Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\n
We wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\n
Throughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\n
We wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"1189",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Neuroendocrinology and Behavior",title:"Neuroendocrinology and Behavior",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Understanding of the neuroendocrine system provides an insight into a wide range of bodily and mental processes. Neuroendocrinology and Behavior brings its readers a concise guide to up-to-date knowledge on the function of the endocrine glands and organs in association with neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, and behavioral manifestations. Various forms of stress response, e.g. anxiety and cognitive changes, have been intrinsic to both ourselves and other species. Specifically, these mechanisms involve complex interplays among physical, emotional, and behavioral processes in humans. This volume provides information on peptide hormones, i.e. oxytocin and vasopressin, and how studies of these neuropeptides enrich our understanding of social and other behaviors. These neuromodulators also affect sexual behavior and water balance in the body, an issue also addressed in this Book.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-0740-8",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-5318-4",doi:"10.5772/1666",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"neuroendocrinology-and-behavior",numberOfPages:178,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"b7779cd04d9d1ac8507b440ab61c965d",bookSignature:"Tomiki Sumiyoshi",publishedDate:"September 19th 2012",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1189.jpg",numberOfDownloads:18903,numberOfWosCitations:14,numberOfCrossrefCitations:2,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:13,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:1,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:29,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"November 23rd 2011",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"January 27th 2012",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"April 19th 2012",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"July 15th 2012",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"August 14th 2012",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"107136",title:"Prof.",name:"Tomiki",middleName:null,surname:"Sumiyoshi",slug:"tomiki-sumiyoshi",fullName:"Tomiki Sumiyoshi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/107136/images/3577_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Sumiyoshi obtained his MD and PhD at Kanazawa University, Japan, and is currently Clinical Professor and Director of Translational Research at the Department of Neuropsychiatry, University of Toyama Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences. He was trained at the Department of Psychiatry Case Western Reserve University as Research Associate from 1993 to 1995, and was appointed Visiting Professor in the Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University from 2000 to 2002, as the founder of the augmentation pharmacotherapy to ameliorate cognitive impairment of schizophrenia. His research fields include cognitive neuroscience and psychopharmacology, as represented by more than 100 peer-reviewed articles and book chapters. Dr. Sumiyoshi is an Editorial Board member of Psychiatry Journal, and Co-Chair of Psychoneurobiology Section of World Psychiatric Association.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1173",title:"Neuroendocrinology",slug:"nanotechnology-and-nanomaterials-endocrinology-neuroendocrinology"}],chapters:[{id:"39172",title:"Neuroendocrine Regulation of Stress Response in Clinical Models",doi:"10.5772/48533",slug:"neuroendocrine-regulation-of-stress-response-in-clinical-models",totalDownloads:3691,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Jacek Kolcz",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/39172",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/39172",authors:[{id:"145467",title:"Dr.",name:"Jacek",surname:"Kolcz",slug:"jacek-kolcz",fullName:"Jacek Kolcz"}],corrections:null},{id:"39173",title:"Intraamygdalar Melatonin Administration and Pinealectomy Affect Anxiety Like Behavior and Spatial Memory",doi:"10.5772/48690",slug:"intraamygdalar-melatonin-administration-and-pinealectomy-affect-anxiety-like-behavior-and-spatial-me",totalDownloads:2662,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Alper Karakas and Hamit Coskun",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/39173",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/39173",authors:[{id:"147832",title:"Dr.",name:"Alper",surname:"Karakaş",slug:"alper-karakas",fullName:"Alper Karakaş"},{id:"147862",title:"Prof.",name:"Hamit",surname:"Coşkun",slug:"hamit-coskun",fullName:"Hamit Coşkun"}],corrections:null},{id:"39176",title:"Behavioral Roles of Oxytocin and Vasopressin",doi:"10.5772/50422",slug:"behavioral-roles-of-oxytocin-and-vasopressin",totalDownloads:3719,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:10,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:null,signatures:"Benjamin C. Nephew",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/39176",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/39176",authors:[{id:"143044",title:"Dr.",name:"Ben",surname:"Nephew",slug:"ben-nephew",fullName:"Ben Nephew"}],corrections:null},{id:"39178",title:"Role for Pituitary Neuropeptides in Social Behavior Disturbances of Schizophrenia",doi:"10.5772/52326",slug:"role-for-pituitary-neuropeptides-in-social-behavior-disturbances-of-schizophrenia",totalDownloads:2550,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:null,signatures:"Tomiki Sumiyoshi, Tadasu Matsuoka and Masayoshi Kurachi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/39178",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/39178",authors:[{id:"107136",title:"Prof.",name:"Tomiki",surname:"Sumiyoshi",slug:"tomiki-sumiyoshi",fullName:"Tomiki Sumiyoshi"}],corrections:null},{id:"39174",title:"Is Intranasal Administration of Oxytocin Effective for Social Impairments in Autism Spectrum Disorder?",doi:"10.5772/48798",slug:"is-intranasal-administration-of-oxytocin-effective-for-social-impairments-in-autism-spectrum-disorde",totalDownloads:2012,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Toshio Munesue, Kazumi Ashimura, Hideo Nakatani, Mitsuru Kikuchi, Shigeru Yokoyama, Manabu Oi, Haruhiro Higashida and Yoshio Minabe",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/39174",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/39174",authors:[{id:"29430",title:"Dr.",name:"Toshio",surname:"Munesue",slug:"toshio-munesue",fullName:"Toshio Munesue"}],corrections:null},{id:"39175",title:"The Effects of Some Neuropeptides on Motor Activity of Smooth Muscle Organs in Abdominal and Pelvic Cavities",doi:"10.5772/48417",slug:"the-effects-of-some-neuropeptides-on-motor-activity-of-smooth-muscle-organs-in-abdominal-and-pelvic-",totalDownloads:2207,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Anna Tolekova, Petya Hadzhibozheva, Tsvetelin Georgiev, Stanislava Mihailova, Galina Ilieva, Maya Gulubova, Eleonora Leventieva-Necheva, Kiril Milenov and Reni Kalfin",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/39175",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/39175",authors:[{id:"143727",title:"Prof.",name:"Anna",surname:"Tolekova",slug:"anna-tolekova",fullName:"Anna Tolekova"}],corrections:null},{id:"39177",title:"Effect of Cadmium Contaminated Diet in Controlling Water Behavior by Meriones shawi",doi:"10.5772/50421",slug:"effect-of-cadmium-contaminated-diet-in-controlling-water-behavior-by-meriones-shawi",totalDownloads:2066,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Sihem Mbarek, Tounes Saidi and Rafika Ben Chaouacha-Chekir",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/39177",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/39177",authors:[{id:"144679",title:"PhD.",name:"Sihem",surname:"Mbarek",slug:"sihem-mbarek",fullName:"Sihem Mbarek"},{id:"149319",title:"Ms.",name:"Tounes",surname:"Saidi",slug:"tounes-saidi",fullName:"Tounes Saidi"},{id:"149320",title:"Prof.",name:"Rafika",surname:"Ben Chaouacha-Chekir",slug:"rafika-ben-chaouacha-chekir",fullName:"Rafika Ben Chaouacha-Chekir"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"703",title:"Hydrocephalus",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3ddaff8957fed8fe1e32ad98a82f69b5",slug:"hydrocephalus",bookSignature:"Sadip Pant and Iype Cherian",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/703.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"84668",title:"Dr.",name:"Sadip",surname:"Pant",slug:"sadip-pant",fullName:"Sadip Pant"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6793",title:"Pituitary Diseases",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a37339288cd0f240cbf355c1b7232e9e",slug:"pituitary-diseases",bookSignature:"Fawaz Assaad, Hansdetlef Wassmann and Maher Khodor",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6793.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"43101",title:"Prof.",name:"Fawaz",surname:"Assaad",slug:"fawaz-assaad",fullName:"Fawaz Assaad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"314",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",subtitle:"Cells and Biomaterials",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb67e80e480c86bb8315458012d65686",slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"64730",slug:"erratum-spectrum-decision-framework-to-support-cognitive-radio-based-iot-in-5g",title:"Erratum - Spectrum Decision Framework to Support Cognitive Radio Based IoT in 5G",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/64730.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/64730",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/64730",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/64730",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/64730",chapter:{id:"63606",slug:"spectrum-decision-framework-to-support-cognitive-radio-based-iot-in-5g",signatures:"Ahmad Naeem Akhtar, Fahim Arif and Adil Masood Siddique",dateSubmitted:"February 8th 2018",dateReviewed:"August 18th 2018",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:null,book:{id:"7291",title:"Cognitive Radio in 4G/5G Wireless Communication Systems",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Cognitive Radio in 4G/5G Wireless Communication Systems",slug:"cognitive-radio-in-4g-5g-wireless-communication-systems",publishedDate:"December 5th 2018",bookSignature:"Shahriar Shirvani Moghaddam",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7291.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"185038",title:"Dr.",name:"Shahriar",middleName:null,surname:"Shirvani Moghaddam",slug:"shahriar-shirvani-moghaddam",fullName:"Shahriar Shirvani Moghaddam"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"244896",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmad Naeem",middleName:null,surname:"Akhtar",fullName:"Ahmad Naeem Akhtar",slug:"ahmad-naeem-akhtar",email:"ahmadnaeem.akhtar@mcs.edu.pk",position:null,institution:null}]}},chapter:{id:"63606",slug:"spectrum-decision-framework-to-support-cognitive-radio-based-iot-in-5g",signatures:"Ahmad Naeem Akhtar, Fahim Arif and Adil Masood Siddique",dateSubmitted:"February 8th 2018",dateReviewed:"August 18th 2018",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:null,book:{id:"7291",title:"Cognitive Radio in 4G/5G Wireless Communication Systems",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Cognitive Radio in 4G/5G Wireless Communication Systems",slug:"cognitive-radio-in-4g-5g-wireless-communication-systems",publishedDate:"December 5th 2018",bookSignature:"Shahriar Shirvani Moghaddam",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7291.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"185038",title:"Dr.",name:"Shahriar",middleName:null,surname:"Shirvani Moghaddam",slug:"shahriar-shirvani-moghaddam",fullName:"Shahriar Shirvani Moghaddam"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"244896",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmad Naeem",middleName:null,surname:"Akhtar",fullName:"Ahmad Naeem Akhtar",slug:"ahmad-naeem-akhtar",email:"ahmadnaeem.akhtar@mcs.edu.pk",position:null,institution:null}]},book:{id:"7291",title:"Cognitive Radio in 4G/5G Wireless Communication Systems",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Cognitive Radio in 4G/5G Wireless Communication Systems",slug:"cognitive-radio-in-4g-5g-wireless-communication-systems",publishedDate:"December 5th 2018",bookSignature:"Shahriar Shirvani Moghaddam",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7291.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"185038",title:"Dr.",name:"Shahriar",middleName:null,surname:"Shirvani Moghaddam",slug:"shahriar-shirvani-moghaddam",fullName:"Shahriar Shirvani Moghaddam"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"6307",leadTitle:null,title:"Congenital Anomalies",subtitle:"From the Embryo to the Neonate",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Nowadays, nobody can imagine practicing obstetrics without using obstetrical ultrasound. Working in the prenatal diagnosis field requires dedication, patience, skills, experience, caution, and empathy. The concept of this book was guided by the desire to provide some help to the ultrasound operators. On a daily basis, they are confronted with the challenging task of ruling out or suspecting/confirming the diagnosis of fetal anomalies, either structural or chromosomal. The chapters of this book contain objective and exhaustive updated reviews of the pertinent literature, so that the reader would have a wide reference basis on each subject. Yet, many authors scan the fetus themselves or are directly involved with managing pregnancies with structural malformations or chromosomal anomalies. They kindly shared their personal experience and lessons learned over the years. This book is beneficial for all the professionals working in the prenatal diagnosis.",isbn:"978-1-78923-115-1",printIsbn:"978-1-78923-114-4",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83881-391-8",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69423",price:159,priceEur:175,priceUsd:205,slug:"congenital-anomalies-from-the-embryo-to-the-neonate",numberOfPages:544,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"235b2f3a6f890667d7d2c0a6a79b3aec",bookSignature:"Stefania Tudorache",publishedDate:"May 2nd 2018",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6307.jpg",keywords:null,numberOfDownloads:37253,numberOfWosCitations:6,numberOfCrossrefCitations:11,numberOfDimensionsCitations:22,numberOfTotalCitations:39,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"May 31st 2017",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 21st 2017",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"September 17th 2017",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"December 16th 2017",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"February 14th 2018",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"5 years",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"209081",title:"Dr.",name:"Stefania",middleName:null,surname:"Tudorache",slug:"stefania-tudorache",fullName:"Stefania Tudorache",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/209081/images/5462_n.jpg",biography:"Stefania Tudorache, PhD, MD, MPH, is a university senior lecturer at the Department Mother and Child, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova. She has a degree from the University of Medicine and Pharmacy in Craiova, Romania, in 1994. In 2002 she joined the university\\'s faculty as a research fellow following with a position as a lecturer and is currently the head of the Prenatal Diagnostic Unit. Her training has been mainly in the field of maternal-fetal medicine, prenatal diagnosis. She has authored articles in ultrasound, including original investigations, published in peer-review journals. She is the author of several books and book chapters and co-authored many more.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:null}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1065",title:"Embryology",slug:"obstetrics-and-gynecology-embryology"}],chapters:[{id:"57858",title:"Congenital Fetal Anomalies and the Role of Prenatal Ultrasound",slug:"congenital-fetal-anomalies-and-the-role-of-prenatal-ultrasound",totalDownloads:1793,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"211641",title:"Dr.",name:"Artúr",surname:"Beke",slug:"artur-beke",fullName:"Artúr Beke"},{id:"211676",title:"Dr.",name:"Fanni Rebeka",surname:"Erős",slug:"fanni-rebeka-eros",fullName:"Fanni Rebeka Erős"}]},{id:"58674",title:"Congenital Anomalies in Human Embryos",slug:"congenital-anomalies-in-human-embryos",totalDownloads:1478,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"49486",title:"Prof.",name:"Shigehito",surname:"Yamada",slug:"shigehito-yamada",fullName:"Shigehito Yamada"},{id:"210777",title:"Dr.",name:"Haruyuki",surname:"Makishima",slug:"haruyuki-makishima",fullName:"Haruyuki Makishima"}]},{id:"60546",title:"Fetal Central Nervous System Abnormalities",slug:"fetal-central-nervous-system-abnormalities",totalDownloads:2085,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[{id:"212459",title:"Dr.",name:"Dominic",surname:"Iliescu",slug:"dominic-iliescu",fullName:"Dominic Iliescu"},{id:"244664",title:"Dr.",name:"Andreea",surname:"Ceausescu",slug:"andreea-ceausescu",fullName:"Andreea Ceausescu"},{id:"247842",title:"Dr.",name:"Andreea",surname:"Docea",slug:"andreea-docea",fullName:"Andreea Docea"},{id:"247843",title:"Dr.",name:"Marina",surname:"Dinu",slug:"marina-dinu",fullName:"Marina Dinu"},{id:"247844",title:"Dr.",name:"Stefan",surname:"Degeratu",slug:"stefan-degeratu",fullName:"Stefan Degeratu"},{id:"247846",title:"Dr.",name:"Monica",surname:"Cara",slug:"monica-cara",fullName:"Monica Cara"}]},{id:"58229",title:"Correlations between Ultrasound and Pathology in Fetal Ventricular System Anomalies",slug:"correlations-between-ultrasound-and-pathology-in-fetal-ventricular-system-anomalies",totalDownloads:1086,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"211907",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tanya",surname:"Kitova",slug:"tanya-kitova",fullName:"Tanya Kitova"},{id:"212795",title:"Prof.",name:"Borislav",surname:"Kitov",slug:"borislav-kitov",fullName:"Borislav Kitov"},{id:"212798",title:"Prof.",name:"Aida",surname:"Masmoudi",slug:"aida-masmoudi",fullName:"Aida Masmoudi"},{id:"221779",title:"Dr.",name:"Denis",surname:"Milkov",slug:"denis-milkov",fullName:"Denis Milkov"}]},{id:"58770",title:"Congenital Abnormalities of the Fetal Face",slug:"congenital-abnormalities-of-the-fetal-face",totalDownloads:2202,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"212459",title:"Dr.",name:"Dominic",surname:"Iliescu",slug:"dominic-iliescu",fullName:"Dominic Iliescu"},{id:"212490",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragusin",surname:"Roxana",slug:"dragusin-roxana",fullName:"Dragusin Roxana"},{id:"212493",title:"Dr.",name:"Pătru",surname:"Ciprian",slug:"patru-ciprian",fullName:"Pătru Ciprian"},{id:"212494",title:"Dr.",name:"Șorop-Florea",surname:"Maria",slug:"sorop-florea-maria",fullName:"Șorop-Florea Maria"},{id:"222056",title:"Dr.",name:"Cristian",surname:"Marinaș",slug:"cristian-marinas",fullName:"Cristian Marinaș"},{id:"222057",title:"Dr.",name:"Lucian George",surname:"Zorila",slug:"lucian-george-zorila",fullName:"Lucian George Zorila"},{id:"222058",title:"Dr.",name:"Bogdan Virgiliu",surname:"Sorop",slug:"bogdan-virgiliu-sorop",fullName:"Bogdan Virgiliu Sorop"},{id:"222526",title:"Dr.",name:"Cristian",surname:"Neamțu",slug:"cristian-neamtu",fullName:"Cristian Neamțu"},{id:"222699",title:"Prof.",name:"Nicolae",surname:"Cernea",slug:"nicolae-cernea",fullName:"Nicolae Cernea"}]},{id:"60148",title:"Congenital Abnormalities of the Fetal Heart",slug:"congenital-abnormalities-of-the-fetal-heart",totalDownloads:1606,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"212459",title:"Dr.",name:"Dominic",surname:"Iliescu",slug:"dominic-iliescu",fullName:"Dominic Iliescu"},{id:"31905",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragos",surname:"Nemescu",slug:"dragos-nemescu",fullName:"Dragos Nemescu"},{id:"215135",title:"Prof.",name:"Iuliana",surname:"Ceausu",slug:"iuliana-ceausu",fullName:"Iuliana Ceausu"},{id:"215279",title:"Prof.",name:"Claudiu",surname:"Marginean",slug:"claudiu-marginean",fullName:"Claudiu Marginean"},{id:"215280",title:"Prof.",name:"Mona",surname:"Zvanca",slug:"mona-zvanca",fullName:"Mona Zvanca"},{id:"215281",title:"Prof.",name:"Alina",surname:"Veduta",slug:"alina-veduta",fullName:"Alina Veduta"}]},{id:"59077",title:"Neonatal Ebstein’s Anomaly",slug:"neonatal-ebstein-s-anomaly",totalDownloads:1184,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"214499",title:"Dr.",name:"Umar",surname:"Boston",slug:"umar-boston",fullName:"Umar Boston"},{id:"214816",title:"Dr.",name:"Ken-Michael",surname:"Bayle",slug:"ken-michael-bayle",fullName:"Ken-Michael Bayle"},{id:"225210",title:"Dr.",name:"Christopher",surname:"Knott-Craig",slug:"christopher-knott-craig",fullName:"Christopher Knott-Craig"},{id:"225937",title:"Dr.",name:"Tk Susheel",surname:"Kumar",slug:"tk-susheel-kumar",fullName:"Tk Susheel Kumar"}]},{id:"58140",title:"Thoracic Anomalies",slug:"thoracic-anomalies",totalDownloads:1102,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"215200",title:"Prof.",name:"Cringu Antoniu",surname:"Ionescu",slug:"cringu-antoniu-ionescu",fullName:"Cringu Antoniu Ionescu"}]},{id:"59588",title:"Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia",slug:"congenital-diaphragmatic-hernia",totalDownloads:1407,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"215004",title:"Dr.",name:"Adrian",surname:"Ratiu",slug:"adrian-ratiu",fullName:"Adrian Ratiu"}]},{id:"58163",title:"Fetal Abdominal Wall Defects",slug:"fetal-abdominal-wall-defects",totalDownloads:3373,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[{id:"212459",title:"Dr.",name:"Dominic",surname:"Iliescu",slug:"dominic-iliescu",fullName:"Dominic Iliescu"},{id:"212490",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragusin",surname:"Roxana",slug:"dragusin-roxana",fullName:"Dragusin Roxana"},{id:"212493",title:"Dr.",name:"Pătru",surname:"Ciprian",slug:"patru-ciprian",fullName:"Pătru Ciprian"},{id:"212494",title:"Dr.",name:"Șorop-Florea",surname:"Maria",slug:"sorop-florea-maria",fullName:"Șorop-Florea Maria"},{id:"222056",title:"Dr.",name:"Cristian",surname:"Marinaș",slug:"cristian-marinas",fullName:"Cristian Marinaș"},{id:"222057",title:"Dr.",name:"Lucian George",surname:"Zorila",slug:"lucian-george-zorila",fullName:"Lucian George Zorila"},{id:"222058",title:"Dr.",name:"Bogdan Virgiliu",surname:"Sorop",slug:"bogdan-virgiliu-sorop",fullName:"Bogdan Virgiliu Sorop"},{id:"222526",title:"Dr.",name:"Cristian",surname:"Neamțu",slug:"cristian-neamtu",fullName:"Cristian Neamțu"},{id:"214960",title:"Prof.",name:"Nicolae",surname:"Cernea",slug:"nicolae-cernea",fullName:"Nicolae Cernea"}]},{id:"59525",title:"Gastroschisis: Prenatal Diagnosis and Outcome",slug:"gastroschisis-prenatal-diagnosis-and-outcome",totalDownloads:1135,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[{id:"210778",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Vesna",surname:"Milojković Marinović",slug:"vesna-milojkovic-marinovic",fullName:"Vesna Milojković Marinović"},{id:"223427",title:"Dr.",name:"Blagoje",surname:"Grujić",slug:"blagoje-grujic",fullName:"Blagoje Grujić"},{id:"237503",title:"Dr.",name:"Aleksandra",surname:"Stojanović",slug:"aleksandra-stojanovic",fullName:"Aleksandra Stojanović"},{id:"237504",title:"Dr.",name:"Dalibor",surname:"Sabbagh",slug:"dalibor-sabbagh",fullName:"Dalibor Sabbagh"},{id:"237505",title:"Dr.",name:"Petar",surname:"Rašić",slug:"petar-rasic",fullName:"Petar Rašić"}]},{id:"58219",title:"Congenital Abdominal Anomalies",slug:"congenital-abdominal-anomalies",totalDownloads:1387,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"212333",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Liana",surname:"Ples",slug:"liana-ples",fullName:"Liana Ples"}]},{id:"57831",title:"Renal Anomalies",slug:"renal-anomalies",totalDownloads:1206,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"214960",title:"Prof.",name:"Nicolae",surname:"Cernea",slug:"nicolae-cernea",fullName:"Nicolae Cernea"},{id:"214946",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandru",surname:"Comanescu",slug:"alexandru-comanescu",fullName:"Alexandru Comanescu"},{id:"214956",title:"Dr.",name:"Florentina",surname:"Tanase",slug:"florentina-tanase",fullName:"Florentina Tanase"},{id:"214957",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Cristina",surname:"Comanescu",slug:"maria-cristina-comanescu",fullName:"Maria Cristina Comanescu"},{id:"220288",title:"Dr.",name:"Razvan Cosmin",surname:"Pana",slug:"razvan-cosmin-pana",fullName:"Razvan Cosmin Pana"},{id:"224296",title:"Dr.",name:"Madalina",surname:"Barbu",slug:"madalina-barbu",fullName:"Madalina Barbu"}]},{id:"59202",title:"Congenital Anomalies of Urinary Tract and Anomalies of Fetal Genitalia",slug:"congenital-anomalies-of-urinary-tract-and-anomalies-of-fetal-genitalia",totalDownloads:1796,totalCrossrefCites:2,authors:[{id:"194540",title:"Dr.",name:"Sidonia Maria",surname:"Sandulescu",slug:"sidonia-maria-sandulescu",fullName:"Sidonia Maria Sandulescu"},{id:"214964",title:"Dr.",name:"Andreea",surname:"Veliscu Carp",slug:"andreea-veliscu-carp",fullName:"Andreea Veliscu Carp"},{id:"214965",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramona",surname:"Mircea Vicol",slug:"ramona-mircea-vicol",fullName:"Ramona Mircea Vicol"},{id:"214967",title:"Dr.",name:"Adela",surname:"Serban",slug:"adela-serban",fullName:"Adela Serban"},{id:"232987",title:"Dr.",name:"Cristian",surname:"Vaduva",slug:"cristian-vaduva",fullName:"Cristian Vaduva"}]},{id:"60751",title:"The Antenatal Detection of Fetal Limb Anomalies",slug:"the-antenatal-detection-of-fetal-limb-anomalies",totalDownloads:1580,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"212459",title:"Dr.",name:"Dominic",surname:"Iliescu",slug:"dominic-iliescu",fullName:"Dominic Iliescu"},{id:"215135",title:"Prof.",name:"Iuliana",surname:"Ceausu",slug:"iuliana-ceausu",fullName:"Iuliana Ceausu"}]},{id:"60402",title:"Abnormalities of the Placenta",slug:"abnormalities-of-the-placenta",totalDownloads:3312,totalCrossrefCites:2,authors:[{id:"212459",title:"Dr.",name:"Dominic",surname:"Iliescu",slug:"dominic-iliescu",fullName:"Dominic Iliescu"},{id:"212490",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragusin",surname:"Roxana",slug:"dragusin-roxana",fullName:"Dragusin Roxana"},{id:"212493",title:"Dr.",name:"Pătru",surname:"Ciprian",slug:"patru-ciprian",fullName:"Pătru Ciprian"},{id:"212494",title:"Dr.",name:"Șorop-Florea",surname:"Maria",slug:"sorop-florea-maria",fullName:"Șorop-Florea Maria"},{id:"222056",title:"Dr.",name:"Cristian",surname:"Marinaș",slug:"cristian-marinas",fullName:"Cristian Marinaș"},{id:"222057",title:"Dr.",name:"Lucian George",surname:"Zorila",slug:"lucian-george-zorila",fullName:"Lucian George Zorila"},{id:"222058",title:"Dr.",name:"Bogdan Virgiliu",surname:"Sorop",slug:"bogdan-virgiliu-sorop",fullName:"Bogdan Virgiliu Sorop"},{id:"246816",title:"Dr.",name:"Capitanescu",surname:"Razvan",slug:"capitanescu-razvan",fullName:"Capitanescu Razvan"}]},{id:"58537",title:"Abnormalities of the Umbilical Cord",slug:"abnormalities-of-the-umbilical-cord",totalDownloads:1968,totalCrossrefCites:2,authors:[{id:"98280",title:"Prof.",name:"Liliana",surname:"Novac",slug:"liliana-novac",fullName:"Liliana Novac"},{id:"214796",title:"Dr.",name:"Vrabie",surname:"Sidonia",slug:"vrabie-sidonia",fullName:"Vrabie Sidonia"},{id:"215033",title:"Dr.",name:"Dijmarescu",surname:"Lorena Anda",slug:"dijmarescu-lorena-anda",fullName:"Dijmarescu Lorena Anda"},{id:"215034",title:"Dr.",name:"Manolea",surname:"Maria Magdalena",slug:"manolea-maria-magdalena",fullName:"Manolea Maria Magdalena"},{id:"215036",title:"Dr.",name:"Siminel",surname:"Mirela",slug:"siminel-mirela",fullName:"Siminel Mirela"},{id:"215041",title:"Prof.",name:"Marius",surname:"Novac",slug:"marius-novac",fullName:"Marius Novac"}]},{id:"59104",title:"Prenatal Biochemical and Ultrasound Markers in Chromosomal Anomalies",slug:"prenatal-biochemical-and-ultrasound-markers-in-chromosomal-anomalies",totalDownloads:1282,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[{id:"86372",title:"Dr.",name:"Demetra",surname:"Socolov",slug:"demetra-socolov",fullName:"Demetra Socolov"},{id:"212385",title:"Prof.",name:"Gorduza",surname:"Eusebiu Vlad",slug:"gorduza-eusebiu-vlad",fullName:"Gorduza Eusebiu Vlad"},{id:"212386",title:"Prof.",name:"Socolov",surname:"Razvan",slug:"socolov-razvan",fullName:"Socolov Razvan"}]},{id:"58838",title:"Genomic Testing for Prenatal Clinical Evaluation of Congenital Anomalies",slug:"genomic-testing-for-prenatal-clinical-evaluation-of-congenital-anomalies",totalDownloads:1116,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"49809",title:"Prof.",name:"Borut",surname:"Peterlin",slug:"borut-peterlin",fullName:"Borut Peterlin"},{id:"61599",title:"Prof.",name:"Ales",surname:"Maver",slug:"ales-maver",fullName:"Ales Maver"},{id:"75615",title:"Dr.",name:"Luca",surname:"Lovrecic",slug:"luca-lovrecic",fullName:"Luca Lovrecic"},{id:"212411",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Gorazd",surname:"Rudolf",slug:"gorazd-rudolf",fullName:"Gorazd Rudolf"},{id:"212417",title:"Mrs.",name:"Marija",surname:"Volk",slug:"marija-volk",fullName:"Marija Volk"}]},{id:"58355",title:"Congenital Heart Disease: Genetic Aspect and Prenatal and Postnatal Counseling",slug:"congenital-heart-disease-genetic-aspect-and-prenatal-and-postnatal-counseling",totalDownloads:1116,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"214843",title:"M.D.",name:"Amal",surname:"Zubani",slug:"amal-zubani",fullName:"Amal Zubani"},{id:"214860",title:"Dr.",name:"Irfan",surname:"Asra",slug:"irfan-asra",fullName:"Irfan Asra"},{id:"214886",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",surname:"Al-Kouatli",slug:"amjad-al-kouatli",fullName:"Amjad Al-Kouatli"}]},{id:"59635",title:"Prenatal Genetic Counseling in Congenital Anomalies",slug:"prenatal-genetic-counseling-in-congenital-anomalies",totalDownloads:1258,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[{id:"215055",title:"Dr.",name:"Mihaela Amelia",surname:"Dobrescu",slug:"mihaela-amelia-dobrescu",fullName:"Mihaela Amelia Dobrescu"},{id:"215064",title:"Dr.",name:"Florin",surname:"Burada",slug:"florin-burada",fullName:"Florin Burada"},{id:"215069",title:"Dr.",name:"Mihai Gabriel",surname:"Cucu",slug:"mihai-gabriel-cucu",fullName:"Mihai Gabriel Cucu"},{id:"215086",title:"Dr.",name:"Gratiela",surname:"Chelu",slug:"gratiela-chelu",fullName:"Gratiela Chelu"},{id:"215090",title:"Dr.",name:"Mihai",surname:"Ioana",slug:"mihai-ioana",fullName:"Mihai Ioana"},{id:"227476",title:"Dr.",name:"Alina",surname:"Cimpoeru",slug:"alina-cimpoeru",fullName:"Alina Cimpoeru"},{id:"227482",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca Lelia",surname:"Riza",slug:"anca-lelia-riza",fullName:"Anca Lelia Riza"},{id:"227483",title:"Dr.",name:"Razvan Mihail",surname:"Plesea",slug:"razvan-mihail-plesea",fullName:"Razvan Mihail Plesea"}]},{id:"58185",title:"Management of Pregnancy and Delivery in Prenatally Diagnosed Congenital Anomalies",slug:"management-of-pregnancy-and-delivery-in-prenatally-diagnosed-congenital-anomalies",totalDownloads:1397,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"211837",title:"Prof.",name:"Diana",surname:"Ramašauskaitė",slug:"diana-ramasauskaite",fullName:"Diana Ramašauskaitė"}]},{id:"58402",title:"The Neonate with Minor Dysmorphisms",slug:"the-neonate-with-minor-dysmorphisms",totalDownloads:1396,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"215126",title:"Prof.",name:"Simona",surname:"Vladareanu",slug:"simona-vladareanu",fullName:"Simona Vladareanu"},{id:"222031",title:"Dr.",name:"Mihaela",surname:"Bot",slug:"mihaela-bot",fullName:"Mihaela Bot"},{id:"222033",title:"Prof.",name:"Costin",surname:"Berceanu",slug:"costin-berceanu",fullName:"Costin Berceanu"},{id:"222049",title:"Prof.",name:"Claudia",surname:"Mehedintu",slug:"claudia-mehedintu",fullName:"Claudia Mehedintu"},{id:"222050",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",surname:"Popescu",slug:"simona-popescu",fullName:"Simona Popescu"}]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"177730",firstName:"Edi",lastName:"Lipovic",middleName:null,title:"Mr.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/177730/images/4741_n.jpg",email:"edi@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"702",title:"Recent Advances in Research on the Human Placenta",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2ec960f95ad477086c54b65993d58c49",slug:"recent-advances-in-research-on-the-human-placenta",bookSignature:"Jing Zheng",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/702.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"89898",title:"Dr.",name:"Jing",surname:"Zheng",slug:"jing-zheng",fullName:"Jing Zheng"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"700",title:"The Human Embryo",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"86474f84fc2e891369f79e859bd84d44",slug:"the-human-embryo",bookSignature:"Shigehito Yamada and Tetsuya Takakuwa",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/700.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"114031",title:"Dr.",name:"Shigehito",surname:"Yamada",slug:"shigehito-yamada",fullName:"Shigehito Yamada"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2586",title:"Skeletal Muscle",subtitle:"From Myogenesis to Clinical Relations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"39cac55a7eca71b41c2a28933c1e2d4d",slug:"skeletal-muscle-from-myogenesis-to-clinical-relations",bookSignature:"Julianna Cseri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2586.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"135579",title:"Dr.",name:"Julianna",surname:"Cseri",slug:"julianna-cseri",fullName:"Julianna Cseri"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7175",title:"Placenta",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"447d49d62164c5437461f3b0aae7a67f",slug:"placenta",bookSignature:"Ahmed R. G.",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7175.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"138555",title:"Prof.",name:"R.G.",surname:"Ahmed",slug:"r.g.-ahmed",fullName:"R.G. Ahmed"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6977",title:"Embryology",subtitle:"Theory and Practice",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4620ebf60e92b453c7e4fde00cd94515",slug:"embryology-theory-and-practice",bookSignature:"Bin Wu and Huai L. Feng",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6977.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"108807",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Bin",surname:"Wu",slug:"bin-wu",fullName:"Bin Wu"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"73282",title:"End-of-Life Ethical Dilemmas",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93616",slug:"end-of-life-ethical-dilemmas",body:'
1. Introduction
Since the dawn of the hominization, one of the main distinguishing features of the humankind, was its concern with death.
Medically, death is defined as the irreversible cessation of all vital functions especially as indicated by permanent stoppage of the heart, respiration, and brain activity.
The focus on end-of-life ethical dilemmas are not mainly centered on the moment of death but rather in the process of death, the interval of time that encompasses the lifetime from the diagnosis of a disease that will irreversibly end, in a relatively short period of time, in the death of the person.
To understand the ethical problems of end of life, the discussion about the topic of this chapter reviewed the precepts of a medical procedure and the bioethical principles that professionals should refer to in case of confusion or conflict.
Although, currently very much in vogue, the end-of-life ethical dilemmas can be traced back to ancient Greece and Rome. Physicians and medical procedures about the end-of-life were a theme of opinion and cogitation and subjected to a code of conduct.
In those ancient civilizations, the apprehension which was initially centered on the metaphysics of moment of death shifted progressively to the quality and consequence of how one lived his life, in other words, there ought to be a nexus between the precepts that guided an individual life and his death.
In the western world, throughout the ages, the ethics of end-of-life was connected to the ideas the societies had about the philosophy of life.
With the evolution of science and technology the epicenter of the debate shifted from philosophy to the consequences of the inventions of technoscience. The innovations of devices that can replace the organs in failure, thus prolonging (dysthanasia) or shortening (euthanasia) of death process and medical procedures like withdrawing and withholding life-sustaining treatments, as well as the mechanisms and consequences of new and potent drugs, became the center of the controversy.
The arguments have considered the role of various sectors of the societies, from scientific to philosophical, including the religious perspectives and the best ways to overcome or at least mitigate the suffering that result from the dialectics of technoscience – the living will or health advanced directives.
The concluding remark of this manuscript is a tentative to explain the reason for the existence of dilemmas.
2. Medical procedures and ethical principles
A medical procedure is not, merely, an interaction between the physician and the patient. In this intercommunication, there is also a third party involved, who may or may not be physically involved. On the other side, the outcome of this talk is also dependent on many interrelated vectors, where each one has an important and specific role [1].
For a better perception of the involved elements and circumstances let us consider them individually:
The importance of the third party in this relation is depicted with some examples: The third element can be the family, a financing partner or even the public opinion. Any one of them can influence the medical procedure.
It is well acknowledged the influence of the family in the principle of autonomy when the patient has no cognitive capacity and has no living will.
Other examples are the restrictions that the insurances companies impose on financial limits of a medical procedures. So, the outcome of a medical act, on ethical grounds, is dependent on the limits of the insurance card. Naturally, in most countries with a national health service, at least partially, this is not a major problem.
The fallout of the interaction between the physician and the patient depends also on cognitive, emotional, and cultural capacities, the communication skill, and the medical knowledge of the physician.
Another important vector to be considered in the outcome of the interaction between the patient and the physician is the venue, since the quality and approach of the medical procedure is different if it takes place at home, in a hospital or by the roadside. It is accepted, without any hesitation, that devices required in life sustaining treatments are not disposable at home or in a roadside procedure. Even in a hospital, the equipment’s in a university or a central hospital are different and consequently the expected ethical principles will have to take into consideration the venue where the procedure takes place.
Other relevant vector that ought to be taken in consideration is, if the medical procedure is an urgency, emergency or just a routine medical procedure.
In the context of time, if the medical procedure is an emergency, no one expects the physician to ask and wait for informed consent. In these situations, the principle of autonomy, which clearly is determinant is a normal medical procedure, is considered a presumed consent.
And finally, a medical procedure is not a single act but a summing of diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis.
The diagnosis does not seem to significantly influence the topic in question.
However, the treatment and the prognosis are of utmost importance.
In a medical procedure, the prognosis is a fundamental and decisive component in treatment verdict. The treatment is expected to be proportional to the expected prognosis. In intensive medicine, a good example is the shifting from cure to care when the prognosis is unfavorable. The maintenance of treatment procedures or treatment stubbornness, despite the irreversibility of clinical situation leads to a setting of dysthanasia.
There are various factors that can impair and influence the prognostication, and all of them should be taught about while considering a patient’s ultimate prognosis.
In general terms, there are other factors that should be taken in consideration in any medical intervention, namely:
The importance of the cultural background in some bioethical principles: the principle of autonomy is determinant in Anglo-Saxon countries, while in Latin countries of South Europe, the principle of Beneficence has a clear ascendency.
The communications skills are also, progressively, becoming more important in a globalized world, since in more developed countries, more and more migrants, living within their borders, speak different languages or, at least, are not fluent enough in the local language to express their symptoms.
3. Historical background
The end-of-life has been a matter of reflection since the dawn of humanity. In the primitive settlements of mankind, the concerns were regarding the moment of death. As the process of civilization advanced to a high state of culture, in the Western world, since the time of Greco-Roman antiquity, the debate was mainly centered on the philosopher’s concept of life.
The quality of life was valued much more than the extension of life at the cost of suffering; from this perspective, treatment stubbornness was not accepted,
The knowledge of the physicians was not based on science but rather on empirical experience of its practitioners, and, as such he was considered as a craftsman and not a specially designed technician. As a result, the quality of life had a primacy over the stretching of life with suffering.
In this regard, Plato’s opinion is clear when he states that in terminal stages “Bodies diseased inwardly and throughout should not be treated with gradual evacuations and infusions, to prolong a miserable existence” [2].
Thus, the ethical concerns with death can be traced somewhere between the fourth and fifth century BC.
In the Medieval Europe, with the Christianization of the Roman empire, the sanctity turned to be the leit motif of life; the ethics of end of life were now focused on God, or to be more precise on the doctrine of Church.
In Renaissance and Illuminism, the new knowledge in Medicine led the great Master of Philosophy like Thomas Moore and Francis Bacon to introduce the discussion of euthanasia in cases where medical science had nothing more to offer. In Modern times, from the mid-twentieth century to the present day, the technological advances in sustaining the organ failures and pharmacological improvements and discovery of new drugs that can back up the biochemistry of the human body made exceptional advances in overcoming the organ failure.
On the other side, state-of-the art surgery techniques, and the control of tissue rejection through new immunological drugs turned the organ transplant into a reality: the scenario that was now perfect for the conquest of senescence, renewed the debates in ethical dilemmas such as dysthanasia (from Greek making death difficult) wherein, the withholding and withdrawing life-sustaining treatments are the daily bread of intensive care units. Euthanasia, legalized in few countries is a subject of discussion, while ethical concerns about topics like drugs double effects and induced coma also deserve a reflection.
The discussion about the ethical dilemmas about end of life care in terminal diseases have been a subject of concern in all the civilizations, although written documents about the entanglement of the opinion makers, the philosophers and thinkers of the societies, are more easily traced in Western civilizations. Later, with the involvement of the church, the priests had a say regarding the end-of-life and finally with the evolution of medical knowledge the clinicians, had progressively a scientific ascendant regarding the dilemmas about treating terminal illness.
The delaying of the process of death with lengthening of the suffering is, now-a-days at the center of end-of-life ethical debates: the non-acceptance of suffering which can windup with the treatment limitation, at the request of the patient or as a decision of medical team, or as a request of euthanasia, also known as a merciful death, at the request of patient.
In the democratic societies, the decision itself has been subject of discussion. Who should be responsible for decision? The epistemic authority of those who have the knowledge. Or the moral authority of the patient, the family, the surrogate, or a judge in the name of state?
In a nearby future this is a debate that will continue to focus the attention of the modern societies.
4. Withdrawing and withholding life-sustaining treatments
As described previously, in a medical procedure, the treatment is a consequence of diagnosis and should also take into consideration the expected prognosis. Moreover, the treatment strategy is not linear, that is, it can suffer abrupt changes mainly in intensive medicine where life sustaining treatments are involved: they may shift from maintenance of vital functions to palliative care.
As far as life sustaining treatments are concerned, there is a study in the USA, that revealed that in a five years interval of time, deaths in two intensive care units in a period of one year that resulted after withholding or withdrawing these treatments increased, in the same period, from 51 to 90% [3].
A French study involving 43 ICU’s revealed that 52% of patients died after they had their treatment withdrawn or withheld [4].
Despite various meetings to standardize the criteria regarding the withdrawal or withholding of end-of-life treatments, cultural and religious barriers have made it difficult to have a uniform code of conduct. However, there is a consensus regarding the guidelines relevant to general principles of treatment renouncement, which can be summarized as: [5].
The treatment renouncement should result when the treatments have no longer any medical indication or do not offer any well-being to the patient
The withholding of future treatment is morally and legally equivalent to the withdrawal of treatment
A mindset, whose only aim is to hasten death, is morally and legally condemnable.
Any treatment can be withdrawn or withheld
The withdrawal or withholding of life sustaining treatments is a medical procedure
In case of any deterrence to withhold life sustaining treatment, the withdrawal of the treatment already prescribed with the same objective should be reconsidered.
The decision of treatment renouncement deserves some reflections and considerations.
These decisions are seldom an urgent decision and, as such, it should not be a hasty and sudden verdict. As far as possible, it should be a consequence of a broad consensus. Any doubt, from any staff member, should be respected and the reason for the apprehension analyzed in minutia.
Ethically, the withdrawal and withholding of treatment are identical attitudes, although, for some clinicians, it is more admissible to withhold than to withdraw treatment.
The treatment renouncement is considered, by some, as passive euthanasia. It is extremely important to realize that the intent of treatment renouncement is to withdraw or withhold an undesired treatment that can lead to the death of the patient, but not to induce the death of the patient. The distinction between dysthanasia and euthanasia is that in the latter there is an intention to administer a drug or a poison with the sole purpose to hasten or cause death.
On ethical reasoning, in intentions and acts, there is a clear divergence between treatment renouncement and an attitude whose main and sole purpose is to cause death.
The treatment renouncement decision has been a seat of disagreeing between the Anglo- Saxon and Central and Southern European countries.
For the former countries (particularly the United States) the decisions, after the due explanations, rests entirely on the patient, while in European countries, particularly those in Southern Europe, the physicians are accountable for the decision. In ethical rationale, so far as the authorship of decision is concerned there is a confrontation between the two principles: autonomy from the Anglo-Saxon and beneficence from the Mediterranean Europe side.
In my opinion, considering that the treatment renouncement is a medical procedure, the responsibility should be on the physician, after all the necessary information is provided to the family.
Is it morally acceptable, that the epistemic knowledge being on the physician side, the decision should rest on the patient or family part? Moreover, when any one of them (patient or family) are extremely fragile, weak and exhausted?
It is be retained and emphasized that treatment limitation is not synonymous with ceasing of any form of treatment. It is a shift from cure to care as the primary goal of providing health services.
5. Dysthanasia and euthanasia
In medicine, end-of-life care is made up of two constituents: the process of death and the moment of death.
The process of death is a stage wherein an individual has been diagnosed with an infirmity, that by the existing biomarkers death will be a natural outcome in a rather short interval of time.
The physicians, with the technological equipment’s and procedures at their disposition, can lengthen or hasten the process of death.
On the other hand, it is impossible to portray the moment of death. It is a moment of irreversibility that belongs to the sphere of the unknown.
5.1 Dysthanasia
In this context, the word dysthanasia that emanates from Greek – dys, in medical terms, painful and Thanatos meaning death – in common language means to retard as much as possible the process of death.
Although conceptually slightly different, treatment stubbornness, therapeutic doggedness, or medical futility have been used as synonymous. In dysthanasia, the attention is focused on the process of death, while in its synonymous, the point of convergence on persistency of cure-oriented treatment decisions, whose consequence may drag out the process of death.
In a context of a medical act, dysthanasia should be perceived as an approach where there is an excessive treatment in relation to the clinical condition and its expected outcome. From the perspective of a medical procedure and in the light of deontological precepts, treatment should consider the expected prognosis, as highlighted previously.
A basic rationale for dysthanasia can be a treatment that presents no beneficial odd for the patient.
For some time, dysthanasia was considered, in a broadest sense, futile care that does not benefits the patient. However, the term futile raised some polemic, since, futile, refers to anything that is unable or ineffective of bringing forth any useful result. Nonetheless, there are treatments that can cause some effect on patients’ biological parameters without any beneficial good. This evidence highlights the argument that the effects and the benefits are different facts. The prolongation of life without any cognitive capacity and confined to an intensive care bed cannot, in my opinion, be considered the aim of Medicine. I am fully aware that this is a value judgment, and, as such, it is intrinsically difficult to reach a consensus.
The cause effect correlation, to be unequivocal, should be clearly defined and reproducible. The dispute around treatment stubbornness has been focused around difficulty in deciding what should be considered a medical futility and who should be responsible for this decision.
Regarding the definition, there is a distinction between quantitative and qualitative futility. The previous (quantitative) futility is based on statistical premises – a treatment is futile when the last 100 cases of a certain medical treatment for a distinct medical situation have been unsuccessful. On the other side, qualitative futility is related to a treatment that maintains a patient unconscious or does not withdraw his total dependency in relation to intensive care measures.
Summarizing, should the definition be mathematical or clinical?
Mathematics is a science of certainties while medicine (clinical) is a science of probabilities.
Can there be a minimum common denominator among this epistemic ambivalence?
Another worrisome dispute is related to the decision-making: who should have the ultimate say about the futility of a treatment: someone who has the scientific knowledge about the treatment and its effect (epistemic authority) or one, or his surrogate, who is the subject of treatment (moral authority)?
In this dispute I sign up the point of view of Theodore Brown. In his statement:
“Moral authority is the capacity to convince others of how the world should be. This distinguishes it from expert or epistemic authority, which could be defined as the capacity to convince the others of how the world is” [6].
From all the consideration, previously exposed, it seems obvious that an act of dysthanasia or treatment stubbornness can be considered as an act of medical malpractice. How can this demeanor by the physicians be explained?
In my opinion, a feasible and rational justification for dysthanasia can be met, on one side, at the light of philosophical underpinnings and, on the other side, as a safeguard against a complaint of substandard medical practice [7].
Philosophically, dysthanasia can be explained, among others, by the phenomenology of knowledge. Edgar Morin, the French sociologist, noted that “The great contribution of knowledge left by the twentieth century was the knowledge of limits of knowledge. The major certainty is that uncertainties are unable to be eliminated not only in action but in knowledge” [8].
On the other side, the good or bad application of technique can be understood by the dialectic. Ethically, every man of science, in this case the physicians, serves two gods: the first god is that of ethics of knowledge – everything should be sacrificed to safe the thirstiness for knowledge. The second god is that of civic and human ethics. In dysthanasia prevails the first one.
Axiology, the philosophical study of value, can also be of relevance in explaining the treatment stubbornness. Since the Hippocratic oath, life is considered as a supreme value. By opposition, death has no value or is a non-value. If this rationale is righteous and undistorted, then treatment stubbornness can be justified.
Finally, a foundation for treatment stubbornness can be explained at the light of hope and escape. For Ernst Bloch, the German philosopher, hope is the most human of all emotions and the denial of anguish [9].
The physicians, particularly those dealing with severe cases, know from their experience, that there is, however small, a probability that the process of death may not be irreversible. Dysthanasia can find an underlying rationale in this hope or in other existential attitudes like escape or absurd rebellion.
As pointed out previously, an argument for treatment stubbornness can rest in a reaction to an accusation of medical malpractice − defensive medicine. Currently, doctors are afraid of malpractice lawsuits; a physician response, entirely or to a certain extent, is based on medical procedures to evade any blame rather than to help the patient in his illness.
Defensive medicine can be positive or negative. In the first setting unnecessary procedures are carried out by the doctors to safeguard himself against any complaint. In the second case, he abstains, from procedures and patients, to protect himself from the same recrimination.
In brief, in defensive medicine, the procedures result not from his innate values and beliefs, but from self-protection against accusation of misconduct in the advent of a detrimental outcome [7].
5.2 Euthanasia
Perhaps, the most disputed end-of-life dilemma in the Western contemporary societies, is around euthanasia. However, its debate can be traced to the Renaissance and Age of Enlightenment, as mentioned earlier.
There are multifold descriptions of Euthanasia. In a medical understanding, it is an intentional act to end a life, to relief pain and suffering. The death is brought about by a doctor, family member or friend through a lethal injection and is at the request of the patient who suffers an incurable disease manifested through unrelievable psychic or physical pain.
The word comes Greek “eu” (goodly or well) and “Thanatos” (death). It has referred as “assisted death” or “friendly death”.
In this definition, in my opinion, the most inclusive, there are two premises – unrelievable pain and incurable disease − that need an added analysis and clarification.
Besides dissecting this definition, many a times the expression passive euthanasia is used to describe withholding of some medical procedures or treatments, which was already addressed in a previous section (Withdrawing and withholding life-sustaining treatments) that will need further consideration.
Unrelievable pain.
The state-of-the art in pharmacology has presented the medical science with drugs that can control entirely the pain. The main obstacle with the use of one or more pain killers lies with its side effects when there is a need to increase progressively the dose or upgrade the drugs. The most frightening side effect is the respiratory arrest.
In short, the drug outcome can result in a double effect. Reliving the pain but with a significant odd of causing death. Is it morally acceptable?
Besides the relief of pain, the terminal sedation has also been questioned.
This reflection and discussion will be done in next section.
Incurable diseases.
In Medicine, in a classic definition “incurable” implies an illness without cure that will lead, in a short span of time, to death. In natural history, some diseases, when untreated, end up with the failure of the organ and, ultimately, in the death of the patient. The organ failure can be a consequence of an acute condition or an end-stage chronic situation. With modern technological achievements, many organs can be temporarily or permanently substituted by devices or transplants.
In my point of view, illnesses resulting from an end-stage chronic organ failure cannot be strictly defined as incurable in the sense that the outcome will be, unquestionably, the death of the patient, since the devices that substitute the failing organs can do their function.
The question in debate is whether there is any limitation to the use of these devices.
The permanent use of mechanical devices should consider the prognosis, the quality of life from the perspective of the patient and, first and foremost, the patient autonomy.
As previously stated, the treatment should be proportional to the expected prognosis.
It is accepted by some medical associations and by the Catholic Church, that “the use of extraordinary means to maintain life should be discontinued in an unrecoverable situation of a nearby, certainly fatal, prognosis and when the persistence of such treatments will not bring any benefit to the patient” [10].
Let us consider a situation of a patient with a chronic end stage disease but in full possession of his cognitive abilities who refuses any mechanical device to maintain his life. Should his will be denied because the withdrawal of the mechanical device will be considered by the physician or society an act of euthanasia? If, the alternative to a failing organ was its transplant, could the patient be forced to accept it?
Can a society or a physician impose their will? Is the informed consent a mere rhetoric?
By refusing the mechanical device the patient is rejecting to live permanently with a mechanical device. He is not asking to be killed, although he knows that the consequence of his wish will be his death.
In my opinion, the removal of a device that does nor suppress the evolution of the illness, instead prolongs the process of death cannot be considered an act of euthanasia.
To recognize the restrain of science and technology is an act of matureness. To comply with the patient request is to respect the principle of autonomy, which, according to Kant is the only principle of morality.
It is my view, that many disputes and polemics in relation to end-of-life ethical dilemmas have its outset in the premise that the refusal of dysthanasia is an act of passive euthanasia. The objection of treatment stubbornness is act of good medical praxis and meets the leges artis. It cannot and should not be labeled as act of euthanasia, unless in bad faith.
6. Drugs double effects
All medicines used in a treatment may cause unwanted symptoms. They are also called “adverse effects” or “adverse reactions”. Side effects happen when a treatment causes a problem because it does more than treat the target issue. Side effects can range from mild to life-threatening conditions.
In end stage diseases, when symptoms like pain or breathlessness are a source of great suffering of the patient, the physician is compelled to prescribe powerful analgesics or sedatives and these medicines may cause an undesired double effect.
In case of an analgesic, besides alleviating the pain, they may depress the respiratory center and cause a respiratory arrest and ultimately the death of the patient.
A major doubt, at the light of ethical principles, is whether the double effect of a drug is acceptable or not?
The principle or doctrine of double effect, often abbreviated as DDE, is a set of ethical criteria which Christian philosophers, like Thomas Aquinas’ in his work Summa Theologica, have advocated for evaluating the permissibility of acting when one’s otherwise legitimate act (for example, relieving a terminally ill patient’s pain) may also cause an effect that he would, otherwise, be obliged to avoid (sedation and a slightly shortened life) [11].
In his assessment, this set of criteria is justifiable if the following are true:
The nature of the act is itself good, or at least morally neutral.
The agent intends the good effect and does not intend the bad effect either to do good or as the end in itself.
The good effect outweighs the bad effect, in circumstances sufficiently grave to justify causing the bad effect, and the agent exercises due diligence to minimize the harm.
Resuming, the DDE is based on the idea that there is, morally, a pertinent difference between an “intended” outcome of an act and one that is foreseen by the actor but not deliberately planned to achieve his motive.
This doctrine has been criticized by the consequentialist, like John Stuart Mill, advocate of the utilitarian version of consequentialism. He argues that our moral analysis should ignore matters of motivation, which appeals to a distinction between intended and unintended consequences. In his opinion the scrutiny of motives will reveal a man’s character, but utilitarianism does not judge character, only the rightness or wrongness of actions [12]. Thus, he concludes that the DDE should be rejected.
Analyzing and reflecting the DDE at the light of ethical principles, namely of beneficence and nonmaleficence, it is clear that there is a clash between the duty to suppress harm or suffering (do good) and, perhaps, the oldest of codes of conduct that reminds the physician that his main attitude towards the patient should be not to harm him (primum non nocere).
In my opinion, even in common jurisprudence there a clear distinction between intention and motive. The intention is the basic element for making a person liable for the crime, which is commonly contrasted with motive. While intention means the purpose of doing something, motive determines the reason for committing an act.
If, there is no other way to suppress the suffering of the patient, than the prescription of an analgesic, should take in consideration the minimal dose to achieve the effect.
In this situation, it is my point of view that the procedure is morally acceptable even knowing that it might be a cause of respiratory arrest and death.
6.1 Terminal sedation
Terminal sedation, sometimes considered as an act of euthanasia, is a procedure wherein a patient is prescribed with a drug to induce sleep or unconsciousness until death occurs as result of the primary disease, while maintaining all other palliative medications. A typical example is a respiratory failure in end stage pulmonary fibrosis. In this stage, the breathlessness induces a suffering that a patient cannot tolerate. The only procedure is to sedate with a minimum effective dose that will induce the patient to lose his cognitive capacities but will preserve his organic functions. The drug prescribed has a short biological half-life. If, for any reason, the medication is brought to a standstill, the patient recovers in no time from his unconsciousness. Thus, this is not an irreversible procedure. Can this practice be considered as euthanasia? In my judgment it does not seems judicious to consider terminal sedation as an act of euthanasia.
7. Religious perspectives on end-of-life dilemmas
Is there any special reason to include religious perspectives in a document on end-of-life ethical dilemmas? In other words, is there any space for religious overview in a field based in a scientific knowledge?
From my point of view there is every reason to entail religious perspectives in a reflection and discussion of end-of-life ethical dilemmas.
First and foremost, I will enumerate the arguments to entail religion in this discussion and in in a second section how the major religions overview these dilemmas.
It is evident that a human being has biological and cognitive functions. In an instance of biological suffering the response should come entirely from medicine, a science based on knowledge; however, in cognitive discomfort, the psyche also has a say.
According to Pew Research Center, 2015 in 2020, 98,1% of world population will be adherent of a religion, with Christianity with 31,2 and Islam with 24,1% occupying the first and second places, respectively (Figure 1).
Figure 1.
World population 2015 by religion. Source: Pew research center.
These numbers display, in my opinion, that the religiosity of people cannot and should not be forsaken when analyzing the end-of-life ethical questions. On the other side, even unbelievers, atheists and agnostics can have spiritual concerns, a need in the human psyche to understand the ultimate meaning of our existence and values in life. Spirituality is intricately linked to religion. It is difficult to imagine someone professing a religion and not being spiritual, while the inverse is possible; it is not imperious for spirituality to be coupled to religion.
In mid-nineties, a new term, spiritual intelligence, was introduced by some philosophers, psychologists, and developmental theorists [13]. Spiritual intelligence relies on the concept of spirituality as being distinct from religiosity - existential intelligence. It is, therefore, reasonable to accept that in human suffering religion or spirituality and medicine are bound to intersect. To understand the concepts of ethics linked to the end-of-life dilemmas it is fundamental to question “Why?” Get to the bottom to understand the things.
Another good reason to include religious perspective is the historical contribution that Catholic Church thinkers have given to the analysis and discussions of important topics on end-of-life ethical dilemmas.
In the previous section, we had a brief reference to saint Thomas Aquinas on his Suma Theologica when he advocated the intention, and not the result, in the doctrine of double effects.
Almost seven centuries later, in 1957, Pope Pious XII in a speech addressed to anesthesiologists, accepted the proposition of double effects of drugs based on principle of liceity of prescription [14].
Another important doctrine in end-of-life ethics, about the difference between ordinary and extraordinary means, was developed by three Spanish Dominican friars (Francisco de Vitória, Domingo de Soto and Domingo Báñez) in the seventeenth century [15].
Other thinking’s of Catholic Church, namely regarding treatment stubbornness, were expressed in catholic Catechism and encyclicals (Evangelium Vitae by Pope John Paul II) [16].
In the subset of this theme I will make a reference to the most practiced religions and their stand regarding end-of-life ethical dilemmas − treatment stubbornness, euthanasia, drugs double effects, and nutrition and hydration.
7.1 Christian perspective
7.1.1 The Roman Catholic Church
According to the Catholic Catechism “Discontinuing medical procedures that are burdensome, dangerous, extraordinary, or disproportionate to the expected outcome, can be legitimate; it is the refusal of “over-zealous” treatment” (treatment stubbornness) [17].
Regarding euthanasia the catechism says that an act or omission which, of itself or by intention, causes death in order to eliminate suffering constitutes a murder gravely contrary to the dignity of the human person and to the respect due to the living God, his Creator.
The position of Catholic Church in relation to nutrition and hydration through artificial means was clarified by Pope John Paul II when he stated that its administration, even when provided by artificial means represents a natural means of preserving life, not a medical act. According to him, its use should be considered ordinary and proportionate. However, he added” insofar as and until it is seen to have attained its proper finality, which in case of a vegetative state consists in providing nourishment to the patient and alleviating his suffering” [18]. This conditioning has raised some doubts in theologians and clinicians.
7.1.2 The Greek orthodox church (GOC)
The GOC rejects death resulting from human decisions and condemns as unethical any medical procedure that does not commit to the prolongation of life.
According to the bioethics committee of the Greek Church, withholding or withdrawing of treatment including artificial nutrition is not allowed since there is a possibility of a medical mistake, an unforeseen outcome or even a miracle. Euthanasia is not allowed, and pain relief medication prescription is allowed only in doses that are certain not to depress the respiratory center [19].
7.1.3 Protestant churches
In Protestant churches euthanasia is accepted.
7.2 Judaism
According to the Jewish law, euthanasia is not allowed. A significant divergence regarding Western medical and Jewish ethics, resides in withdrawing and withholding treatments, since in Jewish law, treatments may be withheld while withdrawal is not allowed, considering that this deed may be a factual cause of patient death.
Artificial nutrition and hydration are considered as a form of primary care, and, as such, must be provided.
Treatment for the palliation of pain can be prescribed without fear of an eventual respiratory compromise [19].
7.3 Islam
In Islamic principle, life-sustaining treatments can be withheld or withdrawn in terminally ill patients, while euthanasia is proscribed. The withdrawal of nutrition is considered an unlawful act; however, no reference is made in case the nourishment is through artificial methods. Mitigation of pain is admitted even if death is hastened, provided it was not the physician intention [19].
7.4 Buddhism
From a Buddhist ethics perspective, there is no moral obligation to preserve life at all costs (rejection of dysthanasia). The respect for life forbids killing of living things (euthanasia is outlawed). Artificial nutrition and hydration are not imperative, since they may avert the individual from securing the next stage of his life, the rebirth.
The use of pain killers and the principle of double effect is accepted [19].
7.5 Hinduism
In Hinduism there is no single central authority to enforce submission to Hinduism. When making concrete end-of-life decisions, their attitudes are flexible; this includes the individual circumstantial background to which religious analysis and arguments can be added.
7.6 Confucian and Taoist perspective
Most Chinese do not consider Confucianism a religion but rather a philosophical system. Unlike the West, in China, cultural and social relations sustain the basis for moral judgment. Thus, it is the family who is responsible for decision making.
There is a difference in religious and philosophical Taoism in regard to the end-of-life: in the former case (religious Taoism), one should accede longevity and immortality, while for the latter (philosophical Taoism) death should be perceived with peace of mind and detachment, and, as such, artificial measures that confront the natural course should not be attempted [20].
8. The living will in the end-of-life
The controversies about the end-of-life ethical dilemmas can be traced to ancient Greece and Rome. In that distant past, it was mainly focused in the treatment stubbornness. However, it is with the development of knowledge and research in lifesaving drugs and technologies, that the debates medialize on various fields, the main point of convergence being euthanasia and dysthanasia.
In a nearby future, with an increase in average life expectancy and innovations in medical technoscience it seems little probable that there will be a decrease in these disputes. Anyhow, a realistic hope in the reduction of the controversies should have its mainstay based in prevention. Hence, an objective of all those who have a leading position in the society should be to curtail the disposition towards this confrontation.
How to downsize this problem?
The struggle to curtail has evolved through the years and there has been no consensus for an acceptable agreement. Starting with the denomination of the dilemmas, passing to the definition itself and ending with the parties involved, an acceptable accordance is far from being a reality.
For example, so far as the denomination of futility is concerned there have been various suggestions to shift for a different terminology like non-beneficial treatment, medically inappropriate, medically inadvisable or not medically indicated, among others, but each one with some drawbacks.
In any dispute of end-of-life dilemmas, there is an involvement of three parties, the patient, the family, and the team of physicians and the institution that provides the health care.
In my opinion, the solution to ease this challenging problem will be met, at least partially, by the unveiling of the living will. Henceforth, in this demanding issue, every effort should be directed to engage all the involved parties in supporting and diffusing the living will.
In the western societies there have been a progressive acceptance and legislation of the living will. The main reason for its broad recognition and approval is the affirmation of the principle of autonomy, through the informed consent, in the Anglo-Saxon countries.
Other arguments for its recommendations are religious creeds (no acceptance of blood transfusions by Adventists cult) and those who reject resuscitation maneuvers fearing a bed quality of life that could result from this procedure.
On the other side, in the eastern countries, or societies where there is a predominance of principle of beneficence and family-oriented decision-making, the living will have hardly made any inroad in this matter.
8.1 The living will
The living will or advanced directive specifies what types of medical treatment are desired by a person in circumstances in which he is no longer able to express informed consent.
A living will can be very explicit and precise or very general. The most frequent statement in a living will, appeals that if the patient suffers an incurable, irreversible illness or condition, and the attending physician decides that the condition is terminal, life-sustaining measures, that would serve only to prolong dying, be withheld or discontinued. More explicit living wills may include details regarding an individual’s desire for measures such as pain relief, antibiotics, hydration, feeding, and the use of ventilators, blood products, or cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
The intrinsic objective of living will has two main intents: give the concerned person a control regarding his health in an end-of-life setting and take a burden and distress off the shoulders of his family and thus avoid the self-condemnation complex that sometimes curtails a painful decision. Moreover, the living will elude the discords which may arise among family members about the prescription or withholding of specific treatments.
In this circumstance, it is expected that the author of the will is mature enough to interiorize his illness, the natural process of the disease and his own death.
The decision to draft a living will is not a sprint against time; it must be a follow-up of various steps that entails the acceptance of the illness by the patient, the treatment limitation and the evolution of the disease till the death. For all these discernments required, the living will should not, a priori, be addressed in acute settings.
It should be retained that the living will can be revoked or changed as often as the person wishes. However, he should notify all parties who were informed of the living will.
It is desirable, but not indispensable, for the patient to discuss with his physician his apprehensions, fears, and values. No one, better than his physician, to explain him the natural history of his illness, the prognoses, the technical means, and their limits.
Not under any condition, can the physician use his knowledge to shape or imprint the decision in a negative way.
In brief, the living will have, typically, two parts:
On the one hand is named the person who will be answerable to fulfill with treatment orientations and care in the end-of-life. The attorney should be someone in proximity and trustworthy to the person and with awareness of his line of rationale. The attorney, one or more, can be a family member or a close friend. In case of more than one attorney it should be overtly established if the resolution should be collective or individual and how to decide in a case of a stalemate.
On the other hand, there should be clearly stated what diagnostic methods and treatments should be authorized and those that are to be refused.
The living will is not an alchemy for all the dilemmas related to end-of-life ethics, but it is, beyond any doubt, a good means to obviate many scenarios of anguishing treatment decision making and provide the patient a dignified death.
8.2 The physician role in the living will
What can be the role of the physician in the patient’s living will?
The living will that is considered in this text is the one dealing with chronic diseases in their advanced stages. In this setting the physician should consider the timing of the discussion, nature of the illness, quality of life, the end-of-life care, and prognosis.
The dialog should take place not in a specific visit of the patient but through the various follow-up assignments. The physician should explain in a clear and accessible conversation the natural history of the illness with its effect on his quality of life, the end-of-life care that he may eventually need and the treatments options that he may require in the acute exacerbations.
This conversation can be handled by the primary care physician or the specialist consultant who has been following the patient. In my opinion, the consultant physician, with all his experience, will be in a better position to clear the doubts and eagerness of the vulnerable patient.
8.3 The family part in the living will
The feelings and attitudes towards the end-of-life depend on the sociocultural environments of the societies.
In some settings, the family can refuse home nursing the household or allow the treatment limitation and bring back home the family member. This posture can take place for various reasons: spiritual and psychological unpreparedness for the death of their beloved, not knowing how many days would ensue till the patient’s death or the physical, familiar and financial concerns that would imply to take care of the patient at home.
8.4 The hospital involvement
The role of the hospital should be focused mainly in preventive measures that should be aimed to remind the physicians, through codes of conduct, to clarify the patient and the family of the evolution of the illness, and, at the proper moment to consider, not enforce, the living will.
In case of disagreement between the family and the physician, the back-office team involving a representative of ethics committee, a psychologist, and an eventual patient religious representative, can have good chances of solving the struggle.
9. Concluding remarks
In Medicine, bioethics is a field of study concerned with the ethics and philosophical implications of certain medical procedures, technologies, and treatments; in this case, the end-of-life ethical dilemmas, are directly or indirectly related to those presumptions.
The main interrogation is to know why these procedures raise so many doubts and uncertainties?
As previously outlined, in the words of French sociologist Edgar Morin, the great bestowal of knowledge left by the twentieth century was the awareness of the limits of knowledge. And he endowed that the major conviction is that uncertainties are unable to be dismissed not only in action but in knowledge.
For this scholar, the knowledge is imbued by three principles of uncertainties:
The brain, the psychic, and the epistemological uncertainties.
In the pursuit of medicine, despite of countless progress in the fields of physiopathology and technical advances that evaluates and modifies the natural history of numerous clinical ailments, the skepticism and the unpredictability can overshadow the result.
In short, the science and its execution entail the uncertainty and sometimes the conflict. This unpredictability leads, from time to time, to question the procedures, the consequences, and the results.
Hence the dilemmas.
Conflict of interest
The author declares that there is no conflict of interest.
Notes/Thanks/Other declarations
Thanks to Pew Research Center for no objection in using their source of investigation.
\n',keywords:"end-of-life, life-sustaining treatments, medical futility, treatment stubbornness, withdrawing and withholding treatments, drugs double effects, religions and end-of-life, health care advanced directives",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/73282.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/73282.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73282",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73282",totalDownloads:303,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,totalAltmetricsMentions:0,impactScore:0,impactScorePercentile:36,impactScoreQuartile:2,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"June 4th 2020",dateReviewed:"August 17th 2020",datePrePublished:"September 22nd 2020",datePublished:"May 19th 2021",dateFinished:"September 22nd 2020",readingETA:"0",abstract:"Although known and debated since ancient Greece and Rome, the end-of-life ethical dilemmas are increasingly exposed to disputes and controversies. The main reason is the technoscientific progress that has been progressively increasing the life expectancy but not, in the same measure, the quality of life. The process of death, that can be lengthened or shortened by technical procedures, is in the forefront of the end-of-life ethical dilemmas. The meditations and opinions about these questions are sometimes based on misconceptions. A broad and inclusive analysis should consider, among others, a historical review of these topics and point out how various sectors of the society observe and scrutinize these plights. An analysis, about any controversy, is not conscientious if it does not point out a solution or at least a proposition to mitigate the disputes. It is in this context that, in the lack of biomarkers that can predict with accuracy the end-of-life, I recommend in this essay, the living will and other advanced health care directives, as a reasonable solution to lighten to a certain extent the ethical dilemmas of end-of-life.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/73282",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/73282",book:{id:"9566",slug:"bioethics-in-medicine-and-society"},signatures:"J. Filipe Monteiro",authors:[{id:"323163",title:"M.D.",name:"J. Filipe",middleName:null,surname:"Monteiro",fullName:"J. Filipe Monteiro",slug:"j.-filipe-monteiro",email:"jfpmonteiro@yahoo.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Medical procedures and ethical principles",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3",title:"3. Historical background",level:"1"},{id:"sec_4",title:"4. Withdrawing and withholding life-sustaining treatments",level:"1"},{id:"sec_5",title:"5. Dysthanasia and euthanasia",level:"1"},{id:"sec_5_2",title:"5.1 Dysthanasia",level:"2"},{id:"sec_6_2",title:"5.2 Euthanasia",level:"2"},{id:"sec_8",title:"6. Drugs double effects",level:"1"},{id:"sec_8_2",title:"6.1 Terminal sedation",level:"2"},{id:"sec_10",title:"7. Religious perspectives on end-of-life dilemmas",level:"1"},{id:"sec_10_2",title:"7.1 Christian perspective",level:"2"},{id:"sec_10_3",title:"7.1.1 The Roman Catholic Church",level:"3"},{id:"sec_11_3",title:"7.1.2 The Greek orthodox church (GOC)",level:"3"},{id:"sec_12_3",title:"7.1.3 Protestant churches",level:"3"},{id:"sec_14_2",title:"7.2 Judaism",level:"2"},{id:"sec_15_2",title:"7.3 Islam",level:"2"},{id:"sec_16_2",title:"7.4 Buddhism",level:"2"},{id:"sec_17_2",title:"7.5 Hinduism",level:"2"},{id:"sec_18_2",title:"7.6 Confucian and Taoist perspective",level:"2"},{id:"sec_20",title:"8. The living will in the end-of-life",level:"1"},{id:"sec_20_2",title:"8.1 The living will",level:"2"},{id:"sec_21_2",title:"8.2 The physician role in the living will",level:"2"},{id:"sec_22_2",title:"8.3 The family part in the living will",level:"2"},{id:"sec_23_2",title:"8.4 The hospital involvement",level:"2"},{id:"sec_25",title:"9. Concluding remarks",level:"1"},{id:"sec_29",title:"Conflict of interest",level:"1"},{id:"sec_26",title:"Notes/Thanks/Other declarations",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Monteiro J. Filipe. Deviation from medical Procedures and Ethical Principles. In: Dysthanasia: Delaying the Process of Death through Treatment Stubbornness. Cambridge Scholars Publishing 2018. P. 19-30'},{id:"B2",body:'L T Cowley, E Young and T A Raffin, ‘Care of the Dying: An Ethical and Historical Perspective.’, Critical Care Medicine, 20.10 (1992), 1473-82 <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1395671> (accessed on 23/10/2017)'},{id:"B3",body:'Prendergast TJ, Luce JM. Increasing incidence of Withholding and Withdrawing of Life Support from Critically Ill. Am. J. Respir. Crit Care Med. 1997:155: 15-20'},{id:"B4",body:'Lesieur O, Leloup M, Gonzalez F, Mamzer M-F and EPILAT study group. Withholding or withdrawal of treatment under French rules: a study performed in 43 intensive care units. Annals of Intensive Care 20155:15 DOI: 10.1186/s13613-015-0056'},{id:"B5",body:'Rubenfeld GD, Crawford SW. Principles and Practice of Withdrawing Life-Sustaining Treatment in ICU. In: Managing Death in the Intensive Care Unit. J Randall Curtis and Gordon D Rubenfeld. Oxford University Press 2001. p 127'},{id:"B6",body:'Brown Theodore. n.d. “What Is Moral Authority?” http//www.bigthink.com/articles/what-is-moral-authority/'},{id:"B7",body:'Monteiro J. Filipe. The Philosophical Underpinnings of Dysthanasia. In: Dysthanasia: Delaying the Process of Death through Treatment Stubbornness. Cambridge Scholars Publishing 2018. P. 45-59'},{id:"B8",body:'Morin E. Enfrentar a Incerteza. In Reformar o Pensamento. A Cabeça bem Feita (Tr. La Tête bien Faite). Ed. Instituto Piaget. Lisboa, 1999. P. 61'},{id:"B9",body:'Block E. Le Principe Esperance. Paris: Gallimard Editions. 1982. P. 52-55'},{id:"B10",body:'Ordem dos Médicos. Novo Código Deontológico. Revista Ordem dos Médicos. Ano 25; N° 97 Janeiro 2009. P.58'},{id:"B11",body:'Doctrine of Double Effect. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/double-effect/'},{id:"B12",body:'Consequentialism. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/conse'},{id:"B13",body:'Zohar D, Marshall I. Spiritual Intelligence: The Ultimate Intelligence. Bloomsbury Publishing 2000'},{id:"B14",body:'Pope Pius XII. 1957, “Address to an International Congress of Anesthesiologists.” http://www.lifeissues.net/writers/doc/doc31 resuscitation.html_'},{id:"B15",body:'Gracia D. The old and the new in the doctrine of the ordinary and extraordinary means. In: Wildes KW (Eds.). Critical choice and critical care: catholic perspective on allocating resources in intensive care medicine. Kluwer Academic Publishers. Boston 1995. P. 119-125'},{id:"B16",body:'Pope John Paul II. “Evangelium Vitae”. https://www.w2.vatican.va/.../john-paul-ii/...hf_jp-ii_spe'},{id:"B17",body:'Catechism of Catholic Church. Part 3-Section 2, Chapter 2; Article 5- 2278. www.vatican.va/archive/ccc_css/archive/catechism/ccc_toc.htm'},{id:"B18",body:'Pope John Paul II. Address to the participants in the International Congress on “Life-sustaining Treatments and Vegetative state: Scientific Advances and Ethical dilemmas. March 2004. https://w2.vatican.va/.../john-paul-ii/.../hf_jp-ii_spe_20040320'},{id:"B19",body:'Bülow H-H, Sprung CL, Reinhart K et al. The world’s major religions’ points of view on end-of-life decisions in the intensive care unit. Intensive Care Med (2008) 34:423-430. DOI 10.1007/s00134-007-0973-8'},{id:"B20",body:'Bowman KW, HUI EC. Bioethics for Clinicians 2000: Chinese bioethics. Can Med Assoc J 163: P. 1481-1485'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"J. Filipe Monteiro",address:"jfpmonteiro@yahoo.com",affiliation:'
Pneumology Department, Santa Maria University Hospital, Lisbon, Portugal
'}],corrections:null},book:{id:"9566",type:"book",title:"Bioethics in Medicine and Society",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Bioethics in Medicine and Society",slug:"bioethics-in-medicine-and-society",publishedDate:"May 19th 2021",bookSignature:"Thomas F. Heston and Sujoy Ray",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9566.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:"978-1-83881-178-5",printIsbn:"978-1-83881-177-8",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83881-179-2",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",numberOfWosCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"217926",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas F.",middleName:null,surname:"Heston",slug:"thomas-f.-heston",fullName:"Thomas F. Heston"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"226527",title:"Dr.",name:"Sujoy",middleName:null,surname:"Ray",slug:"sujoy-ray",fullName:"Sujoy Ray"},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"167"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"74036",type:"chapter",title:"The Quality of Life in the Light of Immanence and Its Sacrality in the Light of Transcendence",slug:"the-quality-of-life-in-the-light-of-immanence-and-its-sacrality-in-the-light-of-transcendence",totalDownloads:521,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Ungureanu Mihail Adeodatus and Vasile Astărăstoae",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"323203",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Ungureanu",middleName:null,surname:"Mihail Adeodatus",fullName:"Ungureanu Mihail Adeodatus",slug:"ungureanu-mihail-adeodatus"},{id:"327593",title:"Prof.",name:"Astărăstoae",middleName:null,surname:"Vasile",fullName:"Astărăstoae Vasile",slug:"astarastoae-vasile"}]},{id:"73554",type:"chapter",title:"The Results Are Positive for Both Sides in the Great Majority of Cases When Organ Donor Families and Their Recipients Decide to Communicate with Each Other, US Experience in Tens of Thousands of Cases Shows",slug:"the-results-are-positive-for-both-sides-in-the-great-majority-of-cases-when-organ-donor-families-and",totalDownloads:337,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Reg Green",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"322379",title:"Mr.",name:"Reg",middleName:null,surname:"Green",fullName:"Reg Green",slug:"reg-green"}]},{id:"73282",type:"chapter",title:"End-of-Life Ethical Dilemmas",slug:"end-of-life-ethical-dilemmas",totalDownloads:303,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"J. Filipe Monteiro",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"323163",title:"M.D.",name:"J. Filipe",middleName:null,surname:"Monteiro",fullName:"J. Filipe Monteiro",slug:"j.-filipe-monteiro"}]},{id:"73899",type:"chapter",title:"The Psychological Impact on Families of Departed Patients with Infectious Diseases",slug:"the-psychological-impact-on-families-of-departed-patients-with-infectious-diseases",totalDownloads:275,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Doina-Carmen Manciuc, Georgiana Alexandra Lacatusu, Cristina Vasilescu and Maria Alexandra Largu",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"31214",title:"Dr.",name:"Doina-Carmen",middleName:null,surname:"Manciuc",fullName:"Doina-Carmen Manciuc",slug:"doina-carmen-manciuc"},{id:"49014",title:"Ms.",name:"Maria Alexandra",middleName:null,surname:"Largu",fullName:"Maria Alexandra Largu",slug:"maria-alexandra-largu"},{id:"332594",title:"Dr.",name:"Georgiana Alexandra",middleName:"Alexandra",surname:"Lacatusu",fullName:"Georgiana Alexandra Lacatusu",slug:"georgiana-alexandra-lacatusu"},{id:"336610",title:"Dr.",name:"Cristina",middleName:null,surname:"Vasilescu",fullName:"Cristina Vasilescu",slug:"cristina-vasilescu"}]},{id:"73705",type:"chapter",title:"Innovation and Research in Cardiac Surgery: Bioethical Aspects",slug:"innovation-and-research-in-cardiac-surgery-bioethical-aspects",totalDownloads:225,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Andrea Montalto and Francesco Musumeci",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"222866",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Montalto",fullName:"Andrea Montalto",slug:"andrea-montalto"},{id:"292737",title:"Dr.",name:"Francesco",middleName:null,surname:"Musumeci",fullName:"Francesco Musumeci",slug:"francesco-musumeci"}]},{id:"73577",type:"chapter",title:"Ethical Concerns Regarding Breast Cancer Screening",slug:"ethical-concerns-regarding-breast-cancer-screening",totalDownloads:449,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Rodrigo Goncalves, Maria Carolina Formigoni, José Maria Soares, Edmund Chada Baracat and José Roberto Filassi",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"34088",title:"Dr.",name:"José Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Soares",fullName:"José Maria Soares",slug:"jose-maria-soares"},{id:"263327",title:"Prof.",name:"Edmund",middleName:null,surname:"Chada Baracat",fullName:"Edmund Chada Baracat",slug:"edmund-chada-baracat"},{id:"323161",title:"Dr.",name:"Rodrigo",middleName:null,surname:"Goncalves",fullName:"Rodrigo Goncalves",slug:"rodrigo-goncalves"},{id:"330856",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Carolina",middleName:null,surname:"Formigoni",fullName:"Maria Carolina Formigoni",slug:"maria-carolina-formigoni"},{id:"330857",title:"Prof.",name:"José Roberto",middleName:null,surname:"Filassi",fullName:"José Roberto Filassi",slug:"jose-roberto-filassi"}]},{id:"72653",type:"chapter",title:"Ethical Evaluation of Clinical Research on Complementary and Alternative Medicine",slug:"ethical-evaluation-of-clinical-research-on-complementary-and-alternative-medicine",totalDownloads:365,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Omur Sayligil",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"179771",title:"Prof.",name:"Omur",middleName:null,surname:"Sayligil",fullName:"Omur Sayligil",slug:"omur-sayligil"}]},{id:"71886",type:"chapter",title:"Evaluation of the Research Protocol by Ethical Committee",slug:"evaluation-of-the-research-protocol-by-ethical-committee",totalDownloads:533,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Paulo Santos, Pedro Teixeira, Helena Beça and Alberto Hespanhol",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"316658",title:"Dr.",name:"Paulo",middleName:null,surname:"Santos",fullName:"Paulo Santos",slug:"paulo-santos"},{id:"316660",title:"Prof.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Hespanhol",fullName:"Alberto Hespanhol",slug:"alberto-hespanhol"},{id:"316944",title:"Prof.",name:"Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Teixeira",fullName:"Pedro Teixeira",slug:"pedro-teixeira"},{id:"316945",title:"Dr.",name:"Helena",middleName:null,surname:"Beça",fullName:"Helena Beça",slug:"helena-beca"}]},{id:"75086",type:"chapter",title:"Ethics in Laboratory Medicine: An Overview of Considerations for Ethical Issues",slug:"ethics-in-laboratory-medicine-an-overview-of-considerations-for-ethical-issues",totalDownloads:894,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Neerja Aggarwal, Pawan Kumar Kare and Sudip Kumar Datta",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"215119",title:"Dr.",name:"Pawan Kumar",middleName:null,surname:"Kare",fullName:"Pawan Kumar Kare",slug:"pawan-kumar-kare"},{id:"336295",title:"Dr.",name:"Neerja",middleName:null,surname:"Aggarwal",fullName:"Neerja Aggarwal",slug:"neerja-aggarwal"},{id:"346649",title:"Dr.",name:"Sudip",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar Datta",fullName:"Sudip Kumar Datta",slug:"sudip-kumar-datta"}]},{id:"72899",type:"chapter",title:"Biomedical Ethics and Communicative Maxims: Case Studies in Outpatient Health",slug:"biomedical-ethics-and-communicative-maxims-case-studies-in-outpatient-health",totalDownloads:356,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Jonathan Comyn de Rothewelle",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"303863",title:"Prof.",name:"Jonathan",middleName:"Comyn",surname:"De Rothewelle",fullName:"Jonathan De Rothewelle",slug:"jonathan-de-rothewelle"}]},{id:"72792",type:"chapter",title:"Parkinsonism and Potential of Mucuna Beans",slug:"parkinsonism-and-potential-of-mucuna-beans",totalDownloads:607,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Suresh S. Suryawanshi, Prajakta P. Kamble, Vishwas A. Bapat and Jyoti P. Jadhav",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"307840",title:"Dr.",name:"Prajakta P.",middleName:"P.",surname:"Kamble",fullName:"Prajakta P. Kamble",slug:"prajakta-p.-kamble"},{id:"308178",title:"Dr.",name:"Suresh S.",middleName:"S",surname:"Suryawanshi",fullName:"Suresh S. Suryawanshi",slug:"suresh-s.-suryawanshi"},{id:"317797",title:"Prof.",name:"Viawas A.",middleName:null,surname:"Bapat",fullName:"Viawas A. Bapat",slug:"viawas-a.-bapat"},{id:"317798",title:"Prof.",name:"Jyoti P.",middleName:null,surname:"Jadhav",fullName:"Jyoti P. Jadhav",slug:"jyoti-p.-jadhav"}]},{id:"73395",type:"chapter",title:"Ethical Values in Radiation Protection",slug:"ethical-values-in-radiation-protection",totalDownloads:360,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Hiromichi Fumoto",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"322527",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Hiromichi",middleName:null,surname:"Fumoto",fullName:"Hiromichi Fumoto",slug:"hiromichi-fumoto"}]},{id:"75717",type:"chapter",title:"Medical Act and Negligence: Ethical Concerns",slug:"medical-act-and-negligence-ethical-concerns",totalDownloads:310,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Julio Cesar Ballesteros Del Olmo",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"325004",title:"Dr.",name:"Julio César",middleName:null,surname:"Ballesteros Del Olmo",fullName:"Julio César Ballesteros Del Olmo",slug:"julio-cesar-ballesteros-del-olmo"}]},{id:"72954",type:"chapter",title:"Value-Based Healthcare",slug:"value-based-healthcare",totalDownloads:825,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Patrick Rech Ramos",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"321359",title:"Dr.",name:"Patrick",middleName:"Rech",surname:"Rech Ramos",fullName:"Patrick Rech Ramos",slug:"patrick-rech-ramos"}]},{id:"73482",type:"chapter",title:"Bioethical Implications and Major Infrastructure Works",slug:"bioethical-implications-and-major-infrastructure-works",totalDownloads:210,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"José Marcos da Silva",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"207486",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose Marcos Da",middleName:null,surname:"Silva",fullName:"Jose Marcos Da Silva",slug:"jose-marcos-da-silva"}]},{id:"75128",type:"chapter",title:"Climate Change: A Forced Choice Ethical Paradigm",slug:"climate-change-a-forced-choice-ethical-paradigm",totalDownloads:346,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Daniel Londyn Menkes",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"323245",title:"M.D.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Menkes",fullName:"Daniel Menkes",slug:"daniel-menkes"}]},{id:"74203",type:"chapter",title:"The Ethical Desirability of Geoengineering: Challenges to Justice",slug:"the-ethical-desirability-of-geoengineering-challenges-to-justice",totalDownloads:306,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Augustine Pamplany",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"228437",title:"Dr.",name:"Augustine",middleName:null,surname:"Pampalny",fullName:"Augustine Pampalny",slug:"augustine-pampalny"}]},{id:"75548",type:"chapter",title:"Ethical Considerations for Global Pediatric Cardiac Surgical Assistance Programs",slug:"ethical-considerations-for-global-pediatric-cardiac-surgical-assistance-programs",totalDownloads:266,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"William M. Novick",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"246692",title:"Dr.",name:"William",middleName:null,surname:"Novick",fullName:"William Novick",slug:"william-novick"}]},{id:"73910",type:"chapter",title:"Internet of Things and Distributed Denial of Service as Risk Factors in Information Security",slug:"internet-of-things-and-distributed-denial-of-service-as-risk-factors-in-information-security",totalDownloads:433,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Jairo Eduardo Márquez Díaz",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"322517",title:"Dr.",name:"Jairo Eduardo",middleName:"Eduardo",surname:"Márquez Díaz",fullName:"Jairo Eduardo Márquez Díaz",slug:"jairo-eduardo-marquez-diaz"}]},{id:"74618",type:"chapter",title:"Evolution of Catholic Marriage Morality in the Twentieth Century from a Baby-Making Contract to a Love-Making Covenant - Part I: Era of John Paul II",slug:"evolution-of-catholic-marriage-morality-in-the-twentieth-century-from-a-baby-making-contract-to-a-1",totalDownloads:236,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Edward Collins Vacek S.J.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"324886",title:"Prof.",name:"Edward",middleName:null,surname:"Collins Vacek S.J.",fullName:"Edward Collins Vacek S.J.",slug:"edward-collins-vacek-s.j."}]},{id:"74571",type:"chapter",title:"Medical Ethics",slug:"medical-ethics",totalDownloads:331,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Dabota Yvonne Buowari and Kehinde Kazeem Kanmodi",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"151696",title:"Dr.",name:"Dabota Yvonne",middleName:"Yvonne",surname:"Buowari",fullName:"Dabota Yvonne Buowari",slug:"dabota-yvonne-buowari"},{id:"276207",title:"Dr.",name:"Kehinde Kazeem",middleName:null,surname:"Kanmodi",fullName:"Kehinde Kazeem Kanmodi",slug:"kehinde-kazeem-kanmodi"}]},{id:"74252",type:"chapter",title:"The New Challenges for Medical Ethics",slug:"the-new-challenges-for-medical-ethics",totalDownloads:668,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Liliana Lorettu, Jocelyn Aubut and Rosagemma Ciliberti",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"203859",title:"Prof.",name:"Liliana",middleName:null,surname:"Lorettu",fullName:"Liliana Lorettu",slug:"liliana-lorettu"},{id:"335904",title:"Dr.",name:"Jocelyn",middleName:null,surname:"Aubut",fullName:"Jocelyn Aubut",slug:"jocelyn-aubut"},{id:"335905",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosagemma",middleName:null,surname:"Ciliberti",fullName:"Rosagemma Ciliberti",slug:"rosagemma-ciliberti"}]},{id:"73284",type:"chapter",title:"Plato in Contemporary Medical Ethics: Holism and Care",slug:"plato-in-contemporary-medical-ethics-holism-and-care",totalDownloads:417,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Tudor-Ștefan Rotaru",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"323441",title:"Dr.",name:"Tudor-Ștefan",middleName:null,surname:"Rotaru",fullName:"Tudor-Ștefan Rotaru",slug:"tudor-stefan-rotaru"}]},{id:"74551",type:"chapter",title:"Evolution of Catholic Marriage Morality in the Twentieth Century from a Baby-Making Contract to a Love-Making Covenant - Part II: Code of Cannon Law to Vatican II",slug:"evolution-of-catholic-marriage-morality-in-the-twentieth-century-from-a-baby-making-contract-to-a-lo",totalDownloads:452,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Edward Collins Vacek S.J.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"324886",title:"Prof.",name:"Edward",middleName:null,surname:"Collins Vacek S.J.",fullName:"Edward Collins Vacek S.J.",slug:"edward-collins-vacek-s.j."}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6653",title:"eHealth",subtitle:"Making Health Care Smarter",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c65db68c389c911ae57b1181b3e0db07",slug:"ehealth-making-health-care-smarter",bookSignature:"Thomas F. Heston",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6653.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"217926",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas F.",surname:"Heston",slug:"thomas-f.-heston",fullName:"Thomas F. Heston"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"62005",title:"Introductory Chapter: Making Health Care Smart",slug:"introductory-chapter-making-health-care-smart",signatures:"Thomas F. Heston",authors:[{id:"217926",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas F.",middleName:null,surname:"Heston",fullName:"Thomas F. Heston",slug:"thomas-f.-heston"}]},{id:"60985",title:"Terminology Services: Standard Terminologies to Control Medical Vocabulary. “Words are Not What they Say but What they Mean”",slug:"terminology-services-standard-terminologies-to-control-medical-vocabulary-words-are-not-what-they-sa",signatures:"Daniel Luna, Carlos Otero, María L. Gambarte and Julia Frangella",authors:[null]},{id:"59921",title:"Multivariate-Stepwise Gaussian Classifier (MSGC): A New Classification Algorithm Tested Over Real Disease Data Sets",slug:"multivariate-stepwise-gaussian-classifier-msgc-a-new-classification-algorithm-tested-over-real-disea",signatures:"Alexandre Serra Barreto",authors:[null]},{id:"59953",title:"Moving towards Sustainable Electronic Health Applications",slug:"moving-towards-sustainable-electronic-health-applications",signatures:"Sahr Wali, Karim Keshavjee and Catherine Demers",authors:[null]},{id:"60580",title:"The Practice of Medicine in the Age of Information Technology",slug:"the-practice-of-medicine-in-the-age-of-information-technology",signatures:"Mark Dominik Alscher and Nico Schmidt",authors:[{id:"23846",title:"Prof.",name:"Dominik",middleName:null,surname:"Alscher",fullName:"Dominik Alscher",slug:"dominik-alscher"}]},{id:"60562",title:"Use of Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare Delivery",slug:"use-of-artificial-intelligence-in-healthcare-delivery",signatures:"Sandeep Reddy",authors:[{id:"230704",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Sandeep",middleName:null,surname:"Reddy",fullName:"Sandeep Reddy",slug:"sandeep-reddy"}]},{id:"59933",title:"Phoebe Framework and Experimental Results for Estimating Fetal Age and Weight",slug:"phoebe-framework-and-experimental-results-for-estimating-fetal-age-and-weight",signatures:"Loc Nguyen, Truong-Duyet Phan and Thu-Hang T. Ho",authors:[null]},{id:"60777",title:"Using Patient Registries to Identify Triggers of Rare Diseases",slug:"using-patient-registries-to-identify-triggers-of-rare-diseases",signatures:"Feras M. Ghazawi, Steven J. Glassman, Denis Sasseville and Ivan V.\nLitvinov",authors:[null]},{id:"59717",title:"Real-Time Tele-Auscultation Consultation Services over the Internet: Effects of the Internet Quality of Service",slug:"real-time-tele-auscultation-consultation-services-over-the-internet-effects-of-the-internet-quality-",signatures:"Sinchai Kamolphiwong, Thossapon Kamolphiwong, Soontorn\nSaechow and Verapol Chandeeying",authors:[null]},{id:"59925",title:"Exploring the Interrelationship of Risk Factors for Supporting eHealth Knowledge-Based System",slug:"exploring-the-interrelationship-of-risk-factors-for-supporting-ehealth-knowledge-based-system",signatures:"Geletaw Sahle Tegenaw",authors:[null]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6568",title:"Reflections on Bioethics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8da3f5e7819e769f07a77dc3f0f357c2",slug:"reflections-on-bioethics",bookSignature:"José Antonio Morales-González and María Eugenia Aguilar Nájera",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6568.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"109774",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose Antonio",surname:"Morales-Gonzalez",slug:"jose-antonio-morales-gonzalez",fullName:"Jose Antonio Morales-Gonzalez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7798",title:"Neuroethics in Principle and Praxis",subtitle:"Conceptual Foundations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c331b07083fed290d6be2ccf32f1118f",slug:"neuroethics-in-principle-and-praxis-conceptual-foundations",bookSignature:"Denis Larrivee",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7798.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"206412",title:"Prof.",name:"Denis",surname:"Larrivee",slug:"denis-larrivee",fullName:"Denis Larrivee"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9566",title:"Bioethics in Medicine and Society",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"16f1f01dc302bf4f0042445f11965fa1",slug:"bioethics-in-medicine-and-society",bookSignature:"Thomas F. Heston and Sujoy Ray",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9566.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"217926",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas F.",surname:"Heston",slug:"thomas-f.-heston",fullName:"Thomas F. Heston"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6550",title:"Cohort Studies in Health Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"01df5aba4fff1a84b37a2fdafa809660",slug:"cohort-studies-in-health-sciences",bookSignature:"R. Mauricio Barría",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6550.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"88861",title:"Dr.",name:"R. Mauricio",surname:"Barría",slug:"r.-mauricio-barria",fullName:"R. Mauricio Barría"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9500",title:"Recent Advances in Bone Tumours and Osteoarthritis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ea4ec0d6ee01b88e264178886e3210ed",slug:"recent-advances-in-bone-tumours-and-osteoarthritis",bookSignature:"Hiran Amarasekera",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9500.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"67634",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiran",surname:"Amarasekera",slug:"hiran-amarasekera",fullName:"Hiran Amarasekera"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[{type:"book",id:"9566",title:"Bioethics in Medicine and Society",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"16f1f01dc302bf4f0042445f11965fa1",slug:"bioethics-in-medicine-and-society",bookSignature:"Thomas F. Heston and Sujoy Ray",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9566.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"217926",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas F.",surname:"Heston",slug:"thomas-f.-heston",fullName:"Thomas F. Heston"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"79055",title:"Lessons from the World Sustainable Housing (Past Experiences, Current Trends, and Future Strategies)",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100533",slug:"lessons-from-the-world-sustainable-housing-past-experiences-current-trends-and-future-strategies-",body:'
1. Introduction
A house represents one of the primary material conditions of human existence. It is created to protect people from the effects of unfavorable meteorological factors (cold, heat, wind, atmospheric precipitation) and take care of leisure, work, and living needs [1]. The human settlement perspective must outline a precise vision for sustainable human settlements “everyone enjoys adequate housing, a healthy and safe environment, basic services, and productive and freely chosen work.” Sustainable development is essential to the development of human settlements [2]. It must include the following two aspects:
Everyone must have a suitable house; It refers to an appropriate place where individuals are not disturbed; appropriate space; proper security; legal guarantees during the land use period; proper lighting, heating, and ventilation; right infrastructure such as water supply, sanitation, and garbage management facilities; good quality of the environment and health-related factors.
Residential areas must be supported by the relevant infrastructure and services; It refers to “safe water supply, environmental sanitation, waste management, social welfare, mass transportation and communication facilities, energy, health and emergency services, schools and public safety, and green space management, etc. Adequate essential services are one of the critical factors for housing [3].
“Sustainable Human Settlements in an Urbanization Process” and “Sustainable Human Settlements in an Appropriate Housing” (Sustainable Human Settlements in an Urbanizing World, Adequate Shelter for All) [4]. In the transformation, renewal, reconstruction and new construction of public housing, excessive savings and blindly lowering the cost of Inside once occupied a dominant position. This tendency appeared in the 1950s and 1970s of the former Soviet Union in the late 1970s and Sweden to end the housing shortage once and for all, the Swedish parliament decided that a million new dwellings should be built in the period 1965 to 1974 and this was achieved [5]. Many suggestions for blindly pursuing cost reduction It needs attention. That affected on the essential quality of housing and hit households with insufficient spending power particularly hard.
In recent years, sustainability as a concept in housing has taken on an increasingly prominent role. This role is made clear in all layers of housing components, from the ministerial to the institutions and to the individual consultant, contractor, and manufacturer [6]. As the concept in the sustainable housing context is still relatively new, the discipline of designing sustainable housing is correspondingly new. In the past, in many contexts, there have been similarities between efficient housing and sustainable housing [7].
The term “quality of life” is often used by city planners to reflect all aspects of the physical environment that are closely related to the productivity, satisfaction, and happiness of residents. Improving residents’ quality of life is essential for regions to meet the needs of existing residents and attract and retain new businesses, employees, and other talents [8]. Cities are critical to people. Those who live, work or visit them, and those who depend on the growth that cities generate for both the city and the surrounding area [9]. However, the realities of each country form a specific local perception of what social housing means. The solution is not always offered in the form of a physical structure, sometimes more favorable conditions can be created for having a home. At the same time, in most parts of the world, the term is directly related to a problem called the affordable housing crisis. In our reality, most people are facing a “housing problem” [10]. In the modern world, housing is the most significant asset most individuals or families will ever have. Given the scale of this global problem, when the study debates social housing, it required to understand the housing stock, which will be protected by the layers of price regulation, property security, quality, and stability policies. Environmental sustainability, which helps reduce utility costs, is not the only aspect of sustainability that should be considered in such projects. The housing types are conditioned by the level of development of the country’s productive forces, social relations, forms of family life, cultural and household traditions, and geographical environment. In recent years, the term “social housing” has become popular. Many texts, projects, programs have been produced under the name of this idea.
2. Reading in the world vernacular houses (visions, conception, implementation, and operation)
In architecture, “vernacular” is the term used to refer to famous constructions, made by people whose main activity is not necessarily in the field of construction [11]. It is based on empirical knowledge of materials, gained over time, through repeated trials (and failures). Knowledge is passed down from generation to generation, orally. Today, when the need for authenticity is so great, the word “traditional” seems worn out and abused [12]. It is increasingly difficult to distinguish between authentic and inauthentic. If for food there is a clear definition of what is and what is not traditional, things are not as clear and regulated in the case of architecture. The rural environment is full of boarding houses that call themselves traditional but have nothing to do with the architecture of the place [13].
An architect will say that the traditional is related to vernacular architecture - that is, the place itself. It has been developed and passed down from generation to generation, which does not mean that it has not evolved over time [14]. On the contrary, the traditional architecture has developed and refined, adapting to the times and needs, but permanently reflecting the environmental, cultural, technological, economic, and historical conditions of the local context. Although the phrases of vernacular architecture, and traditional architecture are considered synonymous, there are differences in nuance between them [15]. While vernacular architecture is created without the contribution of construction professionals, ie without architects, vernacular architecture can use craftsmen specialized in the construction process (but not architects) and is also based on local techniques and materials [16]. Traditional architecture denotes, first, the mode of transmission, from generation to generation and orally, but this is a valuable feature in the case of the first two forms.
2.1 Experience of housing in India
Houses in India are rooted in its history, culture, and religion. Tamil Nadu: The traditional architecture of South India is sometimes considered synonymous with the Agrahara-style of Tamil Nadu. The traditional house of Tamil Nadu Agrahara or Agraham reflects the primary Hindu roots of the state [17]. The Brahmins’ home is considered a perfect example of this architecture. The name itself derives from the way it was placed in a village, which was like a garland. It is included in the houses leading to the primary temple of the village which are either dedicated to one deity or to different gods.
Mohenjo-Daro, city is the best-preserved and most extensive city, estimated to have had a population of 40,000. Mohenjo-Daro has a planned layout with rectilinear buildings arranged on a grid plan [18]. ln contrast to both Mesopotamia and Egypt, the Indus settlements seem to have been relatively egalitarian societies. There are neither palaces nor royal tombs, and no great temple complexes to indicate a concentration of power and wealth (Figure 1) [19].
Figure 1.
Mohenjo-Daro city.
Buildings were durable, being constructed of fired bricks of uniform size throughout the region, and houses were provided with underground drains connected to a well planned sewer system (see Figure 2) [20]. The houses organized around intern al courtyards that were open to the sky for light and air.
Figure 2.
A traditional house from Mohenjo Daro city.
The plans vary, but all houses presented virtually complete facades to the street. Most were built of fired and mortared brick, some combined sun-dried mudbrick, and wooden structures [21]. While the buildings do not seem elegant in terms of architectural refinement, the clear urban layout, careful provision of a water supply [22]. Rooms were small, perhaps because there was a scarcity of wood to serve as beams for second floors and roof framing (Figure 3).
Figure 3.
Semiotics in Indian traditional building.
Ancient cultures in Greece, Ancient Egypt, Babylonia, Japan, and India had all similar lists, sometimes referring in local languages to “air” as “wind” and the fifth element as “void” the classification of the material world, these five are earth, water, fire, wind/air, and void. These came from Indian Vastu shastra philosophy and Buddhist beliefs. The system of “five great elements”, of Hinduism are Bhūmi – earth, Ap – water, Tejas – fire, Pavan - air or wind, Shunya (space or zero) void.
2.2 Experience of housing in China
Chinese dwellings are folk dwellings designed and built by residents with a certain degree of representativeness and rich local characteristics [23]. Among the houses in China, the most characteristic residences include Beijing courtyard houses, cave dwellings on the Loess Plateau in Northwest China, ancient dwellings in Anhui, Hakka earth buildings in Fujian and Guangdong, and Mongolian yurts [24]. The Hakka Weilong House, Beijing’s “siheyuan”, Shaanxi’s “cave dwelling”, Guangxi’s “bar-style” and Yunnan’s “one seal”, are collectively referred to as the five most rural traditional residential architectural forms in China [25]. It is called one of the five major characteristics of China’s residential architecture in the field of architecture.
Houses in China reflects the most essential and representative things in the ethnic area in historical practice, especially the characteristics closely related to the life and production methods, customs, and esthetic concepts of the people of all ethnic groups [26]. Typical Chinese houses used “JIAN” – a structured bay as a standard unit to construct all buildings. The “Jian” represents the basic unit for wooden construction. “JIAN” was a rectangular space marked by adjacent structural frame. A modular unit called the Jian (about 3 m - 4.5 m) was defined as the primary measure in construction. “Jian”, as the primary interior unit, can be expanded or repeated along the architectural plan axis to join to create a hall, then a building [27]. For example, two rows of four columns make three “JIAN”. The “JIAN” is like room, in that it is a restricted space, but various a room, a “JIAN” does not necessarily have walls on all sides. Most dwellings are three to five “JIAN” in size. See Figure 4.
Figure 4.
The diagram of a typical Chinese house configuration.
One of the great religious beliefs that influenced the design of the classical Chinese city and Chinese architecture is Confucianism [28]. To create a stable social order. Confucianism established the strict principles putting the society in order with rules and filial piety.
The experience of the nation mainly refers to the experience of how the residential houses meet the needs of life and production and the struggle against the natural environment under the social conditions at the time [29, 30]. For example, the experience of combining the use of the terrain, the experience of adapting to the climate, the experience of using local materials, and the experience of adapting to the environment. And so on, this is what is commonly referred to as the experience of adapting measures to local conditions and adapting to materials. The folk houses are distributed all over the country [31]. Due to the differences in national historical traditions, living customs, humanistic conditions, and esthetic concepts, as well as the different natural conditions and geographical environments of various places, the plane layout, structural methods, modeling, and detailed characteristics of traditional houses are also different. Different, showing simplicity and nature, but with their own characteristics. Especially in residential buildings, people of all ethnic groups often reflect their wishes, beliefs, and esthetic concepts, and use natural or symbolic methods to reflect their wishes, beliefs, and esthetic ideas to the decoration, patterns, colors and styles of residential buildings. Wait for the structure to go. Such as cranes, deer, bats, magpies, plums, bamboo, lilies, Ganoderma, Wanzi pattern, Hui pattern of Han nationality, lotus of Yunnan Bai nationality, elephant, peacock, betel nut tree pattern of Dai nationality, etc. In this way, the dwellings of various ethnic groups in multiple regions show a colorful and colorful ethnic characteristic. The mainstream of traditional houses in the various areas of China is the structured houses, which is represented by the “BEIJING SIHEYUAN”, which adopts a symmetrical layout in the central axis [32]. The “BEIJING SIHEYUAN” is divided into two courtyards. The main house system in the center is the most respected. It is a place for family etiquette and meeting distinguished guests. Each building faces the courtyard and is connected by a verandah. Although “BEIJING SIHEYUAN” is a concrete manifestation of Chinese feudal society’s patriarchal concept and family system in residential buildings, the courtyard is expansive, suitable in scale, quiet, friendly, and well-organized, making it an ideal outdoor living space. Residential houses in North China and Northeast China are mostly such spacious courtyards [33]. A SIHEYUAN is a historical type of residence that was commonly found in Beijing and rural Shanxi. The SIHEYUAN composition was the basic pattern used for homes, palaces, temples, monasteries, family businesses, and government offices (Figure 5).
Figure 5.
The “BEIJING SIHEYUAN” house (courtyard house).
Residential buildings do not have a set of procedural rules and practices like official buildings. They can build houses according to local natural conditions, their own economic level, and the characteristics of building materials [34].
2.3 Experience of housing in Japan
Houses in Japan have a short lifespan, so even if they are remodeled, they are structurally strong and will not get tired of the design, which can be inherited by the second and third generations [35]. The floor plan can be flexibly changed according to changes in the family structure and lifestyle of the residents. Barrier-free so that you can live with peace of mind even as you grow older. By devising the color and finish of the outer wall and roof, the appearance is unified and continuous in a group of housing complexes, or the traditional landscape that is transmitted to the land is preserved and conveyed. When building, it protects the environment by minimizing the impact on the surrounding natural environment. The houses in Japan have been influenced by the climate. They were derived from China but maintained its own unique characteristics of lightness as fragility. The “KEN” is a traditional Japanese unit of length, equal to six Japanese feet “SHAKU”, and equal to 1.8 m. ‘KEN’ is known as standard measurement of inter spaces [36] (see Figure 6).
Figure 6.
“KEN” in Japan standards measurement.
Using materials produced in the land or in Japan, designing on the premise of living longer, making the structure easy to repair, remodeling, partial demolition, etc., and using the same material repeatedly will enrich the local industry. In addition, production, consumption, and waste material disposal can be circulated in the area. There are many types of house roofs, IRIMOYA, KIRIZUMA, YASEMUNÈ, and HOGYO as shown in Figure 7 [37].
Figure 7.
Japan roof types in traditional houses.
In traditional city forming many architectural elements, represent an essential symbol in city configurations and composition [38], for example, A torii is a traditional Japanese gate most found at the entrance of or within a Shinto monument, where it symbolically marks the transition from the normal to the sacred (see Figure 8) [39].
Figure 8.
Torii in traditional Japan city elements symbols.
A vital house form and composition in architecture from Japan. Yoshimura House is one of the traditional houses located in Saga Prefecture. It was constructed in 1620 [40]. This house was used to be the prosperous farmer because it has bigger musts and beams to make this house substantial and significant, see Figure 9.
Figure 9.
“YUSHIMURA” house near Osaka – 1620.
A Palace – mansion was a house style from the Heian period, which was a very similar to the Western European’s Italian Renaissance, for this was a time for art and poetry to flourish in Japan. A “SHINDEN-ZUKURI” was an architectural style house that flourished during the Heian period [41] (see Figure 10).
Figure 10.
A layout of a “HEIAN MANSION”.
2.4 Experience of housing in Korea “HANOK”
A “HANOK” is a traditional house using traditional Korean architecture. It is a traditional house of the Joseon Dynasty that reflects the ideal of building with the mountain facing the back and facing the water in the south. It is a traditional house of the “JOSEON DYNASTY”.The origin of “HANOK” is a hut in the early Neolithic period around 6,000 BC, and it is considered that traditional “HANOK” was completed in the late Joseon period [42]. During this period, the ondol, floor, and kitchen, which are the basic units of space composition, were wholly combined to form a close relationship with each yard, and “HANOK” was differentiated into various regional types.
It has various characteristics that have been developed according to the environment of the Korean Peninsula and the traditional food, clothing, and shelter patterns of Koreans, and although the wooden structure tiled house in the photos is often thought of, thatched houses made of rice straw and ocher also fall within the scope of “HANOK”. In modern Korea, the number has decreased due to Western-style buildings, but it continues to exist through the construction of temples. There is a theory that the word “HANOK” itself was derived from the opening of the door in the late Han Dynasty and modernization after liberation and the rapid spread of ‘western-style houses’, which is a contrasting meaning to traditional houses called ‘HANOK’ [43]. From a foreigner’s point of view, it refers to a house in which the Koreans living on the Korean Peninsula live (see Figure 11). Originally, “HANOK” itself was a form of residence, so today, it was called “JUJU” and “JETAEK” as if it were just a house. It would have been divided into tile-tiled houses and thatched-roof houses as if they were divided into houses. The essential materials are the window and square that connect the front and rear columns in a straight line, the beam that connects the front and rear columns back and forth, and the rafters and the ribs that support them. When you think of “HANOK”. that you can see often, you think of a “HANOK” house with an octagonal roof.
Figure 11.
An example of “HANOK” house in Korea.
2.5 Experience of housing in Iraq
Houses in Iraq were, compact with interior courtyard. The streets are sinuous and pass-through building volumes. In the meantime, between yard and street at least a wall or a building is constantly interrupted (see Figure 12) [44]. This isolation from the road indicates concerns for defense. The architectural elements are intensely decorated, reproducing typologies and traditional houses [45].
Figure 12.
A specific urban texture.
The patio is for the traditional dwelling the outside space that creates a microclimate and the most efficient form of using the inside space [46]. The shady interior courtyard has the effect that the rooms do not communicate directly with the overheated air outside, but through intermediate buffer spaces. The windows are small sized, located in the upper part and wooden framed (Figure 13).
Figure 13.
A traditional Iraqi dwelling [46].
“SHANASHIL” is a wooden decorative element piece or made from tiny wooden fragments allowing the inside [47]. ventilation and lighting and preventing the penetration of the outside excessive heat because wood. The thermal role of those elements is also a reflection of the sunlight and changing the current of air direction (Figure 14) [48].
Figure 14.
The “SHANASHIL” in traditional Iraqi dwelling.
Outside decoration are profiled elements of large volumes under various forms play the role of creating pronounced shadows on the sun-warmed facades [47]. Ventilation gaps, this element is opening located at the upper part of the houses, which is decorated with a grid network under the form of a drilled screen wall and used for ventilation and lighting [47, 48].
2.6 Experience of housing in Turkey, Iran, Central Asia
In this region a part of the old Islamic civilization developed, in which the architecture of the residential buildings is distinguished by the ingenious way in which it offers protection against excessive horses. Although the predominant type of housing is the one with an inner courtyard, an inner courtyard closed on all sides, either with buildings or with high walls. Here several variants coexist. The streets and buildings that border them form an organic unit, with the aim of thermal protection. There are different specific spaces with a thermal role. TAKURE, the area of Iran and Central Asia, RAWAQUL SHURFA, etc. [49]. All these spaces being enriched with interior and exterior decorations. The windows are replaced with sanasil, so that the partitions on the ground floor and first floor are permanently cooled by the shadow left by them Courtyards are the center of the plans of houses in south turkey. Courtyard houses, which represent the cultural layers of the Middle East, also characterize the traditional dwellings in some neighboring countries, such as Syria, Iraq, and Iran (see Figure 15). However, it is impossible to separate this plan type from the Anatolian cultural layers, like house plans [50].
Figure 15.
The house types from Iran, Syria, and Central Asia.
2.7 Experience of housing in Mexico
Houses in Mexico have currently been influenced by various styles, from the traditional pre-Columbian style, with its intense colors, rough textures, and thick walls, to functional modern architecture with simple straight lines. Land and housing are part of one thing [51]. The traditional vernacular dwelling becomes one more element of the same territory. The houses were made of wood and marl, the roofs were made of reeds, although the pyramids, temples and palaces were generally made of stone. The homes have a dwelling function, a cellar, and a stable, which are separated by thick structural walls and few openings (see Figure 16). Inside the divisions are few, some wall to isolate the kitchen, which sometimes moves towards the corridor in the simplest homes.
Figure 16.
Different traditional Mexican houses.
Most of the Mexican house style is inspired by the old famous Spanish architecture of the 18th and 19th centuries, better known as “Mission” or “Colonial” style houses, where the typical stone or white walls stucco, with red-tiled roofs and triangular ceilings but low, since it does not rain, or with small vaults. Plants, especially aloe vera and the like, in addition to cacti or those that need little water, usually populate the garden [52, 53].
2.8 Experience of housing in in Morocco, Tunisia, Libya, and North Africa
Rooms in houses from this area are not communicate directly with the overheated air from outside, but through a buffer space. At the same time, between the yard and the street there is at least one wall, or a building, often with several cores [54]. This isolation from the road indicates defense concerns (see Figure 17).
Figure 17.
Typical house from the north of Africa.
The cities of North Africa are compact with inner courtyards, winding streets between the built volumes. In this way the surrounding streets have the role of a cold air reserve and similarly the air in the inner courtyard will replace the air in the surrounding spaces [55]. This phenomenon occurs in the following cases:
The surrounding streets are narrow, planted and mostly shaded with irregular profiles.
In the shaded and chained inner courtyards, a colder microclimate is created compared to the surrounding areas from the same perimeter. This fact determines a reciprocal conditioning between the type of traditional construction and its neighborhoods on the one hand and the inner courtyard and the spaces that surround it on the other.
2.9 Experience of housing in Balkan
Houses in Balkan has been traditionally labeled either an “Ottoman house” or a “Balkan house.” The focus here is on constructing national interpretations of the vernacular residential architecture in question, meaning symbolic appropriations or “nationalizations” of a shared cultural heritage from the Ottoman era 8 see Figure 18). Although dedicated to a particular form of traditional architecture, this text does not present the outcome of research in the field of art/architectural history or ethnography [56]. The house area dominates by simplicity and modesty, functional and natural elements, fabrics made with care and attention to detail, and solid furniture made to last. Each component of the traditional houses is justified by the owner’s lifestyle, by the traditions he respects, and by the relationship with nature.
Figure 18.
The characteristic houses in Balkan.
The traditional Balconies house is not unitary but differs depending on the area. Specialists classify these as distinct ethnographic areas. Among the most critical ethnographic regions, which have preserved mainly their local specificity today. In other areas, traditional architecture can only be found in the village museums. Even if these areas have a distinct character of their own, there are still some common features. The peasant houses had few rooms, and the oldest were single rooms. The house usually consisted of a porch, a space, and a pantry. The access to the house was made through the porch, after which one entered the hall, and from the hall one entered the room. The porch, sometimes called porch or porch, is the open and covered space that mediates the interior-exterior relationship and is also the most ornate area of the house. The decorative elements usually covered the porch pillars, also called slippers or forks; their role was both esthetic and magical, protecting the home from evil. The porch was not just a passageway but sometimes served as a place to store snacks or household utensils. At other times, there was a hearth in the hall and thus, this space became the kitchen and living room of the house. Most of the time, however, the room was the place where the hearth was and the place where it was cooked, eaten, and slept. This is not accidental, because the fire was also used to prepare food and heat the building.
Therefore, the oldest houses had a single room, also called “house”. In the summer, on hot days when the fire was not lit inside, the hearth in the yard or a summer kitchen was used for cooking. or the “cellar” or “file” (so named because it was in the back of the house) was the storage space for food, tools, or small tools. The main food storage space was either the attic of the house or the cellar. The attic was used to store grain and smoke meat, and in the cellar were kept fruits, vegetables, pickled pots, and barrels of brandy or wine. The roof of the house was usually high and in four glasses of water. Multi-room houses appeared a little later, in the 19th and 20th centuries, and in this case, one of the rooms was kept for special days. In the “beautiful room”, the “good house” or the “house before” guests were received at the big holidays, important family events were held. Here were placed the most precious furniture and decorative objects and here were kept the holiday clothes. Because it was used only occasionally, the beautiful room rarely had a heating system. Today there is so much talk about vernacular architecture because it is the condition for the sustainable development of rural communities. Vernacular architecture has the quality of being ecologically sustainable by adapting to the climate and relief of a particular place and by using the natural building materials available in that area [57]. Thus, vernacular architecture has a minimal impact on the natural environment, being sustainable from a social point of view, because it is based on the science of construction (local know-how) and local labor. This stimulates the feeling of belonging to people in that space, makes them feel that their place has something unique and that they share the specifics of the area. The brick was used sporadically in some areas of the country, for example in Saxon villages from southern Transylvania or Banat, and this happens under the influence of culture urban. Brick became a material favorite construction with the era of industrial. Clay or adobe was used in older times, being easy to find and by the process. They are still found today, mainly in the houses on the plain, where it has been kept construction system with clay reinforced with twigs woven, specific to Neolithic architecture [58]. The predominant decorations in most houses in the country have religious themes or depict flora, fauna, or anthropomorphic elements. The fabrics are adorned with decorative motifs with definite meanings, and the colors are usually bright.
2.10 Eṭxperience of housing in Southern Netherlands, Belgium, and Germany
Many cities and villages in South-West Friesland are built on what is called terpen. It is an artificial dwelling mound found on the North European Plain that has been created to provide safe ground during storm surges, high tides, and sea or river flooding [59]. There are incredibly many terpenes in Friesland, and now there are about 400 of them. The front door was in a narrow pediment and led to the utility part [60]. The hearth was still almost in the center of the room, but its transition was already outlined closer to the rear wall and the residential part’s allocation. The stalls located behind the pillars were divided by low wicker partitions (see Figure 19).
Figure 19.
The characteristic of the Southern Netherlands, Belgium, and Germany houses.
Vernacular Houses from the Southern Netherlands and Belgium were of a different type. Although here and there were also rectangular semi-dugouts like the northern ones, all the same for these areas, starting from the Neolithic, round or oval-shaped huts, deepened 1.5–2 m into the ground, were characteristic. The walls were very low or completely absent, only the roof towered above the ground. It was built of long poles, had a cone shape, and was covered with straw and leaves [61]. Such a dugout is characterized by a roof structure with a DAKZUl - one pillar supporting the roof. There was an open hearth near the pillar. These houses bear a resemblance to the places of the ancient Celts in the British Isles. Apparently, in the Belgian and Dutch lands, the evolution of the house proceeded in the same way as in Britain - from a round hut through an oval to a rectangular single-chamber dwelling with an open hearth in the middle. An interesting type of dwelling, often found at the same time as round huts, in the eastern regions of Belgium: elongated buildings with an open canopy “VOORHALLE” over the main entrance from the narrow pediment. Two pillars supported the roof of the shed. The ridge beam of the gable roof was reinforced on several posts located on the centerline of the house. The area of homes varies from 20 to 84 m. Some of these dwellings have a three-chamber plan: for example, in North Limburg, dating back to the 1st century. n. e. the “VORHALLE” building was an elongated building made up of three rooms of the same size. Unfortunately, it is difficult to judge their purpose since not even the remains of the hearth have survived development of rural dwelling in the Netherlands and Belgium.
Stable house (HALLEHUIs) is one of the most ancient houses of the Netherlands, which also existed everywhere in Germany in the early Middle Ages, had only a narrow passage between two rows of pillars separating the stalls. With the development of agriculture, and especially when agriculture began to play an increasing role, the central longitudinal aisle expands and is used as a vast threshing floor. Such a transformation occurred because the high humidity of the air, frequent rains, and fogs made it challenging to thresh grain in an open room. Large houses, combining a residential part, a barn, and a barn under one roof, have been found since the 12th century, but they have become widespread since the 16th century. The residential part is divided into several rooms, more often into three: the central place is occupied by the main living room with a frontal fireplace and niche beds on both sides of it. To the left and right of this room are small bedrooms. One of the distinctive features of the stall house is also a very steep and high four- or two-pitched roof, which is apparently caused by a large amount of precipitation in the Netherlands. Such shelters were also convenient because an ample attic space was formed under them, where hay and grain supplies were stored. The roofs were covered with thatch, later with tiles. The walls of ancient houses were made up of vertical pillars connected by wattle fences, in the Middle Ages and up to the 19th century, frame walls predominated everywhere.
Frisian house (GULFHUIS) is, typical in the southern regions of the Netherlands and almost everywhere in Belgium, was often called Franconian or even Celtic by romantic ethnographers. Archeological materials indicate that its origin was somewhat different from the two previous types. It differed in the internal layout, the kind of connection between residential and utility premises, and design. The house’s core was formed from a single chamber building with a central hearth, from which very early with a transverse partition at one end stalls were fenced off. In the early Middle Ages, another living room was fenced off behind the hearth on the other side. Frisian house (GULFHUIS) is characterized by a transverse division of the entire room, which is why in the Netherlands it is also often called “DVARSHHOIS”. A small front or vestibule is usually separated by a light partition near the entrance in the main living room. The fireplace is located at the left or right of the wall from the front door.
2.11 Experience of housing in North Europa (Scandinavia)
The Longhouse is the traditional primary habitat in the Scandinavian region, dating back to the Iron Age, 2000 BC. This study examines the influence of climate on the conformation of habitats. Climate had a substantial impact on the conceptions of habitat form and internal space [62]. The climate′s role in the conformation of the vernacular houses of the Scandinavian region was notable and can be observed clearly in the urban texture in the following:
Roads, ways and moving arteries were east and west.
The long facades of houses were designed to be north and south.
The courtyard is essential in forming habitat units, combatting the adverse effects of high winds.
The walls of habitats in vast areas of Scandinavia define the edge between public spaces and private spaces and physically and perceptually explain the public roads and squares, the spaces in which communal life occurs (see Figure 20) [40].
Figure 20.
Environmental answer to vernacular habitat conformation from Scandinavia.
3. Future reading on a global sustainability in housing policy
Establishing a sustainable housing concept will point out the purpose, direction, and means for future housing planning, architectural design, improvement, and innovation of human settlements. It is essential to establish proper architectural and planning guidelines that conform to the laws of objective development. it required reforming and innovating to create a good and comfortable living environment for residents, benefit the people, and enable them to live and work in peace and contentment [63]. Housing is a crucial issue for any sustainable development. In recent years, under the strong organization and promotion of the government, excellent pilot projects, demonstration projects, and housing projects have emerged one after another, enabling people to obtain comfortable, convenient, safe, and sanitary housing. These pilots and demonstrations have already had a lot of good experience in implementing sustainable development strategies, such as energy-saving, land saving, water saving, new technology, new material application, etc. A sustainable framework for housing policy should focus on the future and have a strong contemporary focus, as otherwise it quickly becomes intangible in everyday inhabitants’ lives. Therefore, the vision for a new framework for sustainable housing policy can be about methods by which sustainable solutions are made an attractive and advantageous alternative for all [64]. The intention is that sustainable solutions must be based on the city inhabitants’ daily needs. For example, it is not required to cycle solely because it is environmentally friendly and healthy, but perhaps rather because it is easy, fast, cheap, and accessible. This principle can also be advantageously transferred to sustainable housing development. Everyday life must not become more complex with a sustainable change, then there is a risk that the broad popular support will be lacking. The shift in sustainable residential areas forbids an individual and collective project that can strongly support the city strategy in sustainable development. Housing strategies given the complexity of the challenges considered, there is a need for an overall housing strategy policy framework for how they are addressed, and the potentials exploited. By thinking about social-cultural conditions, environment, and economy together, the probability of being able to implement coherent solutions is improved. Sustainable housing strategy must be social - culturally viable, while at the same time considering climate adaptation, energy and resource efficiency, environment, architectural quality, and social security. In this way, the traditions and the environment can generate added value when they are considered together in holistic considerations [65]. A healthy environment should have indispensable intrinsic value. Humans and the entire natural environment are ecologically interdependent, and the persistence of this interdependence requires all aspects to establish a partnership, equal and balanced relationship. Urbanization based on residences’ dreams can contribute to a more sustainable society by linking different urban functions in housing development strategies. Architectural design requirements are increased. To the standard of sustainable design, sustainable design should comprehensively consider the use of resources and energy, the use of healthy buildings and materials, land that is sensitive to ecology and society, and an esthetic that can inspire, affirm, and cultivate Sensitivity.
On the one hand, continuous design can significantly reduce the negative impact of humans on the natural environment, and on the other hand, it can improve the quality of life and improve living standards. Therefore, architectural design should pay more attention to ecological and environmental issues. Architecture has entered the era of “ecological architecture” (or “green building”). Sustainable development is proposed from the relationship between environmental pollution and human survival and growth. Still, sustainable development should also pay attention to the relationship between economy, population, society, and resources. Coordinated development with the five aspects of the environment [66].
What is a sustainable house in the context of the climate change era?
Since the Rio Declaration, which is also the origin of the Environmental Summit, the term sustainable has become used to refer to economic activities that consider the global environment. Sustainable housing is a long-lived housing that is easy to live in and will be passed down to the next generation of children. Human beings will create homes that use natural clean energy such as solar heat and wind power, without using petroleum energy that causes global warming. In addition, because it is a residence that considers the cycle of tree growth and regeneration, it also leads to the effective use of recycled materials such as demolished old folk houses. In addition to making the house last longer, sustainable housing is also characterized by consideration for building a home that can reduce waste when dismantled and reuse building materials. Structure and performance with ruggedness and comfort. The critical point in the system is robustness. It is assumed that the suitable material is used in the right place and that a sturdy frame is assembled. In the case of a wooden house, not only is it a sturdy house with a structure, but it also has the advantage of being easy to remodel, such as extension and renovation, so you can continue to live without rebuilding. The interpretation of housing in construction, economy, society, and politics is also different. He summarized the meaning of housing: sheltered places, private Space, a product of location, a combination of buildings and neighborhood facilities, investment tools, a symbol of wealth and socio-economic status; also summarized. It has the characteristics of immovability, indivisibility, longevity, heterogeneity, expensiveness, investment products, and consumer products. Harsman and Quigley [67] also pointed out the characteristics of housing which is different from other commodities.
Housing is a complex commodity, for It is difficult for both parties to trade effectively.
Housing is fixed in space. Choosing accommodation means choosing a neighborhood environment.
Housing is costly, so it is common to rent houses, mortgage loans are generally required to purchase homes, housing accounts for a large proportion of expenditure, and new house construction is a large part of the new investment every year.
The life cycle of housing is extended, new housing only accounts for a small part of the housing service supply, and small changes in housing demand have a major impact on housing construction activities.
Housing is a necessity. They emphasized that it is these characteristics that together determine the high transaction costs of the housing market.
In the construction idea, design, and design phase the framework for large parts of the building is laid out future, both in relation to the architectural and functional, but equally so in regard to the building’s environmental, social and economic footprint. The personal impressions depend in height degree of what choices and opt-outs are made in these and later phases [68]. This release is aimed at to make the parties to the construction aware of the dilemmas often encountered and the considerations one must therefore do in connection with design and design of sustainable building.
4. Conclusion
Residential buildings are the most basic type of architecture, appearing the earliest in the history of world architecture, the most widespread, and the most significant number. Due to world vast territory, many ethnic groups, and a long history, the geographical and climatic conditions and lifestyles vary from place to place. Therefore, specific residential buildings’ architectural styles and styles are relatively rare in the history of world vernacular architecture. The vernacular architecture had a rich and beautiful element symbol and a solid philosophical charm. It fully complies with the laws of nature and cleverly integrates the natural scene. That can be a solid basis to modern architecture which focuses on the pursuit of humanized characteristics, while traditional architectural culture advocates the harmony and unity of man and nature. Traditional architectural culture can provide connotative reference materials and broad thinking space for modern architectural design and further highlight the individual characteristics of architectural design and enhance the connotation of art and culture. The integration of traditional architectural culture into the field of modern architectural design can inherit national culture, highlight modern scientific features, demonstrate characteristic humanistic feelings, and reflect the new style of the development of the times. A sustainable house where people can live comfortably forever while being a friendly house to the global environment in future home building, the idea of sustainable housing will be strongly required. In sustainable housing, it is considered to create a house that is friendly to people and the earth everywhere, such as the structure, floor plan, equipment, and building materials used. Combining modern architectural design theories with traditional culture and creating a series of works that were in line with national conditions, adapted to nature, and recognized by the public, making modern architecture famous It is a model of new vernacular architecture. Citizen involvement is a central element in the housing development of the future and helps maintain the vision for human and diverse cities. It provides vibrant and sustainable housing strategies where everyone has a place and can have a say. It places different and new demands on both the individual, architects, and companies, but it also provides a wide range of opportunities for new collaborations across traditional structures. Housing strategy should include three aspects: first, it has changed in the size, density, and design of the population in different regions; second, it includes There are fundamental changes in the socio- economic structure; finally, it is the changes in people’s behavior that need to be pointed out. Architects should pay more attention to the application of traditional housing systems, deepen the cognition and understanding of national culture, and enhance modern architecture’s cultural connotation and artistic value. In modern architectural design, to seek the integration of cultural characteristics of different times, traditional cultural symbols will be summarized, refined, and refined. Local features will be added based on retaining essential values and then reshaped to achieve the inheritance and spread of traditional culture. At the same time, it can also improve the modern architectural design and highlight the connotation. Today, the worldwide urbanization process has reached a turning point. Its main manifestations are as follows: the population is highly concentrated in the cities, and the rural areas are highly concentrated. A good housing strategy should include a good connection with the local traditional housing system with a concordance of a metropolitan and global city, an attractive and inclusive opportunity, a green area, and a livable and resilient residential area, have a significant grade to regenerate, and reflect the fragrant history and cultural heritage of the local areas. That is the first step to sustainable housing.
\n',keywords:"Sustainable housing, human settlement, vernacular architecture, housing strategy",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/79055.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/79055.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/79055",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/79055",totalDownloads:124,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,dateSubmitted:"August 31st 2021",dateReviewed:"September 20th 2021",datePrePublished:"October 19th 2021",datePublished:"February 23rd 2022",dateFinished:"October 19th 2021",readingETA:"0",abstract:"The term vernacular architecture is widely accepted by architects and derives from the Latin “VERNACULUS”, which means “domestic, native, indigenous”, local. So vernacular architecture designates the entire culture built from a particular place. In modern housing design, the inheritance and development of traditional architectural culture is reflected in the inheritance of classic architectural forms and craftsmanship and the rational application of traditional building systems. With the progress of social civilization and the improvement of technological level, various innovative building systems emerge in an endless stream and are widely used in modern housing design. In today’s rapid social and economic development, housing changes are coming quickly, sometimes even seeming a bit rough. At present, more attention is paid to the construction of new residential areas. As far as the field of urban architecture is concerned, the human settlement environment can be understood explicitly as people’s living and living environment. Today architects need to design a settlement that balances all social functions between meeting current needs and future development, designing energy and material-saving buildings, so that it is in harmony with the environment, and is conducive to the physical and mental health of the human body. In other words, the planning process requires attention to human behavior, psychology, emotions, and interpersonal relationships.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/79055",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/79055",signatures:"Amjad Almusaed and Asaad Almssad",book:{id:"10986",type:"book",title:"Sustainable Housing",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Sustainable Housing",slug:"sustainable-housing",publishedDate:"February 23rd 2022",bookSignature:"Amjad Almusaed and Asaad Almssad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10986.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:"978-1-83969-648-0",printIsbn:"978-1-83969-647-3",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83969-649-7",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"110471",title:"Prof.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Zaki",surname:"Almusaed",slug:"amjad-almusaed",fullName:"Amjad Almusaed"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"110471",title:"Prof.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Zaki",surname:"Almusaed",fullName:"Amjad Almusaed",slug:"amjad-almusaed",email:"a.amjad@archcrea-institute.org",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/110471/images/system/110471.png",institution:{name:"Jönköping University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}},{id:"194040",title:"Prof.",name:"Asaad",middleName:null,surname:"Almssad",fullName:"Asaad Almssad",slug:"asaad-almssad",email:"asaad.almssad@kau.se",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/194040/images/system/194040.jpg",institution:{name:"Karlstad University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Reading in the world vernacular houses (visions, conception, implementation, and operation)",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2_2",title:"2.1 Experience of housing in India",level:"2"},{id:"sec_3_2",title:"2.2 Experience of housing in China",level:"2"},{id:"sec_4_2",title:"2.3 Experience of housing in Japan",level:"2"},{id:"sec_5_2",title:"2.4 Experience of housing in Korea “HANOK”",level:"2"},{id:"sec_6_2",title:"2.5 Experience of housing in Iraq",level:"2"},{id:"sec_7_2",title:"2.6 Experience of housing in Turkey, Iran, Central Asia",level:"2"},{id:"sec_8_2",title:"2.7 Experience of housing in Mexico",level:"2"},{id:"sec_9_2",title:"2.8 Experience of housing in in Morocco, Tunisia, Libya, and North Africa",level:"2"},{id:"sec_10_2",title:"2.9 Experience of housing in Balkan",level:"2"},{id:"sec_11_2",title:"2.10 Eṭxperience of housing in Southern Netherlands, Belgium, and Germany",level:"2"},{id:"sec_12_2",title:"2.11 Experience of housing in North Europa (Scandinavia)",level:"2"},{id:"sec_14",title:"3. Future reading on a global sustainability in housing policy",level:"1"},{id:"sec_15",title:"4. Conclusion",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Amjad Almusaed and Asaad Almssad (November 5th 2018). Introductory Chapter: Housing Policy Matters, Housing, Amjad Almusaed and Asaad Almssad, IntechOpen, DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.81622. Available from: https://www.intechopen.com/books/housing/introductory-chapter-housing-policy-matters'},{id:"B2",body:'Trovato, M.R. An Axiology of Residual Green Urban Areas. Environments 2021, 8, 53. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments8060053'},{id:"B3",body:'Amjad Almusaed, Asaad Almssad, Asaad Alasadi, Analytical interpretation of energy efficiency concepts in the housing design process from hot climate, Journal of Building Engineering, Volume 21, January 2019, Pages 254-266, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2018.10.026'},{id:"B4",body:'Raad Z.Homod, Almssad, A., Almusaed, A, Et al (2021), Effect of different building envelope materials on thermal comfort and air-conditioning energy savings: A case study in Basra city, Iraq, Elsevier Journal of Energy Storage,volume 34, February 2021, 101975, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2020.101975'},{id:"B5",body:'Thomas Hall & Sonja VidenThe Million Homes Programme: a review of the great Swedish planning project, Planning Perspectives, 20:3, 301-328, (2005). http://doi.org/10.1080/02665430500130233'},{id:"B6",body:'Jian Z., Zhen-Y. Z., Green building research–current status and future agenda: A review, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Volume 30, February 2014, Pages 271-281, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.10.021'},{id:"B7",body:'Cascone, S.M.; Cascone, S.; Vitale, M. Building Insulating Materials from Agricultural By-Products: A Review. In Sustainability in Energy and Buildings. Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies; Littlewood, J., Howlett, R., Capozzoli, A., Jain, L., Eds.; Springer: Singapore, 2020; Volume 163'},{id:"B8",body:'Amjad Almusaed, et al., Biophilic architecture, the concept of healthy sustainable architecture, PLEA2006 - The 23rd Conference on Passive and Low Energy Architecture, Geneva, Switzerland, 6-8 September 2006.'},{id:"B9",body:'Muzaffer U., M. Joseph S., Eunju W. Hyelin K.,Progress in Tourism Management; Quality of life (QOL) and well-being research in tourism, Tourism Management, Volume 53, April 2016, Pages 244-261, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2015.07.013'},{id:"B10",body:'Amjad Almusaed and Asaad Almssad (December 13th 2018). Introductory Chapter: Overview of Sustainable Cities, Theory and Practices, Sustainable Cities - Authenticity, Ambition and Dream, Amjad Almusaed and Asaad Almssad, IntechOpen, DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.82632. Available from: https://www.intechopen.com/books/sustainable-cities-authenticity-ambition-and-dream/introductory-chapter-overview-of-sustainable-cities-theory-and-practices'},{id:"B11",body:'Kevin D., Menelaos G., Architecture and rural planning: ‘Claiming the vernacular, Volume 41, November 2014, Pages 334-343, Land Use Policy, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2014.06.013'},{id:"B12",body:'Senanayake, S.G.J.N.,. Indigenous knowledge as a key to sustainable development. Journal of Agricultural Sciences – Sri Lanka, 2(1), pp.87-94. 2006. DOI: http://doi.org/10.4038/jas.v2i1.8117'},{id:"B13",body:'Almusaed A., Almssad, A. & Alasadi, A. (2019). Analytical interpretation of energy efficiency concepts in the housing design, Journal of Building Engineering 21, ss. ISSN: 254-266, 2352-7102/ Published by Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2018.10.026.'},{id:"B14",body:'Almusaed, A.; Almssad, A.; Homod, R.Z.; Yitmen, I. Environmental Profile on Building Material Passports for Hot Climates. Sustainability 2020, 12, 3720. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12093720'},{id:"B15",body:'Bogdan V. C., Alexandru L. P., Traditional Architecture in Romanian Philately (IV): the Households from Ieud, Jurilovca, Mastacăn, Moișeni and Năruja, Asian Journal of Education and Social Studies, 17(1): 29- 38, 2021; Article no.AJESS.67445, http://doi.org/10.9734/AJESS/2021/v17i130412'},{id:"B16",body:'Christian Illies, Nicholas Ra, y Philosophy of Architecture, Philosophy of Technology and Engineering Sciences, Handbook of the Philosophy of Science, 2009, Pages 1199-1256, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0- 444-51667-1.50047-1'},{id:"B17",body:'J.Safrin R. D., C. Ezhil M. Sustainable quotient of traditional houses - a panoramic view of agraharams in ayanavaram, international journal of engineering sciences & research technology (IJESRT), Dulcie * et al., 7(3): March, 2018, http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1189052.'},{id:"B18",body:'Mohan Pant & Shuji Funo The Grid and Modular Measures in The Town Planning of Mohenjodaro and Kathmandu Valley, Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering, 4:1, 51-59, (2005) https://doi.org/10.3130/jaabe.4.51'},{id:"B19",body:'Thomas P. Leppard, Social Complexity and Social Inequality in the Prehistoric Mediterranean, Current Anthropology, 2019, (3)Volume 60, Number 3, https://doi.org/10.1086/703174'},{id:"B20",body:'De Feo, G.; Antoniou, G.; Fardin, H.F.; El-Gohary, F.; Zheng, X.Y.; Reklaityte, I.; Butler, D.; Yannopoulos, S.; Angelakis, A.N. The Historical Development of Sewers Worldwide. Sustainability 2014, 6, 3936-3974. https://doi.org/10.3390/su6063936'},{id:"B21",body:'Robert S. Homsher, Mud Bricks and the Process of Construction in the Middle Bronze Age Southern Levant, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, No. 368 (November 2012), pp. 1-27, The University of Chicago Press, https://doi.org/10.5615/bullamerschoorie.368.0001'},{id:"B22",body:'Ali, M.M.; Al-Kodmany, K. Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat of the 21st Century: A Global Perspective. Buildings 2012, 2, 384-423. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings2040384'},{id:"B23",body:'Hyun Bang Shin, Urban conservation and revalorisation of dilapidated historic quarters: The case of Nanluoguxiang in Beijing, Cities, Volume 27, Supplement 1, June 2010, Pages S43-S54, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2010.03.006'},{id:"B24",body:'Shaoqing G. et al. Climate responsive strategies of traditional dwellings located in an ancient village in hot summer and cold winter region of China. Building and Environment, Volume 86, April 2015, Pages 151- 165, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2014.12.003'},{id:"B25",body:'Lowe, K.D. Heaven and Earth—Sustaining Elements in Hakka Tulou. Sustainability 2012, 4, 2795-2802. https://doi.org/10.3390/su4112795'},{id:"B26",body:'Almusaed, A., Yitmen, I, Almssad, A., & Homod, R. Z.(2020). Environmental profile on building material passports for hot climates. Sustainability (Switzerland), 12(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/su12093720'},{id:"B27",body:'Donia Zhang, Classical Courtyard Houses of Beijing: Architecture as Cultural Artifact, Space and Communication 2015; 1(1): 47-68, https://doi.org/10.15340/2148172511881'},{id:"B28",body:'Low K., Ang S., Confucian Leadership and Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) the Way Forward, Asian Journal of Business Research, Volume 2 Number 1 2012, https://doi.org/10.14707/ajbr.120006'},{id:"B29",body:'Amjad Almusaed, Asaad Almssad, Building materials in eco-energy houses from Iraq and Iran, Case Studies in Construction Materials, Volume 2, June 2015, Pages 42-54, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2015.02.001'},{id:"B30",body:'Ji Youn Kim, Cultural entrepreneurs and urban regeneration in Itaewon, Seoul, Cities, Volume 56, July 2016, Pages 132-140, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2015.11.021'},{id:"B31",body:'Katarina Rus, Vojko Kilar David Koren, Resilience assessment of complex urban systems to natural disasters: A new literature review, International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, Volume 31, October 2018, Pages 311-330, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2018.05.015'},{id:"B32",body:'Jiaran Zhanga,Yingrui Chib, Mengdi Shi, On the Transition from Ming Dynasty Ceramic Courtyard to North China Residence Take the Ming Dynasty Pottery Courtyard of Henan Museum as an Example, International Journal of Frontiers in Sociology, Vol. 3, Issue 4: 93-98, https://doi.org/10.25236/IJFS.2021.030420.'},{id:"B33",body:'Zhang Fengjie, The Architectural Typology Analysis of Han Traditional Courtyard in Northeast China, International Journal of Structural and Civil Engineering Research Vol. 10, No. 1, February 2021, http//doi.org/10.18178/ijscer.10.1.9-16'},{id:"B34",body:'Akadiri, P.O.; Chinyio, E.A.; Olomolaiye, P.O. Design of A Sustainable Building: A Conceptual Framework for Implementing Sustainability in the Building Sector. Buildings 2012, 2, 126-152. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings2020126'},{id:"B35",body:'Ken Tadashi Oshima, Rediscovering Japanese Urban Space in a World Context, Volume: 42 issue: 3, page(s): 623-633, https://doi.org/10.1177/0096144216635165'},{id:"B36",body:'Gozde Çakır, the effects of natural environmental data in the traditional japanese house design, International Journal of Advanced Research 6(7):361-371, http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/IJAR01/7370'},{id:"B37",body:'Amjad Almusaed and Asaad Almssad (December 22nd 2019). City Phenomenon between Urban Structure and Composition, Sustainability in Urban Planning and Design, Amjad Almusaed, Asaad Almssad and Linh Truong-Hong, IntechOpen, DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.90443. Available from: https://www.intechopen.com/books/sustainability-in-urban-planning-and-design/city-phenomenon- between-urban-structure-and-composition'},{id:"B38",body:'Yan Liu, A full moon in another land: The Moon Bridge in the Japanese garden of the Huntington Library, Frontiers of Architectural Research Volume 9, Issue 3, September 2020, Pages 556-567, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foar.2020.02.004'},{id:"B39",body:'Nobuyuki MIYAZAKI, A study on the theory for floor planning of the central living-room type house in modern ages of japan; In the case of the pamphlet presented by the union for the improvement of living conditions in 1921, Journal of Architecture and Planning (Transactions of AIJ), Volume 75 (2010) Issue 649, https://doi.org/10.3130/aija.75.551'},{id:"B40",body:'Almusaed, A., Almssad, A. (2015). Environmental reply to vernacular habitat conformation from vast areas of Scandinavia. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews Journal, Elsevier, ISSN: 1364-0321, Volume 48, ss. 825-834, August 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.04.013'},{id:"B41",body:'Shigeo Kawamoto, On the origin of the shinden-zukuri residence, Journal of Architecture and Planning (Transactions of AIJ), 2016 Volume 81 Issue 729 Pages 2497-2506, https://doi.org/10.3130/aija.81.2497'},{id:"B42",body:'Nuri Seo, Yunsub Lee, Yeheun Jeong and Youngsoo Jung, Evaluation Framework for Korean Traditional Wooden Building (Hanok) through Analyzing Historical Data, Pages 614-621 (2018 Proceedings of the 35th ISARC, Berlin, Germany, https://doi.org/10.22260/ISARC2018/0084'},{id:"B43",body:'Kim Bok-rae, Past, Present and Future of Hallyu (Korean Wave), American International Journal of Contemporary Research Vol. 5, No. 5; October 2015.'},{id:"B44",body:'Yitmen, Ibrahim, Amjad Almusaed, et al (2021), ANP Model for Evaluating the Performance of Adaptive Façade Systems in Complex Commercial Buildings, Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management Journal, https://doi.org/10.1108/ECAM-07-2020-0559'},{id:"B45",body:'Amjad Almusaed and Asaad Almssad (March 14th, 2012). Passive and Low Energy Housing by Optimization, Effective Thermal Insulation - The Operative Factor of a Passive Building Model, Amjad Almusaed, IntechOpen, DOI: 10.5772/36922. Available from: https://www.intechopen.com/books/effective- thermal-insulation-the-operative-factor-of-a-passive-building-model/passive-and-low-energy-housing-concept-'},{id:"B46",body:'Almusaed, A. Biophilic and Bioclimatic architecture, Analytical Therapy for the Next Generation of Passive Sustainable Architecture (2011), Springer-Verlag London Limited, p 406, London, UK. https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9781849965330'},{id:"B47",body:'Mofidi, S. Majid, R. Vakilinezhad, and Mehdizadeh Mehdizadeh. 2013. "Shanashil: A Sustainable Element to Balance Light, View and Thermal Comfort." The International Journal of Environmental Sustainability 8 (4): 101-110., https://doi.org/10.18848/2325-1077/CGP/v08i04/55066'},{id:"B48",body:'Amjad Almusaed and Asaad Almssad (March 14th 2012). Improvement of Thermal Insulation by Environmental Means, Effective Thermal Insulation - The Operative Factor of a Passive Building Model, Amjad Almusaed, IntechOpen, DOI: 10.5772/35744. Available from: https://www.intechopen.com/books/effective-thermal-insulation-the-operative-factor-of-a-passive-building- model/improvement-of-thermal-insulation-by-environmental-means-'},{id:"B49",body:'Hossein Sarhaddi-Dadian, Zohre Oveisi-Keikha, Vahid Purzarghan, Introducing Troglodyte Architecture at Chabahar City in South-east of Iran, International Journal of Archaeology. Vol. 5, No. 1, 2017, pp. 1-5. doi: 10.11648/j.ija.20170501.11'},{id:"B50",body:'Nimet Öztank, An Investigation of Traditional Turkish Wooden Houses, Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering, 9:2, 267-274(2010), DOI: 10.3130/jaabe.9.267'},{id:"B51",body:'Paavo Monkkonen, The Housing Transition in Mexico: Expanding Access to Housing Finance, SAGE journals, Volume: 47 issue: 5, page(s): 672-695, https://doi.org/10.1177/1078087411400381'},{id:"B52",body:'Amjad Almusaed (September 6th 2017). Introductory Chapter: Overview on Grass Topic, Grasses - Benefits, Diversities and Functional Roles, Amjad Almusaed and Sammera Mohamed Salih Al-Samaraee, IntechOpen, DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.70407. Available from: https://www.intechopen.com/books/grasses-benefits- diversities-and-functional-roles/introductory-chapter-overview-on-grass-topic'},{id:"B53",body:'Amjad Almusaed (September 19th 2018). Introductory Chapter: A General Reading Process on Landscape Architecture, Landscape Architecture - The Sense of Places, Models and Applications, Amjad Almusaed, IntechOpen, DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.77971. Available from:https://www.intechopen.com/books/landscape-architecture-the-sense-of-places-models-and- applications/introductory-chapter-a-general-reading-process-on-landscape-architecture'},{id:"B54",body:'Moghadam, Valentine M. “democratization and women\'s political leadership in north Africa.” Journal of International Affairs, vol. 68, no. 1, 2014, pp. 59-78. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/24461706. Accessed 8 July 2021.'},{id:"B55",body:'Richard Stren, Urban Service Delivery in Africa and the Role of International Assistance, Development Policy Review, 2014, 32 (S1): s19–s37, https://doi.org/10.1111/dpr.12067'},{id:"B56",body:'Velika Ivkovska, Aiming Towards the Sky: The Vernacular „skyscrapers‟ of the South-West Balkans, ISVS e-journal, Vol. 6, no.3, Special Issue on Ottoman Vernacular, June, 2019, DOI: 10.5194/isprs-archives- XLIV-M-1-2020-1005-2020.'},{id:"B57",body:'Amjad Almusaed and Asaad Almssad (July 18th 2018). Introductory Chapter: Overview of a Competent Sustainable Building, Sustainable Buildings - Interaction Between a Holistic Conceptual Act and Materials Properties, Amjad Almusaed and Asaad Almssad, IntechOpen, DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.77176. Available from: https://www.intechopen.com/books/sustainable-buildings-interaction-between-a-holistic-conceptual- act-and-materials-properties/introductory-chapter-overview-of-a-competent-sustainable-building'},{id:"B58",body:'E. B. Banning, The Neolithic Period: Triumphs of Architecture, Agriculture, and Art, A journal of the American Schools of Oriental Research, Volume 61, Number 4, December 1998, https://doi.org/10.2307/3210656'},{id:"B59",body:'J.Bazelmans D. Meiere A. Nieuwho T. Spek P. Vos, Understanding the cultural historical value of the Wadden Sea region. The co-evolution of environment and society in the Wadden Sea area in the Holocene up until early modern times (11,700 BC–1800 AD): An outline, Ocean & Coastal Management, Volume 68, November 2012, Pages 114-126, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2012.05.014'},{id:"B60",body:'Appolloni L, D’Alessandro D. Housing Spaces in Nine European Countries: A Comparison of Dimensional Requirements. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(8):4278. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18084278'},{id:"B61",body:'Tawayha FA, Braganca L, Mateus R. Contribution of the Vernacular Architecture to the Sustainability: A Comparative Study between the Contemporary Areas and the Old Quarter of a Mediterranean City. Sustainability. 2019; 11(3):896. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11030896'},{id:"B62",body:'Amjad Almusaed and Asaad Almssad (July 16th 2020). Urban Social Sustainability - Case Study; Gellerupparken–Denmark, Sustainability in Urban Planning and Design, Amjad Almusaed, Asaad Almssad and Linh Truong-Hong, IntechOpen, DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.93124. Available from: https://www.intechopen.com/books/sustainability-in-urban-planning-and-design/urban-social- sustainability-case-study-gellerupparken-denmark'},{id:"B63",body:'Ibrahim, I.A. Sustainable housing development: role and significance of satisfaction aspect. City Territ Archit 7, 21 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40410-020-00130-x'},{id:"B64",body:'Sipos N, Pap N, Gonda T, Jarjabka Á. Feasibility and Sustainability Challenges of the Süleyman’s Türbe Cultural-Tourism Centre Project in Szigetvár, Hungary. Sustainability. 2021; 13(10):5337. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13105337'},{id:"B65",body:'Silvia Mete, Jin Xue, Integrating environmental sustainability and social justice in housing development: two contrasting scenarios, Progress in Planning, Available online 10 July 2020, 100504, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progress.2020.100504'},{id:"B66",body:'Matheus F.A.Goosen, Environmental management and sustainable development, Procedia Engineering, Volume 33, 2012, Pages 6-13, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2012.01.1171'},{id:"B67",body:'Bjoern Harsman, John M Quigley, Housing Markets and Housing Institutions: An International Comparison, 1991, Springer'},{id:"B68",body:'Almusaed A., Almssad, A., et al, Coherent Investigation on a Smart Kinetic Wooden Façade Based on Material Passport Concepts and Environmental Profile Inquiry, Published by MDPI Energy in Construction and Building Materials (Switzerland). https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14143771'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Amjad Almusaed",address:"amjad.al-musaed@ju.se",affiliation:'
Department of Architectural Engineering, Jönköping University, Jönköping, Sweden
Department of Architectural Engineering, Jönköping University, Jönköping, Sweden
'}],corrections:null},book:{id:"10986",type:"book",title:"Sustainable Housing",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Sustainable Housing",slug:"sustainable-housing",publishedDate:"February 23rd 2022",bookSignature:"Amjad Almusaed and Asaad Almssad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10986.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:"978-1-83969-648-0",printIsbn:"978-1-83969-647-3",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83969-649-7",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"110471",title:"Prof.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Zaki",surname:"Almusaed",slug:"amjad-almusaed",fullName:"Amjad Almusaed"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},profile:{item:{id:"56932",title:"Dr.",name:"Wen-Kung",middleName:null,surname:"Tseng",email:"andy007@cc.ncue.edu.tw",fullName:"Wen-Kung Tseng",slug:"wen-kung-tseng",position:null,biography:null,institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",totalCites:0,totalChapterViews:"0",outsideEditionCount:null,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalEditedBooks:"0",personalWebsiteURL:null,twitterURL:null,linkedinURL:null,institution:{name:"National Changhua University of Education",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},booksEdited:[],chaptersAuthored:[{id:"31194",title:"Analysis of Quiet Zones in Diffuse Fields",slug:"analysis-of-quiet-zones-in-diffuse-fields",abstract:null,signatures:"Wen-Kung Tseng",authors:[{id:"56932",title:"Dr.",name:"Wen-Kung",surname:"Tseng",fullName:"Wen-Kung Tseng",slug:"wen-kung-tseng",email:"andy007@cc.ncue.edu.tw"}],book:{id:"866",title:"Noise Control, Reduction and Cancellation Solutions in Engineering",slug:"noise-control-reduction-and-cancellation-solutions-in-engineering",productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume"}}}],collaborators:[{id:"19414",title:"Prof.",name:"Lutfiye",surname:"Durak-Ata",slug:"lutfiye-durak-ata",fullName:"Lutfiye Durak-Ata",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19414/images/4565_n.jpg",biography:"Lutfiye Durak received the B.Sc., M.Sc. and PhD. degrees in Electrical ngineering Department of Bilkent niversity, Ankara, Turkey, in 1996, \n1999 and 2003, respectively. She worked in the Statistical Signal \nProcessing Laboratory of Korean Advanced Institute of Science and \nTechnology (KAIST) until 2005. She was a visiting research scholar in \nthe Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering of University of \nPittsburgh for the summer of 2008. She is currently an associate professor \nin the Informatics Institute of Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey. Her research interests are in time-frequency signal processing, adaptive signal processing, statistical signal processing, and communications theory.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul Technical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"64836",title:"Prof.",name:"Alice Elizabeth",surname:"Gonzalez",slug:"alice-elizabeth-gonzalez",fullName:"Alice Elizabeth Gonzalez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64836/images/system/64836.jpg",biography:"Alice Elizabeth González is a full-time Professor at the Environmental Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Universidad de la República (UdelaR, Uruguay). She currently teaches undergraduate and postgraduate programs and oversees graduate and postgraduate students. She also leads research, development, and applied research projects. \n\nShe is a Researcher of the National Researchers System of the National Research and Innovation Agency. Her main research topic is noise pollution, including environmental and urban acoustics, noise and vibration control, environment and health.\n\nShe has thirty years of teaching and professional experience, and has authored/co-authored more than two hundred technical publications, including ten books and a dozen book chapters. Prior to becoming full-time at UdelaR, she worked for 19 years as a freelance Environmental and Sanitary Engineer.",institutionString:"Universidad de la Republica",institution:null},{id:"65564",title:"Mr.",name:"Wei",surname:"Cheng",slug:"wei-cheng",fullName:"Wei Cheng",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"68443",title:"Ms.",name:"Sultan",surname:"Aldirmaz",slug:"sultan-aldirmaz",fullName:"Sultan Aldirmaz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Yıldız Technical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"71569",title:"Dr.",name:"Emiliano",surname:"Mucchi",slug:"emiliano-mucchi",fullName:"Emiliano Mucchi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ferrara",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"71705",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhouzuo",surname:"Zhang",slug:"zhouzuo-zhang",fullName:"Zhouzuo Zhang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Xi'an Jiaotong University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"74115",title:"Dr.",name:"Elena",surname:"Pierro",slug:"elena-pierro",fullName:"Elena Pierro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Polytechnic University of Bari",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"75243",title:"Prof.",name:"Zhengping",surname:"Zou",slug:"zhengping-zou",fullName:"Zhengping Zou",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"75765",title:"Dr.",name:"Lei",surname:"Qi",slug:"lei-qi",fullName:"Lei Qi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Beihang University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"121126",title:"Prof.",name:"Zhengjia",surname:"He",slug:"zhengjia-he",fullName:"Zhengjia He",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:"State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering",institution:null}]},generic:{page:{slug:"open-access-funding-funders-list",title:"List of Funders by Country",intro:"
If your research is financed through any of the below-mentioned funders, please consult their Open Access policies or grant ‘terms and conditions’ to explore ways to cover your publication costs (also accessible by clicking on the link in their title).
\n\n
IMPORTANT: You must be a member or grantee of the listed funders in order to apply for their Open Access publication funds. Do not attempt to contact the funders if this is not the case.
",metaTitle:"List of Funders by Country",metaDescription:"If your research is financed through any of the below-mentioned funders, please consult their Open Access policies or grant ‘terms and conditions’ to explore ways to cover your publication costs (also accessible by clicking on the link in their title).",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/open-access-funding-funders-list",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"
UK Research and Innovation (former Research Councils UK (RCUK) - including AHRC, BBSRC, ESRC, EPSRC, MRC, NERC, STFC.) Processing charges for books/book chapters can be covered through RCUK block grants which are allocated to most universities in the UK, which then handle the OA publication funding requests. It is at the discretion of the university whether it will approve the request.)
UK Research and Innovation (former Research Councils UK (RCUK) - including AHRC, BBSRC, ESRC, EPSRC, MRC, NERC, STFC.) Processing charges for books/book chapters can be covered through RCUK block grants which are allocated to most universities in the UK, which then handle the OA publication funding requests. It is at the discretion of the university whether it will approve the request.)
Wellcome Trust (Funding available only to Wellcome-funded researchers/grantees)
\n
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",middleName:null,surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/58592/images/1664_n.jpg",biography:"Arun K. Shanker is serving as a Principal Scientist (Plant Physiology) with the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) at the Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture in Hyderabad, India. He is working with the ICAR as a full time researcher since 1993 and has since earned his Advanced degree in Crop Physiology while in service. He has been awarded the prestigious Member of the Royal Society of Chemistry (MRSC), by the Royal Society of Chemistry, London in 2015. Presently he is working on systems biology approach to study the mechanism of abiotic stress tolerance in crops. His main focus now is to unravel the mechanism of drought and heat stress response in plants to tackle climate change related threats in agriculture.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Council of Agricultural Research",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",middleName:"P",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/4782/images/system/4782.jpg",biography:"Bishnu P. Pal is Professor of Physics at Mahindra École\nCentrale Hyderabad India since July 1st 2014 after retirement\nas Professor of Physics from IIT Delhi; Ph.D.’1975 from IIT\nDelhi; Fellow of OSA and SPIE; Senior Member IEEE;\nHonorary Foreign Member Royal Norwegian Society for\nScience and Arts; Member OSA Board of Directors (2009-\n11); Distinguished Lecturer IEEE Photonics Society (2005-\n07).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Delhi",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"69653",title:"Dr.",name:"Chusak",middleName:null,surname:"Limsakul",slug:"chusak-limsakul",fullName:"Chusak Limsakul",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Prince of Songkla University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"23804",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamzah",middleName:null,surname:"Arof",slug:"hamzah-arof",fullName:"Hamzah Arof",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/23804/images/5492_n.jpg",biography:"Hamzah Arof received his BSc from Michigan State University, and PhD from the University of Wales. Both degrees were in electrical engineering. His current research interests include signal processing and photonics. Currently he is affiliated with the Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Malaya, Malaysia.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaya",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"41989",title:"Prof.",name:"He",middleName:null,surname:"Tian",slug:"he-tian",fullName:"He Tian",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"East China University of Science and Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"33351",title:null,name:"Hendra",middleName:null,surname:"Hermawan",slug:"hendra-hermawan",fullName:"Hendra Hermawan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/33351/images/168_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Institut Teknologi Bandung",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"11981",title:"Prof.",name:"Hiroshi",middleName:null,surname:"Ishiguro",slug:"hiroshi-ishiguro",fullName:"Hiroshi Ishiguro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRglaQAC/Profile_Picture_1626411846553",biography:"Hiroshi Ishiguro is an award-winning roboticist and innovator. As the Director of the Intelligent Robotics Laboratory, which is part of the Department of Systems Innovation in the Graduate School of Engineering Science at Osaka University, Japan, Ishiguro concentrates on making robots that are similar as possible to humans to understand the human species. A notable project of his laboratory is the Actroid, a humanoid robot with a lifelike appearance and observable behavior such as facial movements. (Sources: http://www.geminoid.jp/en/index.html, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroshi_Ishiguro)",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Osaka University",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"45747",title:"Dr.",name:"Hsin-I",middleName:null,surname:"Chang",slug:"hsin-i-chang",fullName:"Hsin-I Chang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Chiayi University",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"61581",title:"Dr.",name:"Joy Rizki Pangestu",middleName:null,surname:"Djuansjah",slug:"joy-rizki-pangestu-djuansjah",fullName:"Joy Rizki Pangestu Djuansjah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/61581/images/237_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"94249",title:"Prof.",name:"Junji",middleName:null,surname:"Kido",slug:"junji-kido",fullName:"Junji Kido",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Yamagata University",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"12009",title:"Dr.",name:"Ki Young",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",slug:"ki-young-kim",fullName:"Ki Young Kim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12009/images/system/12009.jpg",biography:"Http://m80.knu.ac.kr/~doors",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Cheng Kung University",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"132595",title:"Prof.",name:"Long",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"long-wang",fullName:"Long Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Peking University",country:{name:"China"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:6630},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5913},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:2404},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:12563},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:1009},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:17575}],offset:12,limit:12,total:12563},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{hasNoEditors:"0",sort:"-dateEndThirdStepPublish"},books:[{type:"book",id:"9985",title:"Geostatistics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"423cb3896195a618c4acb493ce4fd23d",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Jeffrey M. Yarus, Dr. Marko Maucec, Dr. Timothy C. Coburn and Associate Prof. Michael Pyrcz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9985.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"78011",title:"Prof.",name:"Jeffrey M.",surname:"Yarus",slug:"jeffrey-m.-yarus",fullName:"Jeffrey M. Yarus"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11930",title:"Reliability-Based Design in Structure and Geotechnical Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"63cb9ce2478d12b0649b47deaab8ab56",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Faham Tahmasebinia",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11930.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"211659",title:"Dr.",name:"Faham",surname:"Tahmasebinia",slug:"faham-tahmasebinia",fullName:"Faham Tahmasebinia"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12208",title:"Metformin - A Prospective Alternative for the Treatment of Chronic Diseases",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"aa4b8aac3f44ba3ab334530c5d5646ea",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Farid A. Badria",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12208.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12112",title:"The Colorectal Surgery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"21c65e742d31d5b69fb681ef78cfa0be",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Muhammad Shamim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12112.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"235128",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",surname:"Shamim",slug:"muhammad-shamim",fullName:"Muhammad Shamim"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12215",title:"Cell Death and Disease",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"dfd456a29478fccf4ebd3294137eb1e3",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Ke Xu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12215.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"59529",title:"Dr.",name:"Ke",surname:"Xu",slug:"ke-xu",fullName:"Ke Xu"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11892",title:"Facial Nerve Palsy - A Practitioner’s Guide",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"3022a85c51fe3ba1d2cc2a5de4e66072",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Pratap Sanchetee, Dr. Kirti Sachdev and Dr. Rajeswari R.",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11892.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"206518",title:"Dr.",name:"Pratap",surname:"Sanchetee",slug:"pratap-sanchetee",fullName:"Pratap Sanchetee"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11935",title:"Oil Spills",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"8ef4f1400c5e99e53d93847aaf92216b",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Prof.Dr. Maged Marghany",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11935.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"96666",title:"Prof.",name:"Prof.Dr. Maged",surname:"Marghany",slug:"prof.dr.-maged-marghany",fullName:"Prof.Dr. Maged Marghany"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11998",title:"Biocomposites - Recent Advances",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"8bc7ffd7544fff1901301c787e64fada",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Magdy Elnashar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11998.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"12075",title:"Prof.",name:"Magdy",surname:"Elnashar",slug:"magdy-elnashar",fullName:"Magdy Elnashar"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12079",title:"Strategies Towards the Synthesis of Heterocycles and Their Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"bc4022af925c0883636e0819008971ee",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Premlata Kumari and Dr. Amit Patel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12079.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"177041",title:"Dr.",name:"Premlata",surname:"Kumari",slug:"premlata-kumari",fullName:"Premlata Kumari"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11520",title:"Direct Torque Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"6504dee75dbbfd7792308293a8f1a27f",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Moulay Tahar Lamchich",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11520.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"21932",title:"Prof.",name:"Moulay Tahar",surname:"Lamchich",slug:"moulay-tahar-lamchich",fullName:"Moulay Tahar Lamchich"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11921",title:"Web Development for User Interface, Data Visualization, and Visual Analytics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"03f436c075bce593edf126475e69a478",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Tommy Dang and Dr. Vung Pham",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11921.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"335450",title:"Dr.",name:"Tommy",surname:"Dang",slug:"tommy-dang",fullName:"Tommy Dang"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12196",title:"Sepsis - New Perspectives",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"3590e6f6047122bd96d1d57da29c4054",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Lixing Huang, Dr. Youyu Zhang and Dr. Lingbin Sun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12196.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"333148",title:"Dr.",name:"Lixing",surname:"Huang",slug:"lixing-huang",fullName:"Lixing Huang"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:43},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:13},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:25},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:19},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:19},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:65},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:12},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:30},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:128},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:12},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:3}],offset:12,limit:12,total:435},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9974",title:"E-Learning and Digital Education in the Twenty-First Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88b58d66e975df20425fc1dfd22d53aa",slug:"e-learning-and-digital-education-in-the-twenty-first-century",bookSignature:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9974.jpg",editors:[{id:"94099",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Mahruf C.",middleName:null,surname:"Shohel",slug:"m.-mahruf-c.-shohel",fullName:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11001",title:"Density Functional Theory",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"82d53383af78ab41eb982086c02fb2bb",slug:"density-functional-theory-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",bookSignature:"Daniel Glossman-Mitnik",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11001.jpg",editors:[{id:"198499",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Glossman-Mitnik",slug:"daniel-glossman-mitnik",fullName:"Daniel Glossman-Mitnik"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10356",title:"Natural Medicinal Plants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"943e56ccaaf19ff696d25aa638ae37d6",slug:"natural-medicinal-plants",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10356.jpg",editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11752",title:"Natural Drugs from Plants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a0a83c0822608ef7592bf16a5ed0ada4",slug:"natural-drugs-from-plants",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11752.jpg",editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10251",title:"Plankton Communities",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e11e441ca2d2d5f631b1b4704505cfb6",slug:"plankton-communities",bookSignature:"Leonel Pereira and Ana Marta Gonçalves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10251.jpg",editors:[{id:"279788",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonel",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"leonel-pereira",fullName:"Leonel Pereira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10830",title:"Animal Feed Science and Nutrition",subtitle:"Production, Health and Environment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"79944fc8fbbaa329aed6fde388154832",slug:"animal-feed-science-and-nutrition-production-health-and-environment",bookSignature:"Amlan Kumar Patra",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10830.jpg",editors:[{id:"310962",title:"Dr.",name:"Amlan",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Patra",slug:"amlan-patra",fullName:"Amlan Patra"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10584",title:"Engineered Wood Products for Construction",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"421757c56a3735986055250821275a51",slug:"engineered-wood-products-for-construction",bookSignature:"Meng Gong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10584.jpg",editors:[{id:"274242",title:"Dr.",name:"Meng",middleName:null,surname:"Gong",slug:"meng-gong",fullName:"Meng Gong"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9670",title:"Current Trends in Wheat Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"89d795987f1747a76eee532700d2093d",slug:"current-trends-in-wheat-research",bookSignature:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman Ansari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9670.jpg",editors:[{id:"185476",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman",middleName:null,surname:"Ansari",slug:"mahmood-ur-rahman-ansari",fullName:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman Ansari"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9032",title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f609bf3251d7cc7bae0099a4374adfc3",slug:"corporate-social-responsibility",bookSignature:"Beatrice Orlando",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9032.jpg",editors:[{id:"232969",title:"Prof.",name:"Beatrice",middleName:null,surname:"Orlando",slug:"beatrice-orlando",fullName:"Beatrice Orlando"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10681",title:"Biodegradation Technology of Organic and Inorganic Pollutants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9a6e10e02788092872fd249436898e97",slug:"biodegradation-technology-of-organic-and-inorganic-pollutants",bookSignature:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes, Rodrigo Nogueira de Sousa and Kamila Cabral Mielke",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10681.jpg",editors:[{id:"197720",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Kassio",middleName:null,surname:"Ferreira Mendes",slug:"kassio-ferreira-mendes",fullName:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9808",title:"Contemporary Topics in Patient Safety",subtitle:"Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fb6371607c2c6c02c6a2af8892765aba",slug:"contemporary-topics-in-patient-safety-volume-1",bookSignature:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki and Michael S. Firstenberg",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9808.jpg",editors:[{id:"181694",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislaw P.",middleName:null,surname:"Stawicki",slug:"stanislaw-p.-stawicki",fullName:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9544",title:"Global Trade in the Emerging Business Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fb8cb09b9599246add78d508a98273d5",slug:"global-trade-in-the-emerging-business-environment",bookSignature:"Muhammad Mohiuddin, Jingbin Wang , Md. Samim Al Azad and Selim Ahmed",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9544.jpg",editors:[{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4387},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9974",title:"E-Learning and Digital Education in the Twenty-First Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88b58d66e975df20425fc1dfd22d53aa",slug:"e-learning-and-digital-education-in-the-twenty-first-century",bookSignature:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9974.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3385,editors:[{id:"94099",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Mahruf C.",middleName:null,surname:"Shohel",slug:"m.-mahruf-c.-shohel",fullName:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11001",title:"Density Functional Theory",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"82d53383af78ab41eb982086c02fb2bb",slug:"density-functional-theory-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",bookSignature:"Daniel Glossman-Mitnik",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11001.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1875,editors:[{id:"198499",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Glossman-Mitnik",slug:"daniel-glossman-mitnik",fullName:"Daniel Glossman-Mitnik"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10356",title:"Natural Medicinal Plants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"943e56ccaaf19ff696d25aa638ae37d6",slug:"natural-medicinal-plants",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10356.jpg",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3842,editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11752",title:"Natural Drugs from Plants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a0a83c0822608ef7592bf16a5ed0ada4",slug:"natural-drugs-from-plants",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11752.jpg",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3008,editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10251",title:"Plankton Communities",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e11e441ca2d2d5f631b1b4704505cfb6",slug:"plankton-communities",bookSignature:"Leonel Pereira and Ana Marta Gonçalves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10251.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1109,editors:[{id:"279788",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonel",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"leonel-pereira",fullName:"Leonel Pereira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10830",title:"Animal Feed Science and Nutrition",subtitle:"Production, Health and Environment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"79944fc8fbbaa329aed6fde388154832",slug:"animal-feed-science-and-nutrition-production-health-and-environment",bookSignature:"Amlan Kumar Patra",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10830.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1010,editors:[{id:"310962",title:"Dr.",name:"Amlan",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Patra",slug:"amlan-patra",fullName:"Amlan Patra"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10584",title:"Engineered Wood Products for Construction",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"421757c56a3735986055250821275a51",slug:"engineered-wood-products-for-construction",bookSignature:"Meng Gong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10584.jpg",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3918,editors:[{id:"274242",title:"Dr.",name:"Meng",middleName:null,surname:"Gong",slug:"meng-gong",fullName:"Meng Gong"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9670",title:"Current Trends in Wheat Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"89d795987f1747a76eee532700d2093d",slug:"current-trends-in-wheat-research",bookSignature:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman Ansari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9670.jpg",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1654,editors:[{id:"185476",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman",middleName:null,surname:"Ansari",slug:"mahmood-ur-rahman-ansari",fullName:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman Ansari"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9032",title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f609bf3251d7cc7bae0099a4374adfc3",slug:"corporate-social-responsibility",bookSignature:"Beatrice Orlando",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9032.jpg",publishedDate:"March 16th 2022",numberOfDownloads:7686,editors:[{id:"232969",title:"Prof.",name:"Beatrice",middleName:null,surname:"Orlando",slug:"beatrice-orlando",fullName:"Beatrice Orlando"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10681",title:"Biodegradation Technology of Organic and Inorganic Pollutants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9a6e10e02788092872fd249436898e97",slug:"biodegradation-technology-of-organic-and-inorganic-pollutants",bookSignature:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes, Rodrigo Nogueira de Sousa and Kamila Cabral Mielke",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10681.jpg",publishedDate:"April 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3444,editors:[{id:"197720",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Kassio",middleName:null,surname:"Ferreira Mendes",slug:"kassio-ferreira-mendes",fullName:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10522",title:"Coding Theory",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6357e1dd7d38adeb519ca7a10dc9e5a0",slug:"coding-theory-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",bookSignature:"Sudhakar Radhakrishnan and Sudev Naduvath",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10522.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 25th 2022",editors:[{id:"26327",title:"Dr.",name:"Sudhakar",middleName:null,surname:"Radhakrishnan",slug:"sudhakar-radhakrishnan",fullName:"Sudhakar Radhakrishnan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10821",title:"Automation and Control",subtitle:"Theories and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"18463c2291ba306c4dcbabd988227eea",slug:"automation-and-control-theories-and-applications",bookSignature:"Elmer P. Dadios",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10821.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 25th 2022",editors:[{id:"111683",title:"Prof.",name:"Elmer P.",middleName:"P.",surname:"Dadios",slug:"elmer-p.-dadios",fullName:"Elmer P. Dadios"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11348",title:"Mutagenesis and Mitochondrial-Associated Pathologies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"001972b3c5b49367314b13025a449232",slug:"mutagenesis-and-mitochondrial-associated-pathologies",bookSignature:"Michael Fasullo and Angel Catala",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11348.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 25th 2022",editors:[{id:"258231",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",middleName:"Thomas",surname:"Fasullo",slug:"michael-fasullo",fullName:"Michael Fasullo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11123",title:"Epoxy-Based Composites",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c1c5447cf3b9d6c7688276ac30e80de6",slug:"epoxy-based-composites",bookSignature:"Samson Jerold Samuel Chelladurai, Ramesh Arthanari and M.R.Meera",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11123.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 25th 2022",editors:[{id:"247421",title:"Dr.",name:"Samson Jerold Samuel",middleName:null,surname:"Chelladurai",slug:"samson-jerold-samuel-chelladurai",fullName:"Samson Jerold Samuel Chelladurai"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10632",title:"Theory and Practice of Tunnel Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7ba17749f9d0b6a62d584a3c320a1f49",slug:"theory-and-practice-of-tunnel-engineering",bookSignature:"Hasan Tosun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10632.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 25th 2022",editors:[{id:"79083",title:"Prof.",name:"Hasan",middleName:null,surname:"Tosun",slug:"hasan-tosun",fullName:"Hasan Tosun"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10906",title:"Fungal Reproduction and Growth",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f84de0280d54f3b52e3e4585cff24ac1",slug:"fungal-reproduction-and-growth",bookSignature:"Sadia Sultan and Gurmeet Kaur Surindar Singh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10906.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 25th 2022",editors:[{id:"176737",title:"Dr.",name:"Sadia",middleName:null,surname:"Sultan",slug:"sadia-sultan",fullName:"Sadia Sultan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10914",title:"Effective Elimination of Structural Racism",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f6a2562646c0fd664aca8335bc3b3e69",slug:"effective-elimination-of-structural-racism",bookSignature:"Erick Guerrero",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10914.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 25th 2022",editors:[{id:"294761",title:"Dr.",name:"Erick",middleName:null,surname:"Guerrero",slug:"erick-guerrero",fullName:"Erick Guerrero"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10664",title:"Animal Reproduction",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2d66af42fb17d0a6556bb9ef28e273c7",slug:"animal-reproduction",bookSignature:"Yusuf Bozkurt and Mustafa Numan Bucak",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10664.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 25th 2022",editors:[{id:"90846",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Bozkurt",slug:"yusuf-bozkurt",fullName:"Yusuf Bozkurt"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10940",title:"Plant Hormones",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5aae8a345f8047ed528914ff3491f643",slug:"plant-hormones-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",bookSignature:"Christophe Hano",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10940.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 25th 2022",editors:[{id:"313856",title:"Dr.",name:"Christophe",middleName:"F.E.",surname:"Hano",slug:"christophe-hano",fullName:"Christophe Hano"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10207",title:"Sexual Abuse",subtitle:"An Interdisciplinary Approach",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e1ec1d5a7093490df314d7887e0b3809",slug:"sexual-abuse-an-interdisciplinary-approach",bookSignature:"Ersi Kalfoğlu and Sotirios Kalfoglou",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10207.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 25th 2022",editors:[{id:"68678",title:"Dr.",name:"Ersi",middleName:null,surname:"Kalfoglou",slug:"ersi-kalfoglou",fullName:"Ersi Kalfoglou"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"18",title:"Neuroscience",slug:"life-sciences-neuroscience",parent:{id:"2",title:"Life Sciences",slug:"life-sciences"},numberOfBooks:65,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:1649,numberOfWosCitations:1070,numberOfCrossrefCitations:729,numberOfDimensionsCitations:1704,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"18",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"10654",title:"Brain-Computer Interface",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a5308884068cc53ed31c6baba756857f",slug:"brain-computer-interface",bookSignature:"Vahid Asadpour",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10654.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"165328",title:"Dr.",name:"Vahid",middleName:null,surname:"Asadpour",slug:"vahid-asadpour",fullName:"Vahid Asadpour"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10922",title:"Music in Health and Diseases",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6a079df045b086b404399c5ed4ac049a",slug:"music-in-health-and-diseases",bookSignature:"Amit Agrawal, Roshan Sutar and Anvesh Jallapally",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10922.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"100142",title:"Prof.",name:"Amit",middleName:null,surname:"Agrawal",slug:"amit-agrawal",fullName:"Amit Agrawal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10554",title:"Proprioception",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e104e615fbd94caa987df3a8d8b3fb8b",slug:"proprioception",bookSignature:"José A. Vega and Juan Cobo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10554.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"59892",title:"Prof.",name:"José A.",middleName:null,surname:"Vega",slug:"jose-a.-vega",fullName:"José A. Vega"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9853",title:"Connectivity and Functional Specialization in the Brain",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"79f611488f3217579b5c84978f870863",slug:"connectivity-and-functional-specialization-in-the-brain",bookSignature:"Thomas Heinbockel and Yongxia Zhou",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9853.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"70569",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas",middleName:null,surname:"Heinbockel",slug:"thomas-heinbockel",fullName:"Thomas Heinbockel"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"259308",title:"Dr.",name:"Yongxia",middleName:null,surname:"Zhou",slug:"yongxia-zhou",fullName:"Yongxia Zhou",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259308/images/system/259308.jpeg",biography:"Yongxia Zhou obtained a Ph.D. in Biomedical Imaging from the University of Southern California. Her research interest is radiology and neuroscience technology and application. She had been trained as an imaging scientist at several prestigious institutes including Columbia University, the University of Pennsylvania, and the National Institutes of Health (NIH). Her research focuses on multi-modal neuroimaging integration such as MRI/PET and EEG/MEG instrumentation to make the best use of multiple modalities for better interpretation of underlying disease mechanisms. She is the author and editor of more than twelve books for well-known publishers including IntechOpen and Nova Science. She has published more than 100 papers and abstracts in many reputed international journals and conferences and served as reviewer and editor for several academic associations.",institutionString:"University of Southern California",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"4",institution:{name:"University of Southern California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9629",title:"Electroencephalography",subtitle:"From Basic Research to Clinical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8147834b6c6deeeec40f407c71ad60b4",slug:"electroencephalography-from-basic-research-to-clinical-applications",bookSignature:"Hideki Nakano",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9629.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"196461",title:"Prof.",name:"Hideki",middleName:null,surname:"Nakano",slug:"hideki-nakano",fullName:"Hideki Nakano"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10475",title:"Smart Biofeedback",subtitle:"Perspectives and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8d2bd9997707c905959eaa41e55ba8f1",slug:"smart-biofeedback-perspectives-and-applications",bookSignature:"Edward Da-Yin Liao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10475.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"3875",title:"Dr.",name:"Edward Da-Yin",middleName:null,surname:"Liao",slug:"edward-da-yin-liao",fullName:"Edward Da-Yin Liao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8059",title:"Neurostimulation and Neuromodulation in Contemporary Therapeutic Practice",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8cc2c649900edf37ff3374fdc96a1586",slug:"neurostimulation-and-neuromodulation-in-contemporary-therapeutic-practice",bookSignature:"Denis Larrivee and Seyed Mansoor Rayegani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8059.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"206412",title:"Prof.",name:"Denis",middleName:null,surname:"Larrivee",slug:"denis-larrivee",fullName:"Denis Larrivee"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8851",title:"Advances in Neural Signal Processing",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a44ac118b233b29a3d5b57d61680ec38",slug:"advances-in-neural-signal-processing",bookSignature:"Ramana Vinjamuri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8851.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",middleName:null,surname:"Vinjamuri",slug:"ramana-vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8751",title:"Somatosensory and Motor Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"86191c18f06e524e0f97a5534fdb2b4c",slug:"somatosensory-and-motor-research",bookSignature:"Toshiaki Suzuki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8751.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"70872",title:"Prof.",name:"Toshiaki",middleName:null,surname:"Suzuki",slug:"toshiaki-suzuki",fullName:"Toshiaki Suzuki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9347",title:"Neuroimaging",subtitle:"Neurobiology, Multimodal and Network Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a3479e76c6ac538aac76409c9efb7e41",slug:"neuroimaging-neurobiology-multimodal-and-network-applications",bookSignature:"Yongxia Zhou",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9347.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"259308",title:"Dr.",name:"Yongxia",middleName:null,surname:"Zhou",slug:"yongxia-zhou",fullName:"Yongxia Zhou"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8938",title:"Inhibitory Control Training",subtitle:"A Multidisciplinary Approach",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bd82354f3bba4af5421337cd42052f86",slug:"inhibitory-control-training-a-multidisciplinary-approach",bookSignature:"Sara Palermo and Massimo Bartoli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8938.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"233998",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Palermo",slug:"sara-palermo",fullName:"Sara Palermo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6998",title:"Synucleins",subtitle:"Biochemistry and Role in Diseases",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2b4b802fec508928ce8ab9deebd1375f",slug:"synucleins-biochemistry-and-role-in-diseases",bookSignature:"Andrei Surguchov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6998.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"266540",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrei",middleName:null,surname:"Surguchov",slug:"andrei-surguchov",fullName:"Andrei Surguchov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:65,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"46296",doi:"10.5772/57398",title:"Physiological Role of Amyloid Beta in Neural Cells: The Cellular Trophic Activity",slug:"physiological-role-of-amyloid-beta-in-neural-cells-the-cellular-trophic-activity",totalDownloads:5886,totalCrossrefCites:18,totalDimensionsCites:31,abstract:null,book:{id:"3846",slug:"neurochemistry",title:"Neurochemistry",fullTitle:"Neurochemistry"},signatures:"M. del C. Cárdenas-Aguayo, M. del C. Silva-Lucero, M. Cortes-Ortiz,\nB. Jiménez-Ramos, L. Gómez-Virgilio, G. Ramírez-Rodríguez, E. Vera-\nArroyo, R. Fiorentino-Pérez, U. García, J. Luna-Muñoz and M.A.\nMeraz-Ríos",authors:[{id:"42225",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose",middleName:null,surname:"Luna-Muñoz",slug:"jose-luna-munoz",fullName:"Jose Luna-Muñoz"},{id:"114746",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco",middleName:null,surname:"Meraz-Ríos",slug:"marco-meraz-rios",fullName:"Marco Meraz-Ríos"},{id:"169616",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria del Carmen",middleName:null,surname:"Cardenas-Aguayo",slug:"maria-del-carmen-cardenas-aguayo",fullName:"Maria del Carmen Cardenas-Aguayo"},{id:"169857",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria del Carmen",middleName:null,surname:"Silva-Lucero",slug:"maria-del-carmen-silva-lucero",fullName:"Maria del Carmen Silva-Lucero"},{id:"169858",title:"Dr.",name:"Maribel",middleName:null,surname:"Cortes-Ortiz",slug:"maribel-cortes-ortiz",fullName:"Maribel Cortes-Ortiz"},{id:"169859",title:"Dr.",name:"Berenice",middleName:null,surname:"Jimenez-Ramos",slug:"berenice-jimenez-ramos",fullName:"Berenice Jimenez-Ramos"},{id:"169860",title:"Dr.",name:"Laura",middleName:null,surname:"Gomez-Virgilio",slug:"laura-gomez-virgilio",fullName:"Laura Gomez-Virgilio"},{id:"169861",title:"Dr.",name:"Gerardo",middleName:null,surname:"Ramirez-Rodriguez",slug:"gerardo-ramirez-rodriguez",fullName:"Gerardo Ramirez-Rodriguez"},{id:"169862",title:"Dr.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Vera-Arroyo",slug:"eduardo-vera-arroyo",fullName:"Eduardo Vera-Arroyo"},{id:"169863",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosana Sofia",middleName:null,surname:"Fiorentino-Perez",slug:"rosana-sofia-fiorentino-perez",fullName:"Rosana Sofia Fiorentino-Perez"},{id:"169864",title:"Dr.",name:"Ubaldo",middleName:null,surname:"Garcia",slug:"ubaldo-garcia",fullName:"Ubaldo Garcia"}]},{id:"58070",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72427",title:"MRI Medical Image Denoising by Fundamental Filters",slug:"mri-medical-image-denoising-by-fundamental-filters",totalDownloads:2564,totalCrossrefCites:17,totalDimensionsCites:30,abstract:"Nowadays Medical imaging technique Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) plays an important role in medical setting to form high standard images contained in the human brain. MRI is commonly used once treating brain, prostate cancers, ankle and foot. The Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) images are usually liable to suffer from noises such as Gaussian noise, salt and pepper noise and speckle noise. So getting of brain image with accuracy is very extremely task. An accurate brain image is very necessary for further diagnosis process. During this chapter, a median filter algorithm will be modified. Gaussian noise and Salt and pepper noise will be added to MRI image. A proposed Median filter (MF), Adaptive Median filter (AMF) and Adaptive Wiener filter (AWF) will be implemented. The filters will be used to remove the additive noises present in the MRI images. The noise density will be added gradually to MRI image to compare performance of the filters evaluation. The performance of these filters will be compared exploitation the applied mathematics parameter Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR).",book:{id:"6144",slug:"high-resolution-neuroimaging-basic-physical-principles-and-clinical-applications",title:"High-Resolution Neuroimaging",fullTitle:"High-Resolution Neuroimaging - Basic Physical Principles and Clinical Applications"},signatures:"Hanafy M. Ali",authors:[{id:"213318",title:"Dr.",name:"Hanafy",middleName:"M.",surname:"Ali",slug:"hanafy-ali",fullName:"Hanafy Ali"}]},{id:"41589",doi:"10.5772/50323",title:"The Role of the Amygdala in Anxiety Disorders",slug:"the-role-of-the-amygdala-in-anxiety-disorders",totalDownloads:9671,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:28,abstract:null,book:{id:"2599",slug:"the-amygdala-a-discrete-multitasking-manager",title:"The Amygdala",fullTitle:"The Amygdala - A Discrete Multitasking Manager"},signatures:"Gina L. Forster, Andrew M. Novick, Jamie L. Scholl and Michael J. Watt",authors:[{id:"145620",title:"Dr.",name:"Gina",middleName:null,surname:"Forster",slug:"gina-forster",fullName:"Gina Forster"},{id:"146553",title:"BSc.",name:"Andrew",middleName:null,surname:"Novick",slug:"andrew-novick",fullName:"Andrew Novick"},{id:"146554",title:"MSc.",name:"Jamie",middleName:null,surname:"Scholl",slug:"jamie-scholl",fullName:"Jamie Scholl"},{id:"146555",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",middleName:null,surname:"Watt",slug:"michael-watt",fullName:"Michael Watt"}]},{id:"26258",doi:"10.5772/28300",title:"Excitotoxicity and Oxidative Stress in Acute Ischemic Stroke",slug:"excitotoxicity-and-oxidative-stress-in-acute-ischemic-stroke",totalDownloads:7157,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:25,abstract:null,book:{id:"931",slug:"acute-ischemic-stroke",title:"Acute Ischemic Stroke",fullTitle:"Acute Ischemic Stroke"},signatures:"Ramón Rama Bretón and Julio César García Rodríguez",authors:[{id:"73430",title:"Prof.",name:"Ramon",middleName:null,surname:"Rama",slug:"ramon-rama",fullName:"Ramon Rama"},{id:"124643",title:"Prof.",name:"Julio Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"García",slug:"julio-cesar-garcia",fullName:"Julio Cesar García"}]},{id:"62072",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.78695",title:"Brain-Computer Interface and Motor Imagery Training: The Role of Visual Feedback and Embodiment",slug:"brain-computer-interface-and-motor-imagery-training-the-role-of-visual-feedback-and-embodiment",totalDownloads:1439,totalCrossrefCites:13,totalDimensionsCites:23,abstract:"Controlling a brain-computer interface (BCI) is a difficult task that requires extensive training. Particularly in the case of motor imagery BCIs, users may need several training sessions before they learn how to generate desired brain activity and reach an acceptable performance. A typical training protocol for such BCIs includes execution of a motor imagery task by the user, followed by presentation of an extending bar or a moving object on a computer screen. In this chapter, we discuss the importance of a visual feedback that resembles human actions, the effect of human factors such as confidence and motivation, and the role of embodiment in the learning process of a motor imagery task. Our results from a series of experiments in which users BCI-operated a humanlike android robot confirm that realistic visual feedback can induce a sense of embodiment, which promotes a significant learning of the motor imagery task in a short amount of time. We review the impact of humanlike visual feedback in optimized modulation of brain activity by the BCI users.",book:{id:"6610",slug:"evolving-bci-therapy-engaging-brain-state-dynamics",title:"Evolving BCI Therapy",fullTitle:"Evolving BCI Therapy - Engaging Brain State Dynamics"},signatures:"Maryam Alimardani, Shuichi Nishio and Hiroshi Ishiguro",authors:[{id:"11981",title:"Prof.",name:"Hiroshi",middleName:null,surname:"Ishiguro",slug:"hiroshi-ishiguro",fullName:"Hiroshi Ishiguro"},{id:"231131",title:"Dr.",name:"Maryam",middleName:null,surname:"Alimardani",slug:"maryam-alimardani",fullName:"Maryam Alimardani"},{id:"231134",title:"Dr.",name:"Shuichi",middleName:null,surname:"Nishio",slug:"shuichi-nishio",fullName:"Shuichi Nishio"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"29764",title:"Underlying Causes of Paresthesia",slug:"underlying-causes-of-paresthesia",totalDownloads:192666,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:null,book:{id:"1069",slug:"paresthesia",title:"Paresthesia",fullTitle:"Paresthesia"},signatures:"Mahdi Sharif-Alhoseini, Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar and Alexander R. Vaccaro",authors:[{id:"91165",title:"Prof.",name:"Vafa",middleName:null,surname:"Rahimi-Movaghar",slug:"vafa-rahimi-movaghar",fullName:"Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar"}]},{id:"63258",title:"Anatomy and Function of the Hypothalamus",slug:"anatomy-and-function-of-the-hypothalamus",totalDownloads:4558,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:12,abstract:"The hypothalamus is a small but important area of the brain formed by various nucleus and nervous fibers. Through its neuronal connections, it is involved in many complex functions of the organism such as vegetative system control, homeostasis of the organism, thermoregulation, and also in adjusting the emotional behavior. The hypothalamus is involved in different daily activities like eating or drinking, in the control of the body’s temperature and energy maintenance, and in the process of memorizing. It also modulates the endocrine system through its connections with the pituitary gland. Precise anatomical description along with a correct characterization of the component structures is essential for understanding its functions.",book:{id:"6331",slug:"hypothalamus-in-health-and-diseases",title:"Hypothalamus in Health and Diseases",fullTitle:"Hypothalamus in Health and Diseases"},signatures:"Miana Gabriela Pop, Carmen Crivii and Iulian Opincariu",authors:null},{id:"57103",title:"GABA and Glutamate: Their Transmitter Role in the CNS and Pancreatic Islets",slug:"gaba-and-glutamate-their-transmitter-role-in-the-cns-and-pancreatic-islets",totalDownloads:3478,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:"Glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) are the major neurotransmitters in the mammalian brain. Inhibitory GABA and excitatory glutamate work together to control many processes, including the brain’s overall level of excitation. The contributions of GABA and glutamate in extra-neuronal signaling are by far less widely recognized. In this chapter, we first discuss the role of both neurotransmitters during development, emphasizing the importance of the shift from excitatory to inhibitory GABAergic neurotransmission. The second part summarizes the biosynthesis and role of GABA and glutamate in neurotransmission in the mature brain, and major neurological disorders associated with glutamate and GABA receptors and GABA release mechanisms. The final part focuses on extra-neuronal glutamatergic and GABAergic signaling in pancreatic islets of Langerhans, and possible associations with type 1 diabetes mellitus.",book:{id:"6237",slug:"gaba-and-glutamate-new-developments-in-neurotransmission-research",title:"GABA And Glutamate",fullTitle:"GABA And Glutamate - New Developments In Neurotransmission Research"},signatures:"Christiane S. Hampe, Hiroshi Mitoma and Mario Manto",authors:[{id:"210220",title:"Prof.",name:"Christiane",middleName:null,surname:"Hampe",slug:"christiane-hampe",fullName:"Christiane Hampe"},{id:"210485",title:"Prof.",name:"Mario",middleName:null,surname:"Manto",slug:"mario-manto",fullName:"Mario Manto"},{id:"210486",title:"Prof.",name:"Hiroshi",middleName:null,surname:"Mitoma",slug:"hiroshi-mitoma",fullName:"Hiroshi Mitoma"}]},{id:"35802",title:"Cross-Cultural/Linguistic Differences in the Prevalence of Developmental Dyslexia and the Hypothesis of Granularity and Transparency",slug:"cross-cultural-linguistic-differences-in-the-prevalence-of-developmental-dyslexia-and-the-hypothesis",totalDownloads:3601,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:null,book:{id:"673",slug:"dyslexia-a-comprehensive-and-international-approach",title:"Dyslexia",fullTitle:"Dyslexia - A Comprehensive and International Approach"},signatures:"Taeko N. Wydell",authors:[{id:"87489",title:"Prof.",name:"Taeko",middleName:"N.",surname:"Wydell",slug:"taeko-wydell",fullName:"Taeko Wydell"}]},{id:"58597",title:"Testosterone and Erectile Function: A Review of Evidence from Basic Research",slug:"testosterone-and-erectile-function-a-review-of-evidence-from-basic-research",totalDownloads:1331,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Androgens are essential for male physical activity and normal erectile function. Hence, age-related testosterone deficiency, known as late-onset hypogonadism (LOH), is considered a risk factor for erectile dysfunction (ED). This chapter summarizes relevant basic research reports examining the effects of testosterone on erectile function. Testosterone affects several organs and is especially active on the erectile tissue. The mechanism of testosterone deficiency effects on erectile function and the results of testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) have been well studied. Testosterone affects nitric oxide (NO) production and phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE-5) expression in the corpus cavernosum through molecular pathways, preserves smooth muscle contractility by regulating both contraction and relaxation, and maintains the structure of the corpus cavernosum. Interestingly, testosterone deficiency has relationship to neurological diseases, which leads to ED. Testosterone replacement therapy is widely used to treat patients with testosterone deficiency; however, this treatment might also induce some problems. Basic research suggests that PDE-5 inhibitors, L-citrulline, and/or resveratrol therapy might be effective therapeutic options for testosterone deficiency-induced ED. Future research should confirm these findings through more specific experiments using molecular tools and may shed more light on endocrine-related ED and its possible treatments.",book:{id:"5994",slug:"sex-hormones-in-neurodegenerative-processes-and-diseases",title:"Sex Hormones in Neurodegenerative Processes and Diseases",fullTitle:"Sex Hormones in Neurodegenerative Processes and Diseases"},signatures:"Tomoya Kataoka and Kazunori Kimura",authors:[{id:"219042",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Tomoya",middleName:null,surname:"Kataoka",slug:"tomoya-kataoka",fullName:"Tomoya Kataoka"},{id:"229066",title:"Prof.",name:"Kazunori",middleName:null,surname:"Kimura",slug:"kazunori-kimura",fullName:"Kazunori Kimura"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"18",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"81998",title:"Understanding the Neuropathophysiology of Psychiatry Disorder Using Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation",slug:"understanding-the-neuropathophysiology-of-psychiatry-disorder-using-transcranial-magnetic-stimulatio",totalDownloads:0,totalDimensionsCites:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103748",abstract:"Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a safe and non-invasive tool that allows researchers to probe and modulate intracortical circuits. The most important aspect of TMS is its ability to directly stimulate the cortical neurons, generating action potentials, without much effect on intervening tissue. This property can be leveraged to provide insight into the pathophysiology of various neuropsychiatric disorders. Using multiple patterns of stimulations (single, paired, or repetitive), different neurophysiological parameters can be elicited. Various TMS protocol helps in understanding the neurobiological basis of disorder and specific behaviors by allowing direct probing of the cortical areas and their interconnected networks. While single-pulse TMS can provide insight into the excitability and integrity of the corticospinal tract, paired-pulse TMS (ppTMS) can provide further insight into cortico-cortical connections and repetitive TMS (rTMS) into cortical mapping and modulating plasticity.",book:{id:"11742",title:"Neurophysiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11742.jpg"},signatures:"Jitender Jakhar, Manish Sarkar and Nand Kumar"},{id:"81646",title:"Cortical Plasticity under Ketamine: From Synapse to Map",slug:"cortical-plasticity-under-ketamine-from-synapse-to-map",totalDownloads:15,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104787",abstract:"Sensory systems need to process signals in a highly dynamic way to efficiently respond to variations in the animal’s environment. For instance, several studies showed that the visual system is subject to neuroplasticity since the neurons’ firing changes according to stimulus properties. This dynamic information processing might be supported by a network reorganization. Since antidepressants influence neurotransmission, they can be used to explore synaptic plasticity sustaining cortical map reorganization. To this goal, we investigated in the primary visual cortex (V1 of mouse and cat), the impact of ketamine on neuroplasticity through changes in neuronal orientation selectivity and the functional connectivity between V1 cells, using cross correlation analyses. We found that ketamine affects cortical orientation selectivity and alters the functional connectivity within an assembly. These data clearly highlight the role of the antidepressant drugs in inducing or modeling short-term plasticity in V1 which suggests that cortical processing is optimized and adapted to the properties of the stimulus.",book:{id:"11374",title:"Sensory Nervous System - Computational Neuroimaging Investigations of Topographical Organization in Human Sensory Cortex",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11374.jpg"},signatures:"Ouelhazi Afef, Rudy Lussiez and Molotchnikoff Stephane"},{id:"81582",title:"The Role of Cognitive Reserve in Executive Functioning and Its Relationship to Cognitive Decline and Dementia",slug:"the-role-of-cognitive-reserve-in-executive-functioning-and-its-relationship-to-cognitive-decline-and",totalDownloads:24,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104646",abstract:"In this chapter, we explore how cognitive reserve is implicated in coping with the negative consequences of brain pathology and age-related cognitive decline. Individual differences in cognitive performance are based on different brain mechanisms (neural reserve and neural compensation), and reflect, among others, the effect of education, occupational attainment, leisure activities, and social involvement. These cognitive reserve proxies have been extensively associated with efficient executive functioning. We discuss and focus particularly on the compensation mechanisms related to the frontal lobe and its protective role, in maintaining cognitive performance in old age or even mitigating the clinical expression of dementia.",book:{id:"11742",title:"Neurophysiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11742.jpg"},signatures:"Gabriela Álvares-Pereira, Carolina Maruta and Maria Vânia Silva-Nunes"},{id:"81488",title:"Aggression and Sexual Behavior: Overlapping or Distinct Roles of 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B Receptors",slug:"aggression-and-sexual-behavior-overlapping-or-distinct-roles-of-5-ht1a-and-5-ht1b-receptors",totalDownloads:20,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104872",abstract:"Distinct brain mechanisms for male aggressive and sexual behavior are present in mammalian species, including man. However, recent evidence suggests a strong connection and even overlap in the central nervous system (CNS) circuitry involved in aggressive and sexual behavior. The serotonergic system in the CNS is strongly involved in male aggressive and sexual behavior. In particular, 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B receptors seem to play a critical role in the modulation of these behaviors. The present chapter focuses on the effects of 5-HT1A- and 5-HT1B-receptor ligands in male rodent aggression and sexual behavior. Results indicate that 5-HT1B-heteroreceptors play a critical role in the modulation of male offensive behavior, although a definite role of 5-HT1A-auto- or heteroreceptors cannot be ruled out. 5-HT1A receptors are clearly involved in male sexual behavior, although it has to be yet unraveled whether 5-HT1A-auto- or heteroreceptors are important. Although several key nodes in the complex circuitry of aggression and sexual behavior are known, in particular in the medial hypothalamus, a clear link or connection to these critical structures and the serotonergic key receptors is yet to be determined. This information is urgently needed to detect and develop new selective anti-aggressive (serenic) and pro-sexual drugs for human applications.",book:{id:"10195",title:"Serotonin and the CNS - New Developments in Pharmacology and Therapeutics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10195.jpg"},signatures:"Berend Olivier and Jocelien D.A. Olivier"},{id:"81093",title:"Prehospital and Emergency Room Airway Management in Traumatic Brain Injury",slug:"prehospital-and-emergency-room-airway-management-in-traumatic-brain-injury",totalDownloads:49,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104173",abstract:"Airway management in trauma is critical and may impact patient outcomes. Particularly in traumatic brain injury (TBI), depressed level of consciousness may be associated with compromised protective airway reflexes or apnea, which can increase the risk of aspiration or result in hypoxemia and worsen the secondary brain damage. Therefore, patients with TBI and Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) ≤ 8 have been traditionally managed by prehospital or emergency room (ER) endotracheal intubation. However, recent evidence challenged this practice and even suggested that routine intubation may be harmful. This chapter will address the indications and optimal method of securing the airway, prehospital and in the ER, in patients with traumatic brain injury.",book:{id:"11367",title:"Traumatic Brain Injury",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11367.jpg"},signatures:"Dominik A. Jakob, Jean-Cyrille Pitteloud and Demetrios Demetriades"},{id:"81011",title:"Amino Acids as Neurotransmitters. The Balance between Excitation and Inhibition as a Background for Future Clinical Applications",slug:"amino-acids-as-neurotransmitters-the-balance-between-excitation-and-inhibition-as-a-background-for-f",totalDownloads:19,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103760",abstract:"For more than 30 years, amino acids have been well-known (and essential) participants in neurotransmission. They act as both neuromediators and metabolites in nervous tissue. Glycine and glutamic acid (glutamate) are prominent examples. These amino acids are agonists of inhibitory and excitatory membrane receptors, respectively. Moreover, they play essential roles in metabolic pathways and energy transformation in neurons and astrocytes. Despite their obvious effects on the brain, their potential role in therapeutic methods remains uncertain in clinical practice. In the current chapter, a comparison of the crosstalk between these two systems, which are responsible for excitation and inhibition in neurons, is presented. The interactions are discussed at the metabolic, receptor, and transport levels. Reaction-diffusion and a convectional flow into the interstitial fluid create a balanced distribution of glycine and glutamate. Indeed, the neurons’ final physiological state is a result of a balance between the excitatory and inhibitory influences. However, changes to the glycine and/or glutamate pools under pathological conditions can alter the state of nervous tissue. Thus, new therapies for various diseases may be developed on the basis of amino acid medication.",book:{id:"10890",title:"Recent Advances in Neurochemistry",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10890.jpg"},signatures:"Yaroslav R. Nartsissov"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:18},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:0,limit:8,total:null},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:99,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:290,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:1,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",issn:null,scope:"
\r\n\tTransforming our World: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development endorsed by United Nations and 193 Member States, came into effect on Jan 1, 2016, to guide decision making and actions to the year 2030 and beyond. Central to this Agenda are 17 Goals, 169 associated targets and over 230 indicators that are reviewed annually. The vision envisaged in the implementation of the SDGs is centered on the five Ps: People, Planet, Prosperity, Peace and Partnership. This call for renewed focused efforts ensure we have a safe and healthy planet for current and future generations.
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\tThis Series focuses on covering research and applied research involving the five Ps through the following topics:
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\t1. Sustainable Economy and Fair Society that relates to SDG 1 on No Poverty, SDG 2 on Zero Hunger, SDG 8 on Decent Work and Economic Growth, SDG 10 on Reduced Inequalities, SDG 12 on Responsible Consumption and Production, and SDG 17 Partnership for the Goals
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\t2. Health and Wellbeing focusing on SDG 3 on Good Health and Wellbeing and SDG 6 on Clean Water and Sanitation
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\t3. Inclusivity and Social Equality involving SDG 4 on Quality Education, SDG 5 on Gender Equality, and SDG 16 on Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\t4. Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability comprising SDG 13 on Climate Action, SDG 14 on Life Below Water, and SDG 15 on Life on Land
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\t5. Urban Planning and Environmental Management embracing SDG 7 on Affordable Clean Energy, SDG 9 on Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure, and SDG 11 on Sustainable Cities and Communities.
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\tThe series also seeks to support the use of cross cutting SDGs, as many of the goals listed above, targets and indicators are all interconnected to impact our lives and the decisions we make on a daily basis, making them impossible to tie to a single topic.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/24.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 26th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:0,editor:{id:"262440",title:"Prof.",name:"Usha",middleName:null,surname:"Iyer-Raniga",slug:"usha-iyer-raniga",fullName:"Usha Iyer-Raniga",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRYSXQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-02-28T13:55:36.jpeg",biography:"Usha Iyer-Raniga is a professor in the School of Property and Construction Management at RMIT University. Usha co-leads the One Planet Network’s Sustainable Buildings and Construction Programme (SBC), a United Nations 10 Year Framework of Programmes on Sustainable Consumption and Production (UN 10FYP SCP) aligned with Sustainable Development Goal 12. The work also directly impacts SDG 11 on Sustainable Cities and Communities. She completed her undergraduate degree as an architect before obtaining her Masters degree from Canada and her Doctorate in Australia. Usha has been a keynote speaker as well as an invited speaker at national and international conferences, seminars and workshops. Her teaching experience includes teaching in Asian countries. She has advised Austrade, APEC, national, state and local governments. She serves as a reviewer and a member of the scientific committee for national and international refereed journals and refereed conferences. She is on the editorial board for refereed journals and has worked on Special Issues. Usha has served and continues to serve on the Boards of several not-for-profit organisations and she has also served as panel judge for a number of awards including the Premiers Sustainability Award in Victoria and the International Green Gown Awards. Usha has published over 100 publications, including research and consulting reports. Her publications cover a wide range of scientific and technical research publications that include edited books, book chapters, refereed journals, refereed conference papers and reports for local, state and federal government clients. She has also produced podcasts for various organisations and participated in media interviews. She has received state, national and international funding worth over USD $25 million. Usha has been awarded the Quarterly Franklin Membership by London Journals Press (UK). Her biography has been included in the Marquis Who's Who in the World® 2018, 2016 (33rd Edition), along with approximately 55,000 of the most accomplished men and women from around the world, including luminaries as U.N. Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon. In 2017, Usha was awarded the Marquis Who’s Who Lifetime Achiever Award.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"RMIT University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:5,paginationItems:[{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/91.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11975,editor:{id:"181603",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",middleName:null,surname:"Petrillo",slug:"antonella-petrillo",fullName:"Antonella Petrillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/181603/images/system/181603.jpg",biography:"Antonella Petrillo is a Professor at the Department of Engineering of the University of Naples “Parthenope”, Italy. She received her Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Cassino. Her research interests include multi-criteria decision analysis, industrial plant, logistics, manufacturing and safety. She serves as an Associate Editor for the International Journal of the Analytic Hierarchy Process. She is a member of AHP Academy and a member of several editorial boards. She has over 160 Scientific Publications in International Journals and Conferences and she is the author of 5 books on Innovation and Decision Making in Industrial Applications and Engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Parthenope University of Naples",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"92",title:"Health and Wellbeing",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/92.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11976,editor:{id:"348225",title:"Prof.",name:"Ann",middleName:null,surname:"Hemingway",slug:"ann-hemingway",fullName:"Ann Hemingway",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035LZFoQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-04-11T14:55:40.jpg",biography:"Professor Hemingway is a public health researcher, Bournemouth University, undertaking international and UK research focused on reducing inequalities in health outcomes for marginalised and excluded populations and more recently focused on equine assisted interventions.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Bournemouth University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"93",title:"Inclusivity and Social Equity",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/93.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11977,editor:{id:"210060",title:"Prof. Dr.",name:"Ebba",middleName:null,surname:"Ossiannilsson",slug:"ebba-ossiannilsson",fullName:"Ebba Ossiannilsson",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6LkBQAU/Profile_Picture_2022-02-28T13:31:48.png",biography:'Professor Dr. Ebba Ossiannilsson is an independent researcher, expert, consultant, quality auditor and influencer in the fields of open, flexible online and distance learning (OFDL) and the "new normal". Her focus is on quality, innovation, leadership, and personalised learning. She works primarily at the strategic and policy levels, both nationally and internationally, and with key international organisations. She is committed to promoting and improving OFDL in the context of SDG4 and the future of education. Ossiannilsson has more than 20 years of experience in her current field, but more than 40 years in the education sector. She works as a reviewer and expert for the European Commission and collaborates with the Joint Research Centre for Quality in Open Education. Ossiannilsson also collaborates with ITCILO and ICoBC (International Council on Badges and Credentials). She is a member of the ICDE Board of Directors and has previously served on the boards of EDEN and EUCEN. Ossiannilsson is a quality expert and reviewer for ICDE, EDEN and the EADTU. She chairs the ICDE OER Advocacy Committee and is a member of the ICDE Quality Network. She is regularly invited as a keynote speaker at conferences. She is a guest editor for several special issues and a member of the editorial board of several scientific journals. She has published more than 200 articles and is currently working on book projects in the field of OFDL. Ossiannilsson is a visiting professor at several international universities and was recently appointed Professor and Research Fellow at Victoria University of Wellington, NZ. Ossiannilsson has been awarded the following fellowships: EDEN Fellows, EDEN Council of Fellows, and Open Education Europe. She is a ICDE OER Ambassador, Open Education Europe Ambassador, GIZ Ambassador for Quality in Digital Learning, and part of the Globe-Community of Digital Learning and Champion of SPARC Europe. On a national level, she is a quality developer at the Swedish Institute for Standards (SIS) and for ISO. She is a member of the Digital Skills and Jobs Coalition Sweden and Vice President of the Swedish Association for Distance Education. She is currently working on a government initiative on quality in distance education at the National Council for Higher Education. She holds a Ph.D. from the University of Oulu, Finland.',institutionString:"Swedish Association for Distance Education, Sweden",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"94",title:"Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/94.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:null,editor:{id:"61855",title:"Dr.",name:"Yixin",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"yixin-zhang",fullName:"Yixin Zhang",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"95",title:"Urban Planning and Environmental Management",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/95.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11979,editor:{id:"181079",title:"Dr.",name:"Christoph",middleName:null,surname:"Lüthi",slug:"christoph-luthi",fullName:"Christoph Lüthi",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRHSqQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-04-12T15:51:33.png",biography:"Dr. Christoph Lüthi is an urban infrastructure planner with over 25 years of experience in planning and design of urban infrastructure in middle and low-income countries. He holds a Master’s Degree in Urban Development Planning from the University College of London (UCL), and a Ph.D. in Urban Planning & Engineering from TU Berlin. He has conducted applied research on urban planning and infrastructure issues in over 20 countries in Africa and Asia. In 2005 he joined Eawag-Sandec as Leader of the Strategic Environmental Sanitation Planning Group. Since 2015 he heads the research department Sanitation, Water and Solid Waste for Development (Sandec) at the Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Research and Technology (Eawag).",institutionString:"Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Switzerland",institution:null},editorTwo:{id:"290571",title:"Dr.",name:"Rui Alexandre",middleName:null,surname:"Castanho",slug:"rui-alexandre-castanho",fullName:"Rui Alexandre Castanho",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/290571/images/system/290571.jpg",biography:"Rui Alexandre Castanho has a master\\'s degree in Planning, Audit, and Control in Urban Green Spaces and an international Ph.D. in Sustainable Planning in Borderlands. Currently, he is a professor at WSB University, Poland, and a visiting professor at the University of Johannesburg, South Africa. Dr. Castanho is a post-doc researcher on the GREAT Project, University of Azores, Ponta Delgada, Portugal. He collaborates with the Environmental Resources Analysis Research Group (ARAM), University of Extremadura (UEx), Spain; VALORIZA - Research Center for the Enhancement of Endogenous Resources, Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre (IPP), Portugal; Centre for Tourism Research, Development and Innovation (CITUR), Madeira, Portugal; and AQUAGEO Research Group, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Brazil.",institutionString:"University of Johannesburg, South Africa and WSB University, Poland",institution:{name:"University of Johannesburg",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:43,paginationItems:[{id:"81796",title:"Apoptosis-Related Diseases and Peroxisomes",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105052",signatures:"Meimei Wang, Yakun Liu, Ni Chen, Juan Wang and Ye Zhao",slug:"apoptosis-related-diseases-and-peroxisomes",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"The Metabolic Role of Peroxisome in Health and Disease",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10837.jpg",subseries:{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology"}}},{id:"81723",title:"Peroxisomal Modulation as Therapeutic Alternative for Tackling Multiple Cancers",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104873",signatures:"Shazia Usmani, Shadma Wahab, Abdul Hafeez, Shabana Khatoon and Syed Misbahul Hasan",slug:"peroxisomal-modulation-as-therapeutic-alternative-for-tackling-multiple-cancers",totalDownloads:3,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"The Metabolic Role of Peroxisome in Health and Disease",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10837.jpg",subseries:{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology"}}},{id:"81638",title:"Aging and Neuropsychiatric Disease: A General Overview of Prevalence and Trends",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103102",signatures:"Jelena Milić",slug:"aging-and-neuropsychiatric-disease-a-general-overview-of-prevalence-and-trends",totalDownloads:18,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Senescence",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10935.jpg",subseries:{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology"}}},{id:"81566",title:"New and Emerging Technologies for Integrative Ambulatory Autonomic Assessment and Intervention as a Catalyst in the Synergy of Remote Geocoded Biosensing, Algorithmic Networked Cloud Computing, Deep Learning, and Regenerative/Biomic Medicine: Further Real",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104092",signatures:"Robert L. Drury",slug:"new-and-emerging-technologies-for-integrative-ambulatory-autonomic-assessment-and-intervention-as-a-",totalDownloads:10,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Autonomic Nervous System - Special Interest Topics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10835.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:11,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7264",title:"Calcium and Signal Transduction",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7264.jpg",slug:"calcium-and-signal-transduction",publishedDate:"October 24th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"John N. Buchholz and Erik J. Behringer",hash:"e373a3d1123dbd45fddf75d90e3e7c38",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Calcium and Signal Transduction",editors:[{id:"89438",title:"Dr.",name:"John N.",middleName:null,surname:"Buchholz",slug:"john-n.-buchholz",fullName:"John N. Buchholz",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89438/images/6463_n.jpg",biography:"Full Professor and Vice Chair, Division of Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, School of Medicine. He received his B.S. Degree in Biology at La Sierra University, Riverside California (1980) and a PhD in Pharmacology from Loma Linda University School of Medicine (1988). Post-Doctoral Fellow at University of California, Irvine, College of Medicine 1989-1992 with a focus on autonomic nerve function in blood vessels and the impact of aging on the function of these nerves and overall blood vessel function. Twenty years of research funding and served on NIH R01 review panels, Editor-In-Chief of Edorium Journal of Aging Research. Serves as a peer reviewer for biomedical journals. Military Reserve Officer serving with the 100 Support Command, 100 Troop Command, 40 Infantry Division, CA National Guard.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Loma Linda University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"6925",title:"Endoplasmic Reticulum",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6925.jpg",slug:"endoplasmic-reticulum",publishedDate:"April 17th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Angel Català",hash:"a9e90d2dbdbc46128dfe7dac9f87c6b4",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Endoplasmic Reticulum",editors:[{id:"196544",title:"Prof.",name:"Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Catala",slug:"angel-catala",fullName:"Angel Catala",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196544/images/system/196544.jpg",biography:"Angel Catalá studied chemistry at Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina, where he received a Ph.D. in Chemistry (Biological Branch) in 1965. From 1964 to 1974, he worked as an Assistant in Biochemistry at the School of Medicine at the same university. From 1974 to 1976, he was a fellow of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) at the University of Connecticut, Health Center, USA. From 1985 to 2004, he served as a Full Professor of Biochemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata. He is a member of the National Research Council (CONICET), Argentina, and the Argentine Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (SAIB). His laboratory has been interested for many years in the lipid peroxidation of biological membranes from various tissues and different species. Dr. Catalá has directed twelve doctoral theses, published more than 100 papers in peer-reviewed journals, several chapters in books, and edited twelve books. He received awards at the 40th International Conference Biochemistry of Lipids 1999 in Dijon, France. He is the winner of the Bimbo Pan-American Nutrition, Food Science and Technology Award 2006 and 2012, South America, Human Nutrition, Professional Category. In 2006, he won the Bernardo Houssay award in pharmacology, in recognition of his meritorious works of research. Dr. Catalá belongs to the editorial board of several journals including Journal of Lipids; International Review of Biophysical Chemistry; Frontiers in Membrane Physiology and Biophysics; World Journal of Experimental Medicine and Biochemistry Research International; World Journal of Biological Chemistry, Diabetes, and the Pancreas; International Journal of Chronic Diseases & Therapy; and International Journal of Nutrition. He is the co-editor of The Open Biology Journal and associate editor for Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity.",institutionString:"Universidad Nacional de La Plata",institution:{name:"National University of La Plata",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Argentina"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"6924",title:"Adenosine Triphosphate in Health and Disease",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6924.jpg",slug:"adenosine-triphosphate-in-health-and-disease",publishedDate:"April 24th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Gyula Mozsik",hash:"04106c232a3c68fec07ba7cf00d2522d",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Adenosine Triphosphate in Health and Disease",editors:[{id:"58390",title:"Dr.",name:"Gyula",middleName:null,surname:"Mozsik",slug:"gyula-mozsik",fullName:"Gyula Mozsik",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/58390/images/system/58390.png",biography:"Gyula Mózsik MD, Ph.D., ScD (med), is an emeritus professor of Medicine at the First Department of Medicine, Univesity of Pécs, Hungary. He was head of this department from 1993 to 2003. His specializations are medicine, gastroenterology, clinical pharmacology, clinical nutrition, and dietetics. His research fields are biochemical pharmacological examinations in the human gastrointestinal (GI) mucosa, mechanisms of retinoids, drugs, capsaicin-sensitive afferent nerves, and innovative pharmacological, pharmaceutical, and nutritional (dietary) research in humans. He has published about 360 peer-reviewed papers, 197 book chapters, 692 abstracts, 19 monographs, and has edited 37 books. He has given about 1120 regular and review lectures. He has organized thirty-eight national and international congresses and symposia. He is the founder of the International Conference on Ulcer Research (ICUR); International Union of Pharmacology, Gastrointestinal Section (IUPHAR-GI); Brain-Gut Society symposiums, and gastrointestinal cytoprotective symposiums. He received the Andre Robert Award from IUPHAR-GI in 2014. Fifteen of his students have been appointed as full professors in Egypt, Cuba, and Hungary.",institutionString:"University of Pécs",institution:{name:"University of Pecs",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Hungary"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"8008",title:"Antioxidants",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8008.jpg",slug:"antioxidants",publishedDate:"November 6th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Emad Shalaby",hash:"76361b4061e830906267933c1c670027",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Antioxidants",editors:[{id:"63600",title:"Prof.",name:"Emad",middleName:null,surname:"Shalaby",slug:"emad-shalaby",fullName:"Emad Shalaby",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63600/images/system/63600.png",biography:"Dr. Emad Shalaby is a professor of biochemistry on the Biochemistry Department Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University. He\nreceived a short-term scholarship to carry out his post-doctoral\nstudies abroad, from Japan International Cooperation Agency\n(JICA), in coordination with the Egyptian government. Dr.\nShalaby speaks fluent English and his native Arabic. He has 77\ninternationally published research papers, has attended 15 international conferences, and has contributed to 18 international books and chapters.\nDr. Shalaby works as a reviewer on over one hundred international journals and is\non the editorial board of more than twenty-five international journals. He is a member of seven international specialized scientific societies, besides his local one, and\nhe has won seven prizes.",institutionString:"Cairo University",institution:{name:"Cairo University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:6,paginationItems:[{id:"11460",title:"Pluralistic Approaches for Conservation and Sustainability in Biodiversity",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11460.jpg",hash:"ab014f8ed1669757335225786833e9a9",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"April 22nd 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"101105",title:"Dr.",name:"Gopal",surname:"Shukla",slug:"gopal-shukla",fullName:"Gopal Shukla"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11475",title:"Food Security Challenges and Approaches",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11475.jpg",hash:"090302a30e461cee643ec49675c811ec",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 5th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"292145",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",surname:"Haseeb Ahmad",slug:"muhammad-haseeb-ahmad",fullName:"Muhammad Haseeb Ahmad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11450",title:"Environmental Impacts of COVID-19 Pandemic on the World",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11450.jpg",hash:"a58c7b02d07903004be70f744f2e1835",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 10th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"63465",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed Nageeb",surname:"Rashed",slug:"mohamed-nageeb-rashed",fullName:"Mohamed Nageeb Rashed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11477",title:"Public Economics - New Perspectives and Uncertainty",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11477.jpg",hash:"a8e6c515dc924146fbd2712eb4e7d118",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 27th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"414400",title:"Dr.",name:"Habtamu",surname:"Alem",slug:"habtamu-alem",fullName:"Habtamu Alem"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11457",title:"Forest Degradation Under Global Change",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11457.jpg",hash:"8df7150b01ae754024c65d1a62f190d9",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"June 1st 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"317087",title:"Dr.",name:"Pavel",surname:"Samec",slug:"pavel-samec",fullName:"Pavel Samec"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11474",title:"Quality of Life Interventions - Magnitude of Effect and Transferability",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11474.jpg",hash:"5a6bcdaf5ee144d043bcdab893ff9e1c",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"June 2nd 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"245319",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sage",surname:"Arbor",slug:"sage-arbor",fullName:"Sage Arbor"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:12,paginationItems:[{id:"81975",title:"Self-Sustained Communities: Food Security in Times of Crisis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104425",signatures:"Kriengsak Chareonwongsak",slug:"self-sustained-communities-food-security-in-times-of-crisis",totalDownloads:1,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Food Systems Resilience",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10897.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}},{id:"81920",title:"Rethinking an Approach for Sustainable Globalization",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105141",signatures:"Parakram Pyakurel",slug:"rethinking-an-approach-for-sustainable-globalization",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Globalization and Sustainability - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Emerging Issues",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11476.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}},{id:"81297",title:"Legumes Cropping and Nitrogen Fixation under Mediterranean Climate",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104473",signatures:"Fernando Teixeira",slug:"legumes-cropping-and-nitrogen-fixation-under-mediterranean-climate",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Food Systems Resilience",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10897.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}},{id:"81493",title:"Rust Disease Classification Using Deep Learning Based Algorithm: The Case of Wheat",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104426",signatures:"Shivani Sood, Harjeet Singh and Suruchi Jindal",slug:"rust-disease-classification-using-deep-learning-based-algorithm-the-case-of-wheat",totalDownloads:43,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Food Systems Resilience",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10897.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}},{id:"81428",title:"Observatory of Sustainable Development in Postgraduate Study Programs in Baja California",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104641",signatures:"Rodolfo Martinez-Gutierrez, Maria Marcela Solis-Quinteros, Maria Esther Ibarra-Estrada and Angel Ernesto Jimenez-Bernardino",slug:"observatory-of-sustainable-development-in-postgraduate-study-programs-in-baja-california",totalDownloads:9,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Globalization and Sustainability - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Emerging Issues",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11476.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}},{id:"81235",title:"Global Food System Transformation for Resilience",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102749",signatures:"Jasper Okoro Godwin Elechi, Ikechukwu U. Nwiyi and Cornelius Smah Adamu",slug:"global-food-system-transformation-for-resilience",totalDownloads:44,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Food Systems Resilience",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10897.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}},{id:"80749",title:"Analysis of the Nexus Between Coping Strategies and Resilience to Food Insecurity Shocks: The Case of Rural Households in Boricha Woreda, Sidama National Regional State, Ethiopia",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102613",signatures:"Adane Atara Debessa, Degefa Tolossa and Berhanu Denu",slug:"analysis-of-the-nexus-between-coping-strategies-and-resilience-to-food-insecurity-shocks-the-case-of",totalDownloads:49,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Food Systems Resilience",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10897.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}},{id:"80753",title:"Toward Safe Food Systems: Analyses of Mycotoxin Contaminants in Food and Preventive Strategies Thereof for Their Formation and Toxicity",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101461",signatures:"Dikabo Mogopodi, Mesha Mbisana, Samuel Raditloko, Inonge Chibua and Banyaladzi Paphane",slug:"toward-safe-food-systems-analyses-of-mycotoxin-contaminants-in-food-and-preventive-strategies-thereo",totalDownloads:58,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Food Systems Resilience",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10897.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}},{id:"80388",title:"Social Resilience in Local Food Systems: A Foundation for Food Security during a Crisis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101998",signatures:"Tanya Zerbian, Mags Adams and Neil Wilson",slug:"social-resilience-in-local-food-systems-a-foundation-for-food-security-during-a-crisis",totalDownloads:53,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Food Systems Resilience",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10897.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}},{id:"80098",title:"Bundling Weather Index Insurance with Microfinance: Trekking the Long Road between Expectations and Reality. A Study on Sub-Saharan Africa",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101742",signatures:"Dorcas Stella Shumba",slug:"bundling-weather-index-insurance-with-microfinance-trekking-the-long-road-between-expectations-and-r",totalDownloads:72,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Food Systems Resilience",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10897.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society",value:91,count:12,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:11,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10664",title:"Animal Reproduction",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10664.jpg",slug:"animal-reproduction",publishedDate:"May 25th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Yusuf Bozkurt and Mustafa Numan Bucak",hash:"2d66af42fb17d0a6556bb9ef28e273c7",volumeInSeries:11,fullTitle:"Animal Reproduction",editors:[{id:"90846",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Bozkurt",slug:"yusuf-bozkurt",fullName:"Yusuf Bozkurt",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/90846/images/system/90846.jpg",institutionString:"İskenderun Technical University",institution:{name:"İskenderun Technical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10830",title:"Animal Feed Science and Nutrition",subtitle:"Production, Health and Environment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10830.jpg",slug:"animal-feed-science-and-nutrition-production-health-and-environment",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Amlan Kumar Patra",hash:"79944fc8fbbaa329aed6fde388154832",volumeInSeries:10,fullTitle:"Animal Feed Science and Nutrition - Production, Health and Environment",editors:[{id:"310962",title:"Dr.",name:"Amlan",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Patra",slug:"amlan-patra",fullName:"Amlan Patra",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/310962/images/system/310962.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8737",title:"Rabies Virus at the Beginning of 21st Century",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8737.jpg",slug:"rabies-virus-at-the-beginning-of-21st-century",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Sergey Tkachev",hash:"49cce3f548da548c718c865feb343509",volumeInSeries:9,fullTitle:"Rabies Virus at the Beginning of 21st Century",editors:[{id:"61139",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Tkachev",slug:"sergey-tkachev",fullName:"Sergey Tkachev",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/61139/images/system/61139.png",institutionString:"Russian Academy of Sciences",institution:{name:"Russian Academy of Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10496",title:"Advanced Studies in the 21st Century Animal Nutrition",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10496.jpg",slug:"advanced-studies-in-the-21st-century-animal-nutrition",publishedDate:"December 8th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"László Babinszky, Juliana Oliveira and Edson Mauro Santos",hash:"8ffe43a82ac48b309abc3632bbf3efd0",volumeInSeries:8,fullTitle:"Advanced Studies in the 21st Century Animal Nutrition",editors:[{id:"53998",title:"Prof.",name:"László",middleName:null,surname:"Babinszky",slug:"laszlo-babinszky",fullName:"László Babinszky",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/53998/images/system/53998.png",institutionString:"University of Debrecen",institution:{name:"University of Debrecen",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Hungary"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10497",title:"Canine Genetics, Health and Medicine",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10497.jpg",slug:"canine-genetics-health-and-medicine",publishedDate:"June 2nd 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Catrin Rutland",hash:"b91512e31ce34032e560362e6cbccc1c",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Canine Genetics, Health and Medicine",editors:[{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8545",title:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8545.jpg",slug:"animal-reproduction-in-veterinary-medicine",publishedDate:"January 20th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Faruk Aral, Rita Payan-Carreira and Miguel Quaresma",hash:"13aaddf5fdbbc78387e77a7da2388bf6",volumeInSeries:6,fullTitle:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",editors:[{id:"25600",title:"Prof.",name:"Faruk",middleName:null,surname:"Aral",slug:"faruk-aral",fullName:"Faruk Aral",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/25600/images/system/25600.jpg",institutionString:"Independent Researcher",institution:{name:"Harran University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9081",title:"Equine Science",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9081.jpg",slug:"equine-science",publishedDate:"September 23rd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Catrin Rutland and Albert Rizvanov",hash:"ac415ef2f5450fa80fdb9cf6cf32cd2d",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Equine Science",editors:[{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8460",title:"Reproductive Biology and Technology in Animals",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8460.jpg",slug:"reproductive-biology-and-technology-in-animals",publishedDate:"April 15th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Juan Carlos Gardón Poggi and Katy Satué Ambrojo",hash:"32ef5fe73998dd723d308225d756fa1e",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Reproductive Biology and Technology in Animals",editors:[{id:"251314",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Gardón",slug:"juan-carlos-gardon",fullName:"Juan Carlos Gardón",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/251314/images/system/251314.jpeg",institutionString:"Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, Spain",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8524",title:"Lactation in Farm Animals",subtitle:"Biology, Physiological Basis, Nutritional Requirements, and Modelization",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8524.jpg",slug:"lactation-in-farm-animals-biology-physiological-basis-nutritional-requirements-and-modelization",publishedDate:"January 22nd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Naceur M'Hamdi",hash:"2aa2a9a0ec13040bbf0455e34625504e",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Lactation in Farm Animals - Biology, Physiological Basis, Nutritional Requirements, and Modelization",editors:[{id:"73376",title:"Dr.",name:"Naceur",middleName:null,surname:"M'Hamdi",slug:"naceur-m'hamdi",fullName:"Naceur M'Hamdi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/73376/images/system/73376.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7144",title:"Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7144.jpg",slug:"veterinary-anatomy-and-physiology",publishedDate:"March 13th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Catrin Sian Rutland and Valentina Kubale",hash:"75cdacb570e0e6d15a5f6e69640d87c9",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",editors:[{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7233",title:"New Insights into Theriogenology",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7233.jpg",slug:"new-insights-into-theriogenology",publishedDate:"December 5th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rita Payan-Carreira",hash:"74f4147e3fb214dd050e5edd3aaf53bc",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"New Insights into Theriogenology",editors:[{id:"38652",title:"Prof.",name:"Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Payan-Carreira",slug:"rita-payan-carreira",fullName:"Rita Payan-Carreira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRiFPQA0/Profile_Picture_1614601496313",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Évora",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Animal Nutrition",value:20,count:2},{group:"subseries",caption:"Animal Reproductive Biology and Technology",value:28,count:4},{group:"subseries",caption:"Animal Science",value:19,count:5}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:1},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:249,paginationItems:[{id:"274452",title:"Dr.",name:"Yousif",middleName:"Mohamed",surname:"Abdallah",slug:"yousif-abdallah",fullName:"Yousif Abdallah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/274452/images/8324_n.jpg",biography:"I certainly enjoyed my experience in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, particularly it has been in different institutions and hospitals with different Medical Cultures and allocated resources. Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine Technology has always been my aspiration and my life. As years passed I accumulated a tremendous amount of skills and knowledge in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Conventional Radiology, Radiation Protection, Bioinformatics Technology, PACS, Image processing, clinically and lecturing that will enable me to provide a valuable service to the community as a Researcher and Consultant in this field. My method of translating this into day to day in clinical practice is non-exhaustible and my habit of exchanging knowledge and expertise with others in those fields is the code and secret of success.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",biography:"Bartłomiej Płaczek, MSc (2002), Ph.D. (2005), Habilitation (2016), is a professor at the University of Silesia, Institute of Computer Science, Poland, and an expert from the National Centre for Research and Development. His research interests include sensor networks, smart sensors, intelligent systems, and image processing with applications in healthcare and medicine. He is the author or co-author of more than seventy papers in peer-reviewed journals and conferences as well as the co-author of several books. He serves as a reviewer for many scientific journals, international conferences, and research foundations. Since 2010, Dr. Placzek has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in the field of information technologies.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"35000",title:"Prof.",name:"Ulrich H.P",middleName:"H.P.",surname:"Fischer",slug:"ulrich-h.p-fischer",fullName:"Ulrich H.P Fischer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35000/images/3052_n.jpg",biography:"Academic and Professional Background\nUlrich H. P. has Diploma and PhD degrees in Physics from the Free University Berlin, Germany. He has been working on research positions in the Heinrich-Hertz-Institute in Germany. Several international research projects has been performed with European partners from France, Netherlands, Norway and the UK. He is currently Professor of Communications Systems at the Harz University of Applied Sciences, Germany.\n\nPublications and Publishing\nHe has edited one book, a special interest book about ‘Optoelectronic Packaging’ (VDE, Berlin, Germany), and has published over 100 papers and is owner of several international patents for WDM over POF key elements.\n\nKey Research and Consulting Interests\nUlrich’s research activity has always been related to Spectroscopy and Optical Communications Technology. Specific current interests include the validation of complex instruments, and the application of VR technology to the development and testing of measurement systems. He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University, Kuwait. His research interests include optimization, computer graphics, computer vision, image processing, machine learning, pattern recognition, soft computing, data science, and intelligent systems. Prof. Sarfraz has been a keynote/invited speaker at various platforms around the globe. He has advised/supervised more than 110 students for their MSc and Ph.D. theses. He has published more than 400 publications as books, journal articles, and conference papers. He has authored and/or edited around seventy books. Prof. Sarfraz is a member of various professional societies. He is a chair and member of international advisory committees and organizing committees of numerous international conferences. He is also an editor and editor in chief for various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:null},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:"Beijing University of Technology",institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Lakhno Igor Victorovich was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPhD – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSc – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nLakhno Igor has been graduated from an international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held in Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor of the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s a professor of the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education . He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 17 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Lakhno Igor is a rewiever of Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for DSc degree \\'Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention and treatment”. Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, cardiovascular medicine.",institutionString:"V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University",institution:{name:"Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education",country:{name:"Ukraine"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"243698",title:"M.D.",name:"Xiaogang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xiaogang-wang",fullName:"Xiaogang Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243698/images/system/243698.png",biography:"Dr. Xiaogang Wang, a faculty member of Shanxi Eye Hospital specializing in the treatment of cataract and retinal disease and a tutor for postgraduate students of Shanxi Medical University, worked in the COOL Lab as an international visiting scholar under the supervision of Dr. David Huang and Yali Jia from October 2012 through November 2013. Dr. Wang earned an MD from Shanxi Medical University and a Ph.D. from Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Dr. Wang was awarded two research project grants focused on multimodal optical coherence tomography imaging and deep learning in cataract and retinal disease, from the National Natural Science Foundation of China. He has published around 30 peer-reviewed journal papers and four book chapters and co-edited one book.",institutionString:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",institution:{name:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRZkkQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-05-09T12:55:18.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. RELACION DE PONENCIAS DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPAÑOLA DE OFTALMOLOGIA. 10/2014.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"265335",title:"Mr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:"Radnev",surname:"Stefanov",slug:"stefan-stefanov",fullName:"Stefan Stefanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/265335/images/7562_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"318905",title:"Prof.",name:"Elvis",middleName:"Kwason",surname:"Tiburu",slug:"elvis-tiburu",fullName:"Elvis Tiburu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ghana",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"336193",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdullah",middleName:null,surname:"Alamoudi",slug:"abdullah-alamoudi",fullName:"Abdullah Alamoudi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"318657",title:"MSc.",name:"Isabell",middleName:null,surname:"Steuding",slug:"isabell-steuding",fullName:"Isabell Steuding",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"318656",title:"BSc.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Kußmann",slug:"peter-kussmann",fullName:"Peter Kußmann",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"338222",title:"Mrs.",name:"María José",middleName:null,surname:"Lucía Mudas",slug:"maria-jose-lucia-mudas",fullName:"María José Lucía Mudas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carlos III University of Madrid",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"147824",title:"Mr.",name:"Pablo",middleName:null,surname:"Revuelta Sanz",slug:"pablo-revuelta-sanz",fullName:"Pablo Revuelta Sanz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carlos III University of Madrid",country:{name:"Spain"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"12",type:"subseries",title:"Human Physiology",keywords:"Anatomy, Cells, Organs, Systems, Homeostasis, Functions",scope:"Human physiology is the scientific exploration of the various functions (physical, biochemical, and mechanical properties) of humans, their organs, and their constituent cells. The endocrine and nervous systems play important roles in maintaining homeostasis in the human body. Integration, which is the biological basis of physiology, is achieved through communication between the many overlapping functions of the human body's systems, which takes place through electrical and chemical means. Much of the basis of our knowledge of human physiology has been provided by animal experiments. Because of the close relationship between structure and function, studies in human physiology and anatomy seek to understand the mechanisms that help the human body function. The series on human physiology deals with the various mechanisms of interaction between the various organs, nerves, and cells in the human body.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/12.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11408,editor:{id:"195829",title:"Prof.",name:"Kunihiro",middleName:null,surname:"Sakuma",slug:"kunihiro-sakuma",fullName:"Kunihiro Sakuma",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/195829/images/system/195829.jpg",biography:"Professor Kunihiro Sakuma, Ph.D., currently works in the Institute for Liberal Arts at the Tokyo Institute of Technology. He is a physiologist working in the field of skeletal muscle. He was awarded his sports science diploma in 1995 by the University of Tsukuba and began his scientific work at the Department of Physiology, Aichi Human Service Center, focusing on the molecular mechanism of congenital muscular dystrophy and normal muscle regeneration. His interest later turned to the molecular mechanism and attenuating strategy of sarcopenia (age-related muscle atrophy). His opinion is to attenuate sarcopenia by improving autophagic defects using nutrient- and pharmaceutical-based treatments.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Tokyo Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:{id:"331519",title:"Dr.",name:"Kotomi",middleName:null,surname:"Sakai",slug:"kotomi-sakai",fullName:"Kotomi Sakai",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000031QtFXQA0/Profile_Picture_1637053227318",biography:"Senior researcher Kotomi Sakai, Ph.D., MPH, works at the Research Organization of Science and Technology in Ritsumeikan University. She is a researcher in the geriatric rehabilitation and public health field. She received Ph.D. from Nihon University and MPH from St.Luke’s International University. Her main research interest is sarcopenia in older adults, especially its association with nutritional status. Additionally, to understand how to maintain and improve physical function in older adults, to conduct studies about the mechanism of sarcopenia and determine when possible interventions are needed.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ritsumeikan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},series:{id:"10",title:"Physiology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",issn:"2631-8261"},editorialBoard:[{id:"213786",title:"Dr.",name:"Henrique P.",middleName:null,surname:"Neiva",slug:"henrique-p.-neiva",fullName:"Henrique P. Neiva",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/213786/images/system/213786.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Beira Interior",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"39275",title:"Prof.",name:"Herbert Ryan",middleName:null,surname:"Marini",slug:"herbert-ryan-marini",fullName:"Herbert Ryan Marini",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/39275/images/9459_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Messina",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"196218",title:"Dr.",name:"Pasquale",middleName:null,surname:"Cianci",slug:"pasquale-cianci",fullName:"Pasquale Cianci",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196218/images/system/196218.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Foggia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:17,paginationItems:[{id:"81647",title:"Diabetes and Epigenetics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104653",signatures:"Rasha A. Alhazzaa, Thomas Heinbockel and Antonei B. Csoka",slug:"diabetes-and-epigenetics",totalDownloads:12,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Epigenetics to Optogenetics - A New Paradigm in the Study of Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9672.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"81099",title:"SK Channels and Heart Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104115",signatures:"Katherine Zhong, Shawn Kant, Frank Sellke and Jun Feng",slug:"sk-channels-and-heart-disease",totalDownloads:17,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Ion Channels - From Basic Properties to Medical Treatment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10838.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"80967",title:"Hot on the Trail of Skin Inflammation: Focus on TRPV1/TRPV3 Channels in Psoriasis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103792",signatures:"Lisa S. Martin, Emma Fraillon, Fabien P. Chevalier and Bérengère Fromy",slug:"hot-on-the-trail-of-skin-inflammation-focus-on-trpv1-trpv3-channels-in-psoriasis",totalDownloads:26,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Ion Channels - From Basic Properties to Medical Treatment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10838.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"80952",title:"TRPV Family Ion Channels in the Mammary Epithelium: Role in Normal Tissue Homeostasis and along Breast Cancer Progression",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103665",signatures:"Sari Susanna Tojkander",slug:"trpv-family-ion-channels-in-the-mammary-epithelium-role-in-normal-tissue-homeostasis-and-along-breas",totalDownloads:17,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Ion Channels - From Basic Properties to Medical Treatment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10838.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"80484",title:"The Use of Stable Isotope Labeling with Amino Acids in Cell Culture (SILAC) to Study Ivermectin-Mediated Molecular Pathway Changes in Human Ovarian Cancer Cells",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102092",signatures:"Na Li and Xianquan Zhan",slug:"the-use-of-stable-isotope-labeling-with-amino-acids-in-cell-culture-silac-to-study-ivermectin-mediat",totalDownloads:84,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Cell Culture - Advanced Technology and Applications in Medical and Life Sciences",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10797.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"80157",title:"Structural Determinants for Ligand Accommodation in Voltage Sensors",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102094",signatures:"Abigail García-Morales, Aylin López-Palestino and Daniel Balleza",slug:"structural-determinants-for-ligand-accommodation-in-voltage-sensors",totalDownloads:89,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Ion Channels - From Basic Properties to Medical Treatment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10838.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"79690",title:"Mitochondrial Channels and their Role in Cardioprotection",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101127",signatures:"Keerti Mishra and Min Luo",slug:"mitochondrial-channels-and-their-role-in-cardioprotection",totalDownloads:87,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Ion Channels - From Basic Properties to Medical Treatment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10838.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"79031",title:"Isolation and Expansion of Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells, Functional Assays and Long-Term Culture Associated Alterations of Cellular Properties",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100286",signatures:"Chenghai Li",slug:"isolation-and-expansion-of-mesenchymal-stem-stromal-cells-functional-assays-and-long-term-culture-as",totalDownloads:80,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Cell Culture - Advanced Technology and Applications in Medical and Life Sciences",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10797.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"78960",title:"Two-Dimensional and Three-Dimensional Cell Culture and Their Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100382",signatures:"Sangeeta Ballav, Ankita Jaywant Deshmukh, Shafina Siddiqui, Jyotirmoi Aich and Soumya Basu",slug:"two-dimensional-and-three-dimensional-cell-culture-and-their-applications",totalDownloads:257,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Cell Culture - Advanced Technology and Applications in Medical and Life Sciences",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10797.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"78812",title:"Nanotechnology Application and Intellectual Property Right Prospects of Mammalian Cell Culture",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99146",signatures:"Harikrishnareddy Rachamalla, Anubhab Mukherjee and Manash K. Paul",slug:"nanotechnology-application-and-intellectual-property-right-prospects-of-mammalian-cell-culture",totalDownloads:124,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,authors:null,book:{title:"Cell Culture - Advanced Technology and Applications in Medical and Life Sciences",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10797.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"78274",title:"A Brief Concept of Cell Culture: Challenges, Prospects and Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99387",signatures:"Md. Salauddin",slug:"a-brief-concept-of-cell-culture-challenges-prospects-and-applications",totalDownloads:179,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Cell Culture - Advanced Technology and Applications in Medical and Life Sciences",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10797.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"78415",title:"Epigenetic",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99964",signatures:"Mehmet Ünal",slug:"epigenetic",totalDownloads:137,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Epigenetics to Optogenetics - A New Paradigm in the Study of Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9672.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"77443",title:"Cyanobacterial Phytochromes in Optogenetics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97522",signatures:"Sivasankari Sivaprakasam, Vinoth Mani, Nagalakshmi Balasubramaniyan and David Ravindran Abraham",slug:"cyanobacterial-phytochromes-in-optogenetics",totalDownloads:187,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Epigenetics to Optogenetics - A New Paradigm in the Study of Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9672.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"75979",title:"Spatiotemporal Regulation of Cell–Cell Adhesions",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97009",signatures:"Brent M. Bijonowski",slug:"spatiotemporal-regulation-of-cell-cell-adhesions",totalDownloads:172,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Epigenetics to Optogenetics - A New Paradigm in the Study of Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9672.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"76646",title:"Functional Mechanism of Proton Pump-Type Rhodopsins Found in Various Microorganisms as a Potential Effective Tool in Optogenetics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97589",signatures:"Jun Tamogami and Takashi Kikukawa",slug:"functional-mechanism-of-proton-pump-type-rhodopsins-found-in-various-microorganisms-as-a-potential-e",totalDownloads:200,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Epigenetics to Optogenetics - A New Paradigm in the Study of Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9672.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"76510",title:"Evolution of Epigenome as the Blueprint for Carcinogenesis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97379",signatures:"Zeenat Farooq, Ambreen Shah, Mohammad Tauseef, Riyaz A. Rather and Mumtaz Anwar",slug:"evolution-of-epigenome-as-the-blueprint-for-carcinogenesis",totalDownloads:190,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Epigenetics to Optogenetics - A New Paradigm in the Study of Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9672.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}}]},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10843",title:"Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)",subtitle:"Monitoring, Impact and Treatment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10843.jpg",slug:"persistent-organic-pollutants-pops-monitoring-impact-and-treatment",publishedDate:"April 13th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mohamed Nageeb Rashed",hash:"f5b1589f0a990b6114fef2dadc735dd9",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) - Monitoring, Impact and Treatment",editors:[{id:"63465",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed Nageeb",middleName:null,surname:"Rashed",slug:"mohamed-nageeb-rashed",fullName:"Mohamed Nageeb Rashed",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63465/images/system/63465.gif",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Aswan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},testimonialsList:[{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}},{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.png",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}},{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:99,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:290,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],subseriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Applied Intelligence",scope:"This field is the key in the current industrial revolution (Industry 4.0), where the new models and developments are based on the knowledge generation on applied intelligence. The motor of the society is the industry and the research of this topic has to be empowered in order to increase and improve the quality of our lives.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/22.jpg",keywords:"Machine Learning, Intelligence Algorithms, Data Science, Artificial Intelligence, Applications on Applied Intelligence"},{id:"23",title:"Computational Neuroscience",scope:"Computational neuroscience focuses on biologically realistic abstractions and models validated and solved through computational simulations to understand principles for the development, structure, physiology, and ability of the nervous system. This topic is dedicated to biologically plausible descriptions and computational models - at various abstraction levels - of neurons and neural systems. This includes, but is not limited to: single-neuron modeling, sensory processing, motor control, memory, and synaptic plasticity, attention, identification, categorization, discrimination, learning, development, axonal patterning, guidance, neural architecture, behaviors, and dynamics of networks, cognition and the neuroscientific basis of consciousness. Particularly interesting are models of various types of more compound functions and abilities, various and more general fundamental principles (e.g., regarding architecture, organization, learning, development, etc.) found at various spatial and temporal levels.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/23.jpg",keywords:"Single-Neuron Modeling, Sensory Processing, Motor Control, Memory and Synaptic Pasticity, Attention, Identification, Categorization, Discrimination, Learning, Development, Axonal Patterning and Guidance, Neural Architecture, Behaviours and Dynamics of Networks, Cognition and the Neuroscientific Basis of Consciousness"},{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision",scope:"The scope of this topic is to disseminate the recent advances in the rapidly growing field of computer vision from both the theoretical and practical points of view. Novel computational algorithms for image analysis, scene understanding, biometrics, deep learning and their software or hardware implementations for natural and medical images, robotics, VR/AR, applications are some research directions relevant to this topic.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/24.jpg",keywords:"Image Analysis, Scene Understanding, Biometrics, Deep Learning, Software Implementation, Hardware Implementation, Natural Images, Medical Images, Robotics, VR/AR"},{id:"25",title:"Evolutionary Computation",scope:"Evolutionary computing is a paradigm that has grown dramatically in recent years. This group of bio-inspired metaheuristics solves multiple optimization problems by applying the metaphor of natural selection. It so far has solved problems such as resource allocation, routing, schedule planning, and engineering design. Moreover, in the field of machine learning, evolutionary computation has carved out a significant niche both in the generation of learning models and in the automatic design and optimization of hyperparameters in deep learning models. This collection aims to include quality volumes on various topics related to evolutionary algorithms and, alternatively, other metaheuristics of interest inspired by nature. For example, some of the issues of interest could be the following: Advances in evolutionary computation (Genetic algorithms, Genetic programming, Bio-inspired metaheuristics, Hybrid metaheuristics, Parallel ECs); Applications of evolutionary algorithms (Machine learning and Data Mining with EAs, Search-Based Software Engineering, Scheduling, and Planning Applications, Smart Transport Applications, Applications to Games, Image Analysis, Signal Processing and Pattern Recognition, Applications to Sustainability).",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",keywords:"Genetic Algorithms, Genetic Programming, Evolutionary Programming, Evolution Strategies, Hybrid Algorithms, Bioinspired Metaheuristics, Ant Colony Optimization, Evolutionary Learning, Hyperparameter Optimization"},{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",scope:"The scope of machine learning and data mining is immense and is growing every day. It has become a massive part of our daily lives, making predictions based on experience, making this a fascinating area that solves problems that otherwise would not be possible or easy to solve. This topic aims to encompass algorithms that learn from experience (supervised and unsupervised), improve their performance over time and enable machines to make data-driven decisions. It is not limited to any particular applications, but contributions are encouraged from all disciplines.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/26.jpg",keywords:"Intelligent Systems, Machine Learning, Data Science, Data Mining, Artificial Intelligence"},{id:"27",title:"Multi-Agent Systems",scope:"Multi-agent systems are recognised as a state of the art field in Artificial Intelligence studies, which is popular due to the usefulness in facilitation capabilities to handle real-world problem-solving in a distributed fashion. The area covers many techniques that offer solutions to emerging problems in robotics and enterprise-level software systems. Collaborative intelligence is highly and effectively achieved with multi-agent systems. Areas of application include swarms of robots, flocks of UAVs, collaborative software management. Given the level of technological enhancements, the popularity of machine learning in use has opened a new chapter in multi-agent studies alongside the practical challenges and long-lasting collaboration issues in the field. It has increased the urgency and the need for further studies in this field. We welcome chapters presenting research on the many applications of multi-agent studies including, but not limited to, the following key areas: machine learning for multi-agent systems; modeling swarms robots and flocks of UAVs with multi-agent systems; decision science and multi-agent systems; software engineering for and with multi-agent systems; tools and technologies of multi-agent systems.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/27.jpg",keywords:"Collaborative Intelligence, Learning, Distributed Control System, Swarm Robotics, Decision Science, Software Engineering"}],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",issn:"2754-6713",scope:"
\r\n\tScientists have long researched to understand the environment and man’s place in it. The search for this knowledge grows in importance as rapid increases in population and economic development intensify humans’ stresses on ecosystems. Fortunately, rapid increases in multiple scientific areas are advancing our understanding of environmental sciences. Breakthroughs in computing, molecular biology, ecology, and sustainability science are enhancing our ability to utilize environmental sciences to address real-world problems. \r\n\tThe four topics of this book series - Pollution; Environmental Resilience and Management; Ecosystems and Biodiversity; and Water Science - will address important areas of advancement in the environmental sciences. They will represent an excellent initial grouping of published works on these critical topics.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/25.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"April 13th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!1,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfPublishedBooks:1,editor:{id:"197485",title:"Dr.",name:"J. Kevin",middleName:null,surname:"Summers",fullName:"J. Kevin Summers",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197485/images/system/197485.jpg",biography:"J. Kevin Summers is a Senior Research Ecologist at the Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) Gulf Ecosystem Measurement and Modeling Division. He is currently working with colleagues in the Sustainable and Healthy Communities Program to develop an index of community resilience to natural hazards, an index of human well-being that can be linked to changes in the ecosystem, social and economic services, and a community sustainability tool for communities with populations under 40,000. He leads research efforts for indicator and indices development. Dr. Summers is a systems ecologist and began his career at the EPA in 1989 and has worked in various programs and capacities. This includes leading the National Coastal Assessment in collaboration with the Office of Water which culminated in the award-winning National Coastal Condition Report series (four volumes between 2001 and 2012), and which integrates water quality, sediment quality, habitat, and biological data to assess the ecosystem condition of the United States estuaries. He was acting National Program Director for Ecology for the EPA between 2004 and 2006. He has authored approximately 150 peer-reviewed journal articles, book chapters, and reports and has received many awards for technical accomplishments from the EPA and from outside of the agency. Dr. Summers holds a BA in Zoology and Psychology, an MA in Ecology, and Ph.D. in Systems Ecology/Biology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Environmental Protection Agency",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},subseries:[{id:"38",title:"Pollution",keywords:"Human activity, Pollutants, Reduced risks, Population growth, Waste disposal, Remediation, Clean environment",scope:"
\r\n\tPollution is caused by a wide variety of human activities and occurs in diverse forms, for example biological, chemical, et cetera. In recent years, significant efforts have been made to ensure that the environment is clean, that rigorous rules are implemented, and old laws are updated to reduce the risks towards humans and ecosystems. However, rapid industrialization and the need for more cultivable sources or habitable lands, for an increasing population, as well as fewer alternatives for waste disposal, make the pollution control tasks more challenging. Therefore, this topic will focus on assessing and managing environmental pollution. It will cover various subjects, including risk assessment due to the pollution of ecosystems, transport and fate of pollutants, restoration or remediation of polluted matrices, and efforts towards sustainable solutions to minimize environmental pollution.
",annualVolume:11966,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/38.jpg",editor:{id:"110740",title:"Dr.",name:"Ismail M.M.",middleName:null,surname:"Rahman",fullName:"Ismail M.M. Rahman",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/110740/images/2319_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Fukushima University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201020",title:"Dr.",name:"Zinnat Ara",middleName:null,surname:"Begum",fullName:"Zinnat Ara Begum",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/201020/images/system/201020.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Fukushima University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"252368",title:"Dr.",name:"Meng-Chuan",middleName:null,surname:"Ong",fullName:"Meng-Chuan Ong",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRVotQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-05-20T12:04:28.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Malaysia Terengganu",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"63465",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed Nageeb",middleName:null,surname:"Rashed",fullName:"Mohamed Nageeb Rashed",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63465/images/system/63465.gif",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Aswan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"187907",title:"Dr.",name:"Olga",middleName:null,surname:"Anne",fullName:"Olga Anne",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBE5QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-04-07T09:42:13.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Klaipeda State University of Applied Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Lithuania"}}}]},{id:"39",title:"Environmental Resilience and Management",keywords:"Anthropic effects, Overexploitation, Biodiversity loss, Degradation, Inadequate Management, SDGs adequate practices",scope:"
\r\n\tThe environment is subject to severe anthropic effects. Among them are those associated with pollution, resource extraction and overexploitation, loss of biodiversity, soil degradation, disorderly land occupation and planning, and many others. These anthropic effects could potentially be caused by any inadequate management of the environment. However, ecosystems have a resilience that makes them react to disturbances which mitigate the negative effects. It is critical to understand how ecosystems, natural and anthropized, including urban environments, respond to actions that have a negative influence and how they are managed. It is also important to establish when the limits marked by the resilience and the breaking point are achieved and when no return is possible. The main focus for the chapters is to cover the subjects such as understanding how the environment resilience works, the mechanisms involved, and how to manage them in order to improve our interactions with the environment and promote the use of adequate management practices such as those outlined in the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals.
",annualVolume:11967,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/39.jpg",editor:{id:"137040",title:"Prof.",name:"Jose",middleName:null,surname:"Navarro-Pedreño",fullName:"Jose Navarro-Pedreño",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRAXrQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-03-09T15:50:19.jpg",institutionString:"Miguel Hernández University of Elche, Spain",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"177015",title:"Prof.",name:"Elke Jurandy",middleName:null,surname:"Bran Nogueira Cardoso",fullName:"Elke Jurandy Bran Nogueira Cardoso",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRGxzQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-03-25T08:32:33.jpg",institutionString:"Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil",institution:null},{id:"211260",title:"Dr.",name:"Sandra",middleName:null,surname:"Ricart",fullName:"Sandra Ricart",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/211260/images/system/211260.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}]},{id:"40",title:"Ecosystems and Biodiversity",keywords:"Ecosystems, Biodiversity, Fauna, Taxonomy, Invasive species, Destruction of habitats, Overexploitation of natural resources, Pollution, Global warming, Conservation of natural spaces, Bioremediation",scope:"
\r\n\tIn general, the harsher the environmental conditions in an ecosystem, the lower the biodiversity. Changes in the environment caused by human activity accelerate the impoverishment of biodiversity.
\r\n
\r\n\tBiodiversity refers to “the variability of living organisms from any source, including terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are part; it includes diversity within each species, between species, and that of ecosystems”.
\r\n
\r\n\tBiodiversity provides food security and constitutes a gene pool for biotechnology, especially in the field of agriculture and medicine, and promotes the development of ecotourism.
\r\n
\r\n\tCurrently, biologists admit that we are witnessing the first phases of the seventh mass extinction caused by human intervention. It is estimated that the current rate of extinction is between a hundred and a thousand times faster than it was when man first appeared. The disappearance of species is caused not only by an accelerated rate of extinction, but also by a decrease in the rate of emergence of new species as human activities degrade the natural environment. The conservation of biological diversity is "a common concern of humanity" and an integral part of the development process. Its objectives are “the conservation of biological diversity, the sustainable use of its components, and the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits resulting from the use of genetic resources”.
\r\n
\r\n\tThe following are the main causes of biodiversity loss:
\r\n
\r\n\t• The destruction of natural habitats to expand urban and agricultural areas and to obtain timber, minerals and other natural resources.
\r\n
\r\n\t• The introduction of alien species into a habitat, whether intentionally or unintentionally which has an impact on the fauna and flora of the area, and as a result, they are reduced or become extinct.
\r\n
\r\n\t• Pollution from industrial and agricultural products, which devastate the fauna and flora, especially those in fresh water.
\r\n
\r\n\t• Global warming, which is seen as a threat to biological diversity, and will become increasingly important in the future.
",annualVolume:11968,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/40.jpg",editor:{id:"209149",title:"Prof.",name:"Salustiano",middleName:null,surname:"Mato",fullName:"Salustiano Mato",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRLREQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-03-31T10:23:50.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Vigo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:{id:"60498",title:"Prof.",name:"Josefina",middleName:null,surname:"Garrido",fullName:"Josefina Garrido",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRj1VQAS/Profile_Picture_2022-03-31T10:06:51.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Vigo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorThree:{id:"464288",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Ramil",fullName:"Francisco Ramil",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003RI7lHQAT/Profile_Picture_2022-03-31T10:15:35.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Vigo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorialBoard:[{id:"220987",title:"Dr.",name:"António",middleName:"Onofre",surname:"Soares",fullName:"António Soares",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRNtzQAG/Profile_Picture_1644499672340",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the Azores",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}}]},{id:"41",title:"Water Science",keywords:"Water, Water resources, Freshwater, Hydrological processes, Utilization, Protection",scope:"
\r\n\tWater is not only a crucial substance needed for biological life on Earth, but it is also a basic requirement for the existence and development of the human society. Owing to the importance of water to life on Earth, early researchers conducted numerous studies and analyses on the liquid form of water from the perspectives of chemistry, physics, earth science, and biology, and concluded that Earth is a "water polo". Water covers approximately 71% of Earth's surface. However, 97.2% of this water is seawater, 21.5% is icebergs and glaciers, and only 0.65% is freshwater that can be used directly by humans. As a result, the amount of water reserves available for human consumption is limited. The development, utilization, and protection of freshwater resources has become the focus of water science research for the continued improvement of human livelihoods and society.
\r\n
\r\n\tWater exists as solid, liquid, and gas within Earth’s atmosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere. Liquid water is used for a variety of purposes besides drinking, including power generation, ecology, landscaping, and shipping. Because water is involved in various environmental hydrological processes as well as numerous aspects of the economy and human society, the study of various phenomena in the hydrosphere, the laws governing their occurrence and development, the relationship between the hydrosphere and other spheres of Earth, and the relationship between water and social development, are all part of water science. Knowledge systems for water science are improving continuously. Water science has become a specialized field concerned with the identification of its physical, chemical, and biological properties. In addition, it reveals the laws of water distribution, movement, and circulation, and proposes methods and tools for water development, utilization, planning, management, and protection. Currently, the field of water science covers research related to topics such as hydrology, water resources and water environment. It also includes research on water related issues such as safety, engineering, economy, law, culture, information, and education.
",annualVolume:11969,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/41.jpg",editor:{id:"349630",title:"Dr.",name:"Yizi",middleName:null,surname:"Shang",fullName:"Yizi Shang",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/349630/images/system/349630.jpg",institutionString:"China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research",institution:{name:"China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"216491",title:"Dr.",name:"Charalampos",middleName:null,surname:"Skoulikaris",fullName:"Charalampos Skoulikaris",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRMsbQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-04-21T09:31:55.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Aristotle University of Thessaloniki",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},{id:"300124",title:"Prof.",name:"Thomas",middleName:null,surname:"Shahady",fullName:"Thomas Shahady",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002kuIgmQAE/Profile_Picture_2022-03-18T07:32:10.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lynchburg College",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/56932",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"56932"},fullPath:"/profiles/56932",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()