipulate their opto-magnetic properties. These materials are fabricated by alloying transition metals with Group II-VI, III-V and IV-IV elements resulting in multi-component systems. They have tremendous applications in the spintronics industry, where electronic properties are controlled by spin degree of freedom. The present report reveals the significance, electronic origination of the fact, synthesis and their applications toward the fabrication of spintronics devices.",signatures:"Jejiron Maheswari Baruah and Jyoti Narayan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/58766",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/58766",authors:[{id:"226186",title:"Dr.",name:"Jyoti",surname:"Narayan",slug:"jyoti-narayan",fullName:"Jyoti Narayan"},{id:"237249",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jejiron Maheswari",surname:"Baruah",slug:"jejiron-maheswari-baruah",fullName:"Jejiron Maheswari Baruah"}],corrections:null},{id:"56882",title:"Mn-Doped ZnSe Quantum Dots as Fluorimetric Mercury Sensor",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70669",slug:"mn-doped-znse-quantum-dots-as-fluorimetric-mercury-sensor",totalDownloads:1237,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Quantum dots (QDs), because of their exciting optical properties, have been explored as alternative fluorescent sensors to conventional organic fluorophores which are routinely employed for the detection of various analytes via fluorometry. QD probes can detect toxic metal ions, anions, organic molecules with good selectivity and sensitivity. This chapter investigates the synthesis of Mn-doped ZnSe QDs using nucleation-doping strategy. The as-synthesized QDs were characterized by various analytical tools such as ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) absorption, photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy, X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). It was found that Mn doping of QDs significantly increases the PL intensity. The PL of the resulting QDs was examined in the presence of different metal ions to check its selective response. Among the various metal ions, Hg2+ exhibits a drastic quenching of the QD’s emission intensity. A Stern-Volmer plot of [Hg2+] sensing using the as-synthesized QDs showed linearity in the range of 0–30 × 10−6 ML−1 with the regression coefficient R2 = 0.99. The detection limit was found to be 6.63 × 10−7 ML−1. Thus, the present Mn-doped ZnSe QDs represent a simple, non-toxic fluorescent probe for the qualitative and quantitative detection of mercury ions in aqueous samples.",signatures:"Sundararajan Parani, Ncediwe Tsolekile, Bambesiwe M.M. May,\nKannaiyan Pandian and Oluwatobi S. Oluwafemi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56882",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56882",authors:[{id:"99092",title:"Prof.",name:"Samuel Oluwatobi",surname:"Oluwafemi",slug:"samuel-oluwatobi-oluwafemi",fullName:"Samuel Oluwatobi Oluwafemi"},{id:"188914",title:"Dr.",name:"K",surname:"Pandian",slug:"k-pandian",fullName:"K Pandian"},{id:"208652",title:"Dr.",name:"Sundararajan",surname:"Parani",slug:"sundararajan-parani",fullName:"Sundararajan Parani"},{id:"208653",title:"Dr.",name:"Ncediwe",surname:"Tsolekile",slug:"ncediwe-tsolekile",fullName:"Ncediwe Tsolekile"},{id:"208654",title:"Ms.",name:"Bambesiwe",surname:"May",slug:"bambesiwe-may",fullName:"Bambesiwe May"}],corrections:null},{id:"56933",title:"Quantum Dots and Fluorescent and Magnetic Nanocomposites: Recent Investigations and Applications in Biology and Medicine",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70614",slug:"quantum-dots-and-fluorescent-and-magnetic-nanocomposites-recent-investigations-and-applications-in-b",totalDownloads:1068,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter presents a comprehensive and updated review on the ongoing research area of nanostructures with a focus on quantum dots (QDs), fluorescent and magnetic nanocomposites, and their applications in biological and medical field. The study includes the essential characteristics of QDs and fluorescent and magnetic nanocomposites, their structure, properties, and methods that are utilized for their characterization. Some interesting qualities of CdSe/ZnS QDs with reference to the research of the microorganism are emphasized. The bioimaging applications of QDs and fluorescent and magnetic nanocomposites and their role as nanoprobes and as contrast enhancing agents are discussed. So, in this work, an overview is exhibited including the case of the most commonly studied QD-based hybrid NPs, which are called MQDs, such as a dual “two-in-one” fluorescent-magnetic nanocomposite materials, that blend both fluorescent and magnetic properties in a unique concept and show the feasibility for clinical diagnostics, drug delivery, and therapy.",signatures:"Anca Armăşelu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56933",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56933",authors:[{id:"189080",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",surname:"Armăşelu",slug:"anca-armaselu",fullName:"Anca Armăşelu"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6524",title:"Heterojunctions and Nanostructures",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fefc5b353d60c5125f1783fc4208194b",slug:"heterojunctions-and-nanostructures",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. 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\r\n\tLegume crops provide a significant sources of plant-based proteins for humans. Grain legumes have outstanding nutritional and nutraceutical properties, while they are affordable food that contributes to achieving future food and feed security.
\r\n\r\n\tDue to an increasing world population, global food security requires a major re-focusing of plant sciences, crop improvement and production agronomy towards grain legumes (pulse crops) over coming decades, with intensive research and development to identify climate-resilient species and cultivars with improved grain characteristics. In this context, genetic developments have played a critical role to increase crop production, whose applications will undoubtedly contribute to sustainable agriculture and food security.
\r\n\r\n\tThis research topic aims to bring together a collection of outstanding studies for a better understanding of current improvements in agricultural and seed traits from both the biological (physiological and nutritional/nutraceutical) and genetic viewpoints. We welcome submissions of all types of articles falling under, but not limited to, the research topic highlighted in this book.
\r\n\t
The cerebral venous system (CVS) is a wide, dynamic, and connected net of vessels developing from the encephalic parenchyma to the internal jugular veins (IJVs). As other venous system, it has three main functions: to drain blood and catabolites from the brain, to help maintaining thermic homeostasis and to refill the right-sided heart [1]. Differently from other organs, instead, intracranial veins share unique physiological features and functions. Traditionally, comprehension of CVS has been limited to descriptive anatomy and a few ranges of physiological principles.
New emerging evidences in the last years are depicting a more complex scenario, in which CVS has a pivotal role in starting and sustaining various pathological processes, from multiple sclerosis to cerebral hemorrhages, hydrocephalus, and strokes.
Primitive CVS starts differentiating from primary meninx mesenchyme as a continuous endothelial plexus connecting the dural (
Classically, first clearly identifiable parenchymal vessels are the prootic, the anterior cerebral, and the capitis lateralis and medialis veins [3].
From the 4th to the 5th months, the cortical veins net rapidly grows to sustain the hemisphere fast development. Consequently, the dural sinuses size increases with multiple series of anatomical variations and modifications from week to week. The transverse sinus balloons in response to this increasing amount of blood and to the relatively narrow diameters of jugular vein, with formation and enlargement of multiple emissary vessels for extracranial drainage to the foramen magnum and vertebral plexuses [4]. At the 35-mm stage of the embryo, drainage from the transverse sinus to the IJV can be detected [4].
After birth to the 1st year, the jugular bulb increases in size thanks to the physiological modifications of postnatal circulation, and the drainage through the emissary veins reduces its flow.
Throughout the uterine life, CVS anatomy is dynamically changing in response to the morphometric and hemodynamic adaptations of the growing organism. Progressively, from the chaotic but not homogenous primitive plexus, certain preferential routes are selected on the basis of rheologic flow parameters, while others disappear. The most suitable venous patterns are fixed, independently from our anatomical classifications, similarly to what happens for arteries but with far more variability.
In the ideal description, CVS can be distinguished in parenchymal and dural circulation. It is important to notice that intracranial veins are lacking of intraluminal valves, differently from other veins in the systemic circulation.
The deep parenchymal circulation drains blood from the deep white matter of the cerebral hemisphere, the basal ganglia, and the mesencephalon.
Dural CVS is comprised into the dural sinuses, spaces originated from the splitting of the dura derived from the ectomeninx and covered by endothelium, as above specified.
Arterial blood enters the brain through the anterior circulation, via the carotid arteries, and the posterior circulation, via the vertebral arteries. Also venous blood, or at least the major part of it, exits the brain through an anterior circulation, via the IJVs, and a posterior one, via the vertebral plexuses. Once passed the osteo-dural ring of their respective entry points inside the skull, circulatory physiology of these vessels drastically changes, given the unique physical conditions that are present in the intracranial space.
Although an exhaustive dissertation on cerebrovascular physiology is not in the focus of the present chapter; to understand CVS physiology, few mechanical, hydrostatic, and anatomical principles have to be clarified.
The skull (bone and dura together) is basically a rigid, non-expandable container, totally filled with uncompressible materials: brain parenchyma, blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
Around 1764, Alexander Monro, second of his name, published
In 1926, Harvey Cushing published “
This is an effective way to summarize the concept, but this formulation lacks the fundamental pulsating nature of cerebral flow. Blood enters the brain pulsating in the arteries; then the mechanical wave of pulsation is transmitted anisotropically through the parenchyma and CSF (fluids with different elastic properties). This wave propagation deeply affects CVS physiology: if blood enters the skull pulsating into the arteries, also it leaves from the vein pulsating.
In this balance of pressure between inflow and outflow, bridging veins have a pivotal role.
A bridging vein is defined as a cortical vessel that drains venous blood from the parenchyma to the sinuses, detaching from the cortex and crossing the subarachnoidal CSF filled and the subdural space. It has thin walls (subdural portion 10–600 μm; subarachnoid space of 50–200 μm) with loose collagen network and no muscular fibers [7]. So constituted, it acts as a perfect Starling resistor: a collapsible tube, filled with a fluid exerting pressure (P1, blood venous pressure), inside a space filled with another fluid exerting a different pressure (P2, CSF/intracranial pressure). To maintain a flow inside the tube, it is necessary that P1 > P2.
While entering, or exiting, the cerebral cortex, the superficial arteries and veins in the subarachnoid space are ensheathed in a leptomeningeal coverage, filled with CSF in a double triangle shape. These invaginations are known as Virchow-Robin spaces in their original description [8] and previously taught to be a virtual space, enlarged only in pathological processes. Further studies during the last decades reassessed the importance of these channels and prosecuted their anatomical micro description, thus renaming it perivascular spaces (PVSs).
Deeper into the parenchyma, PVS surrounds the penetrating arteries and capillaries, and it includes a real space that exists between the endothelial basement membrane (aka
This anatomical description is better defined for the arterial side of cerebral circulation, while venous PVS has not been thoroughly characterized yet.
Intracranial fluids can be divided in intracellular fluid (ICF, 60–70%), interstitial or extracellular fluid (ISF 20% 280–300 mL), blood (10%), and CSF (10% 140–150 mL). Passage of ions, solutes, and molecules between one compartment and the others is precisely regulated to maintain the different chemical composition necessary to their respective physiological role (e.g. plasma contains approximately 270 times more proteins than ISF) [10].
From 2012, a series of experiment on animals and mathematical models led to the discovery and description of the so-called “
The first evidence of an intraparenchymal bulk flow along PVS was provided by Cserr [12] in 1974 by following injected tracers.
Fluid exchanges between venular lumen and paravascular space depend primarily on transmural pressure (TMP), a fundamental hemodynamic parameter. Considering the venous wall as the exchange border for fluids, TMP is a differential pressure between internal (intravenous) pressure (IP) and external (paravascular) pressure (EP). EP is represented by the oncotic pressure of the interstitium plus the intracranial pressure (ICP). IP is the sum of blood pressure and the relative venous oncotic pressure. In turn, each of these parameters depends on several others. Of main interest is that venous pressure of parenchymal vessels depends on bridging veins (Starling resistors) function. To sustain a reabsorption flow from the parenchyma to the CVS, it is necessary that IP is lower than EP.
So, in this paradigm, a dynamic balance between CSF, ICF, ISF, and blood is continuously rearranged throughout the entire vascular, arachnoidal, and ependymal surface to maintain the physiological functions of the estimated 16–30 billion neurons of the brain.
Main driving force of this interstitial convective process is the arterial pulsation of the penetrating arteries, moving actively the CSF along the PVS [9]. Alongside, the periodical variation in ICP is generated by breathing (and similar activities that modify intrathoracic pressure) and vasomotor variations in the vascular net.
Glymphatic system function, defined as the capability of flushes toxic solutes away from the parenchyma, normally decline with aging, both in animals and humans. Proposed mechanism is a reduced CSF interstitial influx secondary to decreased pulsatility of sclerotic arteries, impaired CSF production, and reduced AQP4 expression on astrocytes end feet9. Hypertension and diabetes mellitus type 2 have also been associated with a decreased glymphatic function. Similar observations have been made in cases of stroke, subarachnoid hemorrhage, traumatic brain injury, and demyelination of various origins.
Cerebral vein thrombosis is defined as the presence, in both the cortical vessels and the dural sinuses, of clotted blood impairing physiological flow.
CVT is an uncommon form of stroke (0.5–1% of total), usually affecting young individuals with several associated risk factors (mainly related to Virchow’s triad of blood stasis):
Thrombophilia
Inflammatory bowel disease
Dehydration
Oral contraceptives
Substance abuse
Other more specific associations are made with:
Complication of epidural blood patch
Spontaneous intracranial hypotension
Lumbar puncture
An underestimated risk factor for CVT is a JV thrombosis that propagates cranially, often because of the presence of medical dispositive [13].
Exact epidemiology of CVT is unknown because clinical features are quite variable, and for this reason, cases should be classified differently [16].
Recently, cerebral venous sinus thrombosis in association with COVID-19 has been described, both as a first clinical presentation or a subsequent complication [17].
Clinical findings are related to intracranial hypertension, related to impaired venous drainage, and/or to focal brain injury from venous ischemia or hemorrhage. Obviously, clinical manifestations of CVT also depend on the location of the thrombosis.
Most frequent symptoms are
When CVT is secondary to regional infection, signs and symptom of the primary cause can be detected: toothache and odontogenic abscess; ear discharge; pain in the ear, face, or mastoid region.
In patients with suspected CVT routine, laboratory essay including complete blood count, chemistry panel, prothrombin time, and activated partial thromboplastin time should be performed [9] in order to identify pro-coagulative systemic status. D-dimer assessment makes sense in presence of low pretest probability of CVT to exclude the diagnosis, similarly to pulmonary embolism. Lumbar puncture is characterized by a high opening pressure (80% of cases) but has limited diagnostic value. It is not routinely indicated unless CNS infection is suspected.
Thirty to forty percent of patients with CVT present with an intracranial hemorrhage [18]. Progressively increasing headache over days and alterations in laboratory exams with evidence of hypercoagulability should prompt further radiological assessment for evaluating CVT. Also, at the CT exam, an ischemic/hemorragic lesion that crosses normal arterial boundaries, deep bilateral, or in close proximity to a venous sinus is suggestive of CVT.
Patients complaining of isolated headache and signs or symptoms of intracranial hypertension (papilledema or sixth nerve palsies) should be evaluated for CVT. The correct differential diagnosis between idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) and CVT has therapeutic and prognostic importance. In both cases, however, clinical manifestations are related to the impaired venous outflow function, with subsequent increasing of the ISF.
In a contest of a CVT suspect case, CT without contrast may demonstrate some characteristic features, but an exact diagnosis is made complex by the intrinsic anatomic variability of the venous sinuses and cortical veins. In fact, only in 30% of CVT cases, CT scan shows some abnormalities [19].
The fundamental sign of acute CVT on a CT (without contrast) is a homogenous hyperdensity of a cortical vein or sinus. Another typical sign of the superior sagittal sinus thrombosis (posterior portion) is the filled delta sign, a dense triangle in the context of the sinus.
Only 0.5–0.8% of patients with CVT showed some signs of subarachnoid hemorrhage, often in atypical position.
The contrast-enhancing CT scan could add some clues, such as the classic “empty delta” sign: an enhancement of the dural border of the sinus with a filling defect within it due to the thrombus in a triangular shape.
This is not a precocious finding, but usually lasts for several weeks after the acute phase.
On the other hand, CT venography is much more useful in chronic follow-up because the occluded sinus cavity shows a variable density. The presence of cortical bone close to the dural sinus can produce interfering artifacts during the visualization of the enhanced dural sinus.
Classically inside the normal sinus, there is a flow void signal due to the venous stream continuously moving. Early signs of CVT can be visualized as
Meanwhile, an acute thrombus, not fully formed yet, may appear as a hypointense signal, similar to the normal flow void.
Other signs include cerebral swelling, edema, and/or hemorrhage. Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) sequences show hyperintense signal, meaning a reduced blood flow, with a prognostic significance: brightening sinus on DWI predict low chances of recanalization.
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is particularly helpful in defining the nature and extension of parenchymal lesions, causes, or consequences of the CVT: focal edema, infarction, and infectious processes.
MRI venography is the most common CVT diagnostic technique with the use of two-dimensional time-of-flight (TOF) sequences because of its excellent sensitivity to slow flow inside the sinus.
Venous phase of cerebral angiography (4–8 s from the injections) typically, and directly, shows a filling defect in the occluded lumen. Other signs are venous congestion with dilated cortical, scalp, or facial veins, enlargement of collateral drainage, and venous flow reversal.
Although it is an invasive procedure, cerebral angiography (or venography) could help to solve undefined situations due to anatomic variations such as sinus atresia/hypoplasia, asymmetrical drainage, and normal sinus filling defects caused by arachnoid granulations or septa.
Most used therapeutic approach is based on blood anticoagulation, which aims to prevent thrombus growth, avoids development of pulmonary embolism, and promotes sinus recanalization. Different drugs and different strategies are present in literature [16], with the use of unfractionated heparin (UFH), antivitamin K molecules, low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH), and low-dose unfractionated heparin. An effective treatment is complicated by the presence of intracranial hemorrhage or cerebral infarction at the time of the diagnosis, given the increased risk of worsening the bleeding.
The available data from RCT comparing clinical/radiological outcomes and bleeding complications support a safe and effective role for anticoagulation in the treatment of CVT, even if intracranial bleeding is present [16]. There are no data that suggest the preferential use of UFH or LMWH in CVT patients. Some data suggest that, if pulmonary embolism or deep vein thrombosis is present, LMWH have to be preferred [20].
In case of secondary CVT (infection, trauma, and other transient causes) vitamin-k antagonist should be continued for 6 months after the removal of the causative factor [16].
Otherwise, in case of primary CVT, vitamin-k antagonist should be continued for 6–12 months and further coagulative assessment should be carried on [16].
Other therapeutic options include
Cerebrospinal venous insufficiency is an emerging nosological entity collecting different conditions that shares an impaired venous outflow from the brain to the heart. Multiple central nervous system disorders, such as idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH), Ménière disease, transient monocular blindness, and Alzheimer’s disease, have already been reported to be associated with internal jugular vein (IJV) stenosis [22, 23]. Nowadays, different branches of medical sciences are directing their attention to the delicate balance between cerebral inflow and outflow in order to better understand CVS physiology and its correlation with several disorders. As a mechanical system, a CVS flow obstruction from any causes at any level lead to an increased pressure transmitted upward. This means an increased capillary pressure, thus an increased TMP and finally a decreased glymphatic paravascular ISF flushing and reabsorption into the CVS. Proceeding from the parenchyma to the major vessels, venous convergence reduces the possibility of alternatively restoring a fully functioning flow. Once in the IJV, collateral drainages are few and of limited caliber. So, at this level, any stenosis (intraluminal, parietal, or extraluminal) produce effects diffused at the entire CVS and to the parenchyma. In the mathematical Gadda-Ursino hemodynamic model of CVS outflow, a jugular stenosis is a significant parameter in sinus pressure regulation [24].
Over the last years, several new pathologies have been described related to IJV obstruction, and old ones received new interpretations.
Usually, patients suffering from IIH are women with elevated BMI and normal to slit cerebral ventricles [25]. Meanwhile, IIH has a strong relation with impaired CVS outflow caused by increased thoracic-abdominal or dural sinuses pressure (obesity, CVT, and superior vena cava syndrome). On the other hand, acutely dilated ventricles are related to high-pressure hydrocephalus caused by cerebrovascular pathology (infection, trauma, and hemorrhage).
Recently, an anomalous IIH case with dilated ventricle (Evans index 0.36) has been described in a woman with normal BMI complaining of headache, visual loss (Frisen grade 4 papilledema), and pulsating tinnitus. Neuroimaging did not reveal any causes of hydrocephalus from intracranial lesions, while a fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) described a diffuse hypometabolic cerebral state.
At B-mode echography of extracranial IJV, a bilateral external compression from omohyoid muscle was demonstrated, hemodynamically corresponding to blocked venous flow with scarce collateral compensation.
The patient underwent surgical bilateral resection of omohyoid muscle with ICP invasive monitoring. After transection of the muscles, a sudden drop in ICP and normalization of ICP wave were observed.
Headache and tinnitus disappeared after surgery, and papilledema progressively improved with visual acuity restoration. Serial (24 months’ follow-up) MRI documented regression of Evans index and FDG-PET showed improvement of brain metabolism.
These peculiar cases led to the description of a new clinical entity, a form of hydrocephalus that does not require CSF shunt procedures. This syndrome has been called JEDI (jugular entrapment dilated ventricles intracranial hypertension) syndrome [26]. While an extracranial obstacle to CVS is coherent with intracranial hypertension for the aforementioned principles, it is still unclear what caused ventricles dilatation in this case. More studies are needed to fully comprehend the relation between IJV obstruction, IIH, and hydrocephalus.
In 1937, the American otolaryngologist Dr. Eagle was the first to describe a clinical syndrome caused by an elongated styloid process [27]. The stylohyoid complex is composed of styloid process, stylohyoid ligament, and the lesser horn of the hyoid bone. The styloid bone starts from the inferior portion of the temporal bone, just medially to the base of mastoid process, and directs inferiorly, medially, and anteriorly, passing anteriorly and laterally to the C1 anterior arch and transverse process. These anatomical structures embriologically originate from Reichert’s cartilage of the second brachial arch.
Classic Eagle syndrome is mainly characterized by pain, dysphagia and otalgia, often exacerbated by yawning and swallowing, arising after a tonsillectomy. It is thought that postsurgical scar tissue stretches the sensory nerves ending in the peri-pharingeal region [28].
The carotid artery variant of Eagle syndrome is due to the impingement between an elongated styloid process and the carotid artery and associated nerves. It is characterized by pain and an increased risk of cerebrovascular ischemic accidents: arterial dissection, obstruction, transient ischemic attack, and stroke.
A third variant of the syndrome has been described, consisting in an IJV compressed by an elongated styloid process in the passage adjacent to the transverse process of C1. The most common involved jugular segment is J3, and in more than 50% of patients the stenosis is bilateral. It is alternatively named “
This latter form of Eagle syndrome has specific features related to an impaired CVS outflow.
Clinical presentation is frequently nonspecific. Most frequent symptoms are
More peculiar, an
It is more common in young adults (mean age of onset 38.6 years) with no prevalence between sex.
In literature, only 1/3 of patients with diagnosed Eagle jugular syndrome have an effectively elongated styloid process. This suggests that even with a normal length, an abnormally narrow space between the styloid process and C1 transverse process may lead to IJV compression [30].
Diagnosis is classically radiological, with direct evidence of impaired IJV flow (MRI venography or angiographic venography) or indirect proof of a narrowed C1-styloid space (CT scan or MRI). Few criteria have been proposed, and not diffusely shared between studies, to define a significant IJV stenosis in a setting of suspected Eagle jugular syndrome. According to Jayaraman [31], a jugular stenosis is defined as a caliber reduction >80% on axial cuts compared with the normal vein proximal to the stenosis. Ding and Bai [32] proposed other similar criteria.
More frequently, a conservative treatment is preferred with anticoagulant usage, but in most cases medical therapy has shown no effectiveness on symptoms control.
Invasive procedures are surgical (styloidectomy, C1 anterior arch removal), endovascular (ballooning or stenting), or combination of both. Styloidectomy is the most frequently performed surgical procedure, and major risks are vascular or facial nerve injuries.
On the other side, endovascular treatments are associated with stent migration or fracture, pseudoaneurysm formation, thrombosis, and cranial nerve injuries.
After an invasive approach, more than 70% of patients report an improvement in tinnitus, papilledema, and visual disturbances. Headache, the most frequent symptom, and dizziness usually do not respond to the treatment.
One of the major issues still open regarding the Eagle jugular syndrome is the lack of standardized data, especially on IJV pressure, flow velocity, and collateral pathways. Thus, a complete understanding of pathogenesis is missing.
Multiple sclerosis is a complex autoimmune demyelinating disease characterized by a chronic inflammatory response against the CNS. Many aspects of this disease are still unknown, but evidences have increased, through the last decades, pointing toward a fundamental involvement of CVS in the early development of it.
A cardinal observation is that each MS lesion is crossed and split by a central vein, that is to say that demyelination and inflammatory infiltration develop around a vein [33].
From a wider point of view, inflammatory processes in MS seem to be concentrated around venular vessels, more than capillary or arterial [34].
From these data, and others, an association has been proposed between MS and chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI), a condition of long-lasting impaired venous drainage from CVS caused by obstruction in extracranial veins. Recently, CCSVI has been associated also with other degenerative processes such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and Meniere’s disease.
A defective valve, hypoplasia, and/or compression of the IJV or the azygos vein, as defined earlier, increase TMP and reduce the ability of glymphatic system to drain toxic catabolites from the interstitium. These peptides then accumulate at the perivenular level and may act as first inflammatory chemotactic activators and further increase oncotic pressure into the perivascular space, worsening the ISF resorption capacity. Generally, perivenular spaces are recognized as an important site of leukocyte trafficking and the potential milestones to modulate immune response.
Measuring CSF dynamic with MRI reveals interesting links between venous function and MS. In clinically isolated syndrome (CIS), conversion to clinically definite MS in the following year has been related to CSF net flow decreasing [35]. In relapsing-remitting MS, a significant reduction in CSF flow at the level of the Sylvius aqueduct was observed compared to control groups [36]. In the early and progressive form of MS, an increase in ventricular dimension has been observed during the first year. This may be related to the impaired function of glymphatic system, and there are evidences that in these patients, a therapeutic flow restoration through endovascular recanalization of IJV is linked to a significant reduction in ventricles and subarachnoid spaces dimension [37].
Moreover, CCSVI is an ultimate cause of decreased cerebral perfusion because of the propagation of retrograde hypertension. There is a linear correlation between flow into the IJV and global brain perfusion [38]. Moreover, in MS, hypoperfusion is a pathological key point that precedes plaque formation and could be a causative agent, provoking damages to the oxygen-dependent oligodendrocytes. Myelin loss and debris occur when the metabolism of these cells is altered, and this is an important inflammatory signal that attracts leukocytes. Thus, inflammation seems to be a consequence, more than a cause [39]. Subsequent BBB disruption causes microbleedings, and iron deposition, coming from hemoglobin degradation, further increases inflammatory response and microbleedings, especially around venular vessels. Consistently, cerebral tissue iron loading correlates with MS-related disability at the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) [40].
A subarachnoidal hemorrhage (SAH) not caused by vascular malformation (such as aneurysm or arteriovenous malformation (AVM) rupture) is a recognized clinical entity usually referred as
It typically presents with a pattern limited to the perimesencephalic cisterns (typical pattern), sometimes extended to the nearer basal cisterns (atypical pattern). In the majority of cases, the clinical course is benign, with a very low rate of recurrence. At the neuroimaging, no causes of bleeding are detected, neither immediately or later. Pathogenesis of na-SAH is not established, but the most shared hypothesis regards anatomic variations of CVS, particularly of the Basal Vein of Rosenthal (BVR) draining into venous systems different from the Galenic one. CVS hypertension has also been occasionally reported to influence the overall risk of na-SAH in various conditions, such as cavernous sinus thrombosis, transverse sinus thrombosis, or a bilateral jugular venous obstruction.
In a retrospective case-control study, a significant association has been made between na-SAH and the presence of an IJV stenosis (>80% of caliber reduction) at the passage through the styloid process and the arch of C1 [41]. Also, older age and diabetes were statistically linked to an increased risk of na-SAH.
This is coherent with what has been reported before: an impaired CVS outflow due to a stenosis leads to increased venular pressure, thus predisposing wall rupture and bleeding when an adjunctive pressure is applied (e.g. physical exertion). The presence of anatomic variations may be a further element that increases the risk of na-SAH, but, in the end, the way in which venous configuration of the perimesencephalic area might predispose to bleeding remains undetermined.
This is a brief overview of the main steps involved in publishing with IntechOpen Compacts, Monographs and Edited Books. Once you submit your proposal you will be appointed a Author Service Manager who will be your single point of contact and lead you through all the described steps below.
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Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. 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Thompson",authors:[{id:"43567",title:"Prof.",name:"Nick",middleName:null,surname:"Birbilis",slug:"nick-birbilis",fullName:"Nick Birbilis"},{id:"32486",title:"Prof.",name:"Anthony",middleName:"E",surname:"Hughes",slug:"anthony-hughes",fullName:"Anthony Hughes"},{id:"43568",title:"Prof.",name:"Arjan",middleName:null,surname:"Mol",slug:"arjan-mol",fullName:"Arjan Mol"},{id:"43569",title:"Prof.",name:"Santiago",middleName:null,surname:"Garcia Espallargas",slug:"santiago-garcia-espallargas",fullName:"Santiago Garcia Espallargas"},{id:"43570",title:"Prof.",name:"Xiaorang",middleName:null,surname:"Zhou",slug:"xiaorang-zhou",fullName:"Xiaorang Zhou"},{id:"83528",title:"Prof.",name:"George",middleName:null,surname:"Thompson",slug:"george-thompson",fullName:"George Thompson"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"12751",title:"Contemporary Forming Methods of the Structure and Properties of Cast Magnesium Alloys",slug:"contemporary-forming-methods-of-the-structure-and-properties-of-cast-magnesium-alloys",totalDownloads:3104,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:null,book:{id:"27",slug:"magnesium-alloys-design-processing-and-properties",title:"Magnesium Alloys",fullTitle:"Magnesium Alloys - Design, Processing and Properties"},signatures:"Leszek A. Dobrzański, Tomasz Tański, Szymon Malara, Mariusz Król and Justyna Domagała-dubiel",authors:[{id:"15700",title:"Prof.",name:"Tomasz Arkadiusz",middleName:null,surname:"Tański",slug:"tomasz-arkadiusz-tanski",fullName:"Tomasz Arkadiusz Tański"},{id:"15880",title:"Prof.",name:"Leszek A.",middleName:null,surname:"Dobrzański",slug:"leszek-a.-dobrzanski",fullName:"Leszek A. Dobrzański"},{id:"15882",title:"MSc.",name:"Szymon",middleName:null,surname:"Malara",slug:"szymon-malara",fullName:"Szymon Malara"},{id:"15883",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Król",slug:"mariusz-krol",fullName:"Mariusz Król"},{id:"142678",title:"Dr.",name:"Justyna",middleName:null,surname:"Domagała-Dubiel",slug:"justyna-domagala-dubiel",fullName:"Justyna Domagała-Dubiel"}]},{id:"74167",title:"Solidification of Metals and Alloys",slug:"solidification-of-metals-and-alloys",totalDownloads:1199,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"In order to analyse the process of solidification of metals and alloys critically, it is most pertinent to understand the different modes of nucleation and the uneven rates of growth throughout the melt. It is also important to take a note of the constraints in the growth process that definitely influence the crystal structure and the structure related properties of the casting. The freezing pattern of the liquid melt decides the feeding of the mould which is instrumental in producing a complete and compact casting. For pure metals and even in case of alloys with a narrow freezing range a well defined solid–liquid macro-interface exists. Here feeding of the solidifying casting is the easiest, by the common lowering of the liquid metal surface in the mould. However, in many instances, a well defined interface is not witnessed. The solid–liquid interface could be discrete and not continuous. Here process of feeding the solidification sites that witness considerable shrinkages, may become complicated. On grounds of above it is implied, the process of solidification constitutes an important aspects in the production of a defect free casting.",book:{id:"10432",slug:"casting-processes-and-modelling-of-metallic-materials",title:"Casting Processes and Modelling of Metallic Materials",fullTitle:"Casting Processes and Modelling of Metallic Materials"},signatures:"Upendra Kumar Mohanty and Hrushikesh Sarangi",authors:[{id:"328540",title:"Prof.",name:"Hrushikesh",middleName:null,surname:"Sarangi",slug:"hrushikesh-sarangi",fullName:"Hrushikesh Sarangi"},{id:"328543",title:"Prof.",name:"Upendra Kumar",middleName:null,surname:"Mohanty",slug:"upendra-kumar-mohanty",fullName:"Upendra Kumar Mohanty"}]},{id:"48856",title:"Silicon Carbide in Microsystem Technology — Thin Film Versus Bulk Material",slug:"silicon-carbide-in-microsystem-technology-thin-film-versus-bulk-material",totalDownloads:2882,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:"This chapter looks at the role of silicon carbide (SiC) in microsystem technology. It starts with an introduction into the wide bandgap (WBG) materials and the properties that make them potential candidates to enable the development of harsh environment microsystems. The future commercial success of WBG microsystems depends mainly on the availability of high-quality materials, well-established microfabrication processes, and economic viability. In such aspects SiC platform, in relation to other WBG materials, provides a clear and competitive advantage. The reasons for this will be detailed. Furthermore, the current status of the SiC thin film and bulk material technologies will also be discussed. Both SiC material forms have played important roles in different microsystem types.",book:{id:"4721",slug:"advanced-silicon-carbide-devices-and-processing",title:"Advanced Silicon Carbide Devices and Processing",fullTitle:"Advanced Silicon Carbide Devices and Processing"},signatures:"Mariana Amorim Fraga, Matteo Bosi and Marco Negri",authors:[{id:"9292",title:"Dr.",name:"matteo",middleName:null,surname:"bosi",slug:"matteo-bosi",fullName:"matteo bosi"},{id:"38456",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariana",middleName:null,surname:"Amorim Fraga",slug:"mariana-amorim-fraga",fullName:"Mariana Amorim Fraga"},{id:"175671",title:"MSc.",name:"Marco",middleName:null,surname:"Negri",slug:"marco-negri",fullName:"Marco Negri"}]},{id:"46237",title:"Corrosion Resistance Through the Application of Anti- Corrosion Coatings",slug:"corrosion-resistance-through-the-application-of-anti-corrosion-coatings",totalDownloads:7391,totalCrossrefCites:11,totalDimensionsCites:32,abstract:null,book:{id:"3817",slug:"developments-in-corrosion-protection",title:"Developments in Corrosion Protection",fullTitle:"Developments in Corrosion Protection"},signatures:"Api Popoola, OE Olorunniwo and OO Ige",authors:[{id:"169258",title:"Dr.",name:"Patricia",middleName:null,surname:"Popoola",slug:"patricia-popoola",fullName:"Patricia Popoola"}]},{id:"46235",title:"Corrosion Detection for Automated Visual Inspection",slug:"corrosion-detection-for-automated-visual-inspection",totalDownloads:3567,totalCrossrefCites:18,totalDimensionsCites:32,abstract:null,book:{id:"3817",slug:"developments-in-corrosion-protection",title:"Developments in Corrosion Protection",fullTitle:"Developments in Corrosion Protection"},signatures:"Francisco Bonnin-Pascual and Alberto Ortiz",authors:[{id:"124589",title:"Prof.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Ortiz",slug:"alberto-ortiz",fullName:"Alberto Ortiz"},{id:"169256",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Bonnin-Pascual",slug:"francisco-bonnin-pascual",fullName:"Francisco Bonnin-Pascual"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"944",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"82118",title:"Surface Hardening of Stainless Steel",slug:"surface-hardening-of-stainless-steel",totalDownloads:24,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105036",abstract:"The addition of nitrogen to stainless steel improves mechanical and corrosion properties. Nitrogen-bearing stainless steel (HNSS) is a new corrosion-resistant alloy class exhibiting better tribological properties. High-pressure and powder metallurgy techniques were developed for the fabrication of HNSS. Solid-state routes allow nitrogen introduction through thermochemical, implantation, or plasma surface treatments. High-temperature gas nitriding (HTGN), carried out in an N2 atmosphere in the 1000°C range, allows N uptake, obtaining thick, ~0.5–1.0 wt.% N austenitic cases. HTGN is different from conventional nitriding, performed in the 500°C range, where intense CrxNy precipitation occurs, impairing the corrosion resistance. Low-temperature plasma nitriding (LTPN) introduces more N in solution, and colossal supersaturated expanded phases (~45 at.%N) are formed. N supersaturation and compressive stresses increase the hardness of the surface layer to 10–14 GPa. Ferritic, martensitic, duplex, and precipitation-hardened stainless steels can be surface-treated by LTPN, obtaining expanded ferrite and martensite. However, single LTPN stainless steel may prematurely fail when submitted to high loading, as the thin and hard expanded layers collapse due to lack of load-bearing capacity. Duplex-nitriding treatment (HTGN + LTPN) results in a thick nitrogen-rich hardened austenite substrate layer, granting mechanical support and adhesion to the expanded austenite layer.",book:{id:"11076",title:"Stainless Steels",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11076.jpg"},signatures:"André Paulo Tschiptschin and Carlos Eduardo Pinedo"},{id:"81579",title:"Welding Based Additive Manufacturing: Fundamentals",slug:"welding-based-additive-manufacturing-fundamentals",totalDownloads:30,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104768",abstract:"Additive Manufacturing (AM) has drawn abundant attention over the past decades in the manufacturing and fabrication industries, especially to make part models and prototypes. This chapter introduces a potential welding based AM process called Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) for the fabrication of near-net shaped metal components including stainless steel components. To start with traditional AM processes, various fundamental traditional AM for the fabrication of components have been presented. Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) has been explained with its variants, synonyms, different welding processes to suit WAAM particularly to weld stainless steel metal; primary process selections for working with WAAM, important metals, and alloys that could be used in WAAM have been elaborated. A case study for WAAM fabrication of AISI 316 L stainless steel plate is included to introduce the fabrication of metal components using WAAM. Further, the most common defects which possibly play a vital role in WAAM components fabrication and a few of the future challenges regarding WAAM development are discussed. Fundamental information covered in this chapter could be more beneficial to beginners for the understanding of WAAM process generally including stainless steel component fabrication in a lucid tactic.",book:{id:"11076",title:"Stainless Steels",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11076.jpg"},signatures:"Maruthasalam Sowrirajan, Selvaraj Vijayan and Munusamy Arulraj"},{id:"80664",title:"Dependence of Corrosion Resistance of Austenitic Chromium-Nickel Steels on the Magnetic State of Austenite",slug:"dependence-of-corrosion-resistance-of-austenitic-chromium-nickel-steels-on-the-magnetic-state-of-aus",totalDownloads:59,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102388",abstract:"Corrosive behavior of austenitic chromium-nickel steels from the magnetic state (parameter χ0) of austenite, pre-formed to interact with aggressive media are research. Correlation between the rate K of pitting corrosion and the specific magnetic susceptibility χ0 of austenite was experimentally established. It is experimentally established that the corrosion resistance of austenitic steels AISI304, 08Cr18Ni10, AISI 321, 08Cr18Ni10Тi (containing a low amount of δ-ferrite ∼0.005…0.5%) depends on the magnetic state of austenite: the corrosion rate of steel decreases with increases χ0 austenite. The tendency of change in the corrosion rate of austenitic alloy with a high nickel content 06Crh28NiMoCuTi (not contain δ-ferrite) has the opposite character: with increasing χ0, the corrosion rate of the alloy increases is revealed. For austenitic chromium-nickel steels, the corrosion rates of the individual (austenite (A), δ-ferrite (F), strain-induced α′-martensite (M)) and total (A + F, A + M and A + F + M) phases are determined. It is proposed to predict corrosion according to the specific magnetic susceptibility χ0 of austenite and the amount δ-ferrite.",book:{id:"11076",title:"Stainless Steels",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11076.jpg"},signatures:"Gennadii Snizhnoi"},{id:"80199",title:"The Evaluation of the Comparative Corrosion Behaviour of Conventional and Low-Nickel Austenitic Stainless Steel: Hercules™ Alloy",slug:"the-evaluation-of-the-comparative-corrosion-behaviour-of-conventional-and-low-nickel-austenitic-stai",totalDownloads:55,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102381",abstract:"Austenitic stainless steels require approximately 8% Ni to maintain austenitic microstructure at room temperature for alloys such as 304 stainless steel (304SS). Ni contributes approximately 60% of the total material cost and its price fluctuates, making the cost of austenitic stainless steel unpredictable. The use of low-nickel austenitic stainless steels as a substitute has been considered in order to remedy costs associated with Ni price fluctuations. Alloying elements such as Mn and N have been considered, however they have been found to reduce corrosion resistance. A new alloy namely Hercules™ has been developed with reduced Ni content (1.8–2% Ni). This chapter presents a comparative study of the corrosion behavior of Hercules™ and 304SS in different solutions. The alloys were evaluated using cyclic polarisation technique and immersion tests. The results demonstrated that the corrosion resistance of Hercules™ is comparable to that of 304SS. This presents the alloys as potential industrial substitutes of each other.",book:{id:"11076",title:"Stainless Steels",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11076.jpg"},signatures:"Duduzile Nkomo and Nomsombuluko Masia"},{id:"80346",title:"Nitrogen Supersaturation of AISI316 Base Stainless Steels at 673 K and 623 K for Hardening and Microstructure Control",slug:"nitrogen-supersaturation-of-aisi316-base-stainless-steels-at-673-k-and-623-k-for-hardening-and-micro",totalDownloads:59,totalDimensionsCites:1,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102387",abstract:"The high-density plasma nitriding at 673 K and 623 K was employed to make 10% of nitrogen supersaturation on AISI316 base austenitic stainless steels. The processing parameters and nitrogen-hydrogen gas flow ratio were optimized to increase the yield of N2+ ion and NH-radical for efficient nitriding. The nitrided AISI316 specimens were prepared for multidimensional analysis to describe the fundamental features of low-temperature plasma nitriding. First, macroscopic evaluation revealed that nitrogen supersaturation induced the γ-lattice expansion and the higher nitrogen content than 4% of mass in depth. The mesoscopic analysis describes the holding temperature and initial grain-size effects on the microstructure changes. Plastic straining, grain-size refinement, and nitrogen zone-boundary diffusion processes advance with nitrogen supersaturation to drive the inner nitriding behavior. The microscopic analysis explains the microstructure refinement, the two-phase structuring, and the microstructure modification. Through this multi-dimensional analysis, the essential characteristics of the low-temperature plasma nitriding of 316 austenitic stainless steels were precisely understood to extend the engineering treatise on the bulk nitrogen stainless steels for surface modification and treatment of stainless steels by nitriding. This plasma nitriding was applied to strengthen and harden the AISI316 wire surfaces toward its application on surgery wires.",book:{id:"11076",title:"Stainless Steels",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11076.jpg"},signatures:"Tatsuhiko Aizawa, Tomomi Shiratori, Tomoaki Yoshino, Yohei Suzuki and Takafumi Komatsu"},{id:"79904",title:"Corrosion Resistance, Evaluation Methods, and Surface Treatments of Stainless Steels",slug:"corrosion-resistance-evaluation-methods-and-surface-treatments-of-stainless-steels",totalDownloads:106,totalDimensionsCites:1,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101430",abstract:"Stainless steels are widely recognized and find applications in many engineering industries and companies due to their excellent properties including high resistance to corrosion as a result of their minimum 10.5% chromium content, exceptional strength and durability, temperature resistance, high recyclability, and easy formability. In the present book chapter, the basic concepts of stainless steel including its applications, classifications, and corrosion properties will first be discussed. Thereafter, their corrosion behaviour will then be explained. The various methods by which the corrosion resistance behaviour can be significantly improved including surface treatments such as coatings/electrodepositions, alloying, mechanical treatment, and others will be discussed in detail.",book:{id:"11076",title:"Stainless Steels",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11076.jpg"},signatures:"Temitope Olumide Olugbade"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:8},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:18,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:122,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:21,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403",scope:"Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a rapidly developing multidisciplinary research area that aims to solve increasingly complex problems. In today's highly integrated world, AI promises to become a robust and powerful means for obtaining solutions to previously unsolvable problems. This Series is intended for researchers and students alike interested in this fascinating field and its many applications.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/14.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"July 5th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:9,editor:{id:"218714",title:"Prof.",name:"Andries",middleName:null,surname:"Engelbrecht",slug:"andries-engelbrecht",fullName:"Andries Engelbrecht",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRNR8QAO/Profile_Picture_1622640468300",biography:"Andries Engelbrecht received the Masters and PhD degrees in Computer Science from the University of Stellenbosch, South Africa, in 1994 and 1999 respectively. He is currently appointed as the Voigt Chair in Data Science in the Department of Industrial Engineering, with a joint appointment as Professor in the Computer Science Division, Stellenbosch University. Prior to his appointment at Stellenbosch University, he has been at the University of Pretoria, Department of Computer Science (1998-2018), where he was appointed as South Africa Research Chair in Artifical Intelligence (2007-2018), the head of the Department of Computer Science (2008-2017), and Director of the Institute for Big Data and Data Science (2017-2018). In addition to a number of research articles, he has written two books, Computational Intelligence: An Introduction and Fundamentals of Computational Swarm Intelligence.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Stellenbosch University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:6,paginationItems:[{id:"22",title:"Applied Intelligence",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/22.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"27170",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlos",middleName:"M.",surname:"Travieso-Gonzalez",slug:"carlos-travieso-gonzalez",fullName:"Carlos Travieso-Gonzalez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/27170/images/system/27170.jpeg",biography:"Carlos M. Travieso-González received his MSc degree in Telecommunication Engineering at Polytechnic University of Catalonia (UPC), Spain in 1997, and his Ph.D. degree in 2002 at the University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC-Spain). He is a full professor of signal processing and pattern recognition and is head of the Signals and Communications Department at ULPGC, teaching from 2001 on subjects on signal processing and learning theory. His research lines are biometrics, biomedical signals and images, data mining, classification system, signal and image processing, machine learning, and environmental intelligence. He has researched in 52 international and Spanish research projects, some of them as head researcher. He is co-author of 4 books, co-editor of 27 proceedings books, guest editor for 8 JCR-ISI international journals, and up to 24 book chapters. He has over 450 papers published in international journals and conferences (81 of them indexed on JCR – ISI - Web of Science). He has published seven patents in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office. He has been a supervisor on 8 Ph.D. theses (11 more are under supervision), and 130 master theses. He is the founder of The IEEE IWOBI conference series and the president of its Steering Committee, as well as the founder of both the InnoEducaTIC and APPIS conference series. He is an evaluator of project proposals for the European Union (H2020), Medical Research Council (MRC, UK), Spanish Government (ANECA, Spain), Research National Agency (ANR, France), DAAD (Germany), Argentinian Government, and the Colombian Institutions. He has been a reviewer in different indexed international journals (<70) and conferences (<250) since 2001. He has been a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Image Processing from 2007 and a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems from 2011. \n\nHe has held the general chair position for the following: ACM-APPIS (2020, 2021), IEEE-IWOBI (2019, 2020 and 2020), A PPIS (2018, 2019), IEEE-IWOBI (2014, 2015, 2017, 2018), InnoEducaTIC (2014, 2017), IEEE-INES (2013), NoLISP (2011), JRBP (2012), and IEEE-ICCST (2005)\n\nHe is an associate editor of the Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience Journal (Hindawi – Q2 JCR-ISI). He was vice dean from 2004 to 2010 in the Higher Technical School of Telecommunication Engineers at ULPGC and the vice dean of Graduate and Postgraduate Studies from March 2013 to November 2017. He won the “Catedra Telefonica” Awards in Modality of Knowledge Transfer, 2017, 2018, and 2019 editions, and awards in Modality of COVID Research in 2020.\n\nPublic References:\nResearcher ID http://www.researcherid.com/rid/N-5967-2014\nORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4621-2768 \nScopus Author ID https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=6602376272\nScholar Google https://scholar.google.es/citations?user=G1ks9nIAAAAJ&hl=en \nResearchGate https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Carlos_Travieso",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"23",title:"Computational Neuroscience",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/23.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"14004",title:"Dr.",name:"Magnus",middleName:null,surname:"Johnsson",slug:"magnus-johnsson",fullName:"Magnus Johnsson",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/14004/images/system/14004.png",biography:"Dr Magnus Johnsson is a cross-disciplinary scientist, lecturer, scientific editor and AI/machine learning consultant from Sweden. \n\nHe is currently at Malmö University in Sweden, but also held positions at Lund University in Sweden and at Moscow Engineering Physics Institute. \nHe holds editorial positions at several international scientific journals and has served as a scientific editor for books and special journal issues. \nHis research interests are wide and include, but are not limited to, autonomous systems, computer modeling, artificial neural networks, artificial intelligence, cognitive neuroscience, cognitive robotics, cognitive architectures, cognitive aids and the philosophy of mind. \n\nDr. Johnsson has experience from working in the industry and he has a keen interest in the application of neural networks and artificial intelligence to fields like industry, finance, and medicine. \n\nWeb page: www.magnusjohnsson.se",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Malmö University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/24.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"294154",title:"Prof.",name:"George",middleName:null,surname:"Papakostas",slug:"george-papakostas",fullName:"George Papakostas",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002hYaGbQAK/Profile_Picture_1624519712088",biography:"George A. 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He has (co)authored more than 150 publications in indexed journals, international conferences and book chapters, 1 book (in Greek), 3 edited books, and 5 journal special issues. His publications have more than 2100 citations with h-index 27 (GoogleScholar). His research interests include computer/machine vision, machine learning, pattern recognition, computational intelligence. \nDr. Papakostas served as a reviewer in numerous journals, as a program\ncommittee member in international conferences and he is a member of the IAENG, MIR Labs, EUCogIII, INSTICC and the Technical Chamber of Greece (TEE).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"International Hellenic University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"25",title:"Evolutionary Computation",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"136112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura Soto",slug:"sebastian-ventura-soto",fullName:"Sebastian Ventura Soto",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/136112/images/system/136112.png",biography:"Sebastian Ventura is a Spanish researcher, a full professor with the Department of Computer Science and Numerical Analysis, University of Córdoba. Dr Ventura also holds the positions of Affiliated Professor at Virginia Commonwealth University (Richmond, USA) and Distinguished Adjunct Professor at King Abdulaziz University (Jeddah, Saudi Arabia). Additionally, he is deputy director of the Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI) and heads the Knowledge Discovery and Intelligent Systems Research Laboratory. He has published more than ten books and over 300 articles in journals and scientific conferences. Currently, his work has received over 18,000 citations according to Google Scholar, including more than 2200 citations in 2020. In the last five years, he has published more than 60 papers in international journals indexed in the JCR (around 70% of them belonging to first quartile journals) and he has edited some Springer books “Supervised Descriptive Pattern Mining” (2018), “Multiple Instance Learning - Foundations and Algorithms” (2016), and “Pattern Mining with Evolutionary Algorithms” (2016). He has also been involved in more than 20 research projects supported by the Spanish and Andalusian governments and the European Union. He currently belongs to the editorial board of PeerJ Computer Science, Information Fusion and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence journals, being also associate editor of Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing and IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics. Finally, he is editor-in-chief of Progress in Artificial Intelligence. 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He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. 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