\r\n\tEqually important are the consequences deriving from the extraordinary nature of the present times. The COVID-19 pandemic and the restrictive measures to contain the infection (lockdown and "physical distancing" in primis) have revolutionized the lives, and a distortion/modification of habits, rhythms, arrangements will continue to be necessary. \r\n\tGovernments have implemented a series of actions to mitigate the spread of infections and alleviate the consequent pressure on the hospital system. On the other hand, the Covid-19 pandemic has caused a series of other cascading effects that will probably be much more difficult to mitigate and which expose to complex consequences. The past two years have brought many challenges, particularly for healthcare professionals, students, family members of COVID-19 patients, people with mental disorders, the frail, the elderly, and more generally those in disadvantaged socio-economic conditions, and workers whose livelihoods have been threatened. Indeed, the substantial economic impact of the pandemic may hinder progress towards economic growth as well as progress towards social inclusion and mental well-being.
\r\n
\r\n\t \r\n\tAlthough in all countries the knowledge on the impact of the pandemic on mental health is still limited and mostly derived from experiences only partially comparable to the current epidemic, such as those referring to the SARS or Ebola epidemics, it is likely that the demand for intervention it will increase significantly in the coming months and years. The extraordinary growth of scientific research in the field of neuroscience now offers the possibility of a new perspective on the relationship between mind and brain and generates new scenarios in understanding the long wave of the pandemic and in the prospects for treatment. Moreover, the pandemic also has led to opportunities to implement remote monitoring and management interventions.
\r\n
\r\n\t \r\n\tOverall this volume will address the complex relationship existing between COVID-19, mental health, acquired knowledge, and possible interventions taking a highly multidisciplinary approach; from physiological and psychobiological mechanisms, and neuromodulation through medical treatment, psychosocial interventions, and self-management.
",isbn:"978-1-80355-091-6",printIsbn:"978-1-80355-090-9",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80355-092-3",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,hash:"fa5536e967d8b33da78e7e5369abaf75",bookSignature:"Ph.D. Sara Palermo and Prof. Berend Olivier",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11592.jpg",keywords:"Long-COVID, NeuroCOVID, Post-infective Fatigue Syndrome, Central Nervous System, Neuroimaging, Developmental Problems, Loneliness, Apathy, Depression, Anxiety, Obsessions, Treatment and Management",numberOfDownloads:131,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"February 18th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"March 18th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"May 17th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"August 5th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"October 4th 2022",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 months",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Expert in clinical psychology, neuropsychology, and experimental neuroscience. Devoted researcher of the European Innovation Partnership on Active and Healthy Aging, appointed Assistant Specialty Chief Editor of Frontiers in Psychology -Neuropsychology and Scientific Director of the Italian National Institute of Philanthropy.",coeditorOneBiosketch:"An academic and industrial investigator involved in basal research, drug discovery, and development of potential psychiatric drugs, covering depression, anxiety, OCD, schizophrenia, and sexual dysfunctions.",coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"233998",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Palermo",slug:"sara-palermo",fullName:"Sara Palermo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/233998/images/system/233998.png",biography:"Sara Palermo has an MSc in clinical psychology and a PhD in experimental neuroscience. She is specialty chief editor of Frontiers in Psychology, Neuropsychology, and scientific director of the Italian National Institute of Philanthropy, Filantropolis. She is a member of the Italian Society of Neuropsychology, the Italian Association of Psychogeriatrics, the Italian Society of Neurology for Dementia, and the Society for Interdisciplinary Placebo Studies. She was a member of the European Innovation Partnership on Active and Healthy Ageing (EIP AHA), for which she was involved in Action Group A3: Action for Prevention of Functional Decline and Frailty. Dr Palermo works as a researcher at the Department of Psychology - University of Turin (Italy) and as Scientific Consultant at the Fondazione IRCCS, Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (FINCB), Milan, Italy.",institutionString:"University of Turin, Italy & The Foundation of the Carlo Besta Neurological Institute IRCCS",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"6",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"5",institution:{name:"University of Turin",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}}],coeditorOne:{id:"71579",title:"Prof.",name:"Berend",middleName:null,surname:"Olivier",slug:"berend-olivier",fullName:"Berend Olivier",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.jpg",biography:"Berend Olivier studied biology and got his PhD degree in Neurobiology at Groningen University. He worked for 22 years at Solvay Pharmaceuticals leading active research and development of psychoactive drugs, including antidepressants, antipsychotics and anxiolytics and a new group of drugs, serenics, aiming for reduction of pathological aggression. He was involved in research and development around fluvoxamine, a marketed SSRI antidepressant, anxiolytic and anti-OCD medicine. In 1999, he worked for 2 years in New York to set up a biotech start-up, PsychoGenics Inc., developing animal psychiatric and neurological (genetic) models in order to screen and find new psychoactive molecules. From 1992–2014, he was a professor of CNS Pharmacology at Utrecht University, performing research on animal models, brain mechanisms and pharmacology of psychiatric disorders.",institutionString:"Utrecht University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"5",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"Utrecht University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Netherlands"}}},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"16",title:"Medicine",slug:"medicine"}],chapters:[{id:"80582",title:"Role of Zinc and Zinc Ionophores in Brain Health and Depression Especially during the COVID-19 Pandemic",slug:"role-of-zinc-and-zinc-ionophores-in-brain-health-and-depression-especially-during-the-covid-19-pande",totalDownloads:60,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"80082",title:"Perspective Chapter: Depression as a Disorder of Monoamine Axon Degeneration May Hold an Answer to Two Antidepressant Questions - Delayed Clinical Efficacy and Treatment-Resistant Depression",slug:"perspective-chapter-depression-as-a-disorder-of-monoamine-axon-degeneration-may-hold-an-answer-to-tw",totalDownloads:67,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"113432",title:"Prof.",name:"Shoji",surname:"Nakamura",slug:"shoji-nakamura",fullName:"Shoji Nakamura"}]},{id:"81516",title:"Decompression as a Safety Valve during Pandemic",slug:"decompression-as-a-safety-valve-during-pandemic",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"252211",firstName:"Sara",lastName:"Debeuc",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252211/images/7239_n.png",email:"sara.d@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6876",title:"Behavioral Neuroscience",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"61887111f05b16c8fe4aaa7826fdf39f",slug:"behavioral-neuroscience",bookSignature:"Sara Palermo and Rosalba Morese",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6876.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"233998",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sara",surname:"Palermo",slug:"sara-palermo",fullName:"Sara Palermo"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7821",title:"Criminology and Post-Mortem Studies",subtitle:"Analyzing Criminal Behaviour and Making Medical Decisions",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5077ee1b9a7f2a3030689f307bfb84aa",slug:"criminology-and-post-mortem-studies-analyzing-criminal-behaviour-and-making-medical-decisions",bookSignature:"Sara Palermo and Raluca Dumache",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7821.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"233998",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sara",surname:"Palermo",slug:"sara-palermo",fullName:"Sara Palermo"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9161",title:"Frailty in the Elderly",subtitle:"Understanding and Managing Complexity",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a4f0f2fade8fb8ba35c405f5ad31a823",slug:"frailty-in-the-elderly-understanding-and-managing-complexity",bookSignature:"Sara Palermo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"233998",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sara",surname:"Palermo",slug:"sara-palermo",fullName:"Sara Palermo"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8938",title:"Inhibitory Control Training",subtitle:"A Multidisciplinary Approach",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bd82354f3bba4af5421337cd42052f86",slug:"inhibitory-control-training-a-multidisciplinary-approach",bookSignature:"Sara Palermo and Massimo Bartoli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8938.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"233998",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sara",surname:"Palermo",slug:"sara-palermo",fullName:"Sara Palermo"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8626",title:"Parkinson's Disease and Beyond",subtitle:"A Neurocognitive Approach",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7407cfb0a38d3c1b8dd1c578c804fc8d",slug:"parkinson-s-disease-and-beyond-a-neurocognitive-approach",bookSignature:"Sara Palermo, Mario Stanziano and Rosalba Morese",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8626.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"233998",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sara",surname:"Palermo",slug:"sara-palermo",fullName:"Sara Palermo"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6550",title:"Cohort Studies in Health Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"01df5aba4fff1a84b37a2fdafa809660",slug:"cohort-studies-in-health-sciences",bookSignature:"R. Mauricio Barría",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6550.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"88861",title:"Dr.",name:"R. Mauricio",surname:"Barría",slug:"r.-mauricio-barria",fullName:"R. Mauricio Barría"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9500",title:"Recent Advances in Bone Tumours and Osteoarthritis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ea4ec0d6ee01b88e264178886e3210ed",slug:"recent-advances-in-bone-tumours-and-osteoarthritis",bookSignature:"Hiran Amarasekera",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9500.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"67634",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiran",surname:"Amarasekera",slug:"hiran-amarasekera",fullName:"Hiran Amarasekera"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"44308",title:"Epidemiology of Anogenital Human Papillomavirus Infections",doi:"10.5772/55825",slug:"epidemiology-of-anogenital-human-papillomavirus-infections",body:'
1. Introduction
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are infectious agents responsible for emergence of anogenital subclinical and clinical infections. HPV infections are the most common sexually transmitted infections worldwide. More than 100 HPV genotypes have been catalogued so far and from these, over 40 genotypes infect mucosa of anogenital tract and other mucosal areas. The epidemiology of anogenital HPV infections has been well described, especially cervical infections in young women and there are also many epidemiologic data among adults of different age and of different regions of the world. HPV is now recognized as a necessary cause for the apparition of cervical cancer in women, and is responsible for a substantial proportion of many other anogenital neoplasms (anal, vaginal, vulvar and penile cancers), and a non-negligible portion of head and neck cancers (oral cavity, pharynx, and larynx). HPV is also responsible for the development of benign lesions such as condyloma acuminata (genital warts). Clinical HPV infections are responsible for substantial morbidity and invoke high costs associated with the treatment of clinically relevant lesions. This chapter will review epidemiology of HPV infections affecting the anogenital tract of men and women.
2. Classification and carcinogenicity of HPVs
Papillomaviruses are from the Papillomaviridae family and all HPV genotypes share a common structure, L1 protein, that is highly conserved and consequently used for taxonomical purposes[1]. HPVs are classified into 16 genuses (Alpha, Beta, etc.), which are also divided into species. Genus of Papillomaviridae share less than 60% nucleotide sequence identity in the L1 protein whereas species within a genus share between 60% and 70% nucleotide identity. A new HPV isolate is recognized as a new genotype when the nucleotide sequence of the L1 gene differs by more than 10% from the genotype with which it has the greatest homology in DNA sequence. More than 100 HPV genotypes have been identified in humans from which over 40 genotypes infect mucosa of anogenital tract and other mucosal areas. As anogenital HPV infections is the interest of this chapter, focus is made on alpha-papillomavirus genus, which include mucosal HPVs (Table 1) [2].
Mucosal HPVs are also classified according to their oncogenic potential: low-oncogenic risk genotypes (LR-HPVs) and high-oncogenic risk genotypes (HR-HPVs). LR-HPVs may cause benign lesions of the anogenital mucosa such as condylomata acuminata (genital warts) while HR-HPVs are linked to the development of pre- and malignant lesions. The latest classification published by the World Health Organization’s International Agency for Research on Cancer referred genotypes 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58 and 59 as HR-HPVs[3, 4]. This classification also included many other genotypes as possibly carcinogenic, such as genotypes 26, 53, 66, 67, 68 70, 73 and 82 (Table 2). These genotypes are referred as possibly carcinogenic because the evidence about their carcinogenicity are more limited. Oncogenic potential classification of HPVs is updated frequently with the occurrence of new epidemiologic evidence[5].
Classification of Human Alpha-Papillomavirus
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
Genus
\n\t\t\t
Species
\n\t\t\t
HPV Genotypes
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
Alpha-papillomavirus
\n\t\t\t
Alpha-1
\n\t\t\t
32, 42
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
Alpha-2
\n\t\t\t
3, 10, 28,29, 78, 94
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
Alpha-3
\n\t\t\t
61, 72, 81, 83, 84, c62 c86, c87, c89
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
Alpha-4
\n\t\t\t
2, 27, 57
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
Alpha-5
\n\t\t\t
26, 51, 69, 82
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
Alpha-6
\n\t\t\t
30, 53, 56, 66
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
Alpha-7
\n\t\t\t
18, 39, 45, 59, 68, 70, c85
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
Alpha-8
\n\t\t\t
7, 40, 43, c91
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
Alpha-9
\n\t\t\t
16, 31, 33, 35, 52, 58, 67
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
Alpha-10
\n\t\t\t
6, 11, 13, 44, 55, 74
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
Alpha-11
\n\t\t\t
34, 73
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
Alpha-12
\n\t\t\t
RhPV1
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
Alpha-13
\n\t\t\t
54
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
Alpha-14
\n\t\t\t
c90
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
Alpha-15
\n\t\t\t
71
\n\t\t
\n\t
Table 1.
Classification of species and genotypes of HPVs among the Alpha genus
Classification of HPV genotypes based on carcinogenic potential
*Adapted from Bouvard et al, on behalf of the WHO International Agency for Research on Cancer Monograph Working Group 2009 [3]
3. Routes of transmission
3.1. Primary route of transmission: Sexual contact with an infected partner
Epidemiologic data supports that the primary route of HPVs transmission is via sexual contacts. The most important risk factors for prevalent infection as well as for acquisition or incidence in adults, are related to sexual behaviour variables: age at sexual debut and number of sexual partners, new, recent or lifetime for example [5-7]. Transmission may occur through peno-vaginal intercourse, but also via other sexual practices. Anal intercourse is also associated with HPV infection. History of receptive anal sex has been identified as an important risk factor for anal HPV infection among men [8-12]. Oral sex is also a possible route of HPV transmission as it has been associated with HPV oral infection [13-15]. Furthermore, digital-genital transmission is possible, as genital HPV genotypes have been found on fingers[16]. Insertive sex toys are also a possible of route of transmission[17]. Studies on genital HPV infection between women who have sex with women also suggest that HPV transmission is possible among lesbian partners[18].
3.2. Non-sexual routes of transmission
HPV genital infections can also origin from non-sexual route of transmission. For example, HPV DNA can be detected in genital or oral tract of newborns and children through perinatal/vertical transmission [19-23]. Vertical transmission of HPV from mother to child (perinatal infection) was first reported in 1956 in a case of juvenile laryngeal papillomatosis[24]. Confirmation of the perinatal transmission of HPV in different mucosa (genital, oral) was subsequently supported by several studies although the route of transmission is not well understood[19-23, 25]. Direct maternal transmission during vaginal delivery or at caesarean section following early membrane rupture is possible as well as in utero through semen or ascending infection from mother’s genital tract. Transplacental transmission seems possible since HPV DNA has been detected by PCR in amniotic fluid, placenta and cord blood [25, 26]. It is possible that transmission occurs through semen since it has been demonstrated that HPV DNA is found in sperm in a proportion of 8–64% of asymptomatic men[27]. Studies in vitro shown that HPVs may attach to sperm head, and that infected spermatozoids are able to penetrate oocyte and deliver HPV genome into it. Oocyte can actively transcribed HPV genes, for transmission to occur[28].
Other non-sexual skin contact transmission has been documented such as horizontal transmission via fingers, mouth and fomites[5, 17]. For example, it has been shown that HPV infected individuals may have HPVs in genital sample and in their hands showing that they can not only infect their sexual partners but also themselves somewhere else on their body (hands, conjunctive, etc.) as well as other individuals outside sexual contacts[16, 18].
4. Epidemiology of ANOGenital hpv infections
4.1. Anogenital HPV infections in women
4.1.1. Prevalence
Cervical HPV infections
According to a recent meta-analysis that included data from more than 1 million women with normal cytology in 59 countries, the prevalence of cervical HPV infection ranges from 1.6% to 41.9%, with a global prevalence estimated at 11.7% [29]. Sub-Saharan Africa (24.0%), Eastern Europe (21.4%), and Latin America (16.1%) showed the highest prevalences and the regions with the lowest prevalences are: Northern America with 4.7% and Western Asia with 1.7%. Also, it is important to consider that these percentages are probably underestimated as the laboratory methods used to detect HPV do not necessarily included the detection of all HPV genotypes[30]. The 5 most common genotypes worldwide are HPV-16, 18, 52, 31 and 58. Typically, HPV prevalence increases rapidly in adolescence following sexual debut, followed by an age-related decline, and occasionally a second but more modest peak in prevalence among older women in some regions of the world such as in America (Northern, Central and South) and in Europe[31]. Although the reason for this “menopausal” peak is not clear, it could plausibly be attributed to one or more non-mutually exclusive mechanisms, such as reactivation of latent infections acquired earlier in life due to a gradual loss of immunity, or to acquisition of new infections due to sexual contacts with new partners later in life (cohort effect)[5].
Anal HPV infections
Less research has been conducted to determine the prevalence of HPV in anal tract of women. A prevalence of 42% has been observed in healthy women [32] and by contrast to cervical prevalence that shows an age-related decline, the prevalence of anal infection seems relatively steady in all age groups[33]. Some studies also shown that women with cervical HPV infection had more than three fold increased risk of concurrent anal-cervical infection with a high correlation between the concordance of HPV genotypes, indicating a common source of infection[33]. As anal intercourse is not strongly associated with anal HPV infection in women, other important route of transmission have been suggested such as no penetrative sexual contact (for example, involving the fingers or mouth of partner), non-sexual contact, or HPV shedding from the vagina to the anus given the close proximity of these two areas[33, 34].
Vaginal and vulvar HPV infections
It has been suggested that vaginal and vulvar HPV infections are also very common in healthy women although much less data in available for these site specific areas. Some studies have detected HPVs in cervicovaginal samples compare to cervical samples and showed positivity for HPV in cervicovaginal swabs are higher compared to cervical specimens suggesting a higher prevalence HPV in the vagina or vulva than in the cervix only[35]. For example, a prevalence of 42.5% has been observed among females in United States using self-collected cervicovaginal specimen[36].
4.1.2. Incidence
Cervical HPV infections
High rates of incidence of HPV cervical infection are observed especially in young women. Cumulative incidence of more than 40% after 3 years of follow-up has been demonstrated among university students [5, 6, 37]. The highest incidence rates of cervical HPV infection are observed in young women corresponding to age of sexual intercourse debut. Thereafter, incidence in women tends to decline with age, although second peaks are sometimes observed in older women (such as for prevalence data)[5]. For example, in a cohort of women between 13 and 65 years of age in Bogota in Colombia[37], the cumulative incidence of any HPV after five years of follow-up among women aged 15-19, 20-24, 25-29, 30-44 and more than 45 years were 42.5%, 36.9%, 30.0%, 21.9%, and 12.4%,, respectively. The cumulative incidence after 5 years of follow-up in all age groups was 26.3% and infections rate with HR-HPVs were more frequent than infections with LR genotypes (5.0 cases and 2.0 cases/100 woman-years, respectively). Although some studies observed higher incidence of HR-HPV than LR-HPV, these comparisons depend on the assays used. More recent assays detect more types, many of which fall into the LR category.
Anal HPV infections
Cumulative incidence of anal HPV infection in a cohort of women of Hawaii (median age: 40 years old) has been evaluated at almost 70% in an average period of 1.3 years of follow-up. The rate of acquisition of anal HPV infection with any genotype was observed at 46.9 cases per 1000 woman-month. The incidence rate of anal HPV infections with HR-HPVs is also higher than with LR-HPV (such as for cervical infection) with estimates reported by Goodman et al (2008) at 19.5 and 8.2/1000 woman-months for an incident anal HR-HPV and LR-HPV, respectively[32]. Lower risk of acquisition of anal HR-HPV in women over 45 years of age have also been observed compared to women under 25 years of age.
Vaginal and vulvar HPV infections
To our knowledge, there are no estimates on the incidence of vagina and vulvar HPV infection in healthy women.
4.1.3. Special population: HIV-positive women and sex workers
HIV and HPV infection status has been under the projectors during the last years. In a systematic review of HIV-positive women with no cytological abnormalities, prevalence of HPV has been evaluated at 36.3% [38], higher than in worldwide estimated prevalence (11.7%)[29].
More attention was also paid to sex workers in the last years. For example, in a study made in China, prevalence of any HPV genotype was estimated at 38.9% in this population[39]. A recent study in Spain also demonstrated a higher incidence and a higher risk of persistence of HR-HPV infection in sex workers compared to the general population (incidence of 3.98 per 100 women-years relatively to 26.81 per 100 women-years)[40].
4.2. Anogenital HPV infections in men
4.2.1. Prevalence
Depending of the anatomic sites (coronal sulcus, glans, prepuce, shaft, urethra, scrotum, perianal area, anus, semen or urine) that is analysed, HPV prevalence (any genotypes) can vary from 1% to 84% among the general population of men and from 2% to 93% in high-risk men (such as STI clinic attendees, HIV-positive males, and male partners of women with HPV infection or abnormal cytology)[41]. For example, the site specific prevalences of HPV infection in male were estimated between 6.5%-50% in corona and/or glans, 5.6%-51.5% in penile shaft, 24%-50% in prepuce, 7.1%-46.2% in scrotum, and 8.7%-50% in urethra [27]. Contrarily to what is reported in women, HPV prevalence is relatively stable across age groups in men [41, 42]. Prevalence of anal HPV infection in men who have sex with women has been reported to range between 0% and 32.8% [27]. It is important to consider, however, that a high variability in the prevalence estimates may occurred in man due to the variability of sites tested or to the type of specimen used for which the detection method is not completly optimized (such as urine).
4.2.2. Incidence
Few studies have reported HPV infections incidence in men. Cumulative incidence calculated with penile and scrotal sampling, in a cohort of USA men aged between 18-44 years old (mean age: 29.7 years) was 29.3% after a follow-up of 12 months[42]. Incidence rate in this cohort for any HPV genotype infection was 29.4 per 1000 men-months. Incidence rates of HPV-6, 11, 16, and 18 infections were 2.8, 0.5, 4.8, and 0.8 per 1000 men-months, resectively.
4.2.3. Special population: Men who have Sex with Men (MSM) and HIV-positive men
HPV infection is strongly associated with the number of lifetime female sexual partners in men who have sex with women (MSW) and also with the number of male anal-sexual partners in men who have sex with men (MSM) [43]. For MSM, prevalence of any HPV genotype was estimated at 18.5% on the penis, 17.1% on the scrotum, 33.0% on the perineal/perianal region, 42.4% in the anal canal, and 48.0% at any site. The prevalence of HPV infection is high among young sexually active MSM, with the anal canal being the most common site of infection[44]. A study comparing the anal canal HPV prevalence in MSW (12.2%) to MSM (47.2%), confirmed the higher prevalence in MSM[45]. Another example from a cohort of Italy have settled prevalence of anal HPV infection to 74.8% in MSM[8]. As for the general population of men, the incidence of HPV infection does not seem to drop with age in MSM as the prevalence remains high in all age groups[46].
Also, it appears that HIV status increases the risk of HPV infection in MSM. For example, a recent systematic review that compared HPV prevalence in MSM according to HIV status has shown that the anal canal prevalence was higher in HIV-positive individuals: (92.6% for HIV-positive compared to 63.9% for HIV negative men) [47]. HR-HPVs were detected in 73.5% of HIV-positive men whereas it was 37.2% in HIV-negative men. The prevalences of HPV-16 and 18 were also higher in HIV-positive men (35.4% compared to 12.5% for HPV-16 and 18.6% compared to 4.9% for HPV-18).
4.2.4. Circumcision and genital HPV infections
Circumcision has been described to reduce the risk of HPV infections in men. The most recent published meta-analysis shown an inverse association between circumcision and genital HPV prevalence in men with an estimated pooled odds ratio of 0.57 (95% confidence interval:0.54-0.82)[48]. However, as not many studies have been published on the role of circumcision and HPV infection and as most of them are from observational design, more studies are needed to confirm the protective role of circumcision with HPV anogenital infections in men.
5. Natural history
5.1. Clearance and persistence of HPV infection
5.1.1. Clearance
Although high prevalence of HPV is found in both males and females, most of the HPV infections will be cleared spontaneously. Literature has consistently shown that at least 80 to 90% of cervical HPV infections are transient and are no longer detectable within 1-2 years[49]. HR-HPV infections seem to persist longer than LR-HPV[5]. For example, in cervical swabs of female university students, LR-HPV and HR-HPV infections typically last (in average) 13.4 and 16.3 months, respectively[50]. In a review paper, the median duration (time for 50% of infections to be cleared) of cervical infection reported from published studies ranged from 4 to 20 months, with a tendency for HPV-16 infections to last a little longer[5].
Clearance has also been studied in men. For example, a study on the clearance of HPV infections in penile and scrotum sampling in a cohort of USA men has shown that the median time to clearance of any HPV infection was 5.9 months and that 75% of HPV infections cleared by 12 months[42]. Contrarily to women, LR-HPV and HR-HPV infections durations were almost the same with a median duration of 5.8 months and 6 months respectively. Recent data from a cohort study regrouping men from Brazil, Mexico and USA also supports that median duration of HPV infection is shorter in men than in women with 7.5 months for any HPVs[43].
5.1.2. Persistence
Persistence with an HR-HPV over long periods is an important risk factor for the development and progression of cervical malignant lesion[51]. Approximately between 10% and 20% of women fail to clear HPV infections, resulting in long-term cervical persistent infection[52]. It is not known, however, why some women will develop cervical cancer following persistent infection whereas others do not. Finally, persistence of HPV is recognised as an important step in the etiologic pathway of cervical cancer but it has not been studied in other anogenital cancers in women (vulva, vagina, anal cancer) and in men (penile and anal cancer).
5.2. Multiple HPV infections and reinfection with same or different HPV genotype
5.2.1. Multiple HPV infections
Individuals infected with multiple HPV genotypes are also a very common finding of many epidemiologic studies. For example, among the cohort of Brazilian women, between 1.9% to 3.2% were co-infected with multiples genotypes at a same visit (concurrently infected) whereas when considering cumulatively (period prevalence) during the first year and the first 4 years of follow-up, 12.3% and 22.3% were infected with multiple genotypes, respectively[53]. Coinfection in men have also been studied. In a healthy mexican military cohort, HPV prevalence was 44.6% at one of these sites (urethra, urethral meatus, scrotum, penile, shaft or coronal sulcus) and 51.1% of them had mutiple HPV genotypes[54]. MSM have been studied and are also at high risk of coinfection. For example, Dona et al (2012) in an Italian cohort demonstrated that 65.3% of the HPV-positive MSM had multiple HPV infections[8].
Consequences of multiple HPV infections are still debated, but multiple infections with HR-HPV as well as infection with other agents, such as HIV, may play a critical role in furthering the progression to cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and cervical cancer in women[55]. Co-infection with multiple HPV genotypes is common in women with premalignant lesion but the prevalence of co-infections decreases with the severity of the lesion. It is well recognized that cervical cancer specimen do not frequently harboured multiple HPV genotypes[56]. Although multiple genotypes infection may increase the risk of pre-malignant lesions[53], it is possible that co-infection with multiple HPV genotypes acts as a biomarker of immune failure to clear HPV (which allow HPV-16 to progress more easily) rather than etiologic factors that act synergistically to cause cancer.
5.2.2. Reinfection with same or different HPV genotype
The risk of HPV reinfection with the same genotype is also well debated. What has been shown is that it is possible to see cervical reinfection with the same genotype[57]. However, the provenance of the virus is not well understood in re-infected women. Two hypotheses have been advanced to explain reinfection. The first is based on the assumption that infections acquired at a young age never completely clear but become latent; infections appearing later in life would mostly represent the reactivation of such latent infections acquired many years earlier. The second hypothesis is that infections do clear following an initial immune response, which does not completely protect against future infections by the same HPV genotype, following new exposure via sexual activity later in life[58-60]. Recent studies have shown that reinfection with a same genotype is associated with new sexual partners suggesting that infection in adult women may results not only from reactivation of HPV infections acquired at a young age that never completely cleared, but also from new exposure via sexual activity[37, 57]. There is no available study concerning the probability of reinfection with a same or a different genotype in men.
6. HPV related anogenital diseases
6.1. Low-risk HPV genotypes are associated to non-cancerous anogenital lesions
Condylomata acuminata or genital warts (GWs) in anogenital area are usually caused by low-risk HPV genotypes. Recent studies have shown that about 100% of GWs are caused by either HPV-6 or 11 but that 20–50% of lesions also contain co-infections with HR-HPV genotypes. The majority of individuals who develop genital warts do so approximately 2–3 months after infection[61]. Approximately 30% of all warts will regress within the first four months of infection without any treatment, but recurrence will be see in majority of case, even if adequate treatments have been done[62]. Long-term remission rates remain largely unknown. GWs cause also significant psychological morbidity and substantial healthcare costs. Occasionally, GWs persist for long periods of time and, rarely, such long-standing lesions may progress to malignancy. GWs are highly infectious and contribute significantly to spread of HPV infections[63].
6.2. High-risk HPV genotypes are associated to cancerous anogenital lesions
The viruses cause approximately 15% of human cancers, and of this proportion, nearly half is attributable to HPVs with cervix, vulva, vagina, penis and anal cancers[64]. According to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), it has now been accepted that HPV is a necessary cause of cervical cancer as virtually 100% of specimens presents HPV DNA. It is also now accepted that HPV is responsible for 50% of vulvar cancer, 65% of vaginal cancer 35% of penile cancers and 95% of anal cancers[65].
7. Economic and health care system burden of HPV infections
Clinical HPV infections are responsible for substantial morbidity and invoke high costs associated with the treatment of clinically relevant lesions[66]. Currently, two vaccines are available: a bivalent HPV 16/18 AS04-adjuvanted vaccine (GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals, Rixensart, Belgium) and a quadrivalent HPV 6/11/16/18 aluminum-adjuvanted vaccine (Merck and Co., West Point, PA, USA). Both vaccines are designed to protect against the two more prevalent HPV genotypes, HPV-16 and 18, that are responsible together for about 70% of all cervical cancer cases worldwide. The quadrivalent vaccine also offers a protection against HPV-6 and 11, which cause over 90% of genital warts. These vaccines are likely to have a major impact on the incidence and mortality of cervical cancer in the future as well on the burden of other HPV related diseases. Most of developed countries have national recommendations for the use of HPV vaccines in women and many have implemented publicly funded or co-payment routine vaccination programs[67]. These vaccination programs will have a significant impact on the direct and indirect costs related to HPV infections[68].
7.1. Example of economic burden of HPV-related cancers in U.S.A
Direct and indirect costs related to screening and treatment of HPV-related cancer is substantial. Direct costs include usually costs related to medical services such as appointments with physicians and/or gynaecologists, hospital (including inpatient services), nursing and home care and drug prescriptions and time lost for patients or caregivers. However, indirect costs might also be considered in the evaluation of the burden associated to HPV (loss of productivity, psychological, emotional burden on patient)[68].
A recent study in United States evaluated direct medical cost of the prevention and treatment of pathologies associated with HPV[69]. Most of the annual direct medical costs are attributed to cervical screening and follow-up are estimated at 6.6 billions of U.S. dollars: $5.4 billion for cervical screening routine and $1.2 billion for follow-up costs. Cervical cancer costs $441 millions annually, vulvar and vaginal cancer costing for $37 and $12 millions respectively. Anal cancer and penile cancer treatment costs has been estimated at $155 millions and $7 millions of annual costs respectively.
7.2. Genital warts are also an important economic and health care burden
Direct and indirect costs related to genital warts are also important. Genital warts are known to be resistant to treatment and having high recurrence rates even if the appropriate treatment has been done[62]. This involves repeated physicians visits for treatment and high direct costs. The indirect costs include lower productivity for the patient due to illness as well as psychological and emotional burden such as anger, stress, anxiety, depression, shame, guilt and isolation which are also realities for patients [70, 71]. Chesson et al. evaluated at $288 millions the direct medical costs related to genital warts in United States [69].
8. Conclusion
Anogenital HPV infections are very common and transmitted principally via sexual contacts. High prevalence has been found in both female and male adults. Even if the majority of anogenital infections will clear spontaneously, a small proportion of infection will progress and cause different anogenital cancers. HPV is a necessary cause of cervical cancer and plays a role in other anogenital cancers in men and women. Some subgroups such as MSM, sex workers and HIV individuals are particularly at risk of HPV infections. Clinical HPV infections are responsible for substantial morbidity and invoke high costs associated with the treatment of clinically relevant lesions. Prevention is always preferable to treatment and in this optic, HPV vaccination, which is currently implanted all over the world, is expected to prevent a substantial proportion of cervical and other HPV-related cancers in the future.
Acknowledgments
Claudie Laprise received a doctoral research award from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (FRN: 96236) and Helen Trottier received a salary award (chercheur-boursier) from the Fonds de la recherche en santé du Québec.
\n',keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/44308.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/44308.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/44308",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/44308",totalDownloads:1890,totalViews:111,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,totalAltmetricsMentions:0,impactScore:0,impactScorePercentile:12,impactScoreQuartile:1,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"May 14th 2012",dateReviewed:"January 14th 2013",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"April 30th 2013",dateFinished:"April 19th 2013",readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/44308",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/44308",book:{id:"3395",slug:"human-papillomavirus-and-related-diseases-from-bench-to-bedside-a-diagnostic-and-preventive-perspective"},signatures:"Claudie Laprise and Helen Trottier",authors:[{id:"78452",title:"Dr.",name:"Helen",middleName:null,surname:"Trottier",fullName:"Helen Trottier",slug:"helen-trottier",email:"helen.trottier@umontreal.ca",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"University of Montreal",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"161181",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Claudie",middleName:null,surname:"Laprise",fullName:"Claudie Laprise",slug:"claudie-laprise",email:"claudielaprise@videotron.ca",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"University of Montreal",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Canada"}}}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Classification and carcinogenicity of HPVs",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3",title:"3. Routes of transmission",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3_2",title:"3.1. Primary route of transmission: Sexual contact with an infected partner",level:"2"},{id:"sec_4_2",title:"3.2. Non-sexual routes of transmission",level:"2"},{id:"sec_6",title:"4. Epidemiology of ANOGenital hpv infections",level:"1"},{id:"sec_6_2",title:"4.1. Anogenital HPV infections in women",level:"2"},{id:"sec_6_3",title:"4.1.1. Prevalence",level:"3"},{id:"sec_7_3",title:"4.1.2. Incidence",level:"3"},{id:"sec_8_3",title:"4.1.3. Special population: HIV-positive women and sex workers",level:"3"},{id:"sec_10_2",title:"4.2. Anogenital HPV infections in men",level:"2"},{id:"sec_10_3",title:"4.2.1. Prevalence",level:"3"},{id:"sec_11_3",title:"4.2.2. Incidence",level:"3"},{id:"sec_12_3",title:"4.2.3. Special population: Men who have Sex with Men (MSM) and HIV-positive men",level:"3"},{id:"sec_13_3",title:"4.2.4. Circumcision and genital HPV infections",level:"3"},{id:"sec_16",title:"5. Natural history",level:"1"},{id:"sec_16_2",title:"5.1. Clearance and persistence of HPV infection",level:"2"},{id:"sec_16_3",title:"5.1.1. Clearance",level:"3"},{id:"sec_17_3",title:"5.1.2. Persistence",level:"3"},{id:"sec_19_2",title:"5.2. Multiple HPV infections and reinfection with same or different HPV genotype",level:"2"},{id:"sec_19_3",title:"5.2.1. Multiple HPV infections",level:"3"},{id:"sec_20_3",title:"5.2.2. Reinfection with same or different HPV genotype",level:"3"},{id:"sec_23",title:"6. HPV related anogenital diseases",level:"1"},{id:"sec_23_2",title:"6.1. Low-risk HPV genotypes are associated to non-cancerous anogenital lesions",level:"2"},{id:"sec_24_2",title:"6.2. High-risk HPV genotypes are associated to cancerous anogenital lesions",level:"2"},{id:"sec_26",title:"7. Economic and health care system burden of HPV infections",level:"1"},{id:"sec_26_2",title:"7.1. Example of economic burden of HPV-related cancers in U.S.A",level:"2"},{id:"sec_27_2",title:"7.2. Genital warts are also an important economic and health care burden",level:"2"},{id:"sec_29",title:"8. Conclusion",level:"1"},{id:"sec_30",title:"Acknowledgments",level:"1"},{id:"sec_30",title:"Acknowledgments",level:"2"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'de Villiers EM, Fauquet C, Broker TR, Bernard HU, zur Hausen H. Classification of papillomaviruses. Virology. 2004;324(1):17-27. Epub 2004/06/09.'},{id:"B2",body:'IARC Working Group. IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans ; v. 100B. 2009: Lyon, France.'},{id:"B3",body:'Bouvard V, Baan R, Straif K, Grosse Y, Secretan B, El Ghissassi F, et al. A review of human carcinogens--Part B: biological agents. The lancet oncology. 2009;10(4):321-2. Epub 2009/04/08.'},{id:"B4",body:'IARC Working Group. IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans ; v. 90 Human Papillomaviruses. 2007: Lyon, France.'},{id:"B5",body:'Trottier H, Franco EL. The epidemiology of genital human papillomavirus infection. Vaccine. 2006;24 Suppl 1:S1-15. Epub 2006/01/13.'},{id:"B6",body:'Burchell AN, Winer RL, de Sanjose S, Franco EL. Chapter 6: Epidemiology and transmission dynamics of genital HPV infection. Vaccine. 2006;24 Suppl 3:S3/52-61. Epub 2006/09/05.'},{id:"B7",body:'Tota JE, Chevarie-Davis M, Richardson LA, Devries M, Franco EL. Epidemiology and burden of HPV infection and related diseases: implications for prevention strategies. Preventive medicine. 2011;53 Suppl 1:S12-21. Epub 2011/10/14.'},{id:"B8",body:'Dona MG, Palamara G, Di Carlo A, Latini A, Vocaturo A, Benevolo M, et al. Prevalence, genotype diversity and determinants of anal HPV infection in HIV-uninfected men having sex with men. Journal of clinical virology : the official publication of the Pan American Society for Clinical Virology. 2012;54(2):185-9. Epub 2012/03/16.'},{id:"B9",body:'Daling JR, Madeleine MM, Johnson LG, Schwartz SM, Shera KA, Wurscher MA, et al. Human papillomavirus, smoking, and sexual practices in the etiology of anal cancer. Cancer. 2004;101(2):270-80. Epub 2004/07/09.'},{id:"B10",body:'Guimaraes MD, Grinsztejn B, Melo VH, Rocha GM, Campos LN, Pilotto JH, et al. Anal HPV prevalence and associated factors among HIV-seropositive men under antiretroviral treatment in Brazil. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2011;57 Suppl 3:S217-24. Epub 2011/09/29.'},{id:"B11",body:'Piketty C, Darragh TM, Da Costa M, Bruneval P, Heard I, Kazatchkine MD, et al. High prevalence of anal human papillomavirus infection and anal cancer precursors among HIV-infected persons in the absence of anal intercourse. Annals of internal medicine. 2003;138(6):453-9. Epub 2003/03/18.'},{id:"B12",body:'Wiley DJ, Harper DM, Elashoff D, Silverberg MJ, Kaestle C, Cook RL, et al. How condom use, number of receptive anal intercourse partners and history of external genital warts predict risk for external anal warts. International journal of STD & AIDS. 2005;16(3):203-11. Epub 2005/04/15.'},{id:"B13",body:'Pickard RK, Xiao W, Broutian TR, He X, Gillison ML. The prevalence and incidence of oral human papillomavirus infection among young men and women, aged 18-30 years. Sexually transmitted diseases. 2012;39(7):559-66. Epub 2012/06/19.'},{id:"B14",body:'D\'Souza G, Agrawal Y, Halpern J, Bodison S, Gillison ML. Oral sexual behaviors associated with prevalent oral human papillomavirus infection. The Journal of infectious diseases. 2009;199(9):1263-9. Epub 2009/03/27.'},{id:"B15",body:'Kreimer AR, Villa A, Nyitray AG, Abrahamsen M, Papenfuss M, Smith D, et al. The epidemiology of oral HPV infection among a multinational sample of healthy men. Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology. 2011;20(1):172-82. Epub 2010/12/15.'},{id:"B16",body:'Sonnex C, Strauss S, Gray JJ. Detection of human papillomavirus DNA on the fingers of patients with genital warts. Sexually transmitted infections. 1999;75(5):317-9. Epub 2000/01/05.'},{id:"B17",body:'Ferenczy A, Bergeron C, Richart RM. Human papillomavirus DNA in fomites on objects used for the management of patients with genital human papillomavirus infections. Obstetrics and gynecology. 1989;74(6):950-4. Epub 1989/12/01.'},{id:"B18",body:'Marrazzo JM, Koutsky LA, Stine KL, Kuypers JM, Grubert TA, Galloway DA, et al. Genital human papillomavirus infection in women who have sex with women. The Journal of infectious diseases. 1998;178(6):1604-9. Epub 1998/11/17.'},{id:"B19",body:'Martinelli M, Zappa A, Bianchi S, Frati E, Colzani D, Amendola A, et al. Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and genotype frequency in the oral mucosa of newborns in Milan, Italy. Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(6):E197-9. Epub 2012/04/12.'},{id:"B20",body:'Smith EM, Parker MA, Rubenstein LM, Haugen TH, Hamsikova E, Turek LP. Evidence for vertical transmission of HPV from mothers to infants. Infectious diseases in obstetrics and gynecology. 2010;2010:326369. Epub 2010/03/20.'},{id:"B21",body:'Park H, Lee SW, Lee IH, Ryu HM, Cho AR, Kang YS, et al. Rate of vertical transmission of human papillomavirus from mothers to infants: Relationship between infection rate and mode of delivery. Virology journal. 2012;9(1):80. Epub 2012/04/14.'},{id:"B22",body:'Rombaldi RL, Serafini EP, Mandelli J, Zimmermann E, Losquiavo KP. Perinatal transmission of human papilomavirus DNA. Virology journal. 2009;6:83. Epub 2009/06/24.'},{id:"B23",body:'Medeiros LR, Ethur AB, Hilgert JB, Zanini RR, Berwanger O, Bozzetti MC, et al. Vertical transmission of the human papillomavirus: a systematic quantitative review. Cadernos de saude publica / Ministerio da Saude, Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz, Escola Nacional de Saude Publica. 2005;21(4):1006-15. Epub 2005/07/16.'},{id:"B24",body:'Hajek EF. Contribution to the etiology of laryngeal papilloma in children. The Journal of laryngology and otology. 1956;70(3):166-8. Epub 1956/03/01.'},{id:"B25",body:'Syrjanen S. Current concepts on human papillomavirus infections in children. APMIS : acta pathologica, microbiologica, et immunologica Scandinavica. 2010;118(6-7):494-509. Epub 2010/06/18.'},{id:"B26",body:'Rombaldi RL, Serafini EP, Mandelli J, Zimmermann E, Losquiavo KP. Transplacental transmission of Human Papillomavirus. Virology journal. 2008;5:106. Epub 2008/09/27.'},{id:"B27",body:'Dunne EF, Nielson CM, Stone KM, Markowitz LE, Giuliano AR. Prevalence of HPV infection among men: A systematic review of the literature. The Journal of infectious diseases. 2006;194(8):1044-57. Epub 2006/09/23.'},{id:"B28",body:'Foresta C, Patassini C, Bertoldo A, Menegazzo M, Francavilla F, Barzon L, et al. Mechanism of human papillomavirus binding to human spermatozoa and fertilizing ability of infected spermatozoa. PloS one. 2011;6(3):e15036. Epub 2011/03/17.'},{id:"B29",body:'Bruni L, Diaz M, Castellsague X, Ferrer E, Bosch FX, de Sanjose S. Cervical human papillomavirus prevalence in 5 continents: meta-analysis of 1 million women with normal cytological findings. The Journal of infectious diseases. 2010;202(12):1789-99. Epub 2010/11/12.'},{id:"B30",body:'Coutlee F, Mayrand MH, Roger M, Franco EL. Detection and typing of human papillomavirus nucleic acids in biological fluids. Public health genomics. 2009;12(5-6):308-18. Epub 2009/08/18.'},{id:"B31",body:'de Sanjose S, Diaz M, Castellsague X, Clifford G, Bruni L, Munoz N, et al. Worldwide prevalence and genotype distribution of cervical human papillomavirus DNA in women with normal cytology: a meta-analysis. The Lancet infectious diseases. 2007;7(7):453-9. Epub 2007/06/29.'},{id:"B32",body:'Goodman MT, Shvetsov YB, McDuffie K, Wilkens LR, Zhu X, Ning L, et al. Acquisition of anal human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in women: the Hawaii HPV Cohort study. The Journal of infectious diseases. 2008;197(7):957-66. Epub 2008/04/23.'},{id:"B33",body:'Hernandez BY, McDuffie K, Zhu X, Wilkens LR, Killeen J, Kessel B, et al. Anal human papillomavirus infection in women and its relationship with cervical infection. Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology. 2005;14(11 Pt 1):2550-6. Epub 2005/11/15.'},{id:"B34",body:'Moscicki AB, Durako SJ, Houser J, Ma Y, Murphy DA, Darragh TM, et al. Human papillomavirus infection and abnormal cytology of the anus in HIV-infected and uninfected adolescents. AIDS. 2003;17(3):311-20. Epub 2003/01/31.'},{id:"B35",body:'Petignat P, Faltin DL, Bruchim I, Tramer MR, Franco EL, Coutlee F. Are self-collected samples comparable to physician-collected cervical specimens for human papillomavirus DNA testing? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Gynecologic oncology. 2007;105(2):530-5. Epub 2007/03/06.'},{id:"B36",body:'Hariri S, Unger ER, Sternberg M, Dunne EF, Swan D, Patel S, et al. Prevalence of genital human papillomavirus among females in the United States, the National Health And Nutrition Examination Survey, 2003-2006. The Journal of infectious diseases. 2011;204(4):566-73. Epub 2011/07/28.'},{id:"B37",body:'Munoz N, Mendez F, Posso H, Molano M, van den Brule AJ, Ronderos M, et al. Incidence, duration, and determinants of cervical human papillomavirus infection in a cohort of Colombian women with normal cytological results. The Journal of infectious diseases. 2004;190(12):2077-87. Epub 2004/11/20.'},{id:"B38",body:'Clifford GM, Goncalves MA, Franceschi S. Human papillomavirus types among women infected with HIV: a meta-analysis. AIDS. 2006;20(18):2337-44. Epub 2006/11/23.'},{id:"B39",body:'Li HM, Liang GJ, Yin YP, Wang QQ, Zheng ZJ, Zhou JJ, et al. Prevalence and genotype distribution of human papillomavirus infection among female sex workers in Guangxi, China: implications for interventions. Journal of medical virology. 2012;84(5):798-803. Epub 2012/03/21.'},{id:"B40",body:'Gonzalez C, Torres M, Canals J, Fernandez E, Belda J, Ortiz M, et al. Higher incidence and persistence of high-risk human papillomavirus infection in female sex workers compared with women attending family planning. International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases. 2011;15(10):e688-94. Epub 2011/07/16.'},{id:"B41",body:'Smith JS, Gilbert PA, Melendy A, Rana RK, Pimenta JM. Age-specific prevalence of human papillomavirus infection in males: a global review. The Journal of adolescent health : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine. 2011;48(6):540-52. Epub 2011/05/18.'},{id:"B42",body:'Giuliano AR, Lu B, Nielson CM, Flores R, Papenfuss MR, Lee JH, et al. Age-specific prevalence, incidence, and duration of human papillomavirus infections in a cohort of 290 US men. The Journal of infectious diseases. 2008;198(6):827-35. Epub 2008/07/29.'},{id:"B43",body:'Giuliano AR, Lee JH, Fulp W, Villa LL, Lazcano E, Papenfuss MR, et al. Incidence and clearance of genital human papillomavirus infection in men (HIM): a cohort study. Lancet. 2011;377(9769):932-40. Epub 2011/03/04.'},{id:"B44",body:'Goldstone S, Palefsky JM, Giuliano AR, Moreira ED, Jr., Aranda C, Jessen H, et al. Prevalence of and risk factors for human papillomavirus (HPV) infection among HIV-seronegative men who have sex with men. The Journal of infectious diseases. 2011;203(1):66-74. Epub 2010/12/15.'},{id:"B45",body:'Nyitray AG, Carvalho da Silva RJ, Baggio ML, Lu B, Smith D, Abrahamsen M, et al. Age-specific prevalence of and risk factors for anal human papillomavirus (HPV) among men who have sex with women and men who have sex with men: the HPV in men (HIM) study. The Journal of infectious diseases. 2011;203(1):49-57. Epub 2010/12/15.'},{id:"B46",body:'Dietz CA, Nyberg CR. Genital, oral, and anal human papillomavirus infection in men who have sex with men. The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association. 2011;111(3 Suppl 2):S19-25. Epub 2011/03/29.'},{id:"B47",body:'Machalek DA, Poynten M, Jin F, Fairley CK, Farnsworth A, Garland SM, et al. Anal human papillomavirus infection and associated neoplastic lesions in men who have sex with men: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The lancet oncology. 2012;13(5):487-500. Epub 2012/03/27.'},{id:"B48",body:'Albero G, Castellsague X, Giuliano AR, Bosch FX. Male circumcision and genital human papillomavirus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sexually transmitted diseases. 2012;39(2):104-13. Epub 2012/01/18.'},{id:"B49",body:'Moscicki AB, Schiffman M, Kjaer S, Villa LL. Chapter 5: Updating the natural history of HPV and anogenital cancer. Vaccine. 2006;24 Suppl 3:S3/42-51. Epub 2006/09/05.'},{id:"B50",body:'Richardson H, Kelsall G, Tellier P, Voyer H, Abrahamowicz M, Ferenczy A, et al. The natural history of type-specific human papillomavirus infections in female university students. Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology. 2003;12(6):485-90. Epub 2003/06/20.'},{id:"B51",body:'Bodily J, Laimins LA. Persistence of human papillomavirus infection: keys to malignant progression. Trends in microbiology. 2011;19(1):33-9. Epub 2010/11/06.'},{id:"B52",body:'Stanley M. Immunobiology of HPV and HPV vaccines. Gynecologic oncology. 2008;109(2 Suppl):S15-21. Epub 2008/06/14.'},{id:"B53",body:'Trottier H, Mahmud S, Costa MC, Sobrinho JP, Duarte-Franco E, Rohan TE, et al. Human papillomavirus infections with multiple types and risk of cervical neoplasia. Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology. 2006;15(7):1274-80. Epub 2006/07/13.'},{id:"B54",body:'Lajous M, Mueller N, Cruz-Valdez A, Aguilar LV, Franceschi S, Hernandez-Avila M, et al. Determinants of prevalence, acquisition, and persistence of human papillomavirus in healthy Mexican military men. Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology. 2005;14(7):1710-6. Epub 2005/07/21.'},{id:"B55",body:'de Freitas AC, Gurgel AP, Chagas BS, Coimbra EC, do Amaral CM. Susceptibility to cervical cancer: An overview. Gynecologic oncology. 2012;126(2):304-11. Epub 2012/04/10.'},{id:"B56",body:'Li N, Franceschi S, Howell-Jones R, Snijders PJ, Clifford GM. Human papillomavirus type distribution in 30,848 invasive cervical cancers worldwide: Variation by geographical region, histological type and year of publication. International journal of cancer Journal international du cancer. 2011;128(4):927-35. Epub 2010/05/18.'},{id:"B57",body:'Trottier H, Ferreira S, Thomann P, Costa MC, Sobrinho JS, Prado JC, et al. Human papillomavirus infection and reinfection in adult women: the role of sexual activity and natural immunity. Cancer research. 2010;70(21):8569-77. Epub 2010/10/28.'},{id:"B58",body:'Castle PE, Schiffman M, Herrero R, Hildesheim A, Rodriguez AC, Bratti MC, et al. A prospective study of age trends in cervical human papillomavirus acquisition and persistence in Guanacaste, Costa Rica. The Journal of infectious diseases. 2005;191(11):1808-16. Epub 2005/05/05.'},{id:"B59",body:'Herrero R, Hildesheim A, Bratti C, Sherman ME, Hutchinson M, Morales J, et al. Population-based study of human papillomavirus infection and cervical neoplasia in rural Costa Rica. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 2000;92(6):464-74. Epub 2000/03/16.'},{id:"B60",body:'Lazcano-Ponce E, Herrero R, Munoz N, Cruz A, Shah KV, Alonso P, et al. Epidemiology of HPV infection among Mexican women with normal cervical cytology. International journal of cancer Journal international du cancer. 2001;91(3):412-20. Epub 2001/02/15.'},{id:"B61",body:'Stanley M. Pathology and epidemiology of HPV infection in females. Gynecologic oncology. 2010;117(2 Suppl):S5-10. Epub 2011/03/08.'},{id:"B62",body:'Patel RV, Yanofsky VR, Goldenberg G. Genital warts: a comprehensive review. The Journal of clinical and aesthetic dermatology. 2012;5(6):25-36. Epub 2012/07/07.'},{id:"B63",body:'Lacey CJ, Lowndes CM, Shah KV. Chapter 4: Burden and management of non-cancerous HPV-related conditions: HPV-6/11 disease. Vaccine. 2006;24 Suppl 3:S3/35-41. Epub 2006/09/05.'},{id:"B64",body:'Parkin DM, Bray F. Chapter 2: The burden of HPV-related cancers. Vaccine. 2006;24 Suppl 3:S3/11-25. Epub 2006/09/05.'},{id:"B65",body:'Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. http://www.cdc.gov/hpv/cancer.html (accessed 6 August, 2012).'},{id:"B66",body:'Insinga RP, Dasbach EJ, Elbasha EH. Assessing the annual economic burden of preventing and treating anogenital human papillomavirus-related disease in the US: analytic framework and review of the literature. PharmacoEconomics. 2005;23(11):1107-22. Epub 2005/11/10.'},{id:"B67",body:'Monsonego J, Cortes J, Greppe C, Hampl M, Joura E, Singer A. Benefits of vaccinating young adult women with a prophylactic quadrivalent human papillomavirus (types 6, 11, 16 and 18) vaccine. Vaccine. 2010;28(51):8065-72. Epub 2010/10/26.'},{id:"B68",body:'Ekwueme DU, Chesson HW, Zhang KB, Balamurugan A. Years of potential life lost and productivity costs because of cancer mortality and for specific cancer sites where human papillomavirus may be a risk factor for carcinogenesis-United States, 2003. Cancer. 2008;113(10 Suppl):2936-45. Epub 2008/11/05.'},{id:"B69",body:'Chesson HW, Ekwueme DU, Saraiya M, Watson M, Lowy DR, Markowitz LE. Estimates of the annual direct medical costs of the prevention and treatment of disease associated with human papillomavirus in the United States. Vaccine. 2012. Epub 2012/08/08.'},{id:"B70",body:'Raymakers AJ, Sadatsafavi M, Marra F, Marra CA. Economic and humanistic burden of external genital warts. PharmacoEconomics. 2012;30(1):1-16. Epub 2011/12/29.'},{id:"B71",body:'Senecal M, Brisson M, Maunsell E, Ferenczy A, Franco EL, Ratnam S, et al. Loss of quality of life associated with genital warts: baseline analyses from a prospective study. Sexually transmitted infections. 2011;87(3):209-15. Epub 2011/02/22.'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Claudie Laprise",address:"claudielaprise@videotron.ca",affiliation:'
Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Sainte-Justine Hospital Research Center, Montreal, Canada
Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Sainte-Justine Hospital Research Center, Montreal, Canada
'}],corrections:null},book:{id:"3395",type:"book",title:"Human Papillomavirus and Related Diseases",subtitle:"From Bench to Bedside - A Diagnostic and Preventive Perspective",fullTitle:"Human Papillomavirus and Related Diseases From Bench to Bedside A Diagnostic and Preventive Perspective",slug:"human-papillomavirus-and-related-diseases-from-bench-to-bedside-a-diagnostic-and-preventive-perspective",publishedDate:"April 30th 2013",bookSignature:"Davy Vanden Broeck",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3395.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-1072-9",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-7137-9",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",numberOfWosCitations:5,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"93213",title:"Dr.",name:"Davy",middleName:null,surname:"Vanden Broeck",slug:"davy-vanden-broeck",fullName:"Davy Vanden Broeck"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1079"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"44399",type:"chapter",title:"Molecular Diagnosis of Human Papillomavirus Infections",slug:"molecular-diagnosis-of-human-papillomavirus-infections",totalDownloads:3041,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Santiago Melón, Marta Alvarez-Argüelles and María de Oña",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"159039",title:"Dr.",name:"Santiago",middleName:null,surname:"Melón",fullName:"Santiago Melón",slug:"santiago-melon"},{id:"162749",title:"Dr.",name:"María",middleName:null,surname:"De Oña",fullName:"María De Oña",slug:"maria-de-ona"},{id:"162750",title:"Dr.",name:"Marta-Elena",middleName:null,surname:"Alvarez-Argüelles",fullName:"Marta-Elena Alvarez-Argüelles",slug:"marta-elena-alvarez-arguelles"}]},{id:"44311",type:"chapter",title:"Molecular Tools for Detection Human Papillomavirus",slug:"molecular-tools-for-detection-human-papillomavirus",totalDownloads:2467,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Angela Adamski da Silva Reis, Daniela de Melo e Silva, Cláudio\nCarlos da Silva and Aparecido Divino da Cruz",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"68829",title:"Dr.",name:"Angela",middleName:"Adamski Da Silva",surname:"Reis",fullName:"Angela Reis",slug:"angela-reis"},{id:"121027",title:"Dr.",name:"Aparecido Divino",middleName:null,surname:"Da Cruz",fullName:"Aparecido Divino Da Cruz",slug:"aparecido-divino-da-cruz"},{id:"161255",title:"Prof.",name:"Daniela De Melo",middleName:null,surname:"Silva",fullName:"Daniela De Melo Silva",slug:"daniela-de-melo-silva"},{id:"166363",title:"Prof.",name:"Cláudio Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Da Silva",fullName:"Cláudio Carlos Da Silva",slug:"claudio-carlos-da-silva"}]},{id:"44306",type:"chapter",title:"HPV Diagnosis in Vaccination Era",slug:"hpv-diagnosis-in-vaccination-era",totalDownloads:1790,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Fátima Galán-Sánchez and Manuel Rodríguez-Iglesias",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"159547",title:"Prof.",name:"Manuel",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Iglesias",fullName:"Manuel Rodriguez-Iglesias",slug:"manuel-rodriguez-iglesias"},{id:"161545",title:"Prof.",name:"Fátima",middleName:null,surname:"Galán-Sánchez",fullName:"Fátima Galán-Sánchez",slug:"fatima-galan-sanchez"}]},{id:"44368",type:"chapter",title:"HPV L1 Detection as a Prognostic Marker for Management of HPV High Risk Positive Abnormal Pap Smears",slug:"hpv-l1-detection-as-a-prognostic-marker-for-management-of-hpv-high-risk-positive-abnormal-pap-smears",totalDownloads:2504,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Ralf Hilfrich",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"160922",title:"Dr.",name:"Ralf",middleName:null,surname:"Hilfrich",fullName:"Ralf Hilfrich",slug:"ralf-hilfrich"}]},{id:"44310",type:"chapter",title:"Ancillary Techniques in the Histopathologic Diagnosis of Squamous and Glandular Intraepithelial Lesions of the Uterine Cervix",slug:"ancillary-techniques-in-the-histopathologic-diagnosis-of-squamous-and-glandular-intraepithelial-lesi",totalDownloads:1958,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Evanthia Kostopoulou and George Koukoulis",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"76948",title:"Prof.",name:"Evanthia",middleName:null,surname:"Kostopoulou",fullName:"Evanthia Kostopoulou",slug:"evanthia-kostopoulou"}]},{id:"44324",type:"chapter",title:"Human Papillomavirus Prophylactic Vaccines and Alternative Strategies for Prevention",slug:"human-papillomavirus-prophylactic-vaccines-and-alternative-strategies-for-prevention",totalDownloads:1995,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Lis Ribeiro-Müller, Hanna Seitz and Martin Müller",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"162438",title:"Dr",name:null,middleName:null,surname:"Mueller",fullName:"Mueller",slug:"mueller"}]},{id:"44305",type:"chapter",title:"Clinical Manifestations of the Human Papillomavirus",slug:"clinical-manifestations-of-the-human-papillomavirus",totalDownloads:2964,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Miguel Ángel Arrabal-Polo, María Sierra Girón-Prieto, Jacinto\nOrgaz-Molina, Sergio Merino-Salas, Fernando Lopez-Carmona\nPintado, Miguel Arrabal-Martin and Salvador Arias-Santiago",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"158621",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Miguel Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Arrabal-Polo",fullName:"Miguel Angel Arrabal-Polo",slug:"miguel-angel-arrabal-polo"},{id:"159389",title:"Dr.",name:"Miguel",middleName:null,surname:"Arrabal-Martin",fullName:"Miguel Arrabal-Martin",slug:"miguel-arrabal-martin"},{id:"159390",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergio",middleName:null,surname:"Merino-Salas",fullName:"Sergio Merino-Salas",slug:"sergio-merino-salas"},{id:"159391",title:"Dr.",name:"Fernando",middleName:null,surname:"López-Carmona Pintado",fullName:"Fernando López-Carmona Pintado",slug:"fernando-lopez-carmona-pintado"},{id:"159392",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvador",middleName:null,surname:"Arias-Santiago",fullName:"Salvador Arias-Santiago",slug:"salvador-arias-santiago"},{id:"166210",title:"Mr.",name:"Jacinto",middleName:null,surname:"Orgaz-Molina",fullName:"Jacinto Orgaz-Molina",slug:"jacinto-orgaz-molina"},{id:"166211",title:"Ms.",name:"Maria Sierra",middleName:null,surname:"Giron-Prieto",fullName:"Maria Sierra Giron-Prieto",slug:"maria-sierra-giron-prieto"}]},{id:"44312",type:"chapter",title:"Human Papillomavirus Infection and Penile Cancer: Past, Present and Future",slug:"human-papillomavirus-infection-and-penile-cancer-past-present-and-future",totalDownloads:1930,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"João Paulo Oliveira-Costa, Giórgia Gobbi da Silveira, Danilo\nFigueiredo Soave, Andrielle de Castilho Fernandes, Lucinei Roberto\nOliveira, Alfredo Ribeiro-Silva and Fernando Augusto Soares",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"30977",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfredo",middleName:null,surname:"Ribeiro-Silva",fullName:"Alfredo Ribeiro-Silva",slug:"alfredo-ribeiro-silva"},{id:"75982",title:"Dr.",name:"Lucinei Roberto",middleName:null,surname:"Oliveira",fullName:"Lucinei Roberto Oliveira",slug:"lucinei-roberto-oliveira"},{id:"80611",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrielle",middleName:null,surname:"Castilho-Fernandes",fullName:"Andrielle Castilho-Fernandes",slug:"andrielle-castilho-fernandes"},{id:"80612",title:"Prof.",name:"João Paulo",middleName:null,surname:"Oliveira-Costa",fullName:"João Paulo Oliveira-Costa",slug:"joao-paulo-oliveira-costa"},{id:"161067",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Giorgia",middleName:null,surname:"Silveira",fullName:"Giorgia Silveira",slug:"giorgia-silveira"},{id:"161269",title:"Prof.",name:"Danilo Figueiredo",middleName:null,surname:"Soave",fullName:"Danilo Figueiredo Soave",slug:"danilo-figueiredo-soave"},{id:"161270",title:"MSc.",name:"Juliana Silva",middleName:null,surname:"Zanetti",fullName:"Juliana Silva Zanetti",slug:"juliana-silva-zanetti"},{id:"161272",title:"Prof.",name:"Fernando Augusto",middleName:null,surname:"Soares",fullName:"Fernando Augusto Soares",slug:"fernando-augusto-soares"}]},{id:"42846",type:"chapter",title:"The Role of Human Papillomavirus in Pre-Cancerous Lesions and Oral Cancers",slug:"the-role-of-human-papillomavirus-in-pre-cancerous-lesions-and-oral-cancers",totalDownloads:2521,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Danilo Figueiredo Soave, Mara Rubia Nunes Celes, João Paulo\nOliveira-Costa, Giorgia Gobbi da Silveira, Bruna Riedo Zanetti,\nLucinei Roberto Oliveira and Alfredo Ribeiro-Silva",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"30977",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfredo",middleName:null,surname:"Ribeiro-Silva",fullName:"Alfredo Ribeiro-Silva",slug:"alfredo-ribeiro-silva"},{id:"75982",title:"Dr.",name:"Lucinei Roberto",middleName:null,surname:"Oliveira",fullName:"Lucinei Roberto Oliveira",slug:"lucinei-roberto-oliveira"},{id:"161067",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Giorgia",middleName:null,surname:"Silveira",fullName:"Giorgia Silveira",slug:"giorgia-silveira"},{id:"159975",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Danilo",middleName:"Figueiredo",surname:"Soave",fullName:"Danilo Soave",slug:"danilo-soave"},{id:"161066",title:"MSc.",name:"João",middleName:null,surname:"Oliveira-Costa",fullName:"João Oliveira-Costa",slug:"joao-oliveira-costa"},{id:"161070",title:"Dr.",name:"Mara",middleName:null,surname:"Celes",fullName:"Mara Celes",slug:"mara-celes"},{id:"161072",title:"Dr.",name:"Bruna",middleName:"Riedo",surname:"Zanetti",fullName:"Bruna Zanetti",slug:"bruna-zanetti"}]},{id:"44308",type:"chapter",title:"Epidemiology of Anogenital Human Papillomavirus Infections",slug:"epidemiology-of-anogenital-human-papillomavirus-infections",totalDownloads:1890,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Claudie Laprise and Helen Trottier",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"78452",title:"Dr.",name:"Helen",middleName:null,surname:"Trottier",fullName:"Helen Trottier",slug:"helen-trottier"},{id:"161181",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Claudie",middleName:null,surname:"Laprise",fullName:"Claudie Laprise",slug:"claudie-laprise"}]},{id:"44375",type:"chapter",title:"Modern Molecular and Clinical Approaches to Eradicate HPVMediated Cervical Cancer",slug:"modern-molecular-and-clinical-approaches-to-eradicate-hpvmediated-cervical-cancer",totalDownloads:1745,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Whitney Evans, Maria Filippova, Ron Swensen and Penelope\nDuerksen-Hughes",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"80663",title:"Dr.",name:"Penelope",middleName:null,surname:"Duerksen-Hughes",fullName:"Penelope Duerksen-Hughes",slug:"penelope-duerksen-hughes"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"701",title:"Human Papillomavirus and Related Diseases",subtitle:"From Bench to Bedside - Research Aspects",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dbaf0635e78a5900e85513add5bea345",slug:"human-papillomavirus-and-related-diseases-from-bench-to-bedside-research-aspects",bookSignature:"Davy Vanden Broeck",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/701.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"93213",title:"Dr.",name:"Davy",surname:"Vanden Broeck",slug:"davy-vanden-broeck",fullName:"Davy Vanden Broeck"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"26625",title:"Epidemiology of Mucosal Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infections Among Adult and Children",slug:"epidemiology-of-mucosal-human-papillomavirus-hpv-infections-among-adult-and-children",signatures:"Helen Trottier",authors:[{id:"78452",title:"Dr.",name:"Helen",middleName:null,surname:"Trottier",fullName:"Helen Trottier",slug:"helen-trottier"}]},{id:"26626",title:"Human Papillomavirus Type Distribution in Southern China and Taiwan",slug:"human-papillomavirus-type-distribution-in-southern-china-and-taiwan",signatures:"Chung-Yung Chen and Chin-Hung Wang",authors:[{id:"76113",title:"Prof.",name:"Chung-Yung",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",fullName:"Chung-Yung Chen",slug:"chung-yung-chen"},{id:"81751",title:"Dr.",name:"Chin-Hung",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Chin-Hung Wang",slug:"chin-hung-wang"}]},{id:"26627",title:"Human Papillomavirus Worldwide Distribution in Women Without Cervical Cancer",slug:"human-papillomavirus-worldwide-distribution-in-women-without-cervical-cancer",signatures:"I. Dutra, I. Foroni, A.R. Couto, M. Lima and J. Bruges-Armas",authors:[{id:"68881",title:"Dr.",name:"Jacome",middleName:null,surname:"Bruges-Armas",fullName:"Jacome Bruges-Armas",slug:"jacome-bruges-armas"},{id:"81123",title:"MSc.",name:"Isa",middleName:null,surname:"Dutra",fullName:"Isa Dutra",slug:"isa-dutra"},{id:"81143",title:"Dr",name:"Iris",middleName:null,surname:"Foroni",fullName:"Iris Foroni",slug:"iris-foroni"},{id:"81144",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Couto Rendeiro",fullName:"Ana Rita Couto Rendeiro",slug:"ana-rita-couto-rendeiro"},{id:"81147",title:"Prof.",name:"Manuela",middleName:null,surname:"Lima",fullName:"Manuela Lima",slug:"manuela-lima"}]},{id:"26628",title:"Incidence of Invasive Squamous Cell Carcinoma Diagnosed with Opportunistic Screening in >70 Years-Old Women: Italy as a Case Study",slug:"incidence-of-invasive-squamous-cell-carcinoma-diagnosed-with-opportunistic-screening-in-70-years-old",signatures:"Teresa Pusiol",authors:[{id:"72837",title:"Dr.",name:"Teresa",middleName:null,surname:"Pusiol",fullName:"Teresa Pusiol",slug:"teresa-pusiol"}]},{id:"26629",title:"Oligonucleotide Applications for the Therapy and Diagnosis of Human Papillomavirus Infection",slug:"oligonucleotide-applications-for-the-therapy-and-diagnosis-of-human-papillomavirus-infection",signatures:"María L. Benítez-Hess, Julia D. Toscano-Garibay and Luis M. Alvarez-Salas",authors:[{id:"76737",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"M.",surname:"Alvarez-Salas",fullName:"Luis Alvarez-Salas",slug:"luis-alvarez-salas"},{id:"76738",title:"Dr.",name:"María Luisa",middleName:null,surname:"Benítez-Hess",fullName:"María Luisa Benítez-Hess",slug:"maria-luisa-benitez-hess"},{id:"80644",title:"Dr.",name:"Julia",middleName:null,surname:"Toscano-Garibay",fullName:"Julia Toscano-Garibay",slug:"julia-toscano-garibay"}]},{id:"26630",title:"The Human Papilloma Virus – Ion Channel Link in Cancer: An Alternative Opportunity for Diagnosis and Therapy",slug:"the-human-papilloma-virus-ion-channel-link-in-cancer-an-alternative-opportunity-for-diagnosis-and-th",signatures:"Ana Ramírez and Javier Camacho",authors:[{id:"76070",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Camacho",fullName:"Javier Camacho",slug:"javier-camacho"},{id:"120806",title:"MSc.",name:"Ana",middleName:null,surname:"Ramírez",fullName:"Ana Ramírez",slug:"ana-ramirez"}]},{id:"26631",title:"Analysis Models for HPV-Related Pathobiology",slug:"analysis-models-for-hpv-related-pathobiology",signatures:"Águeda Buitrago-Pérez, Jesús M. Paramio and Ramón García-Escudero",authors:[{id:"34513",title:"Prof.",name:"Jesus M",middleName:null,surname:"Paramio",fullName:"Jesus M Paramio",slug:"jesus-m-paramio"},{id:"72245",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramon",middleName:null,surname:"Garcia-Escudero",fullName:"Ramon Garcia-Escudero",slug:"ramon-garcia-escudero"},{id:"80797",title:"Dr.",name:"Agueda",middleName:null,surname:"Buitrago-Perez",fullName:"Agueda Buitrago-Perez",slug:"agueda-buitrago-perez"}]},{id:"26632",title:"Overview on Molecular Markers to Implement Cervical Cancer Prevention: Challenges and Perspectives",slug:"overview-on-molecular-markers-to-implement-cervical-cancer-prevention-challenges-and-perspectives",signatures:"Sandra Rosini and Roberta Zappacosta",authors:[{id:"43833",title:"Prof.",name:"Sandra",middleName:null,surname:"Rosini",fullName:"Sandra Rosini",slug:"sandra-rosini"},{id:"80933",title:"Prof.",name:"Roberta",middleName:null,surname:"Zappacosta",fullName:"Roberta Zappacosta",slug:"roberta-zappacosta"}]},{id:"26633",title:"Molecular Diagnosis of Human Papillomavirus",slug:"molecular-diagnosis-of-human-papillomavirus",signatures:"I. Dutra, I. Foroni, A.R. Couto, M. Lima and J. Bruges-Armas",authors:[{id:"68881",title:"Dr.",name:"Jacome",middleName:null,surname:"Bruges-Armas",fullName:"Jacome Bruges-Armas",slug:"jacome-bruges-armas"},{id:"81123",title:"MSc.",name:"Isa",middleName:null,surname:"Dutra",fullName:"Isa Dutra",slug:"isa-dutra"},{id:"81143",title:"Dr",name:"Iris",middleName:null,surname:"Foroni",fullName:"Iris Foroni",slug:"iris-foroni"},{id:"81144",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Couto Rendeiro",fullName:"Ana Rita Couto Rendeiro",slug:"ana-rita-couto-rendeiro"},{id:"81147",title:"Prof.",name:"Manuela",middleName:null,surname:"Lima",fullName:"Manuela Lima",slug:"manuela-lima"}]},{id:"26634",title:"Molecular Bases of Human Papillomavirus Pathogenesis in the Development of Cervical Cancer",slug:"molecular-bases-of-human-papillomavirus-pathogenesis-in-the-development-of-cervical-cancer",signatures:"Adolfo Pedroza-Saavedra, Tanya Plett-Torres, Lilia Chihu-Amparán, Minerva Maldonado-Gama, Ana M. González-Jaimes, Fernando Esquivel-Guadarrama and Lourdes Gutiérrez-Xicotencatl",authors:[{id:"76236",title:"Dr.",name:"Lourdes",middleName:null,surname:"Gutiérrez-Xicotencatl",fullName:"Lourdes Gutiérrez-Xicotencatl",slug:"lourdes-gutierrez-xicotencatl"},{id:"76667",title:"Dr.",name:"Adolfo",middleName:null,surname:"Pedroza-Saavedra",fullName:"Adolfo Pedroza-Saavedra",slug:"adolfo-pedroza-saavedra"},{id:"76669",title:"Dr.",name:"Tanya",middleName:null,surname:"Plett-Torres",fullName:"Tanya Plett-Torres",slug:"tanya-plett-torres"},{id:"76670",title:"Dr.",name:"Lilia",middleName:null,surname:"Chihu-Amparan",fullName:"Lilia Chihu-Amparan",slug:"lilia-chihu-amparan"},{id:"76672",title:"Prof.",name:"Minerva",middleName:null,surname:"Maldonado-Gama",fullName:"Minerva Maldonado-Gama",slug:"minerva-maldonado-gama"},{id:"76676",title:"BSc.",name:"Ana-Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Gonzalez-Jaimes",fullName:"Ana-Maria Gonzalez-Jaimes",slug:"ana-maria-gonzalez-jaimes"},{id:"80664",title:"Dr.",name:"Fernando",middleName:null,surname:"Esquivel-Guadarrama",fullName:"Fernando Esquivel-Guadarrama",slug:"fernando-esquivel-guadarrama"}]},{id:"26635",title:"The Interaction between Human Papillomavirus Proteins and Cytoskeletal Filaments",slug:"the-interact-on-between-human-papillomavirus-proteins-and-cytoskeletal-filaments",signatures:"Zehra Safi Oz",authors:[{id:"75204",title:"Dr.",name:"Zehra",middleName:null,surname:"Safi Oz",fullName:"Zehra Safi Oz",slug:"zehra-safi-oz"}]},{id:"26636",title:"A Functional RNAi-Based Knockdown System: A Tool to Investigate HPV Entry?",slug:"a-functional-rnai-based-knockdown-system-a-tool-to-investigate-hpv-entry-",signatures:"Caroline Horvath, Gaelle Boulet, Shaira Sahebali, John-Paul Bogers and Davy Vanden Broeck",authors:[{id:"93213",title:"Dr.",name:"Davy",middleName:null,surname:"Vanden Broeck",fullName:"Davy Vanden Broeck",slug:"davy-vanden-broeck"},{id:"141525",title:"MSc.",name:"Caroline",middleName:null,surname:"Horvath",fullName:"Caroline Horvath",slug:"caroline-horvath"},{id:"141526",title:"Dr.",name:"Gaelle",middleName:null,surname:"Boulet",fullName:"Gaelle Boulet",slug:"gaelle-boulet"},{id:"141527",title:"Dr.",name:"Shaira",middleName:null,surname:"Sahebali",fullName:"Shaira Sahebali",slug:"shaira-sahebali"},{id:"141529",title:"Dr.",name:"Johannes",middleName:null,surname:"Bogers",fullName:"Johannes Bogers",slug:"johannes-bogers"}]},{id:"26637",title:"Molecular Events Towards Wnt Pathway Activation in Cervical Cancer: Changing the Balance on NKD/DVL Signals",slug:"molecular-events-towards-wnt-pathway-activation-in-cervical-cancer-changing-the-balance-on-nkd-dvl-s",signatures:"Carlos Pérez-Plasencia, Patricia Piña-Sánchez, Felipe Vaca-Paniagua, Verónica Fragoso-Ontiveros, Nadia Jacobo-Herrera, César López-Camarillo and Omar Vargas-Hernández",authors:[{id:"40928",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez-Camarillo",fullName:"Cesar Lopez-Camarillo",slug:"cesar-lopez-camarillo"},{id:"72473",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Perez-Plasencia",fullName:"Carlos Perez-Plasencia",slug:"carlos-perez-plasencia"},{id:"80597",title:"Dr.",name:"Felipe",middleName:null,surname:"Vaca-Paniagua",fullName:"Felipe Vaca-Paniagua",slug:"felipe-vaca-paniagua"},{id:"80599",title:"Dr.",name:"Veronica",middleName:null,surname:"Fragoso-Ontiveros",fullName:"Veronica Fragoso-Ontiveros",slug:"veronica-fragoso-ontiveros"},{id:"80600",title:"Dr.",name:"Omar",middleName:null,surname:"Vargas-Hernandez",fullName:"Omar Vargas-Hernandez",slug:"omar-vargas-hernandez"},{id:"113938",title:"Dr.",name:"Patricia",middleName:null,surname:"Piña-Sanchez",fullName:"Patricia Piña-Sanchez",slug:"patricia-pina-sanchez"},{id:"120068",title:"Dr.",name:"Nadia",middleName:null,surname:"Jacobo-Herrera",fullName:"Nadia Jacobo-Herrera",slug:"nadia-jacobo-herrera"}]},{id:"26638",title:"Interplay Between HPV Oncoproteins and MicroRNAs in Cervical Cancer",slug:"interplay-between-hpv-oncoproteins-and-micrornas-in-cervical-cancer",signatures:"Reshmi G and M.Radhakrishna Pillai",authors:[{id:"79698",title:"Prof.",name:"Radhakrishna",middleName:"M",surname:"Pillai",fullName:"Radhakrishna Pillai",slug:"radhakrishna-pillai"},{id:"125562",title:"Dr.",name:"Reshmi",middleName:null,surname:"G",fullName:"Reshmi G",slug:"reshmi-g"}]},{id:"26639",title:"Role of Chronic Inflammation and Resulting DNA Damage in Cervical Carcinogenesis Induced by Human Papillomavirus",slug:"role-of-chronic-inflammation-and-resulting-dna-damage-in-cervical-carcinogenesis-induced-by-human-pa",signatures:"Yusuke Hiraku",authors:[{id:"71918",title:"Dr.",name:"Yusuke",middleName:null,surname:"Hiraku",fullName:"Yusuke Hiraku",slug:"yusuke-hiraku"}]},{id:"26640",title:"HPVTyper: A Software Application for Automatic HPV Typing via PCR-RFLP Gel Electrophoresis",slug:"hpvtyper-a-software-application-for-automatic-hpv-typing-via-pcr-rflp-gel-electrophoresis",signatures:"Christos Maramis, Dimitrios Karagiannis and Anastasios Delopoulos",authors:[{id:"74802",title:"Dr.",name:"Christos",middleName:"Filippos",surname:"Maramis",fullName:"Christos Maramis",slug:"christos-maramis"},{id:"74847",title:"Prof.",name:"Anastasios",middleName:null,surname:"Delopoulos",fullName:"Anastasios Delopoulos",slug:"anastasios-delopoulos"},{id:"121192",title:"Mr.",name:"Dimitrios",middleName:null,surname:"Karagiannis",fullName:"Dimitrios Karagiannis",slug:"dimitrios-karagiannis"}]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"559",title:"Bladder Cancer",subtitle:"From Basic Science to Robotic Surgery",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"117cbfaa858282ed2cdb9a81ce411def",slug:"bladder-cancer-from-basic-science-to-robotic-surgery",bookSignature:"Abdullah Erdem Canda",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/559.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"69657",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdullah Erdem",surname:"Canda",slug:"abdullah-erdem-canda",fullName:"Abdullah Erdem Canda"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"789",title:"Emerging Research and Treatments in Renal Cell Carcinoma",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"616688465519d2b5bcb1d867a3806714",slug:"emerging-research-and-treatments-in-renal-cell-carcinoma",bookSignature:"Robert J. Amato",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/789.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"73752",title:"Dr.",name:"Robert",surname:"Amato",slug:"robert-amato",fullName:"Robert Amato"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"792",title:"Renal Cell Carcinoma",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8edc0abe98983dc0d07eeb89cdfb3288",slug:"renal-cell-carcinoma",bookSignature:"Hendrik Van Poppel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/792.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"74532",title:"Dr.",name:"Hendrik",surname:"Van Poppel",slug:"hendrik-van-poppel",fullName:"Hendrik Van Poppel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"960",title:"Cancer of the Uterine Endometrium",subtitle:"Advances and Controversies",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e31a8846983568317bbe451b6e32b4c6",slug:"cancer-of-the-uterine-endometrium-advances-and-controversies",bookSignature:"J. Salvador Saldivar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/960.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"71352",title:"Dr.",name:"J.S.",surname:"Saldivar",slug:"j.s.-saldivar",fullName:"J.S. Saldivar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1845",title:"Prostate Cancer",subtitle:"Diagnostic and Therapeutic Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3be3f6b756cec080cfcacd2251b62a5c",slug:"prostate-cancer-diagnostic-and-therapeutic-advances",bookSignature:"Philippe E. Spiess",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1845.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"64476",title:"Dr.",name:"Philippe E.",surname:"Spiess",slug:"philippe-e.-spiess",fullName:"Philippe E. Spiess"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[{type:"book",id:"701",title:"Human Papillomavirus and Related Diseases",subtitle:"From Bench to Bedside - Research Aspects",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dbaf0635e78a5900e85513add5bea345",slug:"human-papillomavirus-and-related-diseases-from-bench-to-bedside-research-aspects",bookSignature:"Davy Vanden Broeck",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/701.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"93213",title:"Dr.",name:"Davy",surname:"Vanden Broeck",slug:"davy-vanden-broeck",fullName:"Davy Vanden Broeck"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3395",title:"Human Papillomavirus and Related Diseases",subtitle:"From Bench to Bedside - A Diagnostic and Preventive Perspective",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c6c3820fb6deb675bd38fa1954ec4f56",slug:"human-papillomavirus-and-related-diseases-from-bench-to-bedside-a-diagnostic-and-preventive-perspective",bookSignature:"Davy Vanden Broeck",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3395.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"93213",title:"Dr.",name:"Davy",surname:"Vanden Broeck",slug:"davy-vanden-broeck",fullName:"Davy Vanden Broeck"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"79820",title:"Molecular Diagnostic Platforms for Specific Detection of Escherichia coli",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101554",slug:"molecular-diagnostic-platforms-for-specific-detection-of-escherichia-coli",body:'
1. Introduction
Public health protection is of paramount importance that demands the rapid and accurate detection and quantitation of microorganisms in potable water and in various raw and processed foods to prevent undesirable outbreaks of microbial contamination. Water quality has been assessed for potable and recreational activities using culture-dependent quantification and sensing of fecal indicator bacteria (FIB), such as total coliforms, Escherichia coli, or Enterococci, an approach that is used as a reference standard in the evaluation of microbial safety of water [1]. The presence of FIBs in large numbers in freshwater, particularly E. coli and Enterococcus, has been associated with the emergence of waterborne illnesses [2, 3]. Children as young as five years are particularly susceptible to diarrheal infections, with over 800 children dying every day [4, 5]. Amongst coliform bacteria, E. coli is commonly regarded as an indicator of fecal pollution of water supplies [6, 7].
Waterborne diseases have been one of the major causes due to the consumption of contaminated water affecting seriously the public health of a humongous number of people in quick succession. In the 2014–2016 survey, the detection rate of pathogenic bacteria was 79.3%, followed by pathogenic E. coli (5009 cases, 90%), Vibrio spp. (264 cases, 5%), Shigella spp. (67 cases, 1%), and Salmonella spp. (48 cases, 1%) [8]. The distribution of E. coli amongst Korean children suffering from diarrheagenic E. coli showed that enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) was the most common, followed by ETEC and enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) [8]. Of the pathogenic E. coli, enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) was the most common (39%), followed by enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) (36%). In a separate study, children suffering from diarrhea were reported [9] in Utah, USA wherein the most commonly detected pathogens included toxigenic Clostridium difficile (16%) and diarrheagenic E. coli (15%) whereas Shiga toxin-producing E. coli were detected in 4% samples [9].
Between 2013 and 2016, a monocentric hospital-based investigation showed that E. coli was responsible for about 15% of child infection cases of severe enteritis and EPEC (54%) was the most dominant E. coli pathotype, followed by other pathogenic E. coli including Shiga toxin-producing E. coli [10]. And on the heels of that, in another waterborne outbreak of E. coli infection associated with the drinking of contaminated potable water at three different school premises in Korea was reported [11]. As a result of this outbreak, a total of 188 patients with severe gastrointestinal symptoms were reported. The EHEC and EPEC strains isolated from clinical fecal specimens and water samples from water purifiers and water basins respectively were confirmed by the pulsed field gel electrophoresis method [11]. It is warranted therefore to develop rapid and sensitive methods for the detection and quantitation of waterborne bacteria.
Coliforms, particularly E. coli is regarded as a primary fecal indicator [12] and indicate the contaminating presence of enteropathogenic bacteria in water and foods supplies [13]. Though these enteric bacteria are abundant in human and warm-blooded animal feces, an umpteen number of the E. coli strains have been reported as pathogens [14]. Despite the fact that the wild type of E. coli strain is not pathogenic, it could emerge as an infectious agent in immunologically vulnerable people. Furthermore, several E. coli O157:H7 outbreaks have been documented in both industrialized and developing economies, resulting in human mortality, notably amongst children under the age of five [15]. E. coli serogroup O157:H7 is the most common cause of hemorrhagic colitis in foodborne illness. E. coli serogroup O104:H4 was first discovered as an emerging strain in the 2011 German pandemic and was designated a microorganism of serious concern [16]. Perna et al. [17] reported that E. coli O157:H7 caused 75,000 cases of foodborne infections per year, of which 85 percent incidences were related to E. coli O157 infections [18, 19] with contaminated fruits, vegetables, and water is the principal sources of E. coli O157:H7 outbreaks [19].
Traditional microbiological detection techniques consume time as E. coli cells require to be isolated, cultivated, and identified using a sequence of biochemical tests [20]. For example, for identification and quantification of E. coli in water, the water samples are filtered using the membrane filtration method, followed by the counting of E. coli colonies using the plate count method [21]. Furthermore, such processes necessitate 24 to 48 hours to generate observable results and frequently require water samples to be transported to a central laboratory and trained employees to conduct the testing [22].
It is necessary to develop new approaches for detecting E. coli in contaminating food and water samples. Optical or impedimetric biosensor systems have evolved as an alternative to the traditional tools for E. coli detection, enabling selective, specific, and cost-effective solutions. DNA-based sensing approaches have played an essential role in the development of sensing for the detection of E. coli. Due to their rapidity and accuracy, sensing technologies such as the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), loop associated isothermal method of amplification (LAMP), DNA-based biosensors, and CRISPR/Cas platforms have evolved over time for E. coli detection and have been applied in numerous applications in various industries, agriculture, and health care sectors.
2. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method
PCR being a mighty and handy tool with molecular biologists showed enormous potential in various forms including multiplex PCR and quantitative real-time PCR. The advantage of PCR is that despite its inability to distinguish between live and dead cells, nonculturable cells may be detected rapidly. In the recent two decades, various PCR-based strategies have been introduced to improve the detection of indicator organisms [23, 24]. Genetic markers such as 23S rRNA and lacZ are often used to establish PCR tests for detecting E. coli in environmental samples [25, 26]. The uidA and tuf genes have been identified as potential targets for E. coli/Shigella detection using PCR [27, 28]. Most of the PCR assays were reported to amplify the virulence genes, such as eaeA, and stx1, stx2 [29, 30, 31, 32, 33] or phenotypic genes, such as rfbE (O antigen), and fliC (H antigen), uidA and lacZ which are commonly shared [26, 28, 32]. The ability to generate these lesions is restricted to 43-kb loci of the E. coli O157:H7 chromosome [17]. Intimin encoded by eae locus is necessary for early bacterial cell attachment to host cells and the creation of A/E lesions [34, 35]. In a couple of studies, virulence genes like stx1 and stx2 were unable to accurately identify a species, owing to the fact that they are widely shared by different species or strains [33]. Shigella dysenteriae and Aeromonas spp. have been described as the two outliers as non-E. coli bacteria bearing Shiga toxin genes [36, 37]. Real-time PCR techniques targeting Shigella spp. in food or water utilizing ipaH as a target have also been developed to detect enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC) that carries ipaH [36]. Therefore, phenotypic genes such as rfbE and fliC have been utilized as targets for confirmed identification of E. coli in PCR [30].
The E. coli genes such as uidA and tuf were used for the detection of E. coli and Shigella strains [27, 38, 39]. However, the uidA gene used as a marker was not reported in 3.4% of 116 E. coli strains [37]. In another work, Maheux et al. [27] detected Escherichia fergusonii in a PCR targeting the tuf gene. Albeit, it has been extensively reported, neither β-D-glucuronidase activity nor uidA gene amplification is the full proof for the accurate molecular detection E. coli in the presence of this enzyme or gene has been reported in Flavobacteria and to a great extent in Shigella, Salmonella and Yersinia [38, 40, 41]. Contrarily, Fricker & Fricker [42] using uidA primer pair detected five non-E. coli coliforms in water samples. Recently, Molina et al. [40] designed a set of primers targeting the E. coli orphan gene yaiO that encodes an outer membrane protein and succeeded in obtaining the yaiO amplicon of 115 bp size from unfermented and fermented dairy samples. These workers in terms of specificity claimed superiority of yaiO gene-based primers to uidA primers though the study was limited by small sample size. In another recent study, the xanQ-PCR using novel primer set for amplification of xanQ gene was demonstrated for specific detection of a large number of E. coli strains [41].
Li et al. [43] established a multiplex real-time PCR test that targets the z3276 and Shiga toxin genes to specifically detect E. coli O157:H7 and screen for non-O157 STEC (stx1 and stx2). The reaction mixture contained a primer set; four probes (z3276, stx1, stx2, and IAC), and the template DNA of appropriate concentrations. The optimized multiplex assay achieved the limit of detection (LOD) as low as 200 femto grams of bacterial DNA from beef and fresh spinach samples (40 CFU/reaction). In a separate study, a multiplex fluorogenic PCR assay was developed to quantify E. coli O157:H7 in manure, soil, dairy wastewater, and cow and calf feces in an artificial wetland. Oligonucleotides were designed to amplify the stx1 and stx2 and the eae genes of E. coli O157:H7 in a simplex reaction [44].
Being a rapid, sensitive, and specific method enabling the detection of multiple pathogens simultaneously this method finds applications in different types of foods and poultry industries. Nguyen et al. [45] developed a multiplex PCR for the rapid and simultaneous detection of three epidemic food-borne pathogens: E. coli O157:H7, Salmonella spp., and Listeria monocytogenes in food samples.
In developing countries, the identification of enteric pathogens in food and other edible items are time-consuming process and often results in wrong and delayed diagnosis. Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) has been reported to be frequently associated with outbreaks of infantile diarrhea and recognized as a causative agent for diarrheagenic ailments [46]. In order to detect and identify the Shiga toxin producing E. coli, enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC), and EPEC primers were designed to amplify eae gene and long polar fimbriae (lpfA) variants, the bundle-forming pilus gene bfpA, and the Shiga toxin-encoding genes stx1 and stx2 [47]. This group demonstrated consistent amplification of genes specific to the prototype EHEC O157:H7 EDL933 (lpfA1–3, lpfA2–2, stx1, stx2, and eae-γ) and EPEC O127:H6 E2348/69 (eae-α, lpfA1–1, and bfpA) strains using the optimized mPCR protocol with purified genomic DNA (gDNA). A screen of gDNA from isolates in a diarrheagenic E. coli collection revealed that the mPCR assay was successful in predicting the correct pathotype of EPEC and EHEC clones grouped in the distinctive phylogenetic disease clusters EPEC1 and EHEC1, and was able to differentiate EHEC1 from EHEC2 clusters. The mPCR assay detection threshold was 2 × 104 CFU per PCR reaction for EHEC and EPEC. Thus, mPCR methodology permitted differentiation of EPEC, STEC, and EHEC strains from other pathogenic E. coli and the developed assay has the potential tool for rapid diagnosis of these pathogens. Wang et al. [48] demonstrated the ability of the mPCR assay to detect six bacterial pathogens viz., E. coli, Pasteurella multocida, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella spp. and Staphylococcus aureus in liver, spleen, and blood samples from experimentally infected chicks without cross-amplification with viruses or parasites. In the mPCR assay, gene targets were phoA, KMT1, ureR, toxA, invA, and nuc of these six pathogens, and six sets of specific primers were designed.
Toma et al. [49] used a single-tube mPCR for the identification of enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC), enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC), and Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC). In total six targets were chosen for (eae) enteropathogenic E. coli, (stx) Shiga toxin-producing E. coli enterotoxigenic E. coli, elt, and est. for enterotoxigenic E. coli, (ipaH) for enteroinvasive E. coli for, and aggR for enteroaggregative E. coli.
Chen et al. [50] developed a multiplex rtPCR assay for the identification of diarrheagenic E. coli (DEC) and claimed it to be a highly sensitive and specific and suggested the rapid identification of DEC in clinical and public health laboratories. Specific virulence genes were selected to identify specific pathogens: ipaH for EIEC, stp/sth/lt for ETEC, eaeA/escV for EPEC, stx1/stx2 for EHEC, aggR for EAEC. The 5′ end of primers were added with a homo tail sequence to reduce the primer dimer formation and the addition of homo tail to 5′ end of primer sequences allowed proper annealing temperature that would fall into broad range in each individual PCR reaction. Molecular beacons were modified and designed using DNA folding form website (http://mfold.rit.albany.edu/?q=mfold/DNA-Folding-Form) [50]. Five categories of DEC were split into two tubes. For tube number one, stp/sth/lt for ETEC, aggR for EAEC and IAC were included, while ipaH for EIEC, eaeA/escV for EPEC, stx1/stx2 for EHEC and IAC were included in tube number two. Carboxy fluorescein (FAM), Hexachloro fluorescein (HEX), Carboxy-X-rhodamine (ROX), Quasar 705, and indodicarbocyanine5 (Cy5) fluorescence were collected and recorded at the end of the annealing step during the third stage.
Detection of harmful bacteria with higher specificity, sensitivity, and reliability is the focus of nucleic acid-based approaches. The desired nucleic acid sequence is hybridized to a synthetic oligonucleotide for specific detection of the pathogen [51]. Nucleic acid-based approaches are routinely used to detect bacterial infections and their toxin-producing genes [51]. Nucleic acid-based methods are rapid and easy to use, and they do not require the pathogens to be cultured (Figure 1).
Figure 1.
Schematic depicting the steps in culture-independent detection of E. coli in a sample using qPCR method. Bacillus atrophaeus Spores are used as an internal control for monitoring of possible PCR inhibition [52].
Even a decade ago, the identification and measurement of specific target genes with absolute accuracy and as little as a few copies in a matter of hours was a dream. In the area of water quality assessment, however, qPCR technology has proven to be a powerful technique [53]. Unlike the classical PCR, which needs agarose-gel electrophoresis to identify the end-point PCR products, the qPCR enables assessing PCR product amplification by measuring fluorescence signals released by specialized dual-labeled probes or the intercalating dyes. The fluorescence intensity generated during the qPCR is directly related to the quantity of PCR products produced [12, 54, 55]. The most often used fluorescent systems for qPCR include SYBR green, TaqMan probes, and molecular beacons [56]. The qPCR techniques, which have higher specificity, sensitivity, and reliability than classic culture methods and mPCR [57], allow for the time-efficient detection of harmful bacteria with higher specificity, sensitivity, and reliability [12, 56, 58]. Although the qPCR has been used to detect and quantify E. coli O157:H7 in food and clinical samples, it has not been thoroughly evaluated with environmental samples [57, 59, 60].
Utilizing TaqMan probes labeled with different fluorophores, microfluidic qPCR was shown to identify pathogens such as Listeria monocytogenes, Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Pseudogulbenkiana spp., Salmonella typhimurium, Shigella flexneri, Clostridium perfringens, and E. coli at a limit of detection of 100 CFU/L [56, 61]. Despite its high sensitivity, qPCR has significant drawbacks, such as the inability to provide information on the physiological status of target cells in environmental samples. Humic substances found in environmental samples such as water hinder DNA polymerase activity, and colloidal debris has been reported to have a DNA affinity [62, 63]. There is no universal answer to avert such problems. As a result, the existence of these compounds in environmental samples has the potential to adversely affect the amplification effectiveness of qPCR, which is used to detect small quantities of bacteria [60]. To overcome these issues in qPCR, several compounds such as bovine serum albumin, methoxsalen, dimethyl sulfoxide, and internal amplification controls have been proposed. However, these approaches may have certain drawbacks as well as benefits [64, 65]. Walker et al. [63] established a new qPCR technique for detecting and quantifying E. coli that targeted a segment of the ybbW gene, which encodes a potential Allantoin transporter. The ybbW gene is part of the E. coli “core genome,” which means that each gene is found in >95 percent of all sequenced strains. For this work, water samples were taken at monthly intervals from different locations in the southwest of England. The ybbW-qPCR was found to be 100% specific towards 87 E. coli strains tested. This work also reported that despite the theoretically low detection levels achievable by qPCR, the quantity of E. coli DNA has been the key issue in limiting the detection in real samples. This could be addressed in part by filtering greater quantities of water samples, but this is likely to be unfeasible for regular sample analysis and could result in the accumulation of higher inhibitory substance quantities.
In another study, Liu et al. [66] reported designing of the novel oligonucleotide primer set and TaqMan probes targeting the specific virulence genes of twelve common food pathogens such as E. coli O157:H7, Salmonella enterica, L. monocytogenes/ivanovii, β-Streptococcus hemolyticus, Enterococcus faecalis, Yersinia enterocolitica, Shigella sp., P. mirabilis, V. fluvialis, V. parahaemolyticus, S. aureus and Campylobacter jejuni. Liu et al. [66] reported the use of TaqMan in artificially spiked dilution series of each pathogen into meat to detect 12 strains. The TaqMan assays demonstrated expected amplification with no amplification inhibition. In spiked food samples, V. parahaemolyticus was found in concentrations ranging from 103 to 107 CFU/g, while the remaining 11 strains were from 104 to 107 CFU/g. The qPCR has been touted as a specific and sensitive method with high throughput sample analysis. Smati et al. [66] reported a rapid, sensitive, and reliable qPCR method to quantify E. coli phylogroup from 100 healthy human stool specimens and demonstrated the existence of subdominant clones. The new 16S-rRNA-qPCR assay was highly repeatable, with a detection limit of 105 CFU/g of feces.
In order to circumvent the use of thermocyclers that entail the time-consuming thermal cycling, an innovative method such as isothermal DNA amplification has been introduced which finds its application in the advanced Research & Development (R & D) unit of the food industry. The LAMP reaction that involves isothermal amplification chemistry has a good range of possible applications, including point-of-care testing with the potential of getting developed into portable diagnostic systems, and quick testing of food products, clinical and environmental samples.
The isothermal characteristics of LAMP enable the simplification of the detection process without involving any costly and complex instrumentation wherein a simple heating block or a precise digital water bath would work. Though conventional PCR and LAMP techniques were reported to be vulnerable to several inhibitors while testing various biological (for example urinary and plant materials) matrices [64], yet LAMP is much less sensitive to amplification inhibitors [64], potentially permitting its application bypassing the general requirement for cultural enrichment or DNA purification.
Despite some disadvantages like its qualitative nature of detection, the LAMP offers several advantages over PCR. LAMP assay emphasizes the requirement of a heating block and obviates the need for a thermal cycler. Unlike PCR that requires DNA extraction from samples for amplification, LAMP assay does not require DNA extraction step. The difficulties in amplifying DNA in PCR from unprocessed urinary samples in the presence of a high concentration of urea were reported by Khan et al. [65]. Therefore the LAMP assay, by rendering the DNA extraction step redundant, has made the process more rapid and facile [67]. The implementation of LAMP does not require any denatured template as due to the use of Bst DNA polymerase from Geobacillus stearothermophilus with auto-cycling strand-displacement activity denatured template use has been eliminated. In the LAMP reaction, the nucleic acid amplification takes place at a fixed temperature (isothermal) through repetition of two types of elongation reactions occurring at the loop regions: self-elongation of templates from the stem-loop structure formed at the 3′-terminal and the binding and elongation of new primers to the loop region (Figure 2) [68]. LAMP reaction time is merely 60–65 min at 60–65°C involving four to six precisely designed primers to amplify DNA targets at the specific amplification temperature [68].
Figure 2.
Schematic representation of the principle steps in a LAMP assay and localization of the eight LAMP primers for specific amplification of target DNA. Adapted from Gallas-Lindemann et al. [68]. Copyright (2017). IntechOpen. Inner primer: FIP (consisting of F1c and F2), BIP (consisting of B1c and B2), typical length ~ 40 bp; outer primers: F3, B3 typical length ~ 20 bp; loop primers: LF and LB, typical length ~ 20 bp.
The very purpose of inner primers that consisted of two different sequences was to recognize a sense and antisense sequences of the target viral DNA, and the outer primers were designed to recognize an external sequence of the target viral DNA [69]. Additionally, in the LAMP assay, as an advantage, the identification of a positive reaction does not involve any special processing or electrophoresis. Only the visual observation of color change of the reaction mix in normal light is enabled when the appropriate DNA-binding dye is used. Thus, LAMP positive results could be better detected through visual observation of turbidity changes [70]. This visualization process can be improved by a UV transilluminator. Hill et al. [67] had demonstrated the use of propidium iodide for detecting the LAMP products.
In order to detect generic E. coli, E. coli O157, or different VTEC virulence genes a number of LAMP assays were developed and discussed in several previous studies [71, 72, 73, 74]. In order to develop the LAMP assays for the simultaneous detection of an E. coli-specific gene and verotoxin-elaborating genes, and capable of distinguishing between generic E. coli and VTEC that would serve the purpose of simultaneous detection both E. coli and VTEC simultaneously in beef would allow the simultaneous monitoring of hygienic status/quality of beef. Therefore, the development of multiplex LAMP assay was of paramount importance. In the study, the LAMP assay was designed to detect nonpathogenic E. coli targeting the phoA and VTEC targeting the stx1 and stx2 without the need for a cumbersome culture enrichment process. The specificity of the phoA LAMP-based detection assay for E. coli showed 100% specificity (when a total of 58 bacterial strains were used for detection purposes) to determine with no false-positive or false-negative results with strains of any of the other bacterial genera tested. Interestingly only phoA gene-positive E. coli strains showed detectable amplification and non-E. coli showed no amplification. LAMP-false negative tests were reported by Stratakos et al. [75] while determining non-pathogenic E. coli and verocytotoxigenic E. coli (VTEC) in beef and bovine feces. Of note for the improvement of LAMP detection sensitivity, an enrichment step (which would not allow the post-enrichment quantification of E. coli or VTEC) prior to LAMP was suggested following the demonstration in previous studies by Wang et al. [76], and also a touchdown LAMP approach was suggested by Wang et al. [73].
It is to be noted that the LAMP assay reported by Hill et al. [67] was able to detect a large number of strains with very high sensitivity. Since biological samples such as cerebrospinal fluid and blood require very high sensitivity as compared to urine samples LAMP can be suitably modified for its clinical uses. LAMP has also been proposed to detect a lower copy number in partially treated infections (post-empirical antibiotic doses) [67].
4. DNA-based biosensors
A biosensor typically consists of a bioreceptor element with a transducer. The bioreceptor, interacts specifically with the analyte, whereas the transducer converts the biomolecular interaction into an electronic signal. Three basic parts of a biosensor are recognition material, transducer or detector system, and signal processor [74]. Monitoring the molecular interaction between the DNA-based bioreceptor and the analyte is an essential element of various DNA-based sensing strategies. The measurement methods of DNA–DNA interactions that take place on the various sensor surfaces are gaining much interest to improve sensor performance. The assays are applicable to the determination of low numbers of E. coli cells in various matrices. In addition, the molecular detection of E. coli using single-stranded nucleic acids or aptamers coupled with the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy for sensing of DNA is a growing field of research and proving to be an alternative method of detection to traditional techniques [74].
Arora et al. [77] reported an electrochemical DNA biosensor for the detection of E. coli. In this study, avidin was modified with –COOH and then attached to the polyaniline (PANI)-modified platinum disk by the covalent binding between –COOH and –NH/NH2 of PANI. Subsequently, the biotin-labeled DNA probe was functionalized on the electrode surface to achieve a LOD of 0.01 ng/uL for E. coli genomic DNA. Few studies reported the use of nanomaterials with graphene oxide (GO) to enhance the sensitivity of the DNA biosensor for E. coli detection. For example, a DNA biosensor for the detection of E. coli O157:H7 eaeA gene based on a novel sensing tag of GOx-Thi-Au@SiO2 nanocomposites is reported [78]. The combined use of GO and Au@SiO2 creates an environment for maintaining the appropriate conformation of DNA. These biosensor modalities led to wide linear response for E. coli O157:H7 eaeA gene in the range of 0.02 to 50.0 nM with LoD of 0.01 nM. In addition, Tiwari et al. [79] reported a DNA biosensor for E. coli O157:H7 using a DNA probe sequence. The DNA probe was immobilized onto GO modified iron oxide-chitosan hybrid nanocomposite (GIOCh) film. The DNA biosensor resulted in linear response to E. coli DNA in the range of 10−6 to 10−14 M with a LoD of 10−14 M.
Since its discovery in the 1980s, the system has demonstrated widespread applications in basic biotechnology research and disease treatment [80, 81]. A pressing need of the hour is the availability of a cost-efficient, rapid and selective molecular diagnostic platform to detect different pathogens and lethal diseases in the early stage of the infection. Quantitative PCR and metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) are the most commonly explored molecular platforms for the same; however, these methods have their disadvantages and limitations. Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeat/associated protein (CRISPR/Cas)-based diagnostic platform for the detection of nucleic acids has progressively demonstrated its potential as an ideal diagnostic approach for pathogens, cancer biomarker, and single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) detection. CRISPR systems have evolved in prokaryotes as a defensive mechanism against foreign viruses by cleaving their nucleic acids [82, 83, 84].
Additionally, the unique cleavage activity of Cas9 is often utilized for the development of ultra-low abundance DNA biosensors. A highly innovative and sensitive CRISPR/Cas9 system was developed by Huang et al. [84] that triggered isothermal exponential amplification reaction (CAS-EXPAR) strategy to detect DNA targets with attomolar (aM) sensitivity and single-base specificity [84]. CAS-EXPAR was primed by the target DNA fragment produced by cleavage of CRISPR/Cas9, and associated with the cyclical amplification reaction to produce numerous DNA replicates capable of getting detected by a real-time SYBR Green fluorescence signal [83].
Recently, Sun et al. [84] reported the detection of E. coli O157:H7 based on the CRISPR/Cas9 coupled with metal–organic framework platform (MoF) (Figure 3). In this approach, the virulence gene sequences of E. coli O157:H7 were identified and spliced by the CRISPR/Cas9 system leading to strand displacement and rolling circle amplification. Subsequently, amplified products were hybridized with the target-specific probes. The virulence genes were detected by the fluorescence quenching caused due to MoF platform. The method showed high sensitivity with LoD of 4.0 × 101 CFU mL−1 [84]. Although there is only one reported work available for CRISPR/Cas-based detection of E. coli, however, the CRISPR/Cas system can be exploited further for the detection of E. coli and other waterborne pathogens using novel strategies.
Figure 3.
CRISPR/Cas9 platform coupled with two-step isothermal amplification for detection of E. coli O157:H7. Reprinted with permission from Sun et al. [84]. Copyright (2020) American Chemical Society.
5. Conclusion
Molecular diagnostic platforms have become promising alternatives to traditional methods for E. coli detection. In particular, LAMP assay and DNA biosensors because of their advantages of lower detection limits, and high reproducibility are preferred for pathogen detection. In this review, we have discussed the recent advances in the development of PCR, LAMP assay, and DNA biosensors platforms applied to E. coli detection. In the case of CRISPR/Cas platforms, the major challenge associated with the CRISPR/Cas sensing platform is the time taken to produce the results. Therefore, the future perspective would be to reduce the assay turnaround time for CRISPR/Cas sensing. Nonetheless, CRISPR/Cas sensing platforms possess the potential to overcome the use of conventional molecular diagnostic platforms and become a promising tool for next-generation diagnostic platforms for sensitive and selective detection of DNA in clinical, food, and environmental samples. In the future, more, specific, sensitive, cost-sensitive, and portable biosensors will be required to detect E. coli, hence, further leading to controlling and monitoring the waterborne epidemics.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
\n',keywords:"molecular diagnostics, E. coli, PCR, LAMP, CRISPR",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/79820.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/79820.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/79820",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/79820",totalDownloads:103,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,dateSubmitted:"August 6th 2021",dateReviewed:"November 8th 2021",datePrePublished:"December 28th 2021",datePublished:null,dateFinished:"December 28th 2021",readingETA:"0",abstract:"Developing countries due to socio-economic conditions are more prone to frequent pathogenic outbreaks; inadequate sanitation and water quality monitoring are also responsible for such conditions. Therefore, it is of paramount importance to provide microbiologically safe food/water in order to protect public health. Several flaws in traditional culturing methods have sparked a surge in interest in molecular techniques as a means of improving the efficiency and sensitivity of microbiological food/water quality monitoring. Molecular identification of water contaminants, mainly Escherichia coli, has been extensively used. Several of the molecular-based techniques are based on amplification and detection of nucleic acids. The advantages offered by these PCR-based methods over culture-based techniques are a higher level of specificity, sensitivity, and rapidity. Of late, the development of a biosensor device that is easy to perform, highly sensitive, and selective has the potential to become indispensable in detecting low CFU of pathogenic E. coli in environmental samples. This review seeks to provide a vista of the progress made in the detection of E. coli using nucleic acid-based approaches as part of the microbiological food/water quality monitoring.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/79820",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/79820",signatures:"Rehan Deshmukh and Utpal Roy",book:{id:"10894",type:"book",title:"Escherichia coli",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Escherichia coli",slug:null,publishedDate:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Marjanca Starčič Erjavec",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10894.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:null,isbn:"978-1-83969-870-5",printIsbn:"978-1-83969-869-9",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83969-871-2",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"58980",title:"Dr.",name:"Marjanca",middleName:null,surname:"Starčič Erjavec",slug:"marjanca-starcic-erjavec",fullName:"Marjanca Starčič Erjavec"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:null,sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3",title:"3. Loop mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay",level:"1"},{id:"sec_4",title:"4. DNA-based biosensors",level:"1"},{id:"sec_5",title:"5. Conclusion",level:"1"},{id:"sec_9",title:"Conflict of interest",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'José Figueras M, Borrego JJ. New perspectives in monitoring drinking water microbial quality. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2010;7(12):4179-4202'},{id:"B2",body:'J. M. Colford et al., “Water quality indicators and the risk of illness at beaches with nonpoint sources of fecal contamination.,” Epidemiology, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 27-35, Jan. 2007.'},{id:"B3",body:'V. J. Harwood, C. Staley, B. D. Badgley, K. Borges, and A. Korajkic, “Microbial source tracking markers for detection of fecal contamination in environmental waters: Relationships between pathogens and human health outcomes,” FEMS Microbiology Reviews 38, 1, pp. 1-40, Jan. 2014.'},{id:"B4",body:'Gorchev HG, Ozolins G. WHO Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality. Vol. 38, no. 3. WHO Press; 2011'},{id:"B5",body:'UNICEF. Somalia - Water, Sanitation and Hygiene - Priority issues. Unicef; 2019. Available from: https://reliefweb.int/report/somalia/somalia-water-sanitation-and-hygiene-assessment-report-december-2019'},{id:"B6",body:'Graham N. Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality, 2nd edition, Addendum to Volume 1 – Recommendations, World Health Organisation, Geneva, 1998, 36 pages. Urban Water. 1999;1(2):183'},{id:"B7",body:'Deshmukh RA, Joshi K, Bhand S, Roy U. Recent developments in detection and enumeration of waterborne bacteria: a retrospective minireview. Microbiology. 2016;5(6):901-922'},{id:"B8",body:'Ryoo E. Causes of acute gastroenteritis in Korean children between 2004 and 2019. Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics. 2021;64(6):260-268'},{id:"B9",body:'Stockmann C et al. Detection of 23 gastrointestinal pathogens among children who present with Diarrhea. Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society. 2017;6(3):231-238'},{id:"B10",body:'Y. Kim et al., “Community-acquired Escherichia coli enteritis in Korean children: The clinical application of a stool polymerase chain reaction assay,” Infection & Chemotherapy, vol. 49, no. 4, pp. 275-281, Dec. 2017'},{id:"B11",body:'J. Park et al., “A waterborne outbreak of multiple diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli infections associated with drinking water at a school camp,” International Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol. 66, pp. 45-50, Jan. 2018'},{id:"B12",body:'A. Rompré, P. Servais, J. Baudart, M. R. De-Roubin, and P. Laurent, “Detection and enumeration of coliforms in drinking water: Current methods and emerging approaches,” Journal of Microbiological Methods, vol. 49, no. 1, pp. 31-54, Mar. 2002'},{id:"B13",body:'Maheux AF et al. Molecular method for detection of total coliforms in drinking water samples. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2014;80(14):4074-4084'},{id:"B14",body:'Kaper JB, Nataro JP, Mobley HLT. Pathogenic Escherichia coli. Nature Reviews. Microbiology. 2004;2(2):123-140'},{id:"B15",body:'Lupindu AM. Epidemiology of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichiaï¿¿coli O157:H7 in Africa in review. Southern African Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2018;33(1):24-30'},{id:"B16",body:'I. Son, R. Binet, A. Maounounen-Laasri, A. Lin, T. S. Hammack, and J. A. Kase, “Detection of five Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli genes with multiplex PCR,” Food Microbiology, vol. 40, pp. 31-40, Jun. 2014.'},{id:"B17",body:'Perna NT et al. Genome sequence of enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7. Nature. 2001;409(6819):529-533'},{id:"B18",body:'Mead PS et al. Food-related illness and death in the United States. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 1999;5(5):607-625'},{id:"B19",body:'Ferens WA, Hovde CJ. Escherichia coli O157:H7: Animal reservoir and sources of human infection. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease. 2011;8(4):465-487'},{id:"B20",body:'Tok S, De Haan K, Tseng D, Usanmaz CF, Ceylan Koydemir H, Ozcan A. Early detection of: E. coli and total coliform using an automated, colorimetric and fluorometric fiber optics-based device. Lab on a Chip. 2019;19(17):2925-2935'},{id:"B21",body:'Stender H, Broomer AJ, Oliveira K, Hyldig-nielsen JJ, Sage A, Coull J. Combination of 16S rRNA-targeted oligonucleotide probes with flow cytometry for analyzing mixed microbial populations. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2001;67(1):142-147'},{id:"B22",body:'Rompre A, Servais P, Baudart J, De-Roubin M-R, Laurent PP. Detection and enumeration of coliforms in drinking water: current methods and emergin approaches. Journal of Microbiological Methods. 2002;49(2002):31-54'},{id:"B23",body:'Khan IUH et al. Development of a rapid quantitative PCR assay for direct detection and quantification of culturable and non-culturable Escherichia coli from agriculture watersheds. Journal of Microbiological Methods. 2007;69(3):480-488'},{id:"B24",body:'Luna GM, Dell ‘anno A, Pietrangeli B, Danovaro R. A new molecular approach based on qPCR for the quantification of fecal bacteria in contaminated marine sediments. Journal of Biotechnology. 2011;157:446-453'},{id:"B25",body:'Ludwig W, Schleifer K-H. How quantitative is quantitative PCR with respect to cell counts? Systematic and Applied Microbiology. 2000;23(4):556-562'},{id:"B26",body:'Foulds IV, Granacki A, Xiao C, Krull UJ, Castle A, Horgen PA. Quantification of microcystin-producing cyanobacteria and E. coli in water by 5′-nuclease PCR. Journal of Applied Microbiology. 2002;93(5):825-834'},{id:"B27",body:'Maheux AF et al. Rapid concentration and molecular enrichment approach for sensitive detection of Escherichia coli and Shigella species in potable water samples. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2011;77(17):6199-6207'},{id:"B28",body:'Bej AK, DiCesare JL, Haff L, Atlas RM. Detection of Escherichia coli and Shigella spp. in water by using the polymerase chain reaction and gene probes for uid. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 1991;57(4):1013-1017'},{id:"B29",body:'Bae S, Wuertz S. Discrimination of viable and dead fecal Bacteroidales bacteria by quantitative PCR with Propidium monoazide. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2009;75(9):2940-2944'},{id:"B30",body:'Y. Liu, A. Gilchrist, J. Zhang, and X.-F. Li, “Detection of viable but nonculturable Escherichia coli O157:H7 bacteria in drinking water and river water.,” Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol. 74, no. 5, pp. 1502-1507, Mar. 2008.'},{id:"B31",body:'Ercoli L et al. Prevalence and characteristics of verotoxigenic Escherichia coli strains isolated from pigs and pork products in Umbria and Marche regions of Italy. International Journal of Food Microbiology. 2016;232:7-14'},{id:"B32",body:'Hamner S et al. Isolation of potentially pathogenic Escherichia coliO157:H7 from the Ganges River. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2007;73(7):2369-2372'},{id:"B33",body:'Chassagne L, Pradel N, Robin F, Livrelli V, Bonnet R, Delmas J. Detection of stx1, stx2, and eae genes of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli using SYBR Green in a real-time polymerase chain reaction. Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease. 2009;64(1):98-101'},{id:"B34",body:'Alperi A, Figueras MJ. Human isolates of Aeromonas possess Shiga toxin genes (stx1 and stx2) highly similar to the most virulent gene variants of Escherichia coli. Clinical Microbiology and Infection. 2010;16(10):1563-1567'},{id:"B35",body:'K. E. Hyma et al., “Evolutionary genetics of a new pathogenic Escherichia species: Escherichia albertii and related Shigella boydii strains,” Journal of Bacteriology, vol. 187, no. 2, pp. 619-628, Jan. 2005.'},{id:"B36",body:'Deer DM, Lampel KA. Development of a multiplex real-time PCR assay with internal amplification control for the detection of Shigella species and enteroinvasive Escherichia coli. Journal of Food Protection. 2010;73(9):1618-1625'},{id:"B37",body:'Feng P, Lum R, Chang GW. Identification of uidA gene sequences in beta-D-glucuronidase-negative Escherichia coli. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 1991;57(1):320-323'},{id:"B38",body:'Frampton EW, Restaino L. Methods for Escherichia coli identification in food, water and clinical samples based on beta-glucuronidase detection. The Journal of Applied Bacteriology. 1993;74(3):223-233'},{id:"B39",body:'Feng P, Lum R, Chang GW. Identification of uidA gene sequences in beta-D-glucuronidase-negative Escherichia coli. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 1991;57(1):320-323'},{id:"B40",body:'Molina F, López-Acedo E, Tabla R, Roa I, Gómez A, Rebollo JE. Improved detection of Escherichia coli and coliform bacteria by multiplex PCR. BMC Biotechnology. 2015;15:48'},{id:"B41",body:'Deshmukh RA, Bhand S, Roy U. A novel molecular quantitative method for rapid and sensitive detection of Escherichia coli from roof-harvested rainwater. Analytical Methods. 2019;11(25):3155-3167'},{id:"B42",body:'Fricker EJ, Fricker CR. Application of the polymerase chain reaction to the identification of Escherichia coli and coliforms in water. Letters in Applied Microbiology. 1994;19(1):44-46'},{id:"B43",body:'Li B, Liu H, Wang W. Multiplex real-time PCR assay for detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and screening for non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing E. coli. BMC Microbiology. 2017;17(1):215'},{id:"B44",body:'Ibekwe AM, Leddy M, Murinda SE. Potential human pathogenic bacteria in a mixed urban watershed as revealed by pyrosequencing. PLoS One. 2013;8(11):e79490'},{id:"B45",body:'Nguyen TT, Van Giau V, Vo TK. Multiplex PCR for simultaneous identification of E. coli O157:H7, Salmonella spp. and L. monocytogenes in food. 3 Biotech. 2016;6(2):205'},{id:"B46",body:'Ochoa TJ, Contreras CA. Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli infection in children. Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases. 2011;24(5):478-483'},{id:"B47",body:'Botkin DJ, Galli L, Sankarapani V, Soler M, Rivas M, Torres AG. Development of a multiplex PCR assay for detection of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli, enterohemorrhagic E. coli, and enteropathogenic E. coli strains. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology. 2012;2:8'},{id:"B48",body:'Wang Z et al. Development of a multiplex PCR assay for the simultaneous and rapid detection of six pathogenic bacteria in poultry. AMB Express. 2019;9(1):1-11'},{id:"B49",body:'Toma C et al. Multiplex PCR assay for identification of human diarrheagenic Escherichia coli. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2003;41(6):2669-2671'},{id:"B50",body:'Chen Q et al. Rapid genetic typing of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli using a two-tube modified molecular beacon based multiplex real-time PCR assay and its clinical application. Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials. 2014;13(1):30'},{id:"B51",body:'Ramírez-Castillo FY et al. Waterborne pathogens: Detection methods and challenges. Pathogens. 2015;4(2):307-334'},{id:"B52",body:'Picard FJ et al. Internal control for nucleic acid testing based on the use of purified bacillus atrophaeus subsp. globigii Spores. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2009;47(3):751-757'},{id:"B53",body:'Girones R et al. Molecular detection of pathogens in water - The pros and cons of molecular techniques. Water Research. 2010;44(15):4325-4339'},{id:"B54",body:'Law JW-F, Ab Mutalib N-S, Chan K-G, Lee L-H. Rapid methods for the detection of foodborne bacterial pathogens: Principles, applications, advantages and limitations. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2014;5(January):770'},{id:"B55",body:'Bellin T, Pulz M, Matussek A, Hempen HG, Gunzer F. Rapid detection of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli by real-time PCR with fluorescent hybridization probes. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2001;39(1):370-374'},{id:"B56",body:'Ishii S, Nakamura T, Ozawa S, Kobayashi A, Sano D, Okabe S. Water quality monitoring and risk assessment by simultaneous multipathogen quantification. Environmental Science & Technology. 2014;48(9):4744-4749'},{id:"B57",body:'J. S. Way, K. L. Josephson, S. D. Pillai, M. Abbaszadegan, C. P. Gerba, and I. L. Pepper, “Specific detection of Salmonella spp. by multiplex polymerase chain reaction,” Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol. 59, no. 5, pp. 1473-1479, May 1993.'},{id:"B58",body:'Sharma VK, Carlson SA. Simultaneous detection of Salmonella strains and Escherichia coli O157:H7 with fluorogenic PCR and single-enrichment-broth culture. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2000;66(12):5472-5476'},{id:"B59",body:'Bustin SA et al. The MIQE guidelines: Minimum information for publication of quantitative real-time PCR experiments. Clinical Chemistry. 2009;55(4):611-622'},{id:"B60",body:'Straub TM, Pepper IL, Gerba CP. Removal of PCR inhibiting substances in sewage sludge amended soil. Water Science and Technology. 1995;31(5-6):311-315'},{id:"B61",body:'Klerks MM, Zijlstra C, Van Bruggen AHC. Comparison of real-time PCR methods for detection of Salmonella enterica and Escherichia coli O157:H7, and introduction of a general internal amplification control. Journal of Microbiological Methods. 2004;59(3):337-349'},{id:"B62",body:'Shanks OC et al. Quantitative PCR for detection and enumeration of genetic markers of bovine fecal pollution. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2008;74(3):745-752'},{id:"B63",body:'Walker DI et al. A highly specific Escherichia coli qPCR and its comparison with existing methods for environmental waters. Water Research. 2017;126:101-110'},{id:"B64",body:'Schrader C, Schielke A, Ellerbroek L, Johne R. PCR inhibitors - occurrence, properties and removal. Journal of Applied Microbiology. 2012;113(5):1014-1026'},{id:"B65",body:'Khan G, Kangro HO, Coates PJ, Heath RB. Inhibitory effects of urine on the polymerase chain reaction for cytomegalovirus DNA. Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1991;44(5):360-365'},{id:"B66",body:'Liu Y, Cao Y, Wang T, Dong Q, Li J, Niu C. Detection of 12 common food-borne bacterial pathogens by taq man real-time PCR using a single set of reaction conditions. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2019;10(FEB):222'},{id:"B67",body:'Hill J et al. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for rapid detection of common strains of Escherichia coli. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2008;46(8):2800-2804'},{id:"B68",body:'Gallas-Lindemann C, Sureshkumar P, Noack MJ, Sotiriadou I. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification: An advanced method for the detection of giardia. Current Topics Giardiasis. 2017'},{id:"B69",body:'Notomi T, Mori Y, Tomita N, Kanda H. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP): Principle, features, and future prospects. Journal of Microbiology. 2015;53(1):Jan'},{id:"B70",body:'Mori Y, Nagamine K, Tomita N, Notomi T. Detection of loop-mediated isothermal amplification reaction by turbidity derived from magnesium pyrophosphate formation. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2001;289(1):150-154'},{id:"B71",body:'Kouguchi Y, Fujiwara T, Teramoto M, Kuramoto M. Homogenous, real-time duplex loop-mediated isothermal amplification using a single fluorophore-labeled primer and an intercalator dye: Its application to the simultaneous detection of Shiga toxin genes 1 and 2 in Shiga toxigenic Escherichia coli isolates. Molecular and Cellular Probes. 2010;24(4):190-195'},{id:"B72",body:'Ravan H, Amandadi M, Sanadgol N. A highly specific and sensitive loop-mediated isothermal amplification method for the detection of Escherichia coli O157: H7. Microbial Pathogenesis. 2016;91:161-165'},{id:"B73",body:'Wang Y et al. Rapid and sensitive detection of Shigella spp. and Salmonella spp. by multiple endonuclease restriction real-time loop-mediated isothermal amplification technique. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2015;6:1400'},{id:"B74",body:'Wu Q, Zhang Y, Yang Q, Yuan N, Zhang W. Review of electrochemical DNA biosensors for detecting food borne pathogens. Sensors (Switzerland). 2019;19(22):4916'},{id:"B75",body:'Stratakos AC, Linton M, Millington S, Grant IR. A loop-mediated isothermal amplification method for rapid direct detection and differentiation of nonpathogenic and verocytotoxigenic Escherichia coli in beef and bovine faeces. Journal of Applied Microbiology. 2017;122(3):817-828'},{id:"B76",body:'F. Wang, L. Jiang, and B. Ge, “Loop-mediated isothermal amplification assays for detecting Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in ground beef and human stools,” Journal of Clinical Microbiology, vol. 50, no. 1, pp. 91-97, Jan. 2012.'},{id:"B77",body:'Arora K, Prabhakar N, Chand S, Malhotra BD. Escherichia coli genosensor based on polyaniline. Analytical Chemistry. 2007;79(16):6152-6158'},{id:"B78",body:'Li Y et al. A novel electrochemical DNA biosensor based on HRP-mimicking hemin/G-quadruplex wrapped GOx nanocomposites as tag for detection of Escherichia coli O157: H7. Biosensors & Bioelectronics. 2015;63:1-6'},{id:"B79",body:'Tiwari I, Singh M, Pandey CM, Sumana G. Electrochemical genosensor based on graphene oxide modified iron oxide-chitosan hybrid nanocomposite for pathogen detection. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical. 2015;206:276-283'},{id:"B80",body:'Makarova KS et al. Evolutionary classification of CRISPR–Cas systems: A burst of class 2 and derived variants. Nature Reviews Microbiology. 2020;18(2). Nature Research:67-83'},{id:"B81",body:'Li SY et al. CRISPR-Cas12a-assisted nucleic acid detection. Cell Discovery. 2018;4(1):20'},{id:"B82",body:'Hsu PD, Lander ES, Zhang F. Development and applications of CRISPR-Cas9 for genome engineering. Cell. 2014;157(6):1262-1278'},{id:"B83",body:'Huang M, Zhou X, Wang H, Xing D. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/Cas9 triggered isothermal amplification for site-specific nucleic acid detection. Analytical Chemistry. 2018;90(3):2193-2200'},{id:"B84",body:'Sun X et al. CRISPR-Cas9 triggered two-step isothermal amplification method for E. coli O157:H7 detection based on a metal-organic framework platform. Analytical Chemistry. 2020;92(4):3032-3041'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:null,contributorFullName:"Rehan Deshmukh",address:null,affiliation:'
Faculty of Science, School of Biology, MIT World Peace University, India
Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, India
'}],corrections:null},book:{id:"10894",type:"book",title:"Escherichia coli",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Escherichia coli",slug:null,publishedDate:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Marjanca Starčič Erjavec",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10894.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:null,isbn:"978-1-83969-870-5",printIsbn:"978-1-83969-869-9",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83969-871-2",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"58980",title:"Dr.",name:"Marjanca",middleName:null,surname:"Starčič Erjavec",slug:"marjanca-starcic-erjavec",fullName:"Marjanca Starčič Erjavec"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},profile:{item:{id:"74187",title:"Prof.",name:"Rafael",middleName:null,surname:"Almanza",email:"ras@pumas.iingen.unam.mx",fullName:"Rafael Almanza",slug:"rafael-almanza",position:null,biography:null,institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",totalCites:0,totalChapterViews:"0",outsideEditionCount:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalEditedBooks:"0",personalWebsiteURL:null,twitterURL:null,linkedinURL:null,institution:{name:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},booksEdited:[],chaptersAuthored:[{id:"28480",title:"Solar Mirrors",slug:"solar-mirrors",abstract:null,signatures:"Rafael Almanza and Iván Martínez",authors:[{id:"74187",title:"Prof.",name:"Rafael",surname:"Almanza",fullName:"Rafael Almanza",slug:"rafael-almanza",email:"ras@pumas.iingen.unam.mx"},{id:"126802",title:"Prof.",name:"Ivan",surname:"Martinez",fullName:"Ivan Martinez",slug:"ivan-martinez",email:"igmartinezc@uaemex.mx"}],book:{id:"894",title:"Solar Power",slug:"solar-power",productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume"}}},{id:"42481",title:"Sustainability in Solar Thermal Power Plants",slug:"sustainability-in-solar-thermal-power-plants",abstract:null,signatures:"Rafael Almanza and Iván Martínez",authors:[{id:"74187",title:"Prof.",name:"Rafael",surname:"Almanza",fullName:"Rafael Almanza",slug:"rafael-almanza",email:"ras@pumas.iingen.unam.mx"},{id:"126802",title:"Prof.",name:"Ivan",surname:"Martinez",fullName:"Ivan Martinez",slug:"ivan-martinez",email:"igmartinezc@uaemex.mx"}],book:{id:"3502",title:"Application of Solar Energy",slug:"application-of-solar-energy",productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume"}}}],collaborators:[{id:"60967",title:"Prof.",name:"Socrates",surname:"Kaplanis",slug:"socrates-kaplanis",fullName:"Socrates Kaplanis",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"62210",title:"Dr.",name:"Eleni",surname:"Kaplani",slug:"eleni-kaplani",fullName:"Eleni Kaplani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"70733",title:"Dr.",name:"Yong",surname:"Ding",slug:"yong-ding",fullName:"Yong Ding",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chongqing University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"70735",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhian",surname:"Sun",slug:"zhian-sun",fullName:"Zhian Sun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"72186",title:"Dr.",name:"Can",surname:"Coskun",slug:"can-coskun",fullName:"Can Coskun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"73624",title:"Dr",name:null,surname:"Gonzalez-Garcia",slug:"gonzalez-garcia",fullName:"Gonzalez-Garcia",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"126802",title:"Prof.",name:"Ivan",surname:"Martinez",slug:"ivan-martinez",fullName:"Ivan Martinez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"128231",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergio",surname:"Vazquez-Montiel",slug:"sergio-vazquez-montiel",fullName:"Sergio Vazquez-Montiel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"128233",title:"Dr.",name:"Agustin",surname:"Santiago-Alvarado",slug:"agustin-santiago-alvarado",fullName:"Agustin Santiago-Alvarado",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"128244",title:"MSc.",name:"Graciela",surname:"Castro-Gonzalez",slug:"graciela-castro-gonzalez",fullName:"Graciela Castro-Gonzalez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null}]},generic:{page:{slug:"open-access-funding-funders-list",title:"List of Funders by Country",intro:"
If your research is financed through any of the below-mentioned funders, please consult their Open Access policies or grant ‘terms and conditions’ to explore ways to cover your publication costs (also accessible by clicking on the link in their title).
\n\n
IMPORTANT: You must be a member or grantee of the listed funders in order to apply for their Open Access publication funds. Do not attempt to contact the funders if this is not the case.
",metaTitle:"List of Funders by Country",metaDescription:"If your research is financed through any of the below-mentioned funders, please consult their Open Access policies or grant ‘terms and conditions’ to explore ways to cover your publication costs (also accessible by clicking on the link in their title).",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/open-access-funding-funders-list",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"
UK Research and Innovation (former Research Councils UK (RCUK) - including AHRC, BBSRC, ESRC, EPSRC, MRC, NERC, STFC.) Processing charges for books/book chapters can be covered through RCUK block grants which are allocated to most universities in the UK, which then handle the OA publication funding requests. It is at the discretion of the university whether it will approve the request.)
UK Research and Innovation (former Research Councils UK (RCUK) - including AHRC, BBSRC, ESRC, EPSRC, MRC, NERC, STFC.) Processing charges for books/book chapters can be covered through RCUK block grants which are allocated to most universities in the UK, which then handle the OA publication funding requests. It is at the discretion of the university whether it will approve the request.)
Wellcome Trust (Funding available only to Wellcome-funded researchers/grantees)
\n
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. In the Engineering side, Digital Signal Processing, Computer Architecture, Electronics Devices, Digital Filtering and Engineering Management.\nApart from his Academic Interest and activities he loves sport especially, Cricket, Football, Snooker and Squash. He plays cricket for Esbjerg city in the second division team as an opener wicket keeper batsman. He is a very good player of squash but has not played squash since his arrival in Denmark.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"611",title:"Prof.",name:"T",middleName:null,surname:"Nagarajan",slug:"t-nagarajan",fullName:"T Nagarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Teknologi Petronas",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:6581},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5888},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:2381},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:12507},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:1006},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:17528}],offset:12,limit:12,total:132501},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{hasNoEditors:"0",sort:"-dateEndThirdStepPublish",src:"N-T-0-T1-NW"},books:[{type:"book",id:"9985",title:"Geostatistics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"423cb3896195a618c4acb493ce4fd23d",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Jeffrey M. Yarus, Dr. Marko Maucec, Dr. Timothy C. Coburn and Associate Prof. Michael Pyrcz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9985.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"78011",title:"Prof.",name:"Jeffrey M.",surname:"Yarus",slug:"jeffrey-m.-yarus",fullName:"Jeffrey M. Yarus"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11533",title:"Advances in Green Electronics Technologies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"209fb1d781e97e58e1b2098b8976e2c3",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Albert Sabban",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11533.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"16889",title:"Dr.",name:"Albert",surname:"Sabban",slug:"albert-sabban",fullName:"Albert Sabban"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11630",title:"Life in Extreme Environments - Diversity, Adaptability and Valuable Resources of Bioactive Molecules",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"9c39aa5fd22296ba53d87df6d761a5fc",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Afef Najjari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11630.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"196823",title:"Dr.",name:"Afef",surname:"Najjari",slug:"afef-najjari",fullName:"Afef Najjari"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11433",title:"Human Migration in the Last Three Centuries",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"9836df9e82aa9f82e3852a60204909a8",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Ingrid Muenstermann",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11433.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"77112",title:"Dr.",name:"Ingrid",surname:"Muenstermann",slug:"ingrid-muenstermann",fullName:"Ingrid Muenstermann"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11842",title:"Altimetry - Theory, Applications and Recent Advances",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"b2b6e7b58333453ef7b73416d8fdfaf3",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Tomislav Bašić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11842.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"343125",title:"Prof.",name:"Tomislav",surname:"Bašić",slug:"tomislav-basic",fullName:"Tomislav Bašić"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11804",title:"CRISPR Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"4051570f538bd3315e051267180abe37",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Yuan-Chuan Chen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11804.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"185559",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuan-Chuan",surname:"Chen",slug:"yuan-chuan-chen",fullName:"Yuan-Chuan Chen"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12104",title:"Viral Outbreaks - Global Trends and Perspectives",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"60828f26feed5832a47a13caac706c08",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Shailendra K. Saxena",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12104.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12108",title:"Clinical Trials - Recent Advances",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"79472fc7310e9655a881c6d2ad7128b0",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Xianli Lv",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12108.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"153155",title:"Dr.",name:"Xianli",surname:"Lv",slug:"xianli-lv",fullName:"Xianli Lv"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11676",title:"Recent Advances in Homeostasis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"63eb775115bf2d6d88530b234a1cc4c2",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Gaffar Sarwar Zaman",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11676.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"203015",title:"Dr.",name:"Gaffar",surname:"Zaman",slug:"gaffar-zaman",fullName:"Gaffar Zaman"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11872",title:"Peripheral Arterial Disease - The Challenges of Revascularization",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"80be3d16e4c8f89f3501ed408729f695",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Ana Terezinha Guillaumon, Dr. Daniel Emilio Dalledone Siqueira and Dr. Martin Geiger",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11872.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"251226",title:"Prof.",name:"Ana Terezinha",surname:"Guillaumon",slug:"ana-terezinha-guillaumon",fullName:"Ana Terezinha Guillaumon"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11467",title:"Bismuth-Based Nanostructured Materials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"951c872d9d90e13cfe7d97c0af91845e",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. William Wilson Anku",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11467.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"196465",title:"Dr.",name:"William Wilson",surname:"Anku",slug:"william-wilson-anku",fullName:"William Wilson Anku"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11584",title:"Migraine Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"44a6090845f971a215ddf013f1dc2027",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Theodoros Mavridis, Dr. Georgios Vavougios and Associate Prof. Dimos-Dimitrios Mitsikostas",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11584.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"320230",title:"Dr.",name:"Theodoros",surname:"Mavridis",slug:"theodoros-mavridis",fullName:"Theodoros Mavridis"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:41},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:20},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:20},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:15},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:59},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:27},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:122},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:4}],offset:12,limit:12,total:405},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10584",title:"Engineered Wood Products for Construction",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"421757c56a3735986055250821275a51",slug:"engineered-wood-products-for-construction",bookSignature:"Meng Gong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10584.jpg",editors:[{id:"274242",title:"Dr.",name:"Meng",middleName:null,surname:"Gong",slug:"meng-gong",fullName:"Meng Gong"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10222",title:"Demyelination Disorders",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b6c26ceccacdde70c41c587361bd5558",slug:"demyelination-disorders",bookSignature:"Stavros J. Baloyannis, Fabian H. Rossi and Welwin Liu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10222.jpg",editors:[{id:"156098",title:"Emeritus Prof.",name:"Stavros J.",middleName:"J.",surname:"Baloyannis",slug:"stavros-j.-baloyannis",fullName:"Stavros J. Baloyannis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9544",title:"Global Trade in the Emerging Business Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fb8cb09b9599246add78d508a98273d5",slug:"global-trade-in-the-emerging-business-environment",bookSignature:"Muhammad Mohiuddin, Jingbin Wang , Md. Samim Al Azad and Selim Ahmed",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9544.jpg",editors:[{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10979",title:"Parenting",subtitle:"Challenges of Child Rearing in a Changing Society",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6f345ebcf4fd61e73643c69063a12c7b",slug:"parenting-challenges-of-child-rearing-in-a-changing-society",bookSignature:"Sayyed Ali Samadi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10979.jpg",editors:[{id:"52145",title:"Dr.",name:"Sayyed Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Samadi",slug:"sayyed-ali-samadi",fullName:"Sayyed Ali Samadi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9808",title:"Contemporary Topics in Patient Safety",subtitle:"Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fb6371607c2c6c02c6a2af8892765aba",slug:"contemporary-topics-in-patient-safety-volume-1",bookSignature:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki and Michael S. Firstenberg",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9808.jpg",editors:[{id:"181694",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislaw P.",middleName:null,surname:"Stawicki",slug:"stanislaw-p.-stawicki",fullName:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10681",title:"Biodegradation Technology of Organic and Inorganic Pollutants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9a6e10e02788092872fd249436898e97",slug:"biodegradation-technology-of-organic-and-inorganic-pollutants",bookSignature:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes, Rodrigo Nogueira de Sousa and Kamila Cabral Mielke",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10681.jpg",editors:[{id:"197720",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Kassio",middleName:null,surname:"Ferreira Mendes",slug:"kassio-ferreira-mendes",fullName:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10764",title:"Antenna Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2fbf1c7a5d92723f08198fc9b526a8ad",slug:"antenna-systems",bookSignature:"Hussain Al-Rizzo and Said Abushamleh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10764.jpg",editors:[{id:"153384",title:"Prof.",name:"Hussain",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Rizzo",slug:"hussain-al-rizzo",fullName:"Hussain Al-Rizzo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10668",title:"Sustainability of Concrete With Synthetic and Recycled Aggregates",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"55856c6a8bc3a5b21dae5a1af09a56b6",slug:"sustainability-of-concrete-with-synthetic-and-recycled-aggregates",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10668.jpg",editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-saleh",fullName:"Hosam Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10803",title:"Reactive Oxygen Species",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"176adcf090fdd1f93cb8ce3146e79ca1",slug:"reactive-oxygen-species",bookSignature:"Rizwan Ahmad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10803.jpg",editors:[{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9032",title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f609bf3251d7cc7bae0099a4374adfc3",slug:"corporate-social-responsibility",bookSignature:"Beatrice Orlando",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9032.jpg",editors:[{id:"232969",title:"Prof.",name:"Beatrice",middleName:null,surname:"Orlando",slug:"beatrice-orlando",fullName:"Beatrice Orlando"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10351",title:"Enhanced Liposuction",subtitle:"New Perspectives and Techniques",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f08ed6de16da357614586c5b58ed4dfa",slug:"enhanced-liposuction-new-perspectives-and-techniques",bookSignature:"Diane Irvine Duncan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10351.jpg",editors:[{id:"279869",title:"Dr.",name:"Diane Irvine",middleName:null,surname:"Duncan",slug:"diane-irvine-duncan",fullName:"Diane Irvine Duncan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10779",title:"21st Century Nanostructured Materials",subtitle:"Physics, Chemistry, Classification, and Emerging Applications in Industry, Biomedicine, and Agriculture",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"72c67f97f9bef68200df115b5fd79884",slug:"21st-century-nanostructured-materials-physics-chemistry-classification-and-emerging-applications-in-industry-biomedicine-and-agriculture",bookSignature:"Phuong V. Pham",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10779.jpg",editors:[{id:"236073",title:"Dr.",name:"Phuong",middleName:"Viet",surname:"Pham",slug:"phuong-pham",fullName:"Phuong Pham"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4386},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10584",title:"Engineered Wood Products for Construction",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"421757c56a3735986055250821275a51",slug:"engineered-wood-products-for-construction",bookSignature:"Meng Gong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10584.jpg",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3665,editors:[{id:"274242",title:"Dr.",name:"Meng",middleName:null,surname:"Gong",slug:"meng-gong",fullName:"Meng Gong"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10222",title:"Demyelination Disorders",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b6c26ceccacdde70c41c587361bd5558",slug:"demyelination-disorders",bookSignature:"Stavros J. Baloyannis, Fabian H. Rossi and Welwin Liu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10222.jpg",publishedDate:"May 4th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1713,editors:[{id:"156098",title:"Emeritus Prof.",name:"Stavros J.",middleName:"J.",surname:"Baloyannis",slug:"stavros-j.-baloyannis",fullName:"Stavros J. Baloyannis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9544",title:"Global Trade in the Emerging Business Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fb8cb09b9599246add78d508a98273d5",slug:"global-trade-in-the-emerging-business-environment",bookSignature:"Muhammad Mohiuddin, Jingbin Wang , Md. Samim Al Azad and Selim Ahmed",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9544.jpg",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2481,editors:[{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10979",title:"Parenting",subtitle:"Challenges of Child Rearing in a Changing Society",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6f345ebcf4fd61e73643c69063a12c7b",slug:"parenting-challenges-of-child-rearing-in-a-changing-society",bookSignature:"Sayyed Ali Samadi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10979.jpg",publishedDate:"May 4th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1107,editors:[{id:"52145",title:"Dr.",name:"Sayyed Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Samadi",slug:"sayyed-ali-samadi",fullName:"Sayyed Ali Samadi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9808",title:"Contemporary Topics in Patient Safety",subtitle:"Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fb6371607c2c6c02c6a2af8892765aba",slug:"contemporary-topics-in-patient-safety-volume-1",bookSignature:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki and Michael S. Firstenberg",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9808.jpg",publishedDate:"April 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3307,editors:[{id:"181694",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislaw P.",middleName:null,surname:"Stawicki",slug:"stanislaw-p.-stawicki",fullName:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10681",title:"Biodegradation Technology of Organic and Inorganic Pollutants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9a6e10e02788092872fd249436898e97",slug:"biodegradation-technology-of-organic-and-inorganic-pollutants",bookSignature:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes, Rodrigo Nogueira de Sousa and Kamila Cabral Mielke",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10681.jpg",publishedDate:"April 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3266,editors:[{id:"197720",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Kassio",middleName:null,surname:"Ferreira Mendes",slug:"kassio-ferreira-mendes",fullName:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10764",title:"Antenna Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2fbf1c7a5d92723f08198fc9b526a8ad",slug:"antenna-systems",bookSignature:"Hussain Al-Rizzo and Said Abushamleh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10764.jpg",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1868,editors:[{id:"153384",title:"Prof.",name:"Hussain",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Rizzo",slug:"hussain-al-rizzo",fullName:"Hussain Al-Rizzo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10668",title:"Sustainability of Concrete With Synthetic and Recycled Aggregates",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"55856c6a8bc3a5b21dae5a1af09a56b6",slug:"sustainability-of-concrete-with-synthetic-and-recycled-aggregates",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10668.jpg",publishedDate:"May 4th 2022",numberOfDownloads:856,editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-saleh",fullName:"Hosam Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10803",title:"Reactive Oxygen Species",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"176adcf090fdd1f93cb8ce3146e79ca1",slug:"reactive-oxygen-species",bookSignature:"Rizwan Ahmad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10803.jpg",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1704,editors:[{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9032",title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f609bf3251d7cc7bae0099a4374adfc3",slug:"corporate-social-responsibility",bookSignature:"Beatrice Orlando",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9032.jpg",publishedDate:"March 16th 2022",numberOfDownloads:7489,editors:[{id:"232969",title:"Prof.",name:"Beatrice",middleName:null,surname:"Orlando",slug:"beatrice-orlando",fullName:"Beatrice Orlando"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8737",title:"Rabies Virus at the Beginning of 21st Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"49cce3f548da548c718c865feb343509",slug:"rabies-virus-at-the-beginning-of-21st-century",bookSignature:"Sergey Tkachev",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8737.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"61139",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Tkachev",slug:"sergey-tkachev",fullName:"Sergey Tkachev"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10861",title:"Furan Derivatives",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fdfc39cecd82f91b0effac994f75c877",slug:"furan-derivatives-recent-advances-and-applications",bookSignature:"Anish Khan, Mohammed Muzibur Rahman, M. Ramesh, Salman Ahmad Khan and Abdullah Mohammed Ahmed Asiri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10861.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"293058",title:"Dr.",name:"Anish",middleName:null,surname:"Khan",slug:"anish-khan",fullName:"Anish Khan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10356",title:"Natural Medicinal Plants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"943e56ccaaf19ff696d25aa638ae37d6",slug:"natural-medicinal-plants",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10356.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10870",title:"Ultrasound Imaging",subtitle:"Current Topics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2f0bc3733ab226d67fa73759ef0e12ad",slug:"ultrasound-imaging-current-topics",bookSignature:"Felix Okechukwu Erondu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10870.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"68312",title:"Prof.",name:"Felix",middleName:null,surname:"Okechukwu Erondu",slug:"felix-okechukwu-erondu",fullName:"Felix Okechukwu Erondu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11392",title:"Leadership in a Changing World",subtitle:"A Multidimensional Perspective",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"86a6d33cf601587e591064ce92effc02",slug:"leadership-in-a-changing-world-a-multidimensional-perspective",bookSignature:"Muhammad Mohiuddin, Bilal Khalid, Md. Samim Al Azad and Slimane Ed-dafali",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11392.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10400",title:"The Application of Ant Colony Optimization",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f4fdfd07ee1ab99fb7c740d6d0c144c6",slug:"the-application-of-ant-colony-optimization",bookSignature:"Ali Soofastaei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10400.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"257455",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Soofastaei",slug:"ali-soofastaei",fullName:"Ali Soofastaei"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10915",title:"Leadership",subtitle:"New Insights",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0d72e79892f2a020cee66a52d09de5a4",slug:"leadership-new-insights",bookSignature:"Mário Franco",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10915.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"105529",title:"Dr.",name:"Mário",middleName:null,surname:"Franco",slug:"mario-franco",fullName:"Mário Franco"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10683",title:"Technological Innovations and Advances in Hydropower Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7ce7ad8768bd2cad155470fe1fd883f4",slug:"technological-innovations-and-advances-in-hydropower-engineering",bookSignature:"Yizi Shang, Ling Shang and Xiaofei Li",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10683.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"349630",title:"Dr.",name:"Yizi",middleName:null,surname:"Shang",slug:"yizi-shang",fullName:"Yizi Shang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7102",title:"Pneumonia",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9fd70142814192dcec58a176749f1b60",slug:"pneumonia",bookSignature:"Nima Rezaei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7102.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"116250",title:"Dr.",name:"Nima",middleName:null,surname:"Rezaei",slug:"nima-rezaei",fullName:"Nima Rezaei"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9670",title:"Current Trends in Wheat Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"89d795987f1747a76eee532700d2093d",slug:"current-trends-in-wheat-research",bookSignature:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman Ansari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9670.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"185476",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman",middleName:null,surname:"Ansari",slug:"mahmood-ur-rahman-ansari",fullName:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman Ansari"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"444",title:"Quality Management",slug:"business-management-and-economics-business-administration-quality-management",parent:{id:"63",title:"Business Administration",slug:"business-management-and-economics-business-administration"},numberOfBooks:1,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:15,numberOfWosCitations:9,numberOfCrossrefCitations:3,numberOfDimensionsCitations:15,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"444",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"154",title:"Six Sigma",subtitle:"Projects and Personal Experiences",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6548c3a84b38964ffc627b1f40a89868",slug:"six-sigma-projects-and-personal-experiences",bookSignature:"Abdurrahman Coskun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/154.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"10406",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Abdurrahman",middleName:null,surname:"Coskun",slug:"abdurrahman-coskun",fullName:"Abdurrahman Coskun"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:1,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"17405",doi:"10.5772/17288",title:"Lean Six Sigma",slug:"lean-six-sigma",totalDownloads:10813,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:null,book:{id:"154",slug:"six-sigma-projects-and-personal-experiences",title:"Six Sigma",fullTitle:"Six Sigma Projects and Personal Experiences"},signatures:"Vivekananthamoorthy N and Sankar S",authors:[{id:"27861",title:"Prof.",name:"Natarajan",middleName:null,surname:"Vivekananthamoorthy",slug:"natarajan-vivekananthamoorthy",fullName:"Natarajan Vivekananthamoorthy"},{id:"81696",title:"Prof.",name:"Sankar",middleName:null,surname:"S",slug:"sankar-s",fullName:"Sankar S"}]},{id:"17407",doi:"10.5772/16602",title:"Quality Function Deployment in Continuous Improvement",slug:"quality-function-deployment-in-continuous-improvement",totalDownloads:7448,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:null,book:{id:"154",slug:"six-sigma-projects-and-personal-experiences",title:"Six Sigma",fullTitle:"Six Sigma Projects and Personal Experiences"},signatures:"Elizabeth A. Cudney and Cassandra C. Elrod",authors:[{id:"25729",title:"Dr.",name:"Elizabeth",middleName:null,surname:"Cudney",slug:"elizabeth-cudney",fullName:"Elizabeth Cudney"},{id:"44578",title:"Dr.",name:"Cassandra",middleName:null,surname:"Elrod",slug:"cassandra-elrod",fullName:"Cassandra Elrod"}]},{id:"17409",doi:"10.5772/16473",title:"Successful Projects from the Application of Six Sigma Methodology",slug:"5-successful-projects-from-the-application-of-six-sigma-methodology",totalDownloads:10408,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:null,book:{id:"154",slug:"six-sigma-projects-and-personal-experiences",title:"Six Sigma",fullTitle:"Six Sigma Projects and Personal Experiences"},signatures:"Jaime Sanchez and Adan Valles-Chavez",authors:[{id:"25224",title:"Dr.",name:"Adan",middleName:null,surname:"Valles",slug:"adan-valles",fullName:"Adan Valles"},{id:"25614",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaime",middleName:null,surname:"Sanchez",slug:"jaime-sanchez",fullName:"Jaime Sanchez"}]},{id:"17413",doi:"10.5772/19850",title:"Adapting Lean Processes for the Hospital/Surgical Environment",slug:"adapting-lean-processes-for-the-hospital-surgical-environment",totalDownloads:3318,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:null,book:{id:"154",slug:"six-sigma-projects-and-personal-experiences",title:"Six Sigma",fullTitle:"Six Sigma Projects and Personal Experiences"},signatures:"Jaideep J Pandit and Meghana Pandit",authors:[{id:"36491",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaideep",middleName:"J",surname:"Pandit",slug:"jaideep-pandit",fullName:"Jaideep Pandit"},{id:"73237",title:"Dr.",name:"Meghana",middleName:null,surname:"Pandit",slug:"meghana-pandit",fullName:"Meghana Pandit"}]},{id:"17406",doi:"10.5772/16570",title:"Definition of the Guide for Implementation Lean",slug:"definition-of-the-guide-for-implementation-lean",totalDownloads:5496,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:null,book:{id:"154",slug:"six-sigma-projects-and-personal-experiences",title:"Six Sigma",fullTitle:"Six Sigma Projects and Personal Experiences"},signatures:"Adan Valles-Chavez and Jaime Sanchez",authors:[{id:"25224",title:"Dr.",name:"Adan",middleName:null,surname:"Valles",slug:"adan-valles",fullName:"Adan Valles"},{id:"25614",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaime",middleName:null,surname:"Sanchez",slug:"jaime-sanchez",fullName:"Jaime Sanchez"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"17407",title:"Quality Function Deployment in Continuous Improvement",slug:"quality-function-deployment-in-continuous-improvement",totalDownloads:7454,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:null,book:{id:"154",slug:"six-sigma-projects-and-personal-experiences",title:"Six Sigma",fullTitle:"Six Sigma Projects and Personal Experiences"},signatures:"Elizabeth A. Cudney and Cassandra C. Elrod",authors:[{id:"25729",title:"Dr.",name:"Elizabeth",middleName:null,surname:"Cudney",slug:"elizabeth-cudney",fullName:"Elizabeth Cudney"},{id:"44578",title:"Dr.",name:"Cassandra",middleName:null,surname:"Elrod",slug:"cassandra-elrod",fullName:"Cassandra Elrod"}]},{id:"17405",title:"Lean Six Sigma",slug:"lean-six-sigma",totalDownloads:10817,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:null,book:{id:"154",slug:"six-sigma-projects-and-personal-experiences",title:"Six Sigma",fullTitle:"Six Sigma Projects and Personal Experiences"},signatures:"Vivekananthamoorthy N and Sankar S",authors:[{id:"27861",title:"Prof.",name:"Natarajan",middleName:null,surname:"Vivekananthamoorthy",slug:"natarajan-vivekananthamoorthy",fullName:"Natarajan Vivekananthamoorthy"},{id:"81696",title:"Prof.",name:"Sankar",middleName:null,surname:"S",slug:"sankar-s",fullName:"Sankar S"}]},{id:"17410",title:"Applying Six Sigma Concepts, Techniquesand Method for Service Management: Business and IT Service Management (BSM & ITSM)",slug:"applying-six-sigma-concepts-techniquesand-method-for-service-management-business-and-it-service-mana",totalDownloads:26801,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:null,book:{id:"154",slug:"six-sigma-projects-and-personal-experiences",title:"Six Sigma",fullTitle:"Six Sigma Projects and Personal Experiences"},signatures:"Rajesh Radhakrishnan",authors:[{id:"27649",title:"Mr.",name:"Rajesh",middleName:null,surname:"Radhakrishnan",slug:"rajesh-radhakrishnan",fullName:"Rajesh Radhakrishnan"}]},{id:"17409",title:"Successful Projects from the Application of Six Sigma Methodology",slug:"5-successful-projects-from-the-application-of-six-sigma-methodology",totalDownloads:10412,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:null,book:{id:"154",slug:"six-sigma-projects-and-personal-experiences",title:"Six Sigma",fullTitle:"Six Sigma Projects and Personal Experiences"},signatures:"Jaime Sanchez and Adan Valles-Chavez",authors:[{id:"25224",title:"Dr.",name:"Adan",middleName:null,surname:"Valles",slug:"adan-valles",fullName:"Adan Valles"},{id:"25614",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaime",middleName:null,surname:"Sanchez",slug:"jaime-sanchez",fullName:"Jaime Sanchez"}]},{id:"17411",title:"Demystifying Six Sigma Metrics in Software",slug:"demystifying-six-sigma-metrics-in-software",totalDownloads:4071,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:null,book:{id:"154",slug:"six-sigma-projects-and-personal-experiences",title:"Six Sigma",fullTitle:"Six Sigma Projects and Personal Experiences"},signatures:"Ajit Ashok Shenvi",authors:[{id:"9858",title:"Mr.",name:"Ajit",middleName:"Ashok",surname:"Shenvi",slug:"ajit-shenvi",fullName:"Ajit Shenvi"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"444",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:98,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:286,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:105,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:101,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",issn:null,scope:"
\r\n\tThis series will provide a comprehensive overview of recent research trends in business and management, economics, and marketing. Topics will include asset liability management, financial consequences of the financial crisis and covid-19, financial accounting, mergers and acquisitions, management accounting, SMEs, financial markets, corporate finance and governance, managerial technology and innovation, resource management and sustainable development, social entrepreneurship, corporate responsibility, ethics and accountability, microeconomics, labour economics, macroeconomics, public economics, financial economics, econometrics, direct marketing, creative marketing, internet marketing, market planning and forecasting, brand management, market segmentation and targeting and other topics under business and management. This book series will focus on various aspects of business and management whose in-depth understanding is critical for business and company management to function effectively during this uncertain time of financial crisis, Covid-19 pandemic, and military activity in Europe.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/22.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 11th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!1,numberOfPublishedBooks:1,editor:{id:"356540",title:"Prof.",name:"Taufiq",middleName:null,surname:"Choudhry",slug:"taufiq-choudhry",fullName:"Taufiq Choudhry",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000036X2hvQAC/Profile_Picture_2022-03-14T08:58:03.jpg",biography:"Prof. Choudhry holds a BSc degree in Economics from the University of Iowa, as well as a Masters and Ph.D. in Applied Economics from Clemson University, USA. In January 2006, he became a Professor of Finance at the University of Southampton Business School. He was previously a Professor of Finance at the University of Bradford Management School. He has over 80 articles published in international finance and economics journals. His research interests and specialties include financial econometrics, financial economics, international economics and finance, housing markets, financial markets, among others.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Southampton",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"86",title:"Business and Management",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/86.jpg",editor:{id:"128342",title:"Prof.",name:"Vito",middleName:null,surname:"Bobek",slug:"vito-bobek",fullName:"Vito Bobek",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/128342/images/system/128342.jpg",biography:"Dr. Vito Bobek works as an international management professor at the University of Applied Sciences FH Joanneum, Graz, Austria. He has published more than 400 works in his academic career and visited twenty-two universities worldwide as a visiting professor. Dr. Bobek is a member of the editorial boards of six international journals and a member of the Strategic Council of the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Slovenia. He has a long history in academia, consulting, and entrepreneurship. His own consulting firm, Palemid, has managed twenty significant projects, such as Cooperation Program Interreg V-A (Slovenia-Austria) and Capacity Building for the Serbian Chamber of Enforcement Agents. He has also participated in many international projects in Italy, Germany, Great Britain, the United States, Spain, Turkey, France, Romania, Croatia, Montenegro, Malaysia, and China. Dr. Bobek is also a co-founder of the Academy of Regional Management in Slovenia.",institutionString:"Universities of Applied Sciences FH Joanneum, Austria",institution:null},editorTwo:{id:"293992",title:"Dr.",name:"Tatjana",middleName:null,surname:"Horvat",slug:"tatjana-horvat",fullName:"Tatjana Horvat",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002hXb0hQAC/Profile_Picture_1642419002203",biography:"Tatjana Horvat works as a professor for accountant and auditing at the University of Primorska, Slovenia. She is a Certified State Internal Auditor (licensed by Ministry of Finance RS) and Certified Internal Auditor for Business Sector and Certified accountant (licensed by Slovenian Institute of Auditors). At the Ministry of Justice of Slovenia, she is a member of examination boards for court expert candidates and judicial appraisers in the following areas: economy/finance, valuation of companies, banking, and forensic investigation of economic operations/accounting. At the leading business newspaper Finance in Slovenia (Swedish ownership), she is the editor and head of the area for business, finance, tax-related articles, and educational programs.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Primorska",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"114318",title:"Dr.",name:"David",middleName:null,surname:"Rodeiro",slug:"david-rodeiro",fullName:"David Rodeiro",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS2a8QAC/Profile_Picture_2022-04-22T08:29:52.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Santiago de Compostela",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"114073",title:"Prof.",name:"Jörg",middleName:null,surname:"Freiling",slug:"jorg-freiling",fullName:"Jörg Freiling",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS2UPQA0/Profile_Picture_1642580983875",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Bremen",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"202681",title:"Dr.",name:"Mojca",middleName:null,surname:"Duh",slug:"mojca-duh",fullName:"Mojca Duh",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSD2dQAG/Profile_Picture_1644907300283",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Maribor",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},{id:"103802",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Ondrej",middleName:null,surname:"Zizlavsky",slug:"ondrej-zizlavsky",fullName:"Ondrej Zizlavsky",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQJQA0/Profile_Picture_1643100292225",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Brno University of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Czech Republic"}}},{id:"190913",title:"Dr.",name:"Robert M.X.",middleName:null,surname:"Wu",slug:"robert-m.x.-wu",fullName:"Robert M.X. Wu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/190913/images/system/190913.jpg",institutionString:"Central Queensland University",institution:{name:"Central Queensland University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}]},{id:"87",title:"Economics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/87.jpg",editor:{id:"327730",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaime",middleName:null,surname:"Ortiz",slug:"jaime-ortiz",fullName:"Jaime Ortiz",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002zaOKZQA2/Profile_Picture_1642145584421",biography:"Dr. Jaime Ortiz holds degrees from Chile, the Netherlands, and the United States. He has held tenured faculty, distinguished professorship, and executive leadership appointments in several universities around the world. Dr. Ortiz has previously worked for international organizations and non-government entities in economic and business matters, and he has university-wide globalization engagement in more than thirty-six countries. He has advised, among others, the United Nations Development Program, Inter-American Development Bank, Organization of American States, Pre-investment Organization of Latin America and the Caribbean, Technical Cooperation of the Suisse Government, and the World Bank. Dr. Ortiz is the author, co-author, or editor of books, book chapters, textbooks, research monographs and technical reports, and refereed journal articles. He is listed in Who’s Who in the World, Who’s Who in America, Who’s Who in Finance and Business, Who’s Who in Business Higher Education, Who’s Who in American Education, and Who’s Who Directory of Economists. Dr. Ortiz has been a Fulbright Scholar and an MSI Leadership Fellow with the W.K. Kellogg Foundation. His teaching interests revolve around global economies and markets while his research focuses on topics related to development and growth, global business decisions, and the economics of technical innovation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Houston",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"104262",title:"Dr.",name:"Chee-Heong",middleName:null,surname:"Quah",slug:"chee-heong-quah",fullName:"Chee-Heong Quah",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/104262/images/system/104262.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaya",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"236659",title:"Prof.",name:"Monica Violeta",middleName:null,surname:"Achim",slug:"monica-violeta-achim",fullName:"Monica Violeta Achim",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/236659/images/system/236659.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Babeș-Bolyai University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"202039",title:"Dr.",name:"Nahanga",middleName:null,surname:"Verter",slug:"nahanga-verter",fullName:"Nahanga Verter",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCwtQAG/Profile_Picture_1643101901237",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Mendel University Brno",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Czech Republic"}}},{id:"107745",title:"Emeritus Prof.",name:"Panagiotis E.",middleName:null,surname:"Petrakis",slug:"panagiotis-e.-petrakis",fullName:"Panagiotis E. Petrakis",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRzzaQAC/Profile_Picture_1644221136992",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National and Kapodistrian University of Athens",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},{id:"196259",title:"Dr.",name:"Ryan Merlin",middleName:null,surname:"Yonk",slug:"ryan-merlin-yonk",fullName:"Ryan Merlin Yonk",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196259/images/system/196259.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"American Institute for Economic Research",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:26,paginationItems:[{id:"81791",title:"Self-Supervised Contrastive Representation Learning in Computer Vision",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104785",signatures:"Yalin Bastanlar and Semih Orhan",slug:"self-supervised-contrastive-representation-learning-in-computer-vision",totalDownloads:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Pattern Recognition - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11442.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"79345",title:"Application of Jump Diffusion Models in Insurance Claim Estimation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99853",signatures:"Leonard Mushunje, Chiedza Elvina Mashiri, Edina Chandiwana and Maxwell Mashasha",slug:"application-of-jump-diffusion-models-in-insurance-claim-estimation-1",totalDownloads:2,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Data Clustering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10820.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"81557",title:"Object Tracking Using Adapted Optical Flow",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102863",signatures:"Ronaldo Ferreira, Joaquim José de Castro Ferreira and António José Ribeiro Neves",slug:"object-tracking-using-adapted-optical-flow",totalDownloads:10,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Information Extraction and Object Tracking in Digital Video",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10652.jpg",subseries:{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision"}}},{id:"81558",title:"Thresholding Image Techniques for Plant Segmentation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104587",signatures:"Miguel Ángel Castillo-Martínez, Francisco Javier Gallegos-Funes, Blanca E. Carvajal-Gámez, Guillermo Urriolagoitia-Sosa and Alberto J. Rosales-Silva",slug:"thresholding-image-techniques-for-plant-segmentation",totalDownloads:13,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Information Extraction and Object Tracking in Digital Video",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10652.jpg",subseries:{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:8,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7723",title:"Artificial Intelligence",subtitle:"Applications in Medicine and Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7723.jpg",slug:"artificial-intelligence-applications-in-medicine-and-biology",publishedDate:"July 31st 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Marco Antonio Aceves-Fernandez",hash:"a3852659e727f95c98c740ed98146011",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Artificial Intelligence - Applications in Medicine and Biology",editors:[{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. His research interests include intelligent and embedded systems.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7726",title:"Swarm Intelligence",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7726.jpg",slug:"swarm-intelligence-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",publishedDate:"December 4th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Javier Del Ser, Esther Villar and Eneko Osaba",hash:"e7ea7e74ce7a7a8e5359629e07c68d31",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Swarm Intelligence - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",editors:[{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:null}]},{type:"book",id:"7656",title:"Fuzzy Logic",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7656.jpg",slug:"fuzzy-logic",publishedDate:"February 5th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Constantin Volosencu",hash:"54f092d4ffe0abf5e4172a80025019bc",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Fuzzy Logic",editors:[{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",institution:{name:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"9963",title:"Advances and Applications in Deep Learning",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9963.jpg",slug:"advances-and-applications-in-deep-learning",publishedDate:"December 9th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Marco Antonio Aceves-Fernandez",hash:"0d51ba46f22e55cb89140f60d86a071e",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Advances and Applications in Deep Learning",editors:[{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. His research interests include intelligent and embedded systems.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:7,paginationItems:[{id:"11476",title:"Globalization and Sustainability - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Emerging Issues",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11476.jpg",hash:"8d41fa5f3a5da07469bbc121594bfd3e",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"March 24th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"335401",title:"Prof.",name:"Margherita",surname:"Mori",slug:"margherita-mori",fullName:"Margherita Mori"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11460",title:"Pluralistic Approaches for Conservation and Sustainability in Biodiversity",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11460.jpg",hash:"ab014f8ed1669757335225786833e9a9",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"April 22nd 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"101105",title:"Dr.",name:"Gopal",surname:"Shukla",slug:"gopal-shukla",fullName:"Gopal Shukla"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11475",title:"Food Security Challenges and Approaches",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11475.jpg",hash:"090302a30e461cee643ec49675c811ec",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 5th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"292145",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",surname:"Haseeb Ahmad",slug:"muhammad-haseeb-ahmad",fullName:"Muhammad Haseeb Ahmad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11450",title:"Environmental Impacts of COVID-19 Pandemic on the World",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11450.jpg",hash:"a58c7b02d07903004be70f744f2e1835",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 10th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"63465",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed Nageeb",surname:"Rashed",slug:"mohamed-nageeb-rashed",fullName:"Mohamed Nageeb Rashed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11477",title:"Public Economics - New Perspectives and Uncertainty",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11477.jpg",hash:"a8e6c515dc924146fbd2712eb4e7d118",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"May 27th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"414400",title:"Dr.",name:"Habtamu",surname:"Alem",slug:"habtamu-alem",fullName:"Habtamu Alem"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11457",title:"Forest Degradation Under Global Change",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11457.jpg",hash:"8df7150b01ae754024c65d1a62f190d9",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"June 1st 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"317087",title:"Dr.",name:"Pavel",surname:"Samec",slug:"pavel-samec",fullName:"Pavel Samec"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11474",title:"Quality of Life Interventions - Magnitude of Effect and Transferability",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11474.jpg",hash:"5a6bcdaf5ee144d043bcdab893ff9e1c",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"June 2nd 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"245319",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sage",surname:"Arbor",slug:"sage-arbor",fullName:"Sage Arbor"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:17,paginationItems:[{id:"81751",title:"NanoBioSensors: From Electrochemical Sensors Improvement to Theranostic Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102552",signatures:"Anielle C.A. Silva, Eliete A. Alvin, Lais S. de Jesus, Caio C.L. de França, Marílya P.G. da Silva, Samaysa L. Lins, Diógenes Meneses, Marcela R. Lemes, Rhanoica O. Guerra, Marcos V. da Silva, Carlo J.F. de Oliveira, Virmondes Rodrigues Junior, Renata M. Etchebehere, Fabiane C. de Abreu, Bruno G. Lucca, Sanívia A.L. Pereira, Rodrigo C. Rosa and Noelio O. Dantas",slug:"nanobiosensors-from-electrochemical-sensors-improvement-to-theranostic-applications",totalDownloads:1,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"81766",title:"Evolution of Organoids in Oncology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104251",signatures:"Allen Thayakumar Basanthakumar, Janitha Chandrasekhar Darlybai and Jyothsna Ganesh",slug:"evolution-of-organoids-in-oncology",totalDownloads:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Organoids",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11430.jpg",subseries:null}},{id:"81678",title:"Developmental Studies on Practical Enzymatic Phosphate Ion Biosensors and Microbial BOD Biosensors, and New Insights into the Future Perspectives of These Biosensor Fields",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104377",signatures:"Hideaki Nakamura",slug:"developmental-studies-on-practical-enzymatic-phosphate-ion-biosensors-and-microbial-bod-biosensors-a",totalDownloads:3,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Hideaki",surname:"Nakamura"}],book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"81547",title:"Organoids and Commercialization",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104706",signatures:"Anubhab Mukherjee, Aprajita Sinha, Maheshree Maibam, Bharti Bisht and Manash K. Paul",slug:"organoids-and-commercialization",totalDownloads:26,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Organoids",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11430.jpg",subseries:null}},{id:"81412",title:"Mathematical Morphology and the Heart Signals",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104113",signatures:"Taouli Sidi Ahmed",slug:"mathematical-morphology-and-the-heart-signals",totalDownloads:17,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"81360",title:"Deep Learning Algorithms for Efficient Analysis of ECG Signals to Detect Heart Disorders",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103075",signatures:"Sumagna Dey, Rohan Pal and Saptarshi Biswas",slug:"deep-learning-algorithms-for-efficient-analysis-of-ecg-signals-to-detect-heart-disorders",totalDownloads:29,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"81294",title:"Applications of Neural Organoids in Neurodevelopment and Regenerative Medicine",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104044",signatures:"Jing Gong, Jiahui Kang, Minghui Li, Xiao Liu, Jun Yang and Haiwei Xu",slug:"applications-of-neural-organoids-in-neurodevelopment-and-regenerative-medicine",totalDownloads:23,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Organoids",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11430.jpg",subseries:null}},{id:"81318",title:"Retinal Organoids over the Decade",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104258",signatures:"Jing Yuan and Zi-Bing Jin",slug:"retinal-organoids-over-the-decade",totalDownloads:37,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Organoids",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11430.jpg",subseries:null}},{id:"81068",title:"Characteristic Profiles of Heart Rate Variability in Depression and Anxiety",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104205",signatures:"Toshikazu Shinba",slug:"characteristic-profiles-of-heart-rate-variability-in-depression-and-anxiety",totalDownloads:20,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"80691",title:"Applications of Quantum Mechanics, Laws of Classical Physics, and Differential Calculus to Evaluate Source Localization According to the Electroencephalogram",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102831",signatures:"Kristin S. Williams",slug:"applications-of-quantum-mechanics-laws-of-classical-physics-and-differential-calculus-to-evaluate-so",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",value:7,count:13,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:13,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7102",title:"Pneumonia",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7102.jpg",slug:"pneumonia",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Nima Rezaei",hash:"9fd70142814192dcec58a176749f1b60",volumeInSeries:13,fullTitle:"Pneumonia",editors:[{id:"116250",title:"Dr.",name:"Nima",middleName:null,surname:"Rezaei",slug:"nima-rezaei",fullName:"Nima Rezaei",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/116250/images/system/116250.jpg",institutionString:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institution:{name:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Iran"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9615",title:"Chikungunya Virus",subtitle:"A Growing Global Public Health Threat",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9615.jpg",slug:"chikungunya-virus-a-growing-global-public-health-threat",publishedDate:"February 9th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",hash:"c960d94a63867dd12a8ab15176a3ff06",volumeInSeries:12,fullTitle:"Chikungunya Virus - A Growing Global Public Health Threat",editors:[{id:"180733",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean",middleName:null,surname:"Engohang-Ndong",slug:"jean-engohang-ndong",fullName:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180733/images/system/180733.png",institutionString:"Kent State University",institution:{name:"Kent State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9619",title:"Epstein-Barr Virus",subtitle:"New Trends",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9619.jpg",slug:"epstein-barr-virus-new-trends",publishedDate:"December 22nd 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Emmanuel Drouet",hash:"a2128c53becb6064589570cbe8d976f8",volumeInSeries:11,fullTitle:"Epstein-Barr Virus - New Trends",editors:[{id:"188773",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Drouet",slug:"emmanuel-drouet",fullName:"Emmanuel Drouet",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188773/images/system/188773.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9525",title:"Insights Into Drug Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9525.jpg",slug:"insights-into-drug-resistance-in-staphylococcus-aureus",publishedDate:"December 8th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Amjad Aqib",hash:"98bb6c1ddb067da67185c272f81c0a27",volumeInSeries:10,fullTitle:"Insights Into Drug Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus",editors:[{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9614",title:"Advances in Candida albicans",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9614.jpg",slug:"advances-in-candida-albicans",publishedDate:"November 17th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Xinhui Wang",hash:"31d6882518ca749b12715266eed0a018",volumeInSeries:9,fullTitle:"Advances in Candida albicans",editors:[{id:"296531",title:"Dr.",name:"Xinhui",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xinhui-wang",fullName:"Xinhui Wang",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/296531/images/system/296531.jpg",institutionString:"Qinghai Normal University",institution:{name:"University of Luxembourg",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Luxembourg"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9528",title:"Current Topics and Emerging Issues in Malaria Elimination",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9528.jpg",slug:"current-topics-and-emerging-issues-in-malaria-elimination",publishedDate:"July 21st 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",hash:"7f178329cc42e691efe226b32f14e2ea",volumeInSeries:8,fullTitle:"Current Topics and Emerging Issues in Malaria Elimination",editors:[{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9613",title:"Dengue Fever in a One Health Perspective",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9613.jpg",slug:"dengue-fever-in-a-one-health-perspective",publishedDate:"October 28th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Márcia Aparecida Sperança",hash:"77ecce8195c11092230b4156df6d83ff",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Dengue Fever in a One Health Perspective",editors:[{id:"176579",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Márcia Aparecida",middleName:null,surname:"Sperança",slug:"marcia-aparecida-speranca",fullName:"Márcia Aparecida Sperança",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/176579/images/system/176579.jpg",institutionString:"Federal University of ABC",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal do ABC",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7981",title:"Overview on Echinococcosis",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7981.jpg",slug:"overview-on-echinococcosis",publishedDate:"April 22nd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Fethi Derbel and Meriem Braiki",hash:"24dee9209f3fd6b7cd28f042da0076f0",volumeInSeries:6,fullTitle:"Overview on Echinococcosis",editors:[{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7887",title:"Hepatitis B and C",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7887.jpg",slug:"hepatitis-b-and-c",publishedDate:"April 8th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",hash:"8dd6dab483cf505d83caddaeaf497f2c",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Hepatitis B and C",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/73208/images/system/73208.jpg",institutionString:"University of Oviedo",institution:{name:"University of Oviedo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7839",title:"Malaria",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7839.jpg",slug:"malaria",publishedDate:"December 11th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Fyson H. Kasenga",hash:"91cde4582ead884cb0f355a19b67cd56",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Malaria",editors:[{id:"86725",title:"Dr.",name:"Fyson",middleName:"Hanania",surname:"Kasenga",slug:"fyson-kasenga",fullName:"Fyson Kasenga",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/86725/images/system/86725.jpg",institutionString:"Malawi Adventist University",institution:{name:"Malawi Adventist University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malawi"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7123",title:"Current Topics in Neglected Tropical Diseases",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7123.jpg",slug:"current-topics-in-neglected-tropical-diseases",publishedDate:"December 4th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",hash:"61c627da05b2ace83056d11357bdf361",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Current Topics in Neglected Tropical Diseases",editors:[{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7064",title:"Current Perspectives in Human Papillomavirus",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7064.jpg",slug:"current-perspectives-in-human-papillomavirus",publishedDate:"May 2nd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Shailendra K. Saxena",hash:"d92a4085627bab25ddc7942fbf44cf05",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Current Perspectives in Human Papillomavirus",editors:[{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",value:3,count:2},{group:"subseries",caption:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",value:5,count:4},{group:"subseries",caption:"Viral Infectious Diseases",value:6,count:7}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:2},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:4},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:25,paginationItems:[{id:"429683",title:"Dr.",name:"Bilal",middleName:null,surname:"Khalid",slug:"bilal-khalid",fullName:"Bilal Khalid",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/429683/images/system/429683.png",biography:"Dr. Bilal Khalid received a Ph.D. in Industrial Business Administration from KMITL Business School, Bangkok, in 2021, and a master’s in International Business Management from Stamford International University, Bangkok, in 2017. Dr. Khalid\\'s research interests include leadership and negotiations, digital transformations, gamification, eLearning, blockchain, Big Data, and management of information technology. Dr. Bilal Khalid also serves as an academic editor at Education Research International and a reviewer for international journals.",institutionString:"KMITL Business School",institution:{name:"King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038UqSfQAK/Profile_Picture_2022-05-13T10:39:03.jpg",biography:"Dr. Muhammad Mohiuddin is an Associate Professor of International Business at Laval University, Canada. He has taught at Thompson Rivers University, Canada; University of Paris-Est, France; Osnabruck University of Applied Science, Germany; and Shanghai Institute of Technology and Tianjin University of Technology, China. He has published research in Research Policy, Applied Economics, Review of Economic Philosophy, Strategic Change, International Journal of Logistics, Sustainability, Journal of Environmental Management, Journal of Global Information Management, Journal of Cleaner Production, M@N@GEMENT, and more. He is a member of CEDIMES Institut (France), Academy of International Business (AIB), Strategic Management Society (SMS), Academy of Management (AOM), Administrative Science Association of Canada (ASAC), and Canadian council of small business and entrepreneurship (CCSBE). He is currently the director of the Research Group on Contemporary Asia (GERAC) at Laval University. He is also co-managing editor of Transnational Corporations Review and a guest editor for Electronic Commerce Research and Journal of Internet Technology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Université Laval",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"189147",title:"Dr.",name:"Hailan",middleName:null,surname:"Salamun",slug:"hailan-salamun",fullName:"Hailan Salamun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/189147/images/19274_n.jpeg",biography:"Hailan Salamun, (Dr.) was born in Selangor, Malaysia and graduated from Tunku Ampuan Jamaah Religious High School at Shah Alam. Obtained a degree from the International Islamic University (UIA), Gombak in the field of Islamic Revealed Knowledge and Heritage. Next, I furthered my studies to the professional level to obtain a Diploma in Education at UIA. After serving for several years in school, I furthered my studies to the Master of Dakwah and Leadership at Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi. I graduated with a Doctor of Philosophy in Principalship Leadership from the University of Malaya (UM) in 2010. I am currently a senior lecturer in the Department of Nationalism and Civilization, Center for Basic and Continuing Education, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu. Prior to that, I had served in several educational institutions such as schools, the Institute of Teacher Education (IPG), and also the University of Malaya. I am also actively involved in paper presentation, writing and publishing. My research interests are focused on leadership, education, society and Islamic civilization. This area of research requires a detailed understanding of Islamic studies and research studies in leadership. Another research interest that I have explored recently is the politics of the Malay community and also the leadership of the mosque.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Malaysia Terengganu",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"442081",title:"Dr.",name:"Audrey",middleName:null,surname:"Addy",slug:"audrey-addy",fullName:"Audrey Addy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"437993",title:"Mr.",name:"Job",middleName:null,surname:"Jackson",slug:"job-jackson",fullName:"Job Jackson",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Management College of Southern Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"428495",title:"Prof.",name:"Asyraf",middleName:null,surname:"Ab Rahman",slug:"asyraf-ab-rahman",fullName:"Asyraf Ab Rahman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Malaysia Terengganu",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"429650",title:"Dr.",name:"Jacqueline",middleName:null,surname:"Kareem",slug:"jacqueline-kareem",fullName:"Jacqueline Kareem",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Christ University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"421041",title:"Dr.",name:"Sunil",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar Ramdas",slug:"sunil-kumar-ramdas",fullName:"Sunil Kumar Ramdas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Jain University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"421833",title:"Mr.",name:"Eugene",middleName:null,surname:"Owusu-Acheampong",slug:"eugene-owusu-acheampong",fullName:"Eugene Owusu-Acheampong",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ghana",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"239876",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Luciana",middleName:null,surname:"Mourão",slug:"luciana-mourao",fullName:"Luciana Mourão",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Salgado de Oliveira",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"421735",title:"Dr.",name:"elizabeth",middleName:null,surname:"addy",slug:"elizabeth-addy",fullName:"elizabeth addy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"442083",title:"Dr.",name:"James",middleName:null,surname:"Addy",slug:"james-addy",fullName:"James Addy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"437991",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Hoque",slug:"muhammad-hoque",fullName:"Muhammad Hoque",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421006",title:"Dr.",name:"Anna",middleName:null,surname:"Uster",slug:"anna-uster",fullName:"Anna Uster",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"470243",title:"Dr.",name:"Md Samim",middleName:null,surname:"Al Azad",slug:"md-samim-al-azad",fullName:"Md Samim Al Azad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"470244",title:"Dr.",name:"Slimane",middleName:null,surname:"Ed-dafali",slug:"slimane-ed-dafali",fullName:"Slimane Ed-dafali",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421011",title:"Dr.",name:"Afatakpa",middleName:null,surname:"Fortune",slug:"afatakpa-fortune",fullName:"Afatakpa Fortune",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"446057",title:"Mr.",name:"Okedare",middleName:null,surname:"David Olubukunmi",slug:"okedare-david-olubukunmi",fullName:"Okedare David Olubukunmi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421778",title:"Dr.",name:"Fatimah",middleName:"Saeed",surname:"AlAhmari",slug:"fatimah-alahmari",fullName:"Fatimah AlAhmari",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421024",title:"Prof.",name:"Harold Andrew",middleName:null,surname:"Patrick",slug:"harold-andrew-patrick",fullName:"Harold Andrew Patrick",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421065",title:"Ms.",name:"Euzália",middleName:null,surname:"do Rosário Botelho Tomé",slug:"euzalia-do-rosario-botelho-tome",fullName:"Euzália do Rosário Botelho Tomé",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421053",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Ken",middleName:null,surname:"Kalala Ndalamba",slug:"ken-kalala-ndalamba",fullName:"Ken Kalala Ndalamba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421826",title:"Dr.",name:"Inusah",middleName:null,surname:"Salifu",slug:"inusah-salifu",fullName:"Inusah Salifu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"420823",title:"Prof.",name:"Gardênia da Silva",middleName:null,surname:"Abbad",slug:"gardenia-da-silva-abbad",fullName:"Gardênia da Silva Abbad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"437613",title:"MSc.",name:"Juliana",middleName:null,surname:"Legentil",slug:"juliana-legentil",fullName:"Juliana Legentil",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"8",type:"subseries",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",keywords:"Bioinspired Systems, Biomechanics, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation",scope:'Bioinspired technologies take advantage of understanding the actual biological system to provide solutions to problems in several areas. Recently, bioinspired systems have been successfully employing biomechanics to develop and improve assistive technology and rehabilitation devices. The research topic "Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics" welcomes studies reporting recent advances in bioinspired technologies that contribute to individuals\' health, inclusion, and rehabilitation. Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!1,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11404,editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",slug:"adriano-andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",biography:"Dr. Adriano de Oliveira Andrade graduated in Electrical Engineering at the Federal University of Goiás (Brazil) in 1997. He received his MSc and PhD in Biomedical Engineering respectively from the Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU, Brazil) in 2000 and from the University of Reading (UK) in 2005. He completed a one-year Post-Doctoral Fellowship awarded by the DFAIT (Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada) at the Institute of Biomedical Engineering of the University of New Brunswick (Canada) in 2010. Currently, he is Professor in the Faculty of Electrical Engineering (UFU). He has authored and co-authored more than 200 peer-reviewed publications in Biomedical Engineering. He has been a researcher of The National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq-Brazil) since 2009. He has served as an ad-hoc consultant for CNPq, CAPES (Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel), FINEP (Brazilian Innovation Agency), and other funding bodies on several occasions. He was the Secretary of the Brazilian Society of Biomedical Engineering (SBEB) from 2015 to 2016, President of SBEB (2017-2018) and Vice-President of SBEB (2019-2020). He was the head of the undergraduate program in Biomedical Engineering of the Federal University of Uberlândia (2015 - June/2019) and the head of the Centre for Innovation and Technology Assessment in Health (NIATS/UFU) since 2010. He is the head of the Postgraduate Program in Biomedical Engineering (UFU, July/2019 - to date). He was the secretary of the Parkinson's Disease Association of Uberlândia (2018-2019). Dr. Andrade's primary area of research is focused towards getting information from the neuromuscular system to understand its strategies of organization, adaptation and controlling in the context of motor neuron diseases. His research interests include Biomedical Signal Processing and Modelling, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation Engineering, Neuroengineering and Parkinson's Disease.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",issn:"2631-5343"},editorialBoard:[{id:"49517",title:"Prof.",name:"Hitoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Tsunashima",slug:"hitoshi-tsunashima",fullName:"Hitoshi Tsunashima",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTP4QAO/Profile_Picture_1625819726528",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nihon University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"425354",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcus",middleName:"Fraga",surname:"Vieira",slug:"marcus-vieira",fullName:"Marcus Vieira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003BJSgIQAX/Profile_Picture_1627904687309",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Goiás",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",middleName:null,surname:"Vinjamuri",slug:"ramana-vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196746/images/system/196746.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institution:{name:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:17,paginationItems:[{id:"81647",title:"Diabetes and Epigenetics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104653",signatures:"Rasha A. Alhazzaa, Thomas Heinbockel and Antonei B. Csoka",slug:"diabetes-and-epigenetics",totalDownloads:9,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Epigenetics to Optogenetics - A New Paradigm in the Study of Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9672.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"81099",title:"SK Channels and Heart Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104115",signatures:"Katherine Zhong, Shawn Kant, Frank Sellke and Jun Feng",slug:"sk-channels-and-heart-disease",totalDownloads:16,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Ion Channels - From Basic Properties to Medical Treatment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10838.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"80967",title:"Hot on the Trail of Skin Inflammation: Focus on TRPV1/TRPV3 Channels in Psoriasis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103792",signatures:"Lisa S. Martin, Emma Fraillon, Fabien P. Chevalier and Bérengère Fromy",slug:"hot-on-the-trail-of-skin-inflammation-focus-on-trpv1-trpv3-channels-in-psoriasis",totalDownloads:23,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Ion Channels - From Basic Properties to Medical Treatment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10838.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"80952",title:"TRPV Family Ion Channels in the Mammary Epithelium: Role in Normal Tissue Homeostasis and along Breast Cancer Progression",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103665",signatures:"Sari Susanna Tojkander",slug:"trpv-family-ion-channels-in-the-mammary-epithelium-role-in-normal-tissue-homeostasis-and-along-breas",totalDownloads:17,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Ion Channels - From Basic Properties to Medical Treatment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10838.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"80484",title:"The Use of Stable Isotope Labeling with Amino Acids in Cell Culture (SILAC) to Study Ivermectin-Mediated Molecular Pathway Changes in Human Ovarian Cancer Cells",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102092",signatures:"Na Li and Xianquan Zhan",slug:"the-use-of-stable-isotope-labeling-with-amino-acids-in-cell-culture-silac-to-study-ivermectin-mediat",totalDownloads:77,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Cell Culture - Advanced Technology and Applications in Medical and Life Sciences",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10797.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"80157",title:"Structural Determinants for Ligand Accommodation in Voltage Sensors",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102094",signatures:"Abigail García-Morales, Aylin López-Palestino and Daniel Balleza",slug:"structural-determinants-for-ligand-accommodation-in-voltage-sensors",totalDownloads:84,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Ion Channels - From Basic Properties to Medical Treatment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10838.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"79690",title:"Mitochondrial Channels and their Role in Cardioprotection",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101127",signatures:"Keerti Mishra and Min Luo",slug:"mitochondrial-channels-and-their-role-in-cardioprotection",totalDownloads:84,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Ion Channels - From Basic Properties to Medical Treatment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10838.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"79031",title:"Isolation and Expansion of Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells, Functional Assays and Long-Term Culture Associated Alterations of Cellular Properties",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100286",signatures:"Chenghai Li",slug:"isolation-and-expansion-of-mesenchymal-stem-stromal-cells-functional-assays-and-long-term-culture-as",totalDownloads:73,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Cell Culture - Advanced Technology and Applications in Medical and Life Sciences",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10797.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"78960",title:"Two-Dimensional and Three-Dimensional Cell Culture and Their Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100382",signatures:"Sangeeta Ballav, Ankita Jaywant Deshmukh, Shafina Siddiqui, Jyotirmoi Aich and Soumya Basu",slug:"two-dimensional-and-three-dimensional-cell-culture-and-their-applications",totalDownloads:246,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Cell Culture - Advanced Technology and Applications in Medical and Life Sciences",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10797.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"78812",title:"Nanotechnology Application and Intellectual Property Right Prospects of Mammalian Cell Culture",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99146",signatures:"Harikrishnareddy Rachamalla, Anubhab Mukherjee and Manash K. Paul",slug:"nanotechnology-application-and-intellectual-property-right-prospects-of-mammalian-cell-culture",totalDownloads:117,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,authors:null,book:{title:"Cell Culture - Advanced Technology and Applications in Medical and Life Sciences",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10797.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"78274",title:"A Brief Concept of Cell Culture: Challenges, Prospects and Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99387",signatures:"Md. Salauddin",slug:"a-brief-concept-of-cell-culture-challenges-prospects-and-applications",totalDownloads:169,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Cell Culture - Advanced Technology and Applications in Medical and Life Sciences",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10797.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"78415",title:"Epigenetic",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99964",signatures:"Mehmet Ünal",slug:"epigenetic",totalDownloads:135,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Epigenetics to Optogenetics - A New Paradigm in the Study of Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9672.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"77443",title:"Cyanobacterial Phytochromes in Optogenetics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97522",signatures:"Sivasankari Sivaprakasam, Vinoth Mani, Nagalakshmi Balasubramaniyan and David Ravindran Abraham",slug:"cyanobacterial-phytochromes-in-optogenetics",totalDownloads:183,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Epigenetics to Optogenetics - A New Paradigm in the Study of Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9672.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"75979",title:"Spatiotemporal Regulation of Cell–Cell Adhesions",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97009",signatures:"Brent M. Bijonowski",slug:"spatiotemporal-regulation-of-cell-cell-adhesions",totalDownloads:169,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Epigenetics to Optogenetics - A New Paradigm in the Study of Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9672.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"76646",title:"Functional Mechanism of Proton Pump-Type Rhodopsins Found in Various Microorganisms as a Potential Effective Tool in Optogenetics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97589",signatures:"Jun Tamogami and Takashi Kikukawa",slug:"functional-mechanism-of-proton-pump-type-rhodopsins-found-in-various-microorganisms-as-a-potential-e",totalDownloads:196,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Epigenetics to Optogenetics - A New Paradigm in the Study of Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9672.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"76510",title:"Evolution of Epigenome as the Blueprint for Carcinogenesis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97379",signatures:"Zeenat Farooq, Ambreen Shah, Mohammad Tauseef, Riyaz A. Rather and Mumtaz Anwar",slug:"evolution-of-epigenome-as-the-blueprint-for-carcinogenesis",totalDownloads:189,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Epigenetics to Optogenetics - A New Paradigm in the Study of Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9672.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}}]},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:9,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"9959",title:"Biomedical Signal and Image Processing",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9959.jpg",slug:"biomedical-signal-and-image-processing",publishedDate:"April 14th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Yongxia Zhou",hash:"22b87a09bd6df065d78c175235d367c8",volumeInSeries:10,fullTitle:"Biomedical Signal and Image Processing",editors:[{id:"259308",title:"Dr.",name:"Yongxia",middleName:null,surname:"Zhou",slug:"yongxia-zhou",fullName:"Yongxia Zhou",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259308/images/system/259308.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Southern California",institution:{name:"University of Southern California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9973",title:"Data Acquisition",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Applications in Biomedical Engineering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9973.jpg",slug:"data-acquisition-recent-advances-and-applications-in-biomedical-engineering",publishedDate:"March 17th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",hash:"75ea6cdd241216c9db28aa734ab34446",volumeInSeries:9,fullTitle:"Data Acquisition - Recent Advances and Applications in Biomedical Engineering",editors:[{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9905",title:"Biometric Systems",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9905.jpg",slug:"biometric-systems",publishedDate:"February 10th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Muhammad Sarfraz",hash:"c730560dd2e3837a03407b3a86b0ef2a",volumeInSeries:8,fullTitle:"Biometric Systems",editors:[{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Kuwait"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8622",title:"Peptide Synthesis",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8622.jpg",slug:"peptide-synthesis",publishedDate:"December 18th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Jaya T. Varkey",hash:"de9fa48c5248dbfb581825b8c74f5623",volumeInSeries:0,fullTitle:"Peptide Synthesis",editors:[{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7497",title:"Computer Vision in Dentistry",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7497.jpg",slug:"computer-vision-in-dentistry",publishedDate:"September 18th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Monika Elzbieta Machoy",hash:"1e9812cebd46ef9e28257f3e96547f6a",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Computer Vision in Dentistry",editors:[{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8633",title:"Novel Diagnostic Methods in Ophthalmology",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8633.jpg",slug:"novel-diagnostic-methods-in-ophthalmology",publishedDate:"September 4th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Anna Nowinska",hash:"da2c90e8db647ead30504defce3fb5d3",volumeInSeries:6,fullTitle:"Novel Diagnostic Methods in Ophthalmology",editors:[{id:"261466",title:"Dr.",name:"Anna",middleName:"Karolina",surname:"Nowińska",slug:"anna-nowinska",fullName:"Anna Nowińska",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/261466/images/system/261466.jpeg",institutionString:"Medical University of Silesia",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7560",title:"Non-Invasive Diagnostic Methods",subtitle:"Image Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7560.jpg",slug:"non-invasive-diagnostic-methods-image-processing",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mariusz Marzec and Robert Koprowski",hash:"d92fd8cf5a90a47f2b8a310837a5600e",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Non-Invasive Diagnostic Methods - Image Processing",editors:[{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7218",title:"OCT",subtitle:"Applications in Ophthalmology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7218.jpg",slug:"oct-applications-in-ophthalmology",publishedDate:"September 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Michele Lanza",hash:"e3a3430cdfd6999caccac933e4613885",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"OCT - Applications in Ophthalmology",editors:[{id:"240088",title:"Prof.",name:"Michele",middleName:null,surname:"Lanza",slug:"michele-lanza",fullName:"Michele Lanza",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240088/images/system/240088.png",institutionString:'University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"',institution:{name:'University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"',institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"6692",title:"Medical and Biological Image Analysis",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6692.jpg",slug:"medical-and-biological-image-analysis",publishedDate:"July 4th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Robert Koprowski",hash:"e75f234a0fc1988d9816a94e4c724deb",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Medical and Biological Image Analysis",editors:[{id:"50150",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Koprowski",slug:"robert-koprowski",fullName:"Robert Koprowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTYNQA4/Profile_Picture_1630478535317",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},testimonialsList:[{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}},{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.jpg",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}},{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:86,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:96,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:283,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:138,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:128,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:105,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:100,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],subseriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Applied Intelligence",scope:"This field is the key in the current industrial revolution (Industry 4.0), where the new models and developments are based on the knowledge generation on applied intelligence. The motor of the society is the industry and the research of this topic has to be empowered in order to increase and improve the quality of our lives.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/22.jpg",keywords:"Machine Learning, Intelligence Algorithms, Data Science, Artificial Intelligence, Applications on Applied Intelligence"},{id:"23",title:"Computational Neuroscience",scope:"Computational neuroscience focuses on biologically realistic abstractions and models validated and solved through computational simulations to understand principles for the development, structure, physiology, and ability of the nervous system. This topic is dedicated to biologically plausible descriptions and computational models - at various abstraction levels - of neurons and neural systems. This includes, but is not limited to: single-neuron modeling, sensory processing, motor control, memory, and synaptic plasticity, attention, identification, categorization, discrimination, learning, development, axonal patterning, guidance, neural architecture, behaviors, and dynamics of networks, cognition and the neuroscientific basis of consciousness. Particularly interesting are models of various types of more compound functions and abilities, various and more general fundamental principles (e.g., regarding architecture, organization, learning, development, etc.) found at various spatial and temporal levels.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/23.jpg",keywords:"Single-Neuron Modeling, Sensory Processing, Motor Control, Memory and Synaptic Pasticity, Attention, Identification, Categorization, Discrimination, Learning, Development, Axonal Patterning and Guidance, Neural Architecture, Behaviours and Dynamics of Networks, Cognition and the Neuroscientific Basis of Consciousness"},{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision",scope:"The scope of this topic is to disseminate the recent advances in the rapidly growing field of computer vision from both the theoretical and practical points of view. Novel computational algorithms for image analysis, scene understanding, biometrics, deep learning and their software or hardware implementations for natural and medical images, robotics, VR/AR, applications are some research directions relevant to this topic.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/24.jpg",keywords:"Image Analysis, Scene Understanding, Biometrics, Deep Learning, Software Implementation, Hardware Implementation, Natural Images, Medical Images, Robotics, VR/AR"},{id:"25",title:"Evolutionary Computation",scope:"Evolutionary computing is a paradigm that has grown dramatically in recent years. This group of bio-inspired metaheuristics solves multiple optimization problems by applying the metaphor of natural selection. It so far has solved problems such as resource allocation, routing, schedule planning, and engineering design. Moreover, in the field of machine learning, evolutionary computation has carved out a significant niche both in the generation of learning models and in the automatic design and optimization of hyperparameters in deep learning models. This collection aims to include quality volumes on various topics related to evolutionary algorithms and, alternatively, other metaheuristics of interest inspired by nature. For example, some of the issues of interest could be the following: Advances in evolutionary computation (Genetic algorithms, Genetic programming, Bio-inspired metaheuristics, Hybrid metaheuristics, Parallel ECs); Applications of evolutionary algorithms (Machine learning and Data Mining with EAs, Search-Based Software Engineering, Scheduling, and Planning Applications, Smart Transport Applications, Applications to Games, Image Analysis, Signal Processing and Pattern Recognition, Applications to Sustainability).",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",keywords:"Genetic Algorithms, Genetic Programming, Evolutionary Programming, Evolution Strategies, Hybrid Algorithms, Bioinspired Metaheuristics, Ant Colony Optimization, Evolutionary Learning, Hyperparameter Optimization"},{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",scope:"The scope of machine learning and data mining is immense and is growing every day. It has become a massive part of our daily lives, making predictions based on experience, making this a fascinating area that solves problems that otherwise would not be possible or easy to solve. This topic aims to encompass algorithms that learn from experience (supervised and unsupervised), improve their performance over time and enable machines to make data-driven decisions. It is not limited to any particular applications, but contributions are encouraged from all disciplines.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/26.jpg",keywords:"Intelligent Systems, Machine Learning, Data Science, Data Mining, Artificial Intelligence"},{id:"27",title:"Multi-Agent Systems",scope:"Multi-agent systems are recognised as a state of the art field in Artificial Intelligence studies, which is popular due to the usefulness in facilitation capabilities to handle real-world problem-solving in a distributed fashion. The area covers many techniques that offer solutions to emerging problems in robotics and enterprise-level software systems. Collaborative intelligence is highly and effectively achieved with multi-agent systems. Areas of application include swarms of robots, flocks of UAVs, collaborative software management. Given the level of technological enhancements, the popularity of machine learning in use has opened a new chapter in multi-agent studies alongside the practical challenges and long-lasting collaboration issues in the field. It has increased the urgency and the need for further studies in this field. We welcome chapters presenting research on the many applications of multi-agent studies including, but not limited to, the following key areas: machine learning for multi-agent systems; modeling swarms robots and flocks of UAVs with multi-agent systems; decision science and multi-agent systems; software engineering for and with multi-agent systems; tools and technologies of multi-agent systems.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/27.jpg",keywords:"Collaborative Intelligence, Learning, Distributed Control System, Swarm Robotics, Decision Science, Software Engineering"}],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:{title:"Artificial Intelligence",id:"14"},selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",issn:"2631-5343",scope:"Biomedical Engineering is one of the fastest-growing interdisciplinary branches of science and industry. The combination of electronics and computer science with biology and medicine has improved patient diagnosis, reduced rehabilitation time, and helped to facilitate a better quality of life. Nowadays, all medical imaging devices, medical instruments, or new laboratory techniques result from the cooperation of specialists in various fields. The series of Biomedical Engineering books covers such areas of knowledge as chemistry, physics, electronics, medicine, and biology. This series is intended for doctors, engineers, and scientists involved in biomedical engineering or those wanting to start working in this field.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/7.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 7th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfPublishedChapters:96,numberOfPublishedBooks:12,editor:{id:"50150",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Koprowski",fullName:"Robert Koprowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTYNQA4/Profile_Picture_1630478535317",biography:"Robert Koprowski, MD (1997), PhD (2003), Habilitation (2015), is an employee of the University of Silesia, Poland, Institute of Computer Science, Department of Biomedical Computer Systems. For 20 years, he has studied the analysis and processing of biomedical images, emphasizing the full automation of measurement for a large inter-individual variability of patients. Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},subseries:[{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",keywords:"Biomedical Data, Drug Discovery, Clinical Diagnostics, Decoding Human Genome, AI in Personalized Medicine, Disease-prevention Strategies, Big Data Analysis in Medicine",scope:"Bioinformatics aims to help understand the functioning of the mechanisms of living organisms through the construction and use of quantitative tools. The applications of this research cover many related fields, such as biotechnology and medicine, where, for example, Bioinformatics contributes to faster drug design, DNA analysis in forensics, and DNA sequence analysis in the field of personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is a type of medical care in which treatment is customized individually for each patient. Personalized medicine enables more effective therapy, reduces the costs of therapy and clinical trials, and also minimizes the risk of side effects. Nevertheless, advances in personalized medicine would not have been possible without bioinformatics, which can analyze the human genome and other vast amounts of biomedical data, especially in genetics. The rapid growth of information technology enabled the development of new tools to decode human genomes, large-scale studies of genetic variations and medical informatics. The considerable development of technology, including the computing power of computers, is also conducive to the development of bioinformatics, including personalized medicine. In an era of rapidly growing data volumes and ever lower costs of generating, storing and computing data, personalized medicine holds great promises. Modern computational methods used as bioinformatics tools can integrate multi-scale, multi-modal and longitudinal patient data to create even more effective and safer therapy and disease prevention methods. Main aspects of the topic are: Applying bioinformatics in drug discovery and development; Bioinformatics in clinical diagnostics (genetic variants that act as markers for a condition or a disease); Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning in personalized medicine; Customize disease-prevention strategies in personalized medicine; Big data analysis in personalized medicine; Translating stratification algorithms into clinical practice of personalized medicine.",annualVolume:11403,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",editor:{id:"351533",title:"Dr.",name:"Slawomir",middleName:null,surname:"Wilczynski",fullName:"Slawomir Wilczynski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035U1loQAC/Profile_Picture_1630074514792",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"5886",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandros",middleName:"T.",surname:"Tzallas",fullName:"Alexandros Tzallas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/5886/images/system/5886.png",institutionString:"University of Ioannina, Greece & Imperial College London",institution:{name:"University of Ioannina",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},{id:"257388",title:"Distinguished Prof.",name:"Lulu",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Lulu Wang",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRX6kQAG/Profile_Picture_1630329584194",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Shenzhen Technology University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"225387",title:"Prof.",name:"Reda",middleName:"R.",surname:"Gharieb",fullName:"Reda Gharieb",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/225387/images/system/225387.jpg",institutionString:"Assiut University",institution:{name:"Assiut University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",keywords:"Bioinspired Systems, Biomechanics, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation",scope:'Bioinspired technologies take advantage of understanding the actual biological system to provide solutions to problems in several areas. Recently, bioinspired systems have been successfully employing biomechanics to develop and improve assistive technology and rehabilitation devices. The research topic "Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics" welcomes studies reporting recent advances in bioinspired technologies that contribute to individuals\' health, inclusion, and rehabilitation. Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',annualVolume:11404,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"49517",title:"Prof.",name:"Hitoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Tsunashima",fullName:"Hitoshi Tsunashima",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTP4QAO/Profile_Picture_1625819726528",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nihon University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"425354",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcus",middleName:"Fraga",surname:"Vieira",fullName:"Marcus Vieira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003BJSgIQAX/Profile_Picture_1627904687309",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Goiás",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",middleName:null,surname:"Vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196746/images/system/196746.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institution:{name:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",annualVolume:11405,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"35539",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Cristea",fullName:"Cecilia Cristea",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYQ65QAG/Profile_Picture_1621007741527",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"40735",title:"Dr.",name:"Gil",middleName:"Alberto Batista",surname:"Gonçalves",fullName:"Gil Gonçalves",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYRLGQA4/Profile_Picture_1628492612759",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"211725",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Johann F.",middleName:null,surname:"Osma",fullName:"Johann F. Osma",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSDv7QAG/Profile_Picture_1626602531691",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad de Los Andes",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Colombia"}}},{id:"69697",title:"Dr.",name:"Mani T.",middleName:null,surname:"Valarmathi",fullName:"Mani T. Valarmathi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/69697/images/system/69697.jpg",institutionString:"Religen Inc. | A Life Science Company, United States of America",institution:null},{id:"205081",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco",middleName:"Vinícius",surname:"Chaud",fullName:"Marco Chaud",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSDGeQAO/Profile_Picture_1622624307737",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade de Sorocaba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/74187",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"74187"},fullPath:"/profiles/74187",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()