The nature of the respiratory system pathology and the frequency of respiratory failure in two groups of patients without clinical, radiological and biochemical signs of COVID-19.
\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"3261",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Glaucoma - Basic and Clinical Aspects",title:"Glaucoma",subtitle:"Basic and Clinical Aspects",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Glaucoma is a specialty in ophthalmology that includes a group of diseases that affect the optic disc and visual fields and is usually accompanied by increased intraocular pressure. This book addresses new topics in glaucoma that have not been included and expands topics that have been included in the previous glaucoma books published by InTech. The book is a product of balance between expedited publication and the will to encompass the whole field and therefore contains the latest developments and new perspectives in glaucoma. It is intended for glaucoma specialists, general ophthalmologists, trainees and researches to increase the knowledge and understanding these complex diseases and to encourage further investigation for the benefit of the entire human community.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-1064-4",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-7130-0",doi:"10.5772/45915",price:159,priceEur:175,priceUsd:205,slug:"glaucoma-basic-and-clinical-aspects",numberOfPages:522,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"75a36fb78ed74e1a5de53d6d5371a9db",bookSignature:"Shimon Rumelt",publishedDate:"April 17th 2013",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3261.jpg",numberOfDownloads:52554,numberOfWosCitations:28,numberOfCrossrefCitations:21,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:1,numberOfDimensionsCitations:39,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:1,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:88,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 11th 2012",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 2nd 2012",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"August 6th 2012",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"November 4th 2012",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 4th 2012",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"54335",title:"Dr.",name:"Shimon",middleName:null,surname:"Rumelt",slug:"shimon-rumelt",fullName:"Shimon Rumelt",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/54335/images/system/54335.jpg",biography:"Prof. Shimon Rumelt received his medical degree and diploma in ophthalmology from Tel Aviv University, Israel. He completed his ophthalmology residency program at Western Galilee - Nahariya Medical Center in Nahariya, Israel , then an oculoplastics fellowship at Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts, and vitreoretinal fellowship at Boston University. He earned a master degree in PubIic Administration (Health Systems) from Clark University, Worcester, MA. Prof. Rumelt is a senior ophthalmologist at the Western Galilee - Nahariya Medical Center and is engaged with various fields in\r\nophthalmology. He is engaged with clinical activities, surgery, research and teaching medical students, residents and fellows. Prof. Rumelt edited four books and is author and co-author of approximately 100 scientific articles and book chapters. He is a member of the editorial board of Evidence-Based Ophthalmology and a reviewer for multiple professional journals. 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Researchers identify 2 more disease periods associated with SARS-coronavirus-2 infection, including a rare hyperinflammatory syndrome after an acute period and late inflammatory andvirological complications [1, 2]. These 3 disease periods not only determine the time course of SARS-CoV-2 infection at the population level, but also reflect the possible multiple organ involvement [1, 2, 5]. Patients may have pronounced cardiovascular and gastrointestinal lesions, and dermatological and cutaneous-mucous manifestations, such as giperosmolarna with Kawasaki disease [1, 2]. Laboratory studies can reveal elevated inflammatory markers (e.g., levels of C-reactive protein and ferritin), a coagulopathy (e.g. D-dimer) and elevated cardiac markers (troponin level), [6, 7]. According to the available data and according to some experts, the COVID-19 developing trebovatelna process or COVID-19-associated coagulopathy [5, 8, 9].
To the development of the disease most often predispose:
cardiovascular diseases, especially arterial hypertension;
diabetes mellitus;
chronic lung disease;
cancer (in particular, hematological malignancies, lung cancer, and metastasis);
chronic kidney disease;
obesity;
smoking;
immunodeficiency states;
According to sources from the Chinese center for disease control and prevention (February 2020) and who information materials [12, 13], the death rate from COVID-19 largely depends on the age of patients and the presence of chronic diseases, including diabetes mellitus (Figure 1). Based on the study of 72,314 cases of COVID-19, the researchers obtained the following statistics: patients suffering from cardiovascular diseases had a mortality rate of 13.2%, with verified diabetes mellitus 9.2%, with arterial hypertension 8.4%, with chronic forms of diseases respiratory tract 8%, with oncological pathology 7.6% [12, 13].
Mortality rate of covid-19 patients by chronic disease (sources: WHO, Chinese authorities as of February 2020), [
Diabetes can increase the risk of death in COVID-19 by 12 times, according to the portal of the US Centers for disease control and prevention [14]. Coronavirus-infected diabetics are six times more likely to need hospital admission and inpatient treatment, and diabetes is the second most severe complication in COVID-19 after cardiovascular disease [15].
The state of carbohydrate metabolism in patients with COVID-19 has not been sufficiently studied in clinical studies. Isolated studies indicate that viral infection may be accompanied by an increase in the concentration of glycated hemoglobin in patients with viral pneumonia [16, 17, 18].
To assess the frequency of fasting hyperglycemia and the frequency of diagnosis of newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus in patients with COVID-19 and acute lung damage aged 41–80 years, who were hospitalized in a repurposed infectious diseases hospital in Moscow with a diagnosis of pneumonia.
We have analyzed laboratory and clinical diagnostic data of 278 patients who had, according to the anamnesis and the medical conclusions of impaired glucose tolerance and manifested forms of diabetes, including 163 men and 115 women, aged 41–80 years, admitted to the hospital for diagnosis and treatment in the period from 12.04.2020 on 10.11.2020 of diagnoses according to international classification of diseases and causes of death revision 10 (ICD-10): U07.1 Coronavirus infection caused by a virus COVID-19, virus identified (confirmed by laboratory testing regardless of the severity of clinical signs or symptoms); J12.9 community acquired pneumonia. Patients ‘data were archived in the city computer system of DZM KIS EMIAS (unified medical information and analytical system Department of health of the city of Moscow). All patients were admitted to the hospital with fever symptoms, cough complaints, and shortness of breath. After inpatient treatment, all patients showed regression of inflammatory changes in the lungs and improvement of their condition. Patients were divided into groups depending on their age and the results of biochemical (PCR diagnostics and enzyme immunoassay for determining the concentration of M and G-immunoglobulins) and clinical-radiological studies MSCT (multispiral computed tomography of the chest and lung radiography) performed in all 278 patients. Diagnosis COVID-19 was verified from 162 patients, including 86 men and 76 women who were divided into two groups according to age: 1st - 86 patients at the age from 41 to 60 years, an average of 50.7 ± 1.8 years, men 50(58.1 per cent), women 36(41.9 percent) and 3-group, 76 patients aged 61 to 80 years, an average of 70.3 ± 2.6 years, men 36,women 40. The comparison group consisted of 116 patients, including 77 men and 39 women with pathology of respiratory system coming to the hospital on an emergency basis with referral physician diagnosis of SMP J12.9 community acquired pneumonia, in which the results of the study in the hospital signs of infection COVID-19 have been identified. By age, these patients were divided into two groups: group 2–57 patients aged 41–60 years, average 50.2 ± 2.4, men 36, women 21 and group 4–59 patients, including 41 men and 18 women, age from 61 to 80 years, average age 66.3 ± 1.5 years. The nature of the pathology of the lungs and respiratory system in patients without signs of covid-19 infection is shown in Table 1.
Namber. Disease, degree of respiratory failure | Group 2 (41–60 years old) (n = 57) | Group 4 (61–80 years old) (n = 59) | The difference in percentages |
---|---|---|---|
1. Segmental pneumonia of one lung | 1 (1.7%) | 0 | 1.7% |
2. Focal pneumonia of one lung | 2(3,5%) | 0 | 3,5% |
3. Lobar pneumonia of one lung | 11(19,3%) | 15(25,4%) | 6,1% |
4. Polysegmental pneumonia of 2 lungs | 8(14%) | 14(23,7%) | 9,7% |
5. Acute bronchitis | 0 | 2(3,4%) | 3,4% |
6. Chronic bronchitis, exacerbation | 4(7%) | 5 (8.5%) | 1.5% |
7. Chronic obstructive bronchitis (COВD), exacerbation | 6(10,5%) | 9(15,2%) | 4,7% |
8. COВD out of exacerbation | 9(15,8%) | 4((6,8%) | 9% |
9. Bronchial asthma | 9(15,8%) | 4((6,8%) | 9% |
10. Bronchiectasis | 0 | 2(3,4%) | 3,4% |
11. Benign formation of the bronchus | 0 | 1(1,7%) | 1,7% |
12. Pneumosclerosis | 3(5,3%) | 9(15,2%) | 9,9% |
13. Еmphysema of the lungs | 1(1,7%) | 4(6,8%) | 5,1% |
14. Bullous emphysema | 0 | 2(3,4%) | 3,4% |
15. 1-sided hydrothorax | 3(5,3%) | 4(6,8%) | 1,5% |
16. 2-sided hydrothorax | 8(15,8%) | 5(8,5%) | 7,3% |
17. Exudative pleurisy | 2(3,5%) | 3(5,1%) | 1,6% |
18. Pneumothorax | 0 | 2(3,4%) | 3,4% |
19. Atelectasis lungs | 0 | 2(3,4%) | 3,4% |
20. Pulmonary embolism (PE) of the 1st lung | 8(14%) | 1(1.7%) | 12.3% |
21. PE of 2 lungs | 1(1,7%) | 0 | 1,7% |
22. Stagnation in the pulmonary circulation (stagnation in the MCC) | 2(3,5%) | 2(3,4%) | 0,1% |
23. Acute respiratory viral infections | 1(1,7%) | 0 | 1,7% |
24. Sleep apnea syndrome | 1(1,7%) | 0 | 1,7% |
25. Respiratory failure 0 | . 1(1,7%) | 1(1,7%) | 0 |
26. Respiratory failure 1 degree | . 2(3,4%) | 4(6,8%) | 3,4% |
27. Respiratory failure 2 degree | 2(3,4%) | 0 | 3,4% |
The nature of the respiratory system pathology and the frequency of respiratory failure in two groups of patients without clinical, radiological and biochemical signs of COVID-19.
The nature of lung damage according to the chest MSCT method and the severity of respiratory failure in patients with COVID-19 and pneumonia are shown in Table 2.
Number Disease | Group 1 (41–60 years old) (n = 86) | Group 3 (61–80 years old) (n = 76) | The difference in percentages |
---|---|---|---|
1. Pneumonia of the 1st lung | 6(7%) | 5(6,6%) | 0,4% |
2. Pneumonia of 2 lungs | 69(80,2%) | 63(82,9%) | 2,7% |
3. No pneumonia | 11(12,8%) | 8(10,5%) | 2,3% |
4. MSCT scan 1(the degree of lung damage according to the results of multispiral computed tomography) | 31(41,3%) | 21(27,6%) | 13,7% |
5. MSCT scan 2 | 36(48%) | 47(61,9%) | 13,9% |
6. MSCT scan 3 | 8(10,7%) | 7(9,2%) | 1,5% |
7. MSCT scan 4 | 0 | 1(1,3%) | 1,3% |
8. Respiratory failure 0 | 4(4,6%) | 3(3,9%) | 0,7% |
9. Respiratory failure 1 degree | 4(4,6%) | 2(2,6%) | 2% |
10. Respiratory failure 2 degree | 0 | 3(3,9%) | 3,9% |
The frequency of detection of pneumonia in one and two lungs, the severity of pneumonia according to the criteria of multispiral computed tomography of the lungs, and the severity of respiratory failure in two groups of patients of different ages with COVID-19 (number of cases, frequency in %).
Note: MSCT scan 0 Lungs are clean, there are no lesions. CT1 Focal inflammatory processes filling no more than 25% of alveoli. CT2 Half of the lung tissue is affected. CT3 Up to 75% of lungs are involved in the pathological process. CT4 Bilateral interstitial pneumonia, complete filling of the lung tissue with exudate. The condition is designated by the term respiratory distress syndrome, requires connection to a ventilator. From the site: https://tyubik.net/lecheniye-preparatami/991-kt-1-2-3-4-chto-jeto-znachit-pri-koronaviruse .html.
In the selected groups of patients, theinitial and subsequent fasting blood glucose levels were analyzed after 8 hours without food intake on a stationary automatic analyzer and using portable glucose, meters using diagnostic test strips. The concentration of glucose and ketones in the urine was determined by a semi-quantitative method. We evaluated the dynamics of indicators when detecting pathological values of glucose concentration. Glucose levels above 6.4 mmol/l were taken as pathological.
To assess hyperglycemia and diabetes, the “criteria for newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus” were used [World Health Organization, WHO, 9 June 2012]:
Diabetes symptoms + increased venous blood plasma glucose concentration of 11.1 mmol/l when measured randomly. A measurement is considered random at any time of the day, without taking into account the time since the last meal. The classic symptoms of diabetes are polyuria, polydipsia, and weight loss in the absence of obvious causes.
Fasting glucose concentration in blood plasma is 7.0 mmol/l or in whole blood 6.1 mmol/l. Measurement of glucose concentration is considered to be performed on an empty stomach, if at least 8 hours have passed after a meal.
The concentration of glucose in blood plasma is 11.1 mmol/l 2 hours after taking 75 g of glucose (glucose tolerance test).
If there are no symptoms of diabetes, a second test should be performed on a different day to confirm the diagnosis. If the diagnosis cannot be confirmed by the level of fasting glycemia or by random measurement, a glucose tolerance test is performed.
At values above 7.0 mmol/l, according to WHO recommendations, 2012, a glucose tolerance test was performed and the level of glycosylated hemoglobin in the patient’s peripheral blood was determined. The level of triglycerides and cholesterol in the blood serum was determined using a Getpremier spectrophotometer (USA). The level of pathologically elevated triglyceride concentrations was considered to be values above 2.8 mmol/l, cholesterol concentrations above 5.2 mmol/l.
Exclusion criteria. The sample did not include patients with worsening of pneumonia, transfer to the intensive care unit, death due to complications of covid infection, cirrhosis of the liver, oncopathology and hemoblastosis, chronic kidney disease of stages 4 and 5, purulent lung lesions, heart failure above stage 2A, with previously diagnosed diabetes and glucose tolerance disorders.
Methods of statistical processing of the obtained data. All the results of the study were processed statistically using the Exsel and Statgraphics software packages (version 2.6). The student’s “t-test” was used to compare continuous variables. The Chi – square test or Fisher’s exact test were used to evaluate a feature that characterizes the frequency of the phenomenon. The values were compared with the non-Gaussian distribution using the Mann–Whitney U-test. The average intergroup differences of the same type of indicators were compared with the assessment of the reliability of the detected differences.Were considered to be reliable values at p < 0,05.
The detection rate of hyperglycemia exceeded 30% in group 1 of patients aged 41–60 years with COVID-19 and pneumonia, hyperglycemia persisted during the hospital follow - up period – in 14%, and the frequency of newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus exceeded 9% (Table 3). For all these parameters, we did not find any significant differences from the average values in the 2nd comparison group.The frequency of diagnosis of ketonuria in urine was 3.6 times higher in group 1 (the difference was statistically significant, p).
Number | Indicator | Group 1 (n = 86, men 50, women 36) Patients with COVID-19 and pneumonia | Group 2 (n = 57, men 36, women 21) Patients with lung pathology | Difference in % | The significance of differen-ces, p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. | Increased blood glucose concentration | 27(31,4%) | 27(47,4%) | 16% | >0,05 |
2. | Normal concentration of glucose in the blood | 59(68,6%) | 30(52,6%) | 16% | >0,05 |
3. | The frequency achieved of normoglycemia at higher rate | 17 of 27 (63%) | 21 of 27 (77.8%) | 14.8% | >0,1 |
4. | Frequency of preservation of hyperglycemia during the period of inpatient treatment | 4 of 27 (14.8%) | 4 of 27 (14.8%) | 0 | >0,5 |
5. | Frequency identified the glycosuria | 4 of 65 (6.1%) | 1 of 47 (2.1%) | 4% | >0.3 |
6. | Average values of glucose concentration in urine (mmol/l) | 17,6 ± 3,86 (2,8–56) | 1,7 | — | — |
7. | Without glucosuria | 61 of 65 (93.9%) | 46 of 47(97,9%) | 4% | >0,3 |
8. | Ketonuria rate | 30 of 65 (46.2%) | 6 of 47 (12,8%) | 33,4% | <0,01 |
9. | The average values of the concentration of ketones in the urine (mmol/l) | 1,99 ± 0,26 (0,1-7,8) | 3,52 ± 0,56 (0,1–10) | 43,4% | <0,001 |
10. | No detected ketonuria | 35 of 65 (53.8%) | 41 of 47(87,2%) | 33,4% | <0,01 |
11. | Newly diagnosed diabetes (DM) | 8 of 86 (9.3%) | 5 of 57 (8,8%) | 0,5% | > > 0,5 |
Frequency of diagnosis of hyperglycemia, glucosuria, ketonuria and newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus in groups of patients aged 41–60 years with COVID-19 and pneumonia (group 1) and in patients with respiratory system damage without COVID-19 infection (group 2).
In the study of lipid metabolism in groups of patients it was found that pukazatel the frequency of hypertriglyceridemia was 25% in the 1st group of patients and was significantly higher than the values of the comparison group - 2-group, in which cases the improvement in the levels of TG in peripheral blood have been identified (Table 4). The average values of the concentrations of this lipid was also significantly higher in patients with COVID-19 and pneumonia (group 1), by 43.4% (p < 0,001). The frequency of hypercholesterolemia was higher in the 1st group of patients – in 22.2% of patients and exceeded by 18.4% (significantly, p).
Number | Indicator | Group 1 (n = 86) Patients with COVID-19 and pneumonia | Group 2 (n = 57) Patients with lung pathology | Difference in % | Significance of differen-ces, p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. | Frequency of hypertriglyceridemia | 25% | 0 | 25% | <0.03 |
2. | Without hypertriglyceridemia | 75% | 100% | 25% | <0,03 |
3. | The average values of triglycerides concentration in blood (mmol/l) | 2,43 ± 0,49 (0,76-6,81) | 1,39 ± 0,08 (1,14-1,80) | 42,8% | <0,001 |
4. | Frequency of hypercholesterolemia | 22,2% | 4% | 18,4% | <0,05 |
5. | Frequency of normocholesterolemia | 77,8% | 96% | 18,4% | <0,05 |
6. | Average values of concentration of cholesterol in blood (mmol/l) | 3,86 ± 1,07 (0,62-7,75) | 3,95 ± 0,98 (1,83-5,31) | 2,3% | >0,3 |
The nature of changes in the concentration of triglycerides and cholesterol in peripheral blood in patients aged 41–60 years with COVID-19 and pneumonia (group 1) and in patients with respiratory system damage without COVID-19 infection (group 2), M ± m, the frequency of the sign in % and the significance of differences.
The frequency of hyperglycemia detection exceeded 45% in group 3 patients aged 61–80 years with COVID-19 and pneumonia, hyperglycemia persisted during the hospital follow - up period – in 16.7%, and the frequency of newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus exceeded 13% (Table 5). In these parameters, except for the frequency of hyperglycemia preservation, we did not detect significant differences from the average values in group 4 comparison.
Number | Indicator | Group 3 (n = 76, male 36, female 40) Patients with COVID-19 and pneumonia | Group 4 (n = 59, men 41, women18) Patients with lung pathology | Difference in % | The significance of differences |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. | Elevated blood glucose | 36 of 76 (47.3%) | 35 of 59 (59,3%) | 12% | > > 0,1 |
2. | The normal concentration of glucose in blood | 40 of 76(52.7%) | 24 of 59(40.7%) | 12% | >0,1 |
3. | Frequency achieved normoglycemia at higher rate | 28 of 36 (77.8%) | 20 of 35 (57.1%) | 20.7% | <0,05 |
4. | Frequency of preservation of hyperglycemia during the period of inpatient treatment | 6 of 36 (16,7%) | 5 of 35 (14.3%) | 2.4% | >0,3 |
5. | The identified frequency of glycosuria | 1 of 54 (1.9%) | 8 of 48 (16.7%) | 14,8% | >0,1 |
6. | Average values of glucose concentration in urine (mmol/l) | 5.5 | 2,35 ± 0,74 (0,1–5,6) | — | |
7. | Without glucosuria | 53 of 54 (98.1%) | 40 of 48 (83,3%) | 14,8% | >0,1 |
8. | Ketonuria rate | 11 of 54 (20.4%) | 5 of 48 (10,4%) | 10% | >0,2 |
9. | The average values of the concentration of ketones in the urine (mmol/l) | 1,27 ± 0,21 (0,1-6,0) | 2,44 ± 0,37 (0,1–8) | 47,9% | <0,001 |
10. | No detected ketonuria | 43 of 54 (79.6%) | 43 of 48 (89,6%) | 10% | >0,2 |
11. | Newly diagnosed DM | 10 of 76 (13.1%) | 5 of 59(8,5%) | 4,6% | >0,3 |
Frequency of diagnosis of hyperglycemia, glucosuria, ketonuria and newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus in groups of patients aged 61–80 years with COVID-19 and pneumonia (group 3) and in patients with respiratory system damage without COVID-19 infection (group 4).
This indicator was 20.4% higher in the 1st group of patients, the difference was significant (p < 0.05). The frequency of diagnosis of ketonuria in urine was 2.0 times higher in group 1 (the difference is statistically unreliable, p > 0.2), but the average concentration of ketone bodies was 47.9% lower (significantly, p < 0,001).
We did not detect any cases of pathological elevation of TG levels in peripheral blood in groups 3 and 4 of patients (Table 6). The Mean values of the concentration of this lipid also did not differ significantly and significantly in patients with COVID-19 and pneumonia (group 3), and in patients of the comparison group (group 4). The frequency of hypercholesterolemia was also higher in the 4th group of patients – in 23.6% of patients and exceeded by 14.7% (unreliable, p > 0,05).
n/a number | Indicator | Group 3 (n = 76, male 36, female 40) Patients with COVID-19 and pneumonia | Group 4 (n = 59, men 41, women 18) Patients with lung pathology | Difference in % | Significance of differences |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. | Frequency of hypertriglyceridemia | 0 | 0 | 0 | — |
2. | Without hypertriglyceridemia | 100% | 100% | 0 | 0 |
. | The average values of triglycerides concentration in blood (mmol/l) | 1,31 ± 0,08 (0,80-1,73) | 1,45 ± 0,15 (0,62-2,25) | 9,6% | >0,2 |
4. | Frequency of hypercholesterolemia | 2,7% | > > 0,3 | 14,7% | >0,1 |
5. | Without hypercholesterolemia | 91,1% | 76,4% | 14,7% | >0,1 |
6. | Average values of concentration of cholesterol in blood (mmol/l) | 3,93 ± 0,83 (1,44-5,74) | 4,04 ± 1,48 (3,19-7,43) | 2,7% | >0,5 |
The nature of changes in the concentration of triglycerides (TG) and cholesterol (CH) in peripheral blood in patients aged 61–80 years with COVID-19 and pneumonia (group 3) and in patients with respiratory system damage without COVID-19 infection (group 4), M ± m, the frequency of the sign in % and the significance of differences.
To clarify the nature of the association of hyperglycemia with comorbidity and the nature of therapy in patients with COVID-19 and pneumonia, we compared the frequency of diseases recorded in medical records in 162 patients aged 41–80 years, including 63 with hyperglycemia and 99 with normoglycemia (Table 7). A statistically significant association with hyperglycemia was confirmed only for the diagnosis of grade 2–3 hypertension (arterial hypertension) – the difference between the groups was 22.8% (p < 0,03). The sign of grade 2–3 obesity was 16.8% more common in patients with hyperglycemia, the difference is on the verge of statistical significance (p > 0.05).
Number | Indicator, type of pathology, treatment method | The frequency difference between | The accuracy of the indicator R |
---|---|---|---|
1. | Hypertension of 2–3 degrees of severity | 22.8% | <0.03 |
2. | Grade 2–3 obesity | 16.8% | >0.05 |
3. | Uterine fibroids (women) | 11,1% | >0,2 |
4. | Paroxysmal and permanent-functional form of atrial fibrillation | 10% | >0.2 |
5. | Chronic alcoholic disease | 7.4% | >0.3 |
6. | Intracoronary transluminal angioplasty (TLAP) procedures, stenting | 6.3% | >0.3 |
7. | Viral hepatitis B, C | 6% | >0.3 |
The degree of difference in the frequency of certain forms of pathology and treatment measures in patients with COVID-19 and pneumonia aged 41–80 years, which prevailed in patients with hyperglycemia (n = 63), compared with patients with normal blood glucose concentration (n = 99).
The study conducted in patients aged 41–80 years admitted to the hospital with suspected covid-19 infection revealed fasting hyperglycemia in 31–47% of different age groups, and newly diagnosed DM in 9–13% of patients. Comparison with groups of patients with acute and chronic lung pathology did not allow us to note significant and significant differences in these indicators. These data suggest that the development of covid infection with the addition of pneumonia is a significant factor in both the development of transient hyperglycemia and the manifestation of diabetes mellitus.
Our data are confirmed by the results obtained in previous studies on the clinical assessment of the course of covid-19 in patients at a hospital in Wuhan (China). Thus, the authors reported that of 99 infected individuals, it was shown that 52% had elevated glucose levels, and in some patients with viral pneumonia, virus infection was accompanied by an increase in the concentration of glycated hemoglobin [19].
According to our data, in 16.6–31.3% of patients after treatment and regression of changes in the lungs, normalization of glucose levels was also observed, but in 14.8–16.7% the changes persisted, and in 9–13% of them, after an additional study, newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus was diagnosed. From these data, it can be assumed that the effect of covid-viral infection on carbohydrate metabolism in patients with pneumonia is observed mainly in the acute period of the disease, but in some patients, the disease in subsequent periods may manifest previously existing prerequisites for the development of chronic pathology (diabetes mellitus).
A feature of carbohydrate metabolism disorders in patients with COVID-19 and pneumonia in our study was a high frequency of ketonuria – more than 45% of patients aged 41–60 years studied in group 1. In the 3rd group of older patients, this pattern was less pronounced, the frequency of ketonuria exceeded 20%. We tried to link this feature of changes in the metabolism of ketone bodies with the vastness of the lung lesion and impaired gas exchange. However, a comparison of the rates of respiratory failure of varying severity in groups 1–3 of patients with COVID-19, as well as indicators of the severity of lung damage according to the diagnostic criteria of the chest MSCT method (multispiral computed tomography of the chest), did not reveal significant and significant differences between the groups. Based on the obtained data, we suggested that viral antigens can change the parameters of tissue membrane permeability for glucose in patients, with an increase in under-oxidized ketone bodies in the bloodstream and an increase in their urinary excretion. The rate of elimination of ketone bodies in the urine was apparently, higher in patients with COVID-19 in group 1 aged 41–60 years than in group 3, 61–80 years, which can be explained by a more preserved filtration function of the kidneys in the younger part of patients with this infection.
To date, apparently, only a few studies have estimated the prevalence of acidosis and ketoacidosis in a large number (n = 658) hospitalized patients with confirmed COVID-19 [20]. Of this sample, 42 (6.4%) patients had positive urine or serum ketones, with only three of 42 (7%) meeting the American Diabetes Association criteria for decompensated ketoacidosis (DKA). People with ketosis were about twice as likely to develop diabetes in this study, and three people who developed DKA were diagnosed with diabetes [20]. In a review and analytical article by employees from the Italian University and the Nephrological Center of Naples (Campania University, “Luigi Vanvitelli”, and Nefrocenter Research & Nyx Start-UP, Naples, Italy), the nature of keto-acidotic conditions in patients with COVID-19 is analyzed The authors believe that at the onset of diabetes such conditions may include the so-called pre-diabetic state (impaired fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance), which occur with persistently normal levels of glycated hemoglobin, in addition, with a temporary hyperglycemic effect, usually observed in any acute or severe inflammatory disease, or symptoms and signs of ketoacidosis in patients, causes decompensated diabetes [21]. In actual clinical practice, clinicians may classify any event that occurs in people with high blood sugar levels as decompensated ketoacidosis (DKA), regardless of whether it was a real case of DKA or the accumulation of ketones was a consequence of respiratory acidosis potentiated by malnutrition (ion-controlled ketosis). A factor of keto-acidosis can also be a high concentration of inflammatory markers in the blood of patients with COVID-19, which is also typical for DKA, regardless of the concomitant disease [22, 23].
This assumption is confirmed by the results of studies in groups of patients with COVID-19 indicators of lipid metabolism. Since the natural type of lipid changes in diabetes mellitus, according to the literature, hypercholesterolemia are the most common types of lipid changes in diabetes mellitus, we analyzed these lipid parameters. The frequency of both hypertriglyceridemia and hypercholesterolemia in the group of patients aged 41–60 years with COVID-19 and pneumonia exceeded 22% and was significantly higher than in the comparison group of patients of similar age without this viral infection. However, we did not find such differences in the groups of older patients. These data allowed us to assume that COVID-19 infection to a greater extent can affect glucose-dependent mechanisms of lipid exchange of triglycerides and cholesterol in patients with pneumonia at the age of 61 years than in older patients in whom lipid changes often cause not acute, and chronic factors associated with age-related changes of liver function and central hemodynamics. To clarify this issue, we analyzed the frequency of diagnosis of various forms of pathology, including cardiovascular, in patients with COVID-19 and pneumonia with hyperglycemia and normoglycemia in the general group of patients aged 41–80 years. The comparison allowed us to establish that hyperglycemia was significantly more often detected in patients with arterial hypertension of 2–3 degrees of severity and-with a tendency to reliability-more often in patients with obesity of 2–3 degrees. Neither coronary atherosclerosis (confirmed by coronary angiography and coronary stenosis plastic surgery), nor the frequency of previously developed cardiosclerosis with damage to the cardiac conduction system and the development of atrial fibrillation, nor liver damage in viral hepatitis and chronic alcoholism in the groups of patients with COVID-19 and pneumonia had a significant direct relationship with the frequency of detected cases of hyperglycemia.
In patients aged 41–80 years who were hospitalized with covid-19 infection and pneumonia, fasting hyperglycemia was diagnosed in 31–47%, glucosuria in 1.9–6.1%, ketonuria – 20.4-46.2% of cases, in different age groups.
In 16.6–31.3% of cases in patients with covid-19, after treatment and regression of changes in the lungs, normalization of glucose levels was observed, but in 14.8–16.7% of the changes persisted, and in 9–13% of them, after an additional study, newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus was diagnosed.
Hyperglycemia was significantly more often detected in patients with arterial hypertension of 2–3 degrees of severity and with a tendency to reliability, in patients with obesity of 2–3 degrees. Lipid metabolism disorders (hypertriglyceridemia and hypercholesterolemia), which are characteristic of changes in carbohydrate metabolism in patients with impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes, were significantly more often diagnosed in patients with covid-19 than in the group of patients with acute and chronic lung pathology without proven inyion with this virus, but only in the group of patients aged 41–60 years.
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Vechorko V. I.-the idea of research. Writing sections “research Results”, “discussion of results”, “Conclusions”. Doroshenko D. A.-description of research methods. Evsikov E. M.-a set of materials, statistical processing, design of the article text. Baykova O. A.-writing the section “Introduction”, design of the article text. Teplova N.V. - writing the chapter “Discussion of results”.
Already in the initial period of studying the prognostic significance and danger to human health and life of the state of infection with the COVID-19 virus in January–April 2020, mainly thanks to research from Chinese medical centers, it was clarified that factors contributing to lung damage are highly likely the course of the disease in severe form, include: advanced age [6]; diabetes [6, 7, 24]; obesity [25]; chronic lung diseases [14], including asthma [12]; heart disease [12, 16]; hypertension [14]; chronic kidney disease [14].
In one of the first clinical observations of 41 COVID-19-infected people in Wuhan, China, it was shown that in 32% of cases, COVID-19 was combined with other diseases, including diabetes (20%), hypertension (15%) and cardio-vascular diseases (15%), [16]. Another report of patients who were discharged or died at clinics in Wuhan between January 1, 2020 and March 8, 2020 reported that patients with COVID-19 with diabetes had worse outcomes compared to patients of the same sex and age without diabetes. Advanced age and concomitant arterial hypertension independently contributed to the hospital death of patients with diabetes [6]. The results obtained at the Wuhan Jin Yin Tang Hospital showed that in intensive care units, 17% of patients suffered from chronic diseases, including diabetes (17%), cerebrovascular diseases (13.5%), chronic heart disease (10%) and T. D. During treatment in 35% of critically ill patients, hyperglycemia was a concomitant pathology, and mortality among patients with diabetes was 77.7% [16, 26].
In a retrospective study of 138 patients with COVID-19, from a clinic in this city in China, published on February 7, 2020, it was shown that 46.4% of patients had one or more comorbidities, of which 10% had diabetes, while in wards Intensive care (ICU) 22.2% of patients had diabetes, that is, 2 times more often [26]. The study of the relationship between diabetes and mortality and severity of COVID-19, as well as in determining the prevalence of diabetes in patients with COVID-19, has also been conducted in several meta-analyzes. Employees from the Institute of Gastroenterology, Delhi, India (Institute of Liver, Gastroenterology, & Pancreatico-Biliary Sciences, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India). searched PubMed for case–control studies in English published between January 1 and April 22, 2020 that had data on diabetes in patients with COVID-19. The incidence of diabetes was compared between patients with and without a combined mortality or severity endpoint. Included 33 studies (16,003 patients). The authors found that diabetes was significantly associated with mortality from COVID-19 with a pooled odds ratio of 1.90 [24]. Another meta-analysis conducted by researchers at the Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Pelita Harapan, Tangerang, Indonesia analyzed data from 6452 patients from 30 studies. A meta-analysis showed that diabetes was associated with an incidence of combined adverse outcomes (relative risk, RR 2.38) and its subgroup, which included mortality (RR 2.12), severe COVID-19 (RR 2.45), acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) (RR 4.64) and disease progression (RR 3.31). It was concluded that diabetes was associated with mortality, severe COVID-19, ARDS and disease progression in patients with COVID-19 [7].
From the statistics of the 2020 epidemic in the North American continent, it follows that diabetes mellitus can increase the risk of death from COVID-19 by 12 times, according to the portal of the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Patients infected with coronavirus with diabetes are six times more likely to need hospitalization for inpatient treatment, and diabetes is in second place in terms of severity of complications in COVID-19 after cardiovascular disease [10]. According to the China Cardiometabolic and Cancer Cohort (4C) nationwide study, compared with patients with normal glucose tolerance, people with impaired glucose tolerance or diabetes had a high risk of lung infection with a multifactorial adjusted odds ratio (OR; 95% CI) 1.56 (1.02–2.37) and 1.63 (1.01–2.61), respectively [27]. Epidemiological evidence from the United States suggests that diabetes is associated with a high risk of infectious disease. People with diabetes are at increased risk of bacteremic pneumococcal infection and are reported to have a high risk of nosocomial bacteremia with mortality rates up to 50% [28]. At the same time, the state of carbohydrate metabolism in patients with COVID-19 who have not previously suffered from diabetes has not been sufficiently studied in clinical studies. Hyperglycemia, even in people with no previous diabetes, has often been observed in complicated coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), [17, 18]. Hyperglycemia in COVID - 19 is a strong predictor of a worse prognosis and an increased likelihood of death [18]. In the above-cited study of patients with COVID-19, conducted at the Wuhan Jin Yin Tang Hospital, with the participation of 99 infected people, it was shown that 52% of those infected had elevated glucose levels, and in some patients with viral pneumonia, infection with the virus was accompanied by an increase in the concentration glycated hemoglobin [16].
To assess the incidence of hyperglycemia and diagnosis of newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus in patients with COVID-19 and acute lung damage at the age of 41–80 years, hospitalized in a repurposed infectious diseases hospital in Moscow with a diagnosis of pneumonia.
The observational study analyzed laboratory and clinical diagnostic data of 278 patients who did not have, according to the anamnesis and the presented medical reports, signs of impaired glucose tolerance and manifest forms of diabetes mellitus, including 163 men and 115 women aged 41–80 years admitted to hospital for diagnosis and treatment in the period from 12.04.2020 to 10.11.2020 with diagnoses according to ICD-10: U07.1 Coronavirus infection. In the selected groups of patients, the initial and subsequent levels of fasting blood glucose were analyzed, after 8 hours without food, on a stationary automatic analyzer and using portable glucometers using diagnostic test strips. The concentration of glucose and ketones in urine was determined by a semi-quantitative method. The dynamics of indicators was assessed when pathological values of glucose concentration were detected. Glucose levels above 6.4 mmol/L were considered pathological.
In patients aged 41–80 years hospitalized with covid-19 infection and pneumonia, fasting hyperglycemia was diagnosed in 31–47%, glucosuria in 1.9–6.1%, ketonuria - 20.4-46.2% of cases, in different age groups. In 16.6–31.3% of cases in patients with covid-19, after treatment and regression of changes in the lungs, there was a normalization of glucose levels, but in 14.8–16.7% of cases persisted, and in 9–13% of them, after an additional study, newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus was diagnosed. Hyperglycemia was significantly more often detected in patients with arterial hypertension of 2–3 degrees of severity and with a tendency to reliability, in patients with obesity 2–3 degree. Lipid metabolism disorders (hypertriglyceridemia and hypercholesterolemia), characteristic of changes in carbohydrate metabolism with impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes, were significantly more often diagnosed in patients with covid-19 than in the group of patients with acute and chronic lung pathology without proven infection with this virus, but only in the group of patients age period 41–60 years.
Covid-19 infection complicated by pneumonia occurs in persons aged 41–80 years with a high incidence of hyperglycemia and ketonuria. The incidence of newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus in such patients is 9–13%.
This is a brief overview of the main steps involved in publishing with IntechOpen Compacts, Monographs and Edited Books. Once you submit your proposal you will be appointed a Author Service Manager who will be your single point of contact and lead you through all the described steps below.
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The impacts of poisons are severe and even cause death if not treated properly.",book:{id:"7847",slug:"medical-toxicology",title:"Medical Toxicology",fullTitle:"Medical Toxicology"},signatures:"Amarnath Mishra",authors:[{id:"259941",title:"Dr.",name:"Amarnath",middleName:null,surname:"Mishra",slug:"amarnath-mishra",fullName:"Amarnath Mishra"}]},{id:"71771",title:"The Clinical Importance of Herb-Drug Interactions and Toxicological Risks of Plants and Herbal Products",slug:"the-clinical-importance-of-herb-drug-interactions-and-toxicological-risks-of-plants-and-herbal-produ",totalDownloads:1435,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:"Approximately 70% of the world’s population has been using medicinal herbs as a complementary or alternative medicine that has grown tremendously in both developed and developing countries over the past 20 years (World Health Organization Drugs Strategy 2002–2005). This increase in consumer demand for medicinal plants continues, although scientific data are rare to create safety and efficacy profiles. Its popularity is also related to easy availability, cost-effectiveness leading to better purchasing power, and various factors that perceive that they are generally safe. Herbs are often administered simultaneously with therapeutic drugs for the treatment of major ailments, and herb-drug interactions (HDIs) increase their potential. The main routes proposed for HDIs include cytochrome P450 (CYP450)-mediated inhibition or induction and transport and flow proteins. In our review, we highlighted herbal medicines used for the treatment of various diseases with pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic analysis and case reports together with their adverse effects and herb-drug interactions. Therefore, this review can be used as a quick reference database for physicians and healthcare professionals involved in therapy, aiming to maximize clinical outcomes by reducing the negative and toxic effects of plants along with avoiding herb-drug interactions.",book:{id:"7847",slug:"medical-toxicology",title:"Medical Toxicology",fullTitle:"Medical Toxicology"},signatures:"Cigdem Kahraman, Zekiye Ceren Arituluk and Iffet Irem Tatli Cankaya",authors:[{id:"319337",title:"Dr.",name:"Irem Tatli",middleName:null,surname:"Cankaya",slug:"irem-tatli-cankaya",fullName:"Irem Tatli Cankaya"},{id:"319339",title:"Dr.",name:"Zekiye Ceren",middleName:null,surname:"Arituluk",slug:"zekiye-ceren-arituluk",fullName:"Zekiye Ceren Arituluk"},{id:"319340",title:"Dr.",name:"Cigdem",middleName:null,surname:"Kahraman",slug:"cigdem-kahraman",fullName:"Cigdem Kahraman"}]},{id:"65306",title:"Nephrotoxic Effects of Drugs",slug:"nephrotoxic-effects-of-drugs",totalDownloads:1612,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"Drug-induced nephrotoxicity is a renal dysfunction that occurs as a result of exposure to nephrotoxic drugs. It is a common problem in certain clinical situations such as underlying renal dysfunction, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and sepsis. Drugs can cause mild to moderate nephrotoxic problems such as intrarenal obstruction, interstitial nephritis, nephrotic syndrome, acid-base and fluid-electrolyte disturbances, alteration in intraglomerular hemodynamics, inflammatory changes in renal tubular cells, tubulointerstitial disease, and renal scarring leading to acute or chronic kidney injury. Therefore, early detection of adverse effects of drugs as well as the clinical history of the patient, basic renal functions, drug-related risk factors, and nephrotoxic drug combinations must be well known in order to prevent drug-induced nephrotoxicity and progression to end-stage renal disease.",book:{id:"7111",slug:"poisoning-in-the-modern-world-new-tricks-for-an-old-dog-",title:"Poisoning in the Modern World",fullTitle:"Poisoning in the Modern World - New Tricks for an Old Dog?"},signatures:"Azade Sari",authors:[{id:"271267",title:"Dr.",name:"Azade",middleName:null,surname:"Sari",slug:"azade-sari",fullName:"Azade Sari"}]},{id:"42020",title:"Screening of Herbal Medicines for Potential Toxicities",slug:"screening-of-herbal-medicines-for-potential-toxicities",totalDownloads:7862,totalCrossrefCites:28,totalDimensionsCites:69,abstract:null,book:{id:"3408",slug:"new-insights-into-toxicity-and-drug-testing",title:"New Insights into Toxicity and Drug Testing",fullTitle:"New Insights into Toxicity and Drug Testing"},signatures:"Obidike Ifeoma and Salawu Oluwakanyinsola",authors:[{id:"142730",title:"Dr.",name:"Ifeoma",middleName:null,surname:"Ezenyi",slug:"ifeoma-ezenyi",fullName:"Ifeoma Ezenyi"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"1208",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:318,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:133,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:15,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",issn:"2631-6188",scope:"This series will provide a comprehensive overview of recent research trends in various Infectious Diseases (as per the most recent Baltimore classification). Topics will include general overviews of infections, immunopathology, diagnosis, treatment, epidemiology, etiology, and current clinical recommendations for managing infectious diseases. Ongoing issues, recent advances, and future diagnostic approaches and therapeutic strategies will also be discussed. This book series will focus on various aspects and properties of infectious diseases whose deep understanding is essential for safeguarding the human race from losing resources and economies due to pathogens.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/6.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 25th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:13,editor:{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"3",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/3.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!1,annualVolume:null,editor:null,editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"4",title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/4.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11400,editor:{id:"174134",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuping",middleName:null,surname:"Ran",slug:"yuping-ran",fullName:"Yuping Ran",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS9d6QAC/Profile_Picture_1630330675373",biography:"Dr. Yuping Ran, Professor, Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China. Completed the Course Medical Mycology, the Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures (CBS), Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Netherlands (2006). International Union of Microbiological Societies (IUMS) Fellow, and International Emerging Infectious Diseases (IEID) Fellow, Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, USA. Diploma of Dermatological Scientist, Japanese Society for Investigative Dermatology. Ph.D. of Juntendo University, Japan. Bachelor’s and Master’s degree, Medicine, West China University of Medical Sciences. Chair of Sichuan Medical Association Dermatology Committee. General Secretary of The 19th Annual Meeting of Chinese Society of Dermatology and the Asia Pacific Society for Medical Mycology (2013). In charge of the Annual Medical Mycology Course over 20-years authorized by National Continue Medical Education Committee of China. Member of the board of directors of the Asia-Pacific Society for Medical Mycology (APSMM). Associate editor of Mycopathologia. Vice-chief of the editorial board of Chinses Journal of Mycology, China. Board Member and Chair of Mycology Group of Chinese Society of Dermatology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sichuan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/5.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11401,editor:{id:"67907",title:"Dr.",name:"Amidou",middleName:null,surname:"Samie",slug:"amidou-samie",fullName:"Amidou Samie",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/67907/images/system/67907.jpg",biography:"Dr. Amidou Samie is an Associate Professor of Microbiology at the University of Venda, in South Africa, where he graduated for his PhD in May 2008. He joined the Department of Microbiology the same year and has been giving lectures on topics covering parasitology, immunology, molecular biology and industrial microbiology. He is currently a rated researcher by the National Research Foundation of South Africa at category C2. He has published widely in the field of infectious diseases and has overseen several MSc’s and PhDs. His research activities mostly cover topics on infectious diseases from epidemiology to control. His particular interest lies in the study of intestinal protozoan parasites and opportunistic infections among HIV patients as well as the potential impact of childhood diarrhoea on growth and child development. He also conducts research on water-borne diseases and water quality and is involved in the evaluation of point-of-use water treatment technologies using silver and copper nanoparticles in collaboration with the University of Virginia, USA. He also studies the use of medicinal plants for the control of infectious diseases as well as antimicrobial drug resistance.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Venda",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/6.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11402,editor:{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:58,paginationItems:[{id:"81961",title:"Antioxidants as an Adjuncts to Periodontal Therapy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105016",signatures:"Sura Dakhil Jassim and Ali Abbas Abdulkareem",slug:"antioxidants-as-an-adjuncts-to-periodontal-therapy",totalDownloads:3,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Dental Trauma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11567.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"82357",title:"Caries Management Aided by Fluorescence-Based Devices",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105567",signatures:"Atena Galuscan, Daniela Jumanca and Aurora Doris Fratila",slug:"caries-management-aided-by-fluorescence-based-devices",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Dental Caries - The Selection of Restoration Methods and Restorative Materials",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11565.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"81894",title:"Diet and Nutrition and Their Relationship with Early Childhood Dental Caries",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105123",signatures:"Luanna Gonçalves Ferreira, Giuliana de Campos Chaves Lamarque and Francisco Wanderley Garcia Paula-Silva",slug:"diet-and-nutrition-and-their-relationship-with-early-childhood-dental-caries",totalDownloads:11,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Dental Caries - The Selection of Restoration Methods and Restorative Materials",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11565.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"81595",title:"Prosthetic Concepts in Dental Implantology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104725",signatures:"Ivica Pelivan",slug:"prosthetic-concepts-in-dental-implantology",totalDownloads:27,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology - From Science to Clinical Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:8,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"6668",title:"Dental Caries",subtitle:"Diagnosis, Prevention and Management",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6668.jpg",slug:"dental-caries-diagnosis-prevention-and-management",publishedDate:"September 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Zühre Akarslan",hash:"b0f7667770a391f772726c3013c1b9ba",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Dental Caries - Diagnosis, Prevention and Management",editors:[{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",biography:"Zühre Akarslan was born in 1977 in Cyprus. She graduated from Gazi University Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara, Turkey in 2000. \r\nLater she received her Ph.D. degree from the Oral Diagnosis and Radiology Department; which was recently renamed as Oral and Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, from the same university. \r\nShe is working as a full-time Associate Professor and is a lecturer and an academic researcher. \r\nHer expertise areas are dental caries, cancer, dental fear and anxiety, gag reflex in dentistry, oral medicine, and dentomaxillofacial radiology.",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7139",title:"Current Approaches in Orthodontics",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7139.jpg",slug:"current-approaches-in-orthodontics",publishedDate:"April 10th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Belma Işık Aslan and Fatma Deniz Uzuner",hash:"2c77384eeb748cf05a898d65b9dcb48a",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Current Approaches in Orthodontics",editors:[{id:"42847",title:"Dr.",name:"Belma",middleName:null,surname:"Işik Aslan",slug:"belma-isik-aslan",fullName:"Belma Işik Aslan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/42847/images/system/42847.jpg",biography:"Dr. Belma IşIk Aslan was born in 1976 in Ankara-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1994, she attended to Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. She completed her PhD in orthodontic education at Gazi University between 1999-2005. Dr. Işık Aslan stayed at the Providence Hospital Craniofacial Institude and Reconstructive Surgery in Michigan, USA for three months as an observer. She worked as a specialist doctor at Gazi University, Dentistry Faculty, Department of Orthodontics between 2005-2014. She was appointed as associate professor in January, 2014 and as professor in 2021. Dr. Işık Aslan still works as an instructor at the same faculty. She has published a total of 35 articles, 10 book chapters, 39 conference proceedings both internationally and nationally. Also she was the academic editor of the international book 'Current Advances in Orthodontics'. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society and Turkish Cleft Lip and Palate Society. She is married and has 2 children. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:"Gazi University Dentistry Faculty Department of Orthodontics",institution:null}]},{type:"book",id:"7572",title:"Trauma in Dentistry",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7572.jpg",slug:"trauma-in-dentistry",publishedDate:"July 3rd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Serdar Gözler",hash:"7cb94732cfb315f8d1e70ebf500eb8a9",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Trauma in Dentistry",editors:[{id:"204606",title:"Dr.",name:"Serdar",middleName:null,surname:"Gözler",slug:"serdar-gozler",fullName:"Serdar Gözler",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204606/images/system/204606.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Serdar Gözler has completed his undergraduate studies at the Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1978, followed by an assistantship in the Prosthesis Department of Dicle University Faculty of Dentistry. Starting his PhD work on non-resilient overdentures with Assoc. Prof. Hüsnü Yavuzyılmaz, he continued his studies with Prof. Dr. Gürbüz Öztürk of Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry Department of Prosthodontics, this time on Gnatology. He attended training programs on occlusion, neurology, neurophysiology, EMG, radiology and biostatistics. In 1982, he presented his PhD thesis \\Gerber and Lauritzen Occlusion Analysis Techniques: Diagnosis Values,\\ at Istanbul University School of Dentistry, Department of Prosthodontics. As he was also working with Prof. Senih Çalıkkocaoğlu on The Physiology of Chewing at the same time, Gözler has written a chapter in Çalıkkocaoğlu\\'s book \\Complete Prostheses\\ entitled \\The Place of Neuromuscular Mechanism in Prosthetic Dentistry.\\ The book was published five times since by the Istanbul University Publications. Having presented in various conferences about occlusion analysis until 1998, Dr. Gözler has also decided to use the T-Scan II occlusion analysis method. Having been personally trained by Dr. Robert Kerstein on this method, Dr. Gözler has been lecturing on the T-Scan Occlusion Analysis Method in conferences both in Turkey and abroad. Dr. Gözler has various articles and presentations on Digital Occlusion Analysis methods. He is now Head of the TMD Clinic at Prosthodontic Department of Faculty of Dentistry , Istanbul Aydın University , Turkey.",institutionString:"Istanbul Aydin University",institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7060",title:"Gingival Disease",subtitle:"A Professional Approach for Treatment and Prevention",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7060.jpg",slug:"gingival-disease-a-professional-approach-for-treatment-and-prevention",publishedDate:"October 23rd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",hash:"b81d39988cba3a3cf746c1616912cf41",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Gingival Disease - A Professional Approach for Treatment and Prevention",editors:[{id:"240870",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Alaa Eddin Omar",middleName:null,surname:"Al Ostwani",slug:"alaa-eddin-omar-al-ostwani",fullName:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240870/images/system/240870.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Al Ostwani Alaa Eddin Omar received his Master in dentistry from Damascus University in 2010, and his Ph.D. in Pediatric Dentistry from Damascus University in 2014. Dr. Al Ostwani is an assistant professor and faculty member at IUST University since 2014. \nDuring his academic experience, he has received several awards including the scientific research award from the Union of Arab Universities, the Syrian gold medal and the international gold medal for invention and creativity. Dr. Al Ostwani is a Member of the International Association of Dental Traumatology and the Syrian Society for Research and Preventive Dentistry since 2017. 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He also obtained an MSc in Molecular and Genetic Medicine, and a Ph.D. in Clinical Immunology and Human Genetics from the University of Sheffield, UK. He also completed a short-term fellowship in Pediatric Clinical Immunology and Bone Marrow Transplantation at Newcastle General Hospital, England. Dr. Rezaei is a Full Professor of Immunology and Vice Dean of International Affairs and Research, at the School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, and the co-founder and head of the Research Center for Immunodeficiencies. He is also the founding president of the Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN). Dr. Rezaei has directed more than 100 research projects and has designed and participated in several international collaborative projects. He is an editor, editorial assistant, or editorial board member of more than forty international journals. He has edited more than 50 international books, presented more than 500 lectures/posters in congresses/meetings, and published more than 1,100 scientific papers in international journals.",institutionString:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institution:{name:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"180733",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean",middleName:null,surname:"Engohang-Ndong",slug:"jean-engohang-ndong",fullName:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180733/images/system/180733.png",biography:"Dr. Jean Engohang-Ndong was born and raised in Gabon. After obtaining his Associate Degree of Science at the University of Science and Technology of Masuku, Gabon, he continued his education in France where he obtained his BS, MS, and Ph.D. in Medical Microbiology. He worked as a post-doctoral fellow at the Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), Newark, NJ for four years before accepting a three-year faculty position at Brigham Young University-Hawaii. Dr. Engohang-Ndong is a tenured faculty member with the academic rank of Full Professor at Kent State University, Ohio, where he teaches a wide range of biological science courses and pursues his research in medical and environmental microbiology. Recently, he expanded his research interest to epidemiology and biostatistics of chronic diseases in Gabon.",institutionString:"Kent State University",institution:{name:"Kent State University",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"188773",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Drouet",slug:"emmanuel-drouet",fullName:"Emmanuel Drouet",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188773/images/system/188773.png",biography:"Emmanuel Drouet, PharmD, is a Professor of Virology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, the University Grenoble-Alpes, France. As a head scientist at the Institute of Structural Biology in Grenoble, Dr. Drouet’s research investigates persisting viruses in humans (RNA and DNA viruses) and the balance with our host immune system. He focuses on these viruses’ effects on humans (both their impact on pathology and their symbiotic relationships in humans). He has an excellent track record in the herpesvirus field, and his group is engaged in clinical research in the field of Epstein-Barr virus diseases. He is the editor of the online Encyclopedia of Environment and he coordinates the Universal Health Coverage education program for the BioHealth Computing Schools of the European Institute of Science.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},{id:"332819",title:"Dr.",name:"Chukwudi Michael",middleName:"Michael",surname:"Egbuche",slug:"chukwudi-michael-egbuche",fullName:"Chukwudi Michael Egbuche",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/332819/images/14624_n.jpg",biography:"I an Dr. Chukwudi Michael Egbuche. I am a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nnamdi Azikiwe University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"284232",title:"Mr.",name:"Nikunj",middleName:"U",surname:"Tandel",slug:"nikunj-tandel",fullName:"Nikunj Tandel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284232/images/8275_n.jpg",biography:'Mr. Nikunj Tandel has completed his Master\'s degree in Biotechnology from VIT University, India in the year of 2012. He is having 8 years of research experience especially in the field of malaria epidemiology, immunology, and nanoparticle-based drug delivery system against the infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders and cancer. He has worked for the NIH funded-International Center of Excellence in Malaria Research project "Center for the study of complex malaria in India (CSCMi)" in collaboration with New York University. The preliminary objectives of the study are to understand and develop the evidence-based tools and interventions for the control and prevention of malaria in different sites of the INDIA. Alongside, with the help of next-generation genomics study, the team has studied the antimalarial drug resistance in India. Further, he has extended his research in the development of Humanized mice for the study of liver-stage malaria and identification of molecular marker(s) for the Artemisinin resistance. At present, his research focuses on understanding the role of B cells in the activation of CD8+ T cells in malaria. Received the CSIR-SRF (Senior Research Fellow) award-2018, FIMSA (Federation of Immunological Societies of Asia-Oceania) Travel Bursary award to attend the IUIS-IIS-FIMSA Immunology course-2019',institutionString:"Nirma University",institution:{name:"Nirma University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334383",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Simone",middleName:"Ulrich",surname:"Ulrich Picoli",slug:"simone-ulrich-picoli",fullName:"Simone Ulrich Picoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334383/images/15919_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from Universidade Luterana do Brasil (1999), Master in Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology from Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (2002), Specialization in Clinical Microbiology from Universidade de São Paulo, USP (2007) and PhD in Sciences in Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2012). She is currently an Adjunct Professor at Feevale University in Medicine and Biomedicine courses and a permanent professor of the Academic Master\\'s Degree in Virology. She has experience in the field of Microbiology, with an emphasis on Bacteriology, working mainly on the following topics: bacteriophages, bacterial resistance, clinical microbiology and food microbiology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Feevale",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",biography:"Dr. Amjad Islam Aqib obtained a DVM and MSc (Hons) from University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF), Pakistan, and a PhD from the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Pakistan. Dr. Aqib joined the Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery at UAF for one year as an assistant professor where he developed a research laboratory designated for pathogenic bacteria. Since 2018, he has been Assistant Professor/Officer in-charge, Department of Medicine, Manager Research Operations and Development-ORIC, and President One Health Club at Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan. He has nearly 100 publications to his credit. His research interests include epidemiological patterns and molecular analysis of antimicrobial resistance and modulation and vaccine development against animal pathogens of public health concern.",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:null},{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",biography:"Professor Fethi Derbel was born in 1960 in Tunisia. He received his medical degree from the Sousse Faculty of Medicine at Sousse, University of Sousse, Tunisia. He completed his surgical residency in General Surgery at the University Hospital Farhat Hached of Sousse and was a member of the Unit of Liver Transplantation in the University of Rennes, France. He then worked in the Department of Surgery at the Sahloul University Hospital in Sousse. Professor Derbel is presently working at the Clinique les Oliviers, Sousse, Tunisia. His hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, colorectal, pancreatic, hepatobiliary, and gastric surgery. He is also very interested in hernia surgery and performs ventral hernia repairs and inguinal hernia repairs. He has been a member of the GREPA and Tunisian Hernia Society (THS). During his residency, he managed patients suffering from diabetic foot, and he was very interested in this pathology. For this reason, he decided to coordinate a book project dealing with the diabetic foot. Professor Derbel has published many articles in journals and collaborates intensively with IntechOpen Access Publisher as an editor.",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null},{id:"300144",title:"Dr.",name:"Meriem",middleName:null,surname:"Braiki",slug:"meriem-braiki",fullName:"Meriem Braiki",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300144/images/system/300144.jpg",biography:"Dr. Meriem Braiki is a specialist in pediatric surgeon from Tunisia. She was born in 1985. She received her medical degree from the University of Medicine at Sousse, Tunisia. She achieved her surgical residency training periods in Pediatric Surgery departments at University Hospitals in Monastir, Tunis and France.\r\nShe is currently working at the Pediatric surgery department, Sidi Bouzid Hospital, Tunisia. Her hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, parietal, urological and digestive surgery. She has published several articles in diffrent journals.",institutionString:"Sidi Bouzid Regional Hospital",institution:null},{id:"229481",title:"Dr.",name:"Erika M.",middleName:"Martins",surname:"de Carvalho",slug:"erika-m.-de-carvalho",fullName:"Erika M. de Carvalho",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229481/images/6397_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"186537",title:"Prof.",name:"Tonay",middleName:null,surname:"Inceboz",slug:"tonay-inceboz",fullName:"Tonay Inceboz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186537/images/system/186537.jfif",biography:"I was graduated from Ege University of Medical Faculty (Turkey) in 1988 and completed his Med. PhD degree in Medical Parasitology at the same university. I became an Associate Professor in 2008 and Professor in 2014. I am currently working as a Professor at the Department of Medical Parasitology at Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.\n\nI have given many lectures, presentations in different academic meetings. I have more than 60 articles in peer-reviewed journals, 18 book chapters, 1 book editorship.\n\nMy research interests are Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis (diagnosis, life cycle, in vitro and in vivo cultivation), and Trichomonas vaginalis (diagnosis, PCR, and in vitro cultivation).",institutionString:"Dokuz Eylül University",institution:{name:"Dokuz Eylül University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"71812",title:"Prof.",name:"Hanem Fathy",middleName:"Fathy",surname:"Khater",slug:"hanem-fathy-khater",fullName:"Hanem Fathy Khater",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71812/images/1167_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Khater is a Professor of Parasitology at Benha University, Egypt. She studied for her doctoral degree, at the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA. She has completed her Ph.D. degrees in Parasitology in Egypt, from where she got the award for “the best scientific Ph.D. dissertation”. She worked at the School of Biological Sciences, Bristol, England, the UK in controlling insects of medical and veterinary importance as a grant from Newton Mosharafa, the British Council. Her research is focused on searching of pesticides against mosquitoes, house flies, lice, green bottle fly, camel nasal botfly, soft and hard ticks, mites, and the diamondback moth as well as control of several parasites using safe and natural materials to avoid drug resistances and environmental contamination.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Banha University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"99780",title:"Prof.",name:"Omolade",middleName:"Olayinka",surname:"Okwa",slug:"omolade-okwa",fullName:"Omolade Okwa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99780/images/system/99780.jpg",biography:"Omolade Olayinka Okwa is presently a Professor of Parasitology at Lagos State University, Nigeria. She has a PhD in Parasitology (1997), an MSc in Cellular Parasitology (1992), and a BSc (Hons) Zoology (1990) all from the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. She teaches parasitology at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. She was a recipient of a Commonwealth fellowship supported by British Council tenable at the Centre for Entomology and Parasitology (CAEP), Keele University, United Kingdom between 2004 and 2005. She was awarded an Honorary Visiting Research Fellow at the same university from 2005 to 2007. \nShe has been an external examiner to the Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, MSc programme between 2010 and 2012. She is a member of the Nigerian Society of Experimental Biology (NISEB), Parasitology and Public Health Society of Nigeria (PPSN), Science Association of Nigeria (SAN), Zoological Society of Nigeria (ZSN), and is Vice Chairperson of the Organisation of Women in Science (OWSG), LASU chapter. She served as Head of Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Lagos State University from 2007 to 2010 and 2014 to 2016. She is a reviewer for several local and international journals such as Unilag Journal of Science, Libyan Journal of Medicine, Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, and Annual Research and Review in Science. \nShe has authored 45 scientific research publications in local and international journals, 8 scientific reviews, 4 books, and 3 book chapters, which includes the books “Malaria Parasites” and “Malaria” which are IntechOpen access publications.",institutionString:"Lagos State University",institution:{name:"Lagos State University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/273100/images/system/273100.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Vijay Bhaskar Reddy Gayam is currently practicing as an internist at Interfaith Medical Center in Brooklyn, New York, USA. He is also a Clinical Assistant Professor at the SUNY Downstate University Hospital and Adjunct Professor of Medicine at the American University of Antigua. He is a holder of an M.B.B.S. degree bestowed to him by Osmania Medical College and received his M.D. at Interfaith Medical Center. His career goals thus far have heavily focused on direct patient care, medical education, and clinical research. He currently serves in two leadership capacities; Assistant Program Director of Medicine at Interfaith Medical Center and as a Councilor for the American\r\nFederation for Medical Research. As a true academician and researcher, he has more than 50 papers indexed in international peer-reviewed journals. He has also presented numerous papers in multiple national and international scientific conferences. His areas of research interest include general internal medicine, gastroenterology and hepatology. He serves as an editor, editorial board member and reviewer for multiple international journals. His research on Hepatitis C has been very successful and has led to multiple research awards, including the 'Equity in Prevention and Treatment Award” from the New York Department of Health Viral Hepatitis Symposium (2018) and the 'Presidential Poster Award” awarded to him by the American College of Gastroenterology (2018). He was also awarded 'Outstanding Clinician in General Medicine” by Venus International Foundation for his extensive research expertise and services, perform over and above the standard expected in the advancement of healthcare, patient safety and quality of care.",institutionString:"Interfaith Medical Center",institution:{name:"Interfaith Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"93517",title:"Dr.",name:"Clement",middleName:"Adebajo",surname:"Meseko",slug:"clement-meseko",fullName:"Clement Meseko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/93517/images/system/93517.jpg",biography:"Dr. Clement Meseko obtained DVM and PhD degree in Veterinary Medicine and Virology respectively. He has worked for over 20 years in both private and public sectors including the academia, contributing to knowledge and control of infectious disease. Through the application of epidemiological skill, classical and molecular virological skills, he investigates viruses of economic and public health importance for the mitigation of the negative impact on people, animal and the environment in the context of Onehealth. \r\nDr. Meseko’s field experience on animal and zoonotic diseases and pathogen dynamics at the human-animal interface over the years shaped his carrier in research and scientific inquiries. He has been part of the investigation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza incursions in sub Saharan Africa and monitors swine Influenza (Pandemic influenza Virus) agro-ecology and potential for interspecies transmission. 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His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. 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Voyich",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Montana State University",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"330412",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Farhab",slug:"muhammad-farhab",fullName:"Muhammad Farhab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"349495",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Ijaz",slug:"muhammad-ijaz",fullName:"Muhammad Ijaz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"95",type:"subseries",title:"Urban Planning and Environmental Management",keywords:"Circular economy, Contingency planning and response to disasters, Ecosystem services, Integrated urban water management, Nature-based solutions, Sustainable urban development, Urban green spaces",scope:"