\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"3774",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Trends in Telecommunications Technologies",title:"Trends in Telecommunications Technologies",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"The main focus of the book is the advances in telecommunications modeling, policy, \r\nand technology. In particular, several chapters of the book deal with low-level \r\nnetwork layers and present issues in optical communication technology and optical \r\nnetworks, including the deployment of optical hardware devices and the design of \r\noptical network architecture. Wireless networking is also covered, with a focus on \r\nWiFi and WiMAX technologies. The book also contains chapters that deal with \r\ntransport issues, and namely protocols and policies for efficient and guaranteed \r\ntransmission characteristics while transferring demanding data applications such as \r\nvideo. Finally, the book includes chapters that focus on the delivery of applications \r\nthrough common telecommunication channels such as the earth atmosphere. \r\nThis book is useful for researchers working in the telecommunications field, in order \r\nto read a compact gathering of some of the latest efforts in related areas. It is also \r\nuseful for educators that wish to get an up-to-date glimpse of telecommunications \r\nresearch and present it in an easily understandable and concise way. It is finally \r\nsuitable for the engineers and other interested people that would benefit from an \r\noverview of ideas, experiments, algorithms and techniques that are presented \r\nthroughout the book.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-307-072-8",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-5877-6",doi:"10.5772/180",price:159,priceEur:175,priceUsd:205,slug:"trends-in-telecommunications-technologies",numberOfPages:780,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"f3dbabed739298bd4f93be0b050c5288",bookSignature:"Christos J Bouras",publishedDate:"March 1st 2010",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3774.jpg",numberOfDownloads:156693,numberOfWosCitations:109,numberOfCrossrefCitations:55,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:164,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:328,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"July 1st 2013",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"July 22nd 2013",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"October 26th 2013",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"January 24th 2014",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"February 23rd 2014",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"4780",title:"Prof.",name:"Christos",middleName:"J.",surname:"Bouras",slug:"christos-bouras",fullName:"Christos Bouras",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/4780/images/system/4780.jpg",biography:"Christos Bouras is Professor in the University of Patras, Department of Computer Engineering and Informatics. Also he is a scientific advisor of Research Unit 6 in Computer Technology Institute and Press - Diophantus, Patras, Greece. His research interests include Analysis of Performance of Networking and Computer Systems, Computer Networks and Protocols, Mobile and Wireless Communications, Telematics and New Services, QoS and Pricing for Networks and Services, e-learning, Networked Virtual Environments and WWW Issues. He has extended professional experience in Design and Analysis of Networks, Protocols, Telematics and New Services. He has published more than 450 papers in various well-known refereed books, conferences and journals. He is a co-author of 9 books in Greek and editor of 2 in English. He has been member of editorial board for international journals and PC member and referee in various international journals and conferences. He has participated in R&D projects.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"University of Patras",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"541",title:"Wireless Communication System",slug:"communications-and-security-wireless-communication-system"}],chapters:[{id:"9701",title:"A Novel PFC Circuit for Three-Phase Utilizing Single Switching Device",doi:"10.5772/8484",slug:"a-novel-pfc-circuit-for-three-phase-utilizing-single-switching-device",totalDownloads:4554,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Keiju Matsui and Masaru 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With a severe energy crisis facing the modern world, the production and utilization of energy has become a vital issue, and the conservation of energy has acquired prime importance. Energy production and consumption are directly related to everyday life in much of human society, and issues of energy research are extremely important and highly sensitive. Being aware of the global warming problem, humans tend to rely more on renewable energy (RE) resources.
In [1], scientists and researchers have tried to accelerate solutions for wind energy generation design parameters. Researchers claim that a short time, society, industry, and politics will welcome the use of wind energy as a clean, practical, economical, and environmentally friendly alternative. In an effort to approach a more sustainable world, after the 1973 oil crisis RE sources began to appear on the agenda, and wind energy attracted significant interest. Because of extensive studies on this topic, wind energy has recently been applied in various industries, where it has begun to compete with other energy resources [1].
Among the various renewable energy types as highlighted by [2], wind provides an intermittent but environmentally friendly energy source that does not pollute atmosphere. Wind power calculations are initiated from the kinetic energy definition, and wind power is found to be proportional to half the air density multiplied by the cube of the wind velocity. When seeking to determine the potential usage of wind energy, wind power formulation is derived first by use of kinetic energy definition and then by basic physical definitions of power as the ratio of work over time, work as the force multiplied by the distance, and force as the change of momentum. [2].
Reviews about many of the most important aerodynamic research topics in the field of wind energy are shown in the report of a different study [3] Wind turbine aerodynamics concerns the modeling and prediction of aerodynamic forces, such as performance predictions of wind farms, as well as the design of specific parts of wind turbines, such as rotor-blade geometry. The basics of blade-element momentum theory were presented along with guidelines for the construction of airfoil data. Various theories for aerodynamically optimum rotors were discussed, and recent results on classical models were presented. State-of-the-art advanced numerical simulation tools for wind turbine rotors and wakes were reviewed, including rotor predictions as well as models for simulating wind turbine wakes and flows in wind farms [3].
Concerning power density and its relation to wind speed, the report given in [4] presented the features of wind power distributions that were analytically obtained from wind distribution functions. Simple equations establishing a relationship between mean power density and wind speed have been obtained for a given location and wind turbine. Different concepts relating to wind power distribution functions were shown—among them the power transported by the wind and the theoretical maximum convertible power from wind, according to the Betz’ law. Maximum convertible power from the wind was explained within more realistic limits, including an approximate limit to the maximum power from a wind turbine, was obtained. In addition, different equations were obtained establishing relationships between mean power density and mean wind speed. These equations are simple and useful when discarding locations for wind turbine installation [4].
The range of wind power usage is scarce. One of the most important usages is electricity. Hubbard and Shepherd [5] considered wind turbine generators, ranging in size from a few kilowatts to several megawatts, for producing electricity both singly and in wind power stations that encompass hundreds of machines. According to the researchers’ claims, there are many installations in uninhabited areas far from established residences, and therefore there are no apparent environmental impacts in terms of noise. The researchers do point out, however, situations in which radiated noise can be heard by residents of adjacent neighborhoods, particularly those who live in neighborhoods with low ambient noise levels [5].
Wind power is used worldwide, not only in developed countries. Specific studies [6, 7] presented a detailed study of a Manchegan windmill while considering the technological conditions of the original Manchegan windmills. In addition, a wind evaluation of the region was carried out, the power and momentum of the windmills were calculated, and the results obtained were discussed, along with a comparison with the type of Southern Spanish windmill. These windmills were important for wheat milling and had been an important factor in the socio-economic development of rural Spain for centuries [6, 7].
Another example is considered in [8]. This study, conducted with reference to land in Syria, evaluated both wind energy potential and the electricity that could be generated by the wind. An appropriate computer program was especially prepared and designed to perform the required calculations, using the available meteorological data provided by the Syrian Atlas. The program is capable of processing the wind data for any specific area that is in accordance with the needed requirements in fields of researches and applications. Calculations in the study show that a significant energy potential is available for direct exploitation. The study also shows that approximately twice the current electricity consumption in Syria can be generated by wind resources [8].
The potential usage of wind power at Kudat and Labuan for small-scale energy demand was given in [9]. According to their statement, the acquisition of detailed knowledge about wind characteristics at a site is a crucial step in planning and estimating performance for a wind energy project. From this study, the researchers concluded that sites at Kudat and Labuan that they had considered during the study years were unsuitable for large-scale wind energy generation. However, they did confirm that small-scale wind energy could be generated at a turbine height of 100 meters [9]. In light of their findings, James and others [10] reported that the potential impact of the UK’s latest policy instrument, the 2010 micro-generation tariffs, is considered applicable to both micro-wind and photovoltaics.As the researchers observed, building-mounted micro-wind turbines and photovoltaics have the potential to provide widely applicable carbon-free electricity generation at the building level. Because photovoltaic systems are well understood it is easy to predict performance using software tools or widely accepted yield estimates. Micro-wind research, however, is far more complex, and in comparison, it is poorly understood [10].
Abdeen [11] addresses another example of wind power usage. As the researcher observed, the imminent exhaustion of fossil energy resources and the increasing demand for energy were the motives for Sudanese authorities to put into practice an energy policy based on rational use of energy. The authorities also based their conclusions on exploitation of new and renewable energy sources. It was pointed out that after 1980, as the supply of conventional energy has not been able to follow the tremendous increase in production demand in rural areas of Sudan; a renewed interest for the application of wind energy has been shown in many places. Therefore, the Sudanese government began to pay more attention to wind energy utilization in rural areas. Because the wind energy resource in many rural areas is sufficient for attractive application of wind pumps, although as fuel it is insufficient, the wind pumps will be spread on a rather large scale in the near future. Wind is a form of renewable energy that is always in a non-steady state due to the wide temporal and spatial variations of wind velocity. Results suggested that wind power would be more profitably used for local and small-scale applications, especially for remote rural areas. The study finds that Sudan has abundant wind energy [11]. Another recent study [12] considered the wind power in Iran. According to the study’s claims, climate change, global warming, and the recent worldwide economic crisis have emphasized the need for low carbon emissions while also ensuring economic feasibility. In their paper, the researchers investigated the status and wind power potential of the city of Shahrbabak in Kerman province in Iran. The technical and economic feasibility of wind turbine installation was presented, and the potential of wind power generation was statistically analyzed [12].
There are different types of wind turbines: bare wind turbines, augmented wind turbines, horizontal axis wind turbines, and vertical axis wind turbines, just to mention a few.
According to research findings as given by [13], the derivation of the efficiency of an ideal wind turbine is attributed to the three prominent scientists associated with the three principal aerodynamic research schools in Europe during the first decades of the previous century: Lanchester, Betz, and Joukowsky. According to this study, detailed reading of their classical papers had shown that Lanchester did not accept that the velocity through the disc is the average of the velocities far upstream and far downstream, by which his solution is not determined. Betz and Joukowsky used vortex theory to support Froude’s result and derived the ideal efficiency of a wind turbine at the same time. This efficiency has been known as the Joukowsky limit in Russia and as the Betz limit everywhere else. As the researchers suggested, because of the contribution of both scientists, this result should be called the Betz-Joukowsky limit everywhere [13]. The maximal achievable efficiency of a wind turbine is found to be given by the Betz number
The question of the maximum wind kinetic energy that can be utilized by a wind turbine, which is of fundamental importance for employment of wind energy, was reconsidered in [16]. According to their study, the researchers observed that in previous studies, an answer to this question was obtained only for the case of an infinite number of turbine-rotor blades, in the framework of application of the one-dimensional theory of an ideal loaded disk without loss for friction and turbulence taken into account. This implies that for an ideal wind turbine, the maximum energy that can be extracted from the wind kinetic energy, or the power coefficient, does not exceed the Betz limit. Based on the exact calculation of the Goldstein function, the researchers determined the maximum power coefficient of an ideal wind turbine having a finite number of blades. As was expected, the maximum turned out to be always lower than the absolute Lanchester-Betz-Joukowski limit. According to their findings, with an increase in the number of blades, the power coefficient rises approaching the estimate of Glauert for a rotor with an infinite number of blades, only if by taking wake flow twisting into account [16].
In a different proposal, Cuerva and Sanz-Andre´s presented an extended formulation of the power coefficient of a wind turbine [17]. Their formulation was a generalization of the Betz-Lanchester expression for the power coefficient as a function of the axial deceleration of the wind speed provoked by the wind turbine in operation. The extended power coefficient took into account the benefits of the power produced and the cost associated to the production of this energy. By means of the proposed simple model, the researchers evidenced that the purely energetic optimum operation condition giving rise to the Betz-Lanchester limit (maximum energy produced) does not coincide with the global optimum operational condition (maximum benefit generated) if cost of energy and degradation of the wind turbine during operation is considered. The new extended power coefficient, according to the researchers claim, is a general parameter useful to define global optimum operation conditions for wind turbines, considering not only the energy production but also the maintenance cost and the economic cost associated to the life reduction of the machine [17].
It was suggested in [18] that one could extract more power from the wind by directing the wind by a diffuser that could be incorporated into the system. The benefit of such a device is to decrease the size of the system and thus decrease its cost [18].
According to [19], the performance of a diffuser-augmented wind turbine has been established by matching the forces acting on the blade element to overall momentum and energy balances. Good agreement with experimental data was obtained [19]. Based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD), an actuator disc CFD model of the flow through a wind turbine in a diffuser was developed and validated [20, 21]. Their research presumed a flow increase could be induced by a diffuser. They showed that from a one-dimensional analysis the Betz limit could be exceeded by a factor that is proportional to the relative increase in mass flow through the rotor. This result was verified by theoretical one-dimensional analysis by the CFD model [20, 21]. Supporting the same idea, [22] Sharpe stated that it is theoretically possible to exceed the Lanchester-Betz limit. His study presented a general momentum theory for an energy-extracting actuator disc that modeled a rotor with blades having radially uniform circulation. The study included the effects of wake rotation. Although the study reports that the general momentum theory is well known, the fall in pressure that is caused by the rotation of the wake that the theory predicts, is not usually recognized. Accounting for the wake rotational pressure drop changes some of the established conclusions of the momentum theory that appear in the literature. The conclusion from the study is that the theory establishes no loss of efficiency associated with the rotating wake [22]. Experimental and numerical investigations for flow fields of a small wind turbine with a flanged diffuser were carried out in [23].
The considered wind-turbine system gave a power coefficient higher than the Betz limit, which they attributed to the effect of the flanged diffuser. The experimental and numerical results gave useful information about the flow mechanism behind a wind turbine with a flanged diffuser. In particular, a considerable difference was seen in the destruction process of the tip vortex between the bare wind turbine and the wind turbine with a flanged diffuser [23]. According to the findings given in [24], suitable techniques to convert a country\'s wind availability (mostly in the low-speed regimes) as a renewable energy source must be scrutinized in order to achieve effective and efficient conversion. In this study, the researchers described efforts to step up the potential power augmentation offered by the Diffuser Augmented Wind Turbine (DAWT). Modification of the internal profile of the diffuser occurred by replacing the interior profile of the diffuser with an optimized airfoil shape as the interior profile of the diffuser. Additional velocity augmentation of approximately 66% could be achieved with the optimized profile when compared to a diffuser with an original flat interior [24]. As was pointed out in [25, 26], although there is an increase in maximum performance of a DAWT that is proportional to the mass flow of air, with application of simple momentum theory, the amount of energy extracted per unit of volume with a DAWT is the same as for an ordinary bare wind turbine [25, 26].
Debate is ongoing around the issue of DAWT. In a recent study, a general momentum theory to study the behavior of the classical free vortex wake model of Joukowsky was used [27]. This model, as the researchers reported, has attained considerable attention as it shows the possibility of achieving a power performance that greatly exceeds the Lanchester-Betz limit for rotors running at low tip speed ratios. This behavior was confirmed even when including the effect of a center vortex, which, without any simplifying assumptions, allowed azimuthal velocities and the associated radial pressure gradient to be taken into account in the axial momentum balance. In addition, a refined model that remedies the problem of using the axial momentum theorem was proposed. Using this model the power coefficient never exceeds the Lanchester-Betz limit, but rather tends to zero at a zero tip speed ratio [27]. As asserted in [28], for reasons of energy and momentum conservation a conventional diffuser system, as it is commonly used in water turbines cannot augment the power of a wind turbine beyond the Betz limit. However, if the propeller of the turbine is embedded into an external flow of air from which by means of its static structure energy can be transferred to the internal flow through the propeller, the propeller can supersede the Betz limit with respect to this internal flow [28]. Features of such practical methods toward achieving such improvements in wind power are discussed in [29].
According to the report given by [30], the main problem of a wind turbine generator design project is the design of blades capable of satisfying, with optimum performance, the specific energy requirement of an electric system [30]. Simulations are very important to facilitate engineering and design of wind turbines for many reasons, especially those that concentrate upon reducing cost and saving human time. With regard to the designing the rotor blades, a CFD model for the evaluation of energy performance and aerodynamic forces acting on a straight-bladed vertical-axis Darrieus wind turbine was presented [31]. A modified blade element momentum theory for the counter-rotating wind turbine was developed [32]. This enabled the investigation of the effects of design parameters such as the combinations of the pitch angles, rotating speeds, and radii of the rotors on the aerodynamic performance of the counter-rotating wind turbine [32].
Vermeer and others surveyed wind farms. The focus of this study was on standalone turbines and wind farm effects. The survey group suggested that when assembling many wind turbines together, several issues should be considered [33]. Other research studies discussed the issue of optimizing the placement of wind turbines in wind farms [34]. Factors considered included multidirectional winds and variable wind speeds, the effect of ambient turbulence in the wake recovery, the effect of ground, variable hub height of the wind turbines, and different terrains [34]. A review of the state of the art and present status of active aeroelastic rotor control research for wind turbines was presented in [35]. A wind farm controller was reported in [36]. That controller distributes power references among wind turbines while it reduces their structural loads.
In this study the effect of losses are considered and discussed for bare wind turbines and for shrouded wind turbines.
In this section, one-dimensional fluid dynamics models are analyzed and formulated based on the extended Bernoulli equation [37], accounting for losses that are assumed to be proportional to the square of the velocity of the air crossing the rotor blades of the wind turbine. The performance characteristics of the wind turbine are given by the power and thrust coefficients. The efficiency of the wind turbine is addressed and its relation to the power coefficient is discussed.
While developing a model to describe the performance of a wind turbine, common assumptions regarding the fluid flow are as follows [18]:
The entire field is one-dimensional.
The fluid considered is not compressible.
The flow field in the proximity of the turbine is a pure axial flow.
Other assumptions are given for the specific models.
Consider a wind turbine that intercepts the flow of air moving with velocity
Schematics of the bare wind turbine. In the upper part, airstream lines are shown crossing the turbine\'s rotor. The velocity of the air at the rotor is the same based on the mass flow rate:
The steady state mass flow rate is given by:
The modified Bernoulli equation (with reference to the turbine head), which describes the energy balance through the wind turbine, is written between the entrance and exit sections, and is given by:
In this equation
Equations (2) and (3) are rearranged and the head of the turbine is given by:
The power output from the turbine,
From equation (5) we can determine the power coefficient, CP, by:
The developed thrust,
The thrust coefficient,
Equations (5) and (7) are governed by the following relationship:
By observation, the velocity of air decreases toward the downstream. Therefore, we can simplify calculations by introducing the parameter,
Equating equations (5) and (9) gives the velocity of the air,
The normalized loss coefficient is defined by:
Equations (11) and (12) are useful to calculate the power coefficient (equation (6)) and the thrust coefficient (equation (8)). For the case where the losses are negligible, the known results in the literature are reproduced and given by the following equations:
The downstream velocity is given by:
The power coefficient is given by:
The thrust coefficient is given by:
Inversing the relation given in equation (15), the parameter,
Finally, the power coefficient as a function of the thrust coefficient is given by:
In order to exploit wind power as economically as possible, it was suggested that the wind turbine should be enclosed inside a specifically designed shroud [38, 39]. Several models were reported in the literature to analyze wind turbine rotors surrounded by a device (shroud), which was usually a diffuser [18, 25, and 26]. Others suggested different approaches [28].
In this section, the extended Bernoulli equation and mass and momentum balance equations are used to analyze the augmented wind turbine. The power coefficient and the thrust coefficients are derived, accounting for losses in the same manner as was done for the bare turbine case. The efficiency of the wind turbine could be defined as the ratio of the net power output to the energy input to the system. The efficiency based on this definition agrees with the Betz limit.
The schematics of the shrouded wind turbine are shown in Figure 2.
Schematics of the shrouded wind turbine. There is a vertical element at the exit of the wind turbine. This element contributes to reducing the power at the downstream side of the turbine, an effect that extracts more air through the wind turbine. (Idea reproduced similar to the description given by Ohya [
This type of design has been recently reported [40], and it was shown that the power coefficient is about 2-5 times greater when compared to the performance of the bare wind turbine. The vertical part at the exit of the shroud reduces the pressure and therefore, the wind turbine draws more mass.
The balance equations are followed in the same manner as for the bare wind turbine. The modified Bernoulli equation differs by the pressure at the exit and is given by:
The pressure drop between inlet and outlet (
The power coefficient for the shrouded wind turbine is given by:
The thrust coefficient is given by:
Manipulating equations (9)-(12) makes it possible to produce sample plots to consider in the next section.
Usually, efficiency is defined as the ratio between two terms: the amount of net work,
As was observed by Betz, the maximal achievable efficiency of the bare wind turbine is given by the Betz number
In a different approach, a model to estimate the efficiency of a wind turbine was introduced [41] and the efficiency at maximum power output
The derived value for the efficiency at maximum power operation was shown to be a function of the Betz number,
This value is 36.2%, which agrees well with those for actually operating wind turbines.
With an algebraic manipulation this expression could be approximated by:
The expression given in equation (24) differs by only a small percentage when compared to equation (23). With the aid of equation (24), one could estimate the efficiency as 8/23.
As compared to the efficiency of heat engines, the system efficiency could be defined as the mean value between the maximum efficiency (Carnot efficiency) and the efficiency at maximum power point (Curzon-Ahlborn efficiency). Thus, the efficiency of the wind turbine system
If equation (23) is used while neglecting the contribution of the Number
The golden section has been considered in different disciplines as a measure of beauty [42-49]. The schematics of the golden section are given in Figure 3.
Schematics of the golden ratio. In the upper part to the left, the oval shape is divided into two parts,
In the upper part of the figure, the oval shape is divided into two parts, x and 1-x (as can be seen in the left side of the figure). In the right side, the same oval shape depicts the relation to quantities considered in engine machines. In the lower part of Figure 3, a golden section construction is depicted using the isosceles triangle with sides of unity and base triangle of 72°. If we apply the result of the golden section ratio (the golden section ratio is related to the sine of the angle of 18º, thus
The golden section beauty can be related to wind turbines if we recall that the kinetic energy of the wind usually splits into two parts: useful and rejected. According to the Betz limit, about 60% of the energy is used to produce electric power and the rest is rejected. On the other hand, the real wind turbines extract about 40% and the rest is wasted. These findings are in match with the golden section division (61.8% and 38.2%). One could conclude by asking: Is this just a fortuitous result or is there something more deep and inherent in the beauty of nature?
In terms of wind turbine efficiency, it is possible to highlight different parts of the turbine when estimating its value. Most of the studies discussed above considered extracting power from the kinetic energy of the wind. This could be defined as kinetic energy efficiency
Schematic of the cross section of the rotor blades. The cross section illustrates the fact that the physical body of the rotor blades blocks some of the air particles, reducing potential power production from the air. The blocking efficiency can be defined as
In this section sample, plots of the results are considered.
The one-dimensional bare wind turbine model without losses has been treated extensively and is well documented in textbooks [15]. The velocity of the air crossing the wind turbine velocity is assumed to be a fraction of the upstream air velocity. This fraction is introduced as a parameter,
Power and thrust coefficients for the ideal bare wind turbine as a function of the parameter a (the ratio between the air velocity crossing the turbine blades and the upstream velocity of the air). The plot is reproduced similar to what is known in the literature, but highlighting the physical region (0<
For explicit presentation, the physical range of parameter
Power coefficient for the ideal bare wind turbine as a function of the thrust coefficient. The plot has been extended to include the non-physical region as was done in
Two important points must be noted on such a plot: the maximum power coefficient (the Betz limit) for which the thrust coefficient receives a value of 8/9; and the maximum thrust (with the value of unity), for which the power coefficient gets a value of 1/2. These relations can be checked using equation (9), or more explicitly by using equation (17).
In this section, sample plots are given to demonstrate the effect of the losses as modeled in section 2.2. The losses are due to friction and are modeled as proportional to the velocity of the square of the velocity of the air flowing through the wind turbine. The plots are prepared for three different values of the non-dimensional loss coefficient C*loss: 0, 0.05, and 0.1. Figure 7 shows a plot of the power coefficient and of the thrust coefficient as a function of parameter
Power and thrust coefficients for the bare wind turbine as a function of parameter
It is clear from the figure that there is degradation in both coefficients in the order of a few percentage points. The two points (maximum power coefficient and maximum thrust coefficient) can be better visualized as illustrated by Figure 8.
Power coefficient for the bare wind turbine as a function of the thrust coefficient, accounting for frictional losses, with different values.
The shrouded wind turbine was analyzed based on the extended Bernoulli equation, while accounting for frictional losses in the same manner as was done for the bare wind turbine. The increased air mass flow due to the larger drop in pressure was modeled as proportional to the kinetic energy difference, using the coefficient
Power coefficient for the shrouded wind turbine as a function of parameter
The maximum power coefficient and the maximum thrust points are illustrated in Figure 11.
By consulting Figure 11, one can observe that both maximum points are degraded by an increasing loss coefficient.
As was considered by Betz, the power coefficient as originally defined agrees with the definition of efficiency for a device that extracts work from a given amount of energy. Thus, for the bare wind turbine, the maximum efficiency that could be extracted is actually given by the Betz limit. The effect of friction on wind turbine efficiency, as was expressed through the power coefficient, decreases with friction. A similar observation could be stated for the shrouded wind turbine if we use the definition as given by equation (22). Accordingly, the Betz limit is exceeded, that is, the shrouded wind turbine produces more power, but the amount of energy extracted per unit of volume with a shroud is the same as for an ordinary bare wind turbine. These results were found to be in agreement with results observed in [Van Bussel, 2007]. The efficiency of maximum power output that was observed by the finite time analysis was approximately 36%, which is comparable to experimental findings [14]. When compared to heat engines, the efficiency of the wind turbine could be expressed in terms of the Betz number by using equation (23). If the Betz number is substituted, the efficiency could be approximated as 47%, but if the other factors are taken into account, the practical efficiency could reach much lower values.
Thrust coefficient for the shrouded wind turbine as a function of parameter
One could suggest ideas to increase power extraction from the wind, thus decreasing the overall cost. One suggestion is the bottoming wind turbine; another is the
According to Betz, the maximal power extraction efficiency is 16/27. If it is possible to extract energy from the downstream expelled air, assuming the same limit exists, one could estimate an extra amount of 11/27*16/27 which is approximately 24%. This estimate suggests adding a smaller bottoming rotor behind the main larger rotor. The idea of the bottoming wind turbine is depicted schematically in Figure 12.
Power and coefficients for the shrouded wind turbine as a function of the thrust coefficient, accounting for frictional losses and for augmentation coefficient
Schematics of the bottoming wind turbine idea. The main rotor is the first to intercept the airflow. Outlet air is then directed to the secondary rotor. The attractiveness of this idea is to gain more output with the same tower installation, reducing the inherently larger cost of erecting multiple towers.
Considering the shrouded wind turbine as being a relatively small device is given (sometimes called flower power while searching the web), one could suggest installing different devices on the same tower. Such an arrangement reduces the cost of the installation. The idea is depicted schematically in Figure 13.
Schematics of
In this study, wind turbine power was reconsidered. At the beginning, a literature review was given with relation to the potentiality of wind power, worldwide applications of wind power, and different factors that affect the performance of wind turbines, especially those related to one-dimensional modeling of the flow through the wind turbine. Later, different models were addressed, taking into account the effect of friction, which is usually neglected in the literature. In this study, friction is modeled to be proportional to the square of the velocity of the air crossing the wind turbine blades. The bare wind turbine model and the shrouded wind turbine model were analyzed based on the following balance equations: the mass balance equation, the momentum balance equation, and the energy balance equation that is exposed in the form of an extended (modified) Bernoulli equation. Through the analysis it was observed that both the power coefficient and the thrust coefficient degrade with friction. As was noticed in previous studies, the power coefficient given by the Betz number is the efficiency of the wind turbine (originally derived for the bare wind turbine). Following the same type of definition, a similar expression for the shrouded wind turbine could be derived. In a different approach, the wind turbine could be analyzed using finite time methods, as was given by [14]. In this study, the results were briefly summarized.
The well-known golden ratio usually is considered as a measure of beauty. It is interesting to notice that the Betz number differs from the golden ratio by only 4% (0.618 compared to 16/27=0.593).
In an effort to explain the discrepancy between theoretical efficiency and practical or measured efficiencies, different factors that affect the extraction of wind power are considered. These include mechanical friction, conversion efficiency to electricity, and blockage efficiency, which accounts for the blocked amount of air (usually is not mentioned in the literature), thus reducing the power output.
Finally, plots were given to suggest ways of assembling wind turbines to gain more of wind power for each tower installation.
Japan’s social systems very much focus on a rapidly aging society. The population started and kept declining after the peak of 2008, and the population pyramid is base-shaped [1], suggesting that fewer young generations need to support the retired. Building or rebuilding the community to accommodate the daily lives of the older adult whose kins do not live together or close to them is critical. We have a well-developed public system to provide older adults with welfare services for long-term care insurance. The problem is its sustainability because of the shrinking population, especially those who pay taxes. The national government pushes community inclusiveness providing community members with comprehensive care. Comprehensive care is mutually exchanged among community members. All members can be a provider and benefiter of the care [2].
It is said that the Japanese values ties within close relationships such as family. We tend to have clear boundaries of “Uchi” (meaning insiders) and “Soto” (meaning outsiders). We appreciate family ties, of which the negative side is independence from the outsider [3]. This aspect makes the Japanese think being not independent is a shame and can cause social isolation when individuals in need do not live with or close to other family members. The family is nowadays nuclear, and generations within a family tend to live in separate locations. With this background, the need for public long-term care services is increasing [4], while the market for private eldercare services is also expanding.
On the other hand, Japanese culture is based on farming, in which mutual support was necessary to sustain the business, such as the management of water and land in the community [3]. Many neighborhood communities are used to or still have good supporting systems on such a base in the culture. Community members take care of each other on a daily base. However, such communities are aging and losing their support systems.
Regaining or gaining capacities for managing mutual support systems in the community is needed, considering the financial backgrounds and societal changes.
The macro perspective comes down to social work practices. In Japan, social work is majorly driven by the public sector. “Social worker” in Japan is usually a nationally qualified social worker (“Shakaifukushishi” in Japanese) or mental health and welfare worker (“Seishinhokenfukushishi”) [5]. However, qualifications are not always required. Social workers are also called different names depending on the workplace, such as “life counselor” (“Seikatsusoudainin”) in the eldercare facilities and “medical social worker” (“Iryo” social worker) in hospitals.
Major employees of social workers in Japan are hospitals or clinics and private medical or welfare companies who contract with local governments to support the management of their long-term care welfare services as subsidiaries.
Social workers, with or without the public qualification, play roles in the delivery processes of long-term care welfare services provided in the community. Although the data is limited to those with the public qualification, about 40% of social workers work for the eldercare facilities, and 14% work for medical care facilities [6]. The data suggests that many social workers play important roles as life counselors in the more general term in Japan.
Life counselors provide consultation and support services to the older adults with disabilities, and their families. Those clients are users of eldercare homes, daycare services, and other long-term care welfare facilities. Specifically, they serve as the point of contact for the facility, receiving consultation from the users and their families, performing procedures for admission and discharge from the facility, and communicating and coordinating with the relevant authorities. They are sometimes called “support counselors,” and their job description is the same as that of life counselors.
I used to work with social workers in the community. Many are staff members of the companies contracted with the local government. Social workers are responsible for a particular serving area that is geographically determined. The zoning is based on middle schools, which are areas for individuals to live their daily lives.
In 2016, their job description was changed with the need to rebuild the community’s capacities. Although the previous responsibilities included coordination of the services, and they were required to collaborate with other organizations to orchestrate resources to benefit insured clients efficiently and effectively, they now are responsible for facilitating community capacity building. It is a huge additional component that requires them to communicate more and better with professional and community organizations. The community usually has its organizational systems with small committees for child welfare, eldercare, security, natural disaster mitigation, etc. Older communities face the challenges of sustaining the system because fewer younger participate in activities, while newly developed communities face the challenges of building such systems. Those organizational systems are enhancers most times, but they can hinder (re)building community capacities. Hospitals and clinics, and private care providers for the medical and long-term care services in the community are important resources, and their participation in the community capacity building is critical. However, the hierarchy between medicine and welfare can be a hurdle toward the goal.
While I attended social workers’ challenges in facilitating community capacity building, I realized that the internal capacity was also being developed. The whole process was new to the organization, and it was very important for social workers to share their experiences and lessons learned. The center’s director for community comprehensive care services was keen on such needs among staff members. He invited me to such meetings of the sharing, and I occasionally supported meetings. Though it is anecdotal, those internal communication processes secured by the director’s leadership enhanced the organizational development and social workers’ performances in the community.
In the 2020 spring, the COVID-19 pandemic started challenging our resilience. For many organizations in social work in Japan and other countries, there must be very challenging moments.
When we are flexible and creative, we become resilient and even better under such supposedly bad situations. Organizational performances heavily depend on how well members communicate with each other, affecting flexibility. Being creative requires diversity. From the future perspective, the leader in social work should be even more concerned about the importance of internal communication processes with their quality of diversity.
This chapter focuses on internal and organizational communication processes and their relationship with the leadership in social work. The concept and tool I introduce will apply to the context across organizations. However, the effects of the enhanced organizational capacity with the base of internal communication processes will cascade to the serving community.
Complexity science is originally derived from the natural sciences of biology and physics and has no single original theory to explain it. It has been applied in the social sciences to address problems and issues in human society. We are also surrounded by many complex systems, such as traffic jams, stock and futures trading, etc. An organization composed of multiple individuals is a social complex system [7].
In modern society, we benefit from information and logistics technologies, which not only connect the world and allow us to be informed about events such as natural and human disasters in distant countries but also affect our lives in many ways. Almost all systems in this modern society are connected, creating a huge complex system as a whole. There are several characteristics of a complex system. However, the most important ones are having a specific origin, having a regularity even though the way it spreads is difficult to understand, and interacting with the surrounding external systems and other systems that exist alongside it [7].
Most human activities are communication. We live our lives with others, and “relating” is communication, exchanging information in all its forms. Shannon and Weaver’s most fundamental theory of communication frames and explains the essence of communication [8].
The sender sends a message with an intention. The receiver of the information receives it through a filter of interpretation. Noise exists in the process of transmission and reception, and when the intention at the time of transmission is expressed, it becomes something different from its original form (symbolization). The receiver’s interpretation deciphers it, but there is a twist. Furthermore, the receiver becomes an information transmitter that provides feedback based on interpretation. It may seem like a simple exchange of information, but in fact, various factors are involved, and it is not easy for the sender’s intentions to arrive at the receiver’s side as it is.
The term “butterfly effect” is used to express a slight change in the state of a dynamic system that causes the system’s subsequent state to be significantly different from what it would have been without the slight change [9]. Also, in the communication process, a small element can greatly change the outcome. For example, is there someone you know or a friend of yours who somehow makes you feel more energized when you talk with him or her? In communicating with that person, there may be expressions present in the information provider, which lead to good interpretations. For example, a terrific caregiver professional I know practices “hand-holding.” As the term implies, it is a light touch of the hand on the other’s shoulder when listening to a story. It is an expression of caring. Others may include sitting so that you are facing diagonally rather than face to face in the consultation process, smiling a little when you greet someone and other casual gestures that can make a big difference.
Leadership styles matter the organizational performance. Fiedler (1996) argues that effective leadership is critical for the success or failure of a group, organization, or country [10]. For organizations to become capable enough to cope with the increasing volatility and turbulence of the external environment, leaders should be trained and equipped with the necessary skills [11, 12, 13]. It is very applicable to the ever-changing circumstances caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, and effective leadership is indeed needed.
In the area of management, the relationship between leadership styles and performance has been plentifully discussed [14, 15]. The study’s results are that the democratic and participative leadership styles tend to yield more success for the organization [16].
Among mainly case studies that provide evidence for the relationship between leadership and performance in general (for example, [17, 18, 19]), Thorlindsson (1987) conducted an empirical study that assessed the impact of leadership on performance in the context of Icelandic fishing ships [19]. Analyses of the study data over three years revealed that the captains’ leadership qualities accounted for 35–49% of the variation in the catch of crews. Pointing out the limited empirical evidence of leadership and organizational performance, Ogbonna and Harris (2013) examined the relationship between the leadership style and organizational performance with mediating effects on organizational culture among the middle and large companies in the United Kingdom. They analyzed survey data from 322 key informants who knew various tactical and strategic activities of their companies and found that the associations between the leadership style and the organizational performance were all mediated by some form of organizational culture. They also pointed out that among all of the leadership styles that were indirectly significantly associated with the organizational performance, instrumental leadership styles that focus on exchange [20] were negatively related. In contrast, supportive and participative leadership styles were positively related.
Looking at the area close to social work, the empirical evidence of leadership styles is limited but exists in the management of eldercare homes. Donoghue and Castle (2009) examined the relationship between eldercare home administration (NHA) leadership styles and caregiver turn- over from 2900 eldercare homes [21]. They found that the NHAs’ leadership style that heard and acted upon their employees’ voices (i.g., consensus manager) was associated with the lowest turnover levels. In contrast, the other that did not communicate with their employees about decision making or expectations (i.g., share-holder manager) was associated with the highest turnover levels [21]. Adding the aspect of directors of eldercare homes (DONs) along with NHAs, Castle and Decker (2011) assessed how the top eldercare home management leadership styles were related to the care quality and other performance indices [22]. Their findings showed that a consensus manager leadership style was strongly associated with better quality.
As the research on leadership styles suggests, it would say that leadership styles that are supportive and participative with bi-directional communication processes, including listening and acting upon the employee’s or follower’s voice, can yield better organizational performance.
Psychological safety is one of the important qualities of organizational communication processes, and it is related to the organizational culture that the previous research has focused on (for example, [22]).
Psychological safety is built by the seminal work by Schein and Bennis (1965) [23] on organizational change. They defined it as the extent to which individuals feel secure and confident in their ability to manage changes. Following researchers have explored the concept of psychological safety in work settings. Kahn (1990) renewed its focus by redefining psychological safety as an individual’s perceptions as to whether he or she is comfortable showing and employing himself or herself without fear of negative consequences to self-image, status, or career ([24] p708). He argued that people are more likely to feel psychologically safe when they have trusting and supportive interpersonal relationships with colleagues [24]. Edmondson (1999) proposed psychological safety as a team-level climate and definition of the “shared belief held by members of a team that the team is safe for interpersonal risk-taking” [25].
Newman et al. (2017) conducted a literature review on psychological safety and identified 62 empirical studies focusing on the outcomes of psychological safety at different levels of analysis [26]. Their review showed the body of evidence on the relationship with organizational communication processes.
At the individual and team levels, it was found that psychological safety was related to greater knowledge sharing among team members [27, 28, 29, 30] and reporting of treatment errors, and more interpersonal communication [31, 32]. Psychological safety within couple relationships and teams has been identified its relationship with more voicing behavior among employees [33, 34, 35, 36] and a reduction in silence behaviors [37].
Research has shown positive associations between employee perceptions of psychological safety and learning behaviors at both the individual [38] and team levels [39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44]. Meta-analyses conducted by Sanner and Bunderson (2013) [45] found the correlation between team psychological safety and team learning to be 0.42 (95% CI = 0.05–0.85).
Beyond organizational communication processes, early empirical work on psychological safety has shown the association of psychological safety with learning and performance outcomes (for example, [25]). More recent studies have shown its direct and strong influence on performance at the individual [46] and team levels [47], indirect influence through facilitating learning behavior at both the individual [48, 49] and team level [25, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54]. Meta-analyses conducted by Sanner and Bunderson (2013) found the indirect effect of psychological safety on team performance through team learning to be 0.17 (95% CI = 0.14–0.20) [45].
In addition to performance, the evidence on the association between the employee’s perceived psychological safety and their organizations and creativity [55, 56], both creative thinking and risk-taking at the team level [57], innovation in R&D teams [58, 59], manufacturing process innovation performance [59, 60], knowledge creation [61], team performance mediated by the sharing knowledge [62]. Referring to the study result of no evidence for the psychological safety leading to higher levels of critical thinking within teams [63], Newman et al. (2017) [26] suggest that psychological safety may influence performance outcomes through promoting social exchange between the employee and organization, and enhancing the extent to which the employee identifies with the organization [46, 47, 64].
Evidence on the effect of supportive leadership behaviors on work outcomes through psychological safety has been accumulated. For example, empirical studies showed that some properties of leaders, such as inclusiveness [33, 55], support [65], trustworthiness [66], openness [34], and behavioral integrity [57], strongly influenced the employee’s perceived psychological safety, and drove the behavioral outcomes such as employees’ voicing behaviors, involvement in creative work, job performance and engagement. At the team level, employees’ collective perceptions of support and coaching forwarded by the team leader [25, 41], leader inclusiveness [51, 67], trust in the leader [47, 48], and the leader’s behavioral integrity [31] have been found to develop psychological safety facilitating team learning behaviors, team performance, engagement in quality improvement work, and reduction in errors among team members.
Research has established the evidence that leaders valuing participation, people, and production use couple discovery rather than group-based discovery methods [44, 68], and an improvement orientation management style [69] are more likely to provide high levels of psychological safety.
The mechanisms of the relationship between supportive leadership behaviors and psychological safety have been referenced in social learning theory [70]. The explanation is that leaders play model roles to employees/followers by listening, forwarding support, and providing clear and consistent directions to them, which makes them feel safe to take risks and engage in honest communication ([38, 51, 71, 72]). The other (for example, [47]) pushes the social exchange theory; when followers are supported by the leader, they will reciprocate with supportive behaviors themselves, which secures the psychologically safe environment of the entire team. Newman et al. (2017) [26] argue that it is likely that the effects will be stronger and more enduring when psychological safety is built through employee/follower’s learning of leaders’ behaviors, rather than them being displayed at points of exchanging certain behaviors with leaders.
So far, I have shared enough scientific evidence for the important roles of communication processes that can be facilitated by the leadership style. Leadership styles strongly affect outcomes in direct and indirect manners, fostering and hampering, for example, a creative and innovative organizational environment with psychological safety. I emphasize leadership styles are displayed and realized only through the leader’s behaviors that are mostly organizational communication processes.
On the other hand, leaders’ personalities matter, and not all leaders have personal properties such as traits and skillsets yet to secure the quality of organizational communication processes. To overcome such obstacles, I introduce the tool for enhancing quality organizational communication processes, e.g.,
As mentioned, the remaining part of this chapter will be devoted to introducing the specific tool that helps leaders in social work equip communication processes for a better organizational environment and performance that is
Although we want to be better in daily performances as a member of social organizations, including private or public, we are not good at making changes. We are in the loop of “habits,” and it is difficult for us to escape from it. Habitual practices in the organization, which are being followed by the majority of members, are thought that there is no other way even though there are other ways. One of the typical habitual practice examples is the communication style. On the public occasion, we commonly use five styles of communication, which are presentations, managed discussions, status updates, brainstorming, and open discussions) (Figure 1) [74].
Big 5 conventional micro-structures. (Source: Lispmanowicz and McCandless, 2020 [
They point out the unintended consequences of following the conventional styles include exclusion, suffocation, unjust participation with over-or under-controls and inability to yield ideas for next steps and the future. Those styles often limit space for good ideas to emerge, be shared, merged, and refined. Thus, they will never produce creativity and innovations. We tend to blindly practice the styles because they are thought to be the only way, although they get frustrated with the consequences. Lipmanowicz and McCandless (2020) point out that huge costs are spent working the way in efforts to fix the problems, which actually creates or exacerbates them [74].
To make real changes in organizations, which are sustainable and habitual with good causes, all levels of individuals should be involved. Involvement means not only participation but engagement as change agents, which requires change methods everybody can use, and those methods should be routinely used in daily living [74].
Lipmanowicz and McCandless (2020) suggest the importance of paying attention to “microstructures” of communication styles, which matter to the quality of communication processes, which are the essence of L.S.
They point out that the requirements for small-scale changes are similar to the requirements for large-scale systemic changes. The caseworker who wants to improve the quality of care for the client, the manager who wants to improve department performance, the teacher who wants to engage students, the doctor who wants to improve teamwork, and so on, all need and are benefitted from methods that are very simple, quickly learned, easy to use, and endlessly adaptable. They listed the key attributes for such methods include, 1)
Equipped with those features, L.S.s are the simple change methods that everybody can use to improve or change the way work supposedly gets done. There are 33 structures in which everybody is included and invited to participate in shaping the group’s shared future (Figure 2). The detailed descriptions of 33 structures are freely and publicly available [75]. Because most L.S.s take only 10 to 30 minutes, they can be used for daily communication processes, including meetings in the organization.
33 L.S. menus. (Source: Lipmanowicz and McCandless, 2020 [
L.S.s have been developed from the founders’ deep interests in complexity science theories [76]. They took close looks into living how those theories could inform the nature and functioning of human organizations. Quo and McCandless (2020) explained the organizational life using metaphors (Figure 3). They argue that we need to take an ecological metaphor rather than a machine metaphor to understand the organization’s life. The machine metaphor is the one we have believed since we got machines in the time of the industrial revolution. It explains that a good organization is supposed to work like a clock. A system is made of interconnected reliable parts (people, functions, and systems), directed and controlled from the top, and designed to produce predictable results. However, organizations are not machines but complex living systems that behave and evolve like ecosystems.
Comparison of machine and ecosystem metaphors: Images. (Source: Fisher and McCandless, 2020 [
Figure 4, which was modified based on the idea by the complexity science scholars [77], presents how to organize activities based on a more conventional machine metaphor and on a complexity-theory-based ecosystem metaphor [76].
Comparison of the machine and ecosystem metaphors: how to organize activities. (Source: Fisher and McCandless, 2020 [
While being easy to understand from the theoretical standpoint, it will pose a question in the practical aspect. That is how organizational members are supposed to manage their operations, make decisions, solve problems, manage people, and so on with such a worldview.
The L.S. founders originally collected methods that allowed people to routinely use to manage in a complex way rather than manage in a mechanistic way [76]. As they accumulated collections, they started simplifying the approach, not requiring the understanding of the complexity theory and terms to use the methods [76].
Such processes of simplifying the methods yielded the aforementioned micro-structural elements. There are five elements of microstructures, and they are the following [73].
For example, one of the most basic L.S.s “1–2–4-All” is best designed to generate and exchange many ideas from group members in a short period of time. It can be used as an alternative to brainstorming and status reports and is often used within other L.S.s. Taking it as an example, micro-structural elements are like the following [76].
This section, following the introduction to the essence of L.S.s, will exemplify its usages through a few case studies and actual use examples. You may not think that they are necessarily considered internal communication processes within an organization. However, I hope that they should give you better pictures of how to use particular L.S.s. I do not provide the readers with detailed descriptions of each L.S. while suggesting you refer to the available resources.
Four provided fictional and non-fictional examples are contextualized in Japan, and the settings are where Japanese social workers are working toward rebuilding the community.
The description here is fictionally based on the real situation where I was involved.
Imagine the “center” is responsible for welfare services in a particular geographic area. The center chief who is a social worker himself leads the center, and the staff members include two social workers and a nurse, and two administrative staff members who deal with paperwork for the public procedures. The center’s responsibilities include 1) the management of the cases of individuals with long-term care needs, who usually use public services to some extent, and 2) the community organization work, which involves developing relationships with individual residents, community organizations, and other community resources such as medical clinics and hospitals, private or non-profit welfare service providers and so on. While staff members need to set and attend various meetings to develop collaborative relationships with outside organizations across the serving community, being understaffed is a chronic condition. The center chief does feel the lack of information sharing, but he does not want the staff members to sacrifice their roles in private life.
The following is a brief description of 4 possible issues of communication processes that the center face and the possible L.S.s use to resolve them.
Issue: With the difference in professional backgrounds, there is a huge perception gap of community organization work among staff members. Because staff members actually do not know well what they are doing, particularly as community organization work done outside the office, some staff members feel that they take the uneven workload. Staff members need to first know and share what the other members are doing as part of their responsibilities, and to have time to think about how community organization work is really what they as the center need to do.
Possible L.S. use: In this case, for the first part of sharing what they do like the role in the center, one of the best fits is “Troika Consulting.” It allows staff members to share their thoughts, feelings, and concerns about their own daily work. Using Troika Consulting, feelings and deep thoughts can be voiced with coaching-like support from colleagues. The invitation may be famed by questions like “How do you feel about your daily work and what is the burning issue recently?”
The second part of sharing the value and goal of community organization can be achievable by “Celebrity Interview.” The social worker takes the celebrity role (interviewee), and the center chief can interview him/her. The interviewer (the center chief) asks a series of questions to reveal the value felt by the interviewee (the social worker). After finishing a “Celebrity Interview,” the other staff members, as if they are press members, can ask additional questions. Then they can reflect on what they thought and felt about what was told by the social worker. This process can be done by “1-2-4-ALL” if the number of participants is large. The communication process is composed of a few L.S.s.
Issue: Some of the key individuals in younger generations who do not perceive the aging of the community as what they need to deal with are not motivated enough to participate in collaborative community works, and the social worker wants to get them involved.
Possible L.S. use: This is a non-fictional example. The L.S. actually used was “Experiential Fishbowl.” Having the leaders from the local community and representatives from various related organizations gather together, we (the center staff members and I in the team) invited them with asking a question, “How would you like to spend your last days?”
As part of the half-day workshop, the social workers who led the “Experiential Fishbowl” session asked a neighborhood association leader, a daycare facility nurse, a doctor of the local clinic, a welfare commissioner, and the social worker to be in the fishbowl, and to them to discuss their own ideas regarding the question (invitation) among them in the fishbowl while other participants surrounded them in the fishbowl. Diverse opinions were expressed, and the conversation did not stop, though, but after all of the individuals inside the fishbowl expressed their ideas and thoughts for about 15 minutes, the other participants surrounding them were given a chance to pose questions and express their ideas and thoughts. Talking about death is not usual, but no one can avoid it, and the communication dynamics were very energizing and promoted the community building for a good life and good death. A participating health care professional mentioned, “It was very good to hear real voices and an opportunity to get to know each other’s thoughts. I realize the importance of having time to think together.” Figures 5 and 6.
“
Ideas shared with a foursome in “
Issue: The social workers think that there must be local resources that have not been captured in the community. They want to expand the list of local resources at various levels because they think recognizing even small-scaled activities by residents and making links will promote supporting systems in the community.
Possible L.S. use: “1-2-4-ALL” the simplest and most basic L.S. can be used with an invitation like “Please introduce each other’s current activities.” Pairs or foursomes of people who are not normally acquainted with each other are usually recommended for “1-2-4-ALL,” and this is very applicable for this case. The invitation can be enhanced by an additional question like “Are there any similarities or similarities?” Foursomes might be asked to make a list of what they heard from each other, and those lists will be merged with the entire group.
Issue: Communities can learn much from each other, and the center wants to set up an environment in which the communities can effectively learn from each other.
Possible L.S. use: It is true that neighboring local communities do not interact with each other enough to know what other communities are doing. Sadly, though but it is very reasonable as the lack of communication can happen within a much organization. However, as the social worker thought, there should be a quality of learning when they interact and communicate with each other.
This example is another real story, and the actual work was done. We invited community leaders from several communities to a community gathering. They share concerns about the aging of members and the lack of supporters of sustainable community initiatives. At the session with a diverse group of participants, using “1-2-4-ALL,” we invited them to pull “Ideas to reduce the number of older adults who are isolated in their homes.” With these invitations, many described what they were actually doing and provided concrete ideas. Those shared and exchanged ideas and information of actual practices were also taken by many as “souvenirs of innovations.” We saw many participants motivated by confirming each other’s efforts. Participants from the medical and welfare professions were in the session, and they responded to what they heard, “I admire community members who voluntarily support other older members on daily basis efforts and innovations and what they are doing is innovative with full of wisdom.”
I introduced very basic and simple uses of L.S.s here, and there are plenty more. Each of the 33 L.S.s covers a range of purposes, from spreading ideas to developing strategies. Users choose which L.S. they use based on particular purposes. In addition, users
Once starting to use L.S.s, users will see its full of potential. It is possible to include and engage everybody and give everyone the opportunity to contribute. L.S.s will make users surprised to see results emerge at a better level than expected and to feel enthusiasm. Another strength is that implementation follows, which truly makes us possible to work in complex systems. As uses are accumulated in the organization, shared experience produces more possibility and confidence in each other, which leads to more innovation. To that point, going back to conventional microstructures (communicating with each other via “Big 5”) will never be an option.
A language is a tool for how communicating. We had known only “Big 5” conventional microstructures as the tools of how to organizationally communicate, but now we have 33 more of that tools that provide us with full of potential. The saying “Use it or lose it” to become a fluent speaker of languages is very applicable to the communication microstructure L.S.s.
The research on leadership styles suggests that leadership styles that are supportive and participative with bi-directional communication processes, including listening and acting upon the employee’s or follower’s voice, can yield better organizational performance. Previous research accumulated evidence on the effect of supportive leadership behaviors on work outcomes through psychological safety.
Although there is no discussion on psychological safety in the context of L.S. uses, to my knowledge, it can be theoretically explained that L.S.s can produce or increase psychological safety because L.S.s can enhance the participation of everybody in very small to large groups by allowing us to be mindful of soft- and hard- microstructures and thus promote flat, just and sound relationships with supposedly high psychological safety. This aspect will call for future empirical research.
L.S.s can help leaders become more effective in organizational communication even though they are naturally not good communicators. Making L.S.s the official language will give the organization possibility of better teamwork and performance. It will require leadership to make it happen. Social work is human care, and the involved organization should be humane to function effectively. Thus, leaders in social work should be mindful of making their leading organization sound with good teamwork by paying enough attention to communication processes.
This is a brief overview of the main steps involved in publishing with IntechOpen Compacts, Monographs and Edited Books. Once you submit your proposal you will be appointed a Author Service Manager who will be your single point of contact and lead you through all the described steps below.
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This chapter aims to inform the synthesis methods of the silver nanoparticles.",book:{id:"6552",slug:"silver-nanoparticles-fabrication-characterization-and-applications",title:"Silver Nanoparticles",fullTitle:"Silver Nanoparticles - Fabrication, Characterization and Applications"},signatures:"Remziye Güzel and Gülbahar Erdal",authors:[{id:"226613",title:"Dr.",name:"Remziye",middleName:null,surname:"Güzel",slug:"remziye-guzel",fullName:"Remziye Güzel"},{id:"240772",title:"MSc.",name:"Gülbahar",middleName:null,surname:"Erdal",slug:"gulbahar-erdal",fullName:"Gülbahar Erdal"}]},{id:"71326",title:"Stability of Metal Complexes",slug:"stability-of-metal-complexes",totalDownloads:2393,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:11,abstract:"The stability of coordination complex is an important factor that decides the stability and reactivity of a metal complex. The stability of metal complex is governed by two different aspects such as thermodynamic and kinetic stabilities. The correlation between stability and reactivity of coordination compounds has been described in this chapter. This chapter also enlists the factors influencing the stability of metal complexes such as the nature of metal ions, ligands, bonding between metal ions and ligands, etc. In addition, the methods available for the determination of stability constants are given in detail.",book:{id:"9190",slug:"stability-and-applications-of-coordination-compounds",title:"Stability and Applications of Coordination Compounds",fullTitle:"Stability and Applications of Coordination Compounds"},signatures:"Senthilkumar Muthaiah, Anita Bhatia and Muthukumar Kannan",authors:null},{id:"60518",title:"Synthetic Methods for Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles: A Review",slug:"synthetic-methods-for-titanium-dioxide-nanoparticles-a-review",totalDownloads:5276,totalCrossrefCites:29,totalDimensionsCites:55,abstract:"Titanium dioxide (TiO2) semiconductor nanoparticles are one kind of important and promising photocatalysts in photocatalysis because of their unique optical and electronic properties. Their properties, which are determined by the preparation method, are very crucial in photocatalysis. In this chapter, an overview was carried out on the different methods that are used or have been used to prepare titanium dioxide nanoparticles. There are various methods that can be used to synthesize TiO2 and the most commonly used methods include sol-gel process, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and hydrothermal method among others. This review will focus on selected preparation methods of titanium dioxide photocatalyst.",book:{id:"6426",slug:"titanium-dioxide-material-for-a-sustainable-environment",title:"Titanium Dioxide",fullTitle:"Titanium Dioxide - Material for a Sustainable Environment"},signatures:"Pardon Nyamukamba, Omobola Okoh, Henry Mungondori,\nRaymond Taziwa and Simcelile Zinya",authors:[{id:"196100",title:"Dr.",name:"Raymond",middleName:null,surname:"Taziwa",slug:"raymond-taziwa",fullName:"Raymond Taziwa"},{id:"219920",title:"Prof.",name:"Omobola",middleName:null,surname:"Okoh",slug:"omobola-okoh",fullName:"Omobola Okoh"},{id:"226567",title:"Dr.",name:"Pardon",middleName:null,surname:"Nyamukamba",slug:"pardon-nyamukamba",fullName:"Pardon Nyamukamba"},{id:"239758",title:"Mr.",name:"Simcelile",middleName:null,surname:"Zinya",slug:"simcelile-zinya",fullName:"Simcelile Zinya"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"158",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"82118",title:"Surface Hardening of Stainless Steel",slug:"surface-hardening-of-stainless-steel",totalDownloads:24,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105036",abstract:"The addition of nitrogen to stainless steel improves mechanical and corrosion properties. Nitrogen-bearing stainless steel (HNSS) is a new corrosion-resistant alloy class exhibiting better tribological properties. High-pressure and powder metallurgy techniques were developed for the fabrication of HNSS. Solid-state routes allow nitrogen introduction through thermochemical, implantation, or plasma surface treatments. High-temperature gas nitriding (HTGN), carried out in an N2 atmosphere in the 1000°C range, allows N uptake, obtaining thick, ~0.5–1.0 wt.% N austenitic cases. HTGN is different from conventional nitriding, performed in the 500°C range, where intense CrxNy precipitation occurs, impairing the corrosion resistance. Low-temperature plasma nitriding (LTPN) introduces more N in solution, and colossal supersaturated expanded phases (~45 at.%N) are formed. N supersaturation and compressive stresses increase the hardness of the surface layer to 10–14 GPa. Ferritic, martensitic, duplex, and precipitation-hardened stainless steels can be surface-treated by LTPN, obtaining expanded ferrite and martensite. However, single LTPN stainless steel may prematurely fail when submitted to high loading, as the thin and hard expanded layers collapse due to lack of load-bearing capacity. Duplex-nitriding treatment (HTGN + LTPN) results in a thick nitrogen-rich hardened austenite substrate layer, granting mechanical support and adhesion to the expanded austenite layer.",book:{id:"11076",title:"Stainless Steels",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11076.jpg"},signatures:"André Paulo Tschiptschin and Carlos Eduardo Pinedo"},{id:"81579",title:"Welding Based Additive Manufacturing: Fundamentals",slug:"welding-based-additive-manufacturing-fundamentals",totalDownloads:34,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104768",abstract:"Additive Manufacturing (AM) has drawn abundant attention over the past decades in the manufacturing and fabrication industries, especially to make part models and prototypes. This chapter introduces a potential welding based AM process called Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) for the fabrication of near-net shaped metal components including stainless steel components. To start with traditional AM processes, various fundamental traditional AM for the fabrication of components have been presented. Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) has been explained with its variants, synonyms, different welding processes to suit WAAM particularly to weld stainless steel metal; primary process selections for working with WAAM, important metals, and alloys that could be used in WAAM have been elaborated. A case study for WAAM fabrication of AISI 316 L stainless steel plate is included to introduce the fabrication of metal components using WAAM. Further, the most common defects which possibly play a vital role in WAAM components fabrication and a few of the future challenges regarding WAAM development are discussed. Fundamental information covered in this chapter could be more beneficial to beginners for the understanding of WAAM process generally including stainless steel component fabrication in a lucid tactic.",book:{id:"11076",title:"Stainless Steels",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11076.jpg"},signatures:"Maruthasalam Sowrirajan, Selvaraj Vijayan and Munusamy Arulraj"},{id:"80664",title:"Dependence of Corrosion Resistance of Austenitic Chromium-Nickel Steels on the Magnetic State of Austenite",slug:"dependence-of-corrosion-resistance-of-austenitic-chromium-nickel-steels-on-the-magnetic-state-of-aus",totalDownloads:59,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102388",abstract:"Corrosive behavior of austenitic chromium-nickel steels from the magnetic state (parameter χ0) of austenite, pre-formed to interact with aggressive media are research. Correlation between the rate K of pitting corrosion and the specific magnetic susceptibility χ0 of austenite was experimentally established. It is experimentally established that the corrosion resistance of austenitic steels AISI304, 08Cr18Ni10, AISI 321, 08Cr18Ni10Тi (containing a low amount of δ-ferrite ∼0.005…0.5%) depends on the magnetic state of austenite: the corrosion rate of steel decreases with increases χ0 austenite. The tendency of change in the corrosion rate of austenitic alloy with a high nickel content 06Crh28NiMoCuTi (not contain δ-ferrite) has the opposite character: with increasing χ0, the corrosion rate of the alloy increases is revealed. For austenitic chromium-nickel steels, the corrosion rates of the individual (austenite (A), δ-ferrite (F), strain-induced α′-martensite (M)) and total (A + F, A + M and A + F + M) phases are determined. It is proposed to predict corrosion according to the specific magnetic susceptibility χ0 of austenite and the amount δ-ferrite.",book:{id:"11076",title:"Stainless Steels",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11076.jpg"},signatures:"Gennadii Snizhnoi"},{id:"80199",title:"The Evaluation of the Comparative Corrosion Behaviour of Conventional and Low-Nickel Austenitic Stainless Steel: Hercules™ Alloy",slug:"the-evaluation-of-the-comparative-corrosion-behaviour-of-conventional-and-low-nickel-austenitic-stai",totalDownloads:56,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102381",abstract:"Austenitic stainless steels require approximately 8% Ni to maintain austenitic microstructure at room temperature for alloys such as 304 stainless steel (304SS). Ni contributes approximately 60% of the total material cost and its price fluctuates, making the cost of austenitic stainless steel unpredictable. The use of low-nickel austenitic stainless steels as a substitute has been considered in order to remedy costs associated with Ni price fluctuations. Alloying elements such as Mn and N have been considered, however they have been found to reduce corrosion resistance. A new alloy namely Hercules™ has been developed with reduced Ni content (1.8–2% Ni). This chapter presents a comparative study of the corrosion behavior of Hercules™ and 304SS in different solutions. The alloys were evaluated using cyclic polarisation technique and immersion tests. The results demonstrated that the corrosion resistance of Hercules™ is comparable to that of 304SS. This presents the alloys as potential industrial substitutes of each other.",book:{id:"11076",title:"Stainless Steels",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11076.jpg"},signatures:"Duduzile Nkomo and Nomsombuluko Masia"},{id:"80346",title:"Nitrogen Supersaturation of AISI316 Base Stainless Steels at 673 K and 623 K for Hardening and Microstructure Control",slug:"nitrogen-supersaturation-of-aisi316-base-stainless-steels-at-673-k-and-623-k-for-hardening-and-micro",totalDownloads:59,totalDimensionsCites:1,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102387",abstract:"The high-density plasma nitriding at 673 K and 623 K was employed to make 10% of nitrogen supersaturation on AISI316 base austenitic stainless steels. The processing parameters and nitrogen-hydrogen gas flow ratio were optimized to increase the yield of N2+ ion and NH-radical for efficient nitriding. The nitrided AISI316 specimens were prepared for multidimensional analysis to describe the fundamental features of low-temperature plasma nitriding. First, macroscopic evaluation revealed that nitrogen supersaturation induced the γ-lattice expansion and the higher nitrogen content than 4% of mass in depth. The mesoscopic analysis describes the holding temperature and initial grain-size effects on the microstructure changes. Plastic straining, grain-size refinement, and nitrogen zone-boundary diffusion processes advance with nitrogen supersaturation to drive the inner nitriding behavior. The microscopic analysis explains the microstructure refinement, the two-phase structuring, and the microstructure modification. Through this multi-dimensional analysis, the essential characteristics of the low-temperature plasma nitriding of 316 austenitic stainless steels were precisely understood to extend the engineering treatise on the bulk nitrogen stainless steels for surface modification and treatment of stainless steels by nitriding. This plasma nitriding was applied to strengthen and harden the AISI316 wire surfaces toward its application on surgery wires.",book:{id:"11076",title:"Stainless Steels",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11076.jpg"},signatures:"Tatsuhiko Aizawa, Tomomi Shiratori, Tomoaki Yoshino, Yohei Suzuki and Takafumi Komatsu"},{id:"79904",title:"Corrosion Resistance, Evaluation Methods, and Surface Treatments of Stainless Steels",slug:"corrosion-resistance-evaluation-methods-and-surface-treatments-of-stainless-steels",totalDownloads:106,totalDimensionsCites:1,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101430",abstract:"Stainless steels are widely recognized and find applications in many engineering industries and companies due to their excellent properties including high resistance to corrosion as a result of their minimum 10.5% chromium content, exceptional strength and durability, temperature resistance, high recyclability, and easy formability. In the present book chapter, the basic concepts of stainless steel including its applications, classifications, and corrosion properties will first be discussed. Thereafter, their corrosion behaviour will then be explained. The various methods by which the corrosion resistance behaviour can be significantly improved including surface treatments such as coatings/electrodepositions, alloying, mechanical treatment, and others will be discussed in detail.",book:{id:"11076",title:"Stainless Steels",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11076.jpg"},signatures:"Temitope Olumide Olugbade"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:8},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:91,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:333,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:144,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:126,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:23,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:13,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 17th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:33,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"3",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/3.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"205604",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomas",middleName:null,surname:"Jarzembowski",slug:"tomas-jarzembowski",fullName:"Tomas Jarzembowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKriQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-06-16T11:01:31.jpg",biography:"Tomasz Jarzembowski was born in 1968 in Gdansk, Poland. He obtained his Ph.D. degree in 2000 from the Medical University of Gdańsk (UG). After specialization in clinical microbiology in 2003, he started studying biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance at the single-cell level. In 2015, he obtained his D.Sc. degree. His later study in cooperation with experts in nephrology and immunology resulted in the designation of the new diagnostic method of UTI, patented in 2017. He is currently working at the Department of Microbiology, Medical University of Gdańsk (GUMed), Poland. Since many years, he is a member of steering committee of Gdańsk branch of Polish Society of Microbiologists, a member of ESCMID. He is also a reviewer and a member of editorial boards of a number of international journals.",institutionString:"Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland",institution:null},editorTwo:{id:"484980",title:"Dr.",name:"Katarzyna",middleName:null,surname:"Garbacz",slug:"katarzyna-garbacz",fullName:"Katarzyna Garbacz",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003St8TAQAZ/Profile_Picture_2022-07-07T09:45:16.jpg",biography:"Katarzyna Maria Garbacz, MD, is an Associate Professor at the Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland and she is head of the Department of Oral Microbiology of the Medical University of Gdańsk. She has published more than 50 scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals. She has been a project leader funded by the National Science Centre of Poland. Prof. Garbacz is a microbiologist working on applied and fundamental questions in microbial epidemiology and pathogenesis. Her research interest is in antibiotic resistance, host-pathogen interaction, and therapeutics development for staphylococcal pathogens, mainly Staphylococcus aureus, which causes hospital-acquired infections. Currently, her research is mostly focused on the study of oral pathogens, particularly Staphylococcus spp.",institutionString:"Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland",institution:null},editorThree:null},{id:"4",title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/4.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"174134",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuping",middleName:null,surname:"Ran",slug:"yuping-ran",fullName:"Yuping Ran",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS9d6QAC/Profile_Picture_1630330675373",biography:"Dr. Yuping Ran, Professor, Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China. Completed the Course Medical Mycology, the Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures (CBS), Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Netherlands (2006). International Union of Microbiological Societies (IUMS) Fellow, and International Emerging Infectious Diseases (IEID) Fellow, Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, USA. Diploma of Dermatological Scientist, Japanese Society for Investigative Dermatology. Ph.D. of Juntendo University, Japan. Bachelor’s and Master’s degree, Medicine, West China University of Medical Sciences. Chair of Sichuan Medical Association Dermatology Committee. General Secretary of The 19th Annual Meeting of Chinese Society of Dermatology and the Asia Pacific Society for Medical Mycology (2013). In charge of the Annual Medical Mycology Course over 20-years authorized by National Continue Medical Education Committee of China. Member of the board of directors of the Asia-Pacific Society for Medical Mycology (APSMM). Associate editor of Mycopathologia. Vice-chief of the editorial board of Chinses Journal of Mycology, China. Board Member and Chair of Mycology Group of Chinese Society of Dermatology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sichuan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/5.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"67907",title:"Dr.",name:"Amidou",middleName:null,surname:"Samie",slug:"amidou-samie",fullName:"Amidou Samie",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/67907/images/system/67907.jpg",biography:"Dr. Amidou Samie is an Associate Professor of Microbiology at the University of Venda, in South Africa, where he graduated for his PhD in May 2008. He joined the Department of Microbiology the same year and has been giving lectures on topics covering parasitology, immunology, molecular biology and industrial microbiology. He is currently a rated researcher by the National Research Foundation of South Africa at category C2. He has published widely in the field of infectious diseases and has overseen several MSc’s and PhDs. His research activities mostly cover topics on infectious diseases from epidemiology to control. His particular interest lies in the study of intestinal protozoan parasites and opportunistic infections among HIV patients as well as the potential impact of childhood diarrhoea on growth and child development. He also conducts research on water-borne diseases and water quality and is involved in the evaluation of point-of-use water treatment technologies using silver and copper nanoparticles in collaboration with the University of Virginia, USA. He also studies the use of medicinal plants for the control of infectious diseases as well as antimicrobial drug resistance.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Venda",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/6.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. 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Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",value:3,count:2},{group:"subseries",caption:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",value:5,count:4},{group:"subseries",caption:"Viral Infectious Diseases",value:6,count:7}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:2},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:4},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:755,paginationItems:[{id:"310674",title:"Dr.",name:"Pravin",middleName:null,surname:"Kendrekar",slug:"pravin-kendrekar",fullName:"Pravin Kendrekar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/310674/images/system/310674.jpg",biography:"Dr. Pravin Kendrekar, MSc, MBA, Ph.D., is currently a visiting scientist at the Lipid Nanostructure Laboratory, University of Central Lancashire, England. He previously worked as a post-doctoral fellow at the Ben-Gurion University of Negev, Israel; University of the Free State, South Africa; and Central University of Technology Bloemfontein, South Africa. He obtained his Ph.D. in Organic Chemistry from Nagaoka University of Technology, Japan. He has published more than seventy-four journal articles and attended several national and international conferences as speaker and chair. Dr. Kendrekar has received many international awards. He has several funded projects, namely, anti-malaria drug development, MRSA, and SARS-CoV-2 activity of curcumin and its formulations. He has filed four patents in collaboration with the University of Central Lancashire and Mayo Clinic Infectious Diseases. His present research includes organic synthesis, drug discovery and development, biochemistry, nanoscience, and nanotechnology.",institutionString:"Visiting Scientist at Lipid Nanostructures Laboratory, Centre for Smart Materials, School of Natural Sciences, University of Central Lancashire",institution:null},{id:"428125",title:"Dr.",name:"Vinayak",middleName:null,surname:"Adimule",slug:"vinayak-adimule",fullName:"Vinayak Adimule",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/428125/images/system/428125.jpg",biography:"Dr. Vinayak Adimule, MSc, Ph.D., is a professor and dean of R&D, Angadi Institute of Technology and Management, India. He has 15 years of research experience as a senior research scientist and associate research scientist in R&D organizations. He has published more than fifty research articles as well as several book chapters. He has two Indian patents and two international patents to his credit. Dr. Adimule has attended, chaired, and presented papers at national and international conferences. He is a guest editor for Topics in Catalysis and other journals. He is also an editorial board member, life member, and associate member for many international societies and research institutions. His research interests include nanoelectronics, material chemistry, artificial intelligence, sensors and actuators, bio-nanomaterials, and medicinal chemistry.",institutionString:"Angadi Institute of Technology and Management",institution:null},{id:"284317",title:"Prof.",name:"Kantharaju",middleName:null,surname:"Kamanna",slug:"kantharaju-kamanna",fullName:"Kantharaju Kamanna",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284317/images/21050_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. K. Kantharaju has received Bachelor of science (PCM), master of science (Organic Chemistry) and Doctor of Philosophy in Chemistry from Bangalore University. He worked as a Executive Research & Development @ Cadila Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Ahmedabad. He received DBT-postdoc fellow @ Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore under the supervision of Prof. P. Balaram, later he moved to NIH-postdoc researcher at Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA, after his return from postdoc joined NITK-Surthakal as a Adhoc faculty at department of chemistry. Since from August 2013 working as a Associate Professor, and in 2016 promoted to Profeesor in the School of Basic Sciences: Department of Chemistry and having 20 years of teaching and research experiences.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rani Channamma University, Belagavi",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"158492",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Tutar",slug:"yusuf-tutar",fullName:"Yusuf Tutar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/158492/images/system/158492.jpeg",biography:"Prof. Dr. Yusuf Tutar conducts his research at the Hamidiye Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Biochemistry, University of Health Sciences, Turkey. He is also a faculty member in the Molecular Oncology Program. He obtained his MSc and Ph.D. at Oregon State University and Texas Tech University, respectively. He pursued his postdoctoral studies at Rutgers University Medical School and the National Institutes of Health (NIH/NIDDK), USA. His research focuses on biochemistry, biophysics, genetics, molecular biology, and molecular medicine with specialization in the fields of drug design, protein structure-function, protein folding, prions, microRNA, pseudogenes, molecular cancer, epigenetics, metabolites, proteomics, genomics, protein expression, and characterization by spectroscopic and calorimetric methods.",institutionString:"University of Health Sciences",institution:null},{id:"180528",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Kagechika",slug:"hiroyuki-kagechika",fullName:"Hiroyuki Kagechika",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180528/images/system/180528.jpg",biography:"Hiroyuki Kagechika received his bachelor’s degree and Ph.D. in Pharmaceutical Sciences from the University of Tokyo, Japan, where he served as an associate professor until 2004. He is currently a professor at the Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering (IBB), Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU). From 2010 to 2012, he was the dean of the Graduate School of Biomedical Science. Since 2012, he has served as the vice dean of the Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences. He has been the director of the IBB since 2020. Dr. Kagechika’s major research interests are the medicinal chemistry of retinoids, vitamins D/K, and nuclear receptors. He has developed various compounds including a drug for acute promyelocytic leukemia.",institutionString:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institution:{name:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"94311",title:"Prof.",name:"Martins",middleName:"Ochubiojo",surname:"Ochubiojo Emeje",slug:"martins-ochubiojo-emeje",fullName:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94311/images/system/94311.jpeg",biography:"Martins Emeje obtained a BPharm with distinction from Ahmadu Bello University, Nigeria, and an MPharm and Ph.D. from the University of Nigeria (UNN), where he received the best Ph.D. award and was enlisted as UNN’s “Face of Research.” He established the first nanomedicine center in Nigeria and was the pioneer head of the intellectual property and technology transfer as well as the technology innovation and support center. Prof. Emeje’s several international fellowships include the prestigious Raman fellowship. He has published more than 150 articles and patents. He is also the head of R&D at NIPRD and holds a visiting professor position at Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nigeria. He has a postgraduate certificate in Project Management from Walden University, Minnesota, as well as a professional teaching certificate and a World Bank certification in Public Procurement. Prof. Emeje was a national chairman of academic pharmacists in Nigeria and the 2021 winner of the May & Baker Nigeria Plc–sponsored prize for professional service in research and innovation.",institutionString:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",institution:{name:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"436430",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Mesut",middleName:null,surname:"Işık",slug:"mesut-isik",fullName:"Mesut Işık",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/436430/images/19686_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Bilecik University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"268659",title:"Ms.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/268659/images/8143_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Zhan received his undergraduate and graduate training in the fields of preventive medicine and epidemiology and statistics at the West China University of Medical Sciences in China during 1989 to 1999. He received his post-doctoral training in oncology and cancer proteomics for two years at the Cancer Research Institute of Human Medical University in China. In 2001, he went to the University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC) in USA, where he was a post-doctoral researcher and focused on mass spectrometry and cancer proteomics. Then, he was appointed as an Assistant Professor of Neurology, UTHSC in 2005. He moved to the Cleveland Clinic in USA as a Project Scientist/Staff in 2006 where he focused on the studies of eye disease proteomics and biomarkers. He returned to UTHSC as an Assistant Professor of Neurology in the end of 2007, engaging in proteomics and biomarker studies of lung diseases and brain tumors, and initiating the studies of predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine (PPPM) in cancer. In 2010, he was promoted to Associate Professor of Neurology, UTHSC. Currently, he is a Professor at Xiangya Hospital of Central South University in China, Fellow of Royal Society of Medicine (FRSM), the European EPMA National Representative in China, Regular Member of American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), European Cooperation of Science and Technology (e-COST) grant evaluator, Associate Editors of BMC Genomics, BMC Medical Genomics, EPMA Journal, and Frontiers in Endocrinology, Executive Editor-in-Chief of Med One. He has\npublished 116 peer-reviewed research articles, 16 book chapters, 2 books, and 2 US patents. His current main research interest focuses on the studies of cancer proteomics and biomarkers, and the use of modern omics techniques and systems biology for PPPM in cancer, and on the development and use of 2DE-LC/MS for the large-scale study of human proteoforms.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Xiangya Hospital Central South University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40482/images/system/40482.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rizwan Ahmad is a University Professor and Coordinator, Quality and Development, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, Saudi Arabia. Previously, he was Associate Professor of Human Function, Oman Medical College, Oman, and SBS University, Dehradun. Dr. Ahmad completed his education at Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh. He has published several articles in peer-reviewed journals, chapters, and edited books. His area of specialization is free radical biochemistry and autoimmune diseases.",institutionString:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institution:{name:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",biography:"Farid A. Badria, Ph.D., is the recipient of several awards, including The World Academy of Sciences (TWAS) Prize for Public Understanding of Science; the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Gold Medal for best invention; Outstanding Arab Scholar, Kuwait; and the Khwarizmi International Award, Iran. He has 250 publications, 12 books, 20 patents, and several marketed pharmaceutical products to his credit. He continues to lead research projects on developing new therapies for liver, skin disorders, and cancer. Dr. Badria was listed among the world’s top 2% of scientists in medicinal and biomolecular chemistry in 2019 and 2020. He is a member of the Arab Development Fund, Kuwait; International Cell Research Organization–United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (ICRO–UNESCO), Chile; and UNESCO Biotechnology France",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"329385",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh K.",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Singh",slug:"rajesh-k.-singh",fullName:"Rajesh K. Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329385/images/system/329385.png",biography:"Dr. Singh received a BPharm (2003) and MPharm (2005) from Panjab University, Chandigarh, India, and a Ph.D. (2013) from Punjab Technical University (PTU), Jalandhar, India. He has more than sixteen years of teaching experience and has supervised numerous postgraduate and Ph.D. students. He has to his credit more than seventy papers in SCI- and SCOPUS-indexed journals, fifty-five conference proceedings, four books, six Best Paper Awards, and five projects from different government agencies. He is currently an editorial board member of eight international journals and a reviewer for more than fifty scientific journals. He received Top Reviewer and Excellent Peer Reviewer Awards from Publons in 2016 and 2017, respectively. He is also on the panel of The International Reviewer for reviewing research proposals for grants from the Royal Society. He also serves as a Publons Academy mentor and Bentham brand ambassador.",institutionString:"Punjab Technical University",institution:{name:"Punjab Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"142388",title:"Dr.",name:"Thiago",middleName:"Gomes",surname:"Gomes Heck",slug:"thiago-gomes-heck",fullName:"Thiago Gomes Heck",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/142388/images/7259_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Regional do Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"336273",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Janja",middleName:null,surname:"Zupan",slug:"janja-zupan",fullName:"Janja Zupan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/336273/images/14853_n.jpeg",biography:"Janja Zupan graduated in 2005 at the Department of Clinical Biochemistry (superviser prof. dr. Janja Marc) in the field of genetics of osteoporosis. Since November 2009 she is working as a Teaching Assistant at the Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Biochemistry. In 2011 she completed part of her research and PhD work at Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh. She finished her PhD entitled The influence of the proinflammatory cytokines on the RANK/RANKL/OPG in bone tissue of osteoporotic and osteoarthritic patients in 2012. From 2014-2016 she worked at the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Aberdeen as a postdoctoral research fellow on UK Arthritis research project where she gained knowledge in mesenchymal stem cells and regenerative medicine. She returned back to University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy in 2016. She is currently leading project entitled Mesenchymal stem cells-the keepers of tissue endogenous regenerative capacity facing up to aging of the musculoskeletal system funded by Slovenian Research Agency.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ljubljana",country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},{id:"357453",title:"Dr.",name:"Radheshyam",middleName:null,surname:"Maurya",slug:"radheshyam-maurya",fullName:"Radheshyam Maurya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/357453/images/16535_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Hyderabad",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"418340",title:"Dr.",name:"Jyotirmoi",middleName:null,surname:"Aich",slug:"jyotirmoi-aich",fullName:"Jyotirmoi Aich",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038Ugi5QAC/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:48:28.png",biography:"Biotechnologist with 15 years of research including 6 years of teaching experience. Demonstrated record of scientific achievements through consistent publication record (H index = 13, with 874 citations) in high impact journals such as Nature Communications, Oncotarget, Annals of Oncology, PNAS, and AJRCCM, etc. Strong research professional with a post-doctorate from ACTREC where I gained experimental oncology experience in clinical settings and a doctorate from IGIB where I gained expertise in asthma pathophysiology. A well-trained biotechnologist with diverse experience on the bench across different research themes ranging from asthma to cancer and other infectious diseases. An individual with a strong commitment and innovative mindset. Have the ability to work on diverse projects such as regenerative and molecular medicine with an overall mindset of improving healthcare.",institutionString:"DY Patil Deemed to Be University",institution:null},{id:"349288",title:"Prof.",name:"Soumya",middleName:null,surname:"Basu",slug:"soumya-basu",fullName:"Soumya Basu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035QxIDQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:47:01.jpg",biography:"Soumya Basu, Ph.D., is currently working as an Associate Professor at Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India. With 16+ years of trans-disciplinary research experience in Drug Design, development, and pre-clinical validation; 20+ research article publications in journals of repute, 9+ years of teaching experience, trained with cross-disciplinary education, Dr. Basu is a life-long learner and always thrives for new challenges.\r\nHer research area is the design and synthesis of small molecule partial agonists of PPAR-γ in lung cancer. She is also using artificial intelligence and deep learning methods to understand the exosomal miRNA’s role in cancer metastasis. Dr. Basu is the recipient of many awards including the Early Career Research Award from the Department of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. She is a reviewer of many journals like Molecular Biology Reports, Frontiers in Oncology, RSC Advances, PLOS ONE, Journal of Biomolecular Structure & Dynamics, Journal of Molecular Graphics and Modelling, etc. She has edited and authored/co-authored 21 journal papers, 3 book chapters, and 15 abstracts. She is a Board of Studies member at her university. She is a life member of 'The Cytometry Society”-in India and 'All India Cell Biology Society”- in India.",institutionString:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",institution:{name:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"354817",title:"Dr.",name:"Anubhab",middleName:null,surname:"Mukherjee",slug:"anubhab-mukherjee",fullName:"Anubhab Mukherjee",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y0000365PbRQAU/ProfilePicture%202022-04-15%2005%3A11%3A18.480",biography:"A former member of Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, USA, Dr. Anubhab Mukherjee is an ardent votary of science who strives to make an impact in the lives of those afflicted with cancer and other chronic/acute ailments. He completed his Ph.D. from CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India, having been skilled with RNAi, liposomal drug delivery, preclinical cell and animal studies. He pursued post-doctoral research at College of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Texas A & M University and was involved in another postdoctoral research at Department of Translational Neurosciences and Neurotherapeutics, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, California. In 2015, he worked in Harvard-MIT Health Sciences & Technology as a visiting scientist. He has substantial experience in nanotechnology-based formulation development and successfully served various Indian organizations to develop pharmaceuticals and nutraceutical products. He is an inventor in many US patents and an author in many peer-reviewed articles, book chapters and books published in various media of international repute. Dr. Mukherjee is currently serving as Principal Scientist, R&D at Esperer Onco Nutrition (EON) Pvt. Ltd. and heads the Hyderabad R&D center of the organization.",institutionString:"Esperer Onco Nutrition Pvt Ltd.",institution:null},{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/319365/images/system/319365.png",biography:"Manash K. Paul is a scientist and Principal Investigator at the University of California Los Angeles. He has contributed significantly to the fields of stem cell biology, regenerative medicine, and lung cancer. His research focuses on various signaling processes involved in maintaining stem cell homeostasis during the injury-repair process, deciphering the lung stem cell niche, pulmonary disease modeling, immuno-oncology, and drug discovery. He is currently investigating the role of extracellular vesicles in premalignant lung cell migration and detecting the metastatic phenotype of lung cancer via artificial intelligence-based analyses of exosomal Raman signatures. Dr. Paul also works on spatial multiplex immunofluorescence-based tissue mapping to understand the immune repertoire in lung cancer. Dr. Paul has published in more than sixty-five peer-reviewed international journals and is highly cited. He is the recipient of many awards, including the UCLA Vice Chancellor’s award and the 2022 AAISCR-R Vijayalaxmi Award for Innovative Cancer Research. He is a senior member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and an editorial board member for several international journals.",institutionString:"University of California Los Angeles",institution:{name:"University of California Los Angeles",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"311457",title:"Dr.",name:"Júlia",middleName:null,surname:"Scherer Santos",slug:"julia-scherer-santos",fullName:"Júlia Scherer Santos",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/311457/images/system/311457.jpg",biography:"Dr. Júlia Scherer Santos works in the areas of cosmetology, nanotechnology, pharmaceutical technology, beauty, and aesthetics. Dr. Santos also has experience as a professor of graduate courses. Graduated in Pharmacy, specialization in Cosmetology and Cosmeceuticals applied to aesthetics, specialization in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Health, and a doctorate in Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology. Teaching experience in Pharmacy and Aesthetics and Cosmetics courses. She works mainly on the following subjects: nanotechnology, cosmetology, pharmaceutical technology, aesthetics.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"219081",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulsamed",middleName:null,surname:"Kükürt",slug:"abdulsamed-kukurt",fullName:"Abdulsamed Kükürt",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/219081/images/system/219081.png",biography:"Dr. Kükürt graduated from Uludağ University in Turkey. He started his academic career as a Research Assistant in the Department of Biochemistry at Kafkas University. In 2019, he completed his Ph.D. program in the Department of Biochemistry at the Institute of Health Sciences. He is currently working at the Department of Biochemistry, Kafkas University. He has 27 published research articles in academic journals, 11 book chapters, and 37 papers. He took part in 10 academic projects. He served as a reviewer for many articles. He still serves as a member of the review board in many academic journals. He is currently working on the protective activity of phenolic compounds in disorders associated with oxidative stress and inflammation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178366",title:"Dr.",name:"Volkan",middleName:null,surname:"Gelen",slug:"volkan-gelen",fullName:"Volkan Gelen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178366/images/system/178366.jpg",biography:"Volkan Gelen is a Physiology specialist who received his veterinary degree from Kafkas University in 2011. Between 2011-2015, he worked as an assistant at Atatürk University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology. 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