Applications of reversed-phase hydrophilic stationary phases.
\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"10882",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Smart Drug Delivery",title:"Smart Drug Delivery",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book brings together recent developments in the field of drug delivery. Technological advancements in the field of pharmaceutical sciences have revolutionized the patient care industry. The book serves to bridge the gap between the current research scenario and the technical knowledge provided at the pharmaceutical institutions to maximize the skills of individuals involved at any level in this domain. Chapters address topics related to the formulation and evaluation of drug delivery systems, various targeting approaches and novel tools, and design and statistical techniques employed to develop robust and effective dosage forms.",isbn:"978-1-83969-539-1",printIsbn:"978-1-83969-538-4",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83969-540-7",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95191",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"smart-drug-delivery",numberOfPages:208,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"70c3ce4256324b3c58db970d446ddac4",bookSignature:"Usama Ahmad, Md. Faheem Haider and Juber Akhtar",publishedDate:"July 6th 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10882.jpg",numberOfDownloads:1048,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:1,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:1,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:2,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"February 18th 2021",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"March 18th 2021",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"May 17th 2021",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"August 5th 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"October 4th 2021",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"255360",title:"Dr.",name:"Usama",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"usama-ahmad",fullName:"Usama Ahmad",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255360/images/system/255360.png",biography:"Dr. Usama Ahmad holds a specialization in Pharmaceutics from Amity University, Lucknow, India. He received his Ph.D. from Integral University, Lucknow, India, with his work titled ‘Development and evaluation of silymarin nanoformulation for hepatic carcinoma’. Currently, he is an Assistant Professor of Pharmaceutics, at the Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University. He has been teaching PharmD, BPharm, and MPharm students and conducting research in the novel drug delivery domain. From 2013 to 2014 he worked on a research project funded by SERB-DST, Government of India. He has a rich publication record with more than twenty-four original journal articles, two edited books, four book chapters, and several scientific articles to his credit. He is a member of the American Association for Cancer Research, the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer, and the British Society for Nanomedicine. Dr. Ahmad’s research focus is on the development of nanoformulations to facilitate the delivery of drugs.",institutionString:"Integral University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"4",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"Integral University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"329248",title:"Dr.",name:"Md. Faheem",middleName:null,surname:"Haider",slug:"md.-faheem-haider",fullName:"Md. Faheem Haider",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329248/images/system/329248.jpg",biography:"Dr. Md. Faheem Haider completed his BPharm in 2012 at Integral University, Lucknow, India. In 2014, he completed his MPharm with specialization in Pharmaceutics at Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, India. He received his Ph.D. degree from Jamia Hamdard University, New Delhi, India, in 2018. He was selected for the GPAT six times and his best All India Rank was 34. Currently, he is an assistant professor at Integral University. Previously he was an assistant professor at IIMT University, Meerut, India. He has experience teaching DPharm, Pharm.D, BPharm, and MPharm students. He has more than five publications in reputed journals to his credit. Dr. Faheem’s research area is the development and characterization of nanoformulation for the delivery of drugs to various organs.",institutionString:"Integral University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Integral University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},coeditorTwo:{id:"252107",title:"Dr.",name:"Juber",middleName:null,surname:"Akhtar",slug:"juber-akhtar",fullName:"Juber Akhtar",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252107/images/system/252107.jpg",biography:"Dr. Juber Akhtar obtained a BPharm from Jamia Hamdard University, New Delhi, in 2005, MPharm from Manipal University, Karnataka, in 2007, and Ph.D. from Integral University, Lucknow, in 2014. He is currently an associate professor at Integral University. From 2014 to 2016, Dr. Akhtar was head of the Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University. He also served as chairman cum biological scientist for Institutional Animal Ethics Committee (IAEC) from October 2015 to May 2017. He has experience teaching abroad and was previously a professor at Buraydah College of Pharmacy and Dentistry, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Dr. Akhtar has more than eighty publications in reputed journals and is an editorial board member for many esteemed journals. He has supervised a dozen Ph.D. and MPharm students in research projects. Dr. Akhtar’s areas of research interest include the development of nanoparticulate drug delivery systems.",institutionString:"Integral University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Integral University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1194",title:"Drug Delivery System",slug:"drug-delivery-system"}],chapters:[{id:"78928",title:"Drug Delivery through Liposomes",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97727",slug:"drug-delivery-through-liposomes",totalDownloads:15,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Several efforts have been focused on targeted drug delivery systems for delivering a drug to a particular region of the body for better control of systemic as well as local action. Liposomes have proven their efficiency as a choice of carrier for targeting the drugs to the site of action. The main reason for continuous research on liposomes drug delivery is they largely attributed to the fact that they can mimic biological cells. This also means that liposomes are highly biocompatible, making them an ideal candidate for a drug delivery system. The uses found for liposomes have been wide-spread and even include drug delivery systems for cosmetics. Several reports have shown the applicability of liposomal drug delivery systems for their safe and effective administration of different classes of drugs like anti tubercular, anti cancer, antifungal, antiviral, antimicrobial, antisense, lung therapeutics, skin care, vaccines and gene therapy. Liposomes are proven to be effective in active or passive targeting. Modification of the bilayer further found to increase the circulation time, improve elasticity, Trigger sensitive release such as pH, ultrasound, heat or light with appropriate lipid compositions. The present chapter focuses on the fundamental aspects of liposomes, their structural components, preparation, characterization and applications.",signatures:"Srinivas Lankalapalli and V.S. Vinai Kumar Tenneti",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78928",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78928",authors:[{id:"231435",title:"Prof.",name:"Srinivas",surname:"Lankalapalli",slug:"srinivas-lankalapalli",fullName:"Srinivas Lankalapalli"},{id:"351733",title:"Dr.",name:"V.S. Vinai",surname:"Kumar Tenneti",slug:"v.s.-vinai-kumar-tenneti",fullName:"V.S. Vinai Kumar Tenneti"}],corrections:null},{id:"78379",title:"Protein and Peptide Drug Delivery",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99608",slug:"protein-and-peptide-drug-delivery",totalDownloads:18,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Protein and peptide-based drugs have great potential applications as therapeutic agents since they have higher efficacy and lower toxicity than chemical drugs. However, difficulty with their delivery has limited their use. In particular, their oral bioavailability is very low, and the transdermal delivery faces absorption limitations. Therefore, most of the protein and peptide-based drugs are administered by the parenteral route. However, this route also has some problems, such as patient discomfort, especially for pediatric use. Extensive research has been performed over the past few decades to develop protein and peptide delivery systems that circumvent the problems mentioned above. Various strategies that have been employed during this time include nanoparticle carriers, absorption enhancers, enzyme inhibitors, mucoadhesive polymers, and chemical modification of protein or peptide structures. However, most of these strategies are focused on the delivery of proteins or peptides via the oral route since it is the most preferred route considering its high level of patient acceptance, long-term compliance, and simplicity. However, other routes of administration such as transdermal, nasal, pulmonary can also be attractive alternatives for protein and peptide delivery. This chapter will discuss the most effective approaches used to develop protein and peptide drug delivery systems.",signatures:"Nitai Charan Giri",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78379",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78379",authors:[{id:"356406",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Nitai",surname:"Charan Giri",slug:"nitai-charan-giri",fullName:"Nitai Charan Giri"}],corrections:null},{id:"78313",title:"Smart Drug-Delivery Systems in the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis: Current, Future Perspectives",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99641",slug:"smart-drug-delivery-systems-in-the-treatment-of-rheumatoid-arthritis-current-future-perspectives",totalDownloads:230,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a progressive autoimmune inflammatory disorder characterized by cellular infiltration in synovium causing joint destruction and bone erosion. The heterogeneous nature of the disease manifests in different clinical forms, hence treatment of RA still remains obscure. Treatments are limited owing to systemic toxicity by dose-escalation and lack of selectivity. To overcome these limitations, Smart drug delivery systems (SDDS) are under investigation to exploit the arthritic microenvironment either by passive targeting or active targeting to the inflamed joints via folate receptor, CD44, angiogenesis, integrins. This review comprehensively deliberates upon understanding the pathophysiology of RA and role of SDDSs, highlighting the emerging trends for RA nanotherapeutics.",signatures:"Largee Biswas, Vikas Shukla, Vijay Kumar and Anita Kamra Verma",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78313",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78313",authors:[{id:"351722",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Anita",surname:"Kamra Verma",slug:"anita-kamra-verma",fullName:"Anita Kamra Verma"},{id:"419119",title:"MSc.",name:"Largee",surname:"Biswas",slug:"largee-biswas",fullName:"Largee Biswas"},{id:"419120",title:"Mr.",name:"Vikas",surname:"Shukla",slug:"vikas-shukla",fullName:"Vikas Shukla"},{id:"419121",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",surname:"Kumar",slug:"vijay-kumar",fullName:"Vijay Kumar"}],corrections:null},{id:"79411",title:"Phospholipid Based Nano Drug Delivery Systems of Phytoconstituents",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101040",slug:"phospholipid-based-nano-drug-delivery-systems-of-phytoconstituents",totalDownloads:154,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"The development of phytochemistry and phyto-pharmacology has enabled elucidation of composition and biological activities of several medicinal plant constituents. However phytoconstituents are poorly absorbed due to their low aqueous solubility, large molecular size and poor membrane permeability when taken orally. Nanotechnology based drug delivery systems can be used to improve the dissolution rate, permeability and stability of these phytoconstituents. The current chapter aims to present the extraction of phytoconstituents, their identifications, and development/utilization of phospholipid based nano drug delivery systems (PBNDDS). The content of the chapter also provides characteristic features, in-vitro, in-vivo evaluations and stability performance of PBNDDS. The results from the UHPLC and GC-MS showed different phytoconstituents in the extracted samples with quantitative value. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) data showed PBNDDS of different phytoconstituents in the range of 50–250 nm with PDI value of 0.02–0.5, which was also confirmed by the electron microscopic data. Phytoconstituents loading or entrapment for PBNDDS was in the range of 60–95%. PBNDDS exhibited better in-vitro and in-vivo performance with improved Physico-chemical stability.",signatures:"Mohammad Hossain Shariare and Mohsin Kazi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/79411",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/79411",authors:[{id:"187082",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohsin",surname:"Kazi",slug:"mohsin-kazi",fullName:"Mohsin Kazi"},{id:"355488",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Mohammad Hossain",surname:"Shariare",slug:"mohammad-hossain-shariare",fullName:"Mohammad Hossain Shariare"}],corrections:null},{id:"79292",title:"Aliphatic Polyester Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery Systems",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100977",slug:"aliphatic-polyester-nanoparticles-for-drug-delivery-systems",totalDownloads:131,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Drug delivery systems using aliphatic polyester nanoparticles are usually prepared via an emulsion process. These nanoparticles can control drug release and improve pharmacokinetics. Aliphatic polyesters are linear polymers containing ester linkages, showing sensitivity to hydrolytic degradation. The byproducts then promote autocatalytic degradation. These byproducts could enter the Krebs cycle and be eliminated from the body, resulting in the high biocompatibility of these nanoparticles. The properties of these polyesters are linked to the drug release rate due to biodegradation, i.e., polymer crystallinity, glass transition temperature, polymer hydrophobicity, and molecular weight (MW), all of which relatively influence hydrolysis. Mathematical equations have been used to study the factors and mechanisms that affect drug dissolution compared to experimental release data. The equations used as models for predicting the kinetics of drug release include the zero-order, first-order, Higuchi, Hixson-Crowell, and Korsmeyer-Peppas equations. Aliphatic polyester-based controlled drug delivery has surrounded much of the current activity in the estimation parameters of nanoparticles and stimulated additional research. Polymeric nanoparticles have potential in a wide range of applications, such as in biotechnology, vaccine systems, and the pharmaceutical industry. The main goal of this chapter is to discuss aliphatic polyester nanoparticles as drug carrier systems.",signatures:"Narumol Kreua-ongarjnukool, Nopparuj Soomherun, Saowapa Thumsing Niyomthai and Sorayouth Chumnanvej",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/79292",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/79292",authors:[{id:"418423",title:"Dr.",name:"Nopparuj",surname:"Soomherun",slug:"nopparuj-soomherun",fullName:"Nopparuj Soomherun"},{id:"419970",title:"Prof.",name:"Narumol",surname:"Kreua-ongarjnukool",slug:"narumol-kreua-ongarjnukool",fullName:"Narumol Kreua-ongarjnukool"},{id:"419971",title:"Dr.",name:"Saowapa",surname:"Thumsing Niyomthai",slug:"saowapa-thumsing-niyomthai",fullName:"Saowapa Thumsing Niyomthai"},{id:"419972",title:"Prof.",name:"Sorayouth",surname:"Chumnanvej",slug:"sorayouth-chumnanvej",fullName:"Sorayouth Chumnanvej"}],corrections:null},{id:"78619",title:"Strategies to Develop Cyclodextrin-Based Nanosponges for Smart Drug Delivery",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100182",slug:"strategies-to-develop-cyclodextrin-based-nanosponges-for-smart-drug-delivery",totalDownloads:147,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In recent years, the development of various cyclodextrin (CD)-based nanosponges (NSs) has gained great importance in the controlled and-or targeted release of drugs due to their versatility and simple preparation. In this chapter, an introduction of different administration routes is explained. Further, different ways to obtain CD-NSs and their classification are shown with a brief explanation of the characterization of the inclusion complexes. Finally, illustrative examples in diverse processes or diseases will be reviewed and explained to demonstrate the potential of CD-NSs. Therefore, this division will serve to compile information on CD-NSs in recent years and to illustrate to readers how to generate and apply different derivatives of interest.",signatures:"Gjylije Hoti, Silvia Lucia Appleton, Alberto Rubin Pedrazzo, Claudio Cecone, Adrián Matencio, Francesco Trotta and Fabrizio Caldera",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78619",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78619",authors:[{id:"354544",title:"Prof.",name:"Francesco",surname:"Trotta",slug:"francesco-trotta",fullName:"Francesco Trotta"},{id:"418841",title:"Ms.",name:"Gjylije",surname:"Hoti",slug:"gjylije-hoti",fullName:"Gjylije Hoti"},{id:"418842",title:"Ms.",name:"Silvia",surname:"Lucia Appleton",slug:"silvia-lucia-appleton",fullName:"Silvia Lucia Appleton"},{id:"418844",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",surname:"Rubin Pedrazzo",slug:"alberto-rubin-pedrazzo",fullName:"Alberto Rubin Pedrazzo"},{id:"418845",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudio",surname:"Cecone",slug:"claudio-cecone",fullName:"Claudio Cecone"},{id:"418846",title:"Dr.",name:"Adrián",surname:"Matencio",slug:"adrian-matencio",fullName:"Adrián Matencio"},{id:"418847",title:"Dr.",name:"Fabrizio",surname:"Caldera",slug:"fabrizio-caldera",fullName:"Fabrizio Caldera"}],corrections:null},{id:"78844",title:"Targeted Nano-Drug Delivery System to Colon Cancer",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100059",slug:"targeted-nano-drug-delivery-system-to-colon-cancer",totalDownloads:136,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Cancer has been considered as the most cause of death in world. Employing of nanocarriers as drug delivery systems provide a platform for delivering drugs with increasing the anti-cancer efficacy, enhancing bioavailability of drugs, reducing side effects, enhancing the circulation half-life of drugs, improving the distribution of drugs and overcoming drug resistance. A number of nanocarriers have been studied as drug delivery systems for improving the treatment of cancer including liposomes, micelle, polymeric nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, dendrimers, solid lipid nanoparticle (SLN) and nanostructure lipid carrier (NLC). In order to enhance recognition and internalization of nanocarriers by the target tissues, their surfaces can be modified with targeting ligands such as integrins, transferrin, folic acid, polysaccharides and antibodies. In this chapter, we are going to introduce the targeted nanocarriers for improving the cytotoxic action of drugs with further attempt of decreasing dose to achieve higher anticancer activity. Targeted nanocarriers would provide a promising therapeutic approach for cancer.",signatures:"Eskandar Moghimipour and Somayeh Handali",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78844",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78844",authors:[{id:"65036",title:"Prof.",name:"Eskandar",surname:"Moghimipour",slug:"eskandar-moghimipour",fullName:"Eskandar Moghimipour"},{id:"356504",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",surname:"Handali",slug:"somayeh-handali",fullName:"Somayeh Handali"}],corrections:null},{id:"81238",title:"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare: An Overview",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102768",slug:"artificial-intelligence-in-healthcare-an-overview",totalDownloads:53,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The healthcare industry is advancing ahead swiftly. For many healthcare organizations, being able to forecast which treatment techniques are likely to be successful with patients based on their makeup and treatment framework is a big step forward. Artificial intelligence has the potential to help healthcare providers in a variety of ways, including patient care and administrative tasks. The technology aims to mimic human cognitive functions, as it offers numerous advantages over traditional analytics and other clinical decision-making tools. Data becomes more precise and accurate, allowing the healthcare industry to have more insights into the theranostic processes and patient outcomes. This chapter is an overview of the use of artificial intelligence in radiology, cardiology, ophthalmology, and drug discovery process.",signatures:"Syed Shahwar Anwar, Usama Ahmad, Mohd Muazzam Khan, Md. Faheem Haider and Juber Akhtar",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/81238",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/81238",authors:[{id:"255360",title:"Dr.",name:"Usama",surname:"Ahmad",slug:"usama-ahmad",fullName:"Usama Ahmad"},{id:"329248",title:"Dr.",name:"Md. Faheem",surname:"Haider",slug:"md.-faheem-haider",fullName:"Md. Faheem Haider"},{id:"252107",title:"Dr.",name:"Juber",surname:"Akhtar",slug:"juber-akhtar",fullName:"Juber Akhtar"},{id:"329247",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohd",surname:"Muazzam Khan",slug:"mohd-muazzam-khan",fullName:"Mohd Muazzam Khan"},{id:"463784",title:"Dr.",name:"Syed Shahwar",surname:"Anwar",slug:"syed-shahwar-anwar",fullName:"Syed Shahwar Anwar"}],corrections:null},{id:"78091",title:"Applications of Statistical Tools for Optimization and Development of Smart Drug Delivery System",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99632",slug:"applications-of-statistical-tools-for-optimization-and-development-of-smart-drug-delivery-system",totalDownloads:165,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In the novel dosage form development, quality is the key criterion in pharmaceutical industry. The quality by design tools used for development of the quality products with tight specification and rigid process. The specifications of statistical tools are essentially based upon critical process parameters (CPPs), critical material attributes (CMAs), and critical quality attributes (CQAs) for the development of quality products. The application of quality by design in pharmaceutical dosage form development is systematic, requiring multivariate experiments employing process analytical technology (PAT) and other experiments to recognize critical quality attributes depend upon risk assessments (RAs). The quality by design is a modern technique to stabilize the quality of pharmaceutical dosage form. The elements of quality by design such as process analytical techniques, risk assessment, and design of experiment support for assurance of the strategy control for every dosage form with a choice of regular monitoring and enhancement for a quality dosage form. This chapter represents the concepts and applications of the most common screening of designs/experiments, comparative experiments, response surface methodology, and regression analysis. The data collected from the dosage form designing during laboratory experiments, provide the substructure for pivotal or pilot scale development. Statistical tools help not only in understanding and identifying CMAs and CPPs in product designing, but also in comprehension of the role and relationship between these in attaining a target quality. Although, the implementation of statistical approaches in the development of dosage form is strongly recommended.",signatures:"Pankaj Sharma",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78091",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78091",authors:[{id:"351794",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Pankaj",surname:"Sharma",slug:"pankaj-sharma",fullName:"Pankaj Sharma"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8331",title:"Pharmaceutical Formulation Design",subtitle:"Recent Practices",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e7b436a5e31db5f48ba1b6220a11848f",slug:"pharmaceutical-formulation-design-recent-practices",bookSignature:"Usama Ahmad and Juber Akhtar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8331.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"255360",title:"Dr.",name:"Usama",surname:"Ahmad",slug:"usama-ahmad",fullName:"Usama Ahmad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5357",title:"Advanced Technology for Delivering Therapeutics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb3505baf01046e3248ceb6cea7899f0",slug:"advanced-technology-for-delivering-therapeutics",bookSignature:"Sabyasachi Maiti and Kalyan Kumar Sen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5357.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"180971",title:"Dr.",name:"Sabyasachi",surname:"Maiti",slug:"sabyasachi-maiti",fullName:"Sabyasachi Maiti"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7663",title:"Role of Novel Drug Delivery Vehicles in Nanobiomedicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e3fc1c64277dcc5702828fc74a423eea",slug:"role-of-novel-drug-delivery-vehicles-in-nanobiomedicine",bookSignature:"Rajeev K. 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This requires extensive analysis of developing trends in scientific research in order to offer our readers relevant content. Creating the book catalogue is also based on keeping track of the most read, downloaded and highly cited chapters and books and relaunching similar topics. I am also responsible for consulting with our Scientific Advisors on which book topics to add to our catalogue and sending possible book proposal topics to them for evaluation. Once the catalogue is complete, I contact leading researchers in their respective fields and ask them to become possible Academic Editors for each book project. Once an editor is appointed, I prepare all necessary information required for them to begin their work, as well as guide them through the editorship process. I also assist editors in inviting suitable authors to contribute to a specific book project and each year, I identify and invite exceptional editors to join IntechOpen as Scientific Advisors. I am responsible for developing and maintaining strong relationships with all collaborators to ensure an effective and efficient publishing process and support other departments in developing and maintaining such relationships."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6969",title:"Lymphocytes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1aa8ac01c934ebdeedd5d7813036beef",slug:"lymphocytes",bookSignature:"Erman Salih Istifli and Hasan Basri İla",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6969.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"179007",title:"Dr.",name:"Erman Salih",surname:"Istifli",slug:"erman-salih-istifli",fullName:"Erman Salih Istifli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9027",title:"Human Blood Group Systems and Haemoglobinopathies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d00d8e40b11cfb2547d1122866531c7e",slug:"human-blood-group-systems-and-haemoglobinopathies",bookSignature:"Osaro Erhabor and Anjana Munshi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9027.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"35140",title:"Dr.",name:"Osaro",surname:"Erhabor",slug:"osaro-erhabor",fullName:"Osaro Erhabor"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. 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This may be attributed to the fact that conventional agricultural practices wherein large quantities and unscrupulous use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides are no longer safer as it directly enter the food chain. There are innumerable health hazards posed by the conventionally grown crops due to the presence of higher pesticide residues, heavy metals and also genetically modified organisms. In cereals and pulses where the moisture level is maintained around eight per cent, the presence of pesticide residue is very minimum and has been found to disappear over a period of time due to storage, whereas in the case of vegetables and fruits the moisture level is more than 90 per cent and the availability of pesticide residue is maximum and the produce is to be consumed within a reasonable time because of the perishable nature. Organic cultivation besides protecting the environment, has a greater socio economic impact on a nation. However, the true impact lies necessarily on the sustainable food production which can go a long way on the environmental stability and economic vulnerability of a nation. The International Federation of Organic Agriculture and Movements (IFOAM) has suggested principles to enhance biological cycles in the farming system, enhance soil fertility, reduce pollution, evade the application of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, conserve genetic diversity, consider socio-economic impact of food production and produce high quality food in sufficient quantity [1]. The National Organic Programme implemented by USDA Organic Food Production Act (OFPA, 1990) has specified guidelines on cultivation of crops organically to be acceptable as organic.
Organically produced vegetables contribute more than 20% of the total share of vegetables in some of the European countries. On the contrary, the market share of organic vegetables is meager in tropical and subtropical countries and hence is exported. Due to increasing awareness of organically grown vegetables, countries like Brazil, Argentina and China have turned towards organic farming.
Vegetable crops when grown organically produce lesser yield. However due to its nutritive quality and storage attributes they are valued well than conventionally grown vegetables. Organoleptic studies have shown that vegetables like tomato and potato tastes better when grown organically. Likewise, the fruits had a better taste, flavor, texture and juicier when compared to conventionally grown ones. Similarly, organically grown okra and carrots were found to possess better quality attributes like taste, flavor and sugar content than those grown conventionally.
Excessive nitrate intake is posing a serious threat to human health. Leafy vegetables, in particular, accumulate more nitrates followed by root vegetables and potato. Studies have confirmed that organically produced vegetables like potato, carrot, cabbage beetroot, celery, leak, parsley and lettuce contain lesser levels of nitrates and higher levels of vitamin C content when compared to conventionally grown vegetable crops. Similarly, it has been found in studies that organically grown vegetables accumulate higher content of total sugars, minerals like phosphorous and magnesium and phenolic compounds in vegetables like carrot, potato, spinach, brinjal, lettuce and cabbage. Organically grown vegetables like sweet pepper and brinjal exhibited higher levels of phenolic compounds, peroxidase and capsidol activity offering resistance to diseases.
During the past few decades, there is increasing concern on the food safety which in turn is drawing attention of the farmers, researchers and policy makers on the alternate production systems like organic cultivation. Organic farming is estimated to be growing at a rate of 30% a year worldwide in response to the market needs [2]. The demand for certified organic produce, particularly vegetables is presently exceeding the supply, thus fetching premium market price. Globally, the agricultural production system is undergoing a rapid transformation since there is a rise in demand for healthier and environmentally safer food. A larger proportion of growers are now shifting to organic production practices to meet the increasing consumer demands.
Organic cultivation has a significant role to play in maintaining the soil fertility by boosting the microbial flora of the soil. This can substantially lead to increase in yield, plant composition as well as nutritional quality.
Organic treatments resulted in higher carrot root production compared to conventional treatments [3]. The yield of cabbage and tomato grown under organic practices yielded better than that grown under conventional system [4]. Similar results were obtained in cucumber [5]. Better results in terms of fruit yield in vegetables could be attributed to the fact that organic amendments of soil changed the soil dynamics as well as the plant composition and nutritional quality. Organic inputs can proportionately increase the microflora which in turn facilitates production of substances such as citrate and lactate which combine with soil minerals to increase the availability of mineral nutrition to the plant roots [6].
Besides increasing the soil fertility status, the nutritional quality of organically grown vegetables has been found to be appreciable. Higher levels of iron and magnesium were recorded in vegetable crops like carrot, beetroot, lettuce, kale, leek, turnip, onion, celery and tomato when grown organically [7]. Vitamin C holds an important place in the daily recommended diet due to its higher antioxidant properties. Hence, the focus of many research experiments has been on the vitamin C content in organically grown vegetables.
Experiments on tomato, celery and kale have shown higher vitamin C content when they are grown under organic practices than when grown under traditional systems of cultivation [7]. On an average, the vitamin C content of organically grown vegetables is 27% more when compared to the conventionally grown vegetables [6]. Likewise, the vitamin C content in organically grown leafy vegetables was found to be higher compared to that grown with chemical inputs [8]. Plant system responds to chemical fertilizer by increasing the production of proteins rather than carbohydrates since chemical fertilizers are rich sources of nitrogen. However, vitamin C production is the outcome of carbohydrate production and hence more quantum of vitamin C is expected to be produced with increased quantities of organic manures which have lesser nitrogen content and thereby lesser protein production and more of carbohydrate production.
Organic farming implies application of composted plant residues and animal manures and growing legume crops as cover crop to meet the nutrient requirement of the crop. Soil fertility status is also enhanced by adopting practices like crop rotation, sequential cropping and also by minimizing the plowing activities. These techniques have a profound impact in maximizing the carbon sequestration in lands where organic practices are followed. On the contrary, in lands where conventional farming practices are adopted increased tillage operations lead to depletion in the organic matter accompanied by greater loss in mineral composition of the soil. The annual sequestration rate has been found to increase substantially by upto 3.2tons of CO2/ha/year by organic farming practices [9] which has a direct implication in reducing the green house gases.
With the unpredictable climatic condition in the present day, organic farming which can increase soil water retention capacity can go a long way in fighting the drought situation. Increased carbon retention in the soil helps in withstanding climatic challenges as well as soil erosion.
Organic farming requires 28–32% lesser energy compared to the traditional farming practices as this cuts down the cost on fertilizers, pesticides and machinery [10].
Organic agriculture can potentially lower the green house gas emission [11]. The estimated quantum of green house gas emission due application of chemical fertilizers is 1000 million tonnes annually. Organic farming can by and large reduce the Green House Gas emission by sequestering carbon into soil.
The global human population is projected to expand to 9.3 billion by 2050. Hence, sustainable production needs to be addressed to meet the increasing food requirements of the human population. Sustainable agriculture provides a potential solution to enable agricultural systems to feed a growing population within the changing environmental conditions. For successful organic farming maintaining soil health by addition of organic residues is imperative. However, it may not be feasible because of continuous sourcing of the crop residues/organic matter which has become scanty in recent times. Soil health is not only maintaining the carbon content in the soil but also maintaining a balance between carbon and nitrogen which is the most important factor that determines the nutrient availability besides the population dynamics of the microflora in the soil. Unlike conventional agriculture which involves usage of harmful chemical fertilizers and pesticides, organic farming sustains, maintains and enhances the quality of ecosystem. Though the plant absorbs nutrient in the simpler forms of nutrients similar to inorganic fertilizers, the source of nutrients is important factor to be considered in any organic farming practices. In the global market, vegetables grown organically fetch higher price because of its quality consideration and long term storability compared to inorganic green vegetables.
The body, CODEX Alimentarius of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations aims to protect the health of the consumers and ensure fair prices in the international market. Internationally, organic certification is underway to facilitate international trade between countries. One such body is International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movement (IFOAM).
USDA organic certification confirms that the farm complies with USDA organic regulations. Farms are certified by State or Private entities which have been accredited by USDA. Any farm that produces over $5000 annually through organic sales needs to be certified.
Land utilized for organic vegetable production must not have used chemical fertilizers, pesticides, Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO’s) for atleast 3 years prior to growing for organic purpose. Whole farm or part of a farm can be certified as organic. It is particularly important for vegetable growers to document the last date of application of prohibited chemicals, particularly when crops like, Lettuce or Spinach is grown.
Organic farming in India is showing steady increase. Farmers involved in organic farming are of three categories
The National Programme on Organic Production (NPOP) offers regulatory mechanism to acts for domestic and export markets. NPOP under Foreign Trade Development and Regulation Act (FTDR) caters the export requirement and has been acclaimed by European Union, Sweden and USDA. Hence, any organic product certified by NPOP can be exported to Europe, Sweden and USA. Similarly, to meet the domestic demands, NPOP notified under Agriculture Produce Grading, Marketing and Certification Act (APGMC) comes to play lead role. Regulatory body of NPOP under FTDR is Agricultural and Processed Foods Export Development Authority (APEDA) under Ministry of Commerce and NPOP under APGMC Act is Agricultural Marketing Advisor (AMA) under Ministry of Agriculture. Accreditation of Certification and Inspection Agencies is being granted by a common National Accreditation Body (NAB) [12].
Certification ensures quality produce. “Certified Organic” serves as a product assurance to consumers. Certification necessarily aims to regulate and facilitate the sale of organic vegetables to consumers.
In order to ensure certification by any agency, the producer has to satisfy the following criteria:
Adherence of the organic standards as prescribed by the certification authority.
The production practices and farm facilities have to comply with the norms and standards.
Detailed documentation of the entire farming procedures adopted and farm facilities is required.
Periodical inspection by the authorities concerned.
Organic legislation defines three levels of organic labelling in many countries. Products are given a “100% organic” label when the products are made entirely with certified organic ingredients. Products with the label “Organic” indicate 95% organic ingredients being used. The third label “made with organic ingredients” shows that a minimum of 70% of organic ingredients has been used.
There is immense scope for organic production of vegetable crops in India since the agricultural sector has enormous organic resources like crop residues, livestock and other bio-products from agro industries. Organic farming is growing at a rapid pace among Indian farmers and entrepreneurs, particularly in rainfed and hilly areas where fertilizer consumption is less than 25 kg/ha/year [13].
Market development, particularly domestic sector continues to be one of the biggest challenges in organic farming. Lack of infrastructural facilities for post production practices also poses a challenge as it sets a constraint in meeting the organic standards. Similarly the cost involved in certification process and the extensive documentation procedure is a major setback.
Organic agriculture is growing in many countries where there is self sufficiency in vegetable production. On the contrary in economically backward and developing world, feeding the population with adequate growing of vegetable assumes first priority.
The impediment to adopting organic cultivation practices in vegetable crops is the higher input cost. However, considering the environmental concerns and long-term sustainability of organic farming, the worthiness of the added costs has to be educated among the producers and entrepreneurs.
The development of liquid chromatography is one of the most active areas of research in separation science, with applications in various fields, such as drug analysis, medicinal chemistry, agriculture, food chemistry, and bioanalysis. This study aims to determine the optimal working conditions for the effective and selective separation of chemical compounds. In the research process, the choice of optimal chromatography conditions is of prime importance, including the determination of a suitable liquid chromatography mode and the investigation of mobile phase characteristics (pH, type of organic modifier, mobile phase additive, etc.) [1].
Chromatographic retention processes can be divided into many types, such as normal-phase, reversed-phase, ion-exchange, hydrophobic interaction, hydrophilic interaction, and metal coordination chromatography. These chromatographic methods are known as single-mode chromatography because the retention of solutes in these chromatograms is dependent on a single-retention mechanism. For instance, in reversed-phase chromatography, problems may be encountered during the analysis of highly polar (or charged) compounds. Hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) is designed for the analysis of polar compounds; however, it is still affected by a range of challenges, such as low solubility in highly organic media, the amount of organic solvents used, the sample matrix that affects retention, and the retention extent of hydrophobic analytes that can be controlled. Ion-exchange chromatography can be used for charged molecules, but not for neutral analytes. Therefore, mixed-mode chromatography (MMC) can be utilized to resolve some of the problems associated with each of the other mechanisms [2].
Mixed-mode chromatography (MMC) separates solutes by using a stationary phase that involves in the separation two or more types of interactions. Compared to single-mode chromatography, mixed-mode chromatography can simultaneously act on different functional groups of the solute, such as hydrophobic and ionic groups [3]. Mixed-mode chromatography is not a new technique. Many chromatographic matrices are based on rigid supports, such as cellulose, agarose, polyacrylamide, or silica gel, which are modified to produce specific functionalities on their surfaces. If the solute is a substance with numerous functional groups, such as amino acids, nucleic acids, peptides, and proteins, which are commonly found in biological samples, mixed-mode chromatography will exhibit a distinct behavior as opposed to that of single-mode chromatography [4].
Recently, MMC has been receiving increasing attention as an alternative or complementary tool to traditional chromatography (reversed phase, ion exchange, and normal phase) in pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical applications because of its efficient selectivity and adequate retention of a variety of compounds—particularly polar and charged molecules. To achieve better solute retention characteristics, selectivity, and separation capabilities, mixed-mode stationary phases must be designed and synthesized based on the specific structural characteristics of different compounds. Additionally, the diversity of the mixed-mode stationary phase depends on the diversity of the analyte structure and its properties. It is expected that the applications of mixed-mode chromatography will increase in the future and serve as a power resolution for the separation and purification of biological substances.
In MMCs, stationary phases have been prepared using several types of stationary phases involving different mechanisms. According to the study design, mixed-mode stationary phases can be divided into four categories [2, 3].
Types of mixed-mode stationary phases classified by chemistry designs [
Polar compounds, such as biologically active molecules, natural products, and drug metabolites containing several functional groups, tend to be weakly retained in the reversed phase, resulting in poor separation. With the combination of hydrophobic and ion-exchange mechanisms in the mixed-mode stationary phases, the selectivity and retention of both the hydrophobic and polar compounds are improved [4]. In addition, it is the most popular ligand in MMC and is mainly used for the separation of peptides, nucleotides, basic drugs, and their metabolites. The ligands consist of a hydrophobic part (alkyl chains or aromatic hydrocarbons) and an ionic part embedded in the end, middle, or vicinity of the hydrophobic part. Depending on the structure of the ionic part, four ion-exchange modes can be classified: quaternary amines are used as strong cation-exchange groups (SCX); primary, secondary, or tertiary amines are used as weak cation-exchange groups (WCX); sulfonic acids are used as strong anion-exchange groups (SAX); and carboxyl groups are used as weak anion-exchange groups (WAX) (Figure 2) [6]. The retention mechanism of this mixed-mode phase was based on the formation of a divalent complex involving hydrophobic and oppositely charged analytes. Moreover, repulsive ionic interactions with identically charged functional groups also affect analyte retention in mixed-mode stationary phases. Thus, separation can be optimized by adjusting the mobile phase parameters, such as pH, ionic strength (including the concentration of buffers and modifiers), and solvent strength [4]. For example, the C18/SAX column shows strong retention of acidic compounds due to electrostatic attraction under basic conditions. In addition, the retention values increase with increasing alkyl chain length of the analytes. Elution can be achieved using acidic conditions with high percentages of organic solvents, and/or high ionic strength to make neutral the acidic compounds and weaken the hydrophobic interactions. In contrast, the RP/SCX and RP/WCX columns can effectively retain base compounds, such as peptides and alkaloids, under acidic conditions. If a mobile phase with a neutral pH and a low ionic strength is used, the retention of these compounds is strongly influenced by hydrophobic interactions [7].
Structures of some RP-IEX mixed-mode stationary phases: (a) RP-WCX, (b) RP-SCX, (c) RP-SAX, and (d) RP-WAX [
In the field of mixed-mode reversed-phase/ion-exchange stationary phase, mixed-mode RP/AX based on ethylene-bridged hybrid (BEH) organic/inorganic particles was recently developed, named Atlantis BEH C18 AX. The intermediate C18 surface concentration (1.6 μmol/m2) together with tertiary alkylamine groups) makes BEH C18 AX compatible with highly aqueous mobile phases. The BEH particles used for the BEH C18 AX stationary phase have an average pore diameter of 95 Å that increases retention, stemming from the 46% higher surface area. Furthermore, hydrophilic anion-exchange group of them create positive surface charge, which show stronger retention of negatively charged compounds in a wider pH range while using with buffers of pH 3.0–6.9 in the survey. The extended upper pH limit of BEH C18 AX allows it to be used with a wider range of mobile phase pH values. For samples containing ionizable analytes, mobile phase pH has been demonstrated to be a key variable to use in optimizing RP separations [8, 9].
RP-HILIC mixed-mode stationary phases have shown advantages in the separation of both hydrophobic and hydrophilic compounds, especially proteins. This combination is equivalent to combining the HILIC properties with the reversed-phase properties to analyze complicated compounds and matrices with a wide range of polarities in a single run. The ligands are composed of hydrophobic and polar groups. The hydrophobic parts can be alkyl or aromatic groups, and the hydrophilic parts can be charged or neutral functional groups, such as diol, amide, cyano, and ionic groups (Figure 3) [10]. For compounds with hydrophilic and polar parts, ligands containing nonpolar and polar groups can interact separately with their corresponding nonpolar and polar groups. Therefore, it is possible to improve analyte retention and separation selectivity through multivalent effects, including hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions. In recent years, many mixed-mode stationary phases have been synthesized and applied to the analysis of surfactants, peptides, nucleotides, and proteins (Table 1).
Structures of some RP-HILIC mixed-mode stationary phases with (a) diol, (b) amide, and (c) amine polar groups [
Hydrophobic part | Hydrophilic part | Application | References |
---|---|---|---|
Alkyl chain | Glycol terminus groups | Nonionic ethoxylated surfactants: of alkylphenol ethoxylates and fatty alcohol ethoxylates | [11] |
Alkyl chain | Amide groups | Nucleosides and phenolic compounds | [12] |
Alkyl chain of L-lysine | Terminal amine group of L-lysine | Aniline compounds (aniline, 2-nitroaniline, 4-aminophenol, 1-amino-2-methylbenzene, and 2,4-dinitroaniline) | [13] |
Alkyl chain of small peptide | Amine and amide groups of small peptide Boc-Phe-Aib-Phe | Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, steroids (hydrophobic compounds), nucleosides (hydrophilic compounds) | [14] |
β-Hydroxyl fatty acid | Surfactin, a peptide loop including seven amino acids | Chiral separation | [15] |
Applications of reversed-phase hydrophilic stationary phases.
The combination of hydrophilic and ion-exchange groups presented strong advantages for analyzing charged polar compounds. The multivalent effects of these mixed-mode phases provide unique selectivity, higher retention efficiency, and a wider range of application than any single-mode phase for peptide analysis [16]. The main application of this combination is the separation of proteins and peptides. In this mode, the retention mechanism of polar compounds depends on the percentage of an organic solvent (such as acetonitrile (ACN)) in the mobile phase. If a mobile phase has a low percentage of the organic solvent, the analyte retention is dominated by ion-exchange mechanisms. An increase in the percentage of acetonitrile promoted more hydrophilic interactions than ionic ones. At a high concentration of acetonitrile, the electrostatic interactions decreased significantly, whereas the hydrophilic interactions dominated the analyte retention. Bo et al. prepared a HILIC-IEX phase with adjustable selectivity to separate nucleosides and β-agonists, which were synthesized by controlling the mixture ratio of the two functional monomers [17]. In addition, the use of ionic liquids to develop HILIC-IEX stationary phases can provide an environment for multiple interactions, such as electrostatic, dipole-dipole, and π-π interactions, and hydrogen bonding. Quiao et al. developed a new HILIC-SAX phase by using glucaminium-based ionic liquids to separate nucleosides [18]. According to studies reported by Mant et al. [16], the hydrophilic cation-exchange column (HILIC-CEX) has a higher separation efficiency than the RP-LC for peptide analysis, and the highly charged peptides are best resolved by this column [16]. Hartmann et al. [19] separated amphipathic α-helical peptides using a HILIC-CEX column and an RP-LC column. Both columns presented an adequate efficiency but displayed different selectivities. With the HILIC-CEX column, the temperature had a stronger influence on the separation of peptide columns than that with the RP-LC column. The results showed that both the resolution and retention of peptides in the HILIC-CEX phase significantly improved with increasing temperature [19].
The mobile phase used in mixed-mode chromatography usually involves a polar organic solvent, water, or a buffer. The following four properties of the solvent have significant effects on the retention and separation of analytes: solvent viscosity, dielectric constant, dipole moment, and surface tension. Solvent viscosity affects the chromatography process in various ways, especially when gradient conditions are used. Firstly, an increase in the viscosity of the mobile phase is the prime reason for an increase in the backpressure. Moreover, the column efficiency is influenced by the viscosity of the mobile phase. For example, a mixed solution of methanol and water has a higher viscosity than pure methanol. As a result, it reduces the diffusion coefficient of the solutes and exhibits a slow mass transfer, leading to a reduction in the column efficiency [23]. The dielectric constant (ε) and dipole moment (μ) characterize the polar nature of the solvent. A solvent with a higher ε value is usually considered a weaker eluent in reversed-phase chromatography, whereas the dipole moment is related to solvent polarity and has important effects on the interactions between the analytes and the ligands in hydrophilic chromatography. Finally, the surface tension of a solvent can affect analyte separation. A mobile phase with higher surface tension can lead to stronger analyte retention. In addition, the UV wavelength cutoff of the solvent must also be considered when a UV-Vis detector is used to measure the concentration of the analytes [24].
In RP-IEX mixed-mode chromatography, polar organic solvents (such as methanol, acetonitrile, ethanol, and tetrahydrofuran) were used as strong eluotropic components. Furthermore, organic solvents can control the retention and elution of analytes in the chromatography process, thereby providing scope to increase the solubility of analytes in the mobile phase. An increase in the organic solvent concentration causes the polarity of the mobile phase to decrease, and the hydrophobic interactions between the analytes and the ligands decrease, resulting in a decrease in retention. According to the eluotropic strength, the order of solvents is water < methanol < acetonitrile < propanol < isopropanol < tetrahydrofuran [23]. The most commonly used polar organic solvents are methanol and acetonitrile (ACN). To analyze peptides and proteins, acetonitrile is preferred over methanol because the mixed solution of acetonitrile and water has a low viscosity, leading to excellent mass transfer.
A binary mixture of organic solvents and buffers is commonly used in HILIC-IEX chromatography. An increase in the organic solvent concentration can reduce the polarity of the mobile phase, leading to a strengthening of the hydrophilic interaction between the analytes and the ligands. In contrast, decreasing the organic solvent concentration can weaken the hydrophilic interactions, facilitate ionic interactions, and lead to compound elution. Thus, the organic solvent acts as a polarity modifier. One of the most commonly used solvents is acetonitrile [4]. As acetonitrile is an aprotic solvent that does not possess a hydrogen bond donor capacity, it cannot compete with the analytes for the ligands. If the mobile phase has a high level of acetonitrile, analytes can be adsorbed to the stationary phases through polar interactions, and they can be resorbed by reducing the acetonitrile content. Therefore, in the HILIC-IEX mixed-mode, acetonitrile has an important effect on the retention and separation of analytes. At high acetonitrile levels (up to 90%, v/v), the hydrophilic interactions may dominate the electrostatic interactions, and this may become the main factor affecting analyte retention.
Furthermore, to elute proteins that are strongly bound to the mixed-mode stationary phase and are significantly affected by hydrophobic interactions, reducing the polarity of the mobile phase by increasing the organic solvent content can be used as a severe elution method instead of reducing the salt concentration.
In mixed-mode chromatography, buffers are usually added to the mobile phase to either maintain the pH at an almost constant value or to adjust the pH value. Buffer systems can be selected depending on the required pH range. Buffer systems are classified into two categories according to their components.
The mobile phase pH can influence the charged properties of the analytes and the nature of the ligands; therefore, it can be used to promote the adsorption and elution of the target compounds [24]. Certain rules are applicable for selecting a suitable pH value for the mobile phase. Firstly, the ideal pH should be selected according to the pKa of the analytes and the ionic groups of the ligands. For example, a target compound with amine groups will be positively charged when the pH value is lower than its pKa, thus resulting in adsorption by cation-exchange ligands. Generally, for the adsorption process, the pH should be selected to charge the analytes and facilitate the electrostatic interactions between the analytes and the oppositely charged ligands. Therefore, the pH should be lower than the pKa of the analytes by approximately 1–2 pH units when the adsorption is carried out on a cation-exchange ligand, while the pH should be higher than the pKa of analytes by approximately 1–2 pH units on anion-exchange ligands. In contrast, for the elution process, the pH should be adjusted to weaken or disrupt the interaction between the target compounds and ligands by charge repulsion. Secondly, the pH of the mobile phase should be within the stability range of the stationary phase. Finally, for protein analysis, it is necessary to select a pH value at which the proteins are stable and retain their biological activity [4].
In mixed-mode chromatography involving ion-exchange mechanisms, the charged properties of weakly acidic and basic ligands can be significantly affected by the pH value. For example, if the mixed-mode stationary phase contains weakly basic groups when the pH of the mobile phase is higher than the pKa of the ligand, then the ligand is neutrally charged and its hydrophobicity increases. Contrastingly, the ligand is positively charged and has a high hydrophilicity when the pH is lower than the pKa of the ligand. In the elution stage, pH gradient changes can be utilized to obtain a higher selectivity of the separation when the change in solvent polarity and the change in ionic strength produce no improvement in the separation efficiency. By changing the pH, the analytes and the ligands can have the same charge; therefore, the analytes can be eluted by charge repulsion. For example, in the experiment of Hostein et al. [25], α-Lactalbumin, β-lactoglobulin A, and trypsin inhibitor with pIs (protein’s isoelectric point) of 4.5, 5.1, and 4.5, respectively, were separated by using a linear pH gradient from pH 3.8 to 8.0 (0.05 pH units/min) on the multimodal cation exchanger Capto MMC. When the pH value of the mobile phase was higher than that of the pIs, these proteins were negatively charged, as with the ligands, and eluted by electrostatic repulsion. The farther the pH value is from the pIs, the more negatively charged these proteins are, leading to their stronger hydrophilicity. It was observed that a shallower gradient (0.05 pH units/min to 0.01 pH units/min) reduces the sharpness of the peaks but improves the protein resolution.
In MMCs, salts are usually added to the mobile phase to adjust their ionic strength. Sodium chloride is usually used in the ion-exchange mode, whereas salts with higher solubility in organic solvents (such as sodium perchlorate and ammonium perchlorate) are preferred in the hydrophilic mode. In the hydrophobic mode, salts are classified into two categories: salting-out and salting-in. Salting-out salts, such as sodium sulfate, ammonium sulfate, and potassium sulfate, can be used to stabilize proteins and promote hydrophobic interactions between the proteins and the ligands. In contrast, salting-in salts, such as calcium chloride, magnesium chloride, and zinc nitrate, can increase the solubility of the proteins in water and promote protein denaturation and unfolding [26].
The ionic strength of the mobile phase has a significant effect on the retention and the elution of analytes in both the ion-exchange and the hydrophobic modes. In the mixed-mode chromatography involving ion-exchange mechanisms, because an increase in the ionic strength can suppress the electrostatic interaction between the analytes and the charged groups of the ligand, it may result in the weakening of analyte binding on the ligands, thereby leading to a decrease in the analyte retention or elution [24]. Moreover, in the hydrophobic mode, the increase in the ionic strength of the mobile phase can cause the analytes to strengthen their binding to the hydrophobic parts of the ligands, leading to an increase in the analyte retention. Hydrophobic mixed-mode stationary phases are typically used for protein separation. In this mode, the proteins are adsorbed at high salting-out salt concentrations and eluted at low salt concentrations. Therefore, reducing the salt concentration in the mobile phase can be used in the elution mode [4].
For protein separation, proteins can be eluted with ease by changing the pH or by reducing the polarity or the ionic strength of the mobile phase. However, when the proteins are firmly bound to the ligand, the recovery and the biological activity of the protein can decrease during the elution step. Therefore, additives are usually added to the mobile phase to reduce its polarity, resulting in the weakening of protein binding to the hydrophobic parts of ligands, and leading to an enhanced protein recovery. Some of the commonly used additives and their functions are listed in Table 2.
Additive | Function | Mechanism | References |
---|---|---|---|
Magnesium chloride | Improving recovery and maintaining biological activity of proteins | Promoting protein dissolution | [27] |
Ethylene glycol | Reducing hydrophobic interactions | Causing a slight increase in electrostatic interactions | [28] |
Glycerol | Stabilizing proteins | Inhibiting protein unfolding Interacting with hydrophobic surface regions of proteins | [29] |
Urea | Affecting to hydrophobic and hydrogen bonding interactions Causing a slight decrease in electrostatic interactions | Interacting with the polar side chain and backbone of proteins Changing the solvation of proteins | [30] |
Arginine | Reducing hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions and hydrogen bonding | Interaction with the polar side chain and aromatic moieties of proteins | [31] |
Caprylic acid | Causing a large decline in the retention of proteins | Binding to the region which is also the binding site of proteins to mixed-mode ligands | [32] |
Commonly used additives in mixed-mode chromatography process.
A mixed-mode column with a stationary phase of 50% hydrophobic C18 phase and 50% strong cation exchanger allows for a simultaneous detection of the ionic and hydrophobic analytes [33]. Acetaminophen and its related impurities, which ionize based on the mobile phase pH, are often separated for drug examination using ion-pair chromatography, which is a technique for organic charged compounds. Despite its numerous advantages, the corrosive effect of a large number of counterions on the stationary phase of the column is a practical drawback of the ion-pair chromatography. As a result, the mixed-mode stationary phases can overcome the limitations of ion-pair chromatography, allowing for the simultaneous separation of ionic and neutral organic molecules without practical constraints [34]. Furthermore, because of the lack of UV chromophores in most drugs, refractive index (RI) and evaporative light-scattering detection (ELSD) detectors have been utilized. However, these approaches are insensitive or have compatibility issues with gradient elution. Recently, charged aerosol detection (CAD) has been developed as a new type of detector for high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) applications. CAD is a universal detection technique for nonvolatile and semi-volatile substances with higher sensitivity and reproducibility than other types of detectors. It is highly convenient in usage as it eliminates the necessity for parameter optimization [35]. Table 3 shows the combinations of MMC and CAD detectors, as well as the applications of various types of MMCs for drugs and impurities. Therefore, it is also a viable analytical tool for concurrently determining a wide range of drugs, pharmaceuticals, and their related compounds in a particular procedure [33].
Drugs | ||
---|---|---|
Compounds | Mechanisms | References |
Atovaquone, proguanil, and its two main metabolites | 50% C18 phase and 50% strong cation exchanger | [33] |
Naproxen sodium and adenine hydrochloride An undisclosed drug in hemifumarate salt form | Acclaim Trinity P1 stationary phase with CAD detector | [35] |
Imidazole, pyrazole, pyridine, pyridazine, piperidine | Reversed-phase and ion-exchange characteristics | [36] |
Etidronate disodium [(1-hydroxyethylidene) bisphosphonate] | Primesep SB column (anion-exchange reverse phase column) with CAD detector | [37] |
Flurbiprofen, flufenamic acid, mefenamic acid, ibuprofen, loxoprofen, ketoprofen, carprofen, indoprofen sulindac | C18-DTT stationary phase (dithiothreitol silica (SiO2) A reversed-phase liquid chromatography/hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography | [38] |
metoprolol, salicylic acid, acetylsalicylic acid, propranolol, betamethasone, imipramine, clotrimazole, thioridazine, indomethacin flurbiprofen | Two UHPLC mixed-mode hybrid CSH (charged surface hybrid) stationary phases modified by C18 or Phenyl group | [39] |
Impurity | |||
---|---|---|---|
Compounds | Impurity analysis | Mechanisms | References |
Acetaminophen (paracetamol) | 4-Nitrophenol, 4′-chloroacetanilide 4-Aminophenol P-Benzoquinone Hydroquinone | Octadecylsilane/strong cation exchanger (C18/SCX) | [34] |
L-Methionine | N-Acetyl-dl-methionine N-Acetyl-l-methionyl-l-methionine N-Acetyl-l-methionyl-d-methionine and its enantiomers L-Methionine-sulfoxide | Reversed phase/cation exchange | [40] |
Bispecific IgG | Homodimer Impurities | Mixed-mode size exclusion chromatography (mmSEC) | [41] |
Application of mixed-mode stationary phases in drugs and impurity.
A common target of pharmacokinetic studies is the development of a biological analysis method for simultaneous observation of a wide range of drugs in a biological matrix. The tandem usage of reversed-phase and ion-exchange chromatography in MMCs has shown favorable results on the retention of polar and nonpolar small molecules in a single run [42]. In addition, efficient retention and separation of the above compounds were obtained under common and MS-friendly RP conditions, reaching a high point of selectivity and sensitivity. Therefore, MMC tandem mass spectrometry has been commonly applied in metabolic analysis. For instance, the study by Roverso et al. [43] demonstrated the effective retention of selected highly polar metabolites, which was performed by using a mixed cationic-RP column, and simultaneously obtained an efficient separation in the analysis without ion pair and derivatization of 2,4-diaminobutyric acid (DAB) and isobaric beta-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA) [43]. The metabolomics applications are summarized in Table 4.
Metabolites | Matrices | Mechanisms | References |
---|---|---|---|
Cytarabine (ara-C) | Mouse plasma | Reversed phase/ion exchange | [42] |
Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) Beta-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA) 2,4-Diaminobutyric acid (DAB) | Plasma and urine | Reversed phase/cation exchange | [43] |
S-Propargyl-cysteine (SPRC) | Rat plasma | Reversed phase/cation exchange | [44] |
Phosphorylated carbohydrates | — | Reversed phase/weak anion exchange, combine with a charged aerosol detector | [45] |
Metabolomics application of mixed-mode stationary phases.
In addition, combination of MMC with molecular imprinting technology is also improving recognition selectivity for protein BSA, which proved a potential combination of other chromatography modes and molecular imprinting technology [22].
For biopharmaceutical analysis, Capto and HEA HyperCel MMC ligands with multimodal functionality have been commercialized. Capto includes a carboxyl group that exhibits the characteristics of a phenyl group involved in hydrophobic interactions, and a weak cation exchanger. HEA HyperCel contains a hexyl group that is involved in hydrophobic interactions, and a protonable amine localized in the spacer arm. The application of this type of MMC has been demonstrated in the research by Sophie Maria et al. for mAb determination [46]. Meanwhile, tri-mixed-mode chromatography and another dual combination of MMC are also useful tools for biopharmaceutical analysis. The applications are listed in Table 5.
Compounds | Mechanisms | References |
---|---|---|
Recombinant monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) | Capto MMC resin | [46] |
Model drug product was made by mixing an IgG1 mAb (MW 145 kDa, pI 8.4) with seven excipients from different property categories: sodium and potassium (cation), chloride and succinate (anion), histidine (zwitterions), trehalose (hydrophilic neutral sugar), and PS80 (hydrophobic nonionic surfactant). | Combination of four different separation mechanisms (size exclusion, anion exchange, cation exchange, and reverse phase) | [47] |
Pembrolizumab (Anti-PD1 IgG4 wild type and S228P mutant) | Weak hydrophobic interactions and size exclusion | [48] |
Theophylline, gastrodin, tetrahydropalmatine, lycorine, berberine, sinomenine, and tetrandrine | C18-DTT stationary phase [A reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC)/hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC)] | [42] |
Strong anion exchange and reversed phase | [49] | |
Amino acids (L-pyroglutamic Acid, L-valine, L-tyrosine, L-proline) Carbohydrates (D-glucose, D-sucrose, α-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-βD-fructofuranosyl-(1 → 1)-α-D-galactopyranose, and D-stachyose) Succinic acid (Dan-Qi pair that make from Radix Salvia miltiorrhiza and Radix Panax notoginseng) | Directly coupled reversed-phase and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry | [50] |
Application of mixed-mode stationary phases in biopharmaceuticals and polar compounds in natural products.
Table 5 also illustrates the determination of polar compounds in natural products. Strong anion-exchange and reversed-phase mechanisms were analyzed in both the polar and more apolar ionic and nonionic compounds and have been used to determine Chinese herbal medicines that provide good retention for separation [49]. Thus, the combination of reversed phase and hydrophilic interactions is a common mechanism in this field because of its suitable characteristics for the detection of polar compounds, especially those of natural origin.
In this chapter, advanced applications of mixed-mode stationary phases are reviewed. By adjusting the ratio of organic matter and the mobile phase concentration, the reversed-phase, HILIC, and IEX modes can be successively used. In conclusion, RP-IEX, RP-HILIC, and HILIC-IEX are the most commonly preferred mixed-mode stationary phases.
We would like to express their hearty gratitude to Can Tho University of Medicine and Pharmacy. We also thank all of our colleagues for their excellent assistance.
We would like to thank Editage (www.editage.com) for English language editing.
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Consequently, knowledge of exoplanets is considerably more limited than Solar System planets. This chapter reviews the essential characteristics of Solar System planets and associated data derived from a variety of observational approaches. Exoplanet characteristics and their comparison to Solar System planets are provided as well as general detection methods and planned probes to gather additional data.",book:{id:"10210",slug:"solar-system-planets-and-exoplanets",title:"Solar System Planets and Exoplanets",fullTitle:"Solar System Planets and Exoplanets"},signatures:"Joseph Bevelacqua",authors:[{id:"115462",title:"Dr.",name:"Joseph",middleName:"John",surname:"Bevelacqua",slug:"joseph-bevelacqua",fullName:"Joseph Bevelacqua"}]},{id:"65725",title:"On the Deviation of the Lunar Center of Mass to the East: Two Possible Mechanisms Based on Evolution of the Orbit and Rounding Off the Shape of the Moon",slug:"on-the-deviation-of-the-lunar-center-of-mass-to-the-east-two-possible-mechanisms-based-on-evolution-",totalDownloads:1025,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"It is known that the Moon’s center of mass (COM) does not coincide with the geometric center of figure (COF) and the line “COF/COM” is not directed to the center of the Earth, but deviates from it to the South-East. Here, we discuss two mechanisms to explain the deviation of the lunar COM to the East from the mean direction to Earth. The first mechanism considers the secular evolution of the Moon’s orbit, using the effect of the preferred orientation of the satellite with synchronous rotation to the second (empty) orbital focus. It is established that only the scenario with an increase in the orbital eccentricity e leads to the required displacement of the lunar COM to the East. It is important that high-precision calculations confirm an increase e in our era. In order to fully explain the shift of the lunar COM to the East, a second mechanism was developed that takes into account the influence of tidal changes in the shape of the Moon at its gradual removal from the Earth. The second mechanism predicts that the elongation of the lunar figure in the early era was significant. As a result, it was found that the Moon could have been formed in the annular zone at a distance of 3–4 radii of the modern Earth.",book:{id:"8444",slug:"lunar-science",title:"Lunar Science",fullTitle:"Lunar Science"},signatures:"Boris P. Kondratyev",authors:[{id:"277909",title:"Prof.",name:"Boris",middleName:"Petrovich",surname:"Kondratyev",slug:"boris-kondratyev",fullName:"Boris Kondratyev"}]},{id:"68357",title:"Solar System Exploration Augmented by In Situ Resource Utilization: System Analyses, Vehicles, and Moon Bases for Saturn Exploration",slug:"solar-system-exploration-augmented-by-in-situ-resource-utilization-system-analyses-vehicles-and-moon",totalDownloads:853,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Human and robotic missions to Saturn are presented and analyzed with a range of propulsion options. Historical studies of space exploration, planetary spacecraft and astronomy, in situ resource utilization (ISRU), and industrialization all point to the vastness of natural resources in the solar system. Advanced propulsion is benefitted from these resources in many ways. While advanced propulsion systems were proposed in these historical studies, further investigation of nuclear options using high-power nuclear electric and nuclear pulse propulsion as well as advanced chemical propulsion can significantly enhance these scenarios. Updated analyses based on these historical visions are presented. At Saturn, nuclear pulse propulsion with alternate propellant feed systems and Saturn moon exploration with chemical propulsion and nuclear electric propulsion options are discussed. Issues with using in situ resource utilization on Saturn’s moons are discussed. At Saturn, the best locations for exploration and the use of the moons as central locations for Saturn moon exploration are assessed. Environmental issues on Titan’s surface may present extreme challenges for some ISRU processes. In-space bases for moon-orbiting propellant processing and ground-based processing will be assessed.",book:{id:"7338",slug:"planetology-future-explorations",title:"Planetology",fullTitle:"Planetology - Future Explorations"},signatures:"Bryan Palaszewski",authors:[{id:"279275",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Bryan",middleName:null,surname:"Palaszewski",slug:"bryan-palaszewski",fullName:"Bryan Palaszewski"}]},{id:"65534",title:"Solar System Exploration Augmented by In Situ Resource Utilization: Lunar Base Issues",slug:"solar-system-exploration-augmented-by-in-situ-resource-utilization-lunar-base-issues",totalDownloads:1131,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Creating a presence and an industrial capability on the Moon is essential for the development of humankind. There are many historical study results that have identified and quantified the lunar resources and analyzed the methods of obtaining and employing those resources. The idea of finding, obtaining, and using these materials is called in situ resource utilization (ISRU). The ISRU research and development efforts have led to new ideas in rocket propulsion. Applications in chemical propulsion, nuclear electric propulsion, and many other propulsion systems will be critical in making the initial lunar base and future lunar industries more sustainable and will lead to brilliant futures for humanity.",book:{id:"8444",slug:"lunar-science",title:"Lunar Science",fullTitle:"Lunar Science"},signatures:"Bryan Palaszewski",authors:[{id:"279275",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Bryan",middleName:null,surname:"Palaszewski",slug:"bryan-palaszewski",fullName:"Bryan Palaszewski"}]},{id:"32533",title:"Measuring the Isotopic Composition of Solar Wind Noble Gases",slug:"measuring-the-isotopic-composition-of-solar-wind-noble-gases",totalDownloads:2785,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:null,book:{id:"1617",slug:"exploring-the-solar-wind",title:"Exploring the Solar Wind",fullTitle:"Exploring the Solar Wind"},signatures:"Alex Meshik, Charles Hohenberg, Olga Pravdivtseva and Donald Burnett",authors:[{id:"114740",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Meshik",slug:"alexander-meshik",fullName:"Alexander Meshik"},{id:"115300",title:"Prof.",name:"Donald",middleName:null,surname:"Burnett",slug:"donald-burnett",fullName:"Donald Burnett"},{id:"115301",title:"Prof.",name:"Charles",middleName:null,surname:"Hohenberg",slug:"charles-hohenberg",fullName:"Charles Hohenberg"},{id:"115302",title:"Dr.",name:"Olga",middleName:null,surname:"Pravdivtseva",slug:"olga-pravdivtseva",fullName:"Olga Pravdivtseva"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"98",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"82332",title:"Access to Space, Access to the Moon – Two Sides of the Same Coin?",slug:"access-to-space-access-to-the-moon-two-sides-of-the-same-coin-",totalDownloads:13,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105175",abstract:"The dynamics of human expansion towards space are going through Earth external layers, orbital space and the Moon. With its low gravity, slingshot effect relative to Earth, on-site resources and relative proximity to Earth in the solar system, the renewed space race is effectively returning first to the Moon. A psychological bridge to enlarge our civilization with a permanent bridge to our natural satellite. The development of this Earth-Moon system, requires enormous amount of finances, energy, science, technology, but over all, opportunities. This chapter deals with the efforts and the mental changes that may eventually result from all of these changes.",book:{id:"10955",title:"Lunar Science - Habitat and Humans",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10955.jpg"},signatures:"Yann-Henri Chemin"},{id:"81141",title:"Modeling Radiation Damage in Materials Relevant for Exploration and Settlement on the Moon",slug:"modeling-radiation-damage-in-materials-relevant-for-exploration-and-settlement-on-the-moon",totalDownloads:32,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102808",abstract:"Understanding the effect of radiation on materials is fundamental for space exploration. Energetic charged particles impacting materials create electronic excitations, atomic displacements, and nuclear fragmentation. Monte Carlo particle transport simulations are the most common approach for modeling radiation damage in materials. However, radiation damage is a multiscale problem, both in time and in length, an aspect treated by the Monte Carlo simulations only to a limited extent. In this chapter, after introducing the Monte Carlo particle transport method, we present a multiscale approach to study different stages of radiation damage which allows for the synergy between the electronic and nuclear effects induced in materials. We focus on cumulative displacement effects induced by radiation below the regime of hadronic interactions. We then discuss selected studies of radiation damage in materials of importance and potential use for the exploration and settlement on the Moon, ranging from semiconductors to alloys and from polymers to the natural regolith. Additionally, we overview some of the novel materials with outstanding properties, such as low weight, increased radiation resistance, and self-healing capabilities with a potential to reduce mission costs and improve prospects for extended human exploration of extraterrestrial bodies.",book:{id:"10955",title:"Lunar Science - Habitat and Humans",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10955.jpg"},signatures:"Natalia E. Koval, Bin Gu, Daniel Muñoz-Santiburcio and Fabiana Da Pieve"},{id:"80241",title:"The Evolution of the Moon’s Orbit Over 100 Million Years and Prospects for the Research in the Moon",slug:"the-evolution-of-the-moon-s-orbit-over-100-million-years-and-prospects-for-the-research-in-the-moon",totalDownloads:65,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102392",abstract:"As a result of solving the problem of interaction of Solar-system bodies, data on the evolution of the Moon’s orbit were obtained. These data were used as the basis for the development of a mathematical model for the Moon representing its motion over an interval of 100 million years. A program of exploration of the Moon with the aim of creating a permanent base on it is outlined. Such a base is intended for exploring the Earth, the Sun, and outer space.",book:{id:"10955",title:"Lunar Science - Habitat and Humans",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10955.jpg"},signatures:"Joseph J. Smulsky"},{id:"80217",title:"Educational and Scientific Analog Space Missions",slug:"educational-and-scientific-analog-space-missions",totalDownloads:87,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101392",abstract:"Analog space missions in Poland include international scientific, technological, and business projects designed and realized by a private research company Analog Astronaut Training Center Ltd. (AATC) devoted to the future Moon and Mars exploration. Growing experience in educational aspect of the training as well as continuous development of the habitat and its professional space science laboratory equipment correspond to increased interest of educational organizations, universities, and individual students. We serve unique practical platform for space engineering, space master, and even space doctoral theses. In addition to a wide range of training courses offered for future astronauts, for example, diving, skydiving, rocket workshops, and stratospheric missions, AATC provides a private laboratory to simulate the space environment. It carries out scientific experiments focused on biology and space medicine, as well as addressing several multidisciplinary issues related to the Moon and Mars exploration, including space mining. The main goal of each our analog simulation is to get publishable results, what means that our analog astronauts obtain not only certification of completion of the training but also ability to continue studies and to perform it individually. This chapter summarizes methodology used by us, didactic tools, and obtained results for both educational and scientific analog simulations.",book:{id:"10955",title:"Lunar Science - Habitat and Humans",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10955.jpg"},signatures:"Agata Maria Kołodziejczyk and M. Harasymczuk"},{id:"79544",title:"Regolith and Radiation: The Cosmic Battle",slug:"regolith-and-radiation-the-cosmic-battle",totalDownloads:126,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101437",abstract:"This chapter discusses regolith utilization in habitat construction mainly from the point of view of radiation protection of humans on missions of long duration. It also considers other key properties such as structural robustness, thermal insulation, and micrometeoroid protection that all have to be considered in parallel when proposing regolith-based solutions. The biological hazards of radiation exposure on the Moon are presented and put in the context of lunar exploration-type missions and current astronaut career dose limits. These factors guide the research in radiation protection done with lunar regolith simulants, which are used in research and development activities on Earth due to the reduced accessibility of returned lunar samples. The ways in which regolith can be used in construction influence its protective properties. Areal density, which plays a key role in the radiation shielding capacity of a given material, can be optimized through different regolith processing techniques. At the same time, density will also affect other important properties of the construction, e.g. thermal insulation. A comprehensive picture of regolith utilization in habitat walls is drawn for the reader to understand the main aspects that are considered in habitat design and construction while maintaining the main focus on radiation protection.",book:{id:"10955",title:"Lunar Science - Habitat and Humans",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10955.jpg"},signatures:"Yulia Akisheva, Yves Gourinat, Nicolas Foray and Aidan Cowley"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:5},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:18,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:122,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:21,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. 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He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. 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His later study in cooperation with experts in nephrology and immunology resulted in the designation of the new diagnostic method of UTI, patented in 2017. He is currently working at the Department of Microbiology, Medical University of Gdańsk (GUMed), Poland. Since many years, he is a member of steering committee of Gdańsk branch of Polish Society of Microbiologists, a member of ESCMID. 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Currently, he is a professor of Orthodontics. He holds a Certificate of Advanced Study type A in Technology of Biomaterials used in Dentistry (1995); Certificate of Advanced Study type B in Dento-Facial Orthopaedics (1997) from the Faculty of Dental Surgery, University Denis Diderot-Paris VII, France; Diploma of Advanced Study (DESA) in Biocompatibility of Biomaterials from the Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Casablanca (2002); Certificate of Clinical Occlusodontics from the Faculty of Dentistry of Casablanca (2004); University Diploma of Biostatistics and Perceptual Health Measurement from the Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Casablanca (2011); and a University Diploma of Pedagogy of Odontological Sciences from the Faculty of Dentistry of Casablanca (2013). 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He has both an MS and Ph.D. in Biomedical Engineering. He was previously a research scientist at the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) and visiting professor and researcher at the University of North Dakota. He is currently working in artificial intelligence and its applications in medical signal processing. In addition, he is using digital signal processing in medical imaging and speech processing. Dr. Asadpour has developed brain-computer interfacing algorithms and has published books, book chapters, and several journal and conference papers in this field and other areas of intelligent signal processing. He has also designed medical devices, including a laser Doppler monitoring system.",institutionString:"Kaiser Permanente Southern California",institution:null},{id:"169608",title:"Prof.",name:"Marian",middleName:null,surname:"Găiceanu",slug:"marian-gaiceanu",fullName:"Marian Găiceanu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/169608/images/system/169608.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Marian Gaiceanu graduated from the Naval and Electrical Engineering Faculty, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Romania, in 1997. He received a Ph.D. (Magna Cum Laude) in Electrical Engineering in 2002. Since 2017, Dr. Gaiceanu has been a Ph.D. supervisor for students in Electrical Engineering. He has been employed at Dunarea de Jos University of Galati since 1996, where he is currently a professor. Dr. Gaiceanu is a member of the National Council for Attesting Titles, Diplomas and Certificates, an expert of the Executive Agency for Higher Education, Research Funding, and a member of the Senate of the Dunarea de Jos University of Galati. He has been the head of the Integrated Energy Conversion Systems and Advanced Control of Complex Processes Research Center, Romania, since 2016. He has conducted several projects in power converter systems for electrical drives, power quality, PEM and SOFC fuel cell power converters for utilities, electric vehicles, and marine applications with the Department of Regulation and Control, SIEI S.pA. (2002–2004) and the Polytechnic University of Turin, Italy (2002–2004, 2006–2007). He is a member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and cofounder-member of the IEEE Power Electronics Romanian Chapter. He is a guest editor at Energies and an academic book editor for IntechOpen. He is also a member of the editorial boards of the Journal of Electrical Engineering, Electronics, Control and Computer Science and Sustainability. Dr. Gaiceanu has been General Chairman of the IEEE International Symposium on Electrical and Electronics Engineering in the last six editions.",institutionString:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',institution:{name:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"4519",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaydip",middleName:null,surname:"Sen",slug:"jaydip-sen",fullName:"Jaydip Sen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/4519/images/system/4519.jpeg",biography:"Jaydip Sen is associated with Praxis Business School, Kolkata, India, as a professor in the Department of Data Science. His research areas include security and privacy issues in computing and communication, intrusion detection systems, machine learning, deep learning, and artificial intelligence in the financial domain. He has more than 200 publications in reputed international journals, refereed conference proceedings, and 20 book chapters in books published by internationally renowned publishing houses, such as Springer, CRC press, IGI Global, etc. Currently, he is serving on the editorial board of the prestigious journal Frontiers in Communications and Networks and in the technical program committees of a number of high-ranked international conferences organized by the IEEE, USA, and the ACM, USA. He has been listed among the top 2% of scientists in the world for the last three consecutive years, 2019 to 2021 as per studies conducted by the Stanford University, USA.",institutionString:"Praxis Business School",institution:null},{id:"320071",title:"Dr.",name:"Sidra",middleName:null,surname:"Mehtab",slug:"sidra-mehtab",fullName:"Sidra Mehtab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002v6KHoQAM/Profile_Picture_1584512086360",biography:"Sidra Mehtab has completed her BS with honors in Physics from Calcutta University, India in 2018. She has done MS in Data Science and Analytics from Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology (MAKAUT), Kolkata, India in 2020. Her research areas include Econometrics, Time Series Analysis, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Artificial Intelligence, and Computer and Network Security with a particular focus on Cyber Security Analytics. Ms. Mehtab has published seven papers in international conferences and one of her papers has been accepted for publication in a reputable international journal. She has won the best paper awards in two prestigious international conferences – BAICONF 2019, and ICADCML 2021, organized in the Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore, India in December 2019, and SOA University, Bhubaneswar, India in January 2021. Besides, Ms. Mehtab has also published two book chapters in two books. Seven of her book chapters will be published in a volume shortly in 2021 by Cambridge Scholars’ Press, UK. Currently, she is working as the joint editor of two edited volumes on Time Series Analysis and Forecasting to be published in the first half of 2021 by an international house. Currently, she is working as a Data Scientist with an MNC in Delhi, India.",institutionString:"NSHM College of Management and Technology",institution:{name:"Association for Computing Machinery",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"226240",title:"Dr.",name:"Andri Irfan",middleName:null,surname:"Rifai",slug:"andri-irfan-rifai",fullName:"Andri Irfan Rifai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226240/images/7412_n.jpg",biography:"Andri IRFAN is a Senior Lecturer of Civil Engineering and Planning. He completed the PhD at the Universitas Indonesia & Universidade do Minho with Sandwich Program Scholarship from the Directorate General of Higher Education and LPDP scholarship. He has been teaching for more than 19 years and much active to applied his knowledge in the project construction in Indonesia. His research interest ranges from pavement management system to advanced data mining techniques for transportation engineering. He has published more than 50 papers in journals and 2 books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Internasional Batam",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"314576",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibai",middleName:null,surname:"Laña",slug:"ibai-lana",fullName:"Ibai Laña",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314576/images/system/314576.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ibai Laña works at TECNALIA as a data analyst. He received his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence from the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Spain, in 2018. He is currently a senior researcher at TECNALIA. His research interests fall within the intersection of intelligent transportation systems, machine learning, traffic data analysis, and data science. He has dealt with urban traffic forecasting problems, applying machine learning models and evolutionary algorithms. He has experience in origin-destination matrix estimation or point of interest and trajectory detection. Working with large volumes of data has given him a good command of big data processing tools and NoSQL databases. He has also been a visiting scholar at the Knowledge Engineering and Discovery Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"314575",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus",middleName:null,surname:"L. Lobo",slug:"jesus-l.-lobo",fullName:"Jesus L. Lobo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314575/images/system/314575.png",biography:"Dr. Jesús López is currently based in Bilbao (Spain) working at TECNALIA as Artificial Intelligence Research Scientist. In most cases, a project idea or a new research line needs to be investigated to see if it is good enough to take into production or to focus on it. That is exactly what he does, diving into Machine Learning algorithms and technologies to help TECNALIA to decide whether something is great in theory or will actually impact on the product or processes of its projects. So, he is expert at framing experiments, developing hypotheses, and proving whether they’re true or not, in order to investigate fundamental problems with a longer time horizon. He is also able to design and develop PoCs and system prototypes in simulation. He has participated in several national and internacional R&D projects.\n\nAs another relevant part of his everyday research work, he usually publishes his findings in reputed scientific refereed journals and international conferences, occasionally acting as reviewer and Programme Commitee member. Concretely, since 2018 he has published 9 JCR (8 Q1) journal papers, 9 conference papers (e.g. ECML PKDD 2021), and he has co-edited a book. He is also active in popular science writing data science stories for reputed blogs (KDNuggets, TowardsDataScience, Naukas). Besides, he has recently embarked on mentoring programmes as mentor, and has also worked as data science trainer.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",slug:"yalcin-isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",biography:"Yalcin Isler (1971 - Burdur / Turkey) received the B.Sc. degree in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey, in 1993, the M.Sc. degree from the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey, in 1996, the Ph.D. degree from the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey, in 2009, and the Competence of Associate Professorship from the Turkish Interuniversity Council in 2019.\n\nHe was Lecturer at Burdur Vocational School in Suleyman Demirel University (1993-2000, Burdur / Turkey), Software Engineer (2000-2002, Izmir / Turkey), Research Assistant in Bulent Ecevit University (2002-2003, Zonguldak / Turkey), Research Assistant in Dokuz Eylul University (2003-2010, Izmir / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering in Bulent Ecevit University (2010-2012, Zonguldak / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering in Izmir Katip Celebi University (2012-2019, Izmir / Turkey). He is an Associate Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir / Turkey, since 2019. In addition to academics, he has also founded Islerya Medical and Information Technologies Company, Izmir / Turkey, since 2017.\n\nHis main research interests cover biomedical signal processing, pattern recognition, medical device design, programming, and embedded systems. He has many scientific papers and participated in several projects in these study fields. He was an IEEE Student Member (2009-2011) and IEEE Member (2011-2014) and has been IEEE Senior Member since 2014.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"339677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mrinmoy",middleName:null,surname:"Roy",slug:"mrinmoy-roy",fullName:"Mrinmoy Roy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/339677/images/16768_n.jpg",biography:"An accomplished Sales & Marketing professional with 12 years of cross-functional experience in well-known organisations such as CIPLA, LUPIN, GLENMARK, ASTRAZENECA across different segment of Sales & Marketing, International Business, Institutional Business, Product Management, Strategic Marketing of HIV, Oncology, Derma, Respiratory, Anti-Diabetic, Nutraceutical & Stomatological Product Portfolio and Generic as well as Chronic Critical Care Portfolio. A First Class MBA in International Business & Strategic Marketing, B.Pharm, D.Pharm, Google Certified Digital Marketing Professional. Qualified PhD Candidate in Operations and Management with special focus on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning adoption, analysis and use in Healthcare, Hospital & Pharma Domain. Seasoned with diverse therapy area of Pharmaceutical Sales & Marketing ranging from generating revenue through generating prescriptions, launching new products, and making them big brands with continuous strategy execution at the Physician and Patients level. Moved from Sales to Marketing and Business Development for 3.5 years in South East Asian Market operating from Manila, Philippines. Came back to India and handled and developed Brands such as Gluconorm, Lupisulin, Supracal, Absolut Woman, Hemozink, Fabiflu (For COVID 19), and many more. In my previous assignment I used to develop and execute strategies on Sales & Marketing, Commercialization & Business Development for Institution and Corporate Hospital Business portfolio of Oncology Therapy Area for AstraZeneca Pharma India Ltd. Being a Research Scholar and Student of ‘Operations Research & Management: Artificial Intelligence’ I published several pioneer research papers and book chapters on the same in Internationally reputed journals and Books indexed in Scopus, Springer and Ei Compendex, Google Scholar etc. Currently, I am launching PGDM Pharmaceutical Management Program in IIHMR Bangalore and spearheading the course curriculum and structure of the same. I am interested in Collaboration for Healthcare Innovation, Pharma AI Innovation, Future trend in Marketing and Management with incubation on Healthcare, Healthcare IT startups, AI-ML Modelling and Healthcare Algorithm based training module development. I am also an affiliated member of the Institute of Management Consultant of India, looking forward to Healthcare, Healthcare IT and Innovation, Pharma and Hospital Management Consulting works.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lovely Professional University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"310576",title:"Prof.",name:"Erick Giovani",middleName:null,surname:"Sperandio Nascimento",slug:"erick-giovani-sperandio-nascimento",fullName:"Erick Giovani Sperandio Nascimento",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y00002pDKxDQAW/ProfilePicture%202022-06-20%2019%3A57%3A24.788",biography:"Prof. Erick Sperandio is the Lead Researcher and professor of Artificial Intelligence (AI) at SENAI CIMATEC, Bahia, Brazil, also working with Computational Modeling (CM) and HPC. He holds a PhD in Environmental Engineering in the area of Atmospheric Computational Modeling, a Master in Informatics in the field of Computational Intelligence and Graduated in Computer Science from UFES. He currently coordinates, leads and participates in R&D projects in the areas of AI, computational modeling and supercomputing applied to different areas such as Oil and Gas, Health, Advanced Manufacturing, Renewable Energies and Atmospheric Sciences, advising undergraduate, master's and doctoral students. He is the Lead Researcher at SENAI CIMATEC's Reference Center on Artificial Intelligence. In addition, he is a Certified Instructor and University Ambassador of the NVIDIA Deep Learning Institute (DLI) in the areas of Deep Learning, Computer Vision, Natural Language Processing and Recommender Systems, and Principal Investigator of the NVIDIA/CIMATEC AI Joint Lab, the first in Latin America within the NVIDIA AI Technology Center (NVAITC) worldwide program. He also works as a researcher at the Supercomputing Center for Industrial Innovation (CS2i) and at the SENAI Institute of Innovation for Automation (ISI Automação), both from SENAI CIMATEC. He is a member and vice-coordinator of the Basic Board of Scientific-Technological Advice and Evaluation, in the area of Innovation, of the Foundation for Research Support of the State of Bahia (FAPESB). He serves as Technology Transfer Coordinator and one of the Principal Investigators at the National Applied Research Center in Artificial Intelligence (CPA-IA) of SENAI CIMATEC, focusing on Industry, being one of the six CPA-IA in Brazil approved by MCTI / FAPESP / CGI.br. He also participates as one of the representatives of Brazil in the BRICS Innovation Collaboration Working Group on HPC, ICT and AI. He is the coordinator of the Work Group of the Axis 5 - Workforce and Training - of the Brazilian Strategy for Artificial Intelligence (EBIA), and member of the MCTI/EMBRAPII AI Innovation Network Training Committee. He is the coordinator, by SENAI CIMATEC, of the Artificial Intelligence Reference Network of the State of Bahia (REDE BAH.IA). He leads the working group of experts representing Brazil in the Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI), on the theme \"AI and the Pandemic Response\".",institutionString:"Manufacturing and Technology Integrated Campus – SENAI CIMATEC",institution:null},{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:'"Politechnica" University Timişoara',institution:null},{id:"221364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneko",middleName:null,surname:"Osaba",slug:"eneko-osaba",fullName:"Eneko Osaba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221364/images/system/221364.jpg",biography:"Dr. Eneko Osaba works at TECNALIA as a senior researcher. He obtained his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence in 2015. He has participated in more than twenty-five local and European research projects, and in the publication of more than 130 papers. He has performed several stays at universities in the United Kingdom, Italy, and Malta. Dr. Osaba has served as a program committee member in more than forty international conferences and participated in organizing activities in more than ten international conferences. He is a member of the editorial board of the International Journal of Artificial Intelligence, Data in Brief, and Journal of Advanced Transportation. He is also a guest editor for the Journal of Computational Science, Neurocomputing, Swarm, and Evolutionary Computation and IEEE ITS Magazine.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"275829",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Villar-Rodriguez",slug:"esther-villar-rodriguez",fullName:"Esther Villar-Rodriguez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/275829/images/system/275829.jpg",biography:"Dr. Esther Villar obtained a Ph.D. in Information and Communication Technologies from the University of Alcalá, Spain, in 2015. She obtained a degree in Computer Science from the University of Deusto, Spain, in 2010, and an MSc in Computer Languages and Systems from the National University of Distance Education, Spain, in 2012. Her areas of interest and knowledge include natural language processing (NLP), detection of impersonation in social networks, semantic web, and machine learning. Dr. Esther Villar made several contributions at conferences and publishing in various journals in those fields. 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