\\n\\n
More than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\\n\\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\\n\\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\\n\\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\\n\\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"IntechOpen Maintains",originalUrl:"/media/original/113"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Simba Information has released its Open Access Book Publishing 2020 - 2024 report and has again identified IntechOpen as the world’s largest Open Access book publisher by title count.
\n\nSimba Information is a leading provider for market intelligence and forecasts in the media and publishing industry. The report, published every year, provides an overview and financial outlook for the global professional e-book publishing market.
\n\nIntechOpen, De Gruyter, and Frontiers are the largest OA book publishers by title count, with IntechOpen coming in at first place with 5,101 OA books published, a good 1,782 titles ahead of the nearest competitor.
\n\nSince the first Open Access Book Publishing report published in 2016, IntechOpen has held the top stop each year.
\n\n\n\nMore than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\n\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\n\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\n\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\n\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\n\n\n\n
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"7909",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Palliative Care",title:"Palliative Care",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Palliative care is one of the most important factors in the fight against chronic diseases. It begins from the moment the patient is diagnosed, continues with curative treatment until death, and ends with care that supports the patient's family and other caregivers during the postmortem mourning process. In all these stages it is very important to improve the quality of life in patients, to relieve symptoms, and to support patients and their relatives in a dignified manner. This book includes basic information about palliative care, management of patient symptoms, support suggestions for psychological and social problems, needs of patients and their families, and how palliative care is handled in different countries. Written for healthcare professionals, students, and all interested readers, this book provides important information that can be used to improve the quality of life of patients as well as that of their families.",isbn:"978-1-78984-076-6",printIsbn:"978-1-78984-075-9",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83962-195-6",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.77739",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"palliative-care",numberOfPages:146,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"da90fe956f441df4a9455d9abd02d28b",bookSignature:"Mukadder Mollaoğlu",publishedDate:"October 2nd 2019",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7909.jpg",numberOfDownloads:9874,numberOfWosCitations:5,numberOfCrossrefCitations:6,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:2,numberOfDimensionsCitations:10,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:2,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:21,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"September 12th 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"October 24th 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"December 23rd 2018",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"March 13th 2019",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"May 12th 2019",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"43900",title:"Prof.",name:"Mukadder",middleName:null,surname:"Mollaoğlu",slug:"mukadder-mollaoglu",fullName:"Mukadder Mollaoğlu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/43900/images/system/43900.png",biography:"Professor Dr. Mukadder Mollaoğlu is a member of the Faculty of Health Sciences, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Turkey. Her research interests are health promotion, care management in chronic diseases, quality of life, life satisfaction, home care, needs of caregivers, improving self-care activities in chronic diseases, self-efficacy, medicine, and nursing ethics. Her research studies have been published in many high-impact journals and have received numerous citations. She has also published several books and book chapters. Professor Mollaoğlu received two first prizes for her work on life satisfaction and home care in chronic diseases, one in Sweden (Malmö) and the other in France (Strasbourg). In addition, she received the Lütfi Abay Culture and Education Foundation (LAKEV) science award in 2020 for research in the field of health sciences.",institutionString:"Cumhuriyet University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"3",institution:{name:"Cumhuriyet University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1132",title:"Health Care",slug:"medicine-public-health-health-care"}],chapters:[{id:"66377",title:"Palliative Care Education for Everybody",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85496",slug:"palliative-care-education-for-everybody",totalDownloads:1058,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"This chapter is about palliative care education for everybody including both professional health care workers and all citizens. A six-step approach to life-long palliative care education (as first described by Bollig in 2008 and published as a conference poster in 2009 and a book in German in 2010) will be proposed and discussed. The chapter will summarize the public knowledge approach to palliative care implementation (Bollig 2008) and other strategies to educate the public about palliative care. The concept of Last Aid courses for citizens will be introduced, and international experiences with this concept will be discussed. A possible combination of Last Aid courses and the compassionate community approach might improve palliative care provision in the community.",signatures:"Georg Bollig",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66377",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66377",authors:[{id:"281374",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Georg",surname:"Bollig",slug:"georg-bollig",fullName:"Georg Bollig"}],corrections:null},{id:"65790",title:"The Marquette Palliative Care System",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.84475",slug:"the-marquette-palliative-care-system",totalDownloads:801,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Worldwide, major clinical barriers to effective palliative care are the absence of a. current data on symptom type and intensity; b. immediately accessible information on practical, affordable, and effective interventions; and c. self-sustaining systems to facilitate physician engagement in continuing palliative care. Our adaptable system, developed for Bangladesh and Nepal, addresses these barriers. A tele-home palliative care program facilitates home care, minimizes expense, and encourages efficient professional practitioner involvement employing two information technology tools: a patient cell-phone “app” on the Android platform with a 15-item symptom questionnaire and an Internet website with health information sections for patients/families and for clinicians. The physician section contains a guide for patient symptom review, clinical practice palliative care guidelines, secured patient demographics, medical summaries, and current and past symptom reports along with prescription-writing capability. The system is managed by a local organization that registers patients and their physicians, instructs patients on the free downloadable application and completes their demographic and medical summaries, and arranges collection of a modest fee. The organization also ensures regular physician/clinic visits by the patient or by a family member with a patient phone check-in, at least every 2 weeks.",signatures:"Richard R. Love and Sheikh Iqbal Ahamed",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/65790",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/65790",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"66591",title:"Palliative Care Ethics: Medicine’s Duty to Help",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85160",slug:"palliative-care-ethics-medicine-s-duty-to-help",totalDownloads:919,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In palliative care, death, which is a part of human nature, is considered as a normal process. This type of care is concerned with the quality of life rather than its duration. In this context, the basic aim is to perform practices to relieve the patient in a way that does not raise any ethical suspicion. Within this framework, it can be said that palliative care is a requirement of medicine’s duty to help. The aim of this chapter is to draw attention to the importance of ethical values in the configuration of palliative care services for patients who are in the last period of their life or the ones who have terminal illnesses. In palliative care, it is essential to arrange care services in a manner that does not raise any ethical doubt about the measures taken to increase beneficence both to the patients who are in the last days of their life and to their relatives. In this study, “The Directive for Implementing Procedures of Palliative Care Services” prepared by the Ministry of Health in Turkey in 2015 will be evaluated in terms of ethics.",signatures:"Sukru Keles",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66591",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66591",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"65829",title:"Communication with Families in the Last Days of a Patient’s Life and Optimal Delivery of a Death Pronouncement",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.84730",slug:"communication-with-families-in-the-last-days-of-a-patient-s-life-and-optimal-delivery-of-a-death-pro",totalDownloads:928,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Communicating with family members is critically important when a severely ill patient is experiencing their last few days of life. However, healthcare professionals (HCPs) have limited opportunities to learn effective and respectful ways to perform this communication. In recent decades, significant effort has been put forth to identify the phenomena that indicate the last hours and days of life and the optimal methods to deliver a death pronouncement, which will potentially help HCPs communicate compassionately with family members throughout the dying process. In this chapter, we will review the literature regarding the phenomena that indicate the last hours and days of life and the death pronouncement. Furthermore, we will discuss clinical implications derived from those articles and future research perspectives.",signatures:"Soichiro Okamoto, Yu Uneno, Masanori Mori, Takashi Yamaguchi and Nobuhisa Nakajima",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/65829",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/65829",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"65999",title:"The Quality of Life of the Patients Under Palliative Care: The Features of Appropriate Assessment Tools and the Impact of Early Integration of Palliative Care",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85161",slug:"the-quality-of-life-of-the-patients-under-palliative-care-the-features-of-appropriate-assessment-too",totalDownloads:1182,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Based on the WHO definition, the primary objective of palliative care (PC) is to improve the quality of life (QoL) of the patients facing life threatening illness by means of a multidisciplinary approach. The assessment of QoL in patients under PC is an important process for the identification of patient’s overall conditions including psycho-social, spiritual issues as well as the evaluation of the services provided to the patient. The ideal assessment tool the measurement of QoL in patients under PC should be patient centered and contain both subjective and objective domains and be able to correlate with the definition of QoL. The factors which positively influence the extend of the QoL include, good doctor-patient communication, economic status, education, socio-economic support and spirituality. The negative factors are social isolation, lack of employment, poverty, rejection and stigmatization and experience of symptoms, such as uncontrolled pain. Early Integration of PC leads to higher psycho-social support and acceptance of diagnosis, and severity of illness, which in turn helps for the better symptom management and reduces the disease related stress, which clearly associated with improved QoL. It provides more time for the end of life decision making, promotes self-efficacy and sense of control in decision with respect to individual values.",signatures:"Thomas Antony Thaniyath",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/65999",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/65999",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"66427",title:"Palliative Care Network in Brazil",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85169",slug:"palliative-care-network-in-brazil",totalDownloads:1039,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Brazil is a country with great diversity and distinct realities, so there is a proportional challenge and complexity in offering a unified and integrated system which is accessible, of quality, and effective. Population aging and the increased incidence of chronic-degenerative noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) increase the need for palliative care (PC); however, public policies still need to be implemented so that this care encompasses adequate funding, professional training, and guaranteed medication. The first national policy for PC was recently proposed, providing guidelines for the organization of PC, emphasizing the importance of integration between the different levels of care and services in the Brazilian health system (SUS). Nevertheless, the challenges of this policy include the training of professionals, communication in the network, the absence of integrated health information systems, and effective mechanisms to finance this new modality of care.",signatures:"Juliana Guimarães Lima Munis, Juliana Dias Reis Pessalacia, Jacqueline Resende Boaventura, Ana Paula Da Silva, Luciana Ferreira Da Silva, Aires Garcia dos Santos Júnior and Adriano Menis Ferreira",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66427",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66427",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"66960",title:"Palliative Care: The Nigerian Perspective",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85235",slug:"palliative-care-the-nigerian-perspective",totalDownloads:976,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Palliative care is an area of healthcare that focuses on relieving and preventing the suffering of patients. It utilizes a multidisciplinary team approach to ensure a “holistic” care of the patient. It is a relatively new concept in medicine and the Nigerian experience has not been widely studied. Despite its introduction into the nation over two decades ago, it still faces a lot of challenges in terms of integration into the health care system, implementation and governmental policy. With increasing longevity, urbanization, high prevalence of HIV/AIDS and chronic diseases including malignancies, there will be an increasing number of Nigerians requiring palliative care.",signatures:"Nnadi Daniel Chukwunyere",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66960",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66960",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"68854",title:"Palliative Care Services from Past to Present",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88990",slug:"palliative-care-services-from-past-to-present",totalDownloads:894,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Palliative care (PC) refers to all services provided to make the remaining life of a patient meaningful and valuable. It is recommended that palliative care that is applied to improve the life quality of the patients should not be based only on the diagnosis and prognosis of the disease but also on the need of the patients. Even, palliative care was administered only in the late stages of diseases in the past, but these days it is recommended to be administered in addition to therapies starting from the diagnosis of life-threatening diseases. Palliative care requires a multidisciplinary team approach consisting of professionals who serve for a common purpose. No single palliative care model can be fit for all conditions. However, there is a universal fundamental principle of palliative care: it should address the individual wishes and needs of each patient and the relatives of patients. The development and training of palliative care services vary from country to country: palliative care services are in the development stage in developing countries, compared to developed countries. This chapter provides necessary information about palliative care services, a multidisciplinary health service.",signatures:"Murat Can Mollaoğlu, Döne Günay and Mukadder Mollaoğlu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68854",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68854",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"65115",title:"Diabetes and Palliative Care: A Framework to Help Clinicians Proactively Plan for Personalized care",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.83534",slug:"diabetes-and-palliative-care-a-framework-to-help-clinicians-proactively-plan-for-personalized-care",totalDownloads:1117,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"The aim of the chapter is to provide a brief overview of diabetes and the associated morbidities that affect life expectancy to highlight why proactively planning for palliative and end-of-life care is essential to quality personalized diabetes care. Life expectancy may not be significantly reduced if blood glucose, lipids and blood pressure are well controlled; but several diabetes-related complications and long duration of diabetes affect life expectancy. Significantly, complications and related organ and tissue damage can be present 10–15 years before type 2 diabetes is diagnosed. The challenge of prognostication is discussed as recommendations for when to consider changing the focus of care from preventing diabetes complications to palliation and comfort care. Life-limiting illness and palliative and end-of-life care are defined. A framework for integrating diabetes and palliative care is proposed. The framework could help clinicians and people with diabetes prevent/manage complications and plan care to maintain quality of life, dignity and autonomy and ameliorate suffering as their life trajectory changes. The framework aims to facilitate care transitions and help clinicians proactively initiate management and have timely meaningful conversations about palliative and end-of-life care with older people with diabetes and their families.",signatures:"Trisha Dunning and Peter Martin",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/65115",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/65115",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"66789",title:"Palliative Care in HIV/AIDS",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85847",slug:"palliative-care-in-hiv-aids",totalDownloads:960,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"In the era of HIV, palliative care is important to improve the quality of life of people living with HIV. The core activities of palliative care are control of symptoms and psychological, social, and spiritual problems. As a matter of fact, people living with HIV have a high burden of physical, psychological, and social difficulties which require palliative care that is holistic care. This implies palliative care for people living with HIV improves their emotion, physical symptoms, and psychosocial and spiritual functions. It can be provided by trained healthcare professionals, families, and community caregivers. HIV care and treatment guidelines should address the principles of palliative care, and policy should be in place to enforce its implementation for improving the quality of life of people living with HIV.",signatures:"Habtamu Abera Areri",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66789",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66789",authors:[null],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"5961",title:"Caregiving and Home Care",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b7f61b50c25b4ac5267528a64c8a51cb",slug:"caregiving-and-home-care",bookSignature:"Mukadder Mollaoglu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5961.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"43900",title:"Prof.",name:"Mukadder",surname:"Mollaoğlu",slug:"mukadder-mollaoglu",fullName:"Mukadder Mollaoğlu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6013",title:"Well-being and Quality of Life",subtitle:"Medical Perspective",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8ce9412b0c4cf7532a3ed3269e5a8ebf",slug:"well-being-and-quality-of-life-medical-perspective",bookSignature:"Mukadder Mollaoglu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6013.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"43900",title:"Prof.",name:"Mukadder",surname:"Mollaoğlu",slug:"mukadder-mollaoglu",fullName:"Mukadder Mollaoğlu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1673",title:"Evidence Based Medicine",subtitle:"Closer to Patients or Scientists?",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d767dfe22c65317eab3fd9ff465cb877",slug:"evidence-based-medicine-closer-to-patients-or-scientists-",bookSignature:"Nikolaos M. 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Public Perceptions of Values Associated with Wildfire Protection at the Wildland-Urban Interface: A Synthesis of National Findings",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/68989.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68989",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68989",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/68989",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/68989",chapter:{id:"65057",slug:"public-perceptions-of-values-associated-with-wildfire-protection-at-the-wildland-urban-interface-a-s",signatures:"Jason Gordon, Adam S. Willcox, A.E. Luloff, James C. Finley and Donald G. Hodges",dateSubmitted:"June 21st 2018",dateReviewed:"October 22nd 2018",datePrePublished:"December 31st 2018",datePublished:"February 19th 2020",book:{id:"8295",title:"Landscape Reclamation",subtitle:"Rising From What's Left",fullTitle:"Landscape Reclamation - Rising From What's Left",slug:"landscape-reclamation-rising-from-what-s-left",publishedDate:"February 19th 2020",bookSignature:"Luis Loures",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8295.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"108118",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Loures",slug:"luis-loures",fullName:"Luis Loures"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"264298",title:"Dr.",name:"Jason",middleName:null,surname:"Gordon",fullName:"Jason Gordon",slug:"jason-gordon",email:"jason.gordon@uga.edu",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Georgia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]}},chapter:{id:"65057",slug:"public-perceptions-of-values-associated-with-wildfire-protection-at-the-wildland-urban-interface-a-s",signatures:"Jason Gordon, Adam S. Willcox, A.E. Luloff, James C. Finley and Donald G. Hodges",dateSubmitted:"June 21st 2018",dateReviewed:"October 22nd 2018",datePrePublished:"December 31st 2018",datePublished:"February 19th 2020",book:{id:"8295",title:"Landscape Reclamation",subtitle:"Rising From What's Left",fullTitle:"Landscape Reclamation - Rising From What's Left",slug:"landscape-reclamation-rising-from-what-s-left",publishedDate:"February 19th 2020",bookSignature:"Luis Loures",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8295.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"108118",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Loures",slug:"luis-loures",fullName:"Luis Loures"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"264298",title:"Dr.",name:"Jason",middleName:null,surname:"Gordon",fullName:"Jason Gordon",slug:"jason-gordon",email:"jason.gordon@uga.edu",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Georgia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},book:{id:"8295",title:"Landscape Reclamation",subtitle:"Rising From What's Left",fullTitle:"Landscape Reclamation - Rising From What's Left",slug:"landscape-reclamation-rising-from-what-s-left",publishedDate:"February 19th 2020",bookSignature:"Luis Loures",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8295.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"108118",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Loures",slug:"luis-loures",fullName:"Luis Loures"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"11888",leadTitle:null,title:"Central Nervous System Tumors",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"
\r\n\tCentral nervous system (CNS) tumors; represents a heterogeneous group comprising more than 100 tumor types originating from the brain, cerebellum, brain stem, spinal cord, and meninges. Primary CNS tumors constitute 2% of all cancers in adults and 15-25% in children. Among glial tumors, glioblastoma is the most common in adults and pilocytic astrocytoma in childhood. Embryonal tumors are also more common in children and are called medulloblastoma if they are located infratentorial. Other Primary CNS tumors include; Many tumors such as meningioma, pituitary adenoma, hemangioblastoma, craniopharyngioma, germ cell tumors, mixed glio-neuronal tumors can be counted. Secondary CNS tumors; are extraaxially located metastatic tumors and are observed much more frequently than primary CNS tumors. CNS tumors are classified into four grades, from Stage I to IV, according to the Malignant Scale of the World Health Organization (WHO).
\r\n\tThe WHO classification in 2007; was based on the histogenesis and cell origin of the tumor. In the latest classification made in 2016; to better characterize the tumor and obtain better data on its prognosis; The combination of molecular and genetic biomarkers and histopathological features of the tumor was used. Despite all current treatment approaches, the median survival time is around 12 months in most GBM patients. Compared with the situation of some types of successfully treated cancers; the survival time of GBM patients is not at an acceptable level today. In the treatment of CNS tumors; surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation treatments (x-rays, gamma rays, electron and proton beams) are used. The therapeutic potential of chemotherapy; New strategies are needed to increase drug concentration at the diseased site, as this largely depends on the ability of the chemotherapeutic agent to achieve effective concentrations at tumor localization. Based on our better understanding of the genetic and molecular characteristics of CNS tumors; Targeted therapies, including vaccines, and treatment protocols such as immunotherapy are promising developments.
\r\n\tThis book supposes to be written by many authors who have an internationally honored place in their field to share their ideas about the treatment of CNS tumors. Surgery, Radiotherapy, Chemotherapy and Antiangiogenic Therapy Protocols, Immunotherapy, Molecular Therapy, Specific target-agents therapy with Nanoparticles and Gene Therapy for CNS tumors among the book chapters.
\r\n\tIn these sections; there are many practical pieces of information that can help the students who graduated from the Medicine Faculty and specialist doctors who are interested in Neurosurgery.
Coffee is an everyday beverage and consumed enthusiastically throughout the world. This popular beverage is a primary source of annual income and employment, contributing economically, on four continents, as well as too many emerging nations. In the second half of the nineteenth-century coffee was transformed into an industrial product as a consequence of the accelerated expansion of coffee production in Brazil, which in turns, nurtured the growth of a mass consumer market in the United States [1].
Coffee crop, in current times, spread in over 10 million hectares grown in more than 80 tropical and sub-tropical nations. On a social basis, it plays a relevant role notably for the subsistence of nearly 20 million coffee-farming families in underdeveloped countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America [2]. In the world, coffee places in the second-largest export commodity position only behind to the petroleum products [3].
According to the USDA 2020/21 Forecast Overview [4], the world coffee production is estimated at approximately 9 million bags (60 kilograms) superior to the past year record of 176.1 million. The forecast is that Brazil accounts for most considerable of the increment because its arabica coffee crops start the on-year of the biennial production cycle and robusta coffee is achieving record output. Brazil is the leading supporter of the forecast for the expansion in world exports. Arabica output in Brazil is forecast to achieve 6.8 million bags above the preceding season to 47.8 million. Most favorable climate conditions prevailed in the majority coffee regions, promoting coffee fruit setting and development and filling, thus succeeding in high yields.
The genus
Genetic diversity is a prerequisite component of biodiversity, obligatory for species reproduction, and essential for adapting species to a dynamic environment [9]. Besides, assessment of genetic diversity directly impacts the development of new varieties through breeding. So, valuable genetic traits can be transferred to existing plant cultivars to achieve goals towards increasing crop yields, characteristics related to the quality of crops, resistance to disease and pest, etc. Plant breeding focused on wild races genetic information is usual for most global crops and has driven an essential contribution to increasing global food security [10]. Notwithstanding, genetic information wild races have been reduced at an alarming rate, specifically for tropical crop species, including
In plant breeding, it is decisive to identify the most critical phenotypic traits to increase plant production. Therefore, the assessment of trait occurrences and dissimilarities in a population is the key to defining possibly useful crosses among accessions. The first line of attack is to understand the extent of the variability of some species. To do that, many countries around the world strategically centered money and human capital on collecting, assessing, and keeping the genetic resources available on germplasm banks. Although many studies emphasize the genetic diversity with molecular markers, it is also useful for plant breeders to contemplate the morphological and agronomical diversity of interest traits. In this context, we briefly show the coffee chain’s budget value, summarily point out the leading germplasm banks, and concisely demonstrate the employment of genetic diversity assessed on morphological and agronomical traits, along with molecular markers approaches.
Coffee represents an agricultural commodity that has stood out in international trade and domestic supply in terms of quantity and value [15]. Developing countries correspond to the leading suppliers, while the main buyers are developed countries, in which coffee consumption is full-bodied. The soil characteristics of the intertropical and equatorial regions of the world play a fundamental role in the coffee marketing chain worldwide [16].
Approximately 170 countries are coffee producers, and almost all countries are consumers, highlighting its commercial importance, which has grown steadily over the last 150 years [17]. Even with the crop distribution range, it has not represented a barrier to the growing production concentration in some nations. Currently, 70% of the consumed coffee worldwide comes from Brazil, Vietnam, Colombia, and Indonesia. In contrast, the primary consumer countries are the United States, the European Union, Brazil, and Japan, which account for two-thirds of the global demand for coffee [16].
Agricultural products usually have limited extended storage to avoid severe losses of quality. However, in coffee, the beans can be stored for decades, since observed aspects regarding the limits of humidity, light, temperature, and the latter keeping with reasonable consumption conditions. The coffee profile allows coffee growers to use the harvest with a strategic vision of economics. Many of them prefer store in bags instead of selling them immediately, hoping they will reach better prices [16].
Coffee was introduced in Brazil in 1727 through French Guiana and spread from northern Brazil to the southeast states, mainly in the mountain regions. Coffee developed in these areas due to favorable climate conditions for its grown, such as mild temperature, heavy rains, and distinct dry season [18].
The cultivation of coffee has evolved significantly and contributed to economic development throughout the history of Brazilian regions, particularly during early times and locations where the crop implantation occurred. The establishment of farming dates back to the 18th century in the northern land, precisely at the State of Pará. Later, it moved to the states of Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo (which corresponds to the Paraíba Valley). In 1850, cultivation spread rapidly towards Serra da Mantiqueira and Santos. In the 20th century, coffee cultivation continued its expansion in the states of São Paulo, south of Minas Gerais, Espírito Santo, Paraná and also to the northern region of Brazil, in the State of Rondônia. During this period of growth, the Brazilian economy, in general, was strongly associated with the coffee market, and the Brazilian Federal Government heavily regulated the coffee market until the mid-1990s [19].
Twelve states represent the primary coffee-producing regions in Brazil, and there are about 300,000 coffee plantations in the country, spread over 1950 cities is estimated. The state of Minas Gerais holds about 50% of the total coffee production in Brazil. Minas Gerais state offers topography and mountain climate ideal for the cultivation of coffee that along with the low-cost land, and abundance of cheap labor, may contribute to their outstanding position [20].
Minas Gerais accounts for approximately 50% of coffee cultivated in Brazil, 98% of this occupancy with
At world scenario, the International Coffee Organization estimated that in 2014, the consumption of coffee was 150.3 million bags of 60 kg, in 2015; it rose to 152.1 million bags. In the last four years, the annual increase has remained an average of 2%. There was a significant increase in consumption in the Asia region, with rates of growth in the range between 4.5 and 9% in Indonesia, the Philippines, India, and Thailand. World coffee production in 2015 was 143.4 million 60 kg bags [22].
In April 2020, analyzing world coffee exports, it appoints an estimate to the 10.82 million bags, whereas, in April 2019, this number was 11.17 million. In the first seven months of the coffee year from 2019 to 2020 (the period between October/19 to April/20), they decreased 3.8% concerning exports in the same period from 2018 to 2019, totaling 72.78 bags, against 75.67 million. Shipping of beans of
In the budgetary part, the International Coffee Organization’s composite indicator fell 4.1% in May 2020, registering an average of 104.45 US cents per pound, which represented a second consecutive month of decline. The price trend curve for all
A series of research recognizes the economic value of genetic diversity [26]. However, these authors confirm the market failure in the case of conservation of coffee genetic resources, especially in Ethiopian highland forests, alerting that in 10 years, the coffee forest will disappear if the current devastation rates persists, which is alarming. This study addressed Ethiopian genetic coffee resources, the primary centre of diversity, revealing the potential economic importance of amounts to nearly US$1458 million, considering a 5% discount rate and US$420 million for a 10% discount rate. A good explanation of this outsized discount rate impact may be the expressive time lag between the required cost of coffee breeding programmes and the gains resulting from enhanced cultivars development.
The study of plant domestication, beyond its role in man’s cultural evolution, is an excellent experimental system for the study of biological evolution. Numerous dissimilarities in the middle of wild and domesticated types are related to essential features and basic plant biology processes, such as adaptation, development, and reproduction [27].
The
In ancient times, coffee was first noticed by the Arab merchants in Ethiopia and taken to Yemen [32]. The origin of
Origin and dispersion course of
The efficient use of available germplasm for breeding purposes requires detailed information on the relationship of genetic relatedness among accessions that compose it, primarily affected by the domestication process. The prospect of coffee improvement in all desirable aspects depends on the availability and use of the mostly untapped genes found in the wild, in farmers’ fields and
Conservation
From 1971 and 1997, the deforestation took place in around 235,400 ha of closed and slightly disturbed forests in the highland plateau of southwest Ethiopia. Numerous international organizations have outlined proposals for
An effort to preserve the last remaining coffee forests in Ethiopia and to prevent the loss of biodiversity resulted in a creation of the Yayu Biosphere Reserve and the Kafa Biosphere Reserve, in 2010. At that time, due to the sustainable strategic interest, it became component of the United Nations World Network of Biosphere reserves. Yayu Coffee Forest Biosphere plays a crucial role in the
Given this alarming scenario, in the past, the strategic importance of wild
The accelerated devastation of the tropical forest ecosystems in Africa, Madagascar, the Comoros and Mascarene islands drove collecting mission for other
According to Bramel et al. [31], is consensus in the majority of institutions worldwide indicates the conservation of the collection is secure due to the adherence and engagement of the institutes and their team. In most institutions, everyone is challenged, to some degree, to cover the yearly cost for everyday conservation operations. One critical study concerning costing for Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza (CATIE) confirms the long-term implications of negligence if the fund is insufficient, which is quite alarming.
Comprehensively, the conservation tactics applied to
In this sense, the chief way of knowing and measuring the size of species variability is to carry out collection expeditions to acquire materials in a vast natural geographic occurrence. After that, each accession must be documented, and subsequently, the measurement of its phenotype must be carried out. In germplasm conservation
According to Giomo et al. [50], the first and critical step in a breeding programme is the presence and understanding of genetic diversity. In this sense, the knowledge of a series of desirable traits is required to develop a new cultivar of coffee such as adaptability, architecture, fruit color, longevity, maturation, precocity, productivity, resistance to pests and diseases, size, type of grain, quality of coffee cupping, vigor, among others. Therefore, it is imperative to know the distinguished accessions selecting particular interest traits, including agronomic characterization of plants up to the beans’ chemical composition and sensory quality, to meet the specific coffee production chain demands.
In coffee species, a significant marketable crop, the research on genetic improvement carried out by a renowned research center around the world has in the germplasm banks its primary source of raw material, essentially in
Among the world-leading significant germplasm resources and conservation of the
The genebanks around the world have a collection of
CNRA was founded in 1998 and headquartered in Abidjan, Ivory Coast. According to Labouisse [13], CNRA has the most extensive genebank field collection of coffee in the world with 8003 accessions that resulted of prospecting conducted in eight African countries: Cote d’Ivoire, Guinea, Cameroon, Tanzania, Kenya, Madagascar and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Currently, the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) comes again developing a
Established in 1942, CATIE botanical garden and germplasm collection inaugurated its headquarter in Turrialba, Costa Rica. In 1948, the field collections of rubber, cocoa and coffee launched the germplasm preservation in Turrialba [52]. The CATIE International Coffee Germplasm Center is one organization in the public domain because of its designation to the International Institute
CIRAD commenced does collecting mission since the 1960s, being some of these collecting expeditions occurred in association with other institutions - viz., ORSTOM, International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI), and IRD [3]. In 1977, an ORSTOM/CIRAD mission arrived in Kenya where they collected eighty different accessions of
In Ethiopia, the Jimma Agricultural Research Center (JARC) has the commitment to be a leading centre of excellence research for arabica coffee on the planet, operating ten research stations located strategically in the main coffee production areas. The Jimma Research Station initiated variety development and germplasm conservation activity in 1966–1967. From 1966 to nowadays, the field collection has assembled 5853 accessions of
In Brazil, the IAPAR was founded in 1972 and headquartered in Londrina, in the state of Paraná. The IAPAR operates in a 300 ha-farm, of which 40 ha are cultivated with coffee. In 1975 was established the field genebank of coffee that were primarily composed by IAC accessions with posterior inclusions of accessions from the FAO/IBPGR collection. Also, they have a partnership with five farmers to test the F3/F4 generations. Several cultivars have been released by IAPAR improved to achieve high yield, drought tolerance, resistance to rust, nematodes, bacterial blight, and leaf miner; and also, different ripening cycles. The IAPAR combine testing, seed production and demonstration to farmers in the F6 generation, speeding, in this way, the time to release genetic material. The IAPAR institution has a good reputation among of coffee farmer’s producers in Paraná [31].
The Instituto Agronômico de Campinas (IAC), institution of the Brazilian Coffee Consortium, maintains the largest and the oldest coffee germplasm bank in the country, with 5451 records. Supported by the framework of this diversity, the active germplasm bank of the “Instituto Agronômico” has contributed for 87 years with significant results in the Brazilian coffee research. IAC also perform a series of research in collaboration with other research institutions within the Brazilian Coffee Consortium [50, 56].
IAC continuously performs morphological, agronomic, chemical and molecular characterization of the genetic materials maintained in its germplasm banks. This is essential for the definition and identification of the most genetic promising materials, with better productivity and other attributes considered according to each survey. To achieve an desired coffee cultivar is required a long-term due to the time demanded to advance the genetic material from generation to generation. In Brazil, the two most adopted cultivars in coffee plantations, Mundo Novo and Catuaí, are the results of improvement research conducted by the “Instituto Agronômico” from its germplasm bank. They are planted in about 80% of Brazilian coffee crops area today [56].
Besides, the germplasm bank of the IAPAR and IAC, there are other five coffee germplasm banks in Brazil: Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária de Minas Gerais (EPAMIG), Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Instituto Capixaba de Pesquisa, Assistência Técnica e Extensão Rural (INCAPER), Fundação Procafé, and Embrapa Rondônia. According to Bramel [31], the collection of these germplasm banks has an estimation of about 13,856 accessions; however, the number of accessions may be inconsistent across reports.
As stated by Bramel [31], it is estimated 21,026 accessions in a compilation of world coffee collections that account 52 holding coffee germplasm collection with at least ten accessions.
In plant breeding, it is crucial to identify the most critical phenotypic traits to boost plant production. Consequently, the evaluation of trait occurrences and differences in a population is a key to determining probably valuable crosses among accessions. Although most studies focus on genetic diversity with molecular markers, it is also useful for plant breeders to recognize the morphological diversity of traits of interest [57].
Around the world, the arabica breeding programmes has the primary purpose of developing new cultivars taking into account the economic benefits to be returned to coffee growers. The target characteristics in the desired arabica cultivar are productivity, mainly focused on bean size as well as cup quality and resistance to major diseases and pests. On the other hand, each breeding programme has its own particularities that establish the priorities of selection criteria usually defined based on multifactorial variations in specific circumstances of weather conditions, soil, biotic and abiotic stresses, cropping systems, socio-economic factors, market dynamics and consumer preferences. In arabica coffee, typically, four primary methods of breeding and selection are used: 1- Pure line selection; 2- Pedigree selection after hybridization (sometimes also backcrossing); 3 - Intraspecific F1 hybrids; 4 - Interspecific hybridization (arabica x robusta), backcrossing and pedigree selection. The comprehensive overview of selection criteria and outcomes from each breeding method is presented in detail by Van der Vossen [58].
Gathering a series of studies, Monge and Guevara [52] make the compilation of the critical phenotypic markers for evaluation of coffee and suggests a list of appropriated traits evaluation markers: morphological descriptors - viz.: architectural (ramification degree, number of internodes, and length of plagiotropic branches) and physical (dimensions and color of leaves, flowers and fruits, flush color, stem diameter, et
Monge and Guevara [52] in a review also outlined a compilation result of two studies concerning the phenotypic evaluation of 300 wild
Cilas et al. [59], in a study concerning genetic value prediction for
Bertrand et al. [60], addressing efforts towards sustainability, performed a study in three Central American countries comprising of 15 trials between 2000 to 2006 aiming to assess F1 hybrids of
The first original phenotypic structure within
The genetic diversity study conduced in Tepi National Spices Agricultural Research Center on 93
An study carried out in southwestern Saudi Arabia evaluated the genetic variation of accessions of
The biochemical aspect of coffee liquor is highly essential. From this point of view, it was made a study addressing the genetic diversity based on caffeine content level concurrently with physical aspects of green bean characteristics and coffee cup quality. The examination of dissimilarities involved cluster analysis based on unweighted pair group arithmetic average (UPGMA), together with correlation among those variables analyzed. The outcome results consisted of two main groups were distinguished. The first cluster formed by 11 accessions distinguished by high caffeine content, undesirable physical characteristics of green bean and poor coffee cup quality. The other cluster split into two subgroups: the first with 26 accessions with caffeine content varying from low to average level and cup quality; the next subgroup with five accessions characterized by a medium level of caffeine content, desirable physical qualities of green coffee bean and high-grade cup quality. The authors also identify negative and significant associations linking caffeine content and all other variables related to cup quality. From that perspective, it is possible a simultaneous improvement of desirable cup quality plus low caffeine content [64].
A research, performed in IAC, evaluated the effectiveness of a minimum set of descriptors established for the conduct of test for distinctness, uniformity and stability in
Weldemichael et al. [66] conducted one well-designed study estimating genetic parameters in 49 accessions of
The progress achieved in plant breeding programmes culminated in reduced genetic variability in the improved populations [36, 67, 68, 69]. This problem may be worse in species with a narrow genetic base, such as Arabica coffee (
DNA markers allow the detection of variations in DNA sequences between individuals of the same species. Because they identify variations in DNA, they are stable and are unaffected by the environment or by pleiotropic or epistatic effects [73]. Thus, molecular markers have been used in breeding programmes as an efficient tool for the discrimination of genotypes and the analysis of genetic variability, as their analysis is a precise association strategy between phenotypic and genotypic variability.
Genetic diversity assisted by molecular markers has been used in several stages of Arabica coffee breeding programmes. The molecular characterization of coffee accessions is an accurate tool for the conservation and more efficient use of genetic resources by breeders. This molecular information is useful in evaluating the redundancies and deficiencies of the germplasm and generates information on the efficiency of the collection, maintenance, and expansion of a germplasm bank. In addition, the study of molecular diversity provides fundamental information to help breeders choose parents to integrate into cross-breeding schemes, as well as in directing the improvement of the genetic base during the course of a breeding programme.
Different molecular markers, such as simple sequence repeats (SSRs), sequence-characterized amplified regions (SCARs), and single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), have been identified and made available for coffee [71, 72, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82]. These species-specific markers combined with random markers, such as inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSRs), random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs); support the genetic breeding of this crop.
Genetic studies and analyses of diversity and molecular characterizations of different germplasm banks and cultivars of
With 52 alleles from 22 SSRs, it was possible to access the diversity of the Core Collection of HdT [83]. Considerable variability was observed between the accessions, which were separated into 21 groups. This grouping result was analyzed together with the resistance data obtained for the main coffee diseases, rust and coffee berry disease. The concentration of individuals resistant to both diseases was verified in eight groups. Through this analysis, it was possible to identify HdT coffee plants belonging to distinct genetic diversity groups that have not yet been used in genetic breeding. This made it possible to select genotypes in the obtained dendrogram that were as distinct as possible from the sources already explored to date and that have different disease resistance genes. The selected HdT accessions consist of potential parents for breeding aiming resistance to multiple diseases [83].
Molecular markers were also analyzed in the HdT to understand the introgression of the genomes from the coffee species of their origin (
Accessions of different species and interspecific hybrids from the germplasm bank of UFV/EPAMIG/Embrapa were also analyzed with genomic SSRs and expressed sequence tag–SSR markers. The combination of these two types of markers allowed discriminating all accessions, including genotypes traditionally of
Using the currently available large-scale genotyping technology, genetic diversity between and within Brazilian coffee breeding progenies was assessed by 49,567 SNPs. The significant number of SNP molecular markers distributed throughout
Accessions from the germplasm bank and cultivars launched by the breeding programme of the Instituto Agronômico de Campinas were analyzed with RAPD, AFLP, and SSR markers [92]. The variability observed between accessions was small, and only two groups were formed, one containing genotypes that included most cultivars and the other containing accessions/cultivars derived from interspecific crosses.
A more comprehensive analysis of Brazilian coffee plants was performed in 34 cultivars belonging to the Brazilian Cultivar Trial, using SSR markers [93]. The molecular pattern obtained allowed the discrimination of all cultivars and the creation of a fingerprinting data of the main cultivars of the country. The ability of markers to detect varietal mixtures and the diversity between and within cultivars was demonstrated.
The genetic variability of
A broader study of the diversity and fingerprinting of Arabica coffee accessions from various producing regions of the world was done in 2533 genotypes [107]. These genotypes corresponding to the Core Collection of the germplasm of the Tropical Agricultural Research and Higher Education Center, accessions from Southern Sudan, and cultivars/germplasm from North, Central, and South America as well as Africa and Asia. The obtained fingerprinting was efficient. Based on this tool, farmers can verify and trust the identity of the cultivars being planted, and coffee roasters can rely on marketing related to the cultivars they are growing and selling. The seed and nursery sector can become more professional and reliable by using this new monitoring tool to establish and verify the genetic purity of the seed and seedling stock.
Currently, SNP markers are using for genome-wide investigation [72, 82, 108]. In an original work of genome-wide association, candidate genes associated with lipids and diterpenes contents in
Genetic resources commendably provide the basis of genetics solution to solve numerous problems of coffee growing areas throughout the world. The experimental schemes that lead to the introgression of new agronomic traits are known and have previously been validated with large populations. This approach has allowed the combination of several desirable traits in a single coffee cultivar. Also, plant breeders currently can count on the employment of molecular genetics to enhance the competence to introduce the desirable characteristics in the new cultivar. Molecular marker approach in association with morpho-agronomic characterization and diversity study helps to efficiently maintain the germplasm bank and facilitated its use by the breeder. Molecular tools are also useful to detect genetic structure and divergent breeding subpopulation. Application of genomics as a supplementary approach to conventional coffee breeding is highly recommended, improve the productivity of the breeding programme by reducing time to variety development as well as assure selection of desirable traits on the course of the breeding process, this is specifically relevant for the coffee crop that is perennial and has a narrow genetic base. Furthermore, molecular and morphological diversity approach provides nurseries, farmers and the whole coffee industry an opportunity to increase knowledge about the genetic identity of the coffee tree planted or traded.
The highly-regarded line of attack in the coffee sector is the elaboration of a wide-ranging catalog on existing germplasm collections including the markers profile. In the world, the usage of genetic diversity available in germplasm collections faces two significant problems: limited access to the conserved genetic resources and the deficiencies of genetic evaluation. Anthropogenic disturbances have modified the natural habitats where wild coffee species have spontaneously evolved, and in consequence, much relevant germplasm is in the risk of destruction. So, efforts of the scientific community are essential to design and implement conservation strategies. The ongoing partnership between Latin America and the African countries involved in the conservation and evaluation of coffee genetic resources is a well-intentioned strategy. This network aims to revitalize and advance the research to boost the productivity and cup quality of the coffee.
The authors do not have conflict of interests.
The liver contributes significantly to the metabolism and removal of drugs from the human body [1]. Metabolization of drugs and xenobiotics to nontoxic substances in the liver by enzymes is important for the proper function of the body, alteration in these statuses leads to a shift of metabolism toward the production of oxidants, which coheres to lipids or nuclear proteins which results in mutations, membrane damage, and alteration of enzyme activity respectively which further leads to organ malfunction. The production of oxidants is the most common action in the pathogenesis of liver damage by pharmaceutical drugs and herbal products [2]. Liver damage may occur due to environmental toxicants, drugs, and microbial metabolites. There are two sets of enzymes, phase I and phase II enzymes which play a very important role in the metabolism and detoxification of various drugs and other toxins. Paracetamol is one of the most commonly used drugs as an analgesic and antipyretic, it is a structural analog of phenacetin, which was withdrawn due to concerns for nephrotoxicity. Paracetamol is relatively safe compared with other NSAIDS; however, overdose can cause a spectrum of liver injuries from mild elevation in liver enzymes to acute liver failure and encephalopathy [3]. A lot of research has been conducted to know the pathogenesis of paracetamol-induced liver toxicity. N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) is used as an antidote for paracetamol-overdosed patients; however, it should be administered as early as possible [4]. It has now been recognized that paracetamol toxicity consists of multiple pathways, including paracetamol metabolism, oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, autophagy, sterile inflammation, microcirculatory dysfunction, and compensatory liver repair and regeneration. Some patients with liver failure require liver transplantation for survival [5]. In this chapter, we have discussed the paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity, pathophysiology, and factors that increase the risk of its toxicity, prevention, treatment, and patient outcome.
Paracetamol overdose is among one of the commonest causes of acute liver failure in some countries. The common settings for paracetamol-induced liver injury are suicidal overdose, unintentionally or accidentally in alcoholics, and with therapeutic use [6]. Studies done in the adult population have shown the most common etiology of acute liver failure (40%) was paracetamol overdose, more with unintentional intake rather than taken for suicide [7, 8]. However, a multicenter prospective study of pediatric patients reported that only 14% of acute liver failure is attributed to paracetamol overdose [9]. In a study on patients with an unintentional overdose of narcotic users, around 30% of patients were also taking over-the-counter paracetamol along with narcotic drugs. Patients sometimes are not knowing that their pain-reliving medicines advised by a physician are in combination with paracetamol and thus may take these medications along with oral over-the-counter paracetamol resulting in overdose. Due to delayed presentation and treatment, risk of mortality is comparatively more with unintentional overdose rather than intentional overdosage [10]. In 19% and 12.5% of indeterminate ALF, paracetamol-protein adducts were identified [11, 12]. In chronic alcoholics, paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity has been well recognized and reported to occur at lower doses compared with non-alcoholics [13, 14]. In a study on chronic alcoholics with paracetamol hepatotoxicity, the average toxic dose of paracetamol was 7 g per day; however, a lower dose of 2.5 g per day has also found to cause toxicity [15]. Paracetamol hepatotoxicity had been found with ingestion of therapeutic doses in individuals with malnutrition, advanced age, chronic pulmonary diseases, cardiac dysfunction, and chronic liver disease [16]. Drug interactions of paracetamol with other drugs (e.g., anticonvulsants, antitubercular) also result in hepatotoxicity at lower doses [17, 18].
In single oral ingestion, the toxic dose for children is more than 200 mg/kg of body weight, whereas in adults and adolescents, it is more than 7.5 g. In children younger than 6 years of age, toxicity occurs after ingestion of more than 75 mg/kg body weight per day. Acute toxic dose is in a single dose in repeated dosing [19], However, toxic dose also varies in different ethical groups like in Japanese lower doses may cause intoxication [20]. Children are found to be less sensitive to acute intoxication than adults, and this may be due to larger glutathione stores and comparatively larger liver [21].
Paracetamol enters the enterohepatic circulation after absorption in the gut and the liver by glucuronidation and sulfation 95% of its metabolized, and only a small amount of the drug is removed by the kidneys. In therapeutic doses, 2.7 hours is the mean elimination half-life of paracetamol ingestion [22]. N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine (NAPQI) is formed by oxidation reaction in approximately 5% fraction of the drug, and this further binds to cysteine, DNA, and lipids. Antioxidant glutathione (GSH) detoxifies NAPQI by forming a mercapturic metabolite, which is removed by the kidneys
Metabolism of paracetamol.
Paracetamol overdose identification is of significant value as an early start of treatment can prevent morbidity and mortality significantly. Many a times, patients may not tell the information about paracetamol ingestion and exact dosage. The most common symptoms are malaise, nausea with/without vomiting, and abdominal pain, as these symptoms are not peculiar leading to difficulty in making the diagnosis in absence of a history of overdose. The clinical course of paracetamol hepatotoxicity has four established sequential phases [27]. Each phase usually occurs following a fixed time interval after the paracetamol over-ingestion; however, these may be modified by factors like the formulation (mixed with opiate preparations, sustained release, etc.), co-ingestion (alcohol, herbal supplements, or other pharmaceutical drugs), and presence of chronic liver disease. The first phase starts within the first 24 hours of intake of the drug and usually has symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, muscle aches, dullness, and perspiration. However, some patients may remain asymptomatic in this phase, which leads to a delay in the diagnosis in patients who are unaware of their overdose. Biochemically liver transaminase values are usually normal in this phase. In the second phase that occurs 24 hours to 72 hours after intake, transaminases and bilirubin begin to rise and prothrombin time may be prolonged [28, 29]. Liver transaminase [alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST)] may rise to several thousand IU [30]. There are lesser increases in alkaline phosphatase and bilirubin. In phase III that occurs 72 hours to 96 hours after ingestion, liver injury occurs maximally in this phase and is characterized by continued progression of hepatotoxicity, possibly fulminant hepatic failure, and the onset of multiorgan system failure and hypoglycemia, jaundice, oliguria, acute tubular necrosis, encephalopathy, coagulopathy and lactic acidosis, central nervous system symptoms including confusion, somnolence, or coma. The risk of mortality is maximum in the third phase, mostly due to multi-organ dysfunction. There is a “two-hit” mechanism in the development of lactic acidosis one is that NAPQI in excess causes mitochondrial dysregulation, which is further followed subsequently by tissue hypoxia and decreased hepatic metabolism and clearance of lactate [8, 31]. Phase IV occurs after approximately 96 hours after the recovery from the third phase, the patient may either die from liver failure and its complications or start to recover. Those who improve liver functions usually return to normal within three weeks, with the histological improvement of the liver within 3 months. Usually, the fourth phase lasts for 1 to 2 weeks, but its duration varies from patient to patient. Aminotransferase elevations usually resolve within two weeks duration. An early signal of severe toxicity is prolonged prothrombin time within 30-hour of paracetamol ingestion [32]. Usually, bilirubin levels do not go higher as compared with liver failure due to other etiology [33]. Acute renal failure may occur in association with hepatotoxicity and also can occur as the liver injury is improving and some may even need dialysis [34, 35, 36]. A distinguished feature of paracetamol overdose in chronic alcoholics is seen in which laboratory abnormalities may include extremely high serum aminotransferase levels (AST > ALT) and prolonged prothrombin time within a small time frame of ingestion [37].
King’s College criteria are used for mortality prediction in ALF caused by paracetamol. The criteria include the presence of metabolic acidosis (arterial pH < 7.30) alone OR the presence of these three: Grade III or IV hepatic encephalopathy (HE), prothrombin time (PT) > 100 sec, and creatinine level > 3.4 mg/dL [38].
On assessment of paracetamol overdose, a detailed history should be taken, which should include ingested dose, co-intake of other pharmaceutical drugs or herbal medications, alcohol intake (acute and chronic), presence of any liver disease or disorder, and any other co-morbidity. Biochemical parameters including serum AST, ALT, bilirubin, prothrombin time, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, electrolytes, complete blood count, and urinalysis should be done. The plasma paracetamol levels should be sent for measurement ideally 4 hours after ingestion or as early as 24 hours, but not before 4 hours because continuous absorption of paracetamol leads to falsely low levels. The test should be repeated after 4 hours of the first test and then at 16, 24, and 32 hours after ingestion. Management for paracetamol overdose includes prevention of absorption from the gut, elimination of absorbed paracetamol from the blood, inhibition of formation of toxic metabolite NAPQI, and detoxification of NAPQI. The timing of presentation and the degree of hepatic decompensation guide the choice of therapy. Gastric lavage, administration of activated charcoal, and ipecacuanha (induces emesis) can prevent or decrease gut absorption within the first few hours after ingestion [39, 40]. NAC is used as an antidote in paracetamol overdose, and if initiated within the first 8 hours from the time of ingestion or overdose, a good response is seen. Methionine and cysteamine also cause detoxification of NAPQI, but have shown severe adverse central nervous system effects so not used commonly [41]. It has been found that starting NAC therapy as late as 36 hours after overdose leads to a significantly better outcome in paracetamol hepatotoxicity [42]. NAC acts by restoring glutathione levels (hydrolyzed to cysteine, which restores glutathione), attaching to NAPQI and by increasing conjugation reaction in hepatocytes leading to the formation of non-toxic products [43]. Mortality from paracetamol overdose had declined from 5% without the use of antidote to 0.7% with the use of NAC. Cimetidine was used initially to prevent the formation of NAPQI as it inhibits cytochrome P450 but was not effective in many trials [44, 45]. Liver transplantation should be considered to prevent mortality in selected cases.
The standard dosage of oral NAC is a single dose of 140 mg per kg and after that 17 doses of 70 mg per kg over 72 hours. The total dose thus will be 1330 mg/kg. The standard dosage of intravenous NAC is typically three weight-based doses; the first dose is 150 mg per kg in the first 1 hour, the second dose is 50 mg per kg to be given over 4 hours, and lastly, third dose is 100 mg per kg to be given over 16 hours [46]. Higher hepatic concentrations can be achieved by oral NAC therapy, and the only issue is that it is unpalatable, also difficult for children to consume so many doses, and may cause vomiting. Intravenous N-acetylcysteine therapy results in higher plasma concentrations and is more convenient for those who are vomiting; side effects of parentally given NAC can be an allergic reaction, which is mostly mild and treated by antihistaminics and by temporarily stopping intravenous NAC [47].
The Rumack–Matthew nomogram is the semilogarithmic plot of plasma paracetamol levels with time and is used to assess potential hepatotoxicity. This nomogram was developed retrospectively based on data from patients who has single paracetamol overdose and acute ingestions of paracetamol and had not received treatment with the antidote. The nomogram forecasts potential toxicity from 4 hours to 24 hours following ingestion. The upper line of the nomogram is the “probable” line, also known as the Rumack–Matthew line
Rumack–Matthew nomogram: Serum paracetamol concentration vs. time post ingestion. Taken from Rumack and Matthew [
In a case of single ingestion of paracetamol overdose, obtain paracetamol concentration at as early as possible but not before 4 hours. If the paracetamol concentration on the Rumack–Matthew nomogram is above the “treatment line” (the line connecting 150 μg/mL [993 μmol/L] at 4 hours and 4.7 μg/mL [31 μmol/L] at 24 hours), administration of NAC is indicated. If time of ingestion is not known exactly, then it is less than 24 hours post-ingestion NAC should be started, if plotted above treatment line. In a case where patient has ingested extended-release formulations or co-ingested with other drugs like opioids, anticholinergics, or other medications that slows gut motility, if the initial 4-hour concentration plots above the treatment line, NAC should be initiated within 8 hours post-ingestion [52].
Acute liver failure is defined as severe acute liver injury for fewer than 26-week duration with encephalopathy and impaired synthetic function (INR >1.5 or higher) in a patient without pre-existing liver disease. ALF can lead to multiorgan dysfunction, which can present as hypotension, acute renal failure, coagulopathy, encephalopathy, sepsis, and cerebral edema. Intensive care is needed for patient with acute liver failure as they may deteriorate rapidly. A proper centra venous line and arterial line for hemodynamic monitoring and, as well as a urinary catheter for urine output monitoring. Coagulation parameters, blood counts, metabolic panels, blood sugar, and arterial blood gases are to be measured with proper time intervals. The neurological status should be evaluated regularly, for cerebral edema and intracranial pressure monitoring when intracranial hypertension is identified [53, 54]. Patient should be admitted in intensive care unit in presence of encephalopathy and coagulopathy. Due to risk of rapid deterioration, a proper communication with liver transplant centers should be done and transfer decisions should be considered for those who had rising INR, rising creatinine or decreasing urine output, metabolic acidosis, hypotension, or/and encephalopathy [55]. Retrospective study showed treatment after 10–36 hours with NAC was associated with a mortality of 37% when compared with 58% in patients given supportive treatment only, while prospective study with 50 patients with established liver failure showed mortality was 20% in the treated group versus 48%
The morbidity and mortality from paracetamol overdose vary from patient to patient, and also depend on underlying comorbidities, nutritional status, history of alcoholism and co ingestion of other drugs. Overdose nay result in mild liver injury, clinically significant hepatotoxicity, or death, and timely administration of antidote directs prognosis. Death from paracetamol overdose in developed countries has decreased to 1–2% after the use of N-Acetyl cysteine, which was previously much higher (6–25%).
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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',metaTitle:"Terms and Conditions",metaDescription:"These terms and conditions outline the rules and regulations for the use of IntechOpen Website at https://intechopen.com and all its subdomains owned by Intech Limited located at 7th floor, 10 Lower Thames Street, London, EC3R 6AF, UK.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/terms-and-conditions",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"By accessing the website at www.intechopen.com you are agreeing to be bound by these Terms of Service, all applicable laws and regulations, and agree that you are responsible for compliance with any applicable local laws. Use and/or access to this site is based on full agreement and compliance of these Terms. All materials contained on this website are protected by applicable copyright and trademark laws.
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\n\nThe following terminology applies to these Terms and Conditions, Privacy Statement, Disclaimer Notice, and any or all Agreements:
\n\n“Client”, “Customer”, “You” and “Your” refers to you, the person accessing this website and accepting the Company’s Terms and Conditions;
\n\n“The Company”, “Ourselves”, “We”, “Our” and “Us”, refers to our Company, IntechOpen;
\n\n“Party”, “Parties”, or “Us”, refers to both the Client and ourselves, or either the Client or ourselves.
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\n\nAny use of the above terminology, or other words in the singular, plural, capitalization and/or he/she or they, are taken as interchangeable.
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\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rheinmetall (Germany)",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. 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MRI is commonly used once treating brain, prostate cancers, ankle and foot. The Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) images are usually liable to suffer from noises such as Gaussian noise, salt and pepper noise and speckle noise. So getting of brain image with accuracy is very extremely task. An accurate brain image is very necessary for further diagnosis process. During this chapter, a median filter algorithm will be modified. Gaussian noise and Salt and pepper noise will be added to MRI image. A proposed Median filter (MF), Adaptive Median filter (AMF) and Adaptive Wiener filter (AWF) will be implemented. The filters will be used to remove the additive noises present in the MRI images. The noise density will be added gradually to MRI image to compare performance of the filters evaluation. 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Particularly in the case of motor imagery BCIs, users may need several training sessions before they learn how to generate desired brain activity and reach an acceptable performance. A typical training protocol for such BCIs includes execution of a motor imagery task by the user, followed by presentation of an extending bar or a moving object on a computer screen. In this chapter, we discuss the importance of a visual feedback that resembles human actions, the effect of human factors such as confidence and motivation, and the role of embodiment in the learning process of a motor imagery task. Our results from a series of experiments in which users BCI-operated a humanlike android robot confirm that realistic visual feedback can induce a sense of embodiment, which promotes a significant learning of the motor imagery task in a short amount of time. We review the impact of humanlike visual feedback in optimized modulation of brain activity by the BCI users.",book:{id:"6610",slug:"evolving-bci-therapy-engaging-brain-state-dynamics",title:"Evolving BCI Therapy",fullTitle:"Evolving BCI Therapy - Engaging Brain State Dynamics"},signatures:"Maryam Alimardani, Shuichi Nishio and Hiroshi Ishiguro",authors:[{id:"11981",title:"Prof.",name:"Hiroshi",middleName:null,surname:"Ishiguro",slug:"hiroshi-ishiguro",fullName:"Hiroshi Ishiguro"},{id:"231131",title:"Dr.",name:"Maryam",middleName:null,surname:"Alimardani",slug:"maryam-alimardani",fullName:"Maryam Alimardani"},{id:"231134",title:"Dr.",name:"Shuichi",middleName:null,surname:"Nishio",slug:"shuichi-nishio",fullName:"Shuichi Nishio"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"29764",title:"Underlying Causes of Paresthesia",slug:"underlying-causes-of-paresthesia",totalDownloads:193348,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:null,book:{id:"1069",slug:"paresthesia",title:"Paresthesia",fullTitle:"Paresthesia"},signatures:"Mahdi Sharif-Alhoseini, Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar and Alexander R. Vaccaro",authors:[{id:"91165",title:"Prof.",name:"Vafa",middleName:null,surname:"Rahimi-Movaghar",slug:"vafa-rahimi-movaghar",fullName:"Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar"}]},{id:"63258",title:"Anatomy and Function of the Hypothalamus",slug:"anatomy-and-function-of-the-hypothalamus",totalDownloads:4632,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:12,abstract:"The hypothalamus is a small but important area of the brain formed by various nucleus and nervous fibers. Through its neuronal connections, it is involved in many complex functions of the organism such as vegetative system control, homeostasis of the organism, thermoregulation, and also in adjusting the emotional behavior. The hypothalamus is involved in different daily activities like eating or drinking, in the control of the body’s temperature and energy maintenance, and in the process of memorizing. It also modulates the endocrine system through its connections with the pituitary gland. Precise anatomical description along with a correct characterization of the component structures is essential for understanding its functions.",book:{id:"6331",slug:"hypothalamus-in-health-and-diseases",title:"Hypothalamus in Health and Diseases",fullTitle:"Hypothalamus in Health and Diseases"},signatures:"Miana Gabriela Pop, Carmen Crivii and Iulian Opincariu",authors:null},{id:"57103",title:"GABA and Glutamate: Their Transmitter Role in the CNS and Pancreatic Islets",slug:"gaba-and-glutamate-their-transmitter-role-in-the-cns-and-pancreatic-islets",totalDownloads:3565,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:"Glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) are the major neurotransmitters in the mammalian brain. Inhibitory GABA and excitatory glutamate work together to control many processes, including the brain’s overall level of excitation. The contributions of GABA and glutamate in extra-neuronal signaling are by far less widely recognized. In this chapter, we first discuss the role of both neurotransmitters during development, emphasizing the importance of the shift from excitatory to inhibitory GABAergic neurotransmission. The second part summarizes the biosynthesis and role of GABA and glutamate in neurotransmission in the mature brain, and major neurological disorders associated with glutamate and GABA receptors and GABA release mechanisms. The final part focuses on extra-neuronal glutamatergic and GABAergic signaling in pancreatic islets of Langerhans, and possible associations with type 1 diabetes mellitus.",book:{id:"6237",slug:"gaba-and-glutamate-new-developments-in-neurotransmission-research",title:"GABA And Glutamate",fullTitle:"GABA And Glutamate - New Developments In Neurotransmission Research"},signatures:"Christiane S. Hampe, Hiroshi Mitoma and Mario Manto",authors:[{id:"210220",title:"Prof.",name:"Christiane",middleName:null,surname:"Hampe",slug:"christiane-hampe",fullName:"Christiane Hampe"},{id:"210485",title:"Prof.",name:"Mario",middleName:null,surname:"Manto",slug:"mario-manto",fullName:"Mario Manto"},{id:"210486",title:"Prof.",name:"Hiroshi",middleName:null,surname:"Mitoma",slug:"hiroshi-mitoma",fullName:"Hiroshi Mitoma"}]},{id:"35802",title:"Cross-Cultural/Linguistic Differences in the Prevalence of Developmental Dyslexia and the Hypothesis of Granularity and Transparency",slug:"cross-cultural-linguistic-differences-in-the-prevalence-of-developmental-dyslexia-and-the-hypothesis",totalDownloads:3622,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:null,book:{id:"673",slug:"dyslexia-a-comprehensive-and-international-approach",title:"Dyslexia",fullTitle:"Dyslexia - A Comprehensive and International Approach"},signatures:"Taeko N. Wydell",authors:[{id:"87489",title:"Prof.",name:"Taeko",middleName:"N.",surname:"Wydell",slug:"taeko-wydell",fullName:"Taeko Wydell"}]},{id:"58597",title:"Testosterone and Erectile Function: A Review of Evidence from Basic Research",slug:"testosterone-and-erectile-function-a-review-of-evidence-from-basic-research",totalDownloads:1370,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Androgens are essential for male physical activity and normal erectile function. Hence, age-related testosterone deficiency, known as late-onset hypogonadism (LOH), is considered a risk factor for erectile dysfunction (ED). This chapter summarizes relevant basic research reports examining the effects of testosterone on erectile function. Testosterone affects several organs and is especially active on the erectile tissue. The mechanism of testosterone deficiency effects on erectile function and the results of testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) have been well studied. Testosterone affects nitric oxide (NO) production and phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE-5) expression in the corpus cavernosum through molecular pathways, preserves smooth muscle contractility by regulating both contraction and relaxation, and maintains the structure of the corpus cavernosum. Interestingly, testosterone deficiency has relationship to neurological diseases, which leads to ED. Testosterone replacement therapy is widely used to treat patients with testosterone deficiency; however, this treatment might also induce some problems. Basic research suggests that PDE-5 inhibitors, L-citrulline, and/or resveratrol therapy might be effective therapeutic options for testosterone deficiency-induced ED. Future research should confirm these findings through more specific experiments using molecular tools and may shed more light on endocrine-related ED and its possible treatments.",book:{id:"5994",slug:"sex-hormones-in-neurodegenerative-processes-and-diseases",title:"Sex Hormones in Neurodegenerative Processes and Diseases",fullTitle:"Sex Hormones in Neurodegenerative Processes and Diseases"},signatures:"Tomoya Kataoka and Kazunori Kimura",authors:[{id:"219042",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Tomoya",middleName:null,surname:"Kataoka",slug:"tomoya-kataoka",fullName:"Tomoya Kataoka"},{id:"229066",title:"Prof.",name:"Kazunori",middleName:null,surname:"Kimura",slug:"kazunori-kimura",fullName:"Kazunori Kimura"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"18",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"82953",title:"Early Visual Areas are Activated during Object Recognition in Emerging Images",slug:"early-visual-areas-are-activated-during-object-recognition-in-emerging-images",totalDownloads:3,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105756",abstract:"Human observers can reliably segment visual input and recognise objects. However, the underlying processes happen so quickly that they normally cannot be captured with fMRI. We used Emerging Images (EI), which contains a hidden object and extends the process of recognition, to investigate the involvement of early visual areas (V1, V2 and V3) and lateral occipital complex (LOC) in object recognition. The early visual areas were located with a retinotopy scan and the LOC with a localiser. The participants (N=8) then viewed an EI, followed by the hidden object’s silhouette (disambiguation), and then, the EI was repeated. BOLD responses before and after disambiguation were compared. The retinotopy parameters were used to back-project the BOLD response onto the visual field, creating spatially detailed maps of the activity change. V1 and V2 (but not V3) showed stronger response after disambiguation, while there was no difference in the LOC. The back-projections revealed no distinct pattern or changes in activity on object location, indicating that the activity in V1 and V2 is not specific for voxels corresponding to the object location. We found no difference before and after disambiguation in the LOC, which may be repetition suppression counteracting the effect of recognition.",book:{id:"11374",title:"Sensory Nervous System - Computational Neuroimaging Investigations of Topographical Organization in Human Sensory Cortex",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11374.jpg"},signatures:"Marleen Bakker, Hinke N. Halbertsma, Nicolás Gravel, Remco Renken, Frans W. Cornelissen and Barbara Nordhjem"},{id:"82931",title:"Neuroinflammation in Traumatic Brain Injury",slug:"neuroinflammation-in-traumatic-brain-injury",totalDownloads:3,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105178",abstract:"Neuroinflammation following traumatic brain injury (TBI) is an important cause of secondary brain injury that perpetuates the duration and scope of disease after initial impact. This chapter discusses the pathophysiology of acute and chronic neuroinflammation, providing insight into factors that influence the acute clinical course and later functional outcomes. Secondary injury due to neuroinflammation is described by mechanisms of action such as ischemia, neuroexcitotoxicity, oxidative stress, and glymphatic and lymphatic dysfunction. Neurodegenerative sequelae of inflammation, including chronic traumatic encephalopathy, which are important to understand for clinical practice, are detailed by disease type. Prominent research topics of TBI animal models and biomarkers of traumatic neuroinflammation are outlined to provide insight into the advances in TBI research. We then discuss current clinical treatments in TBI and their implications in preventing inflammation. To complete the chapter, recent research models, novel biomarkers, and future research directions aimed at mitigating TBI will be described and will highlight novel therapeutic targets. Understanding the pathophysiology and contributors of neuroinflammation after TBI will aid in future development of prophylaxis strategies, as well as more tailored management and treatment algorithms. This topic chapter is important to both clinicians and basic and translational scientists, with the goal of improving patient outcomes in this common disease.",book:{id:"11367",title:"Traumatic Brain Injury",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11367.jpg"},signatures:"Grace Y. Kuo, Fawaz Philip Tarzi, Stan Louie and Roy A. Poblete"},{id:"82876",title:"Oxygen Tissue Levels as an Effectively Modifiable Factor in Alzheimer’s Disease Improvement",slug:"oxygen-tissue-levels-as-an-effectively-modifiable-factor-in-alzheimer-s-disease-improvement",totalDownloads:9,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106331",abstract:"Despite the advance in biochemistry, there are two substantial errors that have remained for at least two centuries. One is that oxygen from the atmosphere passes through the lungs and reaches the bloodstream, which distributes it throughout the body. Another major mistake is the belief that such oxygen is used by the cell to obtain energy, by combining it with glucose. Since the late nineteenth century, it began to be published that the gas exchange in the lungs cannot be explained by diffusion. Even Christian Bohr suggested that it looked like a cellular secretion. But despite experimental evidence to the contrary and based only on theoretical models, the dogma that our body takes the oxygen it contains inside from the air around it has been perpetuated to this day. The oxygen levels contained in the human body are high, close to 99%, and the atmosphere only contains between 19 and 21%. The hypothesis that there is a supposed oxygen concentrating mechanism has not been experimentally proven to date, after almost two centuries. The mistaken belief, even among neurologists, that our body takes oxygen from the atmosphere is widespread, even though there is no experimental basis to support it, just theoretical models. Our finding that the human body can take oxygen from the water it contains, not from the air around it, like plants, comes to mark a before and after in biology in general, and the CNS is no exception. Therefore, establishing the true origin of the oxygen present within our body and brain will allow us to better understand the physio pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases.",book:{id:"11637",title:"Neuropsychology of Dementia",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11637.jpg"},signatures:"Arturo Solís Herrera"},{id:"82859",title:"Impact of Hypoxia on Astrocyte Induced Pathogenesis",slug:"impact-of-hypoxia-on-astrocyte-induced-pathogenesis",totalDownloads:6,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106263",abstract:"Astrocytes are the most abundant cells of the central nervous system. These cells are of diverse types based on their function and structure. Astrocyte activation is linked mainly with microbial infections, but long-term activation can lead to neurological impairment. Astrocytes play a significant role in neuro-inflammation by activating pro-inflammatory pathways. Activation of interleukins and cytokines causes neuroinflammation resulting in many neurodegenerative disorders such as stroke, growth of tumours, and Alzheimer’s. Inflammation of the brain hinders neural circulation and compromises blood flow by affecting the blood–brain barrier. So the oxygen concentration is lowered, causing brain hypoxia. Hypoxia leads to the activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NFkB) and hypoxia-inducible factors (HIF), which aggravates the inflammatory state of the brain. Hypoxia evoked changes in the blood–brain barrier, further complicating astrocyte-induced pathogenesis.",book:{id:"10744",title:"Astrocytes in Brain Communication and Disease",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10744.jpg"},signatures:"Farwa Munir, Nida Islam, Muhammad Hassan Nasir, Zainab Anis, Shahar Bano, Shahzaib Naeem, Atif Amin Baig and Zaineb Sohail"},{id:"82839",title:"Neurophysiology of Emotions",slug:"neurophysiology-of-emotions",totalDownloads:2,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106043",abstract:"Emotions are automatic and primary patterns of purposeful cognitive-behavioral organizations. They have three main functions: coordination, signaling, and information. First, emotions coordinate organs and tissues, thus predisposing the body to peculiar responses. Scholars have not reached a consensus on the plausibility of emotion-specific response patterns yet. Despite the limitations, data support the hypothesis of specific response patterns for distinct subtypes of emotions. Second, emotional episodes signal the current state of the individual. Humans display their state with verbal behaviors, nonverbal actions (e.g., facial movements), and neurovegetative signals. Third, emotions inform the brain for interpretative and evaluative purposes. Emotional experiences include mental representations of arousal, relations, and situations. Every emotional episode begins with exposure to stimuli with distinctive features (i.e., elicitor). These inputs can arise from learning, expressions, empathy, and be inherited, or rely on limited aspects of the environment (i.e., sign stimuli). The existence of the latter ones in humans is unclear; however, emotions influence several processes, such as perception, attention, learning, memory, decision-making, attitudes, and mental schemes. Overall, the literature suggests the nonlinearity of the emotional process. Each section outlines the neurophysiological basis of elements of emotion.",book:{id:"11742",title:"Neurophysiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11742.jpg"},signatures:"Maurizio Oggiano"},{id:"82172",title:"Neuroimaging in Common Neurological Diseases Treated by Anticoagulants",slug:"neuroimaging-in-common-neurological-diseases-treated-by-anticoagulants",totalDownloads:7,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105128",abstract:"Stroke imaging/Cerebral Venous sinus thrombosis/Arterial dissecting disease in Head and Neck regions/Neurocomplication of anticoagulation therapy. Nowsday, anticoagulant drugs are common drugs used in daily practice for patients in neurology clinic. Anticoagulant treatment used for treated symptomatic patients as well as for prophylaxis therapy in asymptomatic patients. The purpose of this chapter based on the review of essential neuroimaging in the most common neurological conditions that benefit from treatment with anticoagulant drugs such as ischemic stroke, cerebral venous sinus thrombosis, and arterial dissecting disease of head and neck arteries and will be enclosed with neuroimaging in case of neurocomplication by anticoagulant therapy.",book:{id:"11742",title:"Neurophysiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11742.jpg"},signatures:"Pipat Chiewvit"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:12},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:123,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:22,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",issn:"2631-6218",scope:"\r\n\tThis book series will offer a comprehensive overview of recent research trends as well as clinical applications within different specialties of dentistry. Topics will include overviews of the health of the oral cavity, from prevention and care to different treatments for the rehabilitation of problems that may affect the organs and/or tissues present. The different areas of dentistry will be explored, with the aim of disseminating knowledge and providing readers with new tools for the comprehensive treatment of their patients with greater safety and with current techniques. Ongoing issues, recent advances, and future diagnostic approaches and therapeutic strategies will also be discussed. This series of books will focus on various aspects of the properties and results obtained by the various treatments available, whether preventive or curative.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/3.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 14th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:9,editor:{id:"419588",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergio",middleName:"Alexandre",surname:"Gehrke",slug:"sergio-gehrke",fullName:"Sergio Gehrke",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038WgMKQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-06-02T11:44:20.jpg",biography:"Dr. Sergio Alexandre Gehrke is a doctorate holder in two fields. The first is a Ph.D. in Cellular and Molecular Biology from the Pontificia Catholic University, Porto Alegre, Brazil, in 2010 and the other is an International Ph.D. in Bioengineering from the Universidad Miguel Hernandez, Elche/Alicante, Spain, obtained in 2020. In 2018, he completed a postdoctoral fellowship in Materials Engineering in the NUCLEMAT of the Pontificia Catholic University, Porto Alegre, Brazil. He is currently the Director of the Postgraduate Program in Implantology of the Bioface/UCAM/PgO (Montevideo, Uruguay), Director of the Cathedra of Biotechnology of the Catholic University of Murcia (Murcia, Spain), an Extraordinary Full Professor of the Catholic University of Murcia (Murcia, Spain) as well as the Director of the private center of research Biotecnos – Technology and Science (Montevideo, Uruguay). Applied biomaterials, cellular and molecular biology, and dental implants are among his research interests. He has published several original papers in renowned journals. In addition, he is also a Collaborating Professor in several Postgraduate programs at different universities all over the world.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",slug:"rosa-maria-martinez-espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa has been a Spanish Full Professor since 2020 (Biochemistry and Molecular Biology) and is currently Vice-President of International Relations and Cooperation development and leader of the research group 'Applied Biochemistry” (University of Alicante, Spain). Other positions she has held at the university include Vice-Dean of Master Programs, Vice-Dean of the Degree in Biology and Vice-Dean for Mobility and Enterprise and Engagement at the Faculty of Science (University of Alicante). She received her Bachelor in Biology in 1998 (University of Alicante) and her PhD in 2003 (Biochemistry, University of Alicante). She undertook post-doctoral research at the University of East Anglia (Norwich, U.K. 2004-2005; 2007-2008).\nHer multidisciplinary research focuses on investigating archaea and their potential applications in biotechnology. She has an H-index of 21. She has authored one patent and has published more than 70 indexed papers and around 60 book chapters.\nShe has contributed to more than 150 national and international meetings during the last 15 years. Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. Dr. Beydemir is also Rector of Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Turkey.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",slug:"deniz-ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",biography:"Dr. Deniz Ekinci obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 2004, MSc in Biochemistry in 2006, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2009 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He studied at Stetson University, USA, in 2007-2008 and at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Germany, in 2009-2010. Dr. Ekinci currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Agriculture and is the Head of the Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Division, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Turkey. He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. Dr. Ekinci serves as the Editor in Chief of four international books and is involved in the Editorial Board of several international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",slug:"yannis-karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",biography:"Yannis Karamanos, born in Greece in 1953, completed his pre-graduate studies at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, then his Masters and Doctoral degree at the Université de Lille (1983). He was associate professor at the University of Limoges (1987) before becoming full professor of biochemistry at the Université d’Artois (1996). He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. His teaching areas are energy metabolism and regulation, integration and organ specialization and metabolic adaptation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",slug:"paolo-iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",biography:"Paolo Iadarola graduated with a degree in Chemistry from the University of Pavia (Italy) in July 1972. He then worked as an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Science of the same University until 1984. In 1985, Prof. Iadarola became Associate Professor at the Department of Biology and Biotechnologies of the University of Pavia and retired in October 2017. Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. He is a Consultant Reviewer for several journals, including the Journal of Chromatography A, Journal of Chromatography B, Plos ONE, Proteomes, International Journal of Molecular Science, Biotech, Electrophoresis, and others. He is also Associate Editor of Biotech.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",slug:"simona-viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",biography:"Simona Viglio is an Associate Professor of Biochemistry at the Department of Molecular Medicine at the University of Pavia. She has been working since 1995 on the determination of proteolytic enzymes involved in the degradation process of connective tissue matrix and on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. She is an author of about 90 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; According to WOS: H-Index: 20) on peer-reviewed journals, a member of the “Società Italiana di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare,“ and a Consultant Reviewer for International Journal of Molecular Science, Journal of Chromatography A, COPD, Plos ONE and Nutritional Neuroscience.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:42,paginationItems:[{id:"82914",title:"Glance on the Critical Role of IL-23 Receptor Gene Variations in Inflammation-Induced Carcinogenesis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105049",signatures:"Mohammed El-Gedamy",slug:"glance-on-the-critical-role-of-il-23-receptor-gene-variations-in-inflammation-induced-carcinogenesis",totalDownloads:12,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Chemokines Updates",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11672.jpg",subseries:{id:"18",title:"Proteomics"}}},{id:"82875",title:"Lipidomics as a Tool in the Diagnosis and Clinical Therapy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105857",signatures:"María Elizbeth Alvarez Sánchez, Erick Nolasco Ontiveros, Rodrigo Arreola, Adriana Montserrat Espinosa González, Ana María García Bores, Roberto Eduardo López Urrutia, Ignacio Peñalosa Castro, María del Socorro Sánchez Correa and Edgar Antonio Estrella Parra",slug:"lipidomics-as-a-tool-in-the-diagnosis-and-clinical-therapy",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fatty Acids - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11669.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82440",title:"Lipid Metabolism and Associated Molecular Signaling Events in Autoimmune Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105746",signatures:"Mohan Vanditha, Sonu Das and Mathew John",slug:"lipid-metabolism-and-associated-molecular-signaling-events-in-autoimmune-disease",totalDownloads:17,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fatty Acids - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11669.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82483",title:"Oxidative Stress in Cardiovascular Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105891",signatures:"Laura Mourino-Alvarez, Tamara Sastre-Oliva, Nerea Corbacho-Alonso and Maria G. 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She is also the Global Harmonization Initiative (GHI)",institutionString:"Australian College of Business & Technology",institution:{name:"Kobe College",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"6820",title:"Keratin",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6820.jpg",slug:"keratin",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Miroslav Blumenberg",hash:"6def75cd4b6b5324a02b6dc0359896d0",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Keratin",editors:[{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. 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He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7978",title:"Vitamin A",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7978.jpg",slug:"vitamin-a",publishedDate:"May 15th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Leila Queiroz Zepka, Veridiana Vera de Rosso and Eduardo Jacob-Lopes",hash:"dad04a658ab9e3d851d23705980a688b",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Vitamin A",editors:[{id:"261969",title:"Dr.",name:"Leila",middleName:null,surname:"Queiroz Zepka",slug:"leila-queiroz-zepka",fullName:"Leila Queiroz Zepka",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/261969/images/system/261969.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Leila Queiroz Zepka is currently an associate professor in the Department of Food Technology and Science, Federal University of Santa Maria, Brazil. 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Her research interests include microalgal biotechnology with an emphasis on microalgae-based products.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7953",title:"Bioluminescence",subtitle:"Analytical Applications and Basic Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7953.jpg",slug:"bioluminescence-analytical-applications-and-basic-biology",publishedDate:"September 25th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Hirobumi Suzuki",hash:"3a8efa00b71abea11bf01973dc589979",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Bioluminescence - Analytical Applications and Basic Biology",editors:[{id:"185746",title:"Dr.",name:"Hirobumi",middleName:null,surname:"Suzuki",slug:"hirobumi-suzuki",fullName:"Hirobumi Suzuki",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/185746/images/system/185746.png",biography:"Dr. Hirobumi Suzuki received his Ph.D. in 1997 from Tokyo Metropolitan University, Japan, where he studied firefly phylogeny and the evolution of mating systems. He is especially interested in the genetic differentiation pattern and speciation process that correlate to the flashing pattern and mating behavior of some fireflies in Japan. He then worked for Olympus Corporation, a Japanese manufacturer of optics and imaging products, where he was involved in the development of luminescence technology and produced a bioluminescence microscope that is currently being used for gene expression analysis in chronobiology, neurobiology, and developmental biology. 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He has both an MS and Ph.D. in Biomedical Engineering. He was previously a research scientist at the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) and visiting professor and researcher at the University of North Dakota. He is currently working in artificial intelligence and its applications in medical signal processing. In addition, he is using digital signal processing in medical imaging and speech processing. Dr. Asadpour has developed brain-computer interfacing algorithms and has published books, book chapters, and several journal and conference papers in this field and other areas of intelligent signal processing. He has also designed medical devices, including a laser Doppler monitoring system.",institutionString:"Kaiser Permanente Southern California",institution:null},{id:"169608",title:"Prof.",name:"Marian",middleName:null,surname:"Găiceanu",slug:"marian-gaiceanu",fullName:"Marian Găiceanu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/169608/images/system/169608.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Marian Gaiceanu graduated from the Naval and Electrical Engineering Faculty, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Romania, in 1997. He received a Ph.D. (Magna Cum Laude) in Electrical Engineering in 2002. Since 2017, Dr. Gaiceanu has been a Ph.D. supervisor for students in Electrical Engineering. He has been employed at Dunarea de Jos University of Galati since 1996, where he is currently a professor. Dr. Gaiceanu is a member of the National Council for Attesting Titles, Diplomas and Certificates, an expert of the Executive Agency for Higher Education, Research Funding, and a member of the Senate of the Dunarea de Jos University of Galati. He has been the head of the Integrated Energy Conversion Systems and Advanced Control of Complex Processes Research Center, Romania, since 2016. He has conducted several projects in power converter systems for electrical drives, power quality, PEM and SOFC fuel cell power converters for utilities, electric vehicles, and marine applications with the Department of Regulation and Control, SIEI S.pA. (2002–2004) and the Polytechnic University of Turin, Italy (2002–2004, 2006–2007). He is a member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and cofounder-member of the IEEE Power Electronics Romanian Chapter. He is a guest editor at Energies and an academic book editor for IntechOpen. He is also a member of the editorial boards of the Journal of Electrical Engineering, Electronics, Control and Computer Science and Sustainability. Dr. Gaiceanu has been General Chairman of the IEEE International Symposium on Electrical and Electronics Engineering in the last six editions.",institutionString:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',institution:{name:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"4519",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaydip",middleName:null,surname:"Sen",slug:"jaydip-sen",fullName:"Jaydip Sen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/4519/images/system/4519.jpeg",biography:"Jaydip Sen is associated with Praxis Business School, Kolkata, India, as a professor in the Department of Data Science. His research areas include security and privacy issues in computing and communication, intrusion detection systems, machine learning, deep learning, and artificial intelligence in the financial domain. He has more than 200 publications in reputed international journals, refereed conference proceedings, and 20 book chapters in books published by internationally renowned publishing houses, such as Springer, CRC press, IGI Global, etc. Currently, he is serving on the editorial board of the prestigious journal Frontiers in Communications and Networks and in the technical program committees of a number of high-ranked international conferences organized by the IEEE, USA, and the ACM, USA. He has been listed among the top 2% of scientists in the world for the last three consecutive years, 2019 to 2021 as per studies conducted by the Stanford University, USA.",institutionString:"Praxis Business School",institution:null},{id:"320071",title:"Dr.",name:"Sidra",middleName:null,surname:"Mehtab",slug:"sidra-mehtab",fullName:"Sidra Mehtab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002v6KHoQAM/Profile_Picture_1584512086360",biography:"Sidra Mehtab has completed her BS with honors in Physics from Calcutta University, India in 2018. She has done MS in Data Science and Analytics from Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology (MAKAUT), Kolkata, India in 2020. Her research areas include Econometrics, Time Series Analysis, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Artificial Intelligence, and Computer and Network Security with a particular focus on Cyber Security Analytics. Ms. Mehtab has published seven papers in international conferences and one of her papers has been accepted for publication in a reputable international journal. She has won the best paper awards in two prestigious international conferences – BAICONF 2019, and ICADCML 2021, organized in the Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore, India in December 2019, and SOA University, Bhubaneswar, India in January 2021. Besides, Ms. Mehtab has also published two book chapters in two books. Seven of her book chapters will be published in a volume shortly in 2021 by Cambridge Scholars’ Press, UK. Currently, she is working as the joint editor of two edited volumes on Time Series Analysis and Forecasting to be published in the first half of 2021 by an international house. Currently, she is working as a Data Scientist with an MNC in Delhi, India.",institutionString:"NSHM College of Management and Technology",institution:{name:"Association for Computing Machinery",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"226240",title:"Dr.",name:"Andri Irfan",middleName:null,surname:"Rifai",slug:"andri-irfan-rifai",fullName:"Andri Irfan Rifai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226240/images/7412_n.jpg",biography:"Andri IRFAN is a Senior Lecturer of Civil Engineering and Planning. He completed the PhD at the Universitas Indonesia & Universidade do Minho with Sandwich Program Scholarship from the Directorate General of Higher Education and LPDP scholarship. He has been teaching for more than 19 years and much active to applied his knowledge in the project construction in Indonesia. His research interest ranges from pavement management system to advanced data mining techniques for transportation engineering. He has published more than 50 papers in journals and 2 books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Internasional Batam",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"314576",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibai",middleName:null,surname:"Laña",slug:"ibai-lana",fullName:"Ibai Laña",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314576/images/system/314576.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ibai Laña works at TECNALIA as a data analyst. He received his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence from the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Spain, in 2018. He is currently a senior researcher at TECNALIA. His research interests fall within the intersection of intelligent transportation systems, machine learning, traffic data analysis, and data science. He has dealt with urban traffic forecasting problems, applying machine learning models and evolutionary algorithms. He has experience in origin-destination matrix estimation or point of interest and trajectory detection. Working with large volumes of data has given him a good command of big data processing tools and NoSQL databases. He has also been a visiting scholar at the Knowledge Engineering and Discovery Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"314575",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus",middleName:null,surname:"L. Lobo",slug:"jesus-l.-lobo",fullName:"Jesus L. Lobo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314575/images/system/314575.png",biography:"Dr. Jesús López is currently based in Bilbao (Spain) working at TECNALIA as Artificial Intelligence Research Scientist. In most cases, a project idea or a new research line needs to be investigated to see if it is good enough to take into production or to focus on it. That is exactly what he does, diving into Machine Learning algorithms and technologies to help TECNALIA to decide whether something is great in theory or will actually impact on the product or processes of its projects. So, he is expert at framing experiments, developing hypotheses, and proving whether they’re true or not, in order to investigate fundamental problems with a longer time horizon. He is also able to design and develop PoCs and system prototypes in simulation. He has participated in several national and internacional R&D projects.\n\nAs another relevant part of his everyday research work, he usually publishes his findings in reputed scientific refereed journals and international conferences, occasionally acting as reviewer and Programme Commitee member. Concretely, since 2018 he has published 9 JCR (8 Q1) journal papers, 9 conference papers (e.g. ECML PKDD 2021), and he has co-edited a book. He is also active in popular science writing data science stories for reputed blogs (KDNuggets, TowardsDataScience, Naukas). Besides, he has recently embarked on mentoring programmes as mentor, and has also worked as data science trainer.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",slug:"yalcin-isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",biography:"Yalcin Isler (1971 - Burdur / Turkey) received the B.Sc. degree in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey, in 1993, the M.Sc. degree from the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey, in 1996, the Ph.D. degree from the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey, in 2009, and the Competence of Associate Professorship from the Turkish Interuniversity Council in 2019.\n\nHe was Lecturer at Burdur Vocational School in Suleyman Demirel University (1993-2000, Burdur / Turkey), Software Engineer (2000-2002, Izmir / Turkey), Research Assistant in Bulent Ecevit University (2002-2003, Zonguldak / Turkey), Research Assistant in Dokuz Eylul University (2003-2010, Izmir / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering in Bulent Ecevit University (2010-2012, Zonguldak / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering in Izmir Katip Celebi University (2012-2019, Izmir / Turkey). He is an Associate Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir / Turkey, since 2019. In addition to academics, he has also founded Islerya Medical and Information Technologies Company, Izmir / Turkey, since 2017.\n\nHis main research interests cover biomedical signal processing, pattern recognition, medical device design, programming, and embedded systems. He has many scientific papers and participated in several projects in these study fields. He was an IEEE Student Member (2009-2011) and IEEE Member (2011-2014) and has been IEEE Senior Member since 2014.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"339677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mrinmoy",middleName:null,surname:"Roy",slug:"mrinmoy-roy",fullName:"Mrinmoy Roy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/339677/images/16768_n.jpg",biography:"An accomplished Sales & Marketing professional with 12 years of cross-functional experience in well-known organisations such as CIPLA, LUPIN, GLENMARK, ASTRAZENECA across different segment of Sales & Marketing, International Business, Institutional Business, Product Management, Strategic Marketing of HIV, Oncology, Derma, Respiratory, Anti-Diabetic, Nutraceutical & Stomatological Product Portfolio and Generic as well as Chronic Critical Care Portfolio. A First Class MBA in International Business & Strategic Marketing, B.Pharm, D.Pharm, Google Certified Digital Marketing Professional. Qualified PhD Candidate in Operations and Management with special focus on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning adoption, analysis and use in Healthcare, Hospital & Pharma Domain. Seasoned with diverse therapy area of Pharmaceutical Sales & Marketing ranging from generating revenue through generating prescriptions, launching new products, and making them big brands with continuous strategy execution at the Physician and Patients level. Moved from Sales to Marketing and Business Development for 3.5 years in South East Asian Market operating from Manila, Philippines. Came back to India and handled and developed Brands such as Gluconorm, Lupisulin, Supracal, Absolut Woman, Hemozink, Fabiflu (For COVID 19), and many more. In my previous assignment I used to develop and execute strategies on Sales & Marketing, Commercialization & Business Development for Institution and Corporate Hospital Business portfolio of Oncology Therapy Area for AstraZeneca Pharma India Ltd. Being a Research Scholar and Student of ‘Operations Research & Management: Artificial Intelligence’ I published several pioneer research papers and book chapters on the same in Internationally reputed journals and Books indexed in Scopus, Springer and Ei Compendex, Google Scholar etc. Currently, I am launching PGDM Pharmaceutical Management Program in IIHMR Bangalore and spearheading the course curriculum and structure of the same. I am interested in Collaboration for Healthcare Innovation, Pharma AI Innovation, Future trend in Marketing and Management with incubation on Healthcare, Healthcare IT startups, AI-ML Modelling and Healthcare Algorithm based training module development. I am also an affiliated member of the Institute of Management Consultant of India, looking forward to Healthcare, Healthcare IT and Innovation, Pharma and Hospital Management Consulting works.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lovely Professional University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"310576",title:"Prof.",name:"Erick Giovani",middleName:null,surname:"Sperandio Nascimento",slug:"erick-giovani-sperandio-nascimento",fullName:"Erick Giovani Sperandio Nascimento",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y00002pDKxDQAW/ProfilePicture%202022-06-20%2019%3A57%3A24.788",biography:"Prof. Erick Sperandio is the Lead Researcher and professor of Artificial Intelligence (AI) at SENAI CIMATEC, Bahia, Brazil, also working with Computational Modeling (CM) and HPC. He holds a PhD in Environmental Engineering in the area of Atmospheric Computational Modeling, a Master in Informatics in the field of Computational Intelligence and Graduated in Computer Science from UFES. He currently coordinates, leads and participates in R&D projects in the areas of AI, computational modeling and supercomputing applied to different areas such as Oil and Gas, Health, Advanced Manufacturing, Renewable Energies and Atmospheric Sciences, advising undergraduate, master's and doctoral students. He is the Lead Researcher at SENAI CIMATEC's Reference Center on Artificial Intelligence. In addition, he is a Certified Instructor and University Ambassador of the NVIDIA Deep Learning Institute (DLI) in the areas of Deep Learning, Computer Vision, Natural Language Processing and Recommender Systems, and Principal Investigator of the NVIDIA/CIMATEC AI Joint Lab, the first in Latin America within the NVIDIA AI Technology Center (NVAITC) worldwide program. He also works as a researcher at the Supercomputing Center for Industrial Innovation (CS2i) and at the SENAI Institute of Innovation for Automation (ISI Automação), both from SENAI CIMATEC. He is a member and vice-coordinator of the Basic Board of Scientific-Technological Advice and Evaluation, in the area of Innovation, of the Foundation for Research Support of the State of Bahia (FAPESB). He serves as Technology Transfer Coordinator and one of the Principal Investigators at the National Applied Research Center in Artificial Intelligence (CPA-IA) of SENAI CIMATEC, focusing on Industry, being one of the six CPA-IA in Brazil approved by MCTI / FAPESP / CGI.br. He also participates as one of the representatives of Brazil in the BRICS Innovation Collaboration Working Group on HPC, ICT and AI. He is the coordinator of the Work Group of the Axis 5 - Workforce and Training - of the Brazilian Strategy for Artificial Intelligence (EBIA), and member of the MCTI/EMBRAPII AI Innovation Network Training Committee. He is the coordinator, by SENAI CIMATEC, of the Artificial Intelligence Reference Network of the State of Bahia (REDE BAH.IA). He leads the working group of experts representing Brazil in the Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI), on the theme \"AI and the Pandemic Response\".",institutionString:"Manufacturing and Technology Integrated Campus – SENAI CIMATEC",institution:null},{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:'"Politechnica" University Timişoara',institution:null},{id:"221364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneko",middleName:null,surname:"Osaba",slug:"eneko-osaba",fullName:"Eneko Osaba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221364/images/system/221364.jpg",biography:"Dr. Eneko Osaba works at TECNALIA as a senior researcher. He obtained his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence in 2015. He has participated in more than twenty-five local and European research projects, and in the publication of more than 130 papers. He has performed several stays at universities in the United Kingdom, Italy, and Malta. Dr. Osaba has served as a program committee member in more than forty international conferences and participated in organizing activities in more than ten international conferences. He is a member of the editorial board of the International Journal of Artificial Intelligence, Data in Brief, and Journal of Advanced Transportation. He is also a guest editor for the Journal of Computational Science, Neurocomputing, Swarm, and Evolutionary Computation and IEEE ITS Magazine.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"275829",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Villar-Rodriguez",slug:"esther-villar-rodriguez",fullName:"Esther Villar-Rodriguez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/275829/images/system/275829.jpg",biography:"Dr. Esther Villar obtained a Ph.D. in Information and Communication Technologies from the University of Alcalá, Spain, in 2015. She obtained a degree in Computer Science from the University of Deusto, Spain, in 2010, and an MSc in Computer Languages and Systems from the National University of Distance Education, Spain, in 2012. Her areas of interest and knowledge include natural language processing (NLP), detection of impersonation in social networks, semantic web, and machine learning. Dr. Esther Villar made several contributions at conferences and publishing in various journals in those fields. Currently, she is working within the OPTIMA (Optimization Modeling & Analytics) business of TECNALIA’s ICT Division as a data scientist in projects related to the prediction and optimization of management and industrial processes (resource planning, energy efficiency, etc).",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"278948",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"carlos-pedro-goncalves",fullName:"Carlos Pedro Gonçalves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRcmyQAC/Profile_Picture_1564224512145",biography:'Carlos Pedro Gonçalves (PhD) is an Associate Professor at Lusophone University of Humanities and Technologies and a researcher on Complexity Sciences, Quantum Technologies, Artificial Intelligence, Strategic Studies, Studies in Intelligence and Security, FinTech and Financial Risk Modeling. He is also a progammer with programming experience in:\n\nA) Quantum Computing using Qiskit Python module and IBM Quantum Experience Platform, with software developed on the simulation of Quantum Artificial Neural Networks and Quantum Cybersecurity;\n\nB) Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning programming in Python;\n\nC) Artificial Intelligence, Multiagent Systems Modeling and System Dynamics Modeling in Netlogo, with models developed in the areas of Chaos Theory, Econophysics, Artificial Intelligence, Classical and Quantum Complex Systems Science, with the Econophysics models having been cited worldwide and incorporated in PhD programs by different Universities.\n\nReceived an Arctic Code Vault Contributor status by GitHub, due to having developed open source software preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\" for future generations (https://archiveprogram.github.com/arctic-vault/), with the Strategy Analyzer A.I. module for decision making support (based on his PhD thesis, used in his Classes on Decision Making and in Strategic Intelligence Consulting Activities) and QNeural Python Quantum Neural Network simulator also preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\", for access to these software modules see: https://github.com/cpgoncalves. He is also a peer reviewer with outsanding review status from Elsevier journals, including Physica A, Neurocomputing and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence. 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The applications of this research cover many related fields, such as biotechnology and medicine, where, for example, Bioinformatics contributes to faster drug design, DNA analysis in forensics, and DNA sequence analysis in the field of personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is a type of medical care in which treatment is customized individually for each patient. Personalized medicine enables more effective therapy, reduces the costs of therapy and clinical trials, and also minimizes the risk of side effects. Nevertheless, advances in personalized medicine would not have been possible without bioinformatics, which can analyze the human genome and other vast amounts of biomedical data, especially in genetics. The rapid growth of information technology enabled the development of new tools to decode human genomes, large-scale studies of genetic variations and medical informatics. The considerable development of technology, including the computing power of computers, is also conducive to the development of bioinformatics, including personalized medicine. In an era of rapidly growing data volumes and ever lower costs of generating, storing and computing data, personalized medicine holds great promises. Modern computational methods used as bioinformatics tools can integrate multi-scale, multi-modal and longitudinal patient data to create even more effective and safer therapy and disease prevention methods. Main aspects of the topic are: Applying bioinformatics in drug discovery and development; Bioinformatics in clinical diagnostics (genetic variants that act as markers for a condition or a disease); Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning in personalized medicine; Customize disease-prevention strategies in personalized medicine; Big data analysis in personalized medicine; Translating stratification algorithms into clinical practice of personalized medicine.",annualVolume:11403,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",editor:{id:"351533",title:"Dr.",name:"Slawomir",middleName:null,surname:"Wilczynski",fullName:"Slawomir Wilczynski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035U1loQAC/Profile_Picture_1630074514792",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"5886",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandros",middleName:"T.",surname:"Tzallas",fullName:"Alexandros Tzallas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/5886/images/system/5886.png",institutionString:"University of Ioannina, Greece & Imperial College London",institution:{name:"University of Ioannina",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},{id:"257388",title:"Distinguished Prof.",name:"Lulu",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Lulu Wang",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRX6kQAG/Profile_Picture_1630329584194",institutionString:"Shenzhen Technology University",institution:{name:"Shenzhen Technology University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"225387",title:"Prof.",name:"Reda R.",middleName:"R.",surname:"Gharieb",fullName:"Reda R. Gharieb",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/225387/images/system/225387.jpg",institutionString:"Assiut University",institution:{name:"Assiut University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",keywords:"Bioinspired Systems, Biomechanics, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation",scope:'Bioinspired technologies take advantage of understanding the actual biological system to provide solutions to problems in several areas. Recently, bioinspired systems have been successfully employing biomechanics to develop and improve assistive technology and rehabilitation devices. The research topic "Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics" welcomes studies reporting recent advances in bioinspired technologies that contribute to individuals\' health, inclusion, and rehabilitation. Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',annualVolume:11404,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"49517",title:"Prof.",name:"Hitoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Tsunashima",fullName:"Hitoshi Tsunashima",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTP4QAO/Profile_Picture_1625819726528",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nihon University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"425354",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcus",middleName:"Fraga",surname:"Vieira",fullName:"Marcus Vieira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003BJSgIQAX/Profile_Picture_1627904687309",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Goiás",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",middleName:null,surname:"Vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196746/images/system/196746.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institution:{name:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",annualVolume:11405,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"35539",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Cristea",fullName:"Cecilia Cristea",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYQ65QAG/Profile_Picture_1621007741527",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"40735",title:"Dr.",name:"Gil",middleName:"Alberto Batista",surname:"Gonçalves",fullName:"Gil Gonçalves",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYRLGQA4/Profile_Picture_1628492612759",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"211725",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Johann F.",middleName:null,surname:"Osma",fullName:"Johann F. 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