\\n\\n
These books synthesize perspectives of renowned scientists from the world’s most prestigious institutions - from Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute in Japan to Stanford University in the United States, including Columbia University (US), University of Sidney (AU), University of Miami (USA), Cardiff University (UK), and many others.
\\n\\nThis collaboration embodied the true essence of Open Access by simplifying the approach to OA publishing for Academic editors and authors who contributed their research and allowed the new research to be made available free and open to anyone anywhere in the world.
\\n\\nTo celebrate the 50 books published, we have gathered them at one location - just one click away, so that you can easily browse the subjects of your interest, download the content directly, share it or read online.
\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:null},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched formed a partnership to support researchers working in engineering sciences by enabling an easier approach to publishing Open Access content. Using the Knowledge Unlatched crowdfunding model to raise the publishing costs through libraries around the world, Open Access Publishing Fee (OAPF) was not required from the authors.
\n\nInitially, the partnership supported engineering research, but it soon grew to include physical and life sciences, attracting more researchers to the advantages of Open Access publishing.
\n\n\n\nThese books synthesize perspectives of renowned scientists from the world’s most prestigious institutions - from Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute in Japan to Stanford University in the United States, including Columbia University (US), University of Sidney (AU), University of Miami (USA), Cardiff University (UK), and many others.
\n\nThis collaboration embodied the true essence of Open Access by simplifying the approach to OA publishing for Academic editors and authors who contributed their research and allowed the new research to be made available free and open to anyone anywhere in the world.
\n\nTo celebrate the 50 books published, we have gathered them at one location - just one click away, so that you can easily browse the subjects of your interest, download the content directly, share it or read online.
\n\n\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"},{slug:"intechopen-identified-as-one-of-the-most-significant-contributor-to-oa-book-growth-in-doab-20210809",title:"IntechOpen Identified as One of the Most Significant Contributors to OA Book Growth in DOAB"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"10700",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Titanium Dioxide - Advances and Applications",title:"Titanium Dioxide",subtitle:"Advances and Applications",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book presents a comprehensive overview of titanium dioxide, including recent advances and applications. It focuses on the compound’s uses in environmental remediation, photocatalytic materials, rechargeable lithium-ion batteries, thin films, energy storage, semiconductors, and much more. This volume is a useful resource for researchers, scientists, engineers, and students.",isbn:"978-1-83969-476-9",printIsbn:"978-1-83969-475-2",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83969-477-6",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.94670",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"titanium-dioxide-advances-and-applications",numberOfPages:244,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"d9448d83caa34d90fd58464268c869a0",bookSignature:"Hafiz Muhammad Ali",publishedDate:"March 2nd 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10700.jpg",numberOfDownloads:1428,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"February 9th 2021",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"March 9th 2021",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"May 8th 2021",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"July 27th 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"September 25th 2021",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"187624",title:"Dr.",name:"Hafiz Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Ali",slug:"hafiz-muhammad-ali",fullName:"Hafiz Muhammad Ali",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/187624/images/system/187624.png",biography:"Dr. Hafiz Muhammad Ali, currently working as an associate professor of Mechanical Engineering at King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Saudi Arabia, received his doctoral degree in mechanical engineering from School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary, University of London, United Kingdom, in 2011. He was a postdoc at Water and Energy Laboratory of University of California at Merced, United States in 2016. \r\nHis fields of research are thermal sciences and heat transfer with focus on electronics cooling, condensation, nanofluids, heat transfer devices, and thermal management. Over the span of several years, he supervised numerous undergraduate and postgraduate students and his work produced more than 250 papers featured in various reputed international journals with citations over 9000 and H-index of 50. He is author and Editor of several books in the field of thermal engineering. He has participated at several international and national conferences as an invited speaker and delivered various keynote talks. \r\nHe has recently received Highly Cited Researcher Award in the Field of Engineering 2021 by Web of Science Clarivate. He was in the top 2% researchers list of Stanford University in 2020 and 2021. He is the recipient of the “Best Young Research Scholar Award” for 2017 in the Engineering category, conferred by Higher Education Commission of Pakistan at the 7th HEC Outstanding Research Award Ceremony. He also had the honor of receiving HEC’s Best Research Paper Award (2013/2014) and Research Productivity Award by Pakistan Council of Science and Technology (2016-17). Apart from his academic duties, he is active editorial member at several international journals, notably Heat Transfer Engineering (Taylor & Francis), Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry (Springer) and International Journal of Thermofluids (Elsevier).",institutionString:"King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"5",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"938",title:"Coordination Chemistry",slug:"coordination-chemistry"}],chapters:[{id:"80245",title:"Titanium Dioxide: Advancements and Thermal Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101727",slug:"titanium-dioxide-advancements-and-thermal-applications",totalDownloads:82,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Distinctive characteristics of titanium dioxide such as high refractive index, overwhelmingly high melting and boiling point, high toughness, and hardness, photocatalytic nature, ability to absorb or reflect UV-rays, DeNox catalyst, nontoxicity, inert behavior, etc., have brought about the massive use of TiO2 in a variety of conventional as well as advanced engineering applications. Broad commercial utilization of titanium dioxide in products including paints, anti-air pollutants, cosmetics, skincare and sunblock, pharmaceuticals, surface protection, building energy-saving, etc., accounts for its multibillion dollars market worldwide. Titanium dioxide carries unique thermal and optical characteristics and therefore has gained significance as a potential candidate for advanced applications such as clean hydrogen fuel harvesting, photoelectric solar panels, photothermal conversion, treatment of exhaust gases from combustion engines and power plants, thermal energy storage, thermal management of electronic devices and photovoltaics, and nano-thermofluids. This chapter presents a brief insight into some of the noteworthy characteristics and a comprehensive overview of advanced thermal applications of TiO2.",signatures:"Tayyab Raza Shah, Chao Zhou and Hafiz Muhammad Ali",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/80245",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/80245",authors:[{id:"187624",title:"Dr.",name:"Hafiz Muhammad",surname:"Ali",slug:"hafiz-muhammad-ali",fullName:"Hafiz Muhammad Ali"},{id:"241251",title:"Mr.",name:"Tayyab",surname:"Raza Shah",slug:"tayyab-raza-shah",fullName:"Tayyab Raza Shah"},{id:"437020",title:"Dr.",name:"Chao",surname:"Zhou",slug:"chao-zhou",fullName:"Chao Zhou"}],corrections:null},{id:"77775",title:"Titanium Dioxide as Energy Storage Material: A Review on Recent Advancement",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99254",slug:"titanium-dioxide-as-energy-storage-material-a-review-on-recent-advancement",totalDownloads:178,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"With the increased attention on sustainable energy, a novel interest has been generated towards construction of energy storage materials and energy conversion devices at minimum environmental impact. Apart from the various potential applications of titanium dioxide (TiO2), a variety of TiO2 nanostructure (nanoparticles, nanorods, nanoneedles, nanowires, and nanotubes) are being studied as a promising materials in durable active battery materials. The specific features such as high safety, low cost, thermal and chemical stability, and moderate capacity of TiO2 nanomaterial made itself as a most interesting candidate for fulfilling the current demand and understanding the related challenges towards the preparation of effective energy storage system. Many more synthetic approaches have been adapted to design different nanostructures for improving the electronic conductivity of TiO2 by combining with other materials such as carbonaceous materials, conducting polymers, metal oxides etc. The combination can be done through incorporating and doping methods to synthesize TiO2-based anodic materials having more open channels and active sites for lithium and/or sodium ion transportation. The present chapter contained a broad literature and discussion on the synthetic approaches for TiO2-based anodic materials for enhancing the lithium ion batteries (LIBs) and sodium ion batteries (SIBs) performance. Based on lithium storage mechanism and role of anodic material, we could conclude on future exploitation development of titania and titania based materials as energy storage materials.",signatures:"Tarun Parangi and Manish Kumar Mishra",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77775",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77775",authors:[{id:"350170",title:"Dr.",name:"Tarun",surname:"Parangi",slug:"tarun-parangi",fullName:"Tarun Parangi"},{id:"417740",title:"Dr.",name:"Manish Kumar",surname:"Mishra",slug:"manish-kumar-mishra",fullName:"Manish Kumar Mishra"}],corrections:null},{id:"77955",title:"TiO2: A Semiconductor Photocatalyst",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99256",slug:"tio-sub-2-sub-a-semiconductor-photocatalyst",totalDownloads:154,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is considered as an inert and safe material and has been used in many applications for decades. TiO2 have been widely studied, due to its interesting general properties in a wide range of fields including catalysis, antibacterial agents, in civil as nano-paint (self-cleaning) and especially photocatalysis, and that affect the quality of life. Thus, the development of nanotechnologies TiO2 nanoparticles, with numerous novel and useful properties, are increasingly manufactured and used. TiO2 doped with noble metal are good candidates in the performance these applications. The fascinating physical and chemical features of TiO2 depend on the crystal phase, size and shape of particles. For example, varying phases of crystalline TiO2 have different band gaps that rutile TiO2 of 3.0 eV and anatase TiO2 of 3.2 eV, determine the photocatalytic performance of TiO2. This chapter explains basic information on TiO2 and theoretical concepts of nanostructure of TiO2 nanoparticles as a semiconductor photocatalyst.",signatures:"Azrina Abd Aziz, Fatema Khatun, Minhaj Uddin Monir, Sim Lan Ching and Leong Kah Hon",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77955",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77955",authors:[{id:"354904",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Azrina",surname:"Abd Aziz",slug:"azrina-abd-aziz",fullName:"Azrina Abd Aziz"},{id:"417898",title:"Dr.",name:"Minhaj Uddin",surname:"Monir",slug:"minhaj-uddin-monir",fullName:"Minhaj Uddin Monir"},{id:"417899",title:"Ms.",name:"Fatema",surname:"Khatun",slug:"fatema-khatun",fullName:"Fatema Khatun"},{id:"417900",title:"Dr.",name:"Sim",surname:"Lan Ching",slug:"sim-lan-ching",fullName:"Sim Lan Ching"},{id:"417902",title:"Dr.",name:"Leong",surname:"Kah Hon",slug:"leong-kah-hon",fullName:"Leong Kah Hon"}],corrections:null},{id:"78254",title:"Photocatalytic Applications of Titanium Dioxide (TiO2)",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99598",slug:"photocatalytic-applications-of-titanium-dioxide-tio-sub-2-sub-",totalDownloads:165,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Water pollution is one the fundamental problems that have got the serious concerns of the researchers. Water poluution arises due to a number of reasons including domestic, industrial, agricultural, scinec and technology. The textile industry is the main industry that releases the dyes contaminated wastewater to the environment. A varities of protocols have been attempeted for the removal of dyes from aqueous body. Photocatalysis is one of the effective techniques which offer opportunities to overcome the aqueous pollution caused by rapid industrialization and urbanization. The semiconductor metal oxides used as photocatalysts are capable to provide a sustainable and clean ecosystem due to the tunable physiochemical characteristics of semiconductor metal oxides. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is one of the metal oxides that can be effectively employed as a photocatalyst in the abatement of aqueous pollution due to organic compounds. The catalytic performance of titanium dioxide depends on several parameters like its crystallinity, surface area, and morphology. Titanium dioxide has shown good performance in the different photocatalytic systems, however, the characteristics like wide band gap and low conductivity limit the photocatalytic performance of titanium dioxide. Various attempts have been made to improve the photocatalytic performance of titanium dioxide. Herein, we summarize the various attempts to improve the photocatalytic performance of titanium dioxide in the abatement of aqueous pollution. The attempts made for the improvement of photocatalytic performance of titanium dioxide include modifications in composition, doping of other metal, and formation of heterojunctions with other metal oxides.",signatures:"Atta ul Haq, Muhammad Saeed, Samreen Gul Khan and Muhammad Ibrahim",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78254",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78254",authors:[{id:"234753",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",surname:"Saeed",slug:"muhammad-saeed",fullName:"Muhammad Saeed"},{id:"278820",title:"Dr.",name:"Atta",surname:"ul Haq",slug:"atta-ul-haq",fullName:"Atta ul Haq"},{id:"417875",title:"Dr.",name:"Samreen",surname:"Gul Khan",slug:"samreen-gul-khan",fullName:"Samreen Gul Khan"},{id:"417877",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",surname:"Ibrahim",slug:"muhammad-ibrahim",fullName:"Muhammad Ibrahim"}],corrections:null},{id:"78382",title:"Titanium Dioxide Thin Films for Environmental Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99726",slug:"titanium-dioxide-thin-films-for-environmental-applications",totalDownloads:78,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The environmental pollution and the rapid depletion of fossil fuel caused by the rapid increase in industrial production became serious problems for humans. These issues have inspired many researchers to found eco-friendly materials, which can degrade pollutants and produce green energy. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) thin films are one of the important and promising semiconductor materials for environmental and energy applications because of their unique optical and electronic properties. In this chapter, an overview of the background of TiO2 structure and the different methods of synthesis TiO2 thin films were carried out. The photocatalytic water treatment and the water split for H2 production by TiO2 thin films were investigated. The strong influence on photocatalytic and water split efficiency of TiO2 thin films by crystal structure, surface area, crystalline structure, average particle size and porosity were summarized.",signatures:"Wafa Selmi, Nabil Hosni, Jamila Ben Naceur, Hager Maghraoui-Meherzi and Radhouane Chtourou",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78382",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78382",authors:[{id:"335574",title:"Dr.",name:"Nabil",surname:"Hosni",slug:"nabil-hosni",fullName:"Nabil Hosni"},{id:"416038",title:"Dr.",name:"Wafa",surname:"Selmi",slug:"wafa-selmi",fullName:"Wafa Selmi"},{id:"417530",title:"MSc.",name:"Jamila",surname:"Ben Naceur",slug:"jamila-ben-naceur",fullName:"Jamila Ben Naceur"},{id:"417531",title:"Prof.",name:"Hager",surname:"Maghraoui-Meherzi",slug:"hager-maghraoui-meherzi",fullName:"Hager Maghraoui-Meherzi"},{id:"417532",title:"Prof.",name:"Radhouane",surname:"Chtourou",slug:"radhouane-chtourou",fullName:"Radhouane Chtourou"}],corrections:null},{id:"77264",title:"Titanium Dioxide – A Missing Photo-Responsive Material for Solar-Driven Oil Spill Remediation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98631",slug:"titanium-dioxide-a-missing-photo-responsive-material-for-solar-driven-oil-spill-remediation",totalDownloads:141,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"TiO2 nanoparticles have been extensively investigated for environmental applications, particularly in the photocatalytic decomposition of organic pollutants using solar energy. The TiO2-derived photocatalysts attract attention because of their photocatalytic efficiency and activity under a wide range of environmental conditions in response to superior structural and electronic properties. Consequently, TiO2 compares with other common semiconductors used for environmental photocatalytic applications, TiO2 is widely being considered close to an ideal semiconductor for photocatalysis. However, despite the impressive photocatalytic and material properties of titanium dioxide, TiO2 has not to this point been incorporated within commercial hub of oil spill remediation products. Therefore, this chapter covers the description of inevitable technical details required for unveiling the full potential of solar-driven photooxidation potency of TiO2, which have been the major challenges that halt its translation to commercial use in oil spill remediation. This at the end would underpin and make TiO2-derived materials a substitute ready to be commercially accepted as a promising method for remediation of oil-polluted aquatic and soil environments.",signatures:"Haruna Adamu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77264",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77264",authors:[{id:"349740",title:"Dr.",name:"Haruna",surname:"Adamu",slug:"haruna-adamu",fullName:"Haruna Adamu"}],corrections:null},{id:"78113",title:"Titanium Dioxide and Its Applications in Mechanical, Electrical, Optical, and Biomedical Fields",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98805",slug:"titanium-dioxide-and-its-applications-in-mechanical-electrical-optical-and-biomedical-fields",totalDownloads:195,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Titanium dioxide (TiO2), owing to its non-toxicity, chemical stability, and low cost, is one of the most valuable ceramic materials. TiO2 derived coatings not only act like a ceramic protective shield for the metallic substrate but also provide cathodic protection to the metals against the corrosive solution under Ultraviolet (UV) illumination. Being biocompatible, TiO2 coatings are widely used as an implant material. The acid treatment of TiO2 promotes the attachment of cells and bone tissue integration with the implant. In this chapter, the applications of TiO2 as a corrosion inhibitor and bioactive material are briefly discussed. The semiconducting nature and high refractive index of TiO2 conferred UV shielding properties, allowing it to absorb or reflect UV rays. Several studies showed that a high ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) was achieved by incorporating TiO2 in the sunscreens (to protect the human skin) and textile fibers (to minimize its photochemical degradation). The rutile phase of TiO2 offers high whiteness, and opacity owing to its tendency to scatter light. These properties enable TiO2 to be used as a pigment a brief review of which is also addressed in this chapter. Since TiO2 exhibits high hardness and fracture toughness, the wear rate of composite is considerably reduced by adding TiO2. On interacting with gases like hydrogen at elevated temperatures, the electrical resistance of TiO2 changes to some different value. The change in resistance can be utilized in detecting various gases that enables TiO2 to be used as a gas sensor for monitoring different gases. This chapter attempts to provide a comprehensive review of applications of TiO2 as an anti-corrosion, wear-resistant material in the mechanical field, a UV absorber, pigment in the optical sector, a bioactive material in the biomedical field, and a gas sensor in the electrical domain.",signatures:"Rajib Das, Vibhav Ambardekar and Partha Pratim Bandyopadhyay",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78113",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78113",authors:[{id:"286709",title:"Dr.",name:"Partha Pratim",surname:"Bandyopadhyay",slug:"partha-pratim-bandyopadhyay",fullName:"Partha Pratim Bandyopadhyay"},{id:"303776",title:"Mr.",name:"Vibhav",surname:"Ambardekar",slug:"vibhav-ambardekar",fullName:"Vibhav Ambardekar"},{id:"352600",title:"Mr.",name:"Rajib",surname:"Das",slug:"rajib-das",fullName:"Rajib Das"}],corrections:null},{id:"78226",title:"TiO2 Based Nanomaterials and Their Application as Anode for Rechargeable Lithium-Ion Batteries",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99252",slug:"tio-sub-2-sub-based-nanomaterials-and-their-application-as-anode-for-rechargeable-lithium-ion-batter",totalDownloads:64,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Titanium dioxide- (TiO2-) based nanomaterials have been widely adopted as active materials for photocatalysis, sensors, solar cells, and for energy storage and conversion devices, especially rechargeable lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), due to their excellent structural and cycling stability, high discharge voltage plateau (more than 1.7 V versus Li+/Li), high safety, environmental friendliness, and low cost. However, due to their relatively low theoretical capacity and electrical conductivity, their use in practical applications, i.e. anode materials for LIBs, is limited. Several strategies have been developed to improve the conductivity, the capacity, the cycling stability, and the rate capability of TiO2-based materials such as designing different nanostructures (1D, 2D, and 3D), Coating or combining TiO2 with carbonaceous materials, and selective doping with mono and heteroatoms. This chapter is devoted to the development of a simple and cost-efficient strategies for the preparation of TiO2 nanoparticles as anode material for lithium ion batteries (LIBs). These strategies consist of using the Sol–Gel method, with a sodium alginate biopolymer as a templating agent and studying the influence of calcination temperature and phosphorus doping on the structural, the morphological and the textural properties of TiO2 material. Moreover, the synthetized materials were tested electrochemically as anode material for lithium ion battery. TiO2 electrodes calcined at 300°C and 450°C have delivered a reversible capacity of 266 mAh g−1, 275 mAh g−1 with coulombic efficiencies of 70%, 75% during the first cycle under C/10 current rate, respectively. Besides, the phosphorus doped TiO2 electrodes were presented excellent lithium storage properties compared to the non-doped electrodes which can be attributed to the beneficial role of phosphorus doping to inhibit the growth of TiO2 nanoparticles during the synthesis process and provide a high electronic conductivity.",signatures:"Nabil El Halya, Karim Elouardi, Abdelwahed Chari, Abdeslam El Bouari, Jones Alami and Mouad Dahbi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78226",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78226",authors:[{id:"348845",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Mouad",surname:"Dahbi",slug:"mouad-dahbi",fullName:"Mouad Dahbi"},{id:"426652",title:"Dr.",name:"Nabil",surname:"El Halya",slug:"nabil-el-halya",fullName:"Nabil El Halya"},{id:"426653",title:"Dr.",name:"Karim",surname:"Elouardi",slug:"karim-elouardi",fullName:"Karim Elouardi"},{id:"426654",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdelwahed",surname:"Chari",slug:"abdelwahed-chari",fullName:"Abdelwahed Chari"},{id:"426655",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdeslam",surname:"El Bouari",slug:"abdeslam-el-bouari",fullName:"Abdeslam El Bouari"},{id:"426656",title:"Dr.",name:"Jones",surname:"Alami",slug:"jones-alami",fullName:"Jones Alami"}],corrections:null},{id:"77676",title:"Applications of Titanium Dioxide Materials",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99255",slug:"applications-of-titanium-dioxide-materials",totalDownloads:170,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is a stable, non-toxic inorganic material. Because of very high refractive index, TiO2 has been widely used as a white pigment. The optimal particle sizes of TiO2 for pigment applications are around 250 nm. The pigmentary applications of TiO2 can be found in many common products such as paints, plastics, paper and ink. Global titanium dioxide pigment sales have reached several million tons annually. Titanium dioxide is also a semiconducting material. When excited by photons which have energy equal to or higher than the band gap of TiO2, electron/hole pairs can be generated. The dynamics of the photo-generated electron/hole pairs of TiO2 is fundamentally important to its photocatalytic properties. More recently, nano-structured TiO2 has raised a great deal of interests in research after the discoveries of the important potentials for applications. The enormous efforts have been put in the preparation, characterization, scientific understandings, and modifications of the photocatalytic properties of TiO2. The applications of nano-structured TiO2 can be now found in a wide range of areas including electronic materials, energy, environment, health & medicine, catalysts, etc. This chapter has discussed and highlighted the development of the applications of titanium dioxide materials in many of those areas.",signatures:"Xiaoping Wu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77676",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77676",authors:[{id:"350236",title:"Dr.",name:"xiaoping",surname:"wu",slug:"xiaoping-wu",fullName:"xiaoping wu"}],corrections:null},{id:"78051",title:"Effect of Titania Addition on Mechanical Properties and Wear Behavior of Alumina-10 wt.% Tricalcium Phosphate Ceramics as Coating for Orthopedic Implant",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99253",slug:"effect-of-titania-addition-on-mechanical-properties-and-wear-behavior-of-alumina-10-wt-tricalcium-ph",totalDownloads:57,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The aim of this study is to determine the effect of Titania on mechanical properties and wear behavior of Alumina-10 wt.% TCP ceramics and to evaluate the performance of Titania in improving their resistance to these effects. Al2O3–10 wt.% β-TCP mingled with TiO2 to obtain a mixture which is considered as a bioactive coating that may be used in orthopedic implants. Representative bioceramic samples of such blends were prepared with different percentages of Titania and then tested using different methods and techniques. Mechanical properties, fracture toughness were evaluated using the modified Brazilian, semi-circular bending specimens. A pin-on-disk tribometer was retained to study the wear behavior. Based on the obtained results, it was found that the best mechanical properties and wear resistance was displayed for Alumina-10 wt.% TCP-5 wt.% Titania composite. This composite presents a good combination of flexural strength (σf ≈ 98 MPa), compressive strength (σc ≈ 352 MPa), fracture toughness (KIC ≈ 13 MPa m1/2) and micro-hardness (Hv ≈ 8.4 GPa). In terms of tribological properties, the lowest wear volume and wear resistance was recorded for Al2O3–10 wt.% TCP − 5 wt.% TiO2 composition.",signatures:"Rachida Barkallah, Rym Taktak, Noamen Guermazi and Jamel Bouaziz",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78051",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78051",authors:[{id:"179225",title:"Prof.",name:"Jamel",surname:"Bouaziz",slug:"jamel-bouaziz",fullName:"Jamel Bouaziz"},{id:"350091",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Barkallah",surname:"Rachida",slug:"barkallah-rachida",fullName:"Barkallah Rachida"},{id:"354801",title:"Dr.",name:"Rym",surname:"Taktak",slug:"rym-taktak",fullName:"Rym Taktak"},{id:"354803",title:"Dr.",name:"Noamen",surname:"Guermazi",slug:"noamen-guermazi",fullName:"Noamen Guermazi"}],corrections:null},{id:"77540",title:"Application of Titanium Dioxide in the Synthesis of Mesoporous Activated Carbon Derived from Agricultural Waste",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98395",slug:"application-of-titanium-dioxide-in-the-synthesis-of-mesoporous-activated-carbon-derived-from-agricul",totalDownloads:146,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Adsorption is an important technique that significances the characteristics of porous solid materials and fine powders. The importance of porous solid materials and fine powders has been recognized when porous coal used for various applications such as catalysis, separation, isolation, sensors, chromatography, etc. Herein, the synthesis of mesoporous activated carbon derived from agricultural waste using TiO2. The TiO2-modified carbon was characterized employing scanning electron microscope (SEM), attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction (pXRD), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area analyzer and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The obtained results suggested that the TiO2-modified carbon could be a potential material for various application like dye removal, metal removal and allied areas. This book chapter describes the commonly used classifications of porous bulk materials and also reported here the characterization of porous solid materials and fine powders with special reference to the evaluation of the surface area, pore size distribution and thermodynamic parameters of the different mesoporous material, at various scales of resolution using relevant techniques. These materials comprise several levels of structures that of the mesopores, micropores as well as macropores. The apparent topography analysis of these materials, of various pore diameters, synthesized in our laboratory has been determined at various scales with the help of various characterization techniques.",signatures:"Ashok Kumar, Kaman Singh and Rayees Ahamad Bhat",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77540",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77540",authors:[{id:"289139",title:"Mr.",name:"Ashok",surname:"Kumar",slug:"ashok-kumar",fullName:"Ashok Kumar"},{id:"347916",title:"Prof.",name:"Kaman",surname:"Singh",slug:"kaman-singh",fullName:"Kaman Singh"},{id:"419998",title:"Dr.",name:"Rayees",surname:"Ahamad Bhat",slug:"rayees-ahamad-bhat",fullName:"Rayees Ahamad Bhat"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"5291",title:"Metal-Organic Frameworks",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"11a4acb20c880870e43c6f9dcf71e31e",slug:"metal-organic-frameworks",bookSignature:"Fahmina Zafar and Eram Sharmin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5291.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"89672",title:"Dr.",name:"Fahmina",surname:"Zafar",slug:"fahmina-zafar",fullName:"Fahmina Zafar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9190",title:"Stability and Applications of Coordination Compounds",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3f07c532e478beb8fcd2fe53b8c9bcfd",slug:"stability-and-applications-of-coordination-compounds",bookSignature:"Abhay Nanda Srivastva",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9190.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"293623",title:"Dr.",name:"Abhay Nanda",surname:"Srivastva",slug:"abhay-nanda-srivastva",fullName:"Abhay Nanda Srivastva"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. 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Shishkovsky",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6306.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"178616",title:"Prof.",name:"Igor",middleName:"V.",surname:"Shishkovsky",slug:"igor-shishkovsky",fullName:"Igor Shishkovsky"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"213235",title:"Prof.",name:"Saniya",middleName:null,surname:"LeBlanc",fullName:"Saniya LeBlanc",slug:"saniya-leblanc",email:"sleblanc@gwu.edu",position:null,institution:{name:"George Washington University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"213239",title:"Dr.",name:"Haidong",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",fullName:"Haidong Zhang",slug:"haidong-zhang",email:"haidongzhang@email.gwu.edu",position:null,institution:{name:"George Washington University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]}},chapter:{id:"60707",slug:"processing-parameters-for-selective-laser-sintering-or-melting-of-oxide-ceramics",signatures:"Haidong Zhang and Saniya LeBlanc",dateSubmitted:"June 5th 2017",dateReviewed:"February 22nd 2018",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"July 11th 2018",book:{id:"6306",title:"Additive Manufacturing of High-performance Metals and Alloys",subtitle:"Modeling and Optimization",fullTitle:"Additive Manufacturing of High-performance Metals and Alloys - Modeling and Optimization",slug:"additive-manufacturing-of-high-performance-metals-and-alloys-modeling-and-optimization",publishedDate:"July 11th 2018",bookSignature:"Igor V. Shishkovsky",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6306.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"178616",title:"Prof.",name:"Igor",middleName:"V.",surname:"Shishkovsky",slug:"igor-shishkovsky",fullName:"Igor Shishkovsky"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"213235",title:"Prof.",name:"Saniya",middleName:null,surname:"LeBlanc",fullName:"Saniya LeBlanc",slug:"saniya-leblanc",email:"sleblanc@gwu.edu",position:null,institution:{name:"George Washington University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"213239",title:"Dr.",name:"Haidong",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",fullName:"Haidong Zhang",slug:"haidong-zhang",email:"haidongzhang@email.gwu.edu",position:null,institution:{name:"George Washington University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},book:{id:"6306",title:"Additive Manufacturing of High-performance Metals and Alloys",subtitle:"Modeling and Optimization",fullTitle:"Additive Manufacturing of High-performance Metals and Alloys - Modeling and Optimization",slug:"additive-manufacturing-of-high-performance-metals-and-alloys-modeling-and-optimization",publishedDate:"July 11th 2018",bookSignature:"Igor V. Shishkovsky",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6306.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"178616",title:"Prof.",name:"Igor",middleName:"V.",surname:"Shishkovsky",slug:"igor-shishkovsky",fullName:"Igor Shishkovsky"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"11285",leadTitle:null,title:"Spinal Cord Injury - Current Trends in Acute Management, Function Preservation and Rehabilitation Protocols",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"
\r\n\tSpinal cord injury represents a relatively frequent clinical scenario that emergency doctors, neuroradiologists, and spine surgeons have to deal with in their daily practice.
\r\n\r\n\tAlthough there are many publications on this topic, a consensus on the preferred management has not been reached yet. In fact, other than clearly surgical or non-surgical patients, there is a non-negligible number of cases where an interdisciplinary discussion is strictly needed, eventually determining a case-by-case treatment selection.
\r\n\r\n\tEmergency decompression surgery, often associated with fusion, represents an effective treatment for critical compressions of the spinal cord, while its role in subacute cases is still debated. Different medical managements have been proposed for the acute, subacute, and chronic phases, respectively. Since function preservation is the primary outcome to be pursued, the multidisciplinary case discussion is a fundamental step in the decision-making process. However, a practical guide on the state of the art on spinal cord injury management may result as useful to a large audience of practitioners.
",isbn:"978-1-80355-877-6",printIsbn:"978-1-80355-876-9",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80355-878-3",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,hash:"fc1ece21c6d20adecf2b9fe16489a07d",bookSignature:"Dr. Luca Ricciardi, Dr. Giorgio Lofrese, Dr. Andrea Perna and Ph.D. Sokol Trungu",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11285.jpg",keywords:"Concussion, Medullary Edema, Paraplegia, Neurotrauma, Functional Impairment, Neurorehabilitation, Physiotherapy, Steroids, Rhiluzole, Arthrodesis, Fusion, Instrumentation",numberOfDownloads:16,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"November 4th 2021",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"February 24th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"April 25th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"July 14th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"September 12th 2022",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"3 months",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:4,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"The clinical researcher focused on spine and spinal cord disorders. Dr. Ricciardi serves as a guest editor, editorial board member, and reviewer of many indexed journals such as the Journal of Neurosurgical Sciences and Frontiers in Neurooncology, Life, and Cell. He is a co-chairman for SPINE20, the World Congress on Spine Disorders at the G20 conference in Rome, Italy, and an individual delegate at the European Association of Neurosurgical Societies.",coeditorOneBiosketch:"A neurosurgeon specialized in craniocervical junction diseases and minimally invasive spine surgery. Dr. Lofrese was awarded the European Young Researcher Award (AOSpine) and the Young Neurosurgeon Award (WFNS). He is a member of EUROSPINE, SPINE20, and the European Association of Neurosurgical Societies.",coeditorTwoBiosketch:"Dr. Perna's main fields of study are the pathologies of the spine, with particular attention to spinal deformities, traumatological surgery, and infectious pathologies such as spondylodiscitis. His publications give particular attention to lateral surgery, while his other fields of interest are hand surgery and biomechanics applied to orthopedics.",coeditorThreeBiosketch:"Dr. Trungu completed his Ph.D. in Neuroscience and Neurosurgery at Sapienza University of Rome, Italy. His areas of special interest are Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery (MISS), complex spine surgery, spine trauma focusing on acute spinal cord injury, primary and secondary spinal tumors, and Neuro-oncology.",coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"421212",title:"Dr.",name:"Luca",middleName:null,surname:"Ricciardi",slug:"luca-ricciardi",fullName:"Luca Ricciardi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/421212/images/system/421212.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ricciardi graduated in Medicine and Surgery in 2013 and finished his residency in Neurosurgery in 2019.\nIn 2017, he completed a fellowship in spinal deformities at the Catholic University of Rome - Italy, and in 2018 he completed a research fellowship at the Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, US. He also completed the four-year training course of the European Association of Neurosurgical Societies and completed the European Board Exam part-1 for FEBNS.\nDr. Ricciardi has authored more than 60 papers published in peer-reviewed international journals. He has been serving as a reviewer for more than 15 scientific journals. He has been awarded as Publons Academy Mentor for training in peer-review, and he has conducted more than 80 certified peer reviews by the date. ( https://publons.com/researcher/1705851/luca-ricciardi/ ) \nIn 2021, Dr. Ricciardi was invited as Guest Editor for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses on the Journal of Neurosurgical Sciences, and as Invited Editor on Frontiers in Neurooncology, Life, and Cell. \nIn 2021, Dr. Ricciardi has been nominated co-Chairman and President of the Scientific Committee at SPINE20, the World Congress on Spine Disorders at the G20 conference in Rome, Italy.",institutionString:"Sapienza University of Rome",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Sapienza University of Rome",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}}],coeditorOne:{id:"436982",title:"Dr.",name:"Giorgio",middleName:null,surname:"Lofrese",slug:"giorgio-lofrese",fullName:"Giorgio Lofrese",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003FVMDgQAP/Profile_Picture_1633074659823",biography:"Dr. Lofrese is a neurosurgeon specialized in cranio-cervical junction diseases and minimally invasive spine surgery. As a former resident of the Catholic University in Rome, he completed his training in Milan, Bologna, and New York, concluding it in Curitiba with an AOSpine clinical fellowship. He is currently a permanent neurosurgeon at the Bufalini Hospital in Cesena, and a consultant neurosurgeon at the State Hospital of the Republic of San Marino. He was awarded with the European Young Researcher Award (AOSpine) and the Young Neurosurgeon Award (WFNS). Dr. Lofrese is in his final year as a PhD student in Neuroscience and Neurotechnologies at the University of Ferrara, developing new applications software addressed to patients with spinal cord injury.",institutionString:"University of Ferrara",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"University of Ferrara",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},coeditorTwo:{id:"436984",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Perna",slug:"andrea-perna",fullName:"Andrea Perna",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003FVMdQQAX/Profile_Picture_1633585227288",biography:"Dr. Perna concentrates his fields of study on the pathologies of the spine, with particular attention to spinal deformities, traumatological surgery, and infectious pathologies such as spondylodiscitis. He also has numerous scientific publications relating to spinal deformity correction surgery and minimally invasive surgery, with particular attention to lateral surgery. His other fields of interest are hand surgery and biomechanics applied to orthopedics.",institutionString:"Gemelli Hospital",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null},coeditorThree:{id:"440065",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sokol",middleName:null,surname:"Trungu",slug:"sokol-trungu",fullName:"Sokol Trungu",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003FYl9aQAD/Profile_Picture_1633512850348",biography:"Dr. Trungu graduated with honors in Medicine and Surgery in 2010 and finished his residency in Neurosurgery in 2017. In 2021, he completed his PhD in Neuroscience and Neurosurgery at the Sapienza University of Rome, Italy. Currently, he is working as a consultant neurosurgeon at Cardinale G. Panico Hospital, Tricase, Italy. His areas of special interest are Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery (MISS), complex spine surgery, spine trauma focusing in acute spinal cord injury, primary and secondary spinal tumors, Neurovascular and Neuro-oncology. He has authored and co-authored more than 30 papers published in peer-reviewed international journals and he is serving as a reviewer for different scientific journals.",institutionString:"Pia Fondazione Cardinal Giovanni Panico",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Sapienza University of Rome",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"16",title:"Medicine",slug:"medicine"}],chapters:[{id:"81143",title:"Role of Biokinetics Rehabilitation among Spinal Cord Injured (SCI) Patients",slug:"role-of-biokinetics-rehabilitation-among-spinal-cord-injured-sci-patients",totalDownloads:16,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"418641",firstName:"Iva",lastName:"Ribic",middleName:null,title:"M.Sc.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/418641/images/16830_n.png",email:"iva.r@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. 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Teodor, Georgiana-Ileana Truica, Andreia Tache and Gabriel-Lucian Radu",authors:[{id:"24425",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona Carmen",middleName:null,surname:"Litescu",fullName:"Simona Carmen Litescu",slug:"simona-carmen-litescu"},{id:"24429",title:"Prof.",name:"Gabriel-Lucian",middleName:null,surname:"Radu",fullName:"Gabriel-Lucian Radu",slug:"gabriel-lucian-radu"},{id:"108318",title:"Dr.",name:"Eugenia D.",middleName:null,surname:"Teodor",fullName:"Eugenia D. Teodor",slug:"eugenia-d.-teodor"},{id:"108323",title:"Dr.",name:"Georgiana-Ileana",middleName:null,surname:"Badea",fullName:"Georgiana-Ileana Badea",slug:"georgiana-ileana-badea"},{id:"136337",title:"Ms.",name:"Andreia",middleName:null,surname:"Tache",fullName:"Andreia Tache",slug:"andreia-tache"}]},{id:"36184",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy in the Analysis of Building and Construction Materials",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-of-cementitious-materials",signatures:"Lucia Fernández-Carrasco, D. Torrens-Martín, L.M. 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Marais",authors:[{id:"112229",title:"Prof.",name:"Chris",middleName:null,surname:"Aldrich",fullName:"Chris Aldrich",slug:"chris-aldrich"},{id:"112232",title:"Prof.",name:"Hansie",middleName:null,surname:"Knoetze",fullName:"Hansie Knoetze",slug:"hansie-knoetze"},{id:"135327",title:"Ms.",name:"Corne",middleName:null,surname:"Marais",fullName:"Corne Marais",slug:"corne-marais"}]},{id:"36189",title:"Optical Technologies for Determination of Pesticide Residue",slug:"optical-technology-for-determination-of-pesticide-residue",signatures:"Yankun Peng, Yongyu Li and Jingjing Chen",authors:[{id:"113343",title:"Prof.",name:"Yankun",middleName:null,surname:"Peng",fullName:"Yankun Peng",slug:"yankun-peng"},{id:"116636",title:"Dr.",name:"Yongyu",middleName:null,surname:"Li",fullName:"Yongyu Li",slug:"yongyu-li"},{id:"116637",title:"Dr.",name:"Jingjing",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",fullName:"Jingjing Chen",slug:"jingjing-chen"}]},{id:"36190",title:"High Resolution Far Infrared Spectra of the Semiconductor Alloys Obtained Using the Synchrotron Radiation as Source",slug:"high-resolution-spectra-of-semiconductor-s-alloys-obtained-using-the-far-infrared-synchrotron-radi",signatures:"E.M. 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Martínez García",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10655.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"84958",title:"Dr.",name:"Edgar A.",surname:"Martínez García",slug:"edgar-a.-martinez-garcia",fullName:"Edgar A. Martínez García"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"72139",title:"Contextualization of Social Media and Its Implications on the Audience",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92237",slug:"contextualization-of-social-media-and-its-implications-on-the-audience",body:'Conventional media covers all the means of communication that occurred before the Internet and technology of media, containing printed materials such as (newspapers, books, magazines), broadcast (T.V. and radio). On the other hand, new media, includes electronic video games and entertainment, and the Internet and social media, according to Andzulis [1].
Though various forms of mass media rise and fall in recognition, it is worthwhile to note that despite sizeable cultural and technological changes, none of the media discussed during this text has dropped out of use completely.
Mass media stuff connects to the most intimate aspects of our life. Within our private situations, they still bind us to the universe. Mass media companies are therefore a major force within culture. They must dig deeper to discover how people use the media and what they understand cited in Duncan [2].
It is nearly incomprehensible to overstate the impact the Internet has had on media across the previous two decades. At first conceived as an attack-proof military arrange within the 1960s, the Internet has since gotten to be an integral portion of everyday life. With the advancement of the World Wide Web within the 1980s and the presentation of commercial browsers within the 1990s, clients picked up the capacity to transmit pictures, sound, and video over the Internet. Companies rapidly started to capitalize on the modern innovation, propelling web browsers, advertising free web-based mail accounts, and giving web catalogs and look motors. Internet utilization developed quickly, from 50% of American grown-ups in 2000 to 75% of American grown-ups in 2008 [3]. Presently that most of the industrialized world is online, the way we get our news, do trade, conduct inquire about, contact companions and relatives, apply for employments, and indeed observe T.V. has changed totally [4]. For example, several jobs can presently be performed completely from home without the ought to travel to a central office. Meetings can be conducted through videoconference, written communication can happen through mail, and workers can access company information through a server or file transfer protocol (FTP) location [5].
Besides, to extending the speed with which we can get to information and the volume of information readily available, the Internet has incorporated a whole current evenhanded estimation to correspondence. Finding a workable pacemaker of a printed book may take various long periods of confused effort, however finding a good pace distributor of online material requires minimal more than the press of a catch. Much refreshing to Web based life, for example, web journals, long-range informal communication locales, and anyone can contribute considerations on the Internet. Web-based social networking has numerous focal points, including the immediate circulation of news, a wide range of viewpoints on a solitary occasion, and the capacity to speak with individuals everywhere throughout the globe. Albeit some industry investigators have since a long time ago anticipated that the Internet will render print media out of date, broad communications administrators accept papers will develop with the occasions. Similarly, as the radio business needed to reexamine its business technique during the ascent of T.V., paper experts should reconsider their strategies for content conveyance during the age of the Internet.
Nowadays Internet is used for watching news and getting the most up to date update and around the globe [6, 7]. A great deal of people goes to the Internet while grinding away or out home and it is being gotten to all around the globe. This is the explanation you would all news stations and papers have kept up segments and their own sites. These web journals likewise support openings for work for reporters and writers to put their articles and convey data to the great many individuals around the globe.
Vocation in news coverage is comprehensively at request and a huge number of understudies apply for different courses in mass correspondence every year. Because of the rising scramble for systems administration among understudies, a progression of establishments and reporting authority’s schools have opened in the significant towns.
Likewise, with all the satellite stations, a dash of Radio stations (F.M.) additionally have come up. Every metropolitan city of India has its diverse F.M. radio broadcasts where many radio racers are working. Print press has likewise gained amazing ground and loads of magazines and English, Hindi and local papers have come-up available.
Mass correspondence industry is not just confined to the limit of its nation yet has accomplished all inclusive. Furthermore, it covers the entirety of the latest updates and happenings around the globe [8, 9]. The other improvement in mass correspondence area is publicizing administrations. Many little and enormous publicizing offices have come up from the area and there are vocation prospects out there for mass correspondence graduates.
Innovations have evolved swiftly that administrators in conventional media organizations frequently cannot hold command over their substance. For instance, when music-sharing site Napster started empowering clients to trade free music documents over the Web, distributed record sharing cost the music business a fortune in lost Disc deals. Instead of gain by the innovation, music industry officials sued Napster, at last closing it down, yet never entirely figuring out how to get rid of online music robbery. Indeed, even with legitimate computerized music deals through online merchants, for example, Macintosh’s iTunes Store, the music business is as yet attempting to decide how to make an enormous enough benefit to remain in business.
The distributing business has additionally experienced the impacts of innovation (even though paper readership has been in deterioration since the appearance of T.V. furthermore, radio). At the point when papers started creating on the web forms because of rivalry from link T.V., they ended up facing another type of newscasting: novice blogging. At first expelled as inconsistent and one-sided, web journals, for example, day by day Kos and The Huffington Post have picked up validity and huge readerships over the previous decade, constraining conventional columnists to blog and tweet to keep pace (which permits less time to watch that sources are solid or include profundity examination to a story). Customary papers are likewise missing out to news aggregators, for example, Google News, which benefits from giving connects to writers’ accounts at significant papers without offering money related remuneration to either the columnists or the news associations. Numerous papers have adjusted to the Web out of need, battling falling course figures and drooping publicizing deals by offering sites, writes, and webcasts and creating reports in video structure. Those that had the foreknowledge to adjust to the innovation are breathing a murmur of help; a 2000–2015 Pew Research Center report found that more Americans get their news using the Web than from papers or radio sources, and that the Web is the third most famous news source behind national and nearby T.V. news.
New media has three significant focal points over conventional media. In the first place, it is quick, empowering customers to discover the most recent news, climate forecast, or stock costs at the dash of a catch. Computerized music can be downloaded in a split second, motion pictures can be requested through a link or satellite-on-request administrations, and books can be perused on tablets. In an undeniably quick-paced world, there is little need to hang tight for anything. The subsequent favorable position is cost. Most online substance is free, from web journals and person to person communication destinations to news and diversion sources. Regardless of whether peruses are eager to pay for content once they are accustomed to getting it for nothing is something that the New York Times set to discover in 2011, when it presents a metered expense model for its online paper. At long last, new media can arrive at the most remote pieces of the globe. For instance, if an understudy is searching for data about everyday life in Iran, there is a high likelihood that an individual site page about living in that nation exists some place on the Web. Around half of Europeans, three-fourths of Americans, and a little more than one-fourth of the total populace generally have Web access (Web World Stats). This far-reaching arrive to make the Web a perfect objective for publicists, who can speak with their ideal specialty crowds through GPS beacons, for example, profile data on long-range informal communication destinations [10].
At the point when the iPad went at a bargain in the US in April 2010, 36-year-old visual planner Josh Klenert depicted the gadget as “incredibly costly [and] way overrated [4].” The expense of the innovation, in any case, did not deflect Klenert from buying an iPad; he preordered the tablet P.C. when it was accessible and wandered down to Macintosh’s SoHo store in New York on opening end of the week to be one of the first to get it. Klenert, and every other person who remained in line at the Mac store during the underlying dispatch of the iPad, is depicted by sociologists as an early adopter: a tech-cherishing pioneer who is among the first to hold onto innovation when it shows up available. What makes an individual be an early adopter or a late adopter? What are the advantages of each? Right now, will find out about the pattern of innovation and how it is diffused in a general public. The procedure and variables impacting the dissemination of innovation is regularly talked about with regards to a dispersion model known as the innovation selection life cycle.
As innovation comes to the racks and the quantity of early greater part buyers racing to buy it expands, broad communications outlets are compelled to adjust to the new medium. At the point when the iPad’s prominence kept on developing all through 2010 (selling 3,000,000 units inside 3 months of its dispatch date), customary papers, magazines, and T.V. systems raced to frame associations with Apple, propelling applications for the tablet so customers could legitimately get to their substance. Unconstrained by the constrained measure of room accessible in a physical paper or magazine, productions, for example, The New York Times and USA Today can incorporate more itemized detailing than they can fit in their customary paper, just as intelligent highlights, for example, crossword puzzles and the utilization of video and sound. “Our iPad Application is intended to exploit the developing capacities offered by the Internet” said Arthur Sulzberger Jr., distributer of The New York Times. “We consider our to be on the iPad as being like our customary print job—to go about as an astute, unprejudiced channel and to furnish our clients with data they require and can trust [11].”
Due to Apple’s choice to boycott streak (the prevailing programming for online video seeing) from the iPad, some conventional T.V. systems have been changing over their video documents to HTML5 to empower full T.V. scenes to be screened on the gadget. CBS and Disney were among the primary systems to offer free T.V. content on the iPad in 2010 through the iPad’s worked in internet browser, while ABC gushed its shows through an iPad application. The iPad has even figured out how to resuscitate types of customary media that had been stopped; in June 2010, Condé Nast declared the rebuilding of Gourmet magazine as an iPad application called Gourmet Live. As more media content opens on innovation, for example, the iPad, the iPod, and the different tablets accessible available, it advances to a more extensive scope of purchasers, turning into a self-propagating model.
There are consistently special cases to deciding news line-ups. A nearby solid story will supersede national one, and a solid national one will override a universal one and so forth. For instance, the appointment of the President in the US, or an Executive in Australia, would ordinarily be so common over a catastrophic event in some underdeveloped nation. Albeit critical to the individuals and the nation managing the issue, it will be without significance to different countries somewhat, particularly when illuminating.
On the likelihood that you are not on a zone T.V., you scarcely start to expose what is underneath. Not to a huge segment of individuals, at any rate. What is more, if you are not on radio news, you are careless concerning an alternate crowd that turns on news radio when their chance on the start and drive to work. However, in advertising, there has constantly been an inclination toward papers.
Most experts who work right now, often begin as print journalists. Papers are likewise unmistakable. You can grasp the unmistakable story. You can even remove it with scissors and make photocopies or hit reorder and forward a story to your chief and collaborators [1].
It’s substantially harder to catch a sound clasp from a radio story, or a video clasp of a T.V. piece. Stations—particularly radio broadcasts—communicate throughout the day. They do not have the room or the free work to spare and chronicle each second and video [7].
Furthermore, it is valid, that papers ordinarily break stories that T.V. what is more, radio broadcasts at that point spread. It is not an incognito that radio and T.V. makers read the morning paper when they are searching for things to fill the day by day communicates and kill at some point.
Today, individuals can get their report from a huge number of various outlets. There are many outlets on paid T.V. also web radio. You can get to pretty much any paper you need online by the snap of your fingertips. Nowadays, when the whole country returns home from work, perusing the paper and turning on the T.V.
If one needs to arrive at in excess of a cut of the segment that you looked for, they need to get into papers, however radio, T.V., and the web, and so on. To have a bigger effect [12].
The new Pew Research Center examination on where individuals go to for news shows productive reliance on the Web, with a major spike in individuals announcing that they turn on their PDA to investigate news, climate, and sports.
Additionally, Detrani [12] revealed that they checked various sources, with 99% of Americans saying that on a run of the mill day, they check the report from at any rate one of the accompanying: on T.V., radio, in print, or Online.
T.V. is conspicuous, with 78% of Americans saying they watch nearby T.V. news and 73% getting their report from systems or link-news channels.
The Web is developing productively; 61% of individuals said they checked news on the Web. Radio 54% scarcely beat nearby papers 50% and national papers came in at 17% [12].
There is additionally a major switch toward online networking, which is presently a typical quality. Individuals are Twittering and Facebooking about stories. The general purpose of mass correspondence is arriving at the majority and attracting them. You could overwhelm the wireless radio transmissions yet miss practically a large portion of the populace—the equivalent with papers.
Nearby T.V. an incredible alternative, arriving at very nearly eight out of ten individuals. Be that as it may, it is multiple times harder to get inclusion on the T.V. news all things considered getting into papers, radio, or the web as cited in McQuail [5].
Today’s crowd being so divided methods any arrangement to get press inclusion needs to consider every contingency. You cannot send a similar public statement to each medium outlet and call it great. A discharge that’s the correct size for the paper is very long to peruse on the radio.
T.V. cannot run with plain words. There must be pictures, something appealing to the eyes.
To arrive at all of these various socioeconomics and types of media, need all the more concentrating on what is friendly to them all.
Newspapers need content and photographs.
Radio require live individuals in the studio or on the telephone, discussing an issue.
Television stations need more grounded images.
As indicated by the Endless Dial study directed by Arbitron and Edison Exploration the Web has become the most significant vehicle just because by outperforming television. Being approached to need to choose Web and T.V. 49% of individuals offered an explanation to forsake television contradicted to 48% to desert the web. As well, most fascinating is the wide adaption of advanced media in autos by 24% of individuals utilizing mp3 regarding vehicle media according to Vivian and Maurin [13].
In a sign that T.V. what’s more, the Web are beginning to combine in viewers’ cognizance, more people invested more time seeing the Web and T.V. in December 2017 than in June 2017 or December 2016, as indicated by the Three Screens Report from The Nielsen Corporation according to Wilkins and Christians [14].
In December 2017, 59% of Americans utilized T.V. furthermore, the Web all the while, contrasted with 56.9% in June 2017 and 57.5% in December 2016. On a year-over-year premise, support right now 2.7% as cited in Wilkins and Christians [14].
Tallying singular clients, 134,056 Americans utilized T.V. what’s more, the Web all the while in December 2017. This looks at to 128,047 in June 2017 and 128,167 in December 2016. On a year-over-year premise, the quantity of individuals utilizing T.V. furthermore, the web at the same time expanded 4.6%.
Nobody can question the mass arrive at that T.V. empowers, however the fact of the matter is the online channel is presently starting to offer that equivalent degree of crowd reach—yet with ostensibly better commitment and offers. Also, quite often at a progressively reasonable cost.
Clients are likewise investing more time online than any time in recent memory. It depends who’s discharging the report (e.g., Nielsen or an online distributer like Netflix and Hulu), however a few assessments show that online media consumption has now outperformed T.V. seeing. As revealed by MSNBC, this is unquestionably valid for adolescents and youthful grown-ups, with time invested online presently outperforming energy spent viewing T.V. or on the other hand chatting on the telephone referring to Wilkins and Christians [14].
Also, the promoters follow the eyeballs. Web based publicizing has been quickly infringing on conventional media’s part of the media blend pie throughout the previous quite a long while. What’s more, as per Forrester, spending on web-based publicizing is in truth set to overshadow T.V. spends by 2016 as cited in Duncan [2].
Furthermore, as indicated by a few examinations, these online watchers might be more connected with and have higher promotion review than those viewing T.V. advertisements. A similar report by Nielsen found that premium online video advertisements would do well to mark sway measurements than customary T.V. promotions, including brand review, message review, and affability.
Furthermore, a 2018 review by BrightRoll found that 70% of sponsors overviewed said that online video publicizing is similarly or more compelling than promotions on T.V. Besides, 87% said that video was more powerful than show publicizing. NewMediaRockstars.com gives this information and furthermore calls attention to the accomplishment of the viral YouTube crusade for Old Flavor. Also, clearly it worked—deals supposedly expanded by more than 100%.
Given the quick take-up of this medium, it’s evident that sponsors are seeing incredible incentive in publicizing with online video and grasping the period of associated T.V.
In October 2013, 17-year-old child-care girl Ashleigh Hall maybe a friendship with a handsome 19-year-man on Facebook. Ashleigh, from Darlington, England, and her new companion started chatting on the web. She exchanged phone numbers so they could message one another. The energized young girl to her new friend that she was going out with her new boyfriend, Pete, and that his dad would get her in his car. Sadly, Pete and his father were very much the same individual-convicted rapist Peter Chapman. The 33-year-old homeless sex offender utilized his Facebook alter ego (which included photos of an obscure high school kid) to draw Ashleigh to a confined area, where he assaulted and killed her. Chapman was captured by chance not long after the occasion, and in court he confessed to hijack, assault, and murder.
Ashleigh’s awful story shows a few weaknesses of present-day media conveyance: obscurity and untrustworthiness. Albeit person to person communication locales, for example, Facebook are an advantageous method to make new connections and reconnect with old companions, it is implausible of knowing whether clients are who they guarantee to be, leaving individuals (especially receptive adolescents) powerless against online predators. Since a great part of the substance on the web is unregulated, this absence of dependability traverses the whole online range, from reports and Wikipedia articles to bogus publicizing claims and deceitful cheats on sites, for example, Craigslist.
Be that as it may, current media can likewise work to prepare endeavors to stop wrongdoing. The famous NBC television arrangement Dateline: To Catch a Predator followed police specialists who utilized Web talk rooms to distinguish potential kid molesters. Acting like youthful adolescents, cops went into visit rooms and took an interest in discussions with different clients. On the off chance that a grown-up client started a sexual discourse and communicated enthusiasm for meeting the teenager for sexual purposes, the police set up a sting activity, getting the eventual pedophile in the demonstration. In cases, for example, these, the fast transmission of data and the worldwide idea of the web made it feasible for crooks to be caught [15].
On the off chance that Ashleigh’s story features the absolute most harmful parts of current media, the brisk scattering of news and data are the absolute most helpful parts of the Internet. As we noted before in the part, speed can be a colossal preferred position of online media conveyance. At the point when a report breaks, it very well may be conveyed quickly through RSS channels and by means of many significant outlets, empowering individuals everywhere throughout the world to find out about a breaking report insignificant minutes after it occurs.
When a Web client has paid for a month to month specialist organization, the greater part of the substance Online is free, permitting individuals access to a boundless abundance of data by means of news sites, web indexes, catalogs, and home pages for various subjects extending from cooking tips to sports random data. At the point when this data turned out to be promptly accessible at the pinch of a catch, numerous writers and innovation specialists composed articles asserting the data over-burden was terrible for people’s wellbeing. Fears that the innovation would cause a lack of ability to concentrate consistently clutter, stunt people’s thinking, and harm their capacity to sympathize raised by some exceptionally regarded productions, including The Hours of London and The New York Times. In any case, there is no steady proof that the web causes mental issues; actually, measurements show that individuals who utilize long range interpersonal communication destinations have better disconnected public activities, and individuals who play PC games are better at engrossing and responding to data than the individuals who do not, and they experience no loss of exactness or expanded indiscretion [11]. As Vaughan Chime calls attention to in his article about the historical backdrop of media alarms, “Worries about data over-burden are as old as data itself, with every age rethinking the perilous effects of innovation on psyche and mind [16].”
Notwithstanding velocity, reach, and cost, online media conveyance empowers a more extensive scope of voices and points of view regarding any matter. Through nontraditional media, for example, web journals and Twitter, individuals can put their very own inclination on recent developments, mainstream society, and issues that are essential to them without feeling obliged to stay unbiased. An investigation by the Pew Research Center found that nontraditional media sources report on a more extensive assortment of stories than conventional media, empowering singular destinations to build up their own character and voice. The examination additionally found that these online sources center around a profoundly passionate topic that can be customized by the journalists and partook in the social discussion [3, 17]. By opening web journals and web-based social networking destinations to online conversation or discussion, bloggers empower peruses to produce their own substance, diverting crowds from uninvolved customers into dynamic makers. Right now, turns into a common procedure instead of a single direction—the blogger posts an opinion, a reader remarks on the blogger’s opinion, the blogger at that point assesses the reader’s opinion and updates their viewpoint in like manner, and the procedure rehashes itself until an issue has been thoroughly investigated. Numerous bloggers additionally give connects to different online journals they bolster or appreciate perusing, empowering thoughts with legitimacy to channel through different channels on the web.
Alongside a developing number of online predators distorting themselves on long range informal communication locales, the web is answerable for a lot of different kinds of falsehood flowing the Internet. Except if clients can recognize dependable, fair-minded sources and accurate data, they may end up devouring off base news reports or bogus reference book passages. Indeed, even purported solid news sources are dependent upon incidental mistakes with their source material. At the point when French writer Maurice Jarre kicked the bucket in 2009 at 84 years old, Irish human science and financial aspects understudy Shane Fitzgerald chose to attempt an investigation with Wikipedia. He added anecdotal statements to Jarre’s Wikipedia passage and afterward looked as papers around the world (counting respectable sources, for example, The Gatekeeper) replicated his statements in the same words and ascribed them to the writer. Humiliated columnists were later compelled to address their blunders by withdrawing the statements. Composing a subsequent report for The Irish Occasions, Fitzgerald remarked, “If I could so effectively adulterate the news over the globe, even to this little degree, at that point it is startling to consider what other bogus data might be accounted for in the press [18].”
Albeit most customary media take a stab at nonpartisanship, numerous more up to date online sources are intensely conservative or left-wing. With sites, for example, the Huffington Post on the left of the political range and the Day laborer Report on the right, buyers should know when they are perusing news with an ideological inclination. Pundits dread the pattern toward Internet-based life sources may prompt the limitation of the development of thoughts. If purchasers pick their media circle only predictable with their own political inclinations, they will be constrained to a restricted political perspective.
Alongside practical drawbacks, the web likewise has a few financial hindrances. An expanding hole between individuals who can manage the cost of PCs and access to the Internet and individuals who cannot, known as the advanced gap, isolates those who are well off and the poor. Albeit around 75% of US family units are associated with the web, there are holes in access as far as age, salary, and instruction. For instance, an ongoing report found that 93% of individuals matured 18–29 have Web get to, contrasted and 70% of individuals matured 50–64 and only 38% of individuals more than 65 [3]. Comparative variations happen with salary and training.
These aberrations imply that individuals with lower wages and instructive levels are off guard with regards to getting to online employment postings, data, news, and PC related aptitudes that may help them in the work environment. The computerized partition is considerably progressively conspicuous among created and creating nations. In countries, for example, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, and Syria, the administration allows almost no entrance to the web. In different nations, for example, Mexico, Brazil, and Columbia, inadequate media communications framework powers clients to stand by amazingly awkward time spans to get on the web. Furthermore, in many creating nations that have poor open utilities and discontinuous electrical help, the web is practically incredible. In spite of its enormous populace, the whole landmass of Africa represents under 5% of Web utilization worldwide.
This chapter pinpoints the issue of contextualizing of social media and describes its implication of the individuals. With the instant satisfaction and expediency offered by the raising fields of social media, social reporting, blogging, YouTube, Facebook, and Twitter, increasing demand for new technology and new forms of mass communication will have a decisive impact upon both the consumers and producers of mass media.
It is today’s mass communication substance that must adapt and function with each of the new technological changes that emerge from such a dynamic field of study. While we may now just be getting a look of what the future of mass communication might be, the fundamental concept of mass communication—the ability to convey something to a large number of people in the most expedient and efficient way possible; to understand and be understood—always has been, and always will be the core of the process.
Networks and social orders are consistently needing usable and productive intends to pass on data [15]. Mass correspondence is the development of this need. We characterize the mass correspondence as the mutual exchange of messages through the media or innovation-driven channels to an enormous number of beneficiaries, you can without much of a stretch to recognize the various types of mass correspondence you depend on in your own, scholarly, and proficient lives as cited in Wilkins and Christians [14].
These incorporate print, sound-related, visual, intuitive media, and online life structures. A moderately late mass correspondence marvel known as mass-individual correspondence joins mass correspondence channels with relational correspondence and connections, where people are presently accessing innovation that permits them to contact enormous crowds. Online networking accomplishes work, It is difficult for a business as it very well may be costly [19, 20]. The expense of not utilizing it is an excessive amount to pay. Business chiefs that “do social media” will pick up turnover, companions, faithful clients, benefits, resource worth, and regard.
Post connects to the posts, data, and substance on a business four online life outlets’ that individuals (potential and genuine purchasers) can skim between them flawlessly. There is a streaming site to internet-based life and back and advances. It is a data flow that gets clients in transit like an enrolling digital drive. It is all allowed to utilize—cash in vain from new Internet-based life companions (clients). Web-based life is not private. Google lists everything. Ensure that the business posts solitary uplifting news. Designate somebody in the association to screen web-based life consistently. Plan B is to designate a P.R. Firm to do it expertly.
Utilizing Internet-based life in advertising is something that numerous individuals do not realize they have to know, until they find out about it! Investigate. Start today by discovering progressively about utilizing Online networking to create cash.
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Applying organic fertilizers without prior knowledge of their properties may cause yield decline under low application or pollute the environment with excessive application. Understanding the nutrient variability and release pattern of organic fertilizers is crucial to supply plants with sufficient nutrients to achieve optimum productivity, while also rebuilding soil fertility and ensuring protection of environmental and natural resources. This chapter presents the authors’ experiences with different organic amendments under Hawaii's tropical conditions, rather than an intensive literature review. For meat and bone meal by‐products (tankage), batch‐to‐batch variability, nutrient content/release pattern and quality, and plant growth response to the liquid fertilizer produced from tankage were evaluated. For animal livestock, dairy manure (DM) and chicken manure (CM) quality, changes in soil properties, and crop biomass production and root distributions were evaluated. For seaweed, an established bio‐security protocol, nutrient, especially potassium (K) variability, and plant growth and yield response were evaluated in different tropical soils.",book:{id:"5179",slug:"organic-fertilizers-from-basic-concepts-to-applied-outcomes",title:"Organic Fertilizers",fullTitle:"Organic Fertilizers - From Basic Concepts to Applied Outcomes"},signatures:"Amjad A. Ahmad, Theodore J.K. Radovich, Hue V. Nguyen, Jensen\nUyeda, Alton Arakaki, Jeana Cadby, Robert Paull, Jari Sugano and\nGlenn Teves",authors:[{id:"178933",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"A.",surname:"Ahmad",slug:"amjad-ahmad",fullName:"Amjad Ahmad"},{id:"184973",title:"Dr.",name:"Theodore",middleName:null,surname:"Radovich",slug:"theodore-radovich",fullName:"Theodore Radovich"},{id:"184974",title:"Prof.",name:"Hue",middleName:null,surname:"Nguyen",slug:"hue-nguyen",fullName:"Hue Nguyen"},{id:"184975",title:"MSc.",name:"Jensen",middleName:null,surname:"Uyeda",slug:"jensen-uyeda",fullName:"Jensen Uyeda"},{id:"184976",title:"MSc.",name:"Alton",middleName:null,surname:"Arakaki",slug:"alton-arakaki",fullName:"Alton Arakaki"},{id:"184977",title:"Mr.",name:"Glenn",middleName:null,surname:"Teves",slug:"glenn-teves",fullName:"Glenn Teves"},{id:"184978",title:"MSc.",name:"Jeana",middleName:null,surname:"Cadby",slug:"jeana-cadby",fullName:"Jeana Cadby"},{id:"184979",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Paull",slug:"robert-paull",fullName:"Robert Paull"},{id:"184980",title:"MSc.",name:"Jari",middleName:null,surname:"Sugano",slug:"jari-sugano",fullName:"Jari Sugano"}]},{id:"51059",doi:"10.5772/64195",title:"Organic Fertilizers: Public Health Intricacies",slug:"organic-fertilizers-public-health-intricacies",totalDownloads:2690,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:16,abstract:"Organic fertilizers are an essential source for plant nutrients and a soil conditioner in agriculture. Due to its sources and the composition of the organic inputs as well as the type, functionality and failures of the applied treatment process, the organic fertilizer may contain various amounts of infectious agents and toxic chemicals, especially the antibiotics that can be introduced to the subsequent food chain. A range of human and animal pathogens of bacterial, viral and parasitic origin have been the cause of food-borne epidemics due to unintended contamination from organic fertilizers. The use of antibiotics by humans and in animal feeds will also end up in the organic fertilizers. These antibiotics and other chemicals, depending on the sources of the organics, will enhance the likelihood of occurrence of resistant and multi-resistant strains of microorganisms in society and have been reported to cause ecotoxicological environmental effects and disruption of the ecological balance. Exposure of microorganisms to sublethal concentration of antibiotics in the organic products induces antibiotic resistance. WHO guidelines for the reuse of excreta and other organic matters identify the risk for the exposed groups to the reuse of the excreta and are applicable in the use of organic fertilizers in agriculture.",book:{id:"5179",slug:"organic-fertilizers-from-basic-concepts-to-applied-outcomes",title:"Organic Fertilizers",fullTitle:"Organic Fertilizers - From Basic Concepts to Applied Outcomes"},signatures:"Anthony A. Adegoke, Oluyemi O. Awolusi and Thor A. Stenström",authors:[{id:"175730",title:"Dr.",name:"Anthony Ayodeji",middleName:null,surname:"Adegoke",slug:"anthony-ayodeji-adegoke",fullName:"Anthony Ayodeji Adegoke"},{id:"180623",title:"Dr.",name:"Oluyemi Olatunji",middleName:null,surname:"Awolusi",slug:"oluyemi-olatunji-awolusi",fullName:"Oluyemi Olatunji Awolusi"},{id:"186321",title:"Prof.",name:"Thor Axel",middleName:null,surname:"Stenstrom",slug:"thor-axel-stenstrom",fullName:"Thor Axel Stenstrom"}]},{id:"50233",doi:"10.5772/62388",title:"Integrated Use of Phosphorus, Animal Manures and Biofertilizers Improve Maize Productivity under Semiarid Condition",slug:"integrated-use-of-phosphorus-animal-manures-and-biofertilizers-improve-maize-productivity-under-semi",totalDownloads:2433,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:"Phosphorus unavailability and lack of organic matter in the soils under semiarid condition are the major reasons for low crop productivity. Field trial was conducted to investigate the impact of different animal manures (poultry, cattle, and sheep manures) and phosphorus levels (40, 80, 120, and 160 kg P2O5 ha−1) on yield and yield components of hybrid maize (CS-200) with (+) and without (−) phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) seed treatment at the Agronomy Research Farm of The University of Agriculture Peshawar, during summer 2014. Our results confirmed that the application of poultry manure significantly (P ≤ 0.05) increased yield and yield components of maize. Phosphorus applied at the rate of 120 kg P2O5 ha−1 increased ear length, grains ear−1, and shelling percentage, while the highest rate of 160 kg P ha−1 increased grains weight, grain yield, and harvest index. Maize seeds treated with PSB (+) before sowing had produced higher yield and yield components than untreated seeds (−). We concluded from this study that combined application of 160 kg P2O5 ha−1 + poultry manure and seed treatment with PSB (+) could improve crop productivity and profitability under semiarid condition.",book:{id:"5179",slug:"organic-fertilizers-from-basic-concepts-to-applied-outcomes",title:"Organic Fertilizers",fullTitle:"Organic Fertilizers - From Basic Concepts to Applied Outcomes"},signatures:"Dr. Amanullah and Shah Khalid",authors:[{id:"178825",title:"Dr.",name:"Dr.",middleName:null,surname:"Amanullah",slug:"dr.-amanullah",fullName:"Dr. Amanullah"}]},{id:"50516",doi:"10.5772/63047",title:"Soil Amendments for Agricultural Production",slug:"soil-amendments-for-agricultural-production",totalDownloads:2315,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:"The word organic, applied to fertilizers, indicates that the nutrients are derived from the remains or by‐products of a once‐living organism. Farmers are continually searching for alternatives to synthetic inorganic fertilizers to alleviate the escalating production costs associated with the increasing costs of energy and fertilizers and the problems of soil and surface water deterioration associated with intensive use and release of inorganic fertilizers such as N and P fertilizers. One of the advantages of organic fertilizers is that they provide their nutrients especially the principal nutrients (NPK) to growing plants over a long period of time in a slow release process. The soil has to be moist and warm enough to allow soil microorganisms to decompose and breakdown the complex forms of organic fertilizers. Generally, the application of organic amendments to agricultural soils makes good use of natural resources and reduces the need of synthetic inorganic fertilizers. Soil structure, nutrient composition, and microbiological activity of soil are usually increased following the application of organic amendments. This is because of the presence of sugars and amino acids as simple molecules in organic amendments that contribute to microbiological activity and fertility and elevated levels of enzymes secreted by soil microbes. To investigate the soil microbiological activity after the addition of soil amendments, three enzymes that control the C, N, and P cycles should be monitored in the plant rhizosphere zone, which is defined as the zone of increased microbial and enzyme activity where soil and root make contact. An increase of organic waste originated from different humans and productive activities is a continuous concern. Waste application (i.e., municipal sewage sludge, chicken manure, horse manure, and cow manure) to soil is proposed as a solution to disposal problem. This practice is popular in the agricultural fields because of the value of this waste as organic fertilizer. At KSU, numerous studies have been conducted on organic soil amendments and their impact on crop yield and quality, soil erosion and nutrient availability, soil enzymes activity, and bioremediation of heavy metals in organic amendments.",book:{id:"5179",slug:"organic-fertilizers-from-basic-concepts-to-applied-outcomes",title:"Organic Fertilizers",fullTitle:"Organic Fertilizers - From Basic Concepts to Applied Outcomes"},signatures:"George F. Antonious",authors:[{id:"174916",title:"Dr.",name:"George",middleName:"Fouad",surname:"Antonious",slug:"george-antonious",fullName:"George Antonious"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"50720",title:"Use of Organic Fertilizers to Enhance Soil Fertility, Plant Growth, and Yield in a Tropical Environment",slug:"use-of-organic-fertilizers-to-enhance-soil-fertility-plant-growth-and-yield-in-a-tropical-environmen",totalDownloads:4943,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:17,abstract:"Soils rarely have sufficient nutrient for crops to reach their potential yield. Applying organic fertilizers without prior knowledge of their properties may cause yield decline under low application or pollute the environment with excessive application. Understanding the nutrient variability and release pattern of organic fertilizers is crucial to supply plants with sufficient nutrients to achieve optimum productivity, while also rebuilding soil fertility and ensuring protection of environmental and natural resources. This chapter presents the authors’ experiences with different organic amendments under Hawaii's tropical conditions, rather than an intensive literature review. For meat and bone meal by‐products (tankage), batch‐to‐batch variability, nutrient content/release pattern and quality, and plant growth response to the liquid fertilizer produced from tankage were evaluated. For animal livestock, dairy manure (DM) and chicken manure (CM) quality, changes in soil properties, and crop biomass production and root distributions were evaluated. For seaweed, an established bio‐security protocol, nutrient, especially potassium (K) variability, and plant growth and yield response were evaluated in different tropical soils.",book:{id:"5179",slug:"organic-fertilizers-from-basic-concepts-to-applied-outcomes",title:"Organic Fertilizers",fullTitle:"Organic Fertilizers - From Basic Concepts to Applied Outcomes"},signatures:"Amjad A. Ahmad, Theodore J.K. Radovich, Hue V. Nguyen, Jensen\nUyeda, Alton Arakaki, Jeana Cadby, Robert Paull, Jari Sugano and\nGlenn Teves",authors:[{id:"178933",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"A.",surname:"Ahmad",slug:"amjad-ahmad",fullName:"Amjad Ahmad"},{id:"184973",title:"Dr.",name:"Theodore",middleName:null,surname:"Radovich",slug:"theodore-radovich",fullName:"Theodore Radovich"},{id:"184974",title:"Prof.",name:"Hue",middleName:null,surname:"Nguyen",slug:"hue-nguyen",fullName:"Hue Nguyen"},{id:"184975",title:"MSc.",name:"Jensen",middleName:null,surname:"Uyeda",slug:"jensen-uyeda",fullName:"Jensen Uyeda"},{id:"184976",title:"MSc.",name:"Alton",middleName:null,surname:"Arakaki",slug:"alton-arakaki",fullName:"Alton Arakaki"},{id:"184977",title:"Mr.",name:"Glenn",middleName:null,surname:"Teves",slug:"glenn-teves",fullName:"Glenn Teves"},{id:"184978",title:"MSc.",name:"Jeana",middleName:null,surname:"Cadby",slug:"jeana-cadby",fullName:"Jeana Cadby"},{id:"184979",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Paull",slug:"robert-paull",fullName:"Robert Paull"},{id:"184980",title:"MSc.",name:"Jari",middleName:null,surname:"Sugano",slug:"jari-sugano",fullName:"Jari Sugano"}]},{id:"51059",title:"Organic Fertilizers: Public Health Intricacies",slug:"organic-fertilizers-public-health-intricacies",totalDownloads:2690,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:16,abstract:"Organic fertilizers are an essential source for plant nutrients and a soil conditioner in agriculture. Due to its sources and the composition of the organic inputs as well as the type, functionality and failures of the applied treatment process, the organic fertilizer may contain various amounts of infectious agents and toxic chemicals, especially the antibiotics that can be introduced to the subsequent food chain. A range of human and animal pathogens of bacterial, viral and parasitic origin have been the cause of food-borne epidemics due to unintended contamination from organic fertilizers. The use of antibiotics by humans and in animal feeds will also end up in the organic fertilizers. These antibiotics and other chemicals, depending on the sources of the organics, will enhance the likelihood of occurrence of resistant and multi-resistant strains of microorganisms in society and have been reported to cause ecotoxicological environmental effects and disruption of the ecological balance. Exposure of microorganisms to sublethal concentration of antibiotics in the organic products induces antibiotic resistance. WHO guidelines for the reuse of excreta and other organic matters identify the risk for the exposed groups to the reuse of the excreta and are applicable in the use of organic fertilizers in agriculture.",book:{id:"5179",slug:"organic-fertilizers-from-basic-concepts-to-applied-outcomes",title:"Organic Fertilizers",fullTitle:"Organic Fertilizers - From Basic Concepts to Applied Outcomes"},signatures:"Anthony A. Adegoke, Oluyemi O. Awolusi and Thor A. Stenström",authors:[{id:"175730",title:"Dr.",name:"Anthony Ayodeji",middleName:null,surname:"Adegoke",slug:"anthony-ayodeji-adegoke",fullName:"Anthony Ayodeji Adegoke"},{id:"180623",title:"Dr.",name:"Oluyemi Olatunji",middleName:null,surname:"Awolusi",slug:"oluyemi-olatunji-awolusi",fullName:"Oluyemi Olatunji Awolusi"},{id:"186321",title:"Prof.",name:"Thor Axel",middleName:null,surname:"Stenstrom",slug:"thor-axel-stenstrom",fullName:"Thor Axel Stenstrom"}]},{id:"50612",title:"Green Manures and Crop Residues as Source of Nutrients in Tropical Environment",slug:"green-manures-and-crop-residues-as-source-of-nutrients-in-tropical-environment",totalDownloads:2535,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:"Tropical areas have prevalence of soils with low fertility, which makes the management of soil fertility a necessary practice to maintain a farming system economically and environmentally sustainable. The purpose of this chapter is to demonstrate the importance of green manure and the use of crop residues as management for soil fertility. We highlight the potential of these practices to increase/sustain productivity by providing nutrients. First, we made a short review on the main factors influencing the decomposition and mineralization processes. Subsequently, we discuss green manure techniques, presenting the main green manures, criteria for choosing, managements, potential for nutrient accumulation, and advantages and disadvantages of this practice. Finally, we use some examples to demonstrate the potential nutrient supply of crop residues from the main crops grown in the tropics. The difficulties and limitations involved are also discussed.",book:{id:"5179",slug:"organic-fertilizers-from-basic-concepts-to-applied-outcomes",title:"Organic Fertilizers",fullTitle:"Organic Fertilizers - From Basic Concepts to Applied Outcomes"},signatures:"Rafael Vasconcelos Valadares, Lucas de Ávila‐Silva, Rafael da Silva Teixeira, Rodrigo Nogueira de Sousa and Leonardus Vergütz",authors:[{id:"179932",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Rafael",middleName:null,surname:"Vasconcelos Valadares",slug:"rafael-vasconcelos-valadares",fullName:"Rafael Vasconcelos Valadares"},{id:"183947",title:"MSc.",name:"Lucas",middleName:null,surname:"De Avila-Silva",slug:"lucas-de-avila-silva",fullName:"Lucas De Avila-Silva"},{id:"183948",title:"MSc.",name:"Rafael",middleName:null,surname:"Da Silva Teixeira",slug:"rafael-da-silva-teixeira",fullName:"Rafael Da Silva Teixeira"},{id:"183949",title:"Mr.",name:"Rodrigo",middleName:null,surname:"Nogueira De Sousa",slug:"rodrigo-nogueira-de-sousa",fullName:"Rodrigo Nogueira De Sousa"},{id:"184785",title:"Prof.",name:"Leonardus",middleName:null,surname:"Vergutz",slug:"leonardus-vergutz",fullName:"Leonardus Vergutz"}]},{id:"50167",title:"On-Farm-Produced Organic Amendments on Maintaining and Enhancing Soil Fertility and Nitrogen Availability in Organic or Low Input Agriculture",slug:"on-farm-produced-organic-amendments-on-maintaining-and-enhancing-soil-fertility-and-nitrogen-availab",totalDownloads:1602,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Maintaining and enhancing soil fertility are key issues for sustainability in an agricultural system with organic or low input methods. On-farm–produced green manure as a source of soil organic matter (SOM) plays a critical role in long-term productivity. But producing green manure requires land and water; thus, increasing biodiversity, such as by intercropping with green manure crops, could be an approach to enhance the efficiency of renewable resources especially in developing countries. This article discusses soil fertility and its maintenance and enhancement with leguminous intercropping from four points of view: soil fertility and organic matter function, leguminous green manure, intercropping principles, and soil conservation. Important contributions of leguminous intercropping include SOM enhancement and fertility building, biological nitrogen (N) and other plant nutrition availability. Under a well-designed and managed system, competition between the target and intercropping crops can be reduced. The plant uptake efficiency of biologically fixed N is estimated to be double that of industrial N fertilizers. After N-rich plant residues are incorporated into soil, the carbon (C):nitrogen ratio of added straw decreases. Another high mitigation potential of legume intercropping lies in soil conservation by preventing soil and water erosion. Many opportunities exist to introduce legumes in short-term rotation, intercropping, living mulch, and cover crops in an organically managed farm system. Worldwide, long-term soil fertility enhancement remains a challenge due to the current world population and agricultural practices. Cropping system including legumes is a step in the right direction to meeting the needs of food security and sustainability.",book:{id:"5179",slug:"organic-fertilizers-from-basic-concepts-to-applied-outcomes",title:"Organic Fertilizers",fullTitle:"Organic Fertilizers - From Basic Concepts to Applied Outcomes"},signatures:"Yani Nin, Pinchun Diao, Qian Wang, Qingzhong Zhang, Ziliang\nZhao and Zhifang Li",authors:[{id:"178869",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhifang",middleName:null,surname:"Li",slug:"zhifang-li",fullName:"Zhifang Li"},{id:"180022",title:"BSc.",name:"Yani",middleName:null,surname:"Ning",slug:"yani-ning",fullName:"Yani Ning"},{id:"184348",title:"MSc.",name:"Pinchun",middleName:null,surname:"Diao",slug:"pinchun-diao",fullName:"Pinchun Diao"},{id:"184349",title:"Prof.",name:"Qian",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"qian-wang",fullName:"Qian Wang"},{id:"184350",title:"Prof.",name:"Qingzhong",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"qingzhong-zhang",fullName:"Qingzhong Zhang"},{id:"184351",title:"MSc.",name:"Ziliang",middleName:null,surname:"Zhao",slug:"ziliang-zhao",fullName:"Ziliang Zhao"}]},{id:"50244",title:"An Overview of the Studies on Biochar Fertilizer Carried Out at the Beginning of the Twentieth Century in Japan",slug:"an-overview-of-the-studies-on-biochar-fertilizer-carried-out-at-the-beginning-of-the-twentieth-centu",totalDownloads:2031,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Biochar is a recently coined term for charred organic matter used as a soil amendment. Although the term is relatively new, the substance has been used for a long time throughout the world, including Japan. After we read a Japanese book entitled Nibai Shukaku Tenri Nouhou (How to Double Crop Yield by Almighty Farming System) originally published in 1912, we found that there were conflicting opinions between the author (Mr. Katsugoro Oyaizu) and soil scientists of the time (Dr. Gintaro Daikuhara and others) on the benefits of the use of biochar fertilizer. Previous publications on this topic have been written in Japanese from a sociological viewpoint. By referring to the literature published at the beginning of the twentieth century in Japan, we attempt to shed light on the conflict between traditional knowledge of biochar fertilizer and new concepts of soil science imported from the Western countries. We also describe briefly the socioeconomic impacts on the use of biochar fertilizer in the later generations.",book:{id:"5179",slug:"organic-fertilizers-from-basic-concepts-to-applied-outcomes",title:"Organic Fertilizers",fullTitle:"Organic Fertilizers - From Basic Concepts to Applied Outcomes"},signatures:"Naoki Moritsuka and Kaori Matsuoka",authors:[{id:"179714",title:"Dr.",name:"Naoki",middleName:null,surname:"Moritsuka",slug:"naoki-moritsuka",fullName:"Naoki Moritsuka"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"338",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"81669",title:"Recent Techniques and Developments on Cherry Growing in Turkey",slug:"recent-techniques-and-developments-on-cherry-growing-in-turkey",totalDownloads:9,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104081",abstract:"The wild cherries are mostly seen in the North Anatolian and the Taurus mountains of Turkey. Cherry cultivation is concentrated on the slopes of 1000–1500 m where wild cherries are grown, also at the river valleys or in Izmir and Manisa provinces at the western parts of the country over 100 m elevation with very high quality. Turkey is the leading country in the world on cherry production. Cherry production in Turkey has been performed mostly with ‘0900 Ziraat’ cherry cultivar, which was known as Turkish cherry in Europe. As a result of the studies carried out for fruit cracking and self fertility, Regina, Kordia, Sweet Heart and Lapins cherry cultivars were selected as alternative cherry cultivars to ‘0900 Ziraat’. In 1997, “Turkish National Cherry Working Group” was founded and organized 20 working group meetings until today to solve all the problems of cherries. In these meetings, all the research results were shared and discussed among cherry scientists. Recently, studies on prolonging the cherry season with early and late cherry cultivars to increase the amount of cherry exportation was achieved. For this aim, Sweet Heart at high elevations, Royal Lynn® and Royal Tioga® at subtropical climatic conditions were found to be suitable.",book:{id:"10900",title:"Prunus - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10900.jpg"},signatures:"Ali Kuden, Ayzin B. Kuden, Songul Comlekcioglu, Burhanettin Imrak and Muhsin Bag"},{id:"77912",title:"Stock Influence on Growth, Morphological and Biochemical Leaf Parameters Prunus domestica L.",slug:"stock-influence-on-growth-morphological-and-biochemical-leaf-parameters-prunus-domestica-l",totalDownloads:90,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99522",abstract:"Vegetation growth peculiarities and morphological and physical-biochemical features of Prunus domestica L. Utro and Yaichnaya Sinyaya varieties leaves grafted on different growing strength rootstocks were studied. Low-growing clonal rootstocks 140–1 and Novinka decreased the trees growing strength on 15–20% in comparison with strong-growing stocks; medium-growing rootstocks OPA-15-2 and OP-23-23 reduced it on 10%. The longest growing activity and the largest sprouts length was stated on these rootstocks as well, i.e. 1.3–1.4 times more than on other ones. Stable sprouts average length decrease was registered on grafted stocks 140–1 and Novinka. Leaf surface index value on the trees grafted on clonal rootstocks OPA-15-2 and OP-23-23 was on 40% higher than on control, i.e. 4.3 leaves m2/crown projection area m2. Optimal values of total increment, sprouts average length, leaves area and the largest part of physiological-biochemical parameters were stated at medium-growing clonal rootstocks OPA-15-2 and OP-23-23 use. Plum leaves blades were hypostomatic; numerous stomata were located on the abaxial (bottom) side of leaves. Stomata were located in interveinal space irregularly. Stomata length size varied from 14.6 μm (Utro/seedlings) to 22.1 μm (Yaichnaya Sinyaya/OP-23-23). The rootstock has influence on the process of photosynthesis, antioxidant activity, accumulation of minerals and metabolic answerin the leaves.",book:{id:"10900",title:"Prunus - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10900.jpg"},signatures:"Svetlana Motyleva, Galina Upadysheva, Tatyana Tumaeva and Ivan Kulikov"},{id:"79448",title:"Logistics Chain and Cost Assessment of Pruning-to-Energy Value Chains: Application of Life Cycle Cost Analysis Approach",slug:"logistics-chain-and-cost-assessment-of-pruning-to-energy-value-chains-application-of-life-cycle-cost",totalDownloads:73,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101428",abstract:"Biomass from agricultural residue has significant potential as renewable energy resource. Therefore, cost-efficient processing and supply of agricultural residues are important to strategically plan and utilize this energy resource. This chapter describes the agricultural pruning to energy (PtE) value chains and presents the life cycle cost analysis (LCCA)-based cost assessment results, focusing on almond and peach tree pruning data obtained from Spain during 2015–2016. Along the main life cycle stages of PtE system, costs of harvesting, off-farm storage, transport, biomass loss, and management of biomass supply chain were considered. In terms of functional unit cost, the life cycle cost (LCC) was calculated to be about 126 €/t for almond PtE and 115 €/t for peach PtE value chain. In both cases, the harvesting stage was found to be cost at hot stage followed by the storage stage. The cost at harvesting stage was about 83% (of 126 €/t) and 82% (of 115 €/t) in the case of almond and peach cases, respectively. Similarly, the share of operational cost was about 74% and 76% for almond and peach cases, respectively. Therefore, more efforts should be made to improve the performance of logistics operations and management of such PtE initiatives.",book:{id:"10900",title:"Prunus - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10900.jpg"},signatures:"Techane Bosona and Girma Gebresenbet"},{id:"79048",title:"Advances in Breeding of Peach, Plum and Apricot",slug:"advances-in-breeding-of-peach-plum-and-apricot",totalDownloads:120,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100284",abstract:"Research on the expression of fruit specific genes may allow breeders in the future to selectively manipulate through gene transfer in certain aspects of fruit development/quality in their advanced breeding lines thus reducing the time necessary for cultivar development. This would be particularly useful in breeding programmes, hybridizing standard cultivars with exotic germplasm of low fruit quality. The use of exotic germplasm will be important for the expansion of the peach germplasm base and the development of stress resistant cultivars. More immediate results of research on fruit specific gene expression will provide a better understanding of fruit development and quality. It is required to learn how the differences at the gene level correlate with quality characteristics. With the continued cooperation of fruit biochemists it is expected to obtain a better definition of fruit quality and a better understanding of fruit biochemistry. The potential will exit to generate a range of “anti-sense mutants” i.e. transgenic plants expressing anti-sense gene contstructs that reduce or nullify the effects of the normal gene. The phenotypes of these mutants could help to define the biochemistry, genetics and quality of peach fruit. The development of efficient regeneration and transformation system in peach will be useful not only for the modification of fruit characteristics, but also for the transfer and manipulation of genes affecting stress resistance and other economically important characters.",book:{id:"10900",title:"Prunus - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10900.jpg"},signatures:"Rimpika and DP Sharma"},{id:"77733",title:"Genetic Diversity in Almond (Prunus dulcis)",slug:"genetic-diversity-in-almond-prunus-dulcis",totalDownloads:96,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99249",abstract:"Almond (Prunus dulcis), a stone fruit belonging to a family Rosaceae (rose) is broadly cultivated for ornament and fruit. Within this genus, the almond is very much associated with the peach, and these two fruits share the same subgenus the Amygdalus. About 430 species are spread all through the northern temperate regions of the world. The Mediterranean climate region of the Middle East like Turkey and Pakistan eastward to Syria is native to the almond and its related species. Almond is one of the ancient fruit trees known to the Asian as well as European regions with the most primitive proof of cultivation dating about 2000 B.C. Prunus dulcis (Almond) is a nutrient-loaded nut crop. Almond possesses a great genetic diversity due to the genetically controlled self-incompatibility system which can be estimated by a morphological characteristic including molecular markers and isoenzymes with a wide range of marker techniques. Simple sequence repeats (SSR) involving RFLP or SNP are the most commonly used molecular techniques among the DNA-based molecular symbols. Particular agronomic characters, e.g. kernel bitterness or self-compatibility can also be traced by these molecular markers. The direct association between the level of diversity and the basis of the germplasm cannot be understood by the studies of genetic diversity. Genetic diversity cannot be seriously lost by self-compatibility in almonds. The breeding, conservation, and cultivation of wild-growing almonds may similarly advantageous after the genetic diversity research studies (especially those applying molecular markers).",book:{id:"10900",title:"Prunus - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10900.jpg"},signatures:"Sadia Sana, Naheed Akhter, Fozia Amjum, Samreen Gul Khan and Muhammad Akram"},{id:"78516",title:"Varietal Wealth of Prunus Species",slug:"varietal-wealth-of-prunus-species",totalDownloads:82,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99048",abstract:"Genus Prunus includes all the stone fruits (peach, nectarine, plum, apricot, almond and cherry) comprise around 98 species and classified under three subgenera namely: Amygdalus (peaches, nectraine and almonds), Prunophora (plums and apricots) and Cerasus (cherries). Genus Prunus have attained a prime position among all the temperate fruit crops as delicious edible drupe, and many species have ornamental values as well. Major species of importance are Prunus persica (peach), Prunus armeniaca (apricot), Prunus salicina (Japanese plum), Prunus domestica (European plum), Prunus americana (American plum), Prunus avium (Sweet cherry), Prunus cerasus (Sour cherry), Prunus dulcis (almond), Prunus ceracifera (Cherry plum), Prunus mira (Behmi), Prunus cerasoides (Wild Himalayan cherry), Prunus mahaleb (Mahaleb cherry) etc. Interspecific hybrids namely: plumcots, pluots and apriums also produce very delicious edible fruits. 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