Summary of various silica gel and hygroscopic salts based desiccant materials for atmospheric water harvesting found in the literature.
\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"8831",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Environmental Factors Affecting Human Health",title:"Environmental Factors Affecting Human Health",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Raising the average human lifespan by a decade or more will change our world. The future is not about whether this will happen; it is about what we should do when it happens. Even the most pessimistic assertions about the future of our environment are underestimating the extent of the problem. There is simply no model in which more years of life does not equate to more people and in which that does not lead to more crowding, environmental degradation, more consumption, and more waste. Hence, as we prolong life, these environmental crises will be further exacerbated. With current diets and production practices, feeding 7,6 billion people is degrading terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, depleting water resources, and driving climate changes. The challenges of today are not just population, and it’s not just consumption, it is waste also. Thanks to things such as cars, planes, big homes, deforestation and so forth, the annual carbon dioxide emissions of an average are three times as high as it should be. It is likely that this signals that the current level of dividends is unsustainable, hence, we use and return little of value to our natural world. In our book, we address the questions related to environmental health challenges that include contamination of air, water, and soil, and car transportation. In order to better understand natural, industrial, and social-environmental hazards, we have to think of them in a broader context (i.e., physical, chemical, biological, and cultural). We hope that the presented publication gives the reader a broader perspective on the issues related to environmental health challenges in contemporary society in the coming years.",isbn:"978-1-78985-528-9",printIsbn:"978-1-78985-527-2",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83962-853-5",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81138",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"environmental-factors-affecting-human-health",numberOfPages:190,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"88c049685e3808385ac61471dd7f4fbf",bookSignature:"Ivan Uher",publishedDate:"August 19th 2020",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8831.jpg",numberOfDownloads:7651,numberOfWosCitations:18,numberOfCrossrefCitations:22,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:37,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:77,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"February 4th 2019",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"April 12th 2019",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"June 11th 2019",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"August 30th 2019",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"October 29th 2019",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"227237",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Ivan",middleName:null,surname:"Uher",slug:"ivan-uher",fullName:"Ivan Uher",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/227237/images/system/227237.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ivan Uher is working as an Associate Professor at Pavol Jozef Šafarik University, Slovakia. His research includes the following fields: aging, physiology in sport and exercise, health and nutrition, lifestyle in prevention and treatment of health problems, and quality of life. He has more than 100 publications in scientific journals and books and has held lectures, seminars, and workshops in various conferences.",institutionString:"Pavol Jozef Šafárik University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"University of Pavol Jozef Šafárik",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Slovakia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1128",title:"Environmental Health",slug:"medicine-public-health-environmental-health"}],chapters:[{id:"69872",title:"Effects of Climate Change on City Life: Case Study in the City of Ambon, Indonesia East Region",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89812",slug:"effects-of-climate-change-on-city-life-case-study-in-the-city-of-ambon-indonesia-east-region",totalDownloads:777,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"It is no stranger that the diminishing amount of forest land to become non-forested in the world has changed the microclimate in almost all urban and rural areas. Thus it globally has triggered climate change. The influence of forests or vegetated areas on climate, especially the microclimate and mesoclimate, is important. The disrupted microclimate will cause anomalies in elements of the microclimate such as rainfall, air temperature, relative humidity, solar radiation, wind, etc. Microclimate changes will affect the presence of forests in the region because plants have a large dependence on climate and weather conditions. The impact of climate change that is beginning to be seen and felt today has caused discomfort for urban and rural communities. The aim of this present paper is to investigate the comfort level of the population and the availability of green open space (GOS) in Ambon City, Maluku Province, Indonesia. The city of Ambon turned out to provide less comfort for residents who live there. Extreme rainfall has triggered the occurrence of flooding and has been detrimental to city residents, especially during the rainy season. On the contrary, very hot weather in the dry season has made city residents uncomfortable. This situation was triggered by the expansion of settlement construction in protected forest areas as a result of humanitarian riots that occurred in years 1999–2002, limited GOS, and the effects of climate change.",signatures:"Gun Mardiatmoko and Jan Wilem Hatulesila",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69872",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69872",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"67704",title:"Investigating Effects of Climate Change on Health Risks in Nigeria",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86912",slug:"investigating-effects-of-climate-change-on-health-risks-in-nigeria",totalDownloads:1214,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Climate change has become a major challenge globally. Human activities have several direct and indirect impacts on health. In Nigeria, the impacts of climate change are more devastating due to their vulnerability and low coping capability. Studies on the impacts of climate change on health risks in Nigeria are scare. With this rationale, this study investigates the effects of climate change on health risks in Nigeria. Evidence abounds that climate change impacts in Nigeria arise from climate change-related causes such as increase in temperature, rainfall, sea level rise, extreme weather events and, especially, increased health risks. Health risks such as cerebra-spinal meningitis, cardiovascular respiratory disorder of elderly, skin cancer, malaria, high blood pressure and morbidity were identified as the direct consequences of climate change. The study concluded that government should raise awareness on adverse effects of climate change which is common among vulnerable groups, like women, children and rural dwellers in Nigeria.",signatures:"Ilevbare Femi Monday",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/67704",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/67704",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"69435",title:"Heavy Metals and the Environment",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86876",slug:"heavy-metals-and-the-environment",totalDownloads:929,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:11,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Global environmental contamination is one of the most significant environmental problems in contemporary society. Pollutants are entering the environment from different sources, and on the basis of their physico-chemical properties, they are transported and participate in biochemical cycles in the varied components of the environment, namely in the air, aquatic environment, soil and in rocks or segments. They enter the food chain through which they enter the human body, where they are transformed into either harmless metabolites (detoxification) that are easily excluded or else harmful, reactive products are formed. Heavy metals are one of the most dangerous groups of biologically important pollutants. The burden of the environment puts more significant burden on populations and ecosystems. They form integrant part of the earth’s surface and therefore are present throughout the land. We can utter that contamination of the environment and its consequences for living organisms have long been in forefront of the interest in scientific as well as lay community.",signatures:"Iveta Cimboláková, Ivan Uher, Katarína Veszelits Laktičová, Mária Vargová, Tatiana Kimáková and Ingrid Papajová",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69435",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69435",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"72683",title:"Sanitation and the Environment",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93106",slug:"sanitation-and-the-environment",totalDownloads:611,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The environment is severything that creates natural conditions for the existence of organisms, including humans, and is a prerequisite for its further development. Proper environmental hygiene can prevent the outbreak and spread of infectious diseases. The function of disinfectants is to kill and prevent the growth of microorganisms. Disinfectants are potentially noxious substances which are used in intensive animal production and disease control programmes. In fulfilling this role, disinfectants may also have an adverse impact on the environment. These products may harm beneficial microorganisms, plant and animal life, and even humans, when used without due caution. Proper selection of disinfectant which is based on the knowledge of the resistance of microorganisms to the effect of the disinfectant and the efficacy of the disinfectants as well as the potential negative impact on the environment minimizes the risk of microbiological contamination and improves quality of the environment.",signatures:"Mária Vargová, Katarína Veszelits Laktičová, Rudolf Hromada, Iveta Cimboláková, Ivan Uher, Ingrid Papajová and Korim Peter",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72683",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72683",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"67854",title:"Immune Alteration Caused by Fibrous and Particulate Environmental Substances",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86518",slug:"immune-alteration-caused-by-fibrous-and-particulate-environmental-substances",totalDownloads:848,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Fibrous and particulate environmental substances such as asbestos fibers and silica particles cause not only lung fibrosis but also various health disturbances. Asbestos induce malignant tumors such as pleural mesothelioma and lung cancer. Silicosis patients exposed to silica particles show complications of various autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, systemic sclerosis, and antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-related vasculitis/nephritis. The causative alteration of immune cells exposed to these environmental substances may form baseline modification of human immune system not only localized pulmonary lesions, alteration of alveolar macrophages, and others but also general immune system and changes of function in effector, regulatory, and cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells. In this review, both (localized and generalized) immune alterations caused by environmental fibrous and particulate substances are summarized and reported.",signatures:"Naoko Kumagai-Takei, Suni Lee, Kei Yoshitome, Nagisa Sada, Yasumitsu Nishimura and Takemi Otsuki",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/67854",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/67854",authors:[{id:"34101",title:"Prof.",name:"Takemi",surname:"Otsuki",slug:"takemi-otsuki",fullName:"Takemi Otsuki"}],corrections:null},{id:"72392",title:"Toward an Economic and Environmental Sustainability of the Health Systems of Western Countries",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88384",slug:"toward-an-economic-and-environmental-sustainability-of-the-health-systems-of-western-countries",totalDownloads:578,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"One of the pillars of well-being, together with education and social coverage, is health. The various health systems currently existing in the world, both in advanced countries and in developing countries, do not comply with the principle of equity and, therefore, the Charter of Human Rights, by not universally covering the entire population. The great economic differences continue to feed off the poorest. The causes of mortality are still different between both worlds. The objective of this contribution is to sensitize political leaders at the international level, so that they adopt global agreements on the adequate use of energy, access to health and universal education to benefit the planet and its population. Integrative medicine, implemented in advanced and developing countries, with the use of conventional and unconventional treatments, the latter endorsed with scientific studies, has shown in recent decades that increases the preventive and curative possibilities, reduces the effects side effects of medication and contributes to environmental and economic sustainability. International health agencies should consider the proposal of incorporating integrative medicine into health systems and allocate financial resources to validate those techniques or procedures that do not yet enjoy scientific evidence. The population and political leaders must be sensitized by the state through which the planet Earth passes, in order to take large-scale measures to address socio-economic and environmental crises.",signatures:"Andrés J. Ursa Herguedas",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72392",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72392",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"71739",title:"Seasonal Changes of Soil Organic Carbon and Microbial Biomass Carbon in Different Forest Ecosystems",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90656",slug:"seasonal-changes-of-soil-organic-carbon-and-microbial-biomass-carbon-in-different-forest-ecosystems",totalDownloads:924,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:16,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Soil organic carbon (SOC) and microbial biomass carbon (MBC) are important components of soil organic matter (SOM). SOC and MBC have generally recognized key parameters of soil quality and health, and also they have been linked to forest ecosystem productivity, using as a sensitive indicator for ecosystem monitoring programs. Both of them play a crucial role in the carbon cycle and influence many environmental, biological, and chemical factors. Soil organic matter decomposition by soil microorganisms contributes to the nutrient availability and release in an ecosystem. This interaction between SOM and MBC is managed in soil aggregation, soil porosity, moisture content, and aeration. Forest soils can store more carbon than other land uses because they contain a wide variety of soil microorganisms. Enhancing these two important components of soil can contribute to climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies. In this chapter, an overview of the understanding of the most important soil quality and health factors managed soil C in forest soils and provided how seasonal changes affect soil organic carbon and microbial biomass carbon.",signatures:"Emre Babur and Turgay Dindaroglu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71739",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71739",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"70690",title:"Sugar Industry Wastes as Wealth of Organic Carbon for Soil",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90661",slug:"sugar-industry-wastes-as-wealth-of-organic-carbon-for-soil",totalDownloads:897,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"The organic carbon management in the soil and its relationship with soil physiochemical and biological characteristics to increase the crop productivity have been described based on the byproducts of sugarcane. In this chapter, the available information on the nutrient content especially the organic carbon of various by-products of sugarcane, paves the way for incorporation of waste materials and its compost for improving the soil fertility by soil scientists and agronomists, and further, the ecologists will realize the importance of sugarcane waste and its meritorious characteristics of toxic residue free soil and food products in addition to reducing the emission of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere, especially methane and nitrous oxides due to applied of synthetic fertilizer in the cultivating field. We have compiled the information on relationship between organic carbon and soil characteristic, factors responsible for depletion of soil organic carbon and its management. The composting process for sugarcane press mud, bagasse, and trash to produce nutrient-rich manure for soil fertility management and its value on saving the purchase of chemical fertilizer leads to easy adoption of organic farming. Overall, we emphasized the importance of waste products of sugarcane and it’s nutritive value to increase the soil fertility, crop productivity, and farm income.",signatures:"Anbalagan Krishnaveni, Sivakumar Chinnasamy, Jamuna Elumalai and Pandiyan Muthaiyan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/70690",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/70690",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"68599",title:"Review of Environmental and Public Health Impact of Automobile Wastes and Automobile Transportation in Nigeria",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88491",slug:"review-of-environmental-and-public-health-impact-of-automobile-wastes-and-automobile-transportation-",totalDownloads:875,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Automobiles are machines designed for transportation; it is a self-propelled vehicle with power source for its propulsion and is used for transporting. Most vehicles imported into Nigeria are rickety and are mostly out of use, and since there is no regulation with regard to quality and quantity of vehicles to be imported coupled with lack of technology to deal with automobile waste, large volumes of automobile waste dot the Nigerian landscape. Negative environmental and public health issues of automobile waste and automobile transportation result from the fact that its several components (metals, metalloids, polymers, etc.) on decomposition or expiration release toxic substances such as phenols (C6H5OH), benzene (C6H6), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and so on into the environment, while on operation, automobiles are the most significant source of air pollution as unburnt diesel releases particulate matter (PM2.5, PM10), oxides of carbon, oxides of nitrogen, oxides of sulfur, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), smoke, soot and ash particles, metal oxides, as well as nitrate and sulfate groups. The aim of this work is to explore and draw out salient points from previous literature with regard to detrimental environmental and public health issues of automobile wastes and automobile transportation.",signatures:"John Kanayochukwu Nduka, Henrietta Ijeoma Kelle, Emeka Chima Ogoko and Perpetua Chioma Okafor",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68599",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68599",authors:[null],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1012",title:"Environmental Health",subtitle:"Emerging Issues and Practice",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fffc563f4aaa5e329ef6229fd0458d60",slug:"environmental-health-emerging-issues-and-practice",bookSignature:"Jacques Oosthuizen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1012.jpg",editedByType:"Edited 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The nodulation process in the legume-rhizobium symbiosis consists of a series of events initiated by an exchange of specific signaling compounds between the two partners. The roots of leguminous plants secrete flavonoids, which trigger the synthesis of lipochitin-oligosaccharide signaling molecules, Nod factors (NFs), by rhizobia. NFs activate nodule organogenesis in the roots by stimulating the division of cortical cells. Many nodule development stages resemble other plant organ development such as cell divisions and differentiations. Because phytohormones are signal molecules involved in most plant physiological activities, they are likely to positively or negatively regulate nodulation and nitrogen fixation in the legume-rhizobium symbiosis.
In this chapter, we review the roles of several key phytohormones, namely auxins, cytokinins, gibberellins, ethylene, brassinosteroids, abscisic acid, salicylic acid, jasmonic acid and strigolactones in nodulation and nitrogen fixation in leguminous plants.
Auxins were the first class of plant hormones discovered, and play a central role on the regulation of germination, plant growth, flower bud formation and flowering, and other developmental processes. In addition, auxins are involved in responses to environmental stimuli such as temperature, light and gravity. The most important member of the auxin family is indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), a native auxin in plants. The highest auxin levels are found in the cells undergoing cell division, elongation, differentiation and vascular bundle formation. Therefore, auxin may play a significant role in nodulation. The possible involvement of auxins in nodule formation was first reported by Thimann in 1936. Thimann reported that the nodules of
These reports also suggest that the auxin transport system is an important control on the number of indeterminate-type nodules. The effects of treatment with auxin transport inhibitors (NPA and TIBA) and with an auxin antagonist, α-(phenylethyl-2-one)-indole-3-acetic acid (PEO-IAA), on determinate-type nodulation were investigated by using
The role of auxins in nodulation is linked to the development of other root structures, such as lateral roots. Both lateral roots and root nodules development are known to be regulated by the auxin-to-cytokinin ratio. An increase in the auxin concentration stimulated lateral root formation, whereas an increase of in the cytokinin concentration or an inhibition of auxin transport induced the development of pseudo-nodules. Previously, it has been assumed that nodule initiation in plants that form indeterminate-type nodules is stimulated by a low auxin-to-cytokinin ratio [2]. Recently, Suzaki et al. (2012) investigated auxin distribution during root nodule development by using a DR5::GFP transformant of
Effects of phytohormones on nodulation process in leguminous plants. Effects of phytohormones on nodulation process in leguminous plants. Auxin and cytokinin are required for cortical cell division and auxin acts downstream of cytokinin signaling. Ethylene, gibberellin, and abscisic acid inhibit the cortical cell divisions and rhizobial infection.
Cytokinins have been found in all living cells of intact higher plants. Cytokinins play roles ranging from minor to major throughout development, from germination to leaf and plant senescence and modulate physiological processes important throughout the life of the plant, including photosynthesis and respiration [14, 15]. Cytokinins are also involved in as the control of root architecture development, including root nodulation.
In
Recent research has confirmed that cytokinin receptors also play a significant role in nodule organogenesis [22-24]. The gain-of-function
Exogenous application of cytokinins enhanced nitrogenase activity in nodules at all stages [25]. Rao et al. (1984) reported that the stimulatory effect of cytokinins increased the efficiency of nitrogen fixation. The application of cytokinins stimulated nitrate-induced nitrate reductase activity in the dark. Stimulation of nitrate reductase by cytokinins was inhibited significantly 6-methylpurine and cycloheximide, suggesting a requirement of RNA and protein synthesis [26].
Gibberellins (GAs) are another important family of growth regulators in higher plants. GAs are also involved in root nodule symbiosis. Mutants deficient in GA biosynthesis or signaling develop dwarf phenotypes [27]. The GA-deficient mutants
The F-box containing protein, SLEEPY 1 (SLY1), functions as a positive regulator in GA signaling. In the presence of GAs, SLY1 interacts with negative regulators of GA signaling, leading to the degradation of these negative regulators [32, 33]. The over-expression of
The application of a GA decreased nodulation and nitrogen fixation under optimal growth conditions [35]. However, in
Ethylene is a gaseous phytohormone involved in fruit ripening, leaf and fruit abscission, germination, seedling morphogenesis, root emergence, root hair elongation, promotion of flowering, senescence and stress response. Several studies have shown that ethylene production can have a negative effect on nodule formation. For example, ethylene production significantly increased in roots infected by rhizobia, and added exogenous ethylene can decrease the number of nodules [37, 38]. In
ACC deaminase catalyzes the degradation of ACC into ammonium and α-ketobutyrate. The ACC deaminase gene (
Brassinosteroids (BRs) are a group of plant steroid hormones that regulate a wide range of physiological responses, including cell elongation, photomorphogenesis, xylem differentiation, and seed germination. BRs are present in the plants in extremely low concentrations, but they are highly mobile within the plant. BRs supplied via the root system remarkably promoted the elongation of cotyledon petioles and the hypocotyls of young radish and tomato plants [56]. This study clearly demonstrated the mobility of BRs in the plant system.
In addition, application of BRs affected nodulation and nitrogen fixation in groundnut (
Abcisic acid (ABA) plays crucial roles in plant growth, development and responses to environment stresses such as cold, drought and high salinity. ABA has been reported to play negative roles at different stages of nodule development. The application of ABA inhibited nodulation in
The nitrogenase activity of nodules treated with ABA was lower than in untreated wild-type in
The role of ABA in autoregulation of nodulation was investigated in the
Salicylic acid (SA) is involved in plant responses to pathogen, and its mode of action has been well characterized. SA is an inducer of systemic acquired resistance in the defense responses to pathogen attacks. In terms of the interaction between plants and rhizobia, several reports have shown that SA strongly inhibits nodulation and nodule development, leading to decreased nitrogen fixation activity. When
Jasmonic acid (JA) is also involved in plant defenses against pathogens and in wound responses. JA has been reported to be a negative regulator of nodulation. In
Strigolactones (SLs) have been identified as phytohormones that are involved in the regulation of shoot branching in plants and thus have been suggested to be ubiquitous in the plant kingdom [88]. SLs are released by roots into the rhizosphere, and appear to stimulate germination of the seeds of parasitic plants such as
Globally, water scarcity is considered one of the prime issues in the upcoming decades. Almost 2.1 billion people are lacking access to clean and fresh water [1]. Figure 1 shows the water-stressed areas in the world. Middle East, Asia, South America, and some parts of Africa face water scarcity. Therefore, many studies have been investigated to supply enough water with cheaper, and portable methods [3, 4]. These methods include desalination, wastewater treatment, sewage recycling, and water harvesting from the atmosphere. The energy consumption in desalination systems is very high that is almost 50% of the cost, and make this technology inappropriate in most situations [5]. Also, seawater desalination is not suitable for remote areas and has many environmental problems. Thus, portable systems with less energy consumption are needed. Atmospheric water harvesting can be considered as a potential resource of fresh water in remote areas [6]. For this purpose, many researchers have introduced innovations for water production from humid air technology. This can be done by many ways i.e., using vapor compression cycle (VCC) [7, 8, 9, 10], thermoelectric cooling (TEC) [11, 12], absorption/adsorption refrigeration [13, 14], wind power with VCC [15], using solar chimneys [16, 17], using membranes [18, 19], and using adsorbent materials [20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27]. Figure 2 summarized the various technologies investigated in the literature for producing water from the humid air. The purpose of all these technologies is to produce water and are using worldwide depending on the conditions and the requirements. Among all these technologies, desiccant based atmospheric water harvesting (AWH) shows a great potential to extract enough amount of drinkable water with less energy consumption [6]. The adsorption based AWH is possible in dry and desert regions with the lowest relative humidity. This technology utilizes renewable energy sources (solar, wind, and low-grade biomass) which ultimately lead towards the cheapest and most efficient systems. This chapter focuses on the fundamentals and principles of adsorption based AWH. The progress and perspectives and associated adsorption based AWH systems are also discussed in this study. Moreover, energy-efficient desiccant materials along with the recently developed new generation MOFs for AWH are also highlighted in this study. The main purpose of this chapter is to introduce the importance of AWH by employing various efficient desiccant materials.
World map showing the water-stressed areas by 2040 reproduced from [
Summary of various technologies for water production from humid air available in the literature [
Atmospheric water harvesting could be considered as a huge renewable source of water that can provide enough amount of water, but unfortunately is ignored [29]. Conventional water harvesting was started first when a Russian forester built a stone condenser during 1905 and 1912 and was considered as the early Greek dew condenser [30, 31]. Ziebold tested with this type of condenser and named as “the aerial wells”, but unfortunately, this project was failed and the expected amount of water was not produced due to the low thermal conductivity and low heat capacity [32]. In 1957, a review was carried out on the absorption of water by the plants [33]. Since then several studies have been carried out focusing on the fog and dew harvesting by the plants and animals [34].
Modern AWH shifted towards the innovations, methods, and technologies that can provide a significant amount of water in remote areas [35]. As mentioned earlier in the introduction section, various new methods have been proposed for AWH i.e., VCC, TEC, using membrane and adsorbent materials. Among these, the fog water was first collected with the help of nets in 1956 [36]. Shi et al. replaced these traditional meshes with vertically arranged wires to avoid the problems of clogging [37]. Dew water collection considered as the alternative approach because it is not majorly affected by climatic conditions and can provide water in most of the ambient environment [38]. A lot of advancements have been done in the designs of active condensers after the commercialization of mechanical refrigerators in the 1980s. The desiccant based dew water harvesting was taken into consideration in the Nineteenth century, in which the various desiccant materials capture the moisture from the atmosphere during the night, and then releases the moisture in vapor form during the day. This method has been proved the most energy-efficient and reliable technology because it employs solar energy and can provide water anywhere and anytime in the world.
Atmospheric air is a mixture of nitrogen, oxygen, and argon gas, and water vapors with varying contents. The relative humidity (Φ), absolute humidity (ω), and the dew point temperature (Td) are considered as the most essential parameters of the air which can be used as the source of water. The relative humidity (Φ) represents the ratio of the partial pressure of water vapor (Pw) to the saturation pressure (Ps), while the absolute humidity (ω) represents the maximum amount of water that can be extracted from the air. The relative humidity can be expressed using (Eq. (1)) found in the literature [39, 40].
where, Φ represents the relative humidity, Pw denotes the partial pressure of water vapor, and Ps represents the saturation pressure. The relation between relative humidity, absolute humidity, temperature, and total air pressure can be described using (Eq. (2)) found in the literature [40].
The dew point temperature (Td) can be determined from (Eq. (2)) by solving for T at Φ = 1 for given air pressure and absolute humidity. The water vapor saturation pressure (Ps) at any temperature (T) can be described using (Eq. (3)), while the total air pressure (P) can be described using (Eq. (4)) found in the literature [40].
Total air pressure (P) is the sum of the partial pressure of dry air (Pa) and the vapor pressure of water in the air (Pw). The moist air enthalpy can be described using (Eqs. (5)–(7)) given in the literature [40].
where Ha term represents the enthalpy of dry air, Hwv term represents the enthalpy of the presence of water vapor, and Cp,a denotes the heat capacity of air (kJ kg−1 C).
Adsorption based AWH is unique in its way that it utilizes the desiccant materials to capture water vapors from the air and shows higher thermal efficiencies as compared to the traditional AWH systems. The main advantage is that the desiccant materials can be regenerated by solar thermal energy and the condensation process can occur at ambient conditions [41, 42]. Figure 3 shows the adsorption based AWH process which consists of two stages. In the first stage, the desiccant material in contact with the ambient air at night which adsorbs the water vapors. In the second stage, the desiccant material is packed into a closed system where a significant amount of heat is provided to regenerate the desiccant material. Due to the regeneration process, the material desorbs the water vapors, and the collected vapors will be condensed into liquid form. With this approach, the AWH can be possible in low relative humidity areas. A lot of advancement has been done in the material designs, and system developments. Figure 4 shows the dual-stage AWH device mechanism and prototype introduced in the literature [44]. A novelty in this device was that two adsorbent layers were used to improve the water production per day. The latent of condensation from the upper stage was used for the desorption purpose of the bottom stage. With this approach, the thermal efficiency can be improved, and this system can become more suitable for daily purposes. AQSOA Z01, zeolite material was experimentally tested and showed that a prototype can harvest up to 0.77 L/m2/day with an 18% increase as compared to the single-stage AWH device [44]. The results found that a temperature of 90°C on the solar absorber area can give a maximum water production for AQSOA Z01.
Adsorption-based AWH process consists of two stages. (a) Adsorption stage (water vapors from the ambient air adsorbed in the adsorbent). (b) Desorption stage (water vapors desorbed from the adsorbent and condensed into liquid form) [
Illustration of dual stage adsorption based AWH device. (a) Mechanism of dual stage adsorption based AWH in which adsorption process occurs during night when ambient air in contact with the adsorbent layer, while the desorption process occurs during day when device is closed, and heat is supplied to regenerate the adsorbent layer. (b) Dual stage AWH prototype consists of convection cover, solar absorber, adsorbent layer, and condenser [
Adsorption based AWH is a vital technology that can provide cost-effective water in arid areas. The vapor concentration in this technology can be achieved through desiccant materials which ad/absorb and desorb the water vapors from the air [45]. In this context, efficient desiccant materials are a key research priority and various materials have been developed. First, it was believed that the solid desiccant AWH systems can extract enough amount of water but requires a large amount of material which makes these systems very expensive [46]. Also, the operating costs of air blowers to circulate the air for both adsorption and desorption purposes make this system less attractive. However, the development of next-generation MOFs, nano-porous organic materials, and various composite desiccant materials shows great potential for AWH systems. Figure 5 shows the recent progress in adsorption based AWH systems. Ideal desiccant material should possess the required properties of stability, hydrophilicity, and pore diameter. Adsorption capacities and densities are of great importance in any practical application [51, 52]. The desiccant materials with type IV and type V isotherms are most suitable for this application [43]. During the adsorption process, the materials adsorption capacity should linearly increase with relative humidity, while in the desorption process, the materials desorption capacity should drop steeply with the increased temperature. In this regard, progress has been made and Kallenberger et al. developed a composite material by incorporating the calcium chloride into an alginate-derived matrix [53]. The water uptake capacity of this material was almost linear with relative humidity and when adsorption temperature increases to 65°C, the water uptake capacity drops which shows that the desiccant material can be regenerated at low temperatures. Also, recently developed MOFs show this type of flexibility to harvest enough amount of water at the lowest relative humidity conditions [27, 54]. After the desorption process, the inlet air of the condenser is the outlet air of the desorber. It is worth noting that both the desorption and condensation temperature should be carefully chosen to balance the specific water production per day per unit collector area (SWP), and the specific energy consumption per unit mass water production (SEC). In this regard, Tu et al. developed a powerful tool to determine the proper desorption and condensation temperature [46]. Figure 6 shows the optimal condensing temperature on the psychrometric chart in which the inlet air of the condenser is denoted by I (Ti, di), and the condensation states of the humid air are denoted by the stars on the saturated line. The tangent of the angle (θ) and SEC can be described using (Eqs. (8) and (9)) given in the literature [46].
Adsorption based AWH systems published in the literature. (a) Solar glass desiccant box type system [
The optimal condensing temperature on the psychrometric chart developed in the literature [
It is noted that when the line through the point I (Ti, di) is tangent to the saturated line, then the angle (θ) is at the smallest value, and therefore the condensing temperature at given inlet conditions for a minimum value of SEC can be obtained at the tangent point. An appropriate heat source and airflow rate can be chosen to find the optimum outlet air conditions of the desorber by using this tool.
Energy efficient materials must have high capacity of adsorbing and desorbing water from the air [55]. Heidari et al. investigated a novel desiccant based evaporative cooling system for production of water [56]. The results showed that the silica gel-based system can harvest up to 585 L of water during a week. Milani et al. investigated a small scale air cooled silica gel based wheel dehumidifier for extraction of water from the atmosphere [57]. It was found that the system can generate more than 5.2 L of water per day in the ambient conditions of Sydney. A simulation model on TRNSYS was also built and found that the system can generate a cumulative of 18.5kL of water in the ambient conditions of Abu Dhabi, 10kL of water in London, and 13.8kL for the ambient conditions of Sydney. Similarly, various desiccant materials based on the hygroscopic salts were also investigated to produce water from humid air. Table 1 shows the silica gel and hygroscopic salts-based materials used in atmospheric water harvesting systems. Hamed et al. investigated a system based on sandy bed impregnated with calcium chloride for atmospheric water harvesting [59]. The system was exposed to ambient air to absorbs the water vapors in the night and the desiccant material was covered with the glass layer where regeneration process will occur, and water vapors condensed into liquid form. It was found that the system can provide 1 L per m2 of water per day. Wang et al. investigated a semi open system with a novel composite sorbent of LiCl with active carbon felt (ACF) for water production from humid air [61]. The system was tested at different experimental conditions and found that 14.7 kg, 13.6 kg, and 12.5 kg of water was obtained at conditions of 85%, 75%, and 65% relative humidity, respectively.
Adsorbent | Material | Quantity | Water harvesting capacity | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Silica gel | Desiccant wheel | 585 L during a week | [56] | |
Hygroscopic salts | CaCl2/cloth | 1.5 L/m2 day | [58] | |
CaCl2/cloth sand | 1 kg | 2.32 L/m2 day | [26] | |
CaCl2/sand | 1 kg | 1 L/m2 day | [59] | |
LiCl/sand | 90 mL/day, 115 mL/day | [24] | ||
CaCl2/saw wood/vermiculite | 40–140 mL/kg/day | [60] | ||
LiCl/active carbon felt | 40.8 kg | 14.7 L | [22] |
Summary of various silica gel and hygroscopic salts based desiccant materials for atmospheric water harvesting found in the literature.
Zeolites are the family of porous crystalline and hydrated aluminosilicates that are widely used as the adsorbents in many applications. These materials can extract water from air at low relative pressures due to their affinity with water [62]. As zeolite materials have a framework structure, a high temperature is required to regenerate and desorb the water vapors. Table 2 shows the summary of some potential zeolite materials with efficient adsorption capacities. Furukawa et al. studied the zeolite 13X and found that it can harvest water up to 0.40 g/g at low relative pressures [63]. The adsorption properties of Li-X zeolite and Na-X were investigated and found that these materials can be employed to extract water from air [64]. The results found that Li-X and Na-X can extract up to 0.244 g/g and 0.192 g/g respectively. The kind of ion in this type of zeolites not only influences the amount of adsorbed water but also the energy densities and heat of adsorption. Despite the high performance, the energy requirements for desorption purpose restricts the zeolite materials to be used in AWH systems [52].
Adsorbent | Material | Water harvesting capacity | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Zeolite | Zeolite 13X | 0.40 g water/g zeolite | [63] |
Li-X-Zeolite | 0.244 g water/g zeolite | [64] | |
Na-X | 0.192 g water/g zeolite | [64] | |
AQSOA type zeolites | 0.1–0.3 kg water/kg zeolite | [65] |
Zeolite based desiccant materials for atmospheric water harvesting found in the literature.
MOFs have been researched for their water capture properties and they were found to be highly promising and energy efficient materials. Several members of the MOF family showed unprecedented water uptake property [63]. Specifically, zirconium MOFs made from Zr6O4(OH)4(-CO2)n secondary building units and carboxylate organic linkers showed very interesting properties in water adsorption [66]. MOF-841 was investigated and showed the maximum water uptake and maintained its structure over 80 adsorption–desorption cycles [63]. A similar trend was observed in other zirconium MOF named as MOF-801 which showed a water uptake at 10% relative humidity. Motivated by these results, MOF-801 based device was built and tested in Arizona, desert [49]. The device was consisted of two boxes, the inner box was open and holds the MOF material while, the outer box has a lid. The outer lid was open at night to allow the MOF-801 to in contact with ambient air and hold the water molecules in its pores and then the lid was closed in day and device was exposed to sunlight to regenerate the MOF material. This device was delivered 200–300 mL of water/kg of MOF/day at 20-40oC temperature and 5–40% relative humidity. This device showed remarkable results and proved as a first device in the history to extract water from the desert air. Table 3 shows the water harvesting capacities of potential MOFs. It can be seen that Co2Cl2BTDD material delivered 0.82 g of water/g of MOF under 5–30% relative humidity conditions [68]. It was found that the pore diameter of this material was above the critical diameter for water capillary action which enabled water uptake at the limit of reversibility. Figure 7 shows the framework structures of some potential MOFs used in AWH systems. The key in all MOFs is the framework structure which allow to trap water from low relative humidity conditions. The water harvesting through MOFs was moved to next level after the development of MOF-303 based device which showed extraordinary results at low relative humidity conditions and also exhibit adsorption and desorption cycles each on the scale of minutes [54]. This device was first tested in a laboratory and later in Mojave Desert at conditions of 10% relative humidity and 27°C and it delivered 0.7–1.0 L of water/kg of MOF/day [54]. It is clear from the discussion that MOFs can be considered as the potential and energy efficient materials for AWH. With these MOFs based AWH systems, not only clean water can be harvested in any climate but also to make this concept more mobile and dispensed [66].
Adsorbent | Material | Relative humidity (%) | Water harvesting capacity | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Metal–Organic Framework | MOF-801 | 20 | 2.8 L | [27] |
MOF-303 | 0.175 L/kg | [67] | ||
MOF-841 | 5–35 | 44 wt% | [63] | |
Co2Cl2BTDD | 5–30 | 0.82 g/g | [68] | |
UiO-66 | 40 | 0.052 g/g | [69] | |
Banasorb-22 | 0.08 g/g | [70] | ||
Cr-soc-MOF-1 | 70 | 1.95 g/g | [71] | |
HSO3-UiO-66 | 0.038 g/g | [69] | ||
IRMOF-1 | 0.11 g/g | [70] |
Metal–organic framework based desiccant materials for atmospheric water harvesting found in the literature.
Illustration of MOFs structures used in AWH systems.
Other adsorbent materials for AWH that have been interested and investigated in the last decade are nano porous super gels and super hygroscopic gels [72, 73, 74]. The main factors of these type of materials include the effective capturing of water molecules, high efficiency storage, and fast water desorption abilities under different climatic conditions [28]. Figure 8 shows the nano-porous super hygroscopic hydrogel employed to harvest water from highly humid atmosphere zones [73]. This hydrogel was made up of Zn and O atoms in a unique ratio of 1:1.1. It was found that this synthesized hydrogel has a high-water uptake of over 420% of its own weight. A steep increase in water absorption at high relative humidity of over 80% was shown by the hydrogel which makes it suitable for extraction of water from the humid air. The hydrogel showed the excellent stability for more than 1000 absorption/desorption cycles. It was concluded from the calculations that the absorption cycles of 15 min and desorption of 5 min could give the maximum fresh water of over 14 L/kg of hydrogel/day. Similarly Figure 9 shows the illustration of super moisture-absorbent gel water harvesting process [72]. The super absorbent gel consists of poly-NIPAM framework which ultimately expands the internal area of the gel and serves as a pathway for water during desorption process. It was found that this super absorbent gel in saturated condition can directly release 50% of the absorbed water within 15–20 min once it is slightly heated to 40oC (denoted the “express mode”). After this phase, the water can be collected via condensation process (denoted the “normal mode”). The super moisture absorbent gel showed two water releasing modes and both can be powered by solar radiation. The super gel-based prototype was also investigated, and it was found that it can produced about 20 and 55 L of water in 60% and 90% relative humidity, respectively. These hydrogels-based systems can be considered as the low energy consumption and cost-effective.
Nano-porous super hygroscopic hydrogel-based AWH. (a) The hydrogel is made up of Zn:O ratio 1:1.1 (blue balls for zinc atoms, yellows balls for oxygen atoms). (b) SEM image of the hydrogel showing porous network. (c-d) The prototype developed for the absorption characteristics of the hydrogel by floating on the sea surface. (e) Schematic of the AWH system based on super hygroscopic hydrogel reproduced from [
Super moisture-absorbent gel-based AWH. (a) Illustration of the AWH process (moisture captured by the SMAG and releases water under room temperature). (b) Schematic showing the moisture absorption enabled by the SMAGs. (c) Schematic showing the express and normal modes for water harvesting reproduced from [
The supply of freshwater to a rapidly growing world population is a great societal challenge. In this regard, several technologies have been developed and currently in use worldwide, but the advancements of additional methods for freshwater generation is very crucial to effectively address the global water scarcity. For this purpose, this chapter highlights the importance of adsorption based AWH which utilizes the desiccant materials to capture water vapors from the atmosphere and condenses into liquid form. The important water vapor parameters in ambient air are discussed in this study. The fundamental principles of adsorption based AWH are reviewed, moreover, the progress and perspectives in this technology also explained from the viewpoints of newly developed desiccant materials and the modified AWH systems designs. The study explores the energy efficient desiccant materials which are already employed in AWH systems. From the literature, it was found that the recently developed MOFs are promising due to their flexible nature and tailorable architectures and can harvest water from the atmospheric air at low relative humidity conditions. Some newly developed hygroscopic gels are also showing great potential to utilized in AWH systems. It was found that the temporal and spatial restrictions for AWH and as well as the energy requirements can also be reduced if the appropriate adsorbents are selected. The adsorption based AWH systems ensures no bulky equipment, more environment-friendly and cost effective. Thus, this study presents a comprehensive knowledge on AWH through adsorbent materials.
This work is carried out in the Department of Agricultural Engineering, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan-Pakistan. The work is financially supported by the Director Research/ORIC grants of Bahauddin Zakariya University (Multan), awarded to Principal Investigator Dr. Muhammad Sultan.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403",scope:"Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a rapidly developing multidisciplinary research area that aims to solve increasingly complex problems. 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He is a full professor of signal processing and pattern recognition and is head of the Signals and Communications Department at ULPGC, teaching from 2001 on subjects on signal processing and learning theory. His research lines are biometrics, biomedical signals and images, data mining, classification system, signal and image processing, machine learning, and environmental intelligence. He has researched in 52 international and Spanish research projects, some of them as head researcher. He is co-author of 4 books, co-editor of 27 proceedings books, guest editor for 8 JCR-ISI international journals, and up to 24 book chapters. He has over 450 papers published in international journals and conferences (81 of them indexed on JCR – ISI - Web of Science). He has published seven patents in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office. He has been a supervisor on 8 Ph.D. theses (11 more are under supervision), and 130 master theses. 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His research interests include computer/machine vision, machine learning, pattern recognition, computational intelligence. \nDr. Papakostas served as a reviewer in numerous journals, as a program\ncommittee member in international conferences and he is a member of the IAENG, MIR Labs, EUCogIII, INSTICC and the Technical Chamber of Greece (TEE).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"International Hellenic University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"25",title:"Evolutionary Computation",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"136112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura Soto",slug:"sebastian-ventura-soto",fullName:"Sebastian Ventura Soto",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/136112/images/system/136112.png",biography:"Sebastian Ventura is a Spanish researcher, a full professor with the Department of Computer Science and Numerical Analysis, University of Córdoba. 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He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. 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He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. 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\r\n\tThe environment is subject to severe anthropic effects. Among them are those associated with pollution, resource extraction and overexploitation, loss of biodiversity, soil degradation, disorderly land occupation and planning, and many others. These anthropic effects could potentially be caused by any inadequate management of the environment. However, ecosystems have a resilience that makes them react to disturbances which mitigate the negative effects. It is critical to understand how ecosystems, natural and anthropized, including urban environments, respond to actions that have a negative influence and how they are managed. It is also important to establish when the limits marked by the resilience and the breaking point are achieved and when no return is possible. The main focus for the chapters is to cover the subjects such as understanding how the environment resilience works, the mechanisms involved, and how to manage them in order to improve our interactions with the environment and promote the use of adequate management practices such as those outlined in the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals.
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