Annual mortality from different public health diseases (VAD deaths exclude significant maternal mortality).
\\n\\n
IntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\\n\\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\\n\\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\\n\\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\\n\\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\\n\\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\\n\\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\\n\\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\\n\\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/237"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
After years of being acknowledged as the world's leading publisher of Open Access books, today, we are proud to announce we’ve successfully launched a portfolio of Open Science journals covering rapidly expanding areas of interdisciplinary research.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\n\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\n\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\n\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\n\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\n\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\n\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\n\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\n\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"6849",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Metamaterials and Metasurfaces",title:"Metamaterials and Metasurfaces",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Metamaterials have provided applications in spectral ranges covering radio frequencies and ultraviolet. However, most applications have been extrapolated to the visible or near-infrared after being developed at the GHz level. This is due to technological reasons since fabrication of microwave antennas is not as demanding as THz resonators or plasmonic nanostructures. Accordingly, this book has been divided into three parts. In the first part, fundamentals of metamaterials and metadevices are discussed, while describing recent advances in the field. In the second part, the discussion is extended to the different spectral ranges focusing on the strategies for enabling the reconfigurability of metadevices. Given the increasing interest in THz applications, these can be found in the third part.",isbn:"978-1-78984-843-4",printIsbn:"978-1-78984-842-7",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83881-735-0",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73359",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"metamaterials-and-metasurfaces",numberOfPages:202,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"af88e18cbc151e4ec4820fa89f97a935",bookSignature:"Josep Canet-Ferrer",publishedDate:"January 3rd 2019",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6849.jpg",numberOfDownloads:17150,numberOfWosCitations:29,numberOfCrossrefCitations:23,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:5,numberOfDimensionsCitations:50,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:4,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:102,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"February 15th 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"March 8th 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"May 7th 2018",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"July 26th 2018",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"September 24th 2018",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"25953",title:"Dr.",name:"Josep",middleName:null,surname:"Canet-Ferrer",slug:"josep-canet-ferrer",fullName:"Josep Canet-Ferrer",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:"Dr. Canet-Ferrer is researcher at ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology. He is an author of a number of international peer review articles and usual reviewer in few journals in materials science, optics and photonics. With a background in between Solid State and Electromagnetism he has contributed in different field on Applied Physics. His current research focus is on the design of multifunctional surfaces based on hybrid materials for the further generation of planar optical components.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"156",title:"Composite Materials",slug:"materials-science-composite-materials"}],chapters:[{id:"64427",title:"Investigation into the Behavior of Metasurface by Modal Analysis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80584",slug:"investigation-into-the-behavior-of-metasurface-by-modal-analysis",totalDownloads:1255,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The existence of metasurface, in the way of propagating wave, affects the wave by blocking some of the incident power. In this chapter, modal analysis is used to analyze a metasurface structure, which is a two-dimensional periodic structure. First, the structure is modeled by an element inside the TEM waveguide. In the following, the reflected and transmitted waves are expanded by different modes, potentially propagated along the TEM waveguide. The key parameters in determining the behavior of structure are specified. The effect of each parameter in behavior of the structure is shown. This technique is used for different metasurfaces, and simulation results are presented in the chapter. This technique is extended to multilayer metamaterial structures.",signatures:"Mohsen Kalantari",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/64427",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/64427",authors:[{id:"216271",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Mohsen",surname:"Kalantari",slug:"mohsen-kalantari",fullName:"Mohsen Kalantari"}],corrections:null},{id:"61890",title:"Coding Metasurfaces and Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.78417",slug:"coding-metasurfaces-and-applications",totalDownloads:1723,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Metasurfaces are the planar counterparts of metamaterials, and they consist of a single-layer or a few-layers stack of planar structures, which can be fabricated using lithography and nanoprinting methods. Such artificial structures are usually described by effective medium parameters at the macroscopic scale. In this chapter, we deal with “coding metasurfaces,” composed of only two types of unit cells, with 0 and π phase responses, from which electromagnetic (EM) waves can be manipulated and different functionalities can be realized. We review the recent progress in the physics of metasurfaces operating at wavelengths ranging from microwave to visible. We provide an overview of key metasurface concepts, such as diffusion, anomalous reflection and refraction, and introduce metasurfaces based on some optimization methods to design metasurfaces, as well as their use in wave-front shaping and beam-forming applications, followed by a discussion of polarization conversion in few-layer metasurfaces and their related properties. An overview of diffusion coding metasurface reveals their ability to realize unique functionalities to reduce the radar cross-section (RCS). We also describe diffusion coding metasurfaces that can improve the field uniformity in reverberation chambers. Finally, we conclude by providing our opinions on opportunities and challenges in this rapidly developing research field.",signatures:"Hengyi Sun, Changqing Gu, Zhuo Li and Ferran Martin",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/61890",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/61890",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"63021",title:"Focusing MSs for High-Gain Antenna Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79351",slug:"focusing-mss-for-high-gain-antenna-applications",totalDownloads:1424,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Recently, metasurfaces (MSs) have continuously drawn significant attentions in the area of enhancing the performances of the conventional antennas. Thereinto, focusing MSs with hyperbolic phase distributions can be used for designing high-gain antennas. In this chapter, we first design a new reflected MS and use a spiral antenna as the feeding source to achieve a wideband high-gain antenna. On this basis, we propose a bi-layer reflected MS to simultaneously enhance the gain and transform the linear polarization to circular polarization of the Vivaldi antenna. Then, we proposed a multilayer transmitted MS and use it to enhance the gain of a patch antenna. This kind of high-gain antenna eliminates the feed-block effect of the reflected ones but suffer from multilayer fabrication. To conquer this problem, we finally propose a single-layer transmitted focusing MS by grouping two different kinds of elements and use it to successfully design a low-profile high-gain antenna.",signatures:"Haipeng Li, Guangming Wang, Wenye Ji, Tong Cai, Xiangjun Gao and Haisheng Hou",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/63021",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/63021",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"63993",title:"Metamaterials in Application to Improve Antenna Parameters",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80636",slug:"metamaterials-in-application-to-improve-antenna-parameters",totalDownloads:4983,totalCrossrefCites:19,totalDimensionsCites:32,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"In recent years, the demand for miniaturization and integration of many functions of telecommunication equipment is of great interest, especially devices that are widely used in life such as mobile communication systems, smart phones, handheld tablets, GPS receivers, wireless Internet devices, etc. To satisfy this requirement, the mobile device components must be compact and capable of multifunction, multifrequency band operation. An antenna is one of them; it means that it must be conformal to the body of device, reduced in size, and capable to operating at multiple frequencies of mobile communication systems that have been operating on one, so-called smart device. Nowadays, there are many technical solutions applied in the antenna construction to satisfy of those requirements. There are microstrip antenna technology miniaturized by means of high-permittivity dielectric substrate, using shorting wall, shorting pins, some deformation, as the fractal geometry is, and others. However, these methods have disadvantage such as narrow bandwidth and low gain. A new solution that is of great interest to designers is the use of electromagnetic metamaterials for antenna design. The use of metamaterials in antenna design not only dramatically reduces the size of the antenna but can also improve other antenna parameters such as enhancing bandwidth, increasing gain, or generating multiband frequencies of antennas operation.",signatures:"Wojciech Jan Krzysztofik and Thanh Nghia Cao",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/63993",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/63993",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"63104",title:"Terahertz Leaky-Wave Antennas Based on Metasurfaces and Tunable Materials",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.78939",slug:"terahertz-leaky-wave-antennas-based-on-metasurfaces-and-tunable-materials",totalDownloads:1315,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:10,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Terahertz frequencies are increasingly gaining attention due to the recent efforts made in narrowing the technological gap among microwave and optical components. Still the demand of efficient THz antennas is high, due to the difficulty in obtaining directive patterns and good radiation efficiencies with planar, low-cost, easy-to-fabricate designs. In this regard, leaky-wave antennas have recently been investigated in the THz range, showing very interesting radiating features. Specifically, the combination of the leaky-wave antenna design with the use of metamaterials and metasurfaces seems to offer a promising platform for the development of future THz antenna technologies. In this Chapter, we focus on three different classes of leaky-wave antennas, based on either metasurfaces or tunable materials, namely graphene and nematic liquid crystals. While THz leaky-wave antennas based on homogenized metasurfaces are shown to be able to produce directive patterns with particularly good efficiencies, those based on graphene or nematic liquid crystals are shown to be able to dynamically reconfigure their radiating features. The latter property, although being extremely interesting, is obtained at the expense of an increase of costs and fabrication complexity, as it will emerge from the results of the presented study.",signatures:"Walter Fuscaldo, Silvia Tofani, Paolo Burghignoli, Paolo Baccarelli and Alessandro Galli",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/63104",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/63104",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"63160",title:"Electron Beam-Induced Directional Terahertz Radiation from Metamaterials",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80648",slug:"electron-beam-induced-directional-terahertz-radiation-from-metamaterials",totalDownloads:1102,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"We have numerically analyzed an electron beam (e-beam)-induced directional terahertz (THz) radiation from metamaterials. Here, we used metallic grating structures with graded depths, in which only one-way surface mode can be supported based on the spoof surface plasmon polariton (spoof SPP) concept and gives unique directional THz radiation. For numerical analysis, we used a simplified particle-in-cell (PIC) finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. First, we describe our simplified PIC-FDTD method in detail. Then, we show our results on the e-beam-induced directional THz radiation from graded grating with graded depths. By passing pulsed (bunched) e-beam along the grating surface, directional THz radiations are obtained from one side of the grating with shallower grooves. The direction of these radiations can be switched backward or forward by making the groove depth deeper or shallower. The spectra of these directional radiations are wideband and contain multiple sharp peaks. The deepest and the shallowest groove depths determine the lowest and the highest frequency of the radiation band, respectively. These unique radiation characteristics cannot be explained by the conventional Smith-Purcell radiation and should be attributed to the spoof SPP that originates from different locations on the graded grating.",signatures:"Tatsunosuke Matsui",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/63160",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/63160",authors:[{id:"55450",title:"Prof.",name:"Tatsunosuke",surname:"Matsui",slug:"tatsunosuke-matsui",fullName:"Tatsunosuke Matsui"}],corrections:null},{id:"61950",title:"Electromagnetic Metamaterial Absorbers: From Narrowband to Broadband",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.78581",slug:"electromagnetic-metamaterial-absorbers-from-narrowband-to-broadband",totalDownloads:2277,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Metamaterial perfect absorbers have received significant attention owing to their ability of achieving complete absorption of the electromagnetic waves with deeply subwavelength profiles. In this chapter, we will present a general review of the recent progress on theories, designs, and characterizations of metamaterial absorbers. We will first review the fundamental theories and design guidelines for achieving perfect absorption in subwavelength metamaterials. Several typical narrowband metamaterial absorbers are then presented with nearly 100% absorptivities. Next, we will focus on the realizations of broadband and frequency-tunable metamaterial absorbers. Coherent perfect absorbers, whose absorption performances are controllable via the interference of two counter-propagating electromagnetic waves, will also been introduced. In particular, we will also focus on the recent achievements of metamaterial absorbers in our research group.",signatures:"Weiren Zhu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/61950",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/61950",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"63138",title:"Vanadium Oxide as a Key Constituent in Reconfigurable Metamaterials",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80476",slug:"vanadium-oxide-as-a-key-constituent-in-reconfigurable-metamaterials",totalDownloads:1476,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Tunable materials are paving the way towards improved functionality of metamaterials. Vanadium oxide (VO2) with its prototypical near-room-temperature transition between phases featuring greatly contrasting electrical and optical behavior is an appealing candidate as an active component in metamaterials. However, it is seldom known that VO2 in itself has metamaterial characteristics. VO2 under certain temperature conditions demonstrates a phase coexistence enabling highly tunable electrical and optical properties. In this chapter, we describe how VO2 in its hysteretic region behaves as a smart responsive Metasurface with cutting edge applications.",signatures:"Channam Venkat Sunil Kumar, Francis Maury and Naoufal Bahlawane",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/63138",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/63138",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"61936",title:"Design of Graphene-Based Metamaterial Absorber and Antenna",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.78608",slug:"design-of-graphene-based-metamaterial-absorber-and-antenna",totalDownloads:1614,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Graphene is a monolayer of carbon atoms arranged in a honeycomb structure which exhibits remarkable properties including high electron mobility, mechanical flexibility, and saturable absorption. In this chapter, the conductivity model of the graphene is first reviewed. Based on the conductivity model of graphene, the equivalent circuit model of graphene is discussed. By varying graphene’s chemical potential via external biasing voltage, graphene conductivity can be flexibly tuned in the terahertz and infrared frequencies. With the tunable characteristic, graphene-based metamaterial absorber and reflectarray have been designed. Good performance in these examples illustrates that graphene promises sufficient flexibility in the design of metamaterial devices.",signatures:"Yan Shi and Ying Zhang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/61936",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/61936",authors:[null],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6513",title:"Cement Based Materials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7c92db3d5c64117861b425cb692b5695",slug:"cement-based-materials",bookSignature:"Hosam El-Din M. Saleh and Rehab O. Abdel Rahman",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6513.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. 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From the outset, the intention was to create a source of vitamin A in the endosperm of rice, as an additional intervention for vitamin A deficiency. Philanthropy and the public sector funded the research [1]. In 2001, the inventors, Professor Ingo Potrykus and Dr. (now Professor) Peter Beyer, assigned their patents to Syngenta for commercial exploitation as part of a transaction which obliged the company to assist the inventors’ humanitarian and altruistic objectives [1, 3, 4]. At the same time, the nutritional technology was donated by its inventors for use in developing countries [3, 4]. The inventors licenced a network of Asian government-owned rice research institutes to deliver their objectives. Product development was initiated through the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) and the network. The whole network, including IRRI, worked to a common set of goals defined in licences each institution signed with the inventors. The terms included that there would be no charge for the nutritional technology and it would only be introduced to publicly owned rice varieties. Improvements were made to the technology by Syngenta scientists [5]. In 2005 and 2006, pursuant to Syngenta’s legal obligations entered into with the inventors in 2001, Syngenta provided selected transformation events of the improvements to the Golden Rice Humanitarian Board. The Humanitarian Board, via Syngenta and IRRI, made these new versions available to the Golden Rice licensee network [4, 6]. In 2004 Syngenta ceased its commercial interest in Golden Rice [7]. From 2004 development was again only funded by philanthropy and the public sector; the national budgets of Bangladesh, China, India, Indonesia, Philippines and Vietnam; as well as the US National Institutes of Health together with the Rockefeller and Bill & Melinda Gates Foundations and USAID. Golden Rice is a not-for-profit project: no individual, nor organisation involved with its development, has any financial interest in the outcome.
To date the Golden Rice project has principally engaged plant scientists. Activist opposition to Golden Rice has been led principally by non-scientists, who have been very successful in developing a narrative about Golden Rice and gmo crops which serves the activist’s purpose1 but is fundamentally inaccurate [8]. Further background to the development of Golden Rice, including the political dimensions, is detailed elsewhere [6, 9, 10].
A few years ago, at Tufts University, USA, I gave a presentation about Golden Rice. The symposium was organised by the Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy whose strategic aims today include ‘Reduce nutrition-related health inequities’ and ‘Promote food systems that increase agricultural sustainability while improving human health’ [11]. I was dismayed to learn that the anti-gmo and anti-Golden Rice activists’ narrative was widely accepted by the participants—all of whom were studying or working in nutrition and well aware of nutritional inequities in public health.
Without adoption, that is, regular growth and consumption of Golden Rice by populations in countries where rice is the staple and VAD is problematic, Golden Rice cannot deliver any public health and welfare benefits. Adoption requires cooperative working by different specialists, including medical, nutritional and public health specialists [12]. This chapter is designed to answer anticipated questions from such specialists, to facilitate adoption of Golden Rice as an additional intervention for vitamin A deficiency.
Rice is the most important staple crop [6]: more than half of the global population eats it every day. In some countries, 70–80% of an individual’s calorie intake is from consumption of rice [13, 14].
For storage without becoming rancid, the husk and the aleurone layer of rice have to be removed. What remains after polishing-white rice, the endosperm-contains small amounts of fat and is an excellent source of carbohydrate for energy but contains no micronutrients. Yet humans require both macronutrients (carbohydrates, proteins, fats) and micronutrients (minerals and vitamins) for a healthy life. Like all plants, rice obtains its minerals from the soil. Vitamins are synthesised by plants and/or animals, including humans.
Human health is best served by a ‘balanced diet’ that is varied, containing both macronutrients and micronutrients, including animal products and, as sources of provitamin A, coloured fruits and vegetables. Micronutrient sources are insufficiently represented in the diets of many people in countries where rice is the staple. The reasons often include poverty: such dietary components are expensive compared to the cost of rice [15]. In countries where rice is the staple, the average consumption is 75.20 kg/capita/year. Of those countries where micronutrient deficiencies are common, consumption increases to 150 kg/capita/year [16]. In such populations micronutrient deficiencies, like poverty itself, often occur as part of an intergenerational cycle [17].
For the past 15 years, 800 million people—more than 10% of the global population—are hungry every day. These chronically hungry individuals lack sufficient calories in their daily diet [18, 19, 20]; indeed over the past 3 years, the trend is upward [20]. Even more alarming is that 2 billion people—almost 25% of global population—are micronutrient deficient; they suffer from ‘hidden hunger’, with important associated morbidity and mortality [17] and related economic impact [6, 17]. Figure 1 shows that over the 20-year period 1990–2010, the rate of reduction of chronic hunger (that is, macronutrient—carbohydrate, proteins and fats—dietary insufficiency) has been faster than the rate of reduction for hidden hunger (that is, dietary insufficiency of minerals and vitamins) [21] Dr. Matin Qaim, member of the Golden Rice Humanitarian Board and one of the authors of the paper from which Figure 1 is extracted, has commented: ‘In the future the hidden hunger [e.g. micronutrient deficiency] burden will be larger, [than chronic hunger – principally carbohydrate deficiency] unless targeted efforts to reduce micronutrient malnutrition are implemented at larger scale’ (pers comm: Dr. M Qaim).
Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) lost due to chronic hunger and hidden hunger between 1990 and 2010. Please refer to text for further explanation (
Interventions for micronutrient deficiencies include
With the creation of Golden Rice in 1999 [2]—the first purposefully created biofortified crop—a new term was required: ‘biofortification’. The word was first used in 2002 [23] and first defined in 2004 [24]: “biofortification” is a word coined to refer to increasing the bioavailable micronutrient content of food crops through genetic selection via plant breeding.’ In 2003 ‘Harvest Plus’ a not-for-profit public-sector programme started to biofortify staple crops by conventional plant breeding, to benefit the poor, and progress with biofortification through conventional plant breeding was rewarded by the World Food Prize in 2016 [25].
The intention of biofortification is to deliver public health benefits to populations which are micronutrient deficient, through consumption of the staple crop including the extra nutrition within the edible part of the crop. In this way minimal cultural change is required to food—production, processing or consumption—systems. For the most marginal members of the population, this biofortification approach overcomes the inherent access, cost and non-sustainability difficulties of supplementation and fortification. In 2017 the World Bank recommended that biofortified staple crops should be the norm rather than the exception: ‘conventionally’ bred biofortified crops and also genetically engineered crops—gmo crops—were both recommended with Golden Rice specifically mentioned [26].
For Golden Rice to deliver benefits, it has to be grown and consumed within target countries where VAD remains problematic despite significant progress with other interventions, notably vitamin A capsules, which have undoubtedly saved millions of lives and will save more, since they were introduced (accompanied by controversy) in the 1990s [15, 22]. And success or failure with Golden Rice will directly affect future adoption also of high zinc, high iron and high folate rice and their impact on public health for hundreds of millions of people. All these traits, introduced to the endosperm of rice, necessitated using gmo techniques [16, 27], and all cost no more than white rice to the grower or consumer. Eventually, as the end point of product development, it is planned to include all these nutritional traits together in multi-micronutrient-Golden Rice.
Adoption of Golden Rice requires public health professionals as well as agricultural and other professionals, to work together in each country [12]. Any scepticism created by the past 18 years of negative activist influence will prevent success, if not positively addressed by all involved. For billions of people, the stakes could not be higher.
For more than a quarter of a century, vitamin A deficiency (VAD) has been recognised by the United Nations as a significant public health problem. Key milestones included the:
VAD control is the most cost-effective child health/survival strategy governments can pursue.
All sectors of society should support the virtual elimination of VAD.
Strategies should include promoting breast-feeding, dietary diversification, vitamin A supplementation and food fortification.
Locally available food-based strategies are the first priority. Vitamin A capsule supplementation is only an interim measure [29].
Nevertheless, vitamin A deficiency (VAD) remains a major public health problem, in more than half of all countries, especially in Africa and south-east Asia (Figure 2), hitting hardest young children and pregnant women [31] especially in countries where rice is the staple food. Food sources that are most valuable in terms of micronutrients—for vitamin A, animal products including milk, eggs, butter, liver and fish—are usually more expensive and ‘beyond the reach of poor families’ [15]. Food security staple crops such as rice are cheaper and therefore make up most of the diet.
Public health importance for vitamin A deficiency, by country. Source [
The problem of VAD is exacerbated by the limited bioavailability of vitamin A from fruit and vegetables [33]. It has been estimated that young children between ages 1 and 3 years would need to eat eight servings of dark green leafy vegetables per day in order to meet the recommended dietary allowance (‘RDA’) for vitamin A. These facts have resulted in the conclusion of ‘the virtual impossibility for most poor, young children to meet their vitamin A requirements through vegetable and fruit intake alone’ [15].
VAD is the principal cause of irreversible blindness in children [34]. Another morbidity of VAD is related to impairment of the immune system [15]: most children and mothers who die as a result of VAD do not become blind first but die of common childhood diseases. VAD is a
Global mortality (millions) | 2010a | 2014a | 2016/2017 |
---|---|---|---|
Vitamin A deficiency | 1.9–2.8 | 1.4–2.1 | 1.3–1.9 (2016)b |
HIV/AIDS | 1.8 | 1.2 | 0.94 (2017)c |
Tuberculosis (TB) | 1.4 | 1.1 | 1.6 (2017)d |
Malaria | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.45 (2016)e |
Annual mortality from different public health diseases (VAD deaths exclude significant maternal mortality).
Source: [6]
Source: 23–34%—see text—of 5.6 months <5 years children in 2016 [37]
Source: http://www.unaids.org/en/resources/fact-sheet [Accessed: January 10, 2019]
Source: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tuberculosis [Accessed: January 10, 2019]
Source: https://reliefweb.int/report/world/world-malaria-report-2017 [Accessed: January 10, 2019]
In 2016, 26 years after the first UN commitment to
There is not one type of Golden Rice. The ‘genetic modification’ part of the process used to create Golden Rice occurred only once, in about 2004 [5]. The preferred ‘transformation event GR2E’ was selected in late 2013 [6, 9] and subsequently introduced by ‘conventional plant breeding’ into more than a dozen cultivars of the
The agronomy of Golden Rice—how it grows, its resistance to pests and diseases, its water requirements and days to maturity and plant and grain morphologies—and yield are the same as the variety into which the nutritional trait has been introduced. An avoidable human error was made in an earlier selection of ‘a lead transformation event: GR2R’, which led to plants in open fields falling over when subject to wind and rain, and a small yield loss of about 2% was the result [9, 38]. GR2R was dropped from development in late 2013. The current lead transformation event, GR2E, was selected in the same year. GR2E has been, and will be, registered for use and has no problems associated with it [6].
In his wonderful book
Nevertheless, for Golden Rice ‘from a public health standpoint, for food fortification to be effective’, all the characteristics listed by Dr. Semba are satisfied, except when it comes to ‘undetectable by persons consuming it’. The Golden Rice colour is caused by the β-carotene content, a source of vitamin A for humans, which in Golden Rice is about 80–90% of all carotenoids [5]. It is the same β-carotene which colours mangos, papaya, squash and carrots, all of which consumers readily accept, and there is no taste associated with the β-carotene content. In Golden Rice, the intensity of the colour is proportional to the β-carotene content. The colour is obvious and cannot be ignored (Figure 3).
Polished white and Golden Rice and (a different cultivar, after 2 months of postharvest storage) after cooking.
In 2009 MBA students at the Asian Institute of Management conducted qualitative attitudinal surveys of small farmers and consumers in four different representative island locations in the Philippines. Neither the colour nor the way it was created was considered a block to trying Golden Rice, so long as it was expected to assist their family’s health and was affordable. The solid colour of Golden Rice was recognisably distinct from the rather blotchy yellow colour of poorly stored white rice, which is sometimes offered cheaply by governments to assist poor people.
From several perspectives the colour of Golden Rice is positive. Consumers have a choice about whether to select it for cooking and whether to consume it or not. Such consumer choice is denied and therefore only made by governments or plant breeders, when the biofortified trait is ‘undetectable by persons consuming it’ [15], as in the case of invisible biofortificants such as iron or zinc introduced into biofortified grain crops or used in fortification of processed food. The colour of Golden Rice makes the consumers’ choice clear, even in populations with a variety of languages and dialects or where individuals are illiterate: each grain of Golden Rice is individually labelled, by its colour. No labelling is required on any packaging, and preference can be beneficially affected by communication of its lack of any adverse associations, and anticipated health benefits, from consumption.
Eighty percent—about 380 million tonnes—of global rice production is produced on small farms for family consumption, usually unprocessed except for polishing [38]. It is probably not stored for long, as rice is produced, usually, in two or three growth cycles annually, and storage facilities are limited. Data have shown that degradation of the β-carotene is minimal 2 months after harvest and samples of Golden Rice stored in ambient temperatures for 4.5 years remain noticeably yellow, indicating continued presence of β-carotene [39].
In early 2001, a year after the seminal paper describing the ‘proof of concept’ technology [2], Greenpeace made a press release: ‘Genetically modified “Golden Rice” containing provitamin A will not solve the problem of malnutrition in developing countries,… Greenpeace calculations show… , that an adult would have to eat at least 3.7 kilos of dry weight rice, i.e. around 9 kilos of cooked rice, to satisfy their daily need of vitamin A from “Golden Rice” …’ [40].
It is unclear how Greenpeace came to their conclusion. At the time, it was known that the bioavailability of carotenoids is influenced by nine different factors [41]. But no one knew how efficiently the β-carotene in Golden Rice was converted to circulating vitamin A, retinol, by human adults or children. And nutritionists agreed that animal models would not be helpful because animals metabolise carotenoids differently than humans. Research was needed to determine how efficiently the β-carotene in Golden Rice is converted to circulating retinol, in children in developing countries where rice is the staple, the population segment which suffers most from VAD.
A February 2002 grant application to the US governments National Institutes of Health (NIH) for a project, which is entitled ‘Retinol Equivalents of Plant Carotenoids in Chinese Children’, states ‘This project is to determine the vitamin A value (equivalence) of dietary provitamin A carotenes from spinach, Golden Rice, and pure β-carotene (β-c) in oil. These experiments will be conducted in children (ages 6–8) with/without adequate vitamin A nutrition’.
On February 10, 2004, Tufts University Institutional Review Board (IRB) approved the research Protocol for ‘Retinol Equivalents of Plant carotenoids in Chinese Children’ and noted that ‘The Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences [China] approval is on file’.
On March 11, 2008, the Tufts IRB reviewed and on May 10, 2008, approved the study ‘Vitamin A Value of Plant Carotenoids (Spinach and Golden Rice in Children)’ based on the Protocol ‘Retinol equivalents of plant carotenoids in Chinese children’. Both Protocols referenced ‘NIH grant proposal 1R01 DK060021’.
On March 30, 2008, with respect to ‘Retinol Equivalents of Plant carotenoids in Chinese Children’ and ‘NIH Grant 1R01 DK060021-01’: The Ethical Review Committee of Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences confirmed that they had ‘reviewed the proposed use of human subject identified on June 27, 2003’ and certified that ‘the approval notice is still valid’.
Although the Chinese children research was planned in 2003, various practical setbacks in the production2 of the deuterium-labelled Golden Rice [9] meant that the field work in China was not completed until mid-June 2008 and, due to the complexity of analysis combined with limited analytical resources, publication not until 2012.
In the meantime, similar research was approved and conducted with adult volunteers in the USA. Data confirmed that 3.8 molecules of β-carotene derived by consumption of a single meal of Golden Rice converted to one molecule of circulating retinol [42]; this 3.8:1 bioconversion compared very favourably with conversion ratios established using other plant sources [33]. When the Chinese children research were published online on August 8, 2012, the authors reported a bioconversion ratio of 2.3:1.0, later adjusted to 2.1:1.0, and neither ratio significantly different, statistically, from the 2.0:1.0 of β-carotene in oil, another treatment in the same research. A third treatment, spinach, showed a 7.5:1.0 conversion. In each case the sophisticated research design measured the efficiency of conversion of β-carotene to circulating retinol following a single meal containing the β-carotene source. The publication noted that ‘In summary, the high bioconversion efficiency of Golden Rice β-carotene to vitamin A shows that this rice can be used as a source of vitamin A. Golden Rice may be as useful as a source of preformed vitamin A from vitamin A capsules, eggs or milk to overcome VAD in rice-consuming populations’ [4, 6].
These results were clearly very different from Greenpeace’s 2001 prediction. Instead of welcoming the excellent news of a potentially useful additional VAD intervention, Greenpeace, on August 29, 2012, issued a further press release in China from their Netherlands HQ: ‘Greenpeace alarmed at US-backed GE food trial on Chinese children’…‘It is incredibly disturbing to think that an American research body used Chinese children as guinea pigs for genetically engineered food,… The relevance of this study is questionable,…Nor does high conversion rate solve all the technical, environmental and ethical issues around Golden Rice’ [6, 10]. Greenpeace claimed that the Chinese authorities agreed to halt the research before it started3 but were unable to substantiate their claim to an independent journalist. The press release created hysteria in China and, 4 years after the field research had been completed, caused the parents of the subject children consternation.
Tufts University IRB carried out an investigation and concluded that there were ‘no concerns related to the integrity of the study data, the accuracy of the research results or the safety of the research subjects. In fact, the study indicated that a single serving of the test product, Golden Rice, could provide greater than 50 percent of the recommended daily intake of vitamin A in these children, which could significantly improve health outcomes if adopted as a dietary regimen’. Tufts also noted that ‘the research itself was found not to have been conducted in full compliance with IRB policy or federal regulations’ [43].
Eventually following this Greenpeace Press release, Tang et al. (2012) was retracted by the American Society of Clinical Nutrition in 2015 for procedural reasons. The full details of this and other impediments to Golden Rice’s development are given elsewhere [6, 9, 10, 43].
Separately, the Chair of the Tufts IRB, a computer scientist, in complaint to the publisher of one critical review of the case [10], wrote: ‘There was no research ethics committee or IRB review and approval in effect for the study when it was conducted in 2008’. This gross error of fact, with reference to the NIH grant and related IRB authorisations quoted above, itself calls into question the professionalism or objectivity of the 2012 Tufts IRB review which led to the retraction. (The research sophistication and quality of the retracted paper can be reviewed online [44]).
Henry Miller, a physician, molecular biologist and the founding director of the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), commented in 2015 on the retracted paper: ‘A 2012 article in the nutrition literature might have been the most momentous contribution to public health worldwide since Dr. Jonas Salk’s announcement of the polio vaccine. The operative phrase is might have been, because intimidation, politics and the dishonest, anti-science efforts of NGOs to impugn the research have delayed the translation of its findings to life-saving interventions for millions of children. Why do anti-genetic engineering activists want to save the whales but let children go blind and die?’ [45].
The data generated by the above-mentioned research allow determination of the proportion of the estimated average requirement (EAR) the β-carotene content of Golden Rice can provide to children and adults (Table 2). If Golden Rice was the sole source of β-carotene in the diet, 50% of the EAR is sufficient to combat VAD [46]. Many nutritionists consider that supply of 30–40% of the EAR will be sufficient to combat VAD because the biofortified staple crop is seldom the only source of β-carotene. (The recommended daily allowance—RDA—which implies maintenance of 3-months liver stores of vitamin A, is not required to combat VAD.) The calculations (Table 2) use the β-carotene levels observed in different Golden Rice cultivars (e.g. RC82, BR29, IR36, IR64) of Golden Rice GR2E 2 months after harvest, when degradation has stabilised. A 6% loss of β-carotene in cooking Golden Rice, or 25% loss of β-carotene when a Golden Rice meal is parboiled first, and then reheated, has not been taken into account.
Amount of β-carotene in Golden Rice μg/g | Rice consumption per day (g of dry rice before cooking) | Percentage of EAR provided | |
---|---|---|---|
4.0 | 40 | 36% | |
4.0 | 100 | 91% | |
6.0 | 40 | 54% | |
6.0 | 100 | 136% | |
11.2 | 40 | 102% | |
11.2 | 100 | 254% | |
4.0 | 40 | 20% | |
4.0 | 100 | 50% | |
6.0 | 40 | 30% | |
6.0 | 100 | 75% | |
11.2 | 40 | 56% | |
11.2 | 100 | 140% |
The potential for Golden Rice to deliver the estimate average requirement of β-carotene, as a source of vitamin A, to 1–3-year-old children and adults.
For 1- to 3-year-old child, 100% of EAR is 210 μg RAE/day. An EAR that does not ensure adequate stores but is enough for normal dark adaptation is set at 112 μg ~50% EAR [46]
Golden Rice differs from white rice only in that it contains β-carotene, that is, provitamin A, which the human body converts to vitamin A. Golden Rice contains no vitamin A itself. So the question about safety relates principally to β-carotene, which is anyway ubiquitous in a balanced human diet and the environment.
At the levels found in food, β-carotene is a safe source of vitamin A, and classed as ‘generally recognised as safe’ (GRAS), by the United States Food and Drug Administration (US FDA) [47, 48]. At these physiological doses, consumption of β-carotene over several years has no adverse health effects [49, 50, 51, 52]. The human body only converts to vitamin A, in the form of circulating retinol, the amount of β-carotene necessary, with the rest being excreted or stored unchanged in body tissues (e.g. fat, liver, etc.). It is impossible to induce vitamin A toxicity by consuming β-carotene (pers. comm. Dr. R Russell).
In all β-carotene-containing crops, immediately after harvest the level of β-carotene reduces. For Golden Rice carotenoid degradation mechanisms have been thoroughly investigated4 and the products of degradation quantitated. Additionally, 102 plant food items from Philippine markets, together with orange- or yellow-coloured soft drinks, as well as non-gmo field grown, in all cases, orange maize cobs and yellow cassava storage roots from Zambia, and orange-fleshed sweet potato tubers from Uganda, were analysed for the cleavage products of β-carotene, apocarotenoids [53]. The potential risks arising from ‘aberrant plant carotenoid synthesis’ [54] in genetically modified plants, including Golden Rice, or from non-gmo crops biofortified with pro-vitamin A, have been thoroughly investigated, the authors reporting that ‘Our analysis and quantification of β-carotene derived cleavage products across biofortified and non-biofortified crop plant tissues combined with the calculation of potential exposure document no reason for concern’ [53].
For the formal regulatory approvals for the use of a gmo crop in food, as animal feed or in food or feed processing, on a country by country basis, detailed data sets have to be submitted. For permission to grow a gmo crop in a country, additional data have to be generated5 and submitted showing environmental safety.6 The ‘food, feed and processing’ data package developed for Golden Rice GR2E is extensive (42 megabytes of data). It is available without cost to all Golden Rice licensee countries consistent with long-standing Golden Rice Humanitarian Board policy. Here are the key summaries of the regulatory data submission made in the Philippines:
Although it is hard to imagine that such golden grains of polished Golden Rice could be included in commercial shipments of white rice by accident, in the modern world, any such inclusion could be damaging to international trade. To prevent even such an unlikely situation, the Golden Rice regulatory data have been submitted to regulatory authorities in countries which import rice, where VAD is not a public health issue. As a result of these data submissions, Golden Rice GR2E has been confirmed as safe for use as food, in feed, and for processing by the government’s regulatory authorities in Australia, Canada, New Zealand and USA. The regulatory deliberations and decisions are publicly available: Australia and New Zealand,8 Canada9 and the USA.10
Because in these industrialised countries rice forms only a tiny proportion of standard diets which already contain ample sources of vitamin A, the amounts of β-carotene in Golden Rice would have no significant additional nutritional benefit there. Comments to this effect by the US regulatory authorities were implied by anti-gmo crop opponents to be applicable also in developing countries where the dietary situation is completely different. Such implication has been rebutted by the US FDA [55]. The regulators in these industrialised countries concurred with Tufts University’s statement issued after their investigation of the ‘Chinese children’ research: ‘… Golden Rice, …could significantly improve health outcomes if adopted as a dietary regimen’ [43].
Further regulatory submissions have been made, and registrations are expected, in countries where VAD is a public health problem [56]. In the Philippines the process is not yet complete; nevertheless various government departments have already expressed their support.11
Gmo crops have been vilified by activist groups since the 1990s. ‘Frankenstein foods’ were used in a letter in the
Notwithstanding this opposition, all independent scientific institutions globally have determined, for many years, that there is no inherent danger to crop plants, or the human use of crops plants, or the environment from transferring genes from one organism to another, to create gmo crops, also known as genetically engineered (GE) crops, including transfer of genes between species which cannot sexually reproduce to transfer the genes ‘naturally’ [6, 58, 59].
Norero [60] provides a list of more than 240 independent science institutions from all over the globe which have commented on the safety of the techniques of genetic modification. A particularly clear reference comes from the heart of the geography politically most opposed to gmo technology, the European Commission of the European Union:
‘The main conclusion to be drawn from the efforts of more than 130 research projects, covering a period of more than 25 years of research and involving more than 500 independent research groups, is that biotechnology, and in particular GMOs, are not per se more risky than, for example, conventional plant breeding technologies’ [61].
At the time of writing, 141 Nobel Laureates, of about 290 living, have signed an open letter dated June 29, 2016, addressed to the leaders of Greenpeace, the United Nations and governments around the world calling for the campaign against Golden Rice specifically, and crops and foods improved through biotechnology in general, to cease ‘Opposition based on emotion and dogma contradicted by data must be stopped’ [8]. The letter also has the support of more than 13,000 other scientists and citizens.
Golden Rice seed and regulatory data packages are available—without cost—to public-sector rice-breeding institutions in less developed countries where rice is the staple and vitamin A deficiency endemic. Supply is subject only to national and international regulations and simple and free agreements [4]. The licences ensure that the inventor’s, Professors Potrykus and Beyer, objectives for their donated technology cannot be frustrated: only publicly owned rice varieties can be used, and the nutritional trait cannot be ‘stacked’ with any other gmo trait, unless the latter is also under the control of the public sector. There will be no charge to growers or consumers for the nutritional trait: Golden Rice will cost the same as white rice. Golden Rice homozygous seed, which breeds true generation to generation, will be provided by public-sector rice breeders. All small-holder family farmers—responsible for 80% of global rice production [38]—will eventually have access to it, with (except for commercial export—not a resource-poor farmer activity) no limitations on planting or replanting, harvest or sale of seed or grain.
Addressing micronutrient malnutrition, including VAD, is consistently ranked by the Copenhagen Consensus process, as the first, or at least within the top 5, most cost-effective investments with the potential to address the world’s 30 most intractable problems [62, 63, 64]. Investing in alleviating malnutrition would repay $45 for each dollar invested compared with $36 from fighting malaria and $10 from combatting HIV [65].
Compared with the World Bank standard, or the full cost of provision of vitamin A capsules, a common dietary supplement intervention for VAD since the early 1990s [15, 22], the cost of Golden Rice to save each disability-adjusted life year (DALY) is expected to be very low, perhaps US$0.5 [9, 66, 67].
Economists have calculated that conservative adoption of Golden Rice would benefit the gross domestic product (GDP) of Asian countries by US$6.4 billion (value in US$ of 2005) annually through increased productivity enabled by reduced vitamin A deficiency-induced sickness, and improved eyesight, and ~US$17.4 billion (value in US$ of 2005) if Golden Rice adoption encouraged adoption of other nutritional traits in rice [68]. Recently, HarvestPlus has exceeded target levels of iron and zinc in rice, which they were unable to achieve by conventional breeding, using gmo techniques [16]. Genetic modification has also been used to introduce folate into rice endosperm [27, 69]. The delay to the introduction of Golden Rice in India has been calculated to have cost Indian GDP US$199 million per annum for the decade from 2002 [70, 71], in total about US$1.7 billion (value in US$ of 2014).
Adoption of biofortified crops, including Golden Rice, will facilitate attainment of six of the most important Sustainable Development Goals 2015–2030 (Table 4). The standard costs used by the economists referenced in Tables 3 and 4 [62, 63, 64, 66, 67] refer to the costs of supplementation with vitamin A capsules. As when using Golden Rice, the vitamin A source has zero cost to the grower or consumer; the cost benefit of Golden Rice will be very significantly better than using vitamin A capsules.
Costs (US$ of 2006) | Highest efficiency | Lowest efficiency | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
World Bank cost-effective standarda | $200 | $200 | ||
Providing vitamin A capsulesa | $134 | $599 | ||
Vitamin A fortification of fooda | $84 | $98 | ||
Golden Rice, India @ 12:1a | $3.10 | $19.4 | ||
Golden Rice, Bangladesh 6:1b & 12:1c | $4.0b | $54.0c | ||
Golden Rice, abovea,b,c adjusted 2.1:1d | $0.5 | $1.4 | $3.4 | $9.5 |
Relative costs of saving one disability-adjusted life year using different sources of vitamin A and, for Golden Rice, different bioconversion ratios of β-carotene to circulating vitamin A.
The earlier studies occurred before these bioconversion ratios had been elucidated
Goal # | Goal | Potential impact of biofortification |
---|---|---|
1 | No poverty | Micronutrients in staple crops reduce effects |
2 | Zero hunger | Whole populations will be micronutrient sufficient |
3 | Good health | Provitamin A, Fe, Zn, Folate: less morbidity and mortality |
4 | Quality education | Pupils learn when adequately fed: Fe important |
5 | Gender equality | Biofortified staples available to whole population |
7 | Decent work and economic growth | Increased productivity from biofortified rice alone will add US$17.4 (in US$ of 2005) to Asian GDP |
Biofortification and some Sustainable Development Goals 2015–2030.
Vitamin A deficiency remains a huge public health problem despite existing interventions. Biofortification of staple foods is a new policy priority internationally. Golden Rice is safe. There is excellent human evidence that it will work. It is expected to be extremely cost-effective.
For successful adoption of Golden Rice as an additional intervention for vitamin A deficiency, the support of public health professionals is critical.
Dr. Robert Russell chaired the ‘panel on micronutrients’ the output of which, published in 2001 [72], created the US Governments’ dietary reference intakes for 14 micronutrients, including vitamin A. Also, in 2001, he joined the Golden Rice Humanitarian Board. I am grateful for his nutritional advice and instruction over the intervening years and for checking my calculations in connection with Table 2 and the surrounding text. I have known Dr. Guangwen Tang almost as long and thank her for providing, years ago, copies of the original documents which allowed me to construct with confidence the chronology of the IRB permissions 2003 and 2008 in the USA and China, all referring to the same NIH grant. Since 2015, the project has benefited from another specialist professional, Dr. Donald MacKenzie, who, aside from managing the GR2E regulatory data package generation, compilation and submissions, has also provided the web-links, which I have listed as footnotes in the ‘Safety’ section of this chapter. Thank you, Don, for your critically important work.
The author declares no conflict of interest.
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Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 2nd, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:33,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",slug:"rosa-maria-martinez-espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa has been a Spanish Full Professor since 2020 (Biochemistry and Molecular Biology) and is currently Vice-President of International Relations and Cooperation development and leader of the research group 'Applied Biochemistry” (University of Alicante, Spain). Other positions she has held at the university include Vice-Dean of Master Programs, Vice-Dean of the Degree in Biology and Vice-Dean for Mobility and Enterprise and Engagement at the Faculty of Science (University of Alicante). She received her Bachelor in Biology in 1998 (University of Alicante) and her PhD in 2003 (Biochemistry, University of Alicante). She undertook post-doctoral research at the University of East Anglia (Norwich, U.K. 2004-2005; 2007-2008).\nHer multidisciplinary research focuses on investigating archaea and their potential applications in biotechnology. She has an H-index of 21. She has authored one patent and has published more than 70 indexed papers and around 60 book chapters.\nShe has contributed to more than 150 national and international meetings during the last 15 years. Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. Dr. Beydemir is also Rector of Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Turkey.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",slug:"deniz-ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",biography:"Dr. Deniz Ekinci obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 2004, MSc in Biochemistry in 2006, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2009 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He studied at Stetson University, USA, in 2007-2008 and at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Germany, in 2009-2010. Dr. Ekinci currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Agriculture and is the Head of the Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Division, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Turkey. He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. Dr. Ekinci serves as the Editor in Chief of four international books and is involved in the Editorial Board of several international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",slug:"yannis-karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",biography:"Yannis Karamanos, born in Greece in 1953, completed his pre-graduate studies at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, then his Masters and Doctoral degree at the Université de Lille (1983). He was associate professor at the University of Limoges (1987) before becoming full professor of biochemistry at the Université d’Artois (1996). He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. His teaching areas are energy metabolism and regulation, integration and organ specialization and metabolic adaptation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",slug:"paolo-iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",biography:"Paolo Iadarola graduated with a degree in Chemistry from the University of Pavia (Italy) in July 1972. He then worked as an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Science of the same University until 1984. In 1985, Prof. Iadarola became Associate Professor at the Department of Biology and Biotechnologies of the University of Pavia and retired in October 2017. Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. He is a Consultant Reviewer for several journals, including the Journal of Chromatography A, Journal of Chromatography B, Plos ONE, Proteomes, International Journal of Molecular Science, Biotech, Electrophoresis, and others. He is also Associate Editor of Biotech.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",slug:"simona-viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",biography:"Simona Viglio is an Associate Professor of Biochemistry at the Department of Molecular Medicine at the University of Pavia. She has been working since 1995 on the determination of proteolytic enzymes involved in the degradation process of connective tissue matrix and on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. She is an author of about 90 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; According to WOS: H-Index: 20) on peer-reviewed journals, a member of the “Società Italiana di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare,“ and a Consultant Reviewer for International Journal of Molecular Science, Journal of Chromatography A, COPD, Plos ONE and Nutritional Neuroscience.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:42,paginationItems:[{id:"82914",title:"Glance on the Critical Role of IL-23 Receptor Gene Variations in Inflammation-Induced Carcinogenesis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105049",signatures:"Mohammed El-Gedamy",slug:"glance-on-the-critical-role-of-il-23-receptor-gene-variations-in-inflammation-induced-carcinogenesis",totalDownloads:15,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Chemokines Updates",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11672.jpg",subseries:{id:"18",title:"Proteomics"}}},{id:"82875",title:"Lipidomics as a Tool in the Diagnosis and Clinical Therapy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105857",signatures:"María Elizbeth Alvarez Sánchez, Erick Nolasco Ontiveros, Rodrigo Arreola, Adriana Montserrat Espinosa González, Ana María García Bores, Roberto Eduardo López Urrutia, Ignacio Peñalosa Castro, María del Socorro Sánchez Correa and Edgar Antonio Estrella Parra",slug:"lipidomics-as-a-tool-in-the-diagnosis-and-clinical-therapy",totalDownloads:9,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fatty Acids - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11669.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82440",title:"Lipid Metabolism and Associated Molecular Signaling Events in Autoimmune Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105746",signatures:"Mohan Vanditha, Sonu Das and Mathew John",slug:"lipid-metabolism-and-associated-molecular-signaling-events-in-autoimmune-disease",totalDownloads:17,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fatty Acids - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11669.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82483",title:"Oxidative Stress in Cardiovascular Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105891",signatures:"Laura Mourino-Alvarez, Tamara Sastre-Oliva, Nerea Corbacho-Alonso and Maria G. 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Waisundara",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/194281/images/system/194281.jpg",biography:"Dr. Viduranga Waisundara obtained her Ph.D. in Food Science\nand Technology from the Department of Chemistry, National\nUniversity of Singapore, in 2010. She was a lecturer at Temasek Polytechnic, Singapore from July 2009 to March 2013.\nShe relocated to her motherland of Sri Lanka and spearheaded the Functional Food Product Development Project at the\nNational Institute of Fundamental Studies from April 2013 to\nOctober 2016. She was a senior lecturer on a temporary basis at the Department of\nFood Technology, Faculty of Technology, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka. She is\ncurrently Deputy Principal of the Australian College of Business and Technology –\nKandy Campus, Sri Lanka. She is also the Global Harmonization Initiative (GHI)",institutionString:"Australian College of Business & Technology",institution:{name:"Kobe College",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"6820",title:"Keratin",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6820.jpg",slug:"keratin",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Miroslav Blumenberg",hash:"6def75cd4b6b5324a02b6dc0359896d0",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Keratin",editors:[{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7978",title:"Vitamin A",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7978.jpg",slug:"vitamin-a",publishedDate:"May 15th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Leila Queiroz Zepka, Veridiana Vera de Rosso and Eduardo Jacob-Lopes",hash:"dad04a658ab9e3d851d23705980a688b",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Vitamin A",editors:[{id:"261969",title:"Dr.",name:"Leila",middleName:null,surname:"Queiroz Zepka",slug:"leila-queiroz-zepka",fullName:"Leila Queiroz Zepka",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/261969/images/system/261969.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Leila Queiroz Zepka is currently an associate professor in the Department of Food Technology and Science, Federal University of Santa Maria, Brazil. She has more than fifteen years of teaching and research experience. She has published more than 550 scientific publications/communications, including 15 books, 50 book chapters, 100 original research papers, 380 research communications in national and international conferences, and 12 patents. She is a member of the editorial board of five journals and acts as a reviewer for several national and international journals. Her research interests include microalgal biotechnology with an emphasis on microalgae-based products.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7953",title:"Bioluminescence",subtitle:"Analytical Applications and Basic Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7953.jpg",slug:"bioluminescence-analytical-applications-and-basic-biology",publishedDate:"September 25th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Hirobumi Suzuki",hash:"3a8efa00b71abea11bf01973dc589979",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Bioluminescence - Analytical Applications and Basic Biology",editors:[{id:"185746",title:"Dr.",name:"Hirobumi",middleName:null,surname:"Suzuki",slug:"hirobumi-suzuki",fullName:"Hirobumi Suzuki",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/185746/images/system/185746.png",biography:"Dr. Hirobumi Suzuki received his Ph.D. in 1997 from Tokyo Metropolitan University, Japan, where he studied firefly phylogeny and the evolution of mating systems. He is especially interested in the genetic differentiation pattern and speciation process that correlate to the flashing pattern and mating behavior of some fireflies in Japan. He then worked for Olympus Corporation, a Japanese manufacturer of optics and imaging products, where he was involved in the development of luminescence technology and produced a bioluminescence microscope that is currently being used for gene expression analysis in chronobiology, neurobiology, and developmental biology. Dr. Suzuki currently serves as a visiting researcher at Kogakuin University, Japan, and also a vice president of the Japan Firefly Society.",institutionString:"Kogakuin University",institution:null}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:2,paginationItems:[{id:"11474",title:"Quality of Life Interventions - Magnitude of Effect and Transferability",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11474.jpg",hash:"5a6bcdaf5ee144d043bcdab893ff9e1c",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"July 7th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"245319",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sage",surname:"Arbor",slug:"sage-arbor",fullName:"Sage Arbor"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11473",title:"Social Inequality - Structure and Social Processes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11473.jpg",hash:"cefab077e403fd1695fb2946e7914942",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"July 13th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"313341",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Yaroslava",surname:"Robles-Bykbaev",slug:"yaroslava-robles-bykbaev",fullName:"Yaroslava Robles-Bykbaev"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:49,paginationItems:[{id:"83087",title:"Role of Cellular Responses in Periodontal Tissue Destruction",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106645",signatures:"Nam Cong-Nhat Huynh",slug:"role-of-cellular-responses-in-periodontal-tissue-destruction",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Periodontology - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11566.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"83073",title:"Dental and Orofacial Trauma Impacts on Oral-Health-Related—Quality of Life in Children: Low- and Middle-Income Countries",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105845",signatures:"Yolanda Malele-Kolisa, Nazia Khan, Mpho P. 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He has both an MS and Ph.D. in Biomedical Engineering. He was previously a research scientist at the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) and visiting professor and researcher at the University of North Dakota. He is currently working in artificial intelligence and its applications in medical signal processing. In addition, he is using digital signal processing in medical imaging and speech processing. Dr. Asadpour has developed brain-computer interfacing algorithms and has published books, book chapters, and several journal and conference papers in this field and other areas of intelligent signal processing. 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Ms. Mehtab has published seven papers in international conferences and one of her papers has been accepted for publication in a reputable international journal. She has won the best paper awards in two prestigious international conferences – BAICONF 2019, and ICADCML 2021, organized in the Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore, India in December 2019, and SOA University, Bhubaneswar, India in January 2021. Besides, Ms. Mehtab has also published two book chapters in two books. Seven of her book chapters will be published in a volume shortly in 2021 by Cambridge Scholars’ Press, UK. Currently, she is working as the joint editor of two edited volumes on Time Series Analysis and Forecasting to be published in the first half of 2021 by an international house. Currently, she is working as a Data Scientist with an MNC in Delhi, India.",institutionString:"NSHM College of Management and Technology",institution:{name:"Association for Computing Machinery",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"226240",title:"Dr.",name:"Andri Irfan",middleName:null,surname:"Rifai",slug:"andri-irfan-rifai",fullName:"Andri Irfan Rifai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226240/images/7412_n.jpg",biography:"Andri IRFAN is a Senior Lecturer of Civil Engineering and Planning. He completed the PhD at the Universitas Indonesia & Universidade do Minho with Sandwich Program Scholarship from the Directorate General of Higher Education and LPDP scholarship. He has been teaching for more than 19 years and much active to applied his knowledge in the project construction in Indonesia. His research interest ranges from pavement management system to advanced data mining techniques for transportation engineering. He has published more than 50 papers in journals and 2 books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Internasional Batam",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"314576",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibai",middleName:null,surname:"Laña",slug:"ibai-lana",fullName:"Ibai Laña",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314576/images/system/314576.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ibai Laña works at TECNALIA as a data analyst. He received his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence from the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Spain, in 2018. He is currently a senior researcher at TECNALIA. His research interests fall within the intersection of intelligent transportation systems, machine learning, traffic data analysis, and data science. He has dealt with urban traffic forecasting problems, applying machine learning models and evolutionary algorithms. He has experience in origin-destination matrix estimation or point of interest and trajectory detection. Working with large volumes of data has given him a good command of big data processing tools and NoSQL databases. He has also been a visiting scholar at the Knowledge Engineering and Discovery Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"314575",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus",middleName:null,surname:"L. Lobo",slug:"jesus-l.-lobo",fullName:"Jesus L. Lobo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314575/images/system/314575.png",biography:"Dr. Jesús López is currently based in Bilbao (Spain) working at TECNALIA as Artificial Intelligence Research Scientist. In most cases, a project idea or a new research line needs to be investigated to see if it is good enough to take into production or to focus on it. That is exactly what he does, diving into Machine Learning algorithms and technologies to help TECNALIA to decide whether something is great in theory or will actually impact on the product or processes of its projects. So, he is expert at framing experiments, developing hypotheses, and proving whether they’re true or not, in order to investigate fundamental problems with a longer time horizon. He is also able to design and develop PoCs and system prototypes in simulation. He has participated in several national and internacional R&D projects.\n\nAs another relevant part of his everyday research work, he usually publishes his findings in reputed scientific refereed journals and international conferences, occasionally acting as reviewer and Programme Commitee member. Concretely, since 2018 he has published 9 JCR (8 Q1) journal papers, 9 conference papers (e.g. ECML PKDD 2021), and he has co-edited a book. He is also active in popular science writing data science stories for reputed blogs (KDNuggets, TowardsDataScience, Naukas). Besides, he has recently embarked on mentoring programmes as mentor, and has also worked as data science trainer.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",slug:"yalcin-isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",biography:"Yalcin Isler (1971 - Burdur / Turkey) received the B.Sc. degree in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey, in 1993, the M.Sc. degree from the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey, in 1996, the Ph.D. degree from the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey, in 2009, and the Competence of Associate Professorship from the Turkish Interuniversity Council in 2019.\n\nHe was Lecturer at Burdur Vocational School in Suleyman Demirel University (1993-2000, Burdur / Turkey), Software Engineer (2000-2002, Izmir / Turkey), Research Assistant in Bulent Ecevit University (2002-2003, Zonguldak / Turkey), Research Assistant in Dokuz Eylul University (2003-2010, Izmir / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering in Bulent Ecevit University (2010-2012, Zonguldak / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering in Izmir Katip Celebi University (2012-2019, Izmir / Turkey). He is an Associate Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir / Turkey, since 2019. In addition to academics, he has also founded Islerya Medical and Information Technologies Company, Izmir / Turkey, since 2017.\n\nHis main research interests cover biomedical signal processing, pattern recognition, medical device design, programming, and embedded systems. He has many scientific papers and participated in several projects in these study fields. He was an IEEE Student Member (2009-2011) and IEEE Member (2011-2014) and has been IEEE Senior Member since 2014.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"339677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mrinmoy",middleName:null,surname:"Roy",slug:"mrinmoy-roy",fullName:"Mrinmoy Roy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/339677/images/16768_n.jpg",biography:"An accomplished Sales & Marketing professional with 12 years of cross-functional experience in well-known organisations such as CIPLA, LUPIN, GLENMARK, ASTRAZENECA across different segment of Sales & Marketing, International Business, Institutional Business, Product Management, Strategic Marketing of HIV, Oncology, Derma, Respiratory, Anti-Diabetic, Nutraceutical & Stomatological Product Portfolio and Generic as well as Chronic Critical Care Portfolio. A First Class MBA in International Business & Strategic Marketing, B.Pharm, D.Pharm, Google Certified Digital Marketing Professional. Qualified PhD Candidate in Operations and Management with special focus on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning adoption, analysis and use in Healthcare, Hospital & Pharma Domain. Seasoned with diverse therapy area of Pharmaceutical Sales & Marketing ranging from generating revenue through generating prescriptions, launching new products, and making them big brands with continuous strategy execution at the Physician and Patients level. Moved from Sales to Marketing and Business Development for 3.5 years in South East Asian Market operating from Manila, Philippines. Came back to India and handled and developed Brands such as Gluconorm, Lupisulin, Supracal, Absolut Woman, Hemozink, Fabiflu (For COVID 19), and many more. In my previous assignment I used to develop and execute strategies on Sales & Marketing, Commercialization & Business Development for Institution and Corporate Hospital Business portfolio of Oncology Therapy Area for AstraZeneca Pharma India Ltd. Being a Research Scholar and Student of ‘Operations Research & Management: Artificial Intelligence’ I published several pioneer research papers and book chapters on the same in Internationally reputed journals and Books indexed in Scopus, Springer and Ei Compendex, Google Scholar etc. Currently, I am launching PGDM Pharmaceutical Management Program in IIHMR Bangalore and spearheading the course curriculum and structure of the same. I am interested in Collaboration for Healthcare Innovation, Pharma AI Innovation, Future trend in Marketing and Management with incubation on Healthcare, Healthcare IT startups, AI-ML Modelling and Healthcare Algorithm based training module development. I am also an affiliated member of the Institute of Management Consultant of India, looking forward to Healthcare, Healthcare IT and Innovation, Pharma and Hospital Management Consulting works.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lovely Professional University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"310576",title:"Prof.",name:"Erick Giovani",middleName:null,surname:"Sperandio Nascimento",slug:"erick-giovani-sperandio-nascimento",fullName:"Erick Giovani Sperandio Nascimento",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y00002pDKxDQAW/ProfilePicture%202022-06-20%2019%3A57%3A24.788",biography:"Prof. Erick Sperandio is the Lead Researcher and professor of Artificial Intelligence (AI) at SENAI CIMATEC, Bahia, Brazil, also working with Computational Modeling (CM) and HPC. He holds a PhD in Environmental Engineering in the area of Atmospheric Computational Modeling, a Master in Informatics in the field of Computational Intelligence and Graduated in Computer Science from UFES. He currently coordinates, leads and participates in R&D projects in the areas of AI, computational modeling and supercomputing applied to different areas such as Oil and Gas, Health, Advanced Manufacturing, Renewable Energies and Atmospheric Sciences, advising undergraduate, master's and doctoral students. He is the Lead Researcher at SENAI CIMATEC's Reference Center on Artificial Intelligence. In addition, he is a Certified Instructor and University Ambassador of the NVIDIA Deep Learning Institute (DLI) in the areas of Deep Learning, Computer Vision, Natural Language Processing and Recommender Systems, and Principal Investigator of the NVIDIA/CIMATEC AI Joint Lab, the first in Latin America within the NVIDIA AI Technology Center (NVAITC) worldwide program. He also works as a researcher at the Supercomputing Center for Industrial Innovation (CS2i) and at the SENAI Institute of Innovation for Automation (ISI Automação), both from SENAI CIMATEC. He is a member and vice-coordinator of the Basic Board of Scientific-Technological Advice and Evaluation, in the area of Innovation, of the Foundation for Research Support of the State of Bahia (FAPESB). He serves as Technology Transfer Coordinator and one of the Principal Investigators at the National Applied Research Center in Artificial Intelligence (CPA-IA) of SENAI CIMATEC, focusing on Industry, being one of the six CPA-IA in Brazil approved by MCTI / FAPESP / CGI.br. He also participates as one of the representatives of Brazil in the BRICS Innovation Collaboration Working Group on HPC, ICT and AI. He is the coordinator of the Work Group of the Axis 5 - Workforce and Training - of the Brazilian Strategy for Artificial Intelligence (EBIA), and member of the MCTI/EMBRAPII AI Innovation Network Training Committee. He is the coordinator, by SENAI CIMATEC, of the Artificial Intelligence Reference Network of the State of Bahia (REDE BAH.IA). He leads the working group of experts representing Brazil in the Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI), on the theme \"AI and the Pandemic Response\".",institutionString:"Manufacturing and Technology Integrated Campus – SENAI CIMATEC",institution:null},{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:'"Politechnica" University Timişoara',institution:null},{id:"221364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneko",middleName:null,surname:"Osaba",slug:"eneko-osaba",fullName:"Eneko Osaba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221364/images/system/221364.jpg",biography:"Dr. Eneko Osaba works at TECNALIA as a senior researcher. He obtained his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence in 2015. He has participated in more than twenty-five local and European research projects, and in the publication of more than 130 papers. He has performed several stays at universities in the United Kingdom, Italy, and Malta. Dr. Osaba has served as a program committee member in more than forty international conferences and participated in organizing activities in more than ten international conferences. He is a member of the editorial board of the International Journal of Artificial Intelligence, Data in Brief, and Journal of Advanced Transportation. He is also a guest editor for the Journal of Computational Science, Neurocomputing, Swarm, and Evolutionary Computation and IEEE ITS Magazine.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"275829",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Villar-Rodriguez",slug:"esther-villar-rodriguez",fullName:"Esther Villar-Rodriguez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/275829/images/system/275829.jpg",biography:"Dr. Esther Villar obtained a Ph.D. in Information and Communication Technologies from the University of Alcalá, Spain, in 2015. She obtained a degree in Computer Science from the University of Deusto, Spain, in 2010, and an MSc in Computer Languages and Systems from the National University of Distance Education, Spain, in 2012. Her areas of interest and knowledge include natural language processing (NLP), detection of impersonation in social networks, semantic web, and machine learning. Dr. Esther Villar made several contributions at conferences and publishing in various journals in those fields. Currently, she is working within the OPTIMA (Optimization Modeling & Analytics) business of TECNALIA’s ICT Division as a data scientist in projects related to the prediction and optimization of management and industrial processes (resource planning, energy efficiency, etc).",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"278948",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"carlos-pedro-goncalves",fullName:"Carlos Pedro Gonçalves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRcmyQAC/Profile_Picture_1564224512145",biography:'Carlos Pedro Gonçalves (PhD) is an Associate Professor at Lusophone University of Humanities and Technologies and a researcher on Complexity Sciences, Quantum Technologies, Artificial Intelligence, Strategic Studies, Studies in Intelligence and Security, FinTech and Financial Risk Modeling. He is also a progammer with programming experience in:\n\nA) Quantum Computing using Qiskit Python module and IBM Quantum Experience Platform, with software developed on the simulation of Quantum Artificial Neural Networks and Quantum Cybersecurity;\n\nB) Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning programming in Python;\n\nC) Artificial Intelligence, Multiagent Systems Modeling and System Dynamics Modeling in Netlogo, with models developed in the areas of Chaos Theory, Econophysics, Artificial Intelligence, Classical and Quantum Complex Systems Science, with the Econophysics models having been cited worldwide and incorporated in PhD programs by different Universities.\n\nReceived an Arctic Code Vault Contributor status by GitHub, due to having developed open source software preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\" for future generations (https://archiveprogram.github.com/arctic-vault/), with the Strategy Analyzer A.I. module for decision making support (based on his PhD thesis, used in his Classes on Decision Making and in Strategic Intelligence Consulting Activities) and QNeural Python Quantum Neural Network simulator also preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\", for access to these software modules see: https://github.com/cpgoncalves. He is also a peer reviewer with outsanding review status from Elsevier journals, including Physica A, Neurocomputing and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence. Science CV available at: https://www.cienciavitae.pt//pt/8E1C-A8B3-78C5 and ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0298-3974',institutionString:"University of Lisbon",institution:{name:"Universidade Lusófona",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"241400",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Bsiss",slug:"mohammed-bsiss",fullName:"Mohammed Bsiss",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241400/images/8062_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"276128",title:"Dr.",name:"Hira",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",slug:"hira-fatima",fullName:"Hira Fatima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/276128/images/14420_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Hira Fatima\nAssistant Professor\nDepartment of Mathematics\nInstitute of Applied Science\nMangalayatan University, Aligarh\nMobile: no : 8532041179\nhirafatima2014@gmal.com\n\nDr. Hira Fatima has received his Ph.D. degree in pure Mathematics from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh India. Currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mathematics, Institute of Applied Science, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh. She taught so many courses of Mathematics of UG and PG level. Her research Area of Expertise is Functional Analysis & Sequence Spaces. She has been working on Ideal Convergence of double sequence. She has published 17 research papers in National and International Journals including Cogent Mathematics, Filomat, Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, Advances in Difference Equations, Journal of Mathematical Analysis, Journal of Mathematical & Computer Science etc. She has also reviewed few research papers for the and international journals. She is a member of Indian Mathematical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"414880",title:"Dr.",name:"Maryam",middleName:null,surname:"Vatankhah",slug:"maryam-vatankhah",fullName:"Maryam Vatankhah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Borough of Manhattan Community College",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"414879",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammad-Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",slug:"mohammad-reza-akbarzadeh-totonchi",fullName:"Mohammad-Reza Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ferdowsi University of Mashhad",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"414878",title:"Prof.",name:"Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Fazel-Rezai",slug:"reza-fazel-rezai",fullName:"Reza Fazel-Rezai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"American Public University System",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"426586",title:"Dr.",name:"Oladunni A.",middleName:null,surname:"Daramola",slug:"oladunni-a.-daramola",fullName:"Oladunni A. Daramola",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Technology",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"357014",title:"Prof.",name:"Leon",middleName:null,surname:"Bobrowski",slug:"leon-bobrowski",fullName:"Leon Bobrowski",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Bialystok University of Technology",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"302698",title:"Dr.",name:"Yao",middleName:null,surname:"Shan",slug:"yao-shan",fullName:"Yao Shan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Dalian University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"354126",title:"Dr.",name:"Setiawan",middleName:null,surname:"Hadi",slug:"setiawan-hadi",fullName:"Setiawan Hadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Padjadjaran University",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"125911",title:"Prof.",name:"Jia-Ching",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"jia-ching-wang",fullName:"Jia-Ching Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Central University",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"332603",title:"Prof.",name:"Kumar S.",middleName:null,surname:"Ray",slug:"kumar-s.-ray",fullName:"Kumar S. Ray",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Statistical Institute",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"415409",title:"Prof.",name:"Maghsoud",middleName:null,surname:"Amiri",slug:"maghsoud-amiri",fullName:"Maghsoud Amiri",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Allameh Tabataba'i University",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"357085",title:"Mr.",name:"P. Mohan",middleName:null,surname:"Anand",slug:"p.-mohan-anand",fullName:"P. Mohan Anand",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"356696",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"P.V.",middleName:null,surname:"Sai Charan",slug:"p.v.-sai-charan",fullName:"P.V. Sai Charan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"357086",title:"Prof.",name:"Sandeep K.",middleName:null,surname:"Shukla",slug:"sandeep-k.-shukla",fullName:"Sandeep K. 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Thus all studies on metabolism will be considered for publication.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11413,editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",slug:"yannis-karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",biography:"Yannis Karamanos, born in Greece in 1953, completed his pre-graduate studies at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, then his Masters and Doctoral degree at the Université de Lille (1983). He was associate professor at the University of Limoges (1987) before becoming full professor of biochemistry at the Université d’Artois (1996). He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. His teaching areas are energy metabolism and regulation, integration and organ specialization and metabolic adaptation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983"},editorialBoard:[{id:"243049",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Pantea Stoian",slug:"anca-pantea-stoian",fullName:"Anca Pantea Stoian",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243049/images/system/243049.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"203824",title:"Dr.",name:"Attilio",middleName:null,surname:"Rigotti",slug:"attilio-rigotti",fullName:"Attilio Rigotti",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pontifical Catholic University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"300470",title:"Dr.",name:"Yanfei (Jacob)",middleName:null,surname:"Qi",slug:"yanfei-(jacob)-qi",fullName:"Yanfei (Jacob) Qi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300470/images/system/300470.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:18,paginationItems:[{id:"82875",title:"Lipidomics as a Tool in the Diagnosis and Clinical Therapy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105857",signatures:"María Elizbeth Alvarez Sánchez, Erick Nolasco Ontiveros, Rodrigo Arreola, Adriana Montserrat Espinosa González, Ana María García Bores, Roberto Eduardo López Urrutia, Ignacio Peñalosa Castro, María del Socorro Sánchez Correa and Edgar Antonio Estrella Parra",slug:"lipidomics-as-a-tool-in-the-diagnosis-and-clinical-therapy",totalDownloads:9,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fatty Acids - 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